Chavez Young

# Chavez Young

## Abstract

Chavez Young (born July 8, 1997) is a Bahamian professional baseball outfielder for the Lake Country DockHounds of the American Association of Professional Baseball.

## Career

Young moved to the United States when he was 15, and attended Faith Baptist Christian Academy in Brandon, Florida, for two years. In his final year of high school, Young attended the same school in Ludowici, Georgia, and was selected in the 39th round of the 2016 Major League Baseball draft by the Toronto Blue Jays.

### Toronto Blue Jays

He was assigned to the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Blue Jays upon signing, and batted.274 with six runs batted in (RBI) and six stolen bases in 21 games played. Young played the 2017 season with the Rookie Advanced Bluefield Blue Jays and Low–A Vancouver Canadians. In 67 total games, he hit.283 with four home runs and 30 RBI.

Chavez was assigned to the Single–A Lansing Lugnuts for the entire 2018 season. He was named a mid-season All-Star after hitting.307 with 18 doubles, two home runs, and 18 stolen bases. In total, Young played in 125 games for the Lugnuts in 2018, and hit.285 with 33 doubles, nine triples, eight home runs, 57 RBI, and 44 stolen bases.

Young spent the 2019 season with the High–A Dunedin Blue Jays, playing in 111 games and hitting.247/.315/.354 with 6 home runs, 43 RBI, and 24 stolen bases. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Young returned to action in 2021 with the Double–A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, playing in 79 games and batting.265/.350/.409 with seven home runs, 52 RBI, and 20 stolen bases. He split the 2022 season with the Triple–A Buffalo Bisons, also playing in five games for Dunedin. In 65 games for the Bisons, Young hit.234/.331/.351 with five home runs, 21 RBI, and 20 stolen bases.

### Pittsburgh Pirates

On January 10, 2023, Young was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for Zach Thompson. Prior to the MLB regular season, Young was a member of team Great Britain in the 2023 World Baseball Classic (WBC). He went 1 for 3 with 2 RBIs in Great Britain's 7-5 victory over Colombia on March 13, 2023, marking Great Britain's first ever win in the WBC.

Young split the season between the Double–A Altoona Curve and the Triple–A Indianapolis Indians. In 102 total games, he hit a combined.202/.326/.308 with 5 home runs, 34 RBI, and 32 stolen bases. He elected free agency following the season on November 6.

### Milwaukee Brewers

On January 22, 2024, Young signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. In 47 games for the Triple–A Nashville Sounds, he batted.210/.302/.324 with two home runs, 18 RBI, and seven stolen bases. On June 21, Young was released by the Brewers organization.

### Kansas City Monarchs

On July 13, 2024, Young signed with the Kansas City Monarchs of the American Association of Professional Baseball. In 17 games for the Monarchs, Young batted.247/.337/.356 with one home run, nine RBI, and nine stolen bases.

### Lake Country DockHounds

On August 3, 2024, Young was traded for the Lake Country DockHounds in exchange for a player to be named later.


Circa Survive

# Circa Survive

## Abstract

Circa Survive is an American rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that formed in 2004. Founded by singer Anthony Green and guitarist Colin Frangicetto, the band consists of former members from This Day Forward and Taken.

Circa Survive quickly made a name for themselves in the indie music scene in little over two years with their 2005 debut album, Juturna, and second album, On Letting Go, released in 2007. Both albums were released on Equal Vision Records. Their third album, Blue Sky Noise, was released via Atlantic Records in 2010. After parting ways with Atlantic Records, the band's fourth album, Violent Waves, was released independently in 2012. Their fifth album, Descensus, was released by Sumerian Records in 2014, and their sixth, The Amulet, with Hopeless Records in October 2017. The band would follow with two EPs on Rise Records: A Dream About Love in October 2021, and A Dream About Death in February 2022. The band would then announce an indefinite hiatus in October 2022.

## History

### Formation and The Inuit Sessions (2004 – 2005)

Vocalist Anthony Green left the band Saosin, in 2004, later noting "the big thing was that I was just scared. I was scared of committing". Green met up with Colin Frangicetto, a friend with whom he had "jammed" during his stay, and they decided to begin recording and recruiting. Thus, Circa Survive was born.

Frangicetto and Green, with full support from Equal Vision Records, then recruited Brendan Ekstrom. Ekstrom had been Frangicetto's bandmate in This Day Forward, which had recently disbanded. Both Ekstrom and Frangicetto had toured with Taken during their This Day Forward days, and procured Nick Beard, the previous bass guitarist of Taken, as Circa Survive's next member. The band met Stephen Clifford through Vadim Taver of the band Marigold (and also from This Day Forward); "Steve jammed with us for a week and from there it was on," said Frangicetto.

Circa Survive's first release was the EP, The Inuit Sessions, on March 18, 2005. It contained four tracks: "Act Appalled", "Handshakes at Sunrise", "The Great Golden Baby", and "Suspending Disbelief".

### Juturna (2005 – 2006)

Juturna, Circa Survive's first album, was released on April 19, 2005, in the United States and on January 31, 2006, in Japan on Equal Vision Records. It had been initially announced via the band's MySpace page in November 2004. Details as to its sound remained vague, although the band stated they would keep their fans posted via their website, MySpace page, PureVolume page, and YouTube page. Shortly before its official release, the album was posted on their MySpace page in its entirety. Juturna peaked at No. 183 on the Billboard 200. The album was produced by Brian McTernan at Salad Days Studios in Baltimore.

The band drew inspiration for the album from House of Leaves and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. During an online Q&A session on April 20, 2010, Brendan dismissed the claim that Juturna was a concept album based on Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, but did say that there is an underlying concept. That concept is speculated by fans to be vaguely about human memories. "Oh, Hello" exemplifies this with its lyrics. The decision to call the album's bonus track that appears after "Meet Me In Montauk" and the silence that follows it at 8:56, "House of Leaves" was more or less a joint one by the band and their fans. Various members of the band have stated that they have read at least some portion of the book over the years since its 2000 release.

The album's sound is characterized by its prominent utilization of effects-laden, dual guitar melodies over polyrhythmic percussion. The guitarists' approach to songwriting takes on characteristics of jazz and shoegaze music. The album has since gone on to be considered massively influential to the post-hardcore community. Members of the band have recently recognized King Crimson, Björk, Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra, and Godspeed You! Black Emperor as influences on the album's sound.

### On Letting Go (2007 – 2008)

On Letting Go is Circa Survive's second album. Released on May 29, 2007, by Equal Vision Records, the album entered the U.S. Billboard 200 at #24, selling about 24,000 copies in its first week. Up to July 11, 2007, it had sold 51,357 copies in the U.S. alone.

As with previous albums, Esao Andrews designed the artwork and Brian McTernan produced the album. The band's sound did not radically change with this release. It was still polished and refined, with guitars and drums much tighter (but still meandering when needed to) and bass more prominent. Lyrically, the band "...evokes an era when hazy lyricism and reckless introspection were prerequisites for legitimacy and timelessness."

In spring 2008, Circa Survive released an On Letting Go B-side, "1,000 Witnesses", to fans through the charity Invisible Children in an effort to raise money for the cause. In June 2008, they also released the B-side "The Most Dangerous Commercials" as a charity download to help support the relocation of local music shop Siren Records, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.

### Blue Sky Noise and Appendage (2008 – 2010)

After supporting Thrice and Pelican for their spring 2008 tour, Circa Survive returned to Philadelphia to write for the then-untitled third album. A short leg of shows in the Eastern U.S. occurred in late 2008 and four shows were played in Southern California in February 2009. After that, the band did not tour again until the tentatively planned headlining tour for their forthcoming third album. Anthony Green's growth as a guitarist played a major role on Blue Sky Noise, which the band framed as an entirely "new chapter".

On August 3, Circa Survive stated that they had begun recording their third album in Toronto and had chosen David Bottrill as producer. They also stated, "After completing our contract with Equal Vision we embarked on a long search to find our next home. We met with lots of labels and decided that Atlantic Records is the best place for us to continue our growth as a band and to help us release our music around the world."

On Twitter, they stated that they would be recording 16 songs, but that they would not all be on the album. However, they said they would release them all somehow. They posted eight video updates showing some song teases. Studio recording was completed at the end of October 2009 and mixing was completed on February 1, 2010, by Rich Costey.

On February 16, 2010, they announced their new album would be titled Blue Sky Noise, and would be released on April 20, 2010. The album could be pre-purchased, and those who did so received a digital copy of the album a week early, and the first single, "Get Out", instantly. The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 11, the band's highest position.

On October 18, 2010, Myspace Transmissions released a live EP of the band playing five tracks from Blue Sky Noise as well as a cover of the Nirvana song, "Scentless Apprentice".

Circa Survive's second EP, Appendage, was released on November 30, 2010. It contains five tracks: "Sleep Underground" (Demo), "Stare Like You'll Stay", "Everyway", "Backmask" and "Lazarus".

### Violent Waves (2012 – 2014)

On April 16, 2012, Circa Survive began recording their fourth record, " Violent Waves ". On June 25, 2012, Circa launched the Violent Waves Pre-Order webpage, officially announcing the album's title and release date, August 28, 2012, along with a new song titled "Suitcase". The band also confirmed that the album would be self-released.

On March 3, 2014, it was announced via Pitchfork that Circa Survive would be releasing a 7-inch vinyl record split with the band Sunny Day Real Estate for Record Store Day 2014 (April 19). The split features "Lipton Witch" by Sunny Day Real Estate - their first new song in 14 years - and "Bad Heart" by Circa Survive, a b-side that was recorded after the release of 2012's "Violent Waves" album.

### Descensus (2014 – 2016)

In mid April 2014, Circa Survive once again entered Studio 4 in Conshohocken, PA to record their fifth album with producer/engineer Will Yip. They recorded 11 songs during the sessions and concluded recording by the end of May. On May 19, 2014, during a Saosin interview at Skate and Surf, Anthony Green stated that Circa Survive "have a new record coming out, hopefully in the fall, I mean I fucking shouldn't even say that, probably". On April 19, 2014, the band released a split EP release with Sunny Day Real Estate titled Sunny Day Real Estate / Circa Survive Split 7".

On August 15, 2014, the band announced their signing to Sumerian Records for the release of the fifth album and also a reissue of their fourth album Violent Waves. In an Alternative Press interview published in August 2014, Green said, "Well, the next Circa record is done. We’re in the final process of getting the final mixes right now." "It’s definitely the most aggressive Circa record we’ve ever made. It’s the first record of ours I’ve been able to listen to front to back without having that song that I’m like, 'Yeah, I could’ve done better here.' Every song has this moment in it that makes me feel ridiculous. I feel like I just outdid myself. I feel like we did better than we did before."

The album, entitled Descensus was released on November 24, 2014. The album art was once again made by Esao Andrews.On October 27, 2014, the band released the first single and music video from Descensus titled "Schema". The second single "Only the Sun" was shown on November 5, 2014. Its video features visuals used in the tour for the album with Title Fight, Tera Melos and Pianos Become the Teeth.

In January 2017 the band began a tour to celebrate ten years of 'On Letting Go' with support from MewithoutYou and Turnover.

### The Amulet (2017 – 2021)

On July 10, 2017, the band announced their next LP The Amulet. Alongside the announcement they released a single titled "Lustration" with accompanying music video. The album was released on September 22, 2017, through Hopeless Records. On August 10, 2017, the band released its second music video single "Rites of Investiture". On August 30, 2017, they released their third and title track single "The Amulet". Shortly before the LP's release on September 14, 2017, the band released its final music video single "Premonition of the Hex".

The band announced a co-headlining tour with Thrice, accompanied by Balance and Composure and Chon, across North America beginning in San Jose on November 2.

In October 2018, the band released two songs called "Dark Pools" and "Indras Net" for the upcoming deluxe edition of "The Amulet" on November 2, 2018. As well as a video for the song "Flesh and Bone".

### Two Dreams and hiatus (2021 – 2022)

On June 4, 2021, the band teased a new single during the credits of the Live Sky Noise livestream. On October 8, the band would release the single as Imposter Syndrome and announced an EP coming later that month.

On October 22, 2021, the band released A Dream About Love, followed by A Dream About Death on February 4, 2022. These EPs represent a slight departure from the band's established sound, embracing a more electronic approach.

On August 30, 2022, the band announced that their members would be transitioning away from Circa Survive as their full-time job, leading to speculation on the band’s future. Green would clarify on his Twitter page that the group had not disbanded. However, on October 18, 2022, the band confirmed they were taking an indefinite hiatus.

A statement from the band was shared:

Many of you have asked where things stand with us and to be totally transparent, our future is currently uncertain. For the time being, we're considering Circa on an indefinite hiatus. We want to thank you for all your love and support, especially over the last few years which were the hardest we have ever had to endure. Extra special thanks to the creatures.

On October 19, 2022, Circa Survive announced they would combine both "Dream" EPs and re-release them as the band's seventh studio album titled Two Dreams due out December 16, 2022. The album release will be accompanied by live session videos.

## Influences

According to lead singer Anthony Green, Circa Survive have been influenced by Deftones, Thrice, Paul Simon, dredg, and Björk. Green cites Nirvana as a major influence, with Circa Survive frequently performing covers of Nirvana songs. Green stated that one of his favorite albums is Mapping an Invisible World by Days Away.

Throughout their musical career, but particularly with respect to their first album Juturna, the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind has been a large influence on Circa Survive. The album's hidden track is based on the Mark Z. Danielewski novel House of Leaves, lending it an unofficial title. Lyrically, their third album Blue Sky Noise is based on Green's struggles with mental illness, with many of the lyrics written during his voluntary three-week stay in a mental health facility.

## Band members

Current members

- Anthony Green - lead vocals

- Colin Frangicetto - rhythm guitar, backing vocals

- Brendan Ekstrom - lead guitar

- Nick Beard - bass, backing vocals

- Steve Clifford - drums, percussion

Session/touring members

- Keith Goodwin - keyboards (2021-2022)

## Touring and performing

Circa Survive has toured on several occasions, including national tours within the United States. They toured in winter 2005 with My Chemical Romance and Thrice. That summer they co-headlined a tour. Circa Survive has also opened for Mutemath, Mae and Dredg on each of their headlining tours. Circa Survive played The Bamboozle festival in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2011 in New Jersey. They also played a few dates on The Vans Warped Tour in 2005. In early 2006, they embarked on a tour of Europe with Coheed and Cambria and Thrice, after having previously completed a tour in September 2005 with Motion City Soundtrack. They also toured with Saves The Day, Moneen and Pistolita. In summer 2006, they embarked on their first headlining tour, The Twilight Army Tour, with The Receiving End of Sirens, Days Away, Portugal. The Man, YouInSeries and Keating. Then in fall 2006, they went on tour with Thursday, Rise Against and Billy Talent. The band also played on the Rockstar Alternative Press Tour headlining with Cute Is What We Aim For, and with supporting act As Tall As Lions.

In April 2007, Circa Survive played at the Coachella arts and music festival in Indio, California. In summer 2007, the band played the entire Vans Warped Tour alongside bands such as Coheed and Cambria, The Used, Anberlin and Bad Religion. Circa Survive opened for My Chemical Romance's 2007 shows in Worcester and Australian and New Zealand shows as well. Circa Survive opened as the main support for Thirty Seconds to Mars September 14, 2007, at the Brixton Academy. Circa Survive completed touring with Ours, Fear Before, with Dear and the Headlights and The Dear Hunter in November, 2007. On New Year's Eve 2007 they had a coming home show with Thursday and The Gaslight Anthem played at The Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The band is in the Kerrang! 2008 Tour with Madina Lake, Coheed and Cambria and Fightstar. It was announced on January 24, 2008, that Circa Survive would be going on a spring 2008 tour with Thrice and Pelican.

Circa Survive has been known to incorporate other visual elements to performances. Anthony Green frequently wore dresses to outdoor music festivals, most notably The Bamboozle in 2006 and The Vans Warped Tour in 2007. The band's on Letting Go tour included a silent film projected above the band.

In 2010, after mixing for Blue Sky Noise was completed in February, Circa Survive began performing shows in the midwest United States in March, often accompanied by Good Old War and The Christmas Lights. The band performed at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas, from March 18 to 24. They also performed in Anaheim at the Hoodwink Festival on March 26 and at The Bamboozle on March 27. One month later, following the release of Blue Sky Noise on April 20, Circa Survive embarked on an extended tour with Coheed and Cambria and Torche, beginning in Charlotte, North Carolina, on April 22 and ending on May 29 in Atlantic City. On June 19, 2010, Circa Survive performed at Santa Monica Beach at the Pac Sun Beach Ballyhoo event, which was shut down early due to overcrowding before the band could perform their last two songs. After an eleven-day U.S. west coast tour in late July, Circa Survive embarked on a September European tour with Middle Class Rut, beginning in Hamburg, Germany, on September 6 and ending in Nottingham, England, on September 18. Their show in London on September 15 was streamed live over the Internet and attracted more than 43,000 viewers online.

They then went on their U.S. Blue Sky Noise tour with Animals as Leaders, Dredg and Codeseven. The tour began on October 15, 2010, in Hartford, Connecticut, and concluded on December 13 in Bakersfield, California. They begin touring with Anberlin and Foxy Shazam in January 2011. On February 17, 2011, Circa Survive performed with Timeout Jimmy at the Rutgers Student Center at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. They also opened for Linkin Park during the A Thousand Suns Tour for their shows in Dallas and Houston, Texas.

Circa Survive toured with My Chemical Romance as their opening act along with Architects. Both bands opened for My Chemical Romance for the North American leg of The World Contamination Tour.

Circa Survive went on their Violent Waves tour, which began on September 13, 2012, in New Haven, Connecticut, and ended on October 27, 2012, in Sayreville, New Jersey. Balance and Composure, O'Brother, and Touché Amoré went along as their opening acts. They had 33 shows for this tour. After 6, they played in Atlanta, Georgia for the Nervous Energies Session. They then continued the Violent Waves tour. They had 2 Record Release shows for the new album, both in August.

In April 2013, Circa Survive toured Malaysia, Singapore and the Pulp Summer Slam XIII "Til Death Do Us Part" rock festival in Manila, Philippines, on April 27, 2013. The Manila concert featured Circa Survive along with Dragonforce, Amoral, Cannibal Corpse, Coheed and Cambria, As I Lay Dying, A Skylit Drive and 4 local Filipino bands. On April 26, 2013, Circa Survive attended a press conference with Dragonforce and Amoral to promote the Manila rock festival.

Circa Survive announced that they would be co-headlining with Minus the Bear, along with opening act Now, Now, in the "Waves Overhead" tour. This tour began March 6, 2013, and ended March 30, 2013.

On October 16, 2013, Circa Survive announced a special end-of-the-year show on Saturday, December 28, 2013, at the Shrine Expo Hall in Los Angeles. The band will be "playing an extended set of favorites from all of our albums, along with a few rarities and special guests" and will be filming the show for release in 2014. The show was released on DVD included with the Violent Waves reissue released by Sumerian Records on September 9, 2014.

On January 6, 2015, it was announced that Circa Survive would perform on Day 3 (April 12 & 19) of the Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival in Indio, California.

On January 29, 2015, the band announced they would be touring in the Spring of 2015 with Balance and Composure again and Chon.

On October 11, 2016, the band announced their On Letting Go Ten Year Anniversary Tour with MewithoutYou and Turnover. On this tour, the band's setlist was composed of the songs from On Letting Go, in the same order as they are presented on the album, interspersed with B-sides and unreleased songs from the writing process.

## Discography

- Juturna (2005)

- On Letting Go (2007)

- Blue Sky Noise (2010)

- Violent Waves (2012)

- Descensus (2014)

- The Amulet (2017)

- Two Dreams (2022)

## Music videos

- "Act Appalled" (live montage) (2005) from Juturna

- "Act Appalled" (2006) from Juturna

- "In Fear And Faith" (live montage) (2006) from Juturna

- "The Difference Between Medicine and Poison Is in the Dose" (2007) from On Letting Go

- "Get Out" (Live Montage) (2010) from Blue Sky Noise

- "Imaginary Enemy" (2010) from Blue Sky Noise

- "Suitcase" (2012) from Violent Waves

- "Sharp Practice" (2012) from Violent Waves

- "Schema" (2014) from Descensus

- "Only the Sun" (2014) from "Descensus"

- "Child Of The Desert" (2015) from Descensus

- "Lustration" (2017) from The Amulet

- "Rites of Investiture" (2017) from The Amulet

- "The Amulet" (2017) from The Amulet

- "Premonition of the Hex" (2017) from The Amulet

- "Flesh and Bone" (2018) from The Amulet

- "Imposter Syndrome" (2021) from A Dream About Love EP

- "Electric Moose" (2022) from A Dream About Death EP

## Equipment

### Guitar Rig & Signal Flow

- Brendan Ekstrom plays Melancon hand made guitars which are located near New Orleans U.S.A.

- A detailed gear diagram of Brendan Ekstrom's 2011 Circa Survive guitar rig is well-documented.


American Jewish Museum

# American Jewish Museum

## Abstract

The American Jewish Museum, or AJM, is a contemporary Jewish art museum located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A department of the Jewish Community Center (JCC) of Greater Pittsburgh, the museum is located in the Squirrel Hill JCC at the corner Forbes Avenue and Murray Avenue, in the heart of Pittsburgh's historically Jewish neighborhood. The museum was founded in 1998, and though it does not have a permanent collection, it hosts several original and traveling exhibitions each year. The AJM aims to explore contemporary Jewish issues through art and related programs that facilitate intercultural dialogue.

## History

Prior to 1998, the JCC of Greater Pittsburgh had a small community gallery for nearly 25 years. Under the auspices of Leslie A. Golomb Archived 2010-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, the gallery underwent a period of substantial growth, evolving into a museum and receiving accreditation from the Council of American Jewish Museums (CAJM). Accreditation by CAJM requires strict adherence to standards regarding archives, catalogues, and curating, as well as educational programs and outreach.

Today, the AJM galleries are still located on the Pittsburgh JCC's Squirrel Hill campus. While the AJM continues to emphasize the Pittsburgh community in its exhibitions and programming, its scope has grown as it collaborates with regional, national, and international artists and organizations. Additionally, the AJM frequently explores Jewish themes such as contemporary iterations of rituals, but aims to reach the wider community though exhibits with broad appeal and programming that encourages interfaith discourse.

## Recent exhibitions

As a non-collecting museum, the AJM works with local, national, and international artists to create original exhibitions, and occasionally hosts traveling exhibitions from institutions such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Here is a list of recent, notable exhibitions:

- 2017: Hill District Paintings. Rochelle Blumenfeld

- 2011: Legacy. A Painter's Legacy: The Students of Samuel Rosenberg (artist)

- 2010: Between Heaven and Earth. Ilene Winn Lederer

- 2010: To Speak Her Heart. Leslie A. Golomb and Barbara Broff Goldman

- 2010: India: A Light Within. Charlee Brodsky

- 2010: I Thought I Could Fly. Charlee Brodsky

- 2009: Tempted, Misled, Slaughtered: The Short Life of Hitler Youth, Paul B. Presented through the Florida Holocaust Museum

- 2009: Body of Work: Philip Mendlow

- 2008-2009: Love/Fences/Nests. Ally Reeves, Ben Schacter, Anna Divinsky

- 2007-2008: Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals. Presented through the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

- 2007: Of the Painted Image. Miriam Cabessa, Seth Cohen, Peter Rostovsky

- 2007: If My Eyes Speak. Adam Nadel

- 2006: Body in Diaspora. Maritza Mosquera Archived 2010-05-15 at the Wayback Machine

- 2006: 118-60 Metropolitan Avenue. Joan Linder

- 2004-2005: The Mikvah Project. Janice Rubin and Leah Lax

- 2004: QuilkLinks. Louise Silk and Pittsburgh teens

- 2003: From Home to Home: Jewish Immigration to America. Presented through the Children's Galleries for Jewish Culture (formerly the Jewish Children's Learning Lab)

- 2001: Encountering the Second Commandment. International group exhibition of 43 artists from eight countries


Donna Nelson

# Donna Nelson

## Abstract

Donna J. Nelson (born 1954) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of Oklahoma. Nelson specializes in organic chemistry, which she both researches and teaches. Nelson served as a science advisor to the AMC television show Breaking Bad. She was the 2016 President of the American Chemical Society (ACS) with her presidential activities focusing on and guided by communities in chemistry. Nelson's research focused on five primary topics, generally categorized in two areas, Scientific Research and America's Scientific Readiness. Within Scientific Research, Nelson's topics have been on mechanistic patterns in alkene addition reactions and on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) functionalization and analysis, yielding the first COSY NMR spectrum of covalently functionalized SWCNTs in solution. Under America's Scientific Readiness, she focuses on science education and impacting science by considering its communities; this includes classroom innovations and correcting organic chemistry textbook inaccuracies, on ethnic and gender diversity (the Nelson Diversity Surveys) among highly ranked science departments of research universities, and on improving the image and presentation of science and scientists to the public.

## Education and career

Nelson was born in Eufaula, Oklahoma, a small town known as the center of the Muscogee Creek Nation. Her father was the only physician in the town. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry at the University of Oklahoma. She obtained her PhD in chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin with Michael J. S. Dewar and did post-doctorate work at Purdue University with 1979 Chemistry Nobel Laureate Herbert C. Brown. Nelson joined the University of Oklahoma as a faculty member.

Nelson was a faculty fellow in the University of Oklahoma Provost's Office from 1989 to 1990. She was the first woman faculty fellow and the first assistant professor to enter the position, being promoted during the year. Anita Hill followed her, as the second female faculty fellow in the Provost's Office.Nelson was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2003 with Nancy Hopkins and in 2010 with Michael Strano.

In 2016, she served as president of the American Chemical Society.

## Awards and honors

Nelson has received a number of honors and awards. These include American Chemical Society (ACS) President (2016), Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC, 2019), an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh (2021), Israel Chemical Society Fellow (2016), ACS Fellow (2010), ACS Henry Hill Award (for professionalism) (2013), Guggenheim Fellowship (2003), NSF Special Creativity Extension (1989), American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS Fellow (2005), Sigma Xi Fellow (2020), Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame (2022), National Organization for Women “Woman of Courage” Award (2004), Ford Foundation Fellowship (2003), Fulbright Scholarship (2007), and National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE Leadership Award (2006). She was named one of the "70 Most Inspirational Women Leaders Impacting the World" by Business.org in 2018 and among "These 12 Texas Women Made History" by UT Austin in 2021. She has also received the ACS Nalley Award (2011), ACS Stan Israel Award (2011), SACNAS Distinguished Scientist Award (2006), Oklahoma Higher Education Hall of Fame, (2013) ACS Oklahoma Chemist of the Year (2012), Oklahoma Outstanding Professor Award (2005), Women's eNews 21 Leaders for the 21st Century (2006), Minority Health Professions Foundation Hall of Fame Inductee (2005), and Sigma Xi Faculty Research Award (2001). In October 2017, FLOGEN Star Outreach awarded her with the Fray International Sustainability Award at SIPS 2017 (Sustainable Industrial Processing Summit), in Cancun, Mexico.

Nelson has written over 200 research-related publications, and has given hundreds of invited presentations to national meetings of professional societies and organizations, universities, and radio and TV programs, such as NPR, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and Marketplace Morning Report. The Journal of Organic Chemistry cover of February 4, 2005, and the ACS's Division of Organic Chemistry Calendar cover of September, 2006, each featured her research. The Chemical Heritage Foundation (2009), Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (2004), and JustGarciaHill (2003) each collected her history to add to their collections of prominent scientist biographies. Nelson was made a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 2020.

## Scientific Research

### Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Reactions

In 2005, Nelson began applying to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) reactions the knowledge gained from her earlier research on the effects of substituents upon reactions of alkenes. She applied nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to examine the effects of substituents upon SWCNT reaction and association with a variety of classes of organic molecules, such as alcohols, amines, ketones, aldehydes and nitro compounds. By doing this, she pioneered the application of NMR to functionalized and pristine SWCNT characterization and analysis.

### Reactions of Alkenes

As a physical organic chemist, Nelson developed a new synthetically useful technique for gathering mechanistic information on addition reactions of alkenes. The investigations often permitted selection of one mechanism from several which are proposed. The technique has helped determine mechanisms of important addition reactions of alkenes, such as hydroboration, oxymercuration, bromination, the Wacker process, and the Wilkinson's catalyst reaction.

## America's Scientific Readiness

### Science Education

#### Improving Organic Chemistry Textbooks

In 2011, Nelson examined comprehensive undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks in use at that time, in order to determine consistency in cyclohexane conformation across the texts and with research literature; they recommended changes to remedy inconsistencies in cyclohexane conformer nomenclature and structural drawings across the textbooks. She and her students continue to evaluate currently-used undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks in order to identify other content at odds with research literature and characteristics which are most conducive to learning.

#### Classroom Innovations

Nelson utilized her teaching assignment of large sections of organic chemistry to develop and evaluate learning devices for her students. The devices use a visual, rather than oral or written, presentation; two were adopted by publishers to accompany their major organic chemistry textbooks. She also surveyed students in order to determine factors which influence students to select or remain in science majors. Nelson's research results and materials from an education project, designed by Oklahoma high school students and involving precipitate-forming reactions conducted in microgravity on board the STS-40, are the subject of a permanent educational exhibit demonstrating the scientific method, at the Oklahoma Air and Space Museum.

### Research on Diversity in Science

From FY2001 to FY2004, Nelson surveyed tenured and tenure-track university faculty members of the "top 50" departments in each of 14 science and engineering disciplines (chemistry, physics, mathematics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, political science, sociology, economics, biological sciences, and psychology). Data were collected about race/ethnicity, gender, and rank, and are complete populations, rather than samples, so they accurately reveal the small number or complete absence of underrepresented groups. Data for all disciplines were obtained simultaneously and by a consistent protocol and are therefore comparable across a large number of disciplines. These became known as the Nelson Diversity Surveys.

That first study revealed that generally, women and minorities are significantly underrepresented on these faculties. For example, the first survey, completed in FY2002, showed that there were no black, Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure track women faculty in the top 50 computer science departments. For chemistry and chemical engineering faculties, her additional national origin data revealed that, recently, more immigrants have been hired as faculty than American females and American minorities combined. Analogous surveys were carried out for top 100 departments in each of 15 science and engineering disciplines, including earth science, in FY2005 and in FY2007.

She received the 2004 National Organization for Women Woman of Courage Award for carrying out and disseminating the results of the Nelson Diversity Surveys.

Nelson's diversity research has been cited by dozens of newspapers, magazines, and journals, including Nature, The New York Times, The Christian Science Monitor, and CNN. The Government Accountability Office used Nelson's data for its July 2004 report to Congress on Title IX, specifically women's access to opportunities in the sciences. Nelson has also written about diversity in the STEM fields for outlets, such as PBS and the Association for Women in Science.

#### Harvard President Lawrence Summers remarks about differences between the sexes

Dr. Nelson presented results of her Nelson Diversity Surveys at the January 2005 Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Shortly afterwards, Dr. Nelson and several others of the ~40 attendees received many calls from press. At his lunchtime talk for this conference, then-Harvard President Lawrence Summers had given three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high-end science and engineering positions, which were considered controversial by many. Reporters said they were told that no transcript of the talk existed, so Nelson suggested that they instead request a copy of the recording of the talk which had been made by President Summers accompanying undergraduate assistant. During Q&A after his talk, recognizing that the recording might be of interest, Nelson posed the first two questions, which alerted attendees that the talk had been recorded. The suggestion that reporters request the recording eventually led to the creation and release of a transcript of his remarks.

### Image of Science and Scientists in Society

#### Science Advisor to AMC TV Series Breaking Bad

Nelson is a proponent of scientific accuracy in television, film and other media. She is one of the science advisers for the AMC TV series, Breaking Bad. After a plea for scientific help from the show's creator, Vince Gilligan, Nelson volunteered to advise the show in regards to organic chemistry. Nelson checked scripts and provided dialogue for the show and also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props. According to Gilligan, " Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-god chemists. We have a named Dr. Donna Nelson at the University of Oklahoma who is very helpful to us and vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date. We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Association based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."

Gilligan said, "Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, "I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand. She's been a wonderful advisor. We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics. We try to get everything correct. There's no full-time on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first." Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right, " said it made a difference to him."

During a set visit in Albuquerque on May 12, she was filmed for a cameo appearance as a nursing home attendant, but the scene was cut. However, it can be found among the deleted scenes for season 4.

#### "Hollywood Chemistry" Symposia

In order to span the science and entertainment communities, she organized a "Hollywood Chemistry" symposium at the March 2011 ACS National Meeting at Anaheim, CA. The symposium was so well-received that she was asked to organize a second symposium for the August 2011 ACS National Meeting at Denver, CO, "Science on the Hollywood Screen."

#### Science Advisor to Hollywood Productions and Other Contributions

She participated in the "Geek of the Week" program of David Saltzberg, by visiting the set of The Big Bang Theory in March 2013 and again in March 2014, in addition to answering a few chemistry-related questions. Dr. Nelson also served as Science Advisor for the 2024 disaster film Twisters and for the 2024 TV Mini Series documentary The Godfather of Fentanyl (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33254831/).

In the 2011 Ig Nobel Awards, she gave a 24/7 presentation on her SWCNT research, in which she gave a technical talk appropriate for scientists to describe the work in 24 seconds, followed by 7 words which would clarify the work to all laypeople. The seven words were "SWCNT analyses should be shaken, not stored." She gave advice on background, terminology, pronunciation, and the retrosynthesis and total synthesis of haplophytine to a production of the musical, Triangle at the Lyric Theatre in Oklahoma City.

#### Native Americans and Diabetes

She collaborated with Native American tribes to determine incidences in, effects of, and attitudes toward diabetes in Oklahoma Native Americans.

## Activities as American Chemical Society President

Because the American Chemical Society (ACS) is the world's largest scientific society, with over 150,000 members, activities of its president can influence science and scientists globally. One theme of Dr. Nelson's ACS presidency was building and strengthening communities in chemistry. Many ACS international scientific alliances came during her term as President:

(1) A scientist exchange agreement was initiated with the Chemical Society of France.

(2) An ACS UAE Chapter was installed.

(3) During the 252nd ACS National Meeting in Philadelphia (August 18–24, 2016), she signed 5 Memos of Understanding (4 new and 1 renewal) on behalf of ACS.

(4) She represented the ACS in signing an agreement among 7 Pacific Rim countries to sponsor the 2020 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, Pacifichem 2020.

As ACS President, she spoke about building a global scientific community to scientific societies in several countries.


Marc Agosta

# Marc Agosta

## Abstract

Marc Agosta (born 7 May 1948) is a Luxembourgian long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics.


List of J-pop artists

# List of J-pop artists

## Abstract

This is a list of J-pop artists and groups. Originally an evolution of jazz, and coined New Music, the style went on to become known as City Pop, music with an urban theme. Later called Japan -made Pop, the term was shortened to J-pop and now encompasses a wide range of musical styles and genres. J-pop represents modern pop culture music originating from the country or musical talent of Japan.

## –9

- °C-ute

- 10,000 Promises.

- 175R

- 19

- 22/7

- 2BACKKA

- 3B LAB.☆

- 9nine

- &TEAM

- @onefive

## A

- Aa!

- AAA

- Abe, Mao

- Abe, Natsumi

- Abe, Ryohai

- Abe, Yasuhiro

- Abe, Yoshiharu

- Access

- Acid Black Cherry

- Aco

- Ado

- Ai

- Aiba, Masaki

- Aida, Shoko

- Aikawa, Hiroki

- Aikawa, Nanase

- Aiko

- Aimer

- Aimyon

- Air

- Aira, Mitsuki

- Aiso, Haruhi

- Aiuchi, Rina

- Ajico

- Akanishi, Jin

- Akashi, Momoka

- AKB48

- Akeboshi

- Akishibu Project

- Aki, Angela

- Akiyama, Satoko

- Alan

- The Alfee

- Ali Project

- Alma Kaminiito

- Ami Suzuki

- Amiaya

- Amuro, Namie

- Anai, Yuko

- Angela

- Angerme

- Anly

- Anna S

- Anzenchitai

- Aonishi, Takashi

- Aoyama, Thelma

- Aqua Timez

- Aragaki, Yui

- Arashi

- Arashiro, Beni

- Arioka, Daiki

- Asakura, Daisuke

- Asaoka, Megumi

- Asian Kung-Fu Generation

- Atarashii Gakko!

- Ayabie

- Ayaka

- Ayana

- AZU

## B

- B'z

- Babamania

- BaBe

- Babymetal

- Back-On

- Back Number

- Bakusute Sotokanda Icchome

- Base Ball Bear

- BE:FIRST

- BeForU

- Bennie K

- Berryz Koubou

- Beyooooonds

- Bis

- Bish

- Bluem of Youth

- BoA

- Bon-Bon Blanco

- Bonnie Pink

- Boys and Men

- Bright

- The Brilliant Green

- Bullet Train

- bump.y

- Bump of Chicken

- Buono!

- Buzy

## C

- Candies

- Capsule

- Carry Loose

- CHAGE and ASKA

- Chara

- Charcoal Filter

- Chatmonchy

- Chemistry

- Che'Nelle

- Cheeky Parade

- Chiba, Saeko

- Chihara, Minori

- Chinen, Rina

- Chinen, Yuri

- The Cinderella Project

- ClariS

- Clear's

- Coconuts Musume

- College Cosmos

- Cool Joke

- CooRie

- Core of Soul

- Country Musume

- Crystal Kay

- CY8ER

- CYNHN

## D

- D-51

- D&D

- D DATE

- Da-iCE

- Da Pump

- DAOKO

- Danceroid

- Dancing Dolls

- Naniwa Danshi

- Day After Tomorrow

- Deen

- Dempagumi.inc

- DEPAPEPE

- Dicot

- Dish

- Diva

- Dizon, Leah

- DJ Ozma

- Do As Infinity

- Dohzi-T

- Dōmoto, Kōichi

- Dōmoto, Tsuyoshi

- Dream

- Dream Morning Musume

- Dreams Come True

- DRM

## E

- E-girls

- E.mu

- Earth

- Ebichu

- Eightranger

- Eito

- Elisa

- Empire

- Emyli

- Eto, Rie

- Etsuko Yakushimaru

- Eu Phoria

- Eve (Japanese singer)

- Every Little Thing

- EXILE

## F

- Fairies

- Faky

- Favorite Blue

- Faylan

- Fayray

- Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas

- FictionJunction Yuuka

- Field of View

- Flap Girls' School

- Flipper's Guitar

- FLOW

- flumpool

- Folder 5

- Four Leaves

- French Kiss

- fripSide

- Fruits Zipper

- Fu, Rie

- Fujii Kaze

- Fujii, Fumiya

- Fukada, Kyoko

- Fukuda, Saki

- Fukusaki, Eric

- Fukuyama, Masaharu

- Funky Monkey Babys

- Furukawa, Yūta

## G

- Gackt

- Gang Parade

- Garnet Crow

- Generations from Exile Tribe

- Girl Next Door

- Glay

- Globe

- Go-Bang's

- Godiego

- Gold, Taro

- Golden Bomber

- Goto, Maki

- Go to the Beds

- GReeeeN

- Guardians 4

## H

- H-wonder

- Hajime, Chitose

- Hal

- HALCALI

- Hamada, Mari

- Hamasaki, Ayumi

- Hanazawa, Kana

- hANGRY&ANGRY

- Yuko Hara

- Harada, Shinji

- Haruna, Luna

- Hata, Motohiro

- Hatsune Miku

- Hayashi, Asuca

- Hayashi, Nobutoshi

- Hayashibara, Megumi

- Hearts Grow

- Heartsdales

- Hello! Project All Stars

- Hey! Say! JUMP

- High-King

- Hikashu

- Himeka

- Hinatazaka46

- Ken Hirai

- Hinoi, Asuka

- Hinoi Team

- Hinouchi, Emi

- Hirahara, Ayaka

- Hirai, Ken

- Hirano, Aya

- Hirose, Kōmi

- Hisakawa, Aya

- Hitomi

- Hitoto, Yō

- HKT48

- Hōkago Princess

- Ho-kago Tea Time

- Home Made Kazoku

- Honda, Minako

- Horie, Mitsuko

- Horie, Yui

- Hoshimura, Mai

- Gen Hoshino

- Hotch Potchi

- HY

- Hysteric Blue

## I

- I WiSH

- Ice Creamusume

- Iceman

- Ichii, Sayaka

- Idol College

- Idol Renaissance

- Idoling!!!

- Iijima, Mari

- Iizuka, Mayumi

- Ikeda, Ayako

- Ikimonogakari

- Imai, Miki

- Inaba, Koshi

- The Indigo

- Indigo la End

- INI

- Inoo, Kei

- Inoue, Kazuhiko

- Inoue, Kikuko

- Irino, Miyu

- Ishida, Yoko

- Ishii, Tatsuya

- Ishikawa, Chiaki

- Ishikawa, Rika

- Isoya, Yuki

- Itano, Tomomi

- Itō, Yuna

- Iwata, Sayuri

- i☆Ris

- Iz*One

## J

- J Soul Brothers

- JAM Project

- Janne Da Arc

- Jasmine

- Jay'ed

- Jero

- JO1

- Johnny's West

- Judy and Mary

- Juice=Juice

- JUJU

- June

- Jungle Smile

- Jyongri

- Jyukai

## K

- K

- Kageyama, Hironobu

- Kahala, Tomomi

- Kahimi Karie

- kalafina

- Kaji, Meiko

- Kamiki, Aya

- Kazuya Kamenashi

- Kame to Yamapi

- Kanjani Eight

- Kanno, Yoko

- KAT-TUN

- Katakiri, Rekka

- Kato, Miliyah

- Kawabe, Chieko

- Kawada, Mami

- Kawase, Tomoko

- Kawashima, Ai

- Kawasumi, Ayako

- Kayo, Aiko

- Ketsumeishi

- Keyakizaka46

- Kick the Can Crew

- Kids Alive

- Kikkawa, Kōji

- kitaro

- Kimeru

- Kimura, Kaela

- King Gnu

- King & Prince

- KinKi Kids

- Kotani, Kinya

- Kirinji

- Kitaro

- Kis-my-ft2

- Kishimoto, Hayami

- Kitade, Nana

- Kiyokiba Shunsuke

- Kiyotaka Sugiyama

- Kobukuro

- Kōda, Kumi

- Kōda, Mariko

- Kokia

- Kolme

- Komatsu, Miho

- Kome Kome Club

- Kosaka, Riyu

- KOTOKO

- Koyanagi, Yuki

- Kudo, Shizuka

- Kubota, Saki ]]

- M-Flo

- Maeda, Ai

- Maeda, Atsuko

- Maeda, Yuki

- Magnolia Factory

- Mai

- Maison Book Girl

- Makihara, Noriyuki

- Makino, Yui

- Mameshiba no Taigun

- Mano, Erina

- marble

- Masuda, Keiko

- Masuda, Yuri

- Matsu, Takako

- Matsuda, Seiko

- Matsui, Jurina

- Matsui, Rena

- Matsumoto, Jun

- Matsushita, Yuya

- Matsutoya, Yumi

- Matsuura, Aya

- Mawatari, Matsuko

- MAX

- May J.

- May'n

- Mell

- Mellow Mellow

- Melocure

- melody.

- Melon Kinenbi

- Metis

- MiChi

- Mie

- mihimaru GT

- Nana Mizuki

- MilkyWay

- MINAMI

- Minawo

- Minekawa, Takako

- Mini Moni

- Mink

- Minmi

- MIQ

- Misato, Aki

- Misia

- misono

- Miura, Daichi

- Miyano, Mamoru

- Miyavi

- Miyazaki, Ayumi

- Shinji Miyazaki

- Miz

- Mizca

- Mizuki, Nana

- Momoi, Haruko

- MONGOL800

- MONKEY MAJIK

- Moriguchi, Hiroko

- Morikawa, Miho

- Moritaka, Chisato

- Moriyama, Naotarō

- Momoiro Clover Z

- Monkey Majik

- Morning Musume

- Motohiro Hata

- moumoon

- m.o.v.e

- Mr. Children

- Mrs. Green Apple

- Myco

- My Little Lover

## N

- Nakagawa, Shōko

- Nakahara, Mai

- Nakajima, Miyuki

- Nakajima, Yuto

- Nakamori, Akina

- Nakanishi, Toshio

- Nakashima, Mika

- Nakayama, Miho

- Nakayama, Uri

- Nakayama, Yuma

- Nano

- Natsukawa, Rimi

- Nemuri, Haru

- NEWS

- Matsuri Nine

- Ninomiya, Kazunari

- Nishikawa, Takanori

- Nishino, Kana

- NiziU

- NGT48

- NMB48

- no3b

- Nobodyknows+

- Nogizaka46

- Nomiya, Maki

- Not yet

- NYC

- N Zero

- NCT Wish

## O

- Oda, Kazumasa

- Odani, Misako

- Official Hige Dandism

- Ogata, Megumi

- Ogura, Kei

- Ohguro, Maki

- Ohno, Satoshi

- Okada, Yukiko

- Okamoto, Keito

- Okazaki, Ritsuko

- Okuda, Tamio

- Okui, Masami

- Onitsuka, Chihiro

- Ono, Erena

- Ono, Lisa

- On/Off

- OnePixcel

- Orange Pekoe

- ORANGE RANGE

- Oshima, Hanako

- Oshima, Yuko

- Oshio, Kotaro

- Otsuka, Ai

- Ozaki, Ami

- Ozaki, Yutaka

- Ozawa, Kenji

## P

- Paradises

- Paris match

- Pasocom Music Club

- Passcode (group)

- Passpo

- Perfume

- Piggs

- Piko

- PINK CRES.

- Pink Lady

- Pistol Valve

- Pizzicato Five

- Plastics

- Porno Graffitti

- The Possible

- Princess Princess

- PrizmaX

- Prizmmy☆

- Psychic Lover

- PUFFY

## Q

- Quruli

## R

- Radwimps

- Rag Fair

- Rake

- Rats & Star

- Ray

- Naoto Inti Raymi

- Remioromen

- Rinoie, Joe

- Rip Slyme

- RIRI

- Romantic Mode

- Round Table

- Run Girls, Run!

- Run&Gun

- Rurutia

- Rythem

- Ryutist

## S

- S/mileage

- Sada, Masashi

- Saiga, Mitsuki

- Saijo, Hideki

- Saito, Yuki

- Sakai, Mikio

- Sakai, Noriko

- Sakakibara, Yui

- Sakamoto, Kyu

- Sakamoto, Maaya

- Sakamoto, Miu

- Sakamoto, Ryuichi

- Sakura Gakuin

- Sakurai, Sho

- Sakurai, Tomo

- Sakurazaka46

- Salyu

- Sandaime J Soul Brothers

- Sandii & the Sunsetz

- Sano, Motoharu

- Saori@destiny

- Sashihara, Rino

- Satō, Hiromi

- savage genius

- Sayuri

- Sid

- SAWA

- Sawada, Kenji

- Erika Sawajiri

- SCANDAL

- The Scanty

- School Food Punishment

- SDN48

- Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her

- Seamo

- See-Saw

- Sekai no Owari

- Sexy Zone

- Sharam Q

- Shibasaki, Kou

- Shibata, Jun

- Subaru Shibutani

- Shiina, Ringo

- Shimabukuro, Hiroko

- Shimamiya, Eiko

- Shimatani, Hitomi

- Shimizu, Ai

- Shota Shimizu

- Shimokawa, Mikuni

- Shinohara, Tomoe

- Shintani Ryōko

- Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku

- Shirota, Yū

- Shishido, Rumi

- Shugo Chara Egg!

- Shuchishin

- Sifow

- Silent Siren

- SixTones

- SKE48

- SMAP

- Snow

- Snow Man

- Sonim

- Sophia

- Sora tob sakana

- SoulJa

- Sowelu

- SPEED

- Spitz

- Stereopony

- Suga, Shikao

- Straightener

- Sukima Switch

- Sunmyu

- Sunny Day Service

- SunSet Swish

- Super Girls

- Super Monkey's

- Supercar

- supercell

- Superfly

- Suzuki, Airi

- Suzuki, Ami

- Suzuki, Masayuki

- Suzumura, Kenichi

- SweetS

## T

- T-Bolan

- Tackey and Tsubasa

- Tadokoro, Azusa

- Tainaka, Sachi

- Takahashi, Hitomi

- Takahashi, Minami

- Takahashi, Naozumi

- Takahashi, Yoko

- Takaki, Yuya

- Takami, Hiroyuki

- Tamaki, Nami

- Tamura, Eriko

- Tamura, Yukari

- Tamurapan

- Tanimura Nana

- Tanaka, Rie

- Tange, Sakura

- Tanpopo

- Team Syachihoko

- Tegomass

- Teriyaki Boyz

- Terra

- Teshima, Aoi

- Tetsuya

- Teresa Teng

- TiA

- tiaraway

- The World Standard

- TM Network

- T.M.Revolution

- Tofubeats

- Togawa, Jun

- 東方神起

- Tokio (band)

- Tokumaru, Shugo

- Tokyo Girls' Style

- Tokyo Jihen

- Toru Kitajima

- TRF

- TrySail

- Tsuchiya, Anna

- Tsuchiya, Masami

- Tsunku

- Tsuyuzaki, Harumi (Lyrico)

- Tube (band)

- Twinklestars

- Two-Mix

- Twice

## U

- U-ka saegusa IN db

- UA

- Uchida, Maaya

- Uchida, Yuki

- Uehara, Azumi

- Uehara, Takako

- Kana Uemura

- Uijin

- Ulfuls

- Unison Square Garden

- Utada, Hikaru

- Utatsuki, Kaori

- Ukka

- Utoku, Keiko

- Uverworld

## V

- v-u-den

- V6

- Valshe

- Van, Tomiko

- Vaundy

- Vivid

## W

- W

- w-inds.

- Wada, Kōji

- Wagakki Band

- WANDS

- WaT

- Watanabe, Mayu

- Watanabe, Misato

- Watarirouka Hashiritai

- Weather Girls

- White Ash

- Whiteberry

- WHY@DOLL

- Wink

- Wino

- Wyse

## Y

- Ya-ya-yah

- Yabu, Kota

- Yaida, Hitomi

- Yamada, Keiko

- Yamada, Ryosuke

- Yamaguchi, Momoe

- Yamashita, Tatsuro

- Yamashita, Tomohisa

- Yamazaki, Masayoshi

- Yanagi, Nagi

- Yano, Maki

- Yaotome, Hikaru

- Yazumi, Kana

- Yellow Generation

- Yoasobi

- Yoji Biomehanika

- Yonekura, Chihiro

- Kenshi Yonezu

- Yorico

- Yorushika

- Yōsei Teikoku

- Yoshida, Miwa

- Yoshida, Takuro

- You'll Melt More!

- Younha

- YUI

- YUKA

- Yukana

- Yuki

- Yuko Anai

- Yuma Nakayama w/B.I.Shadow

- Yumemiru Adolescence

- Yuna Ito

- YURIA

- Yusa, Mimori

- Yuzu

- Yumi Shizukusa

## Z

- ZARD

- Zebra Queen

- Zenbu Kimi no Sei da.

- ZOC

- Zone

- Zoo

- ZYX

- ZZ


2024 in Guyana

# 2024 in Guyana

## Abstract

Events in the year 2024 in Guyana.

## Incumbents

- President: Irfaan Ali

- Prime Minister: Mark Phillips

## Events

- 1 September – Authorities announce the seizure of over 3,600 kilograms of cocaine worth $200 million in a jungle in the northwestern part of the country near the border with Venezuela, the largest cocaine seizure in the country's recent history.

## Holidays

Source:

- 1 January – New Year's Day

- 23 February – Republic Day

- 25 March – Holi

- 29 March – Good Friday

- 1 April - Easter Monday

- 1 May– Labour Day

- 5 May– Arrival Day

- 26 May– Independence Day

- 17 June – Eid al-Adha

- 1 July – CARICOM Day

- 16 September – Youman-Nabi

- 1 August – Emancipation Day

- 31 October – Diwali

- 25 December – Christmas Day

- 26 December – Boxing Day


2022 in Guyana

# 2022 in Guyana

## Abstract

Events in the year 2022 in Guyana.

## Incumbents

- President: Irfaan Ali

- Prime Minister: Mark Phillips

## Events

Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana

## Sports

- July 29 – August 8: Guyana at the 2022 Commonwealth Games

- August 9 – August 18: Guyana at the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games

## Deaths

- January 11 – Khaleel Mohammed, religious leader (born 1955)

- February 17 – Balram Singh Rai, politician, minister of home affairs (1961–1962) (born 1921)

- May 11 – Ian Hall, musician (born 1940)

- August 31 – Mary Noel Menezes, historian (born 1930)

- September 1 – Rashleigh Jackson, politician, minister for foreign affairs (1978–1990) (born 1929)


Primary Rate Interface

# Primary Rate Interface

## Abstract

The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is a telecommunications interface standard used on an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for carrying multiple DS0 voice and data transmissions between the network and a user.

PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to enterprises and offices. It is based on T-carrier (T1) transmission in the US, Canada, and Japan, while the E-carrier (E1) is common in Europe and Australia. The T1 line consists of 23 bearer (B) channels and one data (D) channel for control purposes, for a total bandwidth of 24x64-kbit/s or 1.544 Mbit/s. The E1 carrier provides 30 B- and one D-channel for a bandwidth of 2.048 Mbit/s. The first timeslot on the E1 is used for synchronization purposes and is not considered to be a B- or D-channel. The D-channel typically uses timeslot 16 on an E1, while it is timeslot 24 for a T1. Fewer active bearer channels, sometimes called user channels, may be used in fractional T1 or E1 services.

## ISDN service types

The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) prescribes two levels of service:

- Basic Rate Interface (BRI): one 16-kbit/s D channel with two 64-kbit/s B channels, intended for small enterprises and residential service.

- Primary Rate Interface (PRI): one 64-kbit/s D channel with 23 (1.544 Mbit/s T1, a.k.a. "23B + D") or 30 (2.048 Mbit/s E1, a.k.a. "30B + D") 64-kbit/s B channels, intended for large organizations.

Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel carries control and signaling information. Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual T1-PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B-channels and 1 D-channel (often called "47B + D"), but more commonly has 46 B-channels and 2 D-channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs. When configuring multiple T1's as ISDN-PRI's, it's possible to use NFAS (non-facility associated signaling) to enable one or two D-channels to support additional B-channels on separate T1 circuits.

## Application

The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises with digital private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems to provide digital access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The B-channels may be used flexibly and reassigned when necessary to meet special needs such as video conferences.

PRI channels and direct inward dialing are also common as a means of delivering inbound calls to voice over IP gateways from the PSTN.


2020 in Guyana

# 2020 in Guyana

## Abstract

Events in the year 2020 in Guyana.

## Incumbents

- President: Irfaan Ali

- Prime Minister: Mark Phillips

## Events

- 11 March – The first case of COVID-19 in the country is reported: a 52-year-old woman suffering from underlying health conditions, including diabetes and hypertension. The woman died at the Georgetown Public Hospital, making her the first COVID-19 death in the country as well.

- 18 March – All schools in the country were closed.

- 19 March – The Guyana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) closed Guyanese airspace to all international arrivals.

- 2 August – Irfaan Ali succeeds David Granger as the 10th President of Guyana.

- 12 September – Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute: Juan Edghill, Minister of Public Affairs, expresses confidence that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) will rule in Guyana's favor in the border dispute with Venezuela.

## Deaths

- 7 April – John Percy Leon Lewis, 77, military officer; COVID-19

- 25 August – Sase Narain, politician, former Speaker of the National Assembly (b. 1925).


List of governors of Alabama

# List of governors of Alabama

## Abstract

The governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors. The first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom, and Fob James each served two, and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.

The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay. Lurleen Wallace, the first wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 following Robert J. Bentley 's resignation amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.

## List of governors

### Territory of Alabama

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

### State of Alabama

Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861. Following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.

The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than 4 out of every 6 years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years. The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. An amendment in 1968 allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term. The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday.

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901. According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship. The governor and the lieutenant governor are elected at the same time but not on the same ticket.

Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican.