NASCAR operations of Team Penske

# NASCAR operations of Team Penske

## Abstract

The NASCAR operation of the racing team Team Penske is a unit based in Mooresville, North Carolina, US. The team fields Ford Mustangs in the NASCAR Cup Series and has won a total of four drivers' championships and over 170 races over both Cup and Xfinity series.

The team has also used the following names:

- Penske Racing South: formerly used to differentiate the NASCAR operation from its open-wheel and sports car racing operation that was based in Reading, Pennsylvania; the name ceased to be used when the entire operation moved to North Carolina.

- Penske-Kranefuss Racing: used from 1998 until 2001 when Michael Kranefuss, who had previously fielded a car with Carl Haas as a partner, merged his team with Penske's and brought Jeremy Mayfield, his driver, into the Penske fold in car No. 12. The partnership ended after 2001, but Penske continues to run car No. 12 to this day.

- Penske-Jasper Racing: used in 2004 and 2005. Roger Penske had been supplying Jasper Motorsports with engines for several years and bought a share of the team so he could run its No. 77 for Brendan Gaughan as part of the Penske team. The partnership dissolved after Penske gave up his stake in the team and fired Gaughan.

## Background

The team debuted in 1972 at Riverside International Raceway. Mark Donohue was driving a factory-sponsored red-white-blue American Motors Matador. It was dubbed the "flying brick" by many noting its squarish aerodynamics. The car finished 39th after rear-end problems. The team ran part-time for a few years, fielding cars for several drivers including Donohue (won the 1973 Western 500 in the No. 16 Matador), Dave Marcis, Donnie Allison, and Bobby Allison. The team went full-time with Bobby Allison in 1976 with a new, more aerodynamic fastback coupe, finishing 4th in the points. In 1980, the team fielded two races for Rusty Wallace, finishing 2nd in his first race at Atlanta. Penske sold his machinery to the Elliott family in 1977 and got out of NASCAR.

The team did not run for eleven years, returning in 1991 with Wallace at the wheel again, with Rusty moving his Miller beer dollars to the new team from the recently suspended operations of Raymond Beadle 's Blue Max Racing team. Penske Racing South fielded Pontiacs from 1991 to 1993, when it switch to full-works Ford in 1994. In 2003, the team switched to full-works Dodge and thus earned factory support. In 2008, Penske Racing won its first Daytona 500 with Ryan Newman. By 2011, however, Penske was the only NASCAR Cup Series team running Dodges full-time as most of the former Dodge teams had either folded or switched to other manufacturers. Owner Roger Penske announced on March 1, 2012, that the team would return to full-works Ford in 2013. In addition, Penske would receive the engine package from Roush Yates Engines as well as the same treatment as Roush Fenway Racing, Wood Brothers Racing and the rest of Ford teams due to the Ford partnership. During the 2012 season, Brad Keselowski brought home Penske's first Cup Series title.

In 2014, the team changed their name branding from "Penske Racing" to "Team Penske" to match their IndyCar name.

For the 2016 season, Team Penske fielded the No. 2 for Keselowski and the No. 22 for Joey Logano. The team also started fielding cars to the historic NASCAR team Wood Brothers Racing. In 2018, Team Penske added the No. 12 for Ryan Blaney. That year, Logano won Penske its second Cup Series title.

Keselowski left Team Penske at the end of the 2021 season to become driver-owner of RFK Racing. He was replaced by Austin Cindric, who won the 2022 Daytona 500.

## Cup Series

### Car No. 02 history

Penske's No. 02 team originally began running in the ARCA RE/MAX Series in 2000 as the No. 27 Ford sponsored by Alltel and driven by Ryan Newman. Later in the year, the team made its NASCAR Cup Series debut with Newman at Phoenix as the No. 02 Alltel Ford, finishing 41st due to engine failure. In 2001, Newman split time between ARCA, the NASCAR Busch Series, and the NASCAR Cup Series. He drove in 15 Busch races and won at Michigan. In the Cup Series, he participated in seven events, and almost won The Winston Open before his engine expired in the closing laps. He put together two top-five finishes, which included a second-place finish at Kansas, and a pole in his abbreviated schedule.

### Car No. 06 history

In 2004, Penske occasionally ran a fourth car numbered 06, sponsored by Mobil 1. Craftsman Truck Series driver Travis Kvapil attempted four races, failing to qualify at Darlington, with a best finish of 21st at Martinsville. He would replace Brendan Gaughan in the 77 in 2005. Chad Blount also ran the car at Talladega, finishing 41st.

The No. 06 returned in 2007 with Sam Hornish Jr. in preparation for moving full-time in the 77 the next year. The No. 06 was sponsored by Penske Truck Rental and Mobil 1 Hornish Jr. attempted eight races, but only qualified for the final two races of the season, with a best finish of 30th at Phoenix.

### Car No. 2 history

The No. 2 car's history can be traced back to the late 1970s with M. C. Anderson and Benny Parsons. Bobby Allison drove two and a half seasons for Penske, winning four races for the team with a best standing of 4th. Cale Yarborough drove the 27 Valvoline car in 1981 and 1982 respectively. In 1983, the team switched hands to Raymond Beadle and Blue Max Racing with Tim Richmond driving. The team picked up Rusty Wallace in 1986 and won a Championship in 1989. In 1990, the team barely made it through the season with the help of Roger Penske funding the team to keep going. By late-1990, the team was purchased as a base for Roger's new team. During the offseason, the team changed numbers from 27 to 2 (Wallace's old racing number) and kept the Miller Sponsorship.

The No. 2 team has not seen many changes since its debut under the Penske banner at the 1991 Daytona 500, where it finished 27th after a crash late in the race. Wallace drove the car from 1991 to 2005, with some form of Miller Beer as the primary sponsor of the team. Wallace moved to Penske from Blue Max Racing, which suspended operations after 1990. The team in its first year won two races and finished 10th in points. In 1992, Wallace won one race and finished 13th in points. Things then turned around for him and Penske, winning 25 races over the next four years, despite never winning the championship.

The team switched from Pontiac to Ford in 1994. The season finale at Atlanta Motor Speedway and the entire 1996 season saw a small change when the popular Miller Genuine Draft paint scheme was replaced with a red, blue and yellow splashed scheme that advertised the Miller brand. After winning five races that season, Wallace donned the blue and white colors of Miller Lite in 1997. After winning one race a piece over the next three years, he put together four wins and won nine Bud poles in 2000, the highest total of his career. In 2002, he failed to win races, marking the first year since 1985 that he was winless throughout a season. After that year, the team switched manufacturers from Ford to Dodge. In 2004, Wallace announced the 2005 season would be his last in the Cup Series, citing his son's racing career and wanting to concentrate on his Busch Series team, Rusty Wallace Racing, for the departure. During that season, Wallace returned to victory lane for the first time since 2001 at Martinsville, one of his historically strong racetracks. Although he would not win a race during his final season, Wallace qualified for the Chase for the Nextel Cup and finished eighth in series points.

To replace the retiring Wallace, Penske tabbed 2004 Nextel Cup Champion Kurt Busch. However, this caused a problem with Busch's then-current team, Roush Racing, as he was still under contract for the 2006 season. The situation was resolved thanks in part to the resolution of another disputed contract with Roush. Roush Racing signed Jamie McMurray to drive their No. 6 car for the 2006 season but his previous team owner, Chip Ganassi, would not let him drive for Roush. Eventually, an agreement was struck where McMurray was released from his team to replace Busch in the No. 97 car (which was then renumbered to 26), therefore freeing up Busch to drive the No. 2 car. He quickly brought the team back to victory lane by winning in his fifth start with the team at Bristol, his only win of 2006. The No. 2 team finished 16th in the season points. Busch won six additional races with the No. 2 car, his last being the 2010 Coca-Cola 600. He qualified for the Chase three times, with a best finish of fourth in the final standings in 2009.

In 2011, the No. 2 team swapped numbers with the No. 12 team of Brad Keselowski, which secured Keselowski's run with the No. 2 team's points. Jay Guy was replaced by Nationwide Series crew chief Paul Wolfe as the team's crew chief. The No. 2 team with Keselowski and Wolfe initially struggled for the first half of the season, although they won a fuel-mileage race at Kansas. The team's performance started to improve dramatically after Keselowski injured his leg during a testing crash at Road Atlanta. Keselowski and Wolfe grabbed two more wins at Pocono and at Bristol and rallied to make the 2011 Chase field. However, the final 10 races would be an up and down affair for the team, and they were knocked out of contention after finishing 18th at Phoenix. Nonetheless, Keselowski managed a fifth-place finish in points, a dramatic turnaround from his 2010 performance.

2012 would be Keselowski's breakout season, as he won five races at Bristol, Talladega, Kentucky, Chicagoland, and Dover, with the last two being his first Chase wins. He would ultimately win Team Penske its first Sprint Cup title after a close battle with Jimmie Johnson. This would also be the final year of Dodge in the Cup series.

With Dodge's departure, Team Penske switched back to Ford in the 2013 season. Compared to his 2012 championship run, Keselowski's 2013 season was a step back, as he opened the season with four top-fives but struggled with consistency from there and eventually missed the Chase altogether. He would win a single race, at Charlotte in October, and rallied to finish fourteenth in points, the highest rank outside the Chase field (due to the Richmond scandal that resulted in Jeff Gordon getting an additional Chase berth).

Keselowski recovered quickly in 2014, winning the third race of the year at Las Vegas after Dale Earnhardt Jr. ran out of gas on the final lap. He later dominated and won Kentucky to become the first two-time winner at the track, and dominated the July race at Loudon and the September race at Richmond as well, to secure the top seed in the reformatted Chase for the Sprint Cup. Keselowski then won back-to-back for the first time in his career in the first Chase race at Chicagoland, to secure an immediate transfer into the Contender round of the new Chase. After suffering a blown tire at Kansas and tussling with Matt Kenseth and Denny Hamlin at Charlotte, Keselowski went to Talladega needing to win to make the Eliminator round, which he ultimately did after outbattling Ryan Newman on the final lap. However, he suffered a mechanical failure that caused him to wreck at Martinsville, and subsequently tangled with Gordon at Texas, which led to a post-race brawl that became one of the highlights of the season. Keselowski would ultimately be eliminated from the Chase after Phoenix, and finished fifth in the final points, with his six wins being a career-high.

Keselowski won his first race of 2015 at California after taking advantage of two late cautions to run down the dominant car of ex-teammate Kurt Busch. This would prove to be the only win of his season, but Keselowski once again advanced to the Eliminator Round of the Chase before suffering another wreck at Martinsville, and after leading the majority of the Texas race only to be passed by Jimmie Johnson with six laps to go, Keselowski was once again eliminated from championship contention after Phoenix.

Keselowski got back to his winning ways in 2016, breaking through at Las Vegas for the second time in three seasons. He also scored his third win in the GEICO 500 at Talladega, then found his first Daytona win in the Coke Zero 400, followed by his third career win at Kentucky.

Keselowski got his first win in 2017 after Kevin Harvick had trouble in the pits at Atlanta Motor Speedway. He was leading at Las Vegas when something broke in the car with two to go. He hung on for fifth. He remained consistent, winning the STP 500 for his first Martinsville win. He continued to be consistent until a strange crash early in the Coca-Cola 600, when a piece of metal from Jeffrey Earnhardt pierced Chase Elliott 's grill and went into his engine, causing a mass oil leak and fire. Brad slid in the oil, right to Elliott's rear end. Keselowski would go on to make the playoffs for the sixth time in his Cup series career and score an additional win in the wreck infested Alabama 500 at the Talladega Superspeedway and have the dominant car at Martinsville before a late-race caution and contact with Chase Elliott took him out of contention for the win and he would finish fourth. Keselowski made the final round at Homestead-Miami speedway finished seventh in the race and fourth in the final standings to champion Martin Truex Jr.

In 2018, Keselowski scored three wins in a row at Darlington, Indianapolis, and Las Vegas, but his run at the Playoffs was marred by bad finishes at the Charlotte Roval, Talladega, and Dover, resulting in his elimination from the Round of 12. Keselowski finished the season eighth in points.

Keselowski started the 2019 season with a 12th-place finish at the Daytona 500. A week later, he won at Atlanta; this gave him his 60th overall win with Team Penske and the first MENCS win for the new Ford Mustang GT. Keselowski also scored wins at Martinsville and Kansas and finished eighth in points for the second consecutive year.

Keselowski rebounded in 2020. He scored three wins and finished third in points after the regular season. In the second race of the playoffs, he scored his fourth win of the season at Richmond and made the final four but would lose the championship to Chase Elliott.

In 2021, Keslowski won only once at the spring Talladega race but made still made it to the round of 8 although he would miss the final four after finishing third at Martinsville. He would finish sixth in points.

On July 15, 2021, it was confirmed that Keselowski would not be returning to Team Penske in 2022 (revealing on July 20 that he had accepted a driver and co-owner role at Roush-Fenway Racing). The same day that Keselowski's departure was officially confirmed by Penske, Austin Cindric (who was originally going to drive for Wood Brothers Racing in 2022) was announced as Keselowski's replacement. Cindric won the Daytona 500 in his first full time start in the Cup Series with Penske. On July 20, crew chief Jeremy Bullins was suspended for four races due to a tire and wheel loss during the 2022 Ambetter 301 at Loudon. Cindric was eliminated in the Round of 12 after finishing 21st at the Charlotte Roval. He finished the season 12th in the points standings and won the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors.

Cindric struggled during the 2023 season, scoring only three top-10 finishes and failing to make the playoffs. His highest finish of the season was fifth place at the fall Talladega race.

Cindric started the 2024 season with a 22nd place finish at the 2024 Daytona 500. He scored his second career win at Gateway after Christopher Bell lost an engine and Ryan Blaney ran out of gas, breaking an 85-race winless streak.

### Car No. 12 history

The current 12 car started out in 1994 at Michigan as the No. 07 Ford driven by Robby Gordon and owned by German-American businessman and former Ford executive Michael Kranefuss along with Newman/Haas Racing co-principal Carl Haas. The car started and finished 38th after Gordon crashed on lap 70. After another start with Geoff Brabham at the Brickyard 400, the team— known as Kranefuss-Haas Racing— went full-time in 1995 with John Andretti driving the Kmart / Little Caesars -sponsored No. 37 Ford. Andretti won the pole at the Mountain Dew Southern 500 and finished 18th in the points. The team struggled in 1996 and Kranefuss decided to replace Andretti with Jeremy Mayfield in what amounted to a driver swap between Kranefuss-Haas and Cale Yarborough 's team as Andretti replaced Mayfield in Yarborough's No. 98. The team picked up co-sponsorship from Royal Crown Cola for the following season and improved to be 13th in the points in 1997, but it was obvious the team wouldn't succeed if it only fielded one team. At the end of the season, Kranefuss and Haas dissolved the partnership and the Kmart sponsorship moved over to Travis Carter's team, which became Haas-Carter Motorsports and the Little Caesars sponsorship left the team.

In 1998, Kranefuss and Penske Racing announced a merger, with Mayfield coming aboard to drive the No. 12 Mobil 1 -sponsored Ford Taurus as a teammate to Rusty Wallace. The move turned out to be a success, and Mayfield became the next big star. He won the pole at Texas, and at one point in the season, found himself in the points lead. Mayfield won his first race at the 1998 Pocono 500 in June and his breakout year ended with a seventh-place finish in the points. He struggled in 1999 with no wins and an 11th-place finish in the standings. In 2000, he won at California and Pocono. Midway through the season, Kranefuss sold his share of the team to Penske. Mayfield then suffered a concussion while practicing for the Brickyard 400. He missed two races recuperating from his injury and finished 24th in points. In 2001, Mayfield posted seven top-ten finishes but was fired following the race at Kansas. Rusty Wallace's younger brother Mike Wallace took over and came close to winning at Phoenix before settling for second place to Jeff Burton.

Ryan Newman and his Alltel team took over the No. 12 car in 2002, although Mobil 1 stayed on as primary sponsor for several races per season. In his rookie year, Newman waged a spirited battle with Jimmie Johnson for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. Newman won The Winston, and the fall event at New Hampshire, as well as six poles. Although he did not win as many races as Johnson (one versus Johnson's three) and finished behind him in the points (sixth place, seven points behind fifth-place Johnson), he finished ahead of Johnson to win the Rookie of the Year honors. After the switch to Dodge in 2003, Newman won eight races and eleven poles and finished sixth in points.

In 2004, Newman won twice, earned nine pole positions, qualified for the inaugural Chase for the Nextel Cup, and finished seventh in points. Newman finished 2005 with eight pole positions, but only one win. He qualified for the Chase for the Cup for the second year in a row and ended up sixth in the final standings. He failed to win a race and missed the Chase in both 2006 and 2007. However, he found himself back in the winner's circle early in 2008, taking victory in the 50th running of the 2008 Daytona 500 (the No. 2 of Kurt Busch finished second) to open the season, claiming Penske's first Daytona 500 win. Following the Daytona 500, the team struggled and Newman announced during the summer that he would leave to drive the No. 39 Chevrolet for Stewart-Haas Racing.

The No. 12 car lost its sponsor in 2009 as Cellco Partners, a joint venture of Verizon and Vodafone, closed the deal to purchase Alltel in January 2009, thus voiding the terms of the grandfather clause that allowed the No. 12 car to run with a sponsor that is a direct competitor to that NASCAR series' sponsor, Sprint Corporation. The team announced that they would move the Wireless sponsorship to the IndyCar Series and the NASCAR Nationwide Series and renamed the team to Verizon Championship Racing, a reference to Verizon Wireless' Penske-wide marketing through both its IndyCar and NASCAR sponsorships, complete with its heritage of champions (especially on Vodafone's side, as it was a sponsor of Scuderia Ferrari). Penske hired David Stremme to race the car in a largely unbranded fashion for 2009, but he did not produce results and was fired toward the end of the season.

Brad Keselowski, who had recently signed with Penske when he was unable to procure a seat at Hendrick Motorsports, took over the car toward the end of the 2009 season. He then ran the No. 12 full-time in 2010 unsponsored, although FloTV and AAA sponsored several races. Keselowski moved to the No. 2 car following the season to replace Kurt Busch, who moved to the new No. 22.

The No. 12 did not run any races in 2011. In 2012, Sam Hornish Jr. drove the No. 12 at Kansas in April with SKF sponsorship. The No. 12 was also scheduled to run at the October Talladega race with Hornish, but after the termination of A. J. Allmendinger from the No. 22, Hornish replaced him full-time. Hornish's SKF sponsorship was transferred to the No. 22 for this race.

In 2013, Hornish again qualified at Kansas but crashed out of the race in a multi-car wreck. He attempted the fall Talladega race but failed to make the race after qualifying was rained out.

With Hornish leaving for Joe Gibbs Racing, the part-time No. 12 was split by various Penske drivers in 2014. SKF sponsored three races, with Ryan Blaney at Kansas in April and Talladega in October, and Juan Pablo Montoya at Michigan in June. Montoya also drove the No. 12 in the Brickyard 400 with sponsorship from Penske Truck Leasing.

In June 2017, Penske implied that Blaney would soon drive a third Ford for Penske Racing. This was later confirmed a month later when they announced that Blaney would drive the No. 12 car in 2018, with Paul Menard replacing him in the No. 21 Wood Brothers Racing car, continuing the technical alliance that the two teams have. Team Penske purchased the No. 12's charter from Roush Fenway Racing, which had been leased to JTG Daugherty Racing a year prior.

Blaney started the 2018 season with a seventh-place finish at the Daytona 500 and stayed consistent with five top-fives and eleven top-10s before qualifying in the Playoffs. He scored his first win with Team Penske at the inaugural Charlotte Roval race after Jimmie Johnson and Martin Truex Jr. spun out before the finish line. Following the Kansas race, Blaney was eliminated after the Round of 12 of the Playoffs and finished the season 10th in points.

In 2019, Blaney finished 31st at the 2019 Daytona 500. Despite not scoring a win during the regular season, he stayed consistent with seven top-fives and 12 top-10 finishes to make the Playoffs. He won at Talladega, but was eliminated after the Round of 8 and finished the season seventh in points.

The 2020 season started for Blaney with a second-place finish at the 2020 Daytona 500, which saw him dueling with Ryan Newman on the final turn until late contact caused Newman to go airborne and collide with Corey LaJoie; Newman sustained injuries that sidelined him for three months. Blaney won once again at Talladega and scored eight top-fives and 11 top-10s to make his third Playoff appearance with Team Penske. He was eliminated after the Round of 16 and finished ninth in points.

In 2021, Blaney finished 30th at the 2021 Daytona 500. He scored wins at Atlanta, Michigan, and the Daytona night race, along with seven top-fives and 14 top-10 finishes to once again make the Playoffs. Blaney was eliminated after the Round of 8 and finished the season seventh in points.

Blaney started the 2022 season with a fourth-place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. Despite scoring no wins in the first 13 races, he stayed consistent with four top-fives and six top-10 finishes. He also won the 2022 NASCAR All-Star Race. Despite being involved in a multi-car crash on lap 31 of the regular season finale at the Daytona night race, Blaney rallied to finish 15th to clinch the 16th and final Playoff spot of the season, beating Martin Truex Jr. by three points. Blaney was eliminated following the Round of 8 after finishing third at Martinsville. Despite being winless, he finished the season eighth in the points standings.

Blaney started the 2023 season with an eighth-place finish at the 2023 Daytona 500. He broke a 59-race drought by winning the 2023 Coca-Cola 600. During the playoffs, Blaney scored his second win of the season at Talladega. He finished sixth at Las Vegas, but was disqualified after post-race inspection discovered a left-front damper that did not meet specifications; as a result, Blaney dropped to last-place and the bottom of the Round of 8 cutoff line. NASCAR later rescinded the penalty and restored Blaney's points after an issue was found with the damper template. Blaney won at Martinsville to make the Championship 4. He finished second at Phoenix to win the 2023 championship.

Blaney started the 2024 season with a 30th place DNF at the 2024 Daytona 500. At Atlanta, he was leading the last lap but ultimately finished in second and came 0.003 seconds short of beating Daniel Suárez in a three-wide photo finish between him, Suárez, and Kyle Busch. Blaney once again fell short of a victory at Gateway after running out of fuel on the last lap; his teammate Austin Cindric ended up winning the race. On June 16, He scored his first win of the season at the inaugural Iowa race. A month later, he won at Pocono.

### Car No. 22 history

With the departure of Mobil 1 to Stewart–Haas Racing for the 2011 season, Shell and Pennzoil came over to Penske and sponsored the newly renumbered No. 22 Cup car in 2011 with Kurt Busch (who had previously driven the team's No. 2). The No. 22 shared the Shell sponsorship with Penske's IndyCar driver Hélio Castroneves. The team won two races at Sonoma and Dover and made the Chase, but poor finishes during the Chase left Busch 11th in points. Busch and Penske Racing agreed to mutually part December 5, 2011. though there was strong speculation that he was fired for an incident involving reporter Jerry Punch that was caught on amateur video.

On December 21, 2011, A. J. Allmendinger was announced as the driver for the 2012 season, moving over from Richard Petty Motorsports. He would team up with newly promoted crew chief Todd Gordon after the departure of Steve Addington to Stewart-Haas Racing. Allmendinger got off to a slow start to the season but took advantage of a late wreck among the leaders to finish second at Martinsville. After he failed a drug test before the July Daytona race, he was removed from the car. Penske Nationwide series driver Sam Hornish Jr. was named as the replacement for the remainder of the season. Hornish challenged for a win at Watkins Glen, and ended up finishing fifth. After failing to record another top-10 finish, Penske removed him from the car at the season's end.

On September 4, 2012, Joey Logano was announced as Hornish's replacement in the No. 22 car in 2013. Logano became the fourth driver of the No. 22 in three years, but had a successful 2013 season, making the Chase, and returned in 2014, becoming the first driver to return to the No. 22 car for more than a single season. Logano won five races in 2014, two more than in his entire previous career, and made the Championship round of the revamped Chase, only to suffer pit road miscues at Homestead that relegated him to fourth in the standings.

Logano then began the 2015 season by winning the Daytona 500. He then won five further races, including repeat wins in the Bristol Night Race and the Kansas Chase race, part of a streak of three wins in a row that allowed him to sweep the Contender round of the 2015 Chase. However, a feud with Matt Kenseth derailed Logano's season when Kenseth wrecked him out of the lead at Martinsville; heavy damage from a blown tire the next week at Texas and his failure to win at Phoenix resulted in Logano's elimination from the Chase.

Logano's 2016 season saw him making it back to Homestead, this time with three wins (Michigan, Talladega, Phoenix) with a shot to win the title. Logano was able to get past a late-race incident with Carl Edwards and finished second in the standings behind Jimmie Johnson.

Logano's 2017 run was a disappointment. He won the spring Richmond race, but the victory was encumbered after his car was revealed to have a rear suspension issue during post-race inspection. This was followed by a string of disappointing finishes, which resulted in Logano missing the Playoffs and finishing 17th in the standings.

The 2018 season saw the No. 22 returning to competitive form, winning the spring Talladega race and securing the team in the Playoffs. A win at the fall Martinsville race locked Logano in the Championship 4. Logano won the 2018 Ford EcoBoost 400 and became the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Champion.

For the 2019 season, Logano scored wins at the Gander RV Duel 2 at Daytona and at Las Vegas. At Martinsville, Hamlin collided with Logano on turn four, squeezing Logano into the outside wall and causing him to lose a tire and spin out two laps later. Despite the damage, Logano finished eighth. After the race, Logano and Hamlin discussed the incident before Logano slapped Hamlin's right shoulder, sparking a fight between the two. NASCAR suspended Dave Nichols Jr., the No. 22 team's tire technician, for one race for pulling Hamlin down to the ground during the altercation. Logano was eliminated from the playoffs after the Round of 8 and finished the season fifth in points.

Logano started the 2020 season with a win at the first Daytona duel qualifying race but a crash ended his Daytona 500 with a 26th-place finish. He won the next race at Las Vegas and followed that up with another win in Phoenix. He was leading at the end of the race at Bristol but was involved in a crash with Chase Elliott. Logano went winless for the rest of the regular season but locked his spot in the Championship 4. He finished the season third in points.

In 2021, Logano finished 12th at the Daytona 500, but scored a second-place finish at the Daytona road race the following week. He then recorded his sole win of the season at the inaugural Bristol dirt race to lock himself in the playoffs. Logano was eliminated after the Round of 8 and finished the season eighth in points.

Logano began the 2022 season by winning the 2022 Busch Light Clash at The Coliseum. He scored his first win of the season at Darlington by punting William Byron to the wall with two laps to go, infuriating both Byron and the crowd. Logano scored his second win of the season at the inaugural Gateway race. During the playoffs, he won at Las Vegas to make the Championship 4. Logano dominated the Phoenix finale to claim his second Cup Series championship.

Logano started the 2023 season with a second-place finish at the 2023 Daytona 500. He scored his first win of the season at Atlanta. During the playoffs, Logano was eliminated at the conclusion of the Round of 16.

Logano began the 2024 season with a 32nd place DNF at the 2024 Daytona 500. A week later, at the Atlanta race, he served a pass-through penalty for wearing unapproved safety gloves. Logano was later fined US$ 10,000 for the violation. He later won at the 2024 NASCAR All-Star Race and US$ 1 million after leading 199 of the exhibition race's 200 laps. Logano scored his first win of the season at Nashville. At Richmond, he was leading the field on the final lap when Austin Dillon spun him out from behind. He was later fined US$ 50,000 when he spun his tires near the No. 3 pit box, nearly hitting members of Dillon's family in the process. During the playoffs, Logano won at Atlanta to advance to the Round of 12.

### Car No. 33 history

In October 2020, Team Penske announced that Austin Cindric would begin racing in the Cup Series in 2021 on a part-time basis before moving to a full-time ride with Team Penske, driving the 2 car in 2022. As part of his limited 2021 schedule, he entered the Daytona 500 in a fourth Penske entry with the No. 33 and sponsorship from Verizon 5G.

### Car No. 77 history

In 2004, Penske merged one of their teams with Jasper Motorsports, owned by Doug Bawel. As per the merger, Penske took 51% ownership of the No. 77 with Bawel as listed owner, and Brendan Gaughan was hired as the driver. The car was renumbered to No. 77, with Kodak sponsoring. Gaughan had four top-ten finishes and finished 28th in points in his rookie year, coming close to a victory at Watkins Glen in the summer of 2004. Although Gaughan impressed many as a rookie, Penske stunned the racing world by dismissing him at the season's end. Bawel would later say in an October 2019 interview that it was because Penske was not satisfied with Gaughan's progress in the sport.(33)

Gaughan was immediately replaced by Travis Kvapil in 2005. Kodak continued to sponsor the team, though Mobil 1 came on to sponsor one race. Kvapil had two top-tens and finished 33rd in points. The No. 77 team shut down for the next two years due to a lack of sponsorship.

In late 2007, Penske Racing announced that the No. 77 team would return to racing with Mobil 1 as a sponsor and that Sam Hornish Jr., one of Penske's IndyCar series drivers, would switch to NASCAR full-time and drive the car in 2008. The team underwent a points swap with Kurt Busch's No. 2 car to guarantee Hornish a spot in the first five races while allowing Busch to qualify automatically if necessary with his Past Champion's Provisional starts.

The team did the same in 2009 as Bill Davis (formerly of Bill Davis Racing) sold the owner points from his No. 22 Toyota to Penske, which guaranteed Hornish a spot in the first five races of the season. Hornish's performance improved enough this year that the No. 77 ended the year in the top 35 in owner points.

## Xfinity Series

### Car No. 02 History

In 2001, Ryan Newman drove 15 races in the 02 Alltel Ford in preparation for moving up to the NASCAR Cup Series the next year. "Rocket Man" Newman had 6 poles and only two starts outside the top 5. Newman had eight top 10s including a win at Michigan International Speedway, and would finish 28th in points despite running less than half the season.

In 2006, Newman returned to the 02 car at Watkins Glen, finishing 41st after an engine failure.

### Car No. 2 History

Penske's first entry in the now Xfinity Series was in 1997, with Cup driver Rusty Wallace driving the No. 2 Ford at Auto Club Speedway. Wallace started 37th and finished 21st in his Miller Lite Ford.

### Car No. 12 history

The 12 car debuted in 2007, running 20 total races. Kurt Busch ran 3 races with Penske Truck Rental, with a best finish of 4th at Las Vegas. Sam Hornish Jr. ran 9 races but had no top 10s and four crashes. Ryan Newman ran 8 races with Kodak and Alltel, with a best finish of 3rd at Richmond.

The team returned return on a limited basis in 2008, with Hornish driving most of the races early in the season. Hornish attempted 10 races (failing to qualify for two) with fewer DNFs and a best finish of 11th at Darlington. ARCA Champion Justin Allgaier ran four races later in the year, with an 11th-place finish at Phoenix.

In 2009, Justin Allgaier moved into the car full-time. After Verizon, taking on the sponsorship responsibilities of Alltel, was barred from sponsoring the No. 12 Cup car under terms of the Viceroy Rule – preventing competition with title sponsor Sprint NEXTEL – the company moved their sponsorship to the Nationwide Series. Allgaier was involved in a close rookie battle with Michael McDowell and Scott Lagasse Jr., but eventually won the 2009 Rookie of the Year, scoring 12 top 10s en route to a 6th-place points finish. Allgaier and Verizon returned for 2010. Justin took his first career victory in the fourth race of the season at Bristol Motor Speedway. The team had an impressive 20 top 10s and finished 4th in points.

Due to Verizon 's departure from NASCAR for Penske's IndyCar team, the No. 12 team scaled back to a limited schedule in 2011, prompting Allgaier to move to Turner Motorsports. Sam Hornish Jr., recently losing his Cup ride with Penske, took over the car on a limited basis with Alliance Truck Parts sponsoring his effort. Hornish won his first Nationwide Series race at Phoenix, a track where he had had success in IndyCar. Alex Tagliani drove the No. 12 in Montreal with sponsorship from Hot Wheels.

Hornish returned for the full season in 2012, with expanded sponsorship from Alliance Truck Parts. Hornish had arguably his strongest season in stock cars to date after struggles in past Sprint Cup and Nationwide endeavors, scoring 10 top 5s and 22 top 10s en route to a fourth-place points finish.

Hornish returned to the car in 2013, and scored his second NASCAR victory at Las Vegas. He was a strong contender for the drivers' title, earning 4 poles, 16 top 5s, and 25 top 10s, but ultimately finished second to Austin Dillon in the final points standings, despite Dillon not winning a race. Hornish was left without a full-time ride, as longtime owner Roger Penske did not have any opportunities for his former champion, though he did say Hornish deserved another opportunity at NASCAR's top level. Sponsors Alliance Truck Parts, Würth, and Detroit Genuine Parts would move up to sponsor Brad Keselowski 's Sprint Cup car in 2014.

In 2014, after Hornish left for Joe Gibbs Racing, Team Penske narrowed down their Nationwide Series fleet to one full-time ride – the No. 22 team –leaving the No. 12 as a part-time ride. Ryan Blaney ran four races in the car, with Joey Logano running a single race at Watkins Glen, with sponsorship from Snap-on Tools and Western Star Trucks. Logano would win the pole with a new track record, and go on to win the race.

In 2016, Ryan Blaney drove the No. 12 in May at Charlotte and again in July at Kentucky. Joey Logano then drove the No. 12 at Watkins Glen in August and again at Charlotte in October, winning both races. Snap-On Tools was the primary sponsor for all the races except the October Charlotte race, where PPG Industries was the primary sponsor.

On August 12, 2016, Team Penske announced that the No. 12 would return to full-time competition for the 2017 season. However, after sponsorship failed to materialize, the car competed in only five races, with Logano winning at Las Vegas and Blaney winning the summer Charlotte race.

In 2018, Austin Cindric raced at 8 Xfinity Series races with the No. 12, claiming top 5 finishes at all but one, and Keselowski drove the car once.

Penske let Keselowski, Logano, Paul Menard and Ryan Blaney drive the No. 12 two times each in 2019, collecting four top 5 finishes.

In the 2020 Xfinity Series season, Keselowski drove the car at Phoenix.

### Car No. 22 history

In 2009, Penske developmental driver Parker Kligerman made his debut at Kansas Speedway, winning the pole, leading 7 laps, and finishing a respectable 16th. Parker also attempted the season finale at Homestead, but failed to qualify, running the No. 42 car instead.

For 2010, Penske Racing ran two full-time Nationwide series cars with Discount Tire and Ruby Tuesday coming on board to sponsor Brad Keselowski in the No. 22. They continued to use Dodge engines, despite Dodge cutting their Nationwide support. On November 6, 2010, Brad Keselowski and the No. 22 Discount Tire/ Ruby Tuesday Nationwide team secured the NASCAR Nationwide driver championship by finishing 3rd at Texas Motor Speedway. By holding an insurmountable 465-point lead over Carl Edwards with two races left in the season, the No. 22 team delivered Roger Penske's first NASCAR title of any kind.

For the 2011 season, Penske continued to run the No. 22 full-time with Brad Keselowski. In August, Keselowski suffered a hard crash while testing at Road Atlanta. He was replaced in the No. 22 by Hornish Jr., Kurt Busch, and Parker Kligerman. Formula 1 Champion Jacques Villeneuve drove the No. 22 at the road courses. The No. 22 team scored five wins with Keselowski and another with Busch at Watkins Glen.

In 2012, Keselowski was scheduled to split the 22 ride, with Parker Kligerman running between 5 and 7 races. However, after only running three races with the team, Kligerman was replaced in both the Nationwide Series and his Truck Series ride at BKR with fellow up-and-coming driver Ryan Blaney, who ran the standalone oval races. Villeneuve was named to drive at Road America and Montreal for the team.

In 2013, Brad Keselowski and Ryan Blaney were scheduled to share the No. 22, joined by new Penske driver Joey Logano. In June, former Penske Cup driver A. J. Allmendinger signed on to run two races in the 22, at the road courses Road America and Mid-Ohio. Allmendinger won the pole at Road America, then proceeded to win the race, his first career Nationwide win, after leading 29 laps. Allmendinger then won at Mid-Ohio after starting second and leading 73 of 94 laps. Ryan Blaney then won his first career race at Kentucky Speedway, after leading 96 of the final 100 laps of the race. The team won the Nationwide Owners' Championship on the strength of twelve total race victories among the four drivers. This was the first Nationwide Owners title for Team Penske.

In 2014, the No. 22 car was shared by Joey Logano, Brad Keselowski, Ryan Blaney, and Alex Tagliani in hopes of defending the Nationwide Owners' Championship. Michael McDowell ran the car at Kentucky in September, the fifth driver to run the car in 2014. The No. 22 team beat the No. 54 JGR team once again for the owner's title. They again beat the No. 54 team for the owner's title in 2015, before going winless in 2016.In 2017 Brad Keselowski brought the 22 back to victory lane at Pocono after a last-lap pass on Kyle Larson. Keselowski won another race at the fall Richmond race and Ryan Blaney won the fall Dover race. The 22 won the owners championship again at Homestead with Sam Hornish Jr. driving the car to a second-place finish.

The No. 22 team is known for its competition for the Nationwide Owner's Championship with the equally strong Joe Gibbs Racing and their No. 18 and No. 20 teams.

For the 2019 season, Austin Cindric was announced as the full-time driver of the No. 22 with sponsorship from MoneyLion. On July 11, 2019, crew chief Brian Wilson was suspended for one race after the car scheduled to race at Kentucky was discovered to have an illegal body modification. The L1-level penalty also resulted in a deduction of 10 points for the team and Cindric, and a $10,000 fine. Cindric scored two wins and 14 top 5s, but had a poor race at Kansas and could not advance to the Championship 4.

In 2020, Cindric became the ninth different driver to win three consecutive races in series history by winning back-to-back races at Kentucky as well as Texas where he had initially finished in 2nd-place until race-winner Kyle Busch was disqualified for failing post-race inspection. Cindric went on to make the Championship 4 and win his 1st Xfinity Championship while at the same time winning the race at Phoenix Raceway in Overtime. Cindric would go on to win five races in 2021 and finished runner-up to Daniel Hemric in the season finale and final standings before taking over the famous No. 2 in the 2022 NASCAR Cup Series, replacing Brad Keselowski as he went to RFK Racing.

On January 13, 2022, Team Penske shut down its Xfinity program to focus on its Cup Series efforts and also the NASCAR Xfinity Series program was diverted to IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and FIA World Endurance Championship.

### Car No. 26 history

In an alliance with K-Automotive Racing (owned by Brad Keselowski 's brother Brian), Penske fielded the 26 car in select races in 2010, primarily Car of Tomorrow races. Nineteen-year-old Parker Kligerman debuted in the car at Daytona with Discount Tire, starting on the outside pole and finishing 13th. His next race was Montreal, where he scored a strong 8th-place finish. He then finished 15th at Richmond. At Charlotte in October, Kligerman qualified 8th, but crashed after only 3 laps and finished last. Sam Hornish Jr. ran the season finale in the 26, finishing 21st.

### Car No. 39 history

For 2005, Ryan Newman raced in nine races. In the last seven he competed in, he won the first five, came in sixteenth at Texas, then won the season finale at Homestead finishing thirty-fourth in the points standings. He also got a pair of third-place finishes before those six wins. In 2006, Kurt Busch and Newman drove a limited schedule in a Penske No. 39 for Busch, and an Alltel No. 39 for Newman. Though Newman got a highest finish of second at Auto Club, Busch ended up notching two wins at Texas and Watkins Glen. In the other five races he competed in, he came in the top five in all but one, finishing twenty-first at Michigan before finishing thirty-ninth in points. IndyCar Champion Sam Hornish Jr. began racing the No. 39 in the last two races of the year, crashing out of both races. The only race for the 39 in 2007 was at Watkins Glen International, where Kurt Busch started on the pole and finished 3rd.

### Car No. 48 history

In 2013, Penske ran a third team part-time, numbered 48. Joey Logano ran the car at Watkins Glen with Discount Tire as the sponsor, starting 3rd and finishing 21st. Ryan Blaney then ran the car at Phoenix with AutoZone, finishing 10th. Brad Keselowski ran the car at Homestead with Discount Tire, winning the race.

## Truck Series

### Truck No. 22 history

Penske fielded the No. 22 truck in 1996 in ten races, with Ricky Johnson driving three, Kenny Wallace six, and Rusty Wallace one. Johnson failed to qualify for another race at Colorado National Speedway. The team scored a best finish of fourth at North Wilkesboro Speedway with Kenny Wallace driving.


Derek Richardson (actor)

# Derek Richardson (actor)

## Abstract

Derek Richardson Jr. (born January 18, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his TV roles on Men in Trees and Anger Management, and for starring as young Harry Dunne in the film Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd.

## Early life

Richardson was born in Queensbury, New York, the eldest of the five children of Ellen and Dr. Derek Richardson, a dermatologist.

## Career

Richardson's first screen work was in New York in 2000, appearing in one episode each of Strangers with Candy and Law & Order.

He moved to Los Angeles in 2002, to pursue his career. His first role was that year, in a two episode run as Keri Russell 's love interest of the week, late in the final season of Felicity. He subsequently co-starred in the prequel to the Dumb and Dumber franchise Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd as a younger version of Jeff Daniels ' character, Harry Dunne.

Richardson starred as one of the leads in the horror film Hostel, earning a 2006 MTV Movie Award nomination for "Best Frightened Performance". In 2006, he began starring as Patrick Bachelor in the series Men in Trees.

From 2012–14, he played Nolan Johnson on all 100 episodes of Anger Management.


Billy Cox

# Billy Cox

## Abstract

William "Billy" Cox (born October 18, 1941) is an American bassist, best known for performing with Jimi Hendrix. Cox is the only surviving musician to have regularly played with Hendrix: first with the experimental group that backed Hendrix at Woodstock (informally referred to as "Gypsy Sun and Rainbows"), followed by the trio with drummer Buddy Miles that recorded the live Band of Gypsys album, and, lastly, The Cry of Love Tour trio with Mitch Mitchell back on drums. Cox continues to perform dates with the Band of Gypsys Experience and the Experience Hendrix Tour.

In addition to Hendrix, he has either been a member of the house or touring band or recorded sessions for Sam Cooke, Slim Harpo, Joe Simon, Charlie Daniels, John McLaughlin, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, Lou Rawls, Etta James, Jackie Wilson and Little Richard.

## Early years

Born in Wheeling, West Virginia, Billy Cox was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended Schenley High School.

Cox met Jimi Hendrix when they were serving in the Army at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in 1961. While using the bathroom at Service Club No. 1 during a sudden rainstorm, he heard guitar playing inside. Impressed with what he heard, he introduced himself, told Hendrix he played bass, and they were jamming soon after. They became, and remained, fast friends. They left the military around the same time and they played clubs around Clarksville, Tennessee, finally moving to Nashville. They formed a group called the King Kasuals, and played at several Nashville clubs, mostly the Del Morocco. Occasionally the band would play outlying gigs in the southeast, once as far north as Indianapolis playing what was called the " Chitlin' Circuit ". Cox and Hendrix also played in the backing band for Marion James around this time.

Hendrix eventually left Nashville, playing all over the U.S. in the backing groups of several famous artists (most notably Little Richard and the Isley Brothers) until he was "discovered" by Chas Chandler in New York City's Greenwich Village. Chandler took Hendrix to England, but before Hendrix left, he called Cox and asked him to join him. As Cox "only had three strings on bass" and no money to travel to New York, he simply thanked Hendrix and wished him well.

During this period, Cox played bass on such pioneering R&B television shows as Nashville's "Night Train" and "The!!!! Beat" from Dallas, Texas, working closely with Hoss Allen and John Richbourg of WLAC Radio.

## With Jimi Hendrix

In 1969, several months before bassist Noel Redding left the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hendrix called his old friend Cox, who joined him in New York as his studio bassist. Following the break-up of the Experience, Cox performed with Hendrix's experimental group, informally called Gypsy Sun and Rainbows. This group played at Woodstock and two low-key New York gigs. Hendrix then formed another short-lived group with Cox and Buddy Miles, that recorded Band of Gypsys, the live album that he owed former manager Ed Chalpin as part of a legal settlement. Following their demise, Cox recorded and toured with Hendrix and Mitch Mitchell for The Cry of Love Tour, when promoters sometimes billed them as the "Jimi Hendrix Experience".

Cox contributed most of the bass parts on the first group of posthumously released Hendrix albums, including The Cry of Love (1971), Rainbow Bridge (1971), War Heroes (1972), and Loose Ends (1974). Most of the tracks from these albums were consolidated as First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997), which is the most complete attempt to present Hendrix's fourth studio album (see Hendrix's posthumous discography and videography for a complete list). Additionally, Cox appears on many live albums and films from the Cry of Love Tour.

## After Hendrix's death

### 1970s–1980s

In 1971, Cox released his album Nitro Function with Char Vinnedge (from Luv'd Ones) and Robert Tarrant. Cox played with others, including the Charlie Daniels Band, as well as session work and live dates. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Cox would continue to be a part of Jimi's music as posthumous releases continued to pour out.

### 1990s

In 1995, Cox along with Mitchell, Redding and Miles began participating in Hendrix tributes and tours. In 1999, Cox appeared on the late Bruce Cameron 's album, Midnight Daydream, that included other Hendrix alumni Mitchell and Miles along with Jack Bruce and others. Cox has also performed some dates along with Mitchell and guitarist Gary Serkin with a Hendrix-tribute outfit called the Gypsy Sun Experience.

Cox worked on First Rays of the New Rising Sun, Hendrix's fourth studio album, which was cut off by Hendrix's death. Cox has also been known to guest speak at University level music seminars. In this capacity, he spends time with aspiring musicians in discussion and demonstration sessions at Electric Lady Studios.

### 2000s

In 2004, Miles reunited yet again with Cox of the Band of Gypsys to re-record songs from the original live album of 1970 with guitarists Eric Gales, Kenny Olsen, Sheldon Reynolds, Andy Aledort and Gary Serkin. The album, titled The Band Of Gypsys Return, was released in 2006.

Cox currently plays with the Experience Hendrix, a semi-regular touring Hendrix tribute band featuring top guitarists and former Hendrix collaborators. Cox's solo album Last Gypsy Standing was released in 2009.

In 2009, he was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville.

### 2010s

Today, Billy Cox owns a video production company. He has produced numerous blues and a myriad of gospel shows. He co-authored the books Jimi Hendrix Sessions and Ultimate Hendrix with John McDermott and Eddie Kramer. Cox has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including these: In 2009 he was inducted into The Musicians Hall of Fame; he received the Founders Award in 2010, given by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. In 2011, Cox was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall Of Fame. He released Old School Blue Blues in 2011, and continues to tour with "The Experience Hendrix Tour" each year and his own Band of Gypsys Experience. He released the single "Run" featuring the androgynous singer and songwriter Marlon Alarm in November 2011, and his latest release, Unfiltered, came out in late 2014. On June 23, 2019, Cox was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame along with his bandmates, Hendrix and Miles for their groundbreaking work as the Band of Gypsys. Cox was on hand to accept the award in Detroit, Michigan, and performed with guitarist Dani Robinson and drummer Richie Monica.

## Discography

### Solo

- Nitro Function (1971)

- Last Gypsy Standing (2009)

- Old School Blue Blues (2011)

- Unfiltered (2014)

### Collaboration

- Them Changes, Buddy Miles (1970)

- Charlie Daniels, Charlie Daniels (1971)

- 5, J.J. Cale (1979)

- Veranda, Christine Lakeland (1984)

- " I Don't Live Today " on Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix, Slash, Paul Rodgers and Buddy Miles (1993)

- Midnight Daydream, Bruce Cameron (1997)

- The Deep End, Volume 2, Gov't Mule (2002)

- The Band of Gypsys Return, with Buddy Miles and others (2006)

- "Achilles Barbecue" on Odd, Kaoll (2014)

### With Jimi Hendrix

#### Studio recordings

- The Cry of Love (1971)

- Rainbow Bridge (1971)

- War Heroes (1972)

- Loose Ends (1974)

- Blues (1994; 6 tracks)

- Voodoo Soup (1995)

- First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997)

- South Saturn Delta (1997; 5 tracks)

- Valleys of Neptune (2010; 3 tracks)

- West Coast Seattle Boy (2010; 14 tracks)

- People, Hell & Angels (2013; 7 tracks)

- Both Sides of the Sky (2018; 6 tracks)

#### Live recordings

August 18, 1969 Woodstock performance ("Gypsy Sun and Rainbows")

- Woodstock (1994)

- Live at Woodstock (1999)

December 31, 1969 – January 1, 1970 Fillmore East performances ("Band of Gypsys")

- Band of Gypsys (1970)

- Band of Gypsys 2 (1986; side one, 3 tracks)

- Live at the Fillmore East (1999)

- Machine Gun: The Fillmore East First Show (2016)

- Songs for Groovy Children: The Fillmore East Concerts (2019)

April–September 1970 U.S./European tour ("The Cry of Love Tour")

- Isle of Wight (1971)

- The Jimi Hendrix Concerts (1982; 2 tracks)

- Johnny B. Goode (1986)

- Band of Gypsys 2 (1986; side two, 3 tracks)

- Live Isle of Wight '70 (1991)

- Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight (2002)

- Live at Berkeley (2003)

- Live at the Isle of Fehmarn (2005)

- Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival (2015)

#### Anthologies

- Recordings with Cox are spread across several Hendrix anthologies (for further information, see Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography). He also appears in several Hendrix performance videos (see Jimi Hendrix videography).


Gold (British radio network)

# Gold (British radio network)

## Abstract

Gold is a network of oldies radio stations in the United Kingdom and Tenerife, which was formed by the merger of the Capital Gold network and the Classic Gold network in August 2007. The station relaunched in March 2014 as a partly-automated service, broadcasting in fewer areas, after many of Gold's local AM/DAB frequencies were transferred to Smooth Radio. Most programming is broadcast from the Global Radio studios in Leicester Square, London.

The station ceased broadcasting on AM in London on 29 September 2023 leaving Manchester as the only area receiving Gold on analogue radio. On the 12th April 2024 the Gold website posted that this final AM transmitter will close at the end of the month.

As of March 2024, the network broadcasts to a combined weekly audience of 1.8 million, according to RAJAR.

## History

The Capital Gold network started in London in 1988 on Capital Radio 's AM frequency, as the Government urged radio stations to end simulcasting (broadcasting the same programmes simultaneously on AM and FM) and threatened to remove one of their frequencies if simulcasting continued. The Classic Gold network was similarly formed from the AM transmissions of the former GWR Group 's station licence areas. (Many of the FM pop stations to which the Gold stations were sister operations are themselves now part of the Heart or Capital networks.)

The original presenters on the early incarnation of Capital Gold included Tony Blackburn, Kenny Everett and David Hamilton. The hiring of radio personalities to host networked shows continued to be a feature of the Capital Gold and Classic Gold networks as they grew, though following the 2014 relaunch Gold only had three presenters.

### Merger

Following the merger of Capital Radio plc and GWR Group plc to form GCap Media in 2005, a review of station assets was carried out by Chief Executive Ralph Bernard. One of the aims for 2006 was that Capital Gold would be carried on a national digital multiplex – enabling near-nationwide coverage – by the merger between itself and digital-only station Capital Life. However, following GCap's purchase of the Classic Gold Digital Network in April 2007, the former plan was scrapped, and it was decided to merge the two networks to form the 'Gold Network' (this began at 7 p.m. on 3 August 2007). The majority of the shows and presenters on the new station were taken from Capital Gold's former network, rather than Classic Gold's network, with the exception of Erika North, who was the co-presenter on the Classic Gold breakfast show with radio DJ Tony Blackburn. She co-hosted the new 'Gold' breakfast show with James Cannon until December 2010; with Blackburn having quit the network completely, joining Smooth Radio. Local programming took the form of a voice-tracked show on weekdays between noon and 4 p.m.

On 28 June 2010, the local afternoon programming on Gold stations in England was dropped by Global Radio following changes in OFCOM regulation. This led to all stations receiving networked programme content from London, though split local advertising and news bulletins continued to be dropped into the networked output. The broadcaster continued to be required to deliver a four-hour local show for Wales, which was broadcast on both the South Wales (sister to Red Dragon/Capital) and North Wales & Cheshire (ex-Marcher) Gold stations.

Gold is now owned by Global Radio. A condition of Global's takeover was that the local stations in Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton and Worcester had to be sold and were operated under a franchise to Orion Media. Orion Media ended the franchise agreement and relaunched its Gold West Midlands stations as Free Radio 80s on 4 September 2012.

On 12 September 2024, the station was rebranded as Gold Radio with the new strapline "All Time Classics".

## Transfer of AM and DAB outlets to Smooth Radio

On 28 February 2014, Global Radio announced that all but four AM transmitters and three DAB transmission areas would be transferred to broadcast their recently acquired Smooth Radio station with effect from Monday 24 March 2014. Only London, Nottingham, Derby and Manchester would continue to receive Gold on AM frequencies, and London & Home Counties, Yorkshire, Leicester and Nottingham areas on DAB. These remained with Gold as Smooth Radio is broadcast on FM in London, the North West and the East Midlands, and the Yorkshire DAB broadcast was a relay of the London service. Global encouraged listeners not in these areas to move to Smooth Radio, or else continue to listen to Gold via satellite, cable, or internet streaming.

## Expansion of DAB outlets

On 7 September 2015, Global Radio announced Gold would take over the local DAB multiplex slots previously occupied by XFM, following the latter's rebrand as Radio X and its move to the Digital One national multiplex on 21 September 2015. The announcement said Gold would become available again on DAB in Manchester, Birmingham, Ayr, Bournemouth, Cambridge, Cornwall, Exeter/Torbay/North Devon, Kent, Norwich, Peterborough, Plymouth, Reading/Basingstoke, Southend/Chelmsford, on the Sussex Coast and in Swindon. This is in addition to Gold's existing DAB availability in London, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Yorkshire.

On Monday 10 June 2019, Gold expanded to transmit nationally via the Digital One DAB+ multiplex; the station had been using DAB+ for its transmission in London since early 2019. The relaunch as a national service was accompanied by a new breakfast show hosted by DJ James Bassam, joining from sister station Capital.

In September 2019, many of the local-level DAB transmissions of Gold were transferred to a new service, Smooth Country. Gold continues to broadcast on DAB in the East Midlands, where Smooth Country took the place of Smooth Chill.

Following the relaunch of Connect FM as part of Smooth East Midlands on 1 October 2019, Gold programming returned to the AM and local DAB platforms in Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire, reversing the change made to these frequencies in 2014.

## Closure of AM transmitters

Recent years has seen Global withdraw from AM transmission and by 2023, Gold only remained on AM in Manchester and London. August 2023 saw Global announce that Gold would end its AM broadcasting in London and just before midnight on 29 September 2023 the final song played on Gold 1548 London was the song that had launched Capital Radio nearly half a century earlier - ' Bridge over Troubled Water '. Programming then ceased, and a retuning announcement was played until closure of the transmitter just before 1100. The Gold London outlet continues on DAB. Gold on AM in Manchester ended at the end of April 2024.

## Radio stations

- Gold Radio Cambridgeshire (DAB)

- Gold Radio East Midlands (DAB)

- Gold Radio Manchester (DAB)

- Gold Radio Northamptonshire (DAB)

- Gold Radio London (DAB)

- Gold Radio UK (Nationally) (DAB+ and digital TV)

- Freesat: 722

- Sky: 0121

- Virgin Media: 923

- Gold Berkshire and North Hampshire (DAB)

- Gold Bristol and Bath (DAB)

- Gold Cumbria (DAB)

- Gold Dorset (AM & DAB)

- Gold Essex (AM & DAB)

- Gold Exeter and Torbay (DAB)

- Gold Gloucester (AM & DAB)

- Gold Herts, Beds & Bucks (AM & DAB)

- Gold Humberside (DAB)

- Gold Kent (AM & DAB)

- Gold Norfolk and North Suffolk (AM & DAB)

- Gold North East Wales and Cheshire West (AM & DAB)

- Gold North-East England (DAB)

- Gold North West England (DAB)

- Gold Oxfordshire (DAB)

- Gold Plymouth (AM & DAB)

- Gold South Hampshire (AM & DAB)

- Gold South Wales (DAB)

- Gold Suffolk (AM)

- Gold Sussex (AM & DAB)

- Gold South Yorkshire (DAB)

- Gold Swindon/Wiltshire (AM & DAB)


Peter Pan

# Peter Pan

## Abstract

Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland.

Peter Pan has become a cultural icon symbolizing youthful innocence and escapism. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, The Little White Bird (1902, with chapters 13–18 published in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens in 1906), and the West End stage play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904, which expanded into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy), the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works. These include several films, television series and many other works.

Barrie commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by the sculptor George Frampton, which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a surprise to the children of London. Six other statues have been cast from the original mould and displayed around the world. In 2002, Peter Pan featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail on the centenary of Barrie's creation of the character.

## Origin

Peter Pan first appeared as a character in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902), a novel for adults. In chapters 13–18, titled "Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens", Peter is a seven-day-old baby and has flown from his nursery to Kensington Gardens in London, where the fairies and birds taught him to fly. He is described as "betwixt-and-between" a boy and a bird. Barrie returned to the character of Peter Pan, putting him at the centre of his stage play titled Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, which premiered on 27 December 1904 at the Duke of York's Theatre in London. Following the success of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted the Peter Pan chapters of The Little White Bird and published them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham. Barrie later adapted and expanded the 1904 play's storyline as a novel, which was published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy.

J. M. Barrie may have based the character of Peter Pan on his older brother, David, who died in an ice-skating accident the day before his 14th birthday. His mother and brother thought of him as forever a boy.

## Physical appearance

Barrie never described Peter's appearance in detail, even in his novel, leaving it to the imagination of the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. In the play, Peter's outfit is made of autumn leaves and cobwebs. In the book and play, he also carries a dagger and a sword, although in some versions he only has one of the two. His name and playing the flute or pipes suggest that he is based on the Greek god and mythological character Pan. Barrie mentions in Peter and Wendy that Peter Pan still had all his " first teeth ". He describes him as a "lovely boy, clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees". In The Little White Bird (1902) and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906), he is seven days old.

Traditionally, the character has been played on stage by a female, but can also be played by a male. In the original productions in the UK, Peter Pan's costume was a reddish tunic and dark green tights, such as that worn by Nina Boucicault in 1904. This costume is exhibited at Barrie's Birthplace. The similar costume worn by Pauline Chase (who played the role from 1906 to 1913) is displayed in the Museum of London. Early editions of adaptations of the story also depict a red costume but a green costume (whether or not made of leaves) becomes more usual from the 1920s, and more so later after the release of Disney's animated movie.

In the Disney films, Peter wears an outfit that consists of a short-sleeved green tunic and tights apparently made of cloth, and a cap with a red feather in it. He has pointed elf -like ears, brown eyes, and reddish hair.

In Hook (1991), the character is played as an adult by Robin Williams, with blue eyes and dark brown hair; in flashbacks to him in his youth, his hair is light brown. His ears appear pointed only when he is Peter Pan, not as Peter Banning. His Pan attire resembles the Disney outfit (minus the cap) and he wields a gold bladed sword.

In the live-action 2003 Peter Pan film, he is portrayed by Jeremy Sumpter, with blond hair, green eyes, bare feet and a costume made of leaves and vines.

In the prequel to the main story 2015 Pan film, he is portrayed by Levi Miller, a young boy who was left as a baby by the orphanage until he gets captured by Blackbeard's pirates and taken to Neverland. Here he wears just simple clothes.

## Personality

Peter is an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He claims greatness, even when such claims are questionable (such as congratulating himself when Wendy re-attaches his shadow). In the play and book, Peter symbolises the selfishness of childhood, and is portrayed as being forgetful and self-centred.

Peter has a nonchalant, devil-may-care attitude, and is fearlessly cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he was going to die on Marooners' Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder. With this blithe attitude, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure." In the play, the unseen and unnamed narrator ponders what might have been if Peter had stayed with Wendy, so that his cry might have become, "To live would be an awfully big adventure!", "but he can never quite get the hang of it".

## Abilities

Peter's archetypal quality is his unending youth. In Peter and Wendy, it is explained that Peter must forget his own adventures and what he learns about the world in order to stay childlike.

Peter's ability to fly is explained, but inconsistently. In The Little White Bird, he is able to fly because he is said to be part bird, like all babies. In the play and novel, he teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of "lovely wonderful thoughts" and fairy dust. In Barrie's Dedication to the play Peter Pan, The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow up, the author attributes the idea of fairy dust being necessary for flight to practical needs:

...after the first production I had to add something to the play at the request of parents (who thus showed that they thought me the responsible person) about no one being able to fly until the fairy dust had been blown on him; so many children having gone home and tried it from their beds and needed surgical attention. – J. M. Barrie

Peter has an effect on the whole of Neverland and its inhabitants when he is there. Barrie states that although Neverland appears different to every child, the island "wakes up" when Peter returns from his trip to London. In the chapter "The Mermaids' Lagoon" in the book Peter and Wendy, Barrie writes that there is almost nothing that Peter cannot do. He is a skilled swordsman, rivalling even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. He is skilled in mimicry, copying the voice of Hook and the ticking of the clock in the crocodile.

Peter has the ability to imagine things into existence and he is able to sense danger when it is near.

In Peter and Wendy, Barrie states that the Peter Pan legend Mrs. Darling heard as a child, was that when children died, he accompanied them part of the way to their destination so they would not be frightened.

In the original play, Peter states that no one must ever touch him (though he does not know why). The stage directions specify that no one does so throughout the play. Wendy approaches Peter to give him a "kiss" (thimble), but is prevented by Tinker Bell. However, John Caird and Trevor Nunn 's introduction to the script for the 1997 Royal National Theatre production, states that this was never Barrie's original intention, and was only added for a production in 1927, where Jean Forbes-Robertson took the title role, and played the part with a lighter, more fairy-like, physicality. Robertson was to play the part almost every year until 1939.

## Cultural allusions

The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the five Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired the story, and Pan, a minor deity of Greek mythology who plays pipes to nymphs and is part human and part goat. This is referenced in Barrie's works (particularly Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens) where Peter Pan plays pipes to the fairies and rides a goat. The god Pan represents Nature or Man's natural state in contrast to Civilisation and the effects of upbringing on human behaviour, and he experienced a significant revival of interest among English artists, poets and novelists during the Edwardian period.

Peter Pan is a free spirit, being too young to be burdened with the effects of education or to have an adult appreciation of moral responsibility. As a "betwixt-and-between", who can fly and speak the language of fairies and birds, Peter is part animal and part human. According to psychologist Rosalind Ridley, by comparing Peter's behaviour to adults and to other animals, Barrie raises many post- Darwinian questions about the origins of human nature and behaviour. As "the boy who wouldn't grow up", Peter exhibits many aspects of the stages of cognitive development seen in children and can be regarded as Barrie's memory of himself as a child, being both charmingly childlike and childishly solipsistic.

## Relationships

### Family

Peter Pan ran away from his parents when he was a baby as told in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens and Peter and Wendy. Finding the window closed and seeing a new baby boy in the house when he returned some time later, he believed his parents no longer wanted him and never came back. This younger sibling is referred to in the chapter "Lock-Out Time" in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens but is not mentioned again.

### Friends

#### Maimie Mannering

While in Kensington Gardens, Peter meets a lost girl named Maimie Mannering and the two quickly become friends. Peter proposes marriage to Maimie. While Maimie wants to stay in the Gardens with Peter, she comes to realise that her mother is so worried that she must return to her. Maimie promises to always remember Peter and goes back to her mother. When Maimie grows up, she continues to think of Peter, dedicating presents and letters to him. To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat that Maimie created for him. She is considered to be the literary predecessor of Wendy Darling.

#### The Darlings

##### Wendy Darling

It is hinted that Wendy may have romantic feelings for Peter, but unrequited because of his inability to love.

In the original novel, Peter later befriends Wendy's daughter Jane (and her subsequent daughter Margaret), and it is implied that this pattern will go on forever. From time to time, Peter visits the real world, and befriends children. Wendy Darling, whom he recruited to be his "mother", is the most significant of them; he also brings her brothers John and Michael to Neverland at her request. It is mentioned that Wendy was the only girl who captured his attention.

In the 1991 film Hook, an older Wendy implies that she used to (and perhaps, still does) have feelings for Peter, saying that she was shocked that he did not prevent her wedding day. In the 2002 sequel to the 1953 Disney film, Return to Neverland, Peter and a grown-up Wendy are briefly, but happily, reunited after many years and continue to show feelings for each other. In the 2003 film Peter Pan, the feeling is mutual. Captain Hook can only take away Peter's ability to fly by thoughts of Wendy leaving him, growing up, and replacing him with a husband. Wendy saves Peter by giving him her hidden kiss which gives him the will to live, signifying she is his true love.

##### John Darling and Michael Darling

John is Wendy's younger brother. He is fascinated with piracy and imitates Captain Hook while playing at home with his siblings. He is also courageous and smart. Michael, the youngest of the Darlings, is convinced that Peter Pan is a real person after hearing Wendy's vivid narratives about him. During nursery games, it is Michael who plays the role of Peter Pan. Peter Pan In Scarlet reveals that Michael died in World War I.

##### Mary and George Darling

The parents of Wendy, John and Michael. Mr. Darling works as a clerk in the City, and is named after George Llewelyn Davies. Mrs. Darling is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.

#### Neverland inhabitants

##### Tiger Lily

Tiger Lily is the daughter of Great Big Little Panther, the chief of the Native American tribe resident in Neverland. Barrie refers to her as "a princess in her own right", and she is often described as such. She is kidnapped by the pirates and left to die on Marooners' Rock but is rescued by Peter. It is hinted later that she may have romantic feelings for Peter but he does not return them, as he is completely oblivious to other people's feelings. In the Disney film, Tiger Lily shows her gratitude by performing a dance for Peter and kissing him. The kiss makes him turn bright red and makes Wendy jealous of Tiger Lily.

##### Tinker Bell

Tinker Bell is a common fairy who is Peter Pan's best friend and is often jealously protective of him. He nicknames her "Tink". She is the friend who helps him in his escapades. Tink's malicious actions are usually caused by her jealousy; these lead to the Lost Boys shooting arrows at Wendy, and eventually revealing Peter's hideout to Captain Hook, in the hope that Wendy will be captured rather than Peter. When Tink realises her serious mistake, she risks her own life by drinking the poison Hook has left for Peter. Her extreme loyalty and dedication to Peter are everlasting.

##### The Lost Boys

Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, which include Tootles, Nibs, Slightly, Curly, and The Twins. The Lost Boys is a band of boys who were lost by their parents after they "fall out of their perambulators " and came to live in Neverland. In Barrie's novel Peter and Wendy (but not the original play Peter Pan), it is stated that Peter "thins them out" when they start to grow up.

In the song "I Won't Grow Up" from the 1954 musical, the boys sing "I will stay a boy forever", to which Peter replies "And be banished if I don't".

In Peter Pan in Scarlet (2006), the official sequel to Barrie's Peter and Wendy, what happens to the Lost Boys when they begin to grow up is revealed when Slightly starts to grow older, as Peter banishes him to Nowhereland (which means that he and all his allies will ignore the banished person's existence), the home of all the Long Lost Boys whom Peter has banished in times past.

##### The Crocodile

The crocodile is Captain Hook's nemesis. After Peter Pan cut off Captain Hook's hand in a fight and threw it into the sea, the crocodile swallowed it and got a taste for Hook, so it now seeks to consume him whole. It also swallowed a ticking clock, which alerts Hook of its presence.

### Adversaries

#### Captain Hook

Captain Hook, whose right hand was cut off in a duel, is Peter Pan's arch-enemy who leads a large group of pirates. Captain Hook's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one saltwater crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook that replaced his hand cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by the aforementioned crocodile, which continues to pursue Hook. In the 1991 film Hook Captain Hook kidnaps the children of Peter Banning (the adoptive identity of Peter Pan) when he left Neverland to grow up and married Moira Darling (the Granddaughter of Wendy Darling) with whom he would have the two children whom Hook would kidnap: Maggie and Jack. Hook in this film is also shown to questioning his existence due to the fact Banning/Pan has been away from Neverland so long does not remember anything when he first returns to Neverland. At Smee's suggestion Hook conjures up plan to defeat plan Pan by having his own children turn against him. Although Maggie is never swayed by this plan Jack initially sides with the pirates due to the prior broken promises of his father. However upon realising that his dad is Peter Pan Jack has a change of heart and betrays Hook. Hook is eventually defeated by Pan eaten by the crocodile which the pirate himself had killed in Pan's prior absence and had converted into clock.

#### Mr. Smee

Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's boatswain ("bo'sun") and right-hand man in J. M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan and the novel Peter and Wendy. Mr. Smee is Captain Hook's direct confidant. Unlike the other pirates, Smee is often clumsy and incapable of capturing any of the Lost Boys. Rather than engaging in Hook's evil schemes, Smee finds excitement in bagging loot and treasures.

## Original works

- Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904 play), a play in which Peter brings Wendy and her brothers to Neverland, where he has a showdown with his nemesis, Captain Hook. Barrie adapted this play as a novel; numerous variations and other adaptations have been produced in various media

- Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906), an origin story wherein the infant Peter flies away from his home, takes up residence in Kensington Gardens, and befriends the fairies. It is a "book-within-a-book" that was first published in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902)

- When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought (1908), Barrie's sequel play

- Peter and Wendy (1911), a novel Barrie adapted from the 1904 play, later republished as Peter Pan and Wendy; it also incorporates events of Barrie's sequel play, When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought (1908)

## Popular culture

### Motion pictures and television

- Peter Pan appeared for the first time on screen in the 1924 American silent adventure film Peter Pan released by Paramount Pictures as an adaptation of the original stage play.

- Since their 1953 animated film, Disney has continued to use Peter Pan as a character, as in the sequel film Return to Never Land (voiced by Blayne Weaver), and in the Disney Parks, both as a meetable character based in Fantasyland and as the protagonist of the dark ride Peter Pan's Flight. He also appears in the television series House of Mouse and its film Mickey's Magical Christmas, several Disney video games including the Kingdom Hearts series (voiced by Mitsuo Iwata, and later by Yū Hayashi), and the television series based on Peter Pan, Jake and the Never Land Pirates (voiced by Adam Wylie). An older and darker interpretation of this Peter Pan appears as an antagonist in Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, voiced by Will Arnett. Peter Pan also appears in the short film Once Upon a Studio, voiced primarily by Lee Slobotkin, with archival recordings of Bobby Driscoll also being used.

- Peter Pan appears in Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates, voiced by Jason Marsden.

- In 1991, Robin Williams portrayed Peter Pan in the live-action film Hook, directed by Steven Spielberg, also starring Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook and Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell.

- In 2003, Jeremy Sumpter portrayed Peter in the live-action film directed by P. J. Hogan.

- Peter Pan appears in The New Adventures of Peter Pan, voiced by Matt Hill and Jake Paque.

- In 2013, Robbie Kay portrayed Peter Pan in the ABC drama series Once Upon A Time.

- In 2015, Levi Miller portrayed Peter Pan in Pan, a live action origin film.

- In 2015, Peter and Wendy aired on ITV, produced by Headline Pictures, with Zac Sutcliffe portraying Peter.

- In 2023, Disney released Peter Pan & Wendy, a live-action reimagining of the 1953 Disney animated film, with Peter Pan being portrayed by Alexander Molony.

### Manga/anime, games, and comics

- In the early 1930s, Edward Mason Eggleston painted a series of images for calendars that included Peter Pan, Native American princesses and pirates

- J. R. R. Tolkien 's biographer Humphrey Carpenter has speculated that Tolkien's impressions of a 1910 production of Barrie's Peter Pan in Birmingham "may have had a little to do with" his original conception of the Elves of Middle Earth

- He appears in the Italian comic series Martin Mystère

- Japanese manga artist Mayu Sakai appropriated the English term for her series Peter Pan Syndrome

- Game author Diana Gaeta developed a Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting named Neverland - The Impossible Island that allows players to interact with Peter Pan in an environment based on Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie

- Fiction writer Jonathan Green published a role-playing gamebook titled Neverland: Here Be Monsters! in which Peter Pan appears as a playable character. This version's background story attributes his flight ability and eternal youth to cybernetic implants installed by his genius father after Peter was severely injured by one of the dinosaurs roaming Neverland.

- Peter Pan appears in Disney Villains' Revenge, voiced primarily by Michael Welch and by Kevin Schon as an adult.

### Music

- Todd Rundgren recorded Never Never Land from the 1954 production with Mary Martin, written by Betty Comden, Adolph Green and Jule Styne. From Todd's 1973 album A Wizard, A True Star.

- Canadian singer-songwriter Ruth B. released the piano ballad " Lost Boy " in 2015, featuring Peter Pan and Neverland, and inspired by the character's appearance in Once Upon a Time

- Italian songwriter Edoardo Bennato released a concept album "Sono solo canzonette" in 1980 based on Peter Pan and other characters created by Barrie. Eventually created a musical named "Peter Pan" using his songs.

- Norwegian-Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded the song "Peter Pan" by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus in 1969

- Swiss singer Paola del Medico performed a song themed on the Peter Pan tale in 1982

- Pop-rock musicians The Jonas Brothers ' song " Fly With Me " makes direct references to Peter Pan and Wendy in the lyrics

- Country singer-songwriter Kelsea Ballerini released a top-charting country single and song titled "Peter Pan", in 2016

- South Korean boy-band BTS released a music video called "Adult Child", the song makes reference to the Peter Pan story

- British musician Kate Bush included her song "In Search of Peter Pan" on her second album Lionheart (1978). Another song on the same album, "Oh England My Lionheart", makes direct reference to Peter Pan in the lyrics

- Korean boy-band EXO released a track called "Peter Pan" on both the Mandarin and Korean versions of the album XOXO (2013)

- Serbian and Yugoslav rock band Petar Pan was named after the character

- Peterpan is the former name for an Indonesian pop-rock band, now called Noah

- The eleventh track of singer-songwriter Troye Sivan 's debut studio album Blue Neighbourhood (2015) is titled "Lost Boy", inspired by Peter Pan

- In Chance The Rapper 's song ' Same Drugs ', featured in the album Coloring Book (2015), he makes multiple references to Peter Pan and Wendy, another major character in the novel

- Taylor Swift 's songs " Cardigan " and " Peter " include multiple references to Peter Pan

- Blues/psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker included the track "Peter Pan RIP" featured in their fourth album Pilgrims Progress

- Italian singer-songwriter Ultimo named his second album Peter Pan (2018). It contains the song “Peter Pan (Vuoi Volare Con Me?)”, meaning "will you fly with me?"

- Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish make references to Peter Pan in some of their songs, notably Fantasmic from their 2000 album Wishmaster, and in their 2011 single Storytime from their seventh album Imaginaerum

- South Korean girl-group (G)I-DLE released a track called "Peter Pan" (Korean: 어린 어른; RR: eorin eoreun; translation: Young Adult) on their sixth EP " I Feel " (2023)

### Other uses in popular culture

The name Peter Pan has been adopted for various purposes over the years:

- Several businesses have adopted the name, including Peter Pan Bus Lines, Peter Pan peanut butter, Peter Pan Records, and Peter Pan Seafoods

- Three Thoroughbred racehorses have been given the name, the first, Peter Pan I, was born in 1904

- In the early 1960s, some Cuban families sent their children to resettle in Miami in an emergency effort calculated to save the children from perceived potential mistreatment under the Castro socialist regime; the program was called Operation Peter Pan (or Operación Pedro Pan)

- American psychologist Dr. Dan Kiley popularised the Peter Pan syndrome (puer aeternus) in his book The Peter Pan Syndrome: Men Who Have Never Grown Up (1983). He described individuals (usually male) with underdeveloped maturity. His next book, The Wendy Dilemma (1984), advises women romantically involved with "Peter Pans" how to improve their relationships

## Public sculptures

Barrie commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by the sculptor George Frampton, which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a May Day surprise to the children of London. Seven statues have been cast from the original mould. The other six are located in:

- Egmont Park, Brussels, Belgium, 1924

- Bowring Park, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1925

- Johnson Park on the campus of Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, United States, 1926

- Queens Gardens, Perth, Western Australia, 1927

- Sefton Park, Liverpool, England, 1928

- Glenn Gould Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1929

Other statues are:

- In 1925, the town council of Melbourne, Australia, commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by Paul Montfort; it is now located in Melbourne Zoo

- In 1928, Charles Andrew Hafner created a bronze statue for a fountain in the lobby of the old Paramount Theater in Times Square, but it is now situated in Carl Schurz Park, New York

- In 1949, a statue of Peter Pan by Alex Proudfoot RSA, Principal of Glasgow School of Art, was erected at the Mearnskirk Hospital for children in Glasgow, commissioned by Alfred Ellsworth in memory of his friend Dr John A Wilson, first superintendent of Mearnskirk Hospital. Wilson had also been a school friend of J.M. Barrie's

- A statue by Ivan Mitford-Barberton was commissioned by Vyvyan and Gwen Watson in remembrance of their son Peter and given in 1959 to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Western Cape, South Africa

- A pair of statues by Cecil Thomas, one showing Peter Pan and Tinker Bell, and the other Wendy and the Darling children, have been located in Dunedin Botanic Gardens in Dunedin, New Zealand since the 1960s. A slightly different version of the Peter Pan statue, also by Thomas, can be found close to Rotokawau Virginia Lake in Whanganui, New Zealand

- A bronze statue by Alistair Smart, originally commissioned by the Angus Milling Company in 1972, is situated in the main square of Kirriemuir, Scotland.

- In 1976, Ronald Thomason sculpted a bronze statue in front of the Weatherford, Texas public library honouring Weatherford native Mary Martin, who had portrayed Peter Pan in the 1954 Broadway musical production and several subsequent telecasts

- A bronze statue by Diarmuid Byron O'Connor was commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and unveiled in 2000, showing Peter blowing fairy dust, with Tinker Bell added in 2005


Karpatiosorbus devoniensis

# Karpatiosorbus devoniensis

## Abstract

Karpatiosorbus devoniensis is known by the English name of Devon whitebeam and formally as Broad-leaved Whitebeam. When the fruit was reported as sold at Barnstaple Pannier Market the name French Eagles was used, apart from 1929 when they were reported as eagle-berries. When the trees were reported as seen growing wild on botanical walks they were referred to as French Hails (once each as French hail and French Hales). Broad-leaved white-beam, which was the common name until Devon Whitebeam took over, was used once in 1907.

The term Otmast was used once as a pet name, as its true identity was not known. The term sorb apple has been used recently but completely without foundation, it is another example of a name being attributed to the wrong species. It is a species of whitebeam, trees and shrubs in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to the British Isles, growing wild in areas of Devon, Cornwall, Somerset and south-east Ireland as a native and north-east Ireland as an introduction.

It probably did not exist before the last ice age, arising from a hybrid between Sorbus torminalis, the wild service tree, and another species of whitebeam. It is a close relative of the Watersmeet whitebeam, Karpatiosorbus admonitor, and two other British natives and around 40 species in Europe.

## Description

It will form a deciduous tree to about 12 metres height.

The leaves are entire, lobed, dark green above, the underside has a dense layer of grey hairs.

It flowers at the end of May, they are white with 5 petals.

The fruits ripen at the end of October. They are orange-brown to brown, and edible.

## Locations found

- along the River Taw and River Torridge

- Roborough Down near Plymouth is where the type specimen was taken

- Little Haldon, at Bishopsteignton along the Postman's Path

- Boyton, Cornwall

- South East and North East Ireland (rarely)

- Halsdon Nature Reserve near Great Torrington managed by the Devon Wildlife Trust - a small tree

- Uppacott Wood Nature reserve between Barnstaple and Bideford also managed by the Devon Wildlife Trust, has a few trees

- Watergate Bridge near Great Torrington, grid ref SS468175. The plant growing on the old platform has been removed

- Leigh Cross, Zeal Monachorum

- Watergate, Horwood

- Washington Park Arboretum in Seattle, WA, USA. Some plants in cultivation are incorrectly named so this should be verified

- Between Martinhoe and Lynton in heath and woodland. Importantly not in the East Lyn valley as those plants are Sorbus admonitor


The Gamers: Hands of Fate

# The Gamers: Hands of Fate

## Abstract

The Gamers: Hands of Fate is a 2013 gaming film written by Aubrey Kehres and Ben Dobyns and directed by Matt Vancil and Ben Dobyns. It is the second sequel of the 2002 film The Gamers by Dead Gentlemen Productions and was successfully funded via Kickstarter. It is produced by Zombie Orpheus Entertainment.

## Plot

The movie begins with a team of players playing the Pathfinder RPG (a tabletop role-playing game based on Dungeons and Dragons). Though the team experiences problems in its schedule and it is unable to meet for more than a year partially because one of the players, Leo, a hobby store owner, spends a lot of time on a fictionally old card game, Romance of the Nine Empires (R9E), by selling cards and organizing tournaments. At that point, the main character of the film, Cass, who dislikes collectible card games because of the amount of money the player has to spend and the lack of narrative, meets a veteran female player Natalie and quickly develops a crush on her. In order to approach her, he pretends to be a player and takes part in the tournament.

Players choose one of the nine mighty empires of Countermay to support in R9E, and both their decisions and the results of the tournaments have an impact on how the game develops. At the time a group called The Legacy, playing the role of the undead army Ixhasa, dominates the game's scene and through unpopular choices drives the players away from the game. Natalie plays for Holden, a small, peaceful agrarian kingdom.

Initially Natalie rejects Cass, but after she loses the tournament to one of the Legacy players and while she is frustrated with the outcome challenges him that if he wins the national tournament at Gen Con and puts her Queen on the God Head seat of Countermay, she will date him. While Natalie said ironically, Cass takes it literally and accepts the challenge.

While all this happens in the real world, an alternative narratative with painted scenery tells the story of Countermay and how the outcome of the game matches played by the real-world characters affects it.

Cass starts seriously learning the game and while at the beginning he is at a low level, he later discovers that his friend Leo is also an old player of the game who has now quit and is willing to teach him. Cass becomes a skilled player and meets Natalie again at Gen Con. While she is still mad at him, when she discovers his effort, and the skills he has acquired, she partially accepts him. Later on Cass makes his way through the Swiss to the finals, where he meets for the second time the best player of the game Meach. While the first time Cass was easily beaten and he is again overpowered, Meach, knowing that he can't beat the Legacy, proposes an alliance. He will concede the match and in exchange if Cass wins he will choose Meach's king to seat in the God Head Seat. Cass accepts the offer and wins the tournament. Later Natalie says that now she owes him a date. Cass argues that he didn't actually put her queen on the throne, but she proposes to him anyway.

## Cast

Cast overview, first billed only:

- Brian Lewis as Cass and Silence

- Trin Miller as Natalie

- Samara Lerman as Myriad

- Jesse Lee Keeter as Dundareel

- Nathan Rice as Lodge and Osric

- Carol Roscoe as Joanna and Daphne

- Scott C. Brown as Leo and Flynn

- Christian Doyle as Gary and Luster

- Jennifer Page as Penelope and Luster

- Matt Shimkus as The Shadow

- Conner Marx as Jase

- Ahren Buhmann as Byron

- M.J. Sieber as Hunter

- Jessica Avellone as Coeli Quando (The Messenger)

- Anne Allgood as The Queen

## Reception

The Gamers: Hands of Fate was reviewed by Becky Chambers for The Mary Sue, who described it as "a flawed-but-charming comedy that highlights the bad, embraces the good, and does both out of love. Watch it with your friends. Think about it. Pick it apart. The filmmakers' intent, as I understand it, was to keep people talking, and to have fun doing it. In that, at the very least, they succeeded."

Holger Christiansen, of the German website Teilzeithelden, noted that The Gamers: Hands of Fate has little in common with its predecessors, which "doesn't make the film bad per se, but the title just raises completely wrong expectations." Christiansen was irritated that the minor storyline about Gary takes up too much screentime, and also found the many obvious product placements were distracting. He concluded on an ambiguous note, saying, "the film is successful, but not outstanding. If you have two hours to spare, you can watch it and be entertained. If you don't look at it, you haven't missed much either. It's actually a shame, because I had hoped for a lot more than that."

In the Introduction of The Role-Playing Society: Essays on the Cultural Influence of RPGs, editors Andrew Byers and Francesco Crocco bring up the use of role-playing games in films, including The Gamers: Hands of Fate, characterizing them as "mostly comedic but generally providing positive views of gamers while gently poking fun at their foibles." Byers and Crocco say these films "all tend to depict gamers as infantilized, socially awkward outcasts struggling to diffentiate their tabletop role-playing game interests from reality, a common trope in popular depictions of gamers."