Rob Rue

# Rob Rue

## Abstract

Rob Rue is an American politician serving as the mayor of Springfield, Ohio since 2023. He was previously the assistant mayor from 2022 to 2023 and a city commissioner from 2018 to 2023.

## Life

Rue grew up in Springfield, Ohio and graduated from North High School in 1988. He earned a B.A. in business administration from Heidelberg University and a Bachelor of Mortuary Science from Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science. Rue is the co-owner of Littleton and Rue Funeral Home and Crematory in Springfield.

In 2017, he was elected to serve on the Springfield City Commission. As a city commissioner, Rue focused on attracting jobs and people to Springfield. He advocated for making the city more welcoming to businesses and new development. Rue supported adding sexual orientation to the city's non-discrimination ordinance. He opposed reinstating red light cameras in Springfield. Rue opposed renewing a temporary 0.4% income tax increase passed in 2017. He pledged to keep the tax increase temporary if elected and advocated for budget cuts instead of further tax increases. During his tenure, he represented the city on several boards, including the Clark County Land Bank and the National Trails Parks and Recreation District. In January 2022, Rue was named the assistant mayor.

In September 2023, Rue was sworn in as mayor-elect of Springfield, following the retirement of former mayor Warren Copeland, who stepped down due to health reasons. Rue began his term as mayor during the regularly scheduled commission meeting on January 2, 2024. He emphasized that Springfield now has its first majority female commission and one of its most generationally diverse leadership teams. At his swearing in ceremony, addressed challenges related to Springfield’s growing immigrant population, pledging efforts to ensure a safe and inclusive environment for all residents.

During the Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax in 2024, Rue addressed challenges related to the recent increase in the city's Haitian immigrant population, which has placed pressure on local resources. Amid heightened tensions and public debate, he called for cooperation and support to manage the situation, while expressing concern over safety and community unity.


Aphroditidae

# Aphroditidae

## Abstract

Aphroditidae is a family of annelids belonging to the order Phyllodocida.

## Genera

Genera:

- Aphrodita Linnaeus, 1758

- Aphrogenia Kinberg, 1856

- Cyanippa Lucas, 1840

- Halogenia Horst, 1916

- Hermione Blainville,1828

- Hermionopsis Seidler, 1923

- Hermonia Hartman, 1959

- Heteraphrodita Pettibone, 1966

- Homaphrodite Gall & Grauvogel, 1966

- Laetmonice Kinberg, 1856

- Milnesium

- Palaeoaphrodite Alessandrelli & Teruzzi, 1986

- Palmyra Savigny, 1818

- Pholoicola

- Pontogenia Claparède, 1868


One for the Road (Cheers)

# One for the Road (Cheers)

## Abstract

" One for the Road " is the final episode of the American television series Cheers. It was the 271st episode of the series and the twenty-sixth episode of the eleventh season of the show. It first aired on NBC on May 20, 1993, to an audience of approximately 42.4 million households in a 98-minute version, making it the second-highest-rated series finale of all time behind the series finale of M*A*S*H and the highest-rated episode of the 1992–1993 television season in the United States. The 98-minute version was rebroadcast on May 23, 1993, and an edited 90-minute version aired on August 19, 1993.

According to estimates by NBC, the finale was watched by 93 million viewers, almost 40% of the US population at the time.

In this episode, Shelley Long reprised the role of Diane Chambers, a character who is reunited with her former on-off love interest Sam Malone after six years of separation. Rebecca Howe continues her relationship with plumber Don Santry. Frasier Crane helps Woody Boyd write Woody's political speech. A semi-unemployed Norm Peterson wants a city job. Cliff Clavin wants a promotion from the Post Office.

The episode was filmed between March 31 and April 7, 1993.

## Synopsis

### Background

The television series Cheers follows the fortunes and inter-relationships of a group of Bostonians who meet regularly at "Cheers", their local bar. Sam Malone (Ted Danson), a ladies' man, former professional baseball player, and bartender, and Diane Chambers (Shelley Long), a college graduate student and cocktail waitress, had on-and-off relationships throughout the first five seasons of the program (1982–1987) until Diane left Boston to pursue a writing career in the season five finale, " I Do, Adieu " (1987). This was Shelley Long's last contracted appearance as Diane Chambers. Six years after the season five finale, the Sam and Diane storyline is resurrected with a special guest appearance by Shelley Long and then concluded in the final episode.

During season eleven there are many transformations before the finale. Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson), another bartender at Cheers, is married to socialite Kelly Gaines (Jackie Swanson), expecting a child with her, and has been running to be a councilmember of the Boston City Council. The waitress Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) has gone through two husbands—her first marriage ended with divorce before the series began, and she became widowed in her second —and is a single mother of eight. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) and Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth) face marital problems, including Lilith's affair with another man. After her failed relationships with rich men in the past, the bar manager Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley) and the plumber Don Santry (Tom Berenger) start dating each other in the preceding episode, "The Guy Can't Help It" (1993). Meanwhile in that episode, Sam faces up to his sexual addiction and begins to attend group therapy. Norm Peterson (George Wendt) is still semi-unemployed. Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) is still a postal carrier living with his mother.

The episode ran for 98 minutes, including commercials, when it was originally broadcast. This episode was rebroadcast on August 19, 1993, but was trimmed to 90 minutes. In syndicated and online reruns, this episode was split into three parts, but the DVD release has the original, uncut version.

### Plot

The episode begins with Frasier writing a political speech for Woody, who has trouble doing it himself. Rebecca accidentally rejects Don Santry's (Tom Berenger) proposal because she is too excited to accept it, causing him to break up with her. Diane Chambers, making her first appearance on the series after six years, appears on television, accepting an award for outstanding writing of a television movie, surprising Sam. Diane calls Sam at night to thank him for the congratulatory telegram he sent earlier and accepts Sam's invitation to return to Boston, but Sam doubts that she will actually come.

The following day, Diane arrives with her husband Reed (Mark Harelik). Shocked, Sam eventually uses Rebecca, who is grieving over her breakup, as his pretend wife. At Melville's restaurant, when Don enters and re-proposes, Rebecca finally accepts, ruining Sam's charade. Then Reed's actual partner Kevin (Anthony Heald) arrives to confront him for "cheating" with Diane. Now alone at the table, Diane admits to Sam that she broke her promise to return to him after six months in the episode " I Do, Adieu " (1987). Indeed, she had to convert her rejected finished manuscript into a screenplay, prompting her to remain in Los Angeles for six years for greater success. Sam and Diane both admit having been incompatible together and having no family of their own. When Diane bids Sam farewell, he stops her from leaving and convinces her to restart their relationship for old times' sake.

The following day, Woody, now elected city councilman, gives Norm a job with the city. Rebecca marries Don but secretly regrets it, feeling he is too good for her. Cliff is promoted to postal assistant supervisor after bribing the head of the postal department with gifts. Sam and Diane walk in and announce their engagement. His friends disapprove; however, having enough of going years without a family, Sam leaves the bar with Diane. On the plane, they begin to reconsider their decision to be together again. As the flight is delayed, they amicably agree to part ways. Diane returns to Los Angeles, and Sam returns to Cheers to see his friends again.

While Sam and his gang celebrate the reunion, Rebecca announces happily that Don has a job with the sewer department and leaves for their honeymoon. After the rest of the gang head home for the night, Norm briefly stays behind and tells Sam that he knew he would return to Boston for his "one true love." Sam asks what he means, but Norm just smiles and says, "you'll always come back to her." After Norm leaves, Sam looks around the empty bar and says to himself, "I'm the luckiest son of a bitch on earth," before he tells someone (Bob Broder) knocking on the door, "Sorry, we're closed." He walks over and straightens a picture of Geronimo hanging on the back wall, and then exits into the corridor toward the billiard room and the back door. The final shot of the series is of Cheers seen from the street at night.

## Cast

## Production

Three hundred people attended the filming of the finale at Paramount Studios' Stage 25 in Los Angeles on Wednesday, March 31, 1993, from 7:20 p.m. to 2:15 a.m. Because of Shelley Long's commitment to the CBS sitcom Good Advice, the finale's bar scene ending, where the series main cast gather as their own respective characters, was shot without her on Wednesday, April 7, 1993, after the episode "It's Lonely on the Top" was completely filmed out of sequence on the same day. However, the ending was concealed from the general public and the studio audience until the episode was first broadcast. Before her special guest appearance in this episode, Shelley Long's reprise as Diane Chambers was rumored in 1989 when she appeared with Ted Danson at the premiere of one of his movies, Cousins. A spokesperson for Paramount Television denied these rumors. Long appeared as herself for the 200th episode special in 1990, hosted by John McLaughlin, along with other surviving cast members at the time.

"I don't think we ever entertained that idea of Sam and Diane going off together. It seemed like going backwards a little. I'm not sure if that big of a portion of our audience would have been happy with it here were people who loved Shelley, but a lot of people liked Rebecca better, or thought Diane was bad for Sam, and so on."

Les Charles, GQ magazine

The series's creators Glen and Les Charles co-wrote the series finale, and James Burrows directed it. Despite what Les Charles considered the basic story intended to resolve the Sam and Diane story arc, the producers expanded the length of the finale, longer than a typical Cheers episode, to accommodate the network NBC's demands for more commercials. The total number of 30-second commercials that aired on the initial, original broadcast was 25 to 30, each of which cost $650,000.

United States President Bill Clinton sent the crew his message saying that he wanted to appear in the finale, so the Charles brothers wrote a segment where Clinton supposedly appeared. However, when the filming of the episode started, Clinton decided to cancel his own appearance. Brandon Tartikoff, former executive of NBC and former chief of Paramount Studios, and Doonesbury cartoonist Garry Trudeau appeared in the finale as uncredited bar extras. Bob Broder, agent for the show's creators, also made an uncredited appearance in the final moments of the show as the man who is told by Sam that the bar is closed.

### Promotion

The final episode was promoted extensively, including in the media, before its initial airing. NBC executives expected a rating of 65 percent of total television households. Sources on Madison Avenue estimated a Nielsen rating of 33–40s and a share of 50–70; one expected a rating of 37–38 and a share of 60.

NBC and its affiliates, such as KNBC, promoted the finale's broadcast for a few weeks up to the day of the original airing on the network's news programs, such as Dateline NBC and Today. KTLA, a Los Angeles station that reran Cheers in syndication, played a variation of the show's theme song, " Where Everybody Knows Your Name ", during the week before the finale. Entertainment Tonight showed blooper reels of Cheers in the same week. Ratings of Season 11 episodes (1992–1993) were growing in the weeks prior to the finale.

Between April 1–4, 1993, the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press (now the Pew Research Center) surveyed 1,011 people by telephone. Sam Malone was voted a favorite by 26% and had a 15% chance of a spin-off. Answering a question as to who he should marry, 21% voted Diane Chambers, 19% voted Rebecca Howe, 48% voted for Sam to remain single, and 12% had no opinion on this matter. Woody Boyd was voted a favorite by 18% and had 12% chance of a spin-off, and Norm Peterson was voted by 14% and had 10% chance of a spin-off.

Newspapers counted down to the Cheers finale in different ways. The Washington Post covered the show's background. The Star Tribune published stories related to Cheers, including one about local residents playing trivia games that paid tribute to the show and characters such as Cliff and Norm; the future of the fictional Sam Malone was addressed. The Deseret News asked its readers to send in their own fantasy finale endings before it was broadcast.

Many bars across the United States and one of the Canadian stadiums, the 50,000-seat SkyDome in Toronto, organized parties for screenings of the series finale.

## Reception

### Critical reviews

Reviews of this episode at the time of its initial broadcast were mixed. John J. O'Connor from The New York Times called the episode "overly long and uncharacteristically labored" and considered its length "a miscalculation." Nevertheless, O'Connor wrote, "Things didn't turn absolutely soppy, but nearly." Tony Scott of Daily Variety praised the writing, yet he found the finale "overly long" and described the last 30 minutes as "limping." John Carman of the San Francisco Chronicle "liked the finale" and "was choked up at the end"; nevertheless, he found Shelley Long's special guest performance "disappointing" – her "cute pills" were past "their expiration date." Ann Hodges of The Houston Chronicle "found the conclusion fitting" but was not sad about the series' cancellation. One reader's letter in The Post-Standard pointed out the episode omitted mention of Coach Ernie Pantusso, one of the original Cheers characters who died in 1985, and expressed disdain over this, even though the Geronimo picture (which Coach's portrayer Nicholas Colasanto had always kept in his dressing room) was shown at the end to commemorate Coach.

The reviews in later years were mostly positive. In 1998, A. J. Jacobs of Entertainment Weekly graded this finale a B+, calling it "a satisfying nightcap" and "sharply written by the ", with its final moments "classy as a flute of chilled Cristal." In 2006, Ron Geraci, author of the book The Bachelor Chronicles: A Dating Memoir, called it "raw and moving" and "significant." In 2007, Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly called it one of his "Five Best (pre- Sopranos) Series Finales." In 2007, Douglas Durden of The Richmond Times-Dispatch named it her fifth most favorite television finale of all-time. In 2009, the A.V. Club ranked it No. 3 in "10 American TV Series with Satisfying Endings" in the book Inventory. In 2010, Sharon Knolle of The Huffington Post was relieved to see the final onscreen romance between Sam and Diane end rather than conclude with their marriage. In the same year, Oliver Miller of The Huffington Post was heartbroken by Sam and Diane's on-screen "absurd protracted double-gut-punch break-up" in the episode. Claire Suddath from Time magazine called it one of the top ten "anticipated" finales ever. In 2011, the finale was ranked fifth on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales. In 2014, IGN ranked it number six of the top ten Cheers episodes.

### Ratings

The episode aired on NBC on May 20, 1993, at 9:22 p.m. instead of 9:30 pm, the regular time for Cheers, as the episode was scheduled to run 98-minutes. The overall Nielsen rating was 45.5 (approximately 42.4 million households), 64 or 62 share, and the number of American viewers was either 80 million or 93 million. NBC estimates that the finale was watched by 93 million viewers, almost 40% of the US population at the time. The broadcast in 29 major markets resulted an overnight 46.7 Nielsen rating (22 million households) and 62 share. In the Los Angeles area, the finale scored a 44.5 rating (KNBC); in the Minneapolis–St. Paul market (KARE), a 54.8 rating and 72 share; in New York City (WNBC), a 45.6 rating; in the Hartford–New Haven (WVIT) area, a 48 rating and 63 share; and in Boston (WBZ-TV), the series' setting, a 54.1 rating.

The retrospective program Cheers: Last Call!, produced by NBC (not the series producers) and hosted by Bob Costas, paid tribute to 11 years of Cheers and aired at 9:00 p.m. before the 9:22 p.m. finale. It received an overall 39.6 rating (36.9 million households); the Los Angeles rating was 40.0.

The finale reran on Sunday, May 23, 1993, from 7:22 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. ET with a Nielsen rating of 10.0. Cheers: Last Call!, which ran from 7:00 p.m. to 7:22 p.m. ET had a 7.4 rating. The finale reran again on Thursday, August 19, 1993, in a 90-minute format from 8:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. and received a 9.4 rating.

### Accolades

At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards (1993), Robert Bramwell won Outstanding Achievement in Editing for a Series (Multi-Camera Production). Shelley Long lost the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series to Tracey Ullman (Love and War). Tom Berenger lost the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series to David Clennon (Dream On). James Burrows lost the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing in a Comedy Series to Betty Thomas (Dream On)

### Aftermath

Before and after the production of Cheers had ended, the cast had moved on to other stages in their careers. Shelley Long appeared on the CBS show Good Advice before this episode, and resumed her work there. Ted Danson appeared in Made in America, which opened in theatres soon after the episode aired. Kirstie Alley participated in the film Look Who's Talking Now, the sequel to Look Who's Talking and Look Who's Talking Too.

Woody Harrelson appeared in Indecent Proposal, with Demi Moore and Robert Redford already showing in theaters, and appeared in Oliver Stone 's Natural Born Killers. George Wendt appeared in an off-Broadway play. John Ratzenberger appeared in Fox's Locals. Rhea Perlman took "a break" from acting for a while. Kelsey Grammer soon reappeared as Frasier Crane in the spinoff Frasier, set in Seattle, as the host of a new radio show with only occasional appearances of Lilith Sternin or their son Frederick during its 11-year run. However, Frasier would eventually return to Boston for a visit, along with his brother Niles and father Martin (played by David Hyde Pierce and John Mahoney, respectively).

Before the first airing of this series finale, more than five hundred people, including the cast of Cheers (except Shelley Long, Kirstie Alley, and Bebe Neuwirth) and politicians such as William M. Bulger and then- Governor of Massachusetts William Weld, participated at an afternoon celebration on Beacon Street near the Bull & Finch Pub in Boston, to celebrate the series' ending. After the episode aired, the remaining cast appeared live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in the Bull & Finch Pub. According to host Jay Leno, not only the cast but nearly everyone at the bar was intoxicated.

In 1997, one copy of this episode's script was donated by George Wendt to the Handel and Haydn Society, a Boston music institution. It contained the autographs of eight cast members, including of Shelley Long, Woody Harrelson, and George Wendt. On February 15, 1997, it was stolen from the Boston Four Seasons Hotel. The high bid for it at the benefit auction was $1,000 before it was stolen. About one week later, the stolen script, in a manila envelope, was left at a church; the Society then retrieved it. In March 1997, the autographed copy of the episode's script was sold to the Bull and Finch Pub (now Cheers Beacon Hill) for $10,000.


Transfiguration of Jesus

# Transfiguration of Jesus

## Abstract

The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event described in the New Testament, where Jesus is transfigured and becomes radiant in glory upon a mountain. The Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 17:1–8, Mark 9:2–13, Luke 9:28–36) recount the occasion, and the Second Epistle of Peter also refers to it (2 Peter 1:16–18).

In the gospel accounts, Jesus and three of his apostles, Peter, James, and John, go to a mountain (later referred to as the Mount of Transfiguration) to pray. On the mountaintop, Jesus begins to shine with bright rays of light. Then the Old Testament figures Moses and Elijah appear and he speaks with them. Both figures had eschatological roles: they symbolize the Law and the prophets, respectively. Jesus is then called " Son " by the voice of God the Father, as in the Baptism of Jesus.

Many Christian traditions, including the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic Church, Lutheran and Anglican churches, commemorate the event in the Feast of the Transfiguration, a major festival. In the original Koine Greek, the word μετεμορφώθη (metemorphōthē), "he was transformed" is used to describe the event in Luke and Mark. In Greek Orthodoxy, the event is called the metamorphosis.

## Significance

The transfiguration is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels. Thomas Aquinas considered the transfiguration "the greatest miracle", in that it complemented baptism and showed the perfection of life in Heaven. The transfiguration is one of the five major milestones in the gospel narrative of the life of Jesus, the others being baptism, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension. In 2002, Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries in the rosary, which include the transfiguration.

In Christian teachings, the transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place of the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth. Moreover, Christians consider the transfiguration to fulfill an Old Testament messianic prophecy that Elijah would return again after his ascension (Malachi 4:5 – 6). Gardner (2015, p. 218) states:

The very last of the writing prophets, Malachi, promised a return of Elijah to hold out hope for repentance before judgment (Mal. 4:5–6).... Elijah himself would reappear in the Transfiguration. There he would appear alongside Moses as a representative of all the prophets who looked forward to the coming of the Messiah (Matt. 17:2–9; Mark 9:2–10; Luke 9:28–36).... Christ's redemptive sacrifice was the purpose for which Elijah had ministered.... And it was the goal about which Elijah spoke to Jesus in the Transfiguration.

## New Testament accounts

In the Synoptic Gospels, ((Matthew 17:1–8, Mark 9:2–13, Luke 9:28–36), the account of the transfiguration happens towards the middle of the narrative. It is a key episode and almost immediately follows another important element, the Confession of Peter: "you are the Christ " (Matthew 16:16, Mark 8:29, Luke 9:20). The transfiguration narrative acts as a further revelation of the identity of Jesus as the Son of God to some of his disciples.

In the gospels, Jesus takes Peter; James, son of Zebedee; and James' brother John the Apostle with him and goes up to a mountain, which is not named. Once on the mountain, Matthew 17:2 states that Jesus "was transfigured before them; his face shining as the sun, and his garments became white as the light." At that point the prophet Elijah representing the prophets and Moses representing the Law appear and Jesus begins to talk to them. Luke states that they spoke of Jesus' exodus (εξοδον) which he was about to accomplish in Jerusalem (Lk 9:31). Luke is also specific in describing Jesus in a state of glory, with Luke 9:32 referring to "they saw His glory".

Just as Elijah and Moses begin to depart from the scene, Peter begins to ask Jesus if the disciples should make three tents for him and the two prophets. This has been interpreted as Peter's attempt to keep the prophets there longer. But before Peter can finish, a bright cloud appears, and a voice from the cloud states: "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him" (Mark 9:7). The disciples then fall to the ground in fear, but Jesus approaches and touches them, telling them not to be afraid. When the disciples look up, they no longer see Elijah or Moses.

When Jesus and the three apostles are walking down the mountain, Jesus tells them to not tell anyone "the things they had seen" until the " Son of Man " has risen from the dead. The apostles are described as questioning among themselves as to what Jesus meant by "risen from the dead".

In addition to the principal account given in the synoptic gospels; in 2 Peter 1:16–18, the Apostle Peter describes himself as an eyewitness "of his magnificence".

Elsewhere in the New Testament, Paul the Apostle 's reference in 2 Corinthians 3:18 to the "transformation of believers" via "beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord" became the theological basis for considering the transfiguration as the catalyst for processes which lead the faithful to the knowledge of God.

Although Matthew 17 lists the disciple John as being present during the transfiguration, the Gospel of John has no account of it. This has resulted in debate among scholars, some suggesting doubts about the authorship of the Gospel of John, others providing explanations for it. One explanation (that goes back to Eusebius of Caesarea in the fourth century) is that John wrote his gospel not to overlap with the synoptic gospels, but to supplement them, and hence did not include all of their narrative. Others believe that the Gospel of John does in fact allude to the transfiguration, in John 1:14. This is not the only incident not present in the fourth gospel, and the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper is another key example, indicating that the author either was not aware of these narrative traditions, did not accept their veracity, or decided to omit them. The general explanation is thus the Gospel of John was written thematically, to suit the author's theological purposes, and has a less narrative style than the synoptics.

## Theology

### Importance

Christian theology assigns a great deal of significance to the transfiguration, based on multiple elements of the narrative. In Christian teachings, the Transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place for the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth.

The transfiguration not only supports the identity of Jesus as the Son of God (as in his baptism), but the statement "listen to him", identifies him as the messenger and mouth-piece of God. The significance of this identification is enhanced by the presence of Elijah and Moses, for it indicates to the apostles that Jesus is the voice of God "par excellence", and instead of Moses or Elijah, representing the Law and the prophets, he should be listened to, surpassing the laws of Moses by virtue of his divinity and filial relationship with God. 2 Peter 1:16–18, echoes the same message: at the Transfiguration God assigns to Jesus a special "honor and glory" and it is the turning point at which God exalts Jesus above all other powers in creation, and positions him as ruler and judge.

The transfiguration also echoes the teaching by Jesus (as in Matthew 22:32) that God is not "the God of the dead, but of the living". Although Moses had died and Elijah had been taken up to heaven centuries before (as in 2 Kings 2:11), they now live in the presence of the Son of God, implying that the same return to life applies to all who face death and have faith.

### Historical development

The theology of the transfiguration received the attention of the Church Fathers since the very early days. In the 2nd century, Saint Irenaeus was fascinated by the transfiguration and wrote: "the glory of God is a live human being and a truly human life is the vision of God".

Origen 's theology of the transfiguration influenced the patristic tradition and became a basis for theological writings by others. Among other issues, given the instruction to the apostles to keep silent about what they had seen until the resurrection, Origen commented that the glorified states of the transfiguration and the resurrection must be related.

The Desert Fathers emphasized the light of the ascetic experience, and related it to the light of the Transfiguration – a theme developed further by Evagrius Ponticus in the 4th century. Around the same time Saint Gregory of Nyssa and later Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite were developing a "theology of light" which then influenced Byzantine meditative and mystical traditions such as the Tabor light and theoria. The iconography of the transfiguration continued to develop in this time period, and there is a sixth-century symbolic representation in the apse of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe and a well known depiction at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt.

Byzantine Fathers often relied on highly visual metaphors in their writings, indicating that they may have been influenced by the established iconography. The extensive writings of Maximus the Confessor may have been shaped by his contemplations on the katholikon at Saint Catherine's Monastery – not a unique case of a theological idea appearing in icons long before it appears in writings.

In the 7th century, Saint Maximus the Confessor said that the senses of the apostles were transfigured to enable them to perceive the true glory of Christ. In the same vein, building on 2 Corinthians 3:18, by the end of the 13th century the concept of "transfiguration of the believer" had stabilized and Saint Gregory Palamas considered "true knowledge of God" to be a transfiguration of man by the Spirit of God. The spiritual transfiguration of the believer then continued to remain a theme for achieving a closer union with God.

One of the generalizations of Christian belief has been that the Eastern Church emphasizes the transfiguration while the Western Church focuses on the crucifixion – however, in practice both branches continue to attach significance to both events, although specific nuances continue to persist. An example of such a nuance is the saintly signs of the Imitation of Christ. Unlike Catholic saints such as Padre Pio or Francis (who considered stigmata a sign of the imitation of Christ) Eastern Orthodox saints have never reported stigmata, but saints such as Seraphim and Silouan have reported being transfigured by an inward light of grace.

### Transfiguration and resurrection

Origen 's initial connection of the transfiguration with the resurrection continued to influence theological thought long thereafter. This connection continued to develop both within the theological and iconographic dimensions – which however, often influenced each other. Between the 6th and 9th centuries the iconography of the transfiguration in the East influenced the iconography of the resurrection, at times depicting various figures standing next to a glorified Christ.

This was not only a view within the Eastern Church and in the West, most commentators in the Middle Ages considered the transfiguration a preview of the glorified body of Christ following his resurrection. As an example, in the 8th century, in his sermon on the transfiguration, the Benedictine monk Ambrosius Autpertus directly linked the Supper at Emmaus appearance in Luke 24:39 to the transfiguration narrative of Matthew 17:2, and stated that in both cases, Jesus "was changed to a different form, not of nature, but of glory."

The concept of the transfiguration as a preview and an anticipation of the resurrection includes several theological components. On one hand it cautions the disciples, and therefore the reader, that the glory of the transfiguration, and the message of Jesus, can only be understood in the context of his death and resurrection, and not simply on its own.

When the transfiguration is considered an anticipation of the Resurrection, the presentation of a shining Jesus on the mount of transfiguration as the Son of God who should be listened to can be understood in the context of the statement by Jesus in the resurrection appearance in Matthew 28:16 – 20: "all authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth".

### Presence of prophets

The presence of the prophets next to Jesus and the perceptions of the disciples have been subject to theological debate. Origen was the first to comment that the presence of Moses and Elijah represented the "Law and the prophets", referring to the Torah (also called the Pentateuch) and the rest of the Hebrew Bible. Martin Luther continued to see them as the Law and the Prophets respectively, and their recognition of and conversation with Jesus as a symbol of how Jesus fulfills "the law and the prophets" (Matthew 5:17 – 19, see also Expounding of the Law).

More recently, biblical scholar Caleb Friedeman has argued that the appearance of Moses and Elijah together at the Transfiguration was because both of them had witnessed similar theophanies at Mount Sinai. Friedeman asserts that, in light of both Old Testament theophanies, the Transfiguration must be considered a theophany in which Jesus manifests his divinity.

The real presence of Moses and Elijah on the mount is rejected by those churches and individuals who believe in " soul sleep " (Christian mortalism) until resurrection. Several commentators have noted that the Gospel of Matthew describes the transfiguration using the Greek word horama (Matthew 17:9), according to Thayer more often used for a supernatural "vision" than for real physical events, and concluded that Moses and Elijah were not truly there.

In LDS doctrine, Moses and Elijah ministered to Christ as "spirits of just men made perfect" (Doctrine and Covenants 129:1–3; see also Heb. 12:23).

## Location of the mountain

None of the accounts identify the "high mountain" of the scene by name.

Since the 3rd century, some Christians have identified Mount Tabor as the site of the transfiguration, including Origen. See citing Origen 's reference to Ps 89:12. Tabor has long been a place of Christian pilgrimage and is the site of the Church of the Transfiguration. In 1868, Henry Alford cast doubt on Tabor due to the possible continuing Roman use of a fortress which Antiochus the Great built on Tabor in 219 BC. Others have countered that even if Tabor was fortified by Antiochus, this does not rule out a transfiguration at the summit. Josephus mentions in the Jewish War that he built a wall along the top perimeter in 40 days, and does not mention any previously existing structures.

John Lightfoot rejects Tabor as too far but "some mountain near Caesarea-Philippi ". The usual candidate, in this case, is Mount Panium, Paneas, or Banias, a small hill situated at the source of the Jordan, near the foot of which Caesarea Philippi was built.

William Hendriksen in his commentary on Matthew (1973) favours Mount Meron.

Whittaker (1984) proposes that it was Mount Nebo, primarily on the basis that it was the location where Moses viewed the Promised Land and a parallelism in Jesus' words on descent from the mountain of transfiguration: "You will say to this mountain (i.e. of transfiguration), 'Move from here to there' (i.e. the promised land), and it will move, and nothing will be impossible for you."

France (1987) notes that Mount Hermon is closest to Caesarea Philippi, mentioned in the previous chapter of Matthew. Likewise, Meyboom (1861) identified "Djebel-Ejeik", but this may be a confusion with Jabal el-Sheikh, the Arabic name for Mount Hermon.

Edward Greswell, however, writing in 1830, saw "no good reason for questioning the ancient ecclesiastical tradition, which supposes it to have been mount Tabor."

An alternative explanation is to understand the Mount of Transfiguration as symbolic topography in the gospels. As Elizabeth Struthers Malbon notes, the mountain is figuratively the meeting place between God and humans.

## Feast and commemorations

Various Christian denominations celebrate the Feast of the Transfiguration. The origins of the feast remain uncertain; it may have derived from the dedication of three basilicas on Mount Tabor. The feast existed in various forms by the 9th century. In the Western Church, Pope Callixtus III (r. 1455–1458) made it a universal feast, celebrated on August 6, to commemorate the lifting of the siege of Belgrade in July 1456.

The Syriac Orthodox, Indian Orthodox and Revised Julian calendars within the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, and Anglican churches mark the Feast of the Transfiguration on August 6. In those Orthodox churches which continue to follow the Julian Calendar, August 6 in the church calendar falls on August 19 in the civil (Gregorian) calendar. Transfiguration ranks as a major feast, numbered among the twelve Great Feasts in the Byzantine rite. In all these churches, if the feast falls on a Sunday, its liturgy is not combined with the Sunday liturgy, but replaces it.

In some liturgical calendars (e.g. the Lutheran and United Methodist) the last Sunday in the Epiphany season is also devoted to this event. In the Church of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, however, the Feast is celebrated on the seventh Sunday after Trinity (the eighth Sunday after Pentecost).

In the Roman rite, the gospel pericope of the transfiguration is read on the second Sunday of Lent – the liturgy emphasizes the role the transfiguration had in comforting the Twelve Apostles, giving them both a powerful proof of Christ's divinity and a prelude to the glory of the resurrection on Easter and the eventual salvation of his followers in view of the seeming contradiction of his crucifixion and death. The Preface for that day expounds this theme.

## Cultural echoes

Several church buildings commemorate the Transfiguration in their naming. Note for example the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Preobrazhenskoe – the original 17th-century church there gave its name to the surrounding village (Preobrazhenskoye – "Transfiguration " near Moscow) which in turn became the namesake of Russia's pre-eminent Preobrazhensky ("Transfiguration") Regiment and of other associated names.

## Gallery of images


Wa (Mongolic)

# Wa (Mongolic)

## Abstract

Wa is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.

## Mongolian language

- Transcribes Chakhar / w /; Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter в.

- Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for v in Sanskrit व /va/). Transcribes /w/ in Tibetan ཝ /wa/; Old Uyghur and Chinese loanwords.

- Indistinguishable from ē, except when inferred by its placement: typically between vowels, but also when it follows a consonant and precedes a vowel. In many xylographs also indistinguishable from the straight form of y ⟨ ⟩.

- Derived from Old Uyghur bet (𐽱), and waw (𐽳, before a separated vowel).

- Produced with ⇧ Shift + W using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.

- In the Mongolian Unicode block, w comes after r.


Oprah's Master Class

# Oprah's Master Class

## Abstract

Oprah's Master Class (or Oprah Presents: Master Class, as it was titled in the first season) is a primetime television program that airs on the Oprah Winfrey Network. The series premiered on the network's first day, January 1, 2011.

## Concept

According to OWN, Master Class "tells the stories you've never heard from the people you thought you knew best. Hand-picked by Oprah Winfrey for their unique impact on the world, true modern masters from Academy Award-winning actors, to Grammy-winning musicians, to ground-breaking athletes, share the greatest lessons they've learned along the way. In an intimate setting, they share their successes, failures, triumphs, disappointments and heartbreaks."

Each episode features an in-depth conversation with the subject, as they explore their story with viewers. The conversation is split up into numerous lessons that each master teaches, using personal anecdotes from their life to illustrate the point. Video clips, photographs, and re-enactments illustrate a visual representation of the stories being told. The biographical sketch is interspersed with personal insights and reflections from Oprah Winfrey on each master's life lessons.

## Episodes

### Season One (2011)

The first season of Oprah Presents: Master Class premiered on Saturday January 1, 2011 on the first day of the launch of OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, with rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur Jay-Z. The first season aired weekly on Sundays at 10/9c and consists of eight hour-long episodes.

### Season Two (2012)

The second season of Oprah's Master Class premiered on Sunday January 8, 2012 at 10/9c on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network with actress, writer, and activist Jane Fonda. The second season premiered to record-high numbers for the series, with 930,000 viewers tuning into Fonda's Master Class. The second season aired weekly on Sundays at 10/9c and consists of ten hour-long episodes.

### Season Three (2013)

The third season of Oprah's Master Class premiered on March 3, 2013, at 10/9c with an episode featuring singer-songwriter Alicia Keys. The third season aired weekly on Sundays at 10/9c and consists of eight hour-long episodes.

### Season Four (2014)

Oprah's Master Class returned to OWN on May 11, 2014, with an episode featuring Justin Timberlake. The fourth season aired weekly on Sundays at 10/9c and consists of ten hour-long episodes.

### Season Five (2015)

Oprah's Master Class returned to OWN on Sunday October 25, 2015 with an episode featuring Ellen DeGeneres. The fifth season aired weekly on Sundays at 8/7c and consists of seven hour-long episodes.

### Season Six (2017-18)

Oprah's Master Class returned to OWN on Saturday June 10, 2017 with a sneak-preview episode featuring Kevin Hart.

## International broadcast

- Australia — The series premiered on Discovery Home & Health from October 27, 2013.


Eny Widiowati

# Eny Widiowati

## Abstract

Eny Widiowati (born 12 July 1980) is an Indonesian retired badminton player.

## Career

Widiowati was part of the Indonesia junior team that competed at the 1997 and 1998 Asian Junior Championships, winning a silver and bronze in the girls' team event respectively, also finished as the semifinalists in the girls' doubles event, clinched the bronze medals. She then claimed the girls' doubles bronze at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Melbourne.

Widiowati competed in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the mixed doubles with partner Anggun Nugroho. They defeated Nikolai Zuyev and Marina Yakusheva of Russia in the first round but lost to Chen Qiqiu and Zhao Tingting of China in the round of 16. She won the mixed doubles at the 2005 French Open with the Algerian-French player Nabil Lasmari.

## Personal life

Widiowati married two-time world champion and mixed doubles legend Nova Widianto.

## Achievements

### Asian Championships

Mixed doubles

### Southeast Asian Games

Mixed doubles

### World Junior Championships

Girls' doubles

### Asian Junior Championships

Girls' doubles

### IBF World Grand Prix

The World Badminton Grand Prix was sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.

Mixed doubles

### IBF International

Women's doubles

Mixed doubles


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen is an upcoming NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side. as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch had the call from Turn 5 to Turn 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network had the radio call for the race, which will also be simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey wcovered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen


Ovation Guitar Company

# Ovation Guitar Company

## Abstract

The Ovation Guitar Company is a manufacturer of string instruments. Ovation primarily manufactures steel-string acoustic guitars (both 6 and 12-string versions) and nylon-string guitars, often with pickups for electric amplification. In 2015, it became a subsidiary of Drum Workshop after being acquired from KMCMusicorp.

The company's Ovation and Adamas guitars are known for their round backs, which gives them a recognizable shape. The latter are also well known for the use of carbon fiber tops (instead of the typically wood tops for acoustic guitars). Apart from guitars, the company currently produces acoustic basses, mandolins and ukuleles.

## History

Founder Charles Kaman (1919–2011) developed the first prototypes of the Ovation guitar in 1965–1966. Kaman, an amateur guitarist from an early age, worked on helicopter design as an aerodynamicist at United. Eventually, he founded a helicopter design company, Kaman Aircraft, in 1945.

The Kaman Corporation soon diversified, branching into nuclear weapons testing, commercial helicopter flight, development and testing of chemicals, and helicopter bearings production. In the early 1960s, however, financial problems from the failure of its commercial flight division forced it to expand into new markets, such as entertainment and leisure. Charles Kaman, still an avid guitar player, became interested in making guitars.

From 1966 to 2007, Ovation guitars, and later on Adamas guitars, were a brand of KMCMusicorp, which itself was a subsidiary of Kaman Aircraft.

In 2008, KMCMusicorp (and with that the Ovation brand) was sold to the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. In 2014, Fender announced that they were closing the Ovation guitar factory in New Hartford, Connecticut, leaving all production of Ovation guitars overseas. Before that announcement, Fender established a U.S. production of various acoustic guitars in the New Hartford factory. Alongside Ovation and Adamas guitars, which were produced there for decades, Fender started a U.S. production of other Fender-owned brands in that factory, as is known, Guild (Guild Guitar Company) and Fender Acoustic Custom Shop.

Shortly after closing the New Hartford factory on April 30, 2014, it was announced that the Ovation brand had been sold to the company Drum Workshop, alongside a few other previously Fender-owned brands. The announcement was made on January 7, 2015. In addition to the Ovation brand, Drum Workshop also opened a smaller New Hartford factory near the old facility and reinstated the previously ceased U.S. production of Ovation and Adamas guitars.

In 2022, the German-based GEWA company acquired the brand and assets of Ovation and Adamas from Drum Workshop and moved production to a smaller shop in New Hartford, Connecticut. In January 2024, Ovation and Adamas guitars were displayed at the NAMM Show in Anaheim, CA as part of the larger GEWA family of brands.

## Research and development of first models

Charles Kaman put a team of employees to work to invent a new guitar in 1964. For the project, Kaman chose a small team of aerospace engineers and technicians, several of whom were woodworking hobbyists as well. One of these was Charles McDonough, who created the Ovation Adamas model. Kaman founded Ovation Instruments, and in 1965 its engineers and luthiers (guitar makers) worked to improve acoustic guitars by changing their conventional materials. The R&D team spent months building and testing prototype instruments. Their first prototype had a conventional "dreadnought" body, with parallel front and back perpendicular to the sides. The innovation was the use of a thinner, synthetic back, because of its foreseen acoustic properties. Unfortunately, the seam joining the sides to the thin back was prone to breakage. To avoid the problem of a structurally unstable seam, the engineers proposed a synthetic back with a parabolic shape. By mid-1966, according to Ovation, they realized that the parabolic shape produced a desirable tone with greater volume than the conventional dreadnought.

Once the engineers had settled on a parabolic shape, they turned their attention to developing a substance that could be molded into this bowl-like shape. Using their knowledge of high-tech aerospace composites, they developed Lyrachord, a patented material comprising interwoven layers of glass filament and bonding resin.

The first successful design, built by luthier Gerry Gardner, went into production soon after the company was established.

The first Ovation guitar made its debut in November 1966. Its Lyrachord body gave the instrument, according to the company, unprecedented projection and ringing sustain. Compared to modern Ovation Guitars, the initial instruments had a shiny bowl that was used again, for example, in the Balladeer 40th anniversary re-issue.

## Initial marketing

The introduction and promotion of the first Ovation was closely associated with two performing artists, the blues -performer Josh White and the country-music singer Glen Campbell.

### Josh White

In 1966–1967, the Ovation Guitar Company produced a signature guitar for Josh White, which was the first signature guitar made for an African American. White was the first official Ovation endorser.

Upon completion, the first Ovation guitar was called the "Josh White Model," which White played at the Hotel America (Hartford, Connecticut), November 14, 1966; at the same show, the Balladeers played Balladeer models. The show was witnessed by "300 representatives of the press and the music industry"

### Glen Campbell, 1968

The Ovation Roundback Balladeer first caught national attention in 1968 when Glen Campbell hosted a variety show called The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour on CBS, and in the following year, 1969, he became one of Ovation's first endorsers.

### The Partridge Family, 1970

Ovation guitars and amplifiers, together with musical instruments distributed by another Kaman company, Coast Wholesale Musical Co., were featured on The Partridge Family musical sitcom TV series.

## Design innovations

Ovation guitar design reflects its founder's engineering training and development of Kaman helicopters. Ovation guitars replace the instrument's conventional back and sides with composite synthetic bowls. Kaman felt there were structural weaknesses in the orthogonal joining of the sides, and that a composite material could provide a smooth body. Ovation claims the parabolic bowls dramatically reduce feedback, allowing greater amplification. Improved synthetics techniques from helicopter engineering control vibrations in the bowl. Ovation developed a thin neck, striving for the feel of an electric guitar's neck, but with additional strength from layers of mahogany and maple reinforced by a steel rod in an aluminum channel. The composite materials and thin necks reduced weight.

For its soundboards, Ovation uses Sitka spruce, a wood that Kaman engineers used in helicopter blades. In the 1970s, Ovation developed thinner soundboards with carbon-based composites laminating a thin layer of birch in its Adamas model. The Adamas model dispersed the sound-hole of the traditional soundboard among 22 small sound holes in the upper chamber of the guitar, which Ovation says yields greater volume and further reduces feedback during amplification (pioneered in the Adamas model in 1977). Although the area of the multiple sound holes is equal to the area of a single-soundhole, the altered position allows a new style of guitar bracing (e.g. Adamas Bracing). The design strengthens the soundboard, reducing the traditional design's bracing and hence weight. In the 1980s, Ovation introduced shallow-bowl guitars to appeal to electric guitarists.

In 1977–1978, Gypsy, an Ovation performing and recording artist, designed the first stereo pre-amplifier for the Adamas 12 string and used it on his album "Ladies Love Outlaws." At the same time, Ovation provided small doors that blocked the sound holes from the inside in order to dampen feedback in the presence of loud stage monitors. Gypsy had also requested the addition of a round hatch in the back of the body of pre-Adamas guitars to facilitate changing the on-board battery, a feature that was then adopted for all the "round holes." Before this time, the strings on the round-hole guitars had to be removed to do this. On-board electronics let guitarists move about the stage rather than stay in front of a microphone. On-board electronic tuning, availability, uniformity, and frugal costs facilitated performances by guitar ensembles like Robert Fripp 's Guitar Craft students. Ovation has also produced solid-body electric guitars and active basses.

Ovations reached the height of their popularity in the 1980s, where they were often seen during live performances by touring artists, such as Rush 's Alex Lifeson or Paul Simon in The Concert in Central Park. Ovation guitars' synthetic bowl-shaped back and early use (1971) of pre-amplifiers, onboard equalization and piezo pickups were particularly attractive to live acoustic musicians who constantly battled feedback problems from the high volumes needed in live venues.

### Ergonomics

When he became one of Ovation Guitars' first endorsers, Glen Campbell suggested reducing the weight of the guitar, which he had discovered caused back strain. After that, Ovation reduced the weight of several models and pioneered "super-shallow" guitar bodies.

While it was produced, Ovation's super-shallow 1867 Legend was the recommended guitar in Robert Fripp 's Guitar Craft. Tamm (1990) wrote that the acoustic 1867 Legend has "a gently rounded super-shallow body design that may be about as close to the shape and depth of an electric guitar as is possible without an intolerable loss of tone quality. Fripp liked the way the Ovation 1867 fitted against his body, which made it possible for him to assume the right-arm picking position he had developed using electric guitars over the years; on deeper-bodied guitars, the Frippian arm position is impossible without uncomfortable contortions."

## Model overview

The Ovation Guitar Company produces guitars under the names Ovation and Adamas.

Ovation guitars have been also produced in China, South Korea and Indonesia. Import models generally have a wooden top. Recently, Ovation significantly reduced U.S. production. From 2010 on, better models—Legend, Elite, Custom Legend, Custom Elite—were made both in the U.S. and in Korea. Before that, these models were U.S. made. In recent years, many U.S. made are identifiable by "LX" in the product name (e.g., Legend 2077LX), whereas Korean versions have "AX" in the model name (e.g., Legend 2077AX). Ovation does not use this convention on all models (e.g., Ovation 1617ALE). Currently, Ovation produces only a few U.S. made models, mostly signature and limited edition models (e.g., Custom Legend 1769-ADII Al DiMeola). Production of the standard model range of Ovation guitars in the U.S. had been ceased under the ownership of Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, but is planned to be reinstated by the new owner Drum Workshop.

The Adamas name mainly stands for guitars with a carbon fiber top, although there are exceptions (one is the Adamas 2081WT - WT stands for woodtop). Until the closure of the New Hartford, Connecticut factory in June 2014, all Adamas models were produced in the U.S. LX does not only stand for U.S. made. Originally LX indicated an Ovation guitar that included new features not available on previous models.

Back in 2007 Ovation explained on its website that new features included the new OP-Preamp, an advanced neck system (lightweight dual-action truss rod, carbon fiber stabilizers), a patented pickup (made of 6 elements), inlaid epaulets, scalloped bracing, and a new hard composite Lyrachord GS body. Back then, there was no AX model line. The first AX models appeared on the Ovation-website in 2010. Based on the website's history, the LX features were introduced in 2004.

### Upper-level guitars: Balladeer, Legend and Elite

There are mainly two lines:

- Legend and Standard Balladeer models have one large sound hole as on most acoustic guitars (Standard Balladeer, Legend, Custom Legend - produced in Korea).

- Elites have several smaller sound holes (Standard Elite, Elite, Custom Elite - produced in Korea).

The first Ovation guitar model was a Balladeer (later known as Standard Balladeer)

### Entry-level guitars: Applause and Celebrity

Ovation has two lines of entry-level guitars.Applause, the lowest cost line, with mainly laminated tops, is imported from China. Celebrity models are imported from China or Korea, and range from entry- to medium-level laminated-top models, to high-end, solid-top models with much ornamentation.

### Electric guitars: Semi-hollow and solid bodies

In 1967–1968, Ovation introduced its Electric Storm Series of semi-hollow archtop guitars and basses. The pickups for these instruments were manufactured by Schaller based in Germany. Production stopped in 1969.

In 1972, Ovation introduced one of the first production solid-body electric-guitars with active electronics, the Ovation Breadwinner. The model did not become popular, however, and production of the Breadwinner and the Ovation Deacon ceased in 1980. Ovation made several other solid-body models up until the mid-1980s. Since that time, the company has focused mainly on acoustic and acoustic-electric guitars.

### Other instruments: acoustic bass guitars, ukuleles, mandolins

Apart from guitars, Ovation has manufactured other string instruments such as acoustic bass guitars, ukuleles, and mandolins.


Last Warning

# Last Warning

## Abstract

Last Warning is a compilation album by New York hardcore band Agnostic Front. It was released in 1993 on Relativity Records, marketed by Roadrunner Records, and follows 1992's studio album, One Voice.

The first eleven tracks—often consisting of two songs strung together—were recorded live in December 1992 at CBGB in New York City. The remainder of the CD is the band's 1983 7-inch EP, United Blood. It contrasts the later crossover thrash style the band had adopted in later releases with the raw New York hardcore style of their debut release. The album was originally intended to be the band's last release, but they reformed some five years later and released the album Something's Gotta Give.

## Track listing

All songs written by Agnostic Front, except for "Crucified" (Iron Cross).

## Personnel

### Tracks 1–11

- Roger Miret – vocals

- Vinnie Stigma – lead guitar

- Matt Henderson – rhythm guitar

- Craig Setari – bass

- Will Shepler – drums

- Recorded live at CBGB, New York, on December 20, 1992

- Produced by Don Fury

- Engineered by Rick Roy

- Mixed at Don Fury Studios by Don Kiddick

### Tracks 12–22

- Roger Miret – vocals

- Vinnie Stigma – guitars

- Adam Moochie – bass

- Raybeez – drums

- Tracks taken from the United Blood 7-inch EP, released in 1983 on Last Warning Records

- Produced by Agnostic Front and Stephen Elliott


Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque

# Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque

## Abstract

Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid or Akhoon Mullah Masjid or Dara Shikoh Masjid, known as Mala Shah Mashid in Kashmiri, is a mosque built by Dara Shikoh in 1649 for his spiritual mentor. Located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, it is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime sanctuary is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque.


# List of awards and nominations received by Amy Adams

## Abstract

Amy Adams is an American actress who has received various awards and nominations, including two Golden Globe Awards, four Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Additionally, she has been nominated for six Academy Awards and seven British Academy Film Awards. In 2017, Adams received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion picture industry.

Adams' breakthrough role in the 2005 acclaimed independent comedy-drama Junebug earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and won her the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 2007, she starred in Walt Disney Pictures ' romantic musical Enchanted, for which she won the Saturn Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, the Critics' Choice Award for Best Actress, and three MTV Movie Awards. Adams' performances in the critically acclaimed dramas Doubt (2008), The Fighter (2010), and The Master (2012) garnered her several accolades, including nominations from the Oscar, Hollywood Foreign Press, BAFTA, SAG, and Critics' Choice award ceremonies.

Since 2013, Adams has received two People's Choice and four Teen Choice Awards nominations for her role as Lois Lane in the DC Extended Universe. For her performance as a con artist in the 2013 crime comedy-drama American Hustle, Adams won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy, and received her first Academy Award for Best Actress nomination. The following year, she starred as Margaret Keane in the autobiographical drama Big Eyes, which won her a second consecutive Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, making her the fourth actress to achieve this feat. She also received her second nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her portrayal. In 2016, Adams won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award, the SAG Award, the BAFTA Award, and the Critic's Choice Award for Best Actress, for playing a linguist in the science fiction film Arrival.

## Major associations

### Academy Awards

The Academy Awards are a set of awards given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually for excellence of cinematic achievements. Adams has received six nominations, tying her with Deborah Kerr and Thelma Ritter as the actresses with the second most nominations without winning (surpassed only by Glenn Close, who has eight nominations).

### BAFTA Awards

The British Academy Film Award is an annual award show presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

### Emmy Awards

The Primetime Emmy Awards are presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences which honors achievements in the television industry.

### Golden Globe Awards

The Golden Globe Award is an accolade bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) recognizing excellence in film and television.

### Screen Actors Guild Awards

The Screen Actors Guild Awards are organized by the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. First awarded in 1995, the awards aim to recognize excellent achievements in film and television.

## Miscellaneous accolades

### AACTA International Awards

The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) to recognize and honor achievements in the film and television industry.

### Critics' Choice Movie Awards

The Critics' Choice Movie Awards are presented annually since 1995 by the Broadcast Film Critics Association for outstanding achievements in the cinema industry.

### Critics' Choice Television Awards

The Critics' Choice Television Awards are presented annually since 2011 by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association. The awards were launched "to enhance access for broadcast journalists covering the television industry".

### Dorian Awards

The Dorian Awards are organized by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association (GALECA).

### Empire Awards

The Empire Awards is a British awards ceremony held annually to recognize cinematic achievements.

### Golden Raspberry Awards

The Golden Raspberry Awards is a parody awards show honoring the worst of cinematic under-achievements.

### Gotham Awards

Presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, the Gotham Awards award the best in independent film.

### Hollywood Film Festival

The Hollywood Film Awards are held annually to recognize talent in the film industry.

### Independent Spirit Awards

The Independent Spirit Awards are presented annually by Film Independent, to award best in the independent film community.

### Irish Film & Television Awards

The Irish Film & Television Academy Awards are presented annually to award best in films and television.

### MTV Movie Awards

The MTV Movie Awards is an annual award show presented by MTV to honor outstanding achievements in films. Founded in 1992, the winners of the awards are decided online by the audience.

### Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, also known as the Kids Choice Awards (KCAs), is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel that honors the year's biggest television, film, and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers.

### Palm Springs International Film Festival

Founded in 1989 in Palm Springs, California, the Palm Springs International Film Festival is held annually in January.

### People's Choice Awards

The People's Choice Awards is an American awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture. The show has been held annually since 1975, and is voted on by the general public.

### Satellite Awards

The Satellite Awards are a set of annual awards given by the International Press Academy.

### Saturn Awards

The Saturn Awards are presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films to honor science fiction, fantasy, and horror films, television, and home video.

### Sundance Film Festival

The Sundance Film Festival is the largest film festival held annually in United States.

### Television Critics Association Awards

The TCA Awards are awards presented by the Television Critics Association in recognition of excellence in television.

### Teen Choice Awards

The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox Network. The awards honor the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, television, fashion, and other categories, voted by teen viewers.

## Other awards

This is to include awards which are not related to any particular movie or project.


Princess Olga Dolgorouky

# Princess Olga Dolgorouky

## Abstract

Princess Olga Sergeivna Morgan, Viscountess Tredegar (1915-1998) neé Dolgoruky (Russian: Ольга Сергеевна Морган (княжна Долгорукова), romanized: Olga Sergeyevna Morgan, princess Dolgorukova) was a socialite and member of Russian and British nobility, through her marriage to Evan Morgan, 2nd Viscount Tredegar while retaining her adherence to the Russian Orthodox Church. She was among those saved in 1919 when King George V sent the battleship HMS Marlborough to Crimea to rescue what was left of the family of the Tsar after the Russian Revolution.

## Early life

She was born the daughter of Major General Prince Sergey Aleksandrovich Dolgoruky (Russian: Сергей Александрович Долгорукий, 1872-1933) and Irina Vassilievna Naryshkina (Ирина Васильевна Нарышкина, 1879-1917). Following the death of her mother in 1917, Olga and her father moved to Frogmore, and Paris, where they lived alongside other Russian exiles.

After the death of her father in 1933, 'she was often seen in London in the company of White Russians, and frequented the various Russian tea rooms as well as the wider social scene. Olga was photographed by Hay Wrightson in Tatler and was a lover of fun, high society parties and dancing'.

In those days we did not have television and the art of conversation, wit, and interesting and intelligent friends where in much demand.

During World War II, she practiced nursing in the Royal Gwent Hospital, visited the local medical departments of St John's Ambulance, where she had trained, and was among those who donated gifts for the children of the Royal Gwent at Christmastime.

In 1940, she was appointed President of the Pontypool Women's Conservative and Unionist Association, and President of the Newport and Monmouthshire Art and Craft Society.

## Marriages

She married firstly in 1934, to George Trotsky-Seniutovich, the son of a noted businessman. The marriage was unsuccessful, and they later divorced in Paris.

On 13 March 1939, the then Princess Olga, married Evan Morgan, 2nd Viscount Tredegar, and from then on was styled Viscountess Tredegar. The marriage was conducted at a registry office in Singapore, with the couple having a honeymoon in Java, Indonesia. At the time of the marriage they told the Daily News that they 'intended to make their home in the East Indies island of Bali, where Lord Tredegar had a native-style home'.

Olga and Evan made Tredegar House their main residence. Although they both enjoyed similar things, the marriage was one of convenience and was never consummated. It simply gave Olga a higher social standing as a Russian exile, and provided a much-needed cover for Evan's affairs and known homosexuality. As time went on and the marriage broke-down, the couples' bedrooms in Tredegar became further and further apart until they were living on different sides of the house. Finally, marriage was annulled in 1943 due to Evan's "incapacity".

In 1949, Evan became ill in Rome. After returning to Middlesex Hospital, he was sent home to Honeywood House to pass. Olga was among his final visitors, and nursed him in his final days. After their annulment, Evan continued to pay Olga a yearly allowance. On his death, Olga claimed that the remaining life balance she was owed amounted to £20,000. However, Evan's executors argued that £6,000 would be more than sufficient. Olga quickly agreed when the executors offered to discharge the £534 she owed to Evan, which it was estimated she could not afford.

## Later life

Following her annulment, Olga Morgan lived in London and Guernsey where she joined a small group of upper-class, British expatriates.

As of 1950, she was appointed Director of Keystone Tourist Association, which arranged shopping and business appointments abroad. She was the only female on the board.

She frequently visited Tredegar House when it was St. Josephs Catholic School, having been sold by Evan's cousin, John Morgan, in 1951. When St. Josephs had a fete in 1968, Olga was found walking around the lake by headmistress, Sister Pauline, who insisted on Lady Tredegar opening the fete. Olga Morgan helped Curators, David Beevers and David Freeman, in the restoration of Tredegar House to its former glory, after it was sold to Newport Council in 1973, by answering questions regarding the layout of rooms at Tredegar, and providing information about her infamous husband.

In corespondence regarding Evan, Olga stated, ‘my husband, who was an eccentric, used to have great flights of fancy at times and I never knew what was fact or fiction'.

Olga Morgan died of heart failure on 22 January 1998 at her home in Guernsey, aged 82. She was paid tribute in the South Wales Echo, which published an article stating that even after moving away from Tredegar, "she remained in contact by writing to staff. Everyone at the house is saddened by her death". Her funeral took place on 27 January 1998 at Folum Chapel and Crematorium.

Although the last Lord Tredegar died in 1962, Olga Morgan continued to be styled Viscountess Tredegar until her death, making her the last person to hold a Tredegar title.


NGC 6522

# NGC 6522

## Abstract

NGC 6522 is a globular cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Sagittarius. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on June 24, 1784. The cluster has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.3 and an angular diameter of 9.4′. It is located at a distance of 25.1 kly (7.7 kpc) from the Sun, and lies in the Milky Way's central bulge, about 2.0 kly (0.6 kpc) from the galactic center. The cluster is centered in a region of the sky known as Baade's Window. It is highly impacted by reddening due to interstellar dust and the view is heavily contaminated by field stars, making it more difficult identify members.

NGC 6522 is possibly the oldest star cluster in the Milky Way, with an age of more than 12 billion years. It is a core collapsed cluster with a core radius of 0.5′ and a 1.0′ half-light radius. The cluster formed four billion years before the Milky Way galactic bar appeared, and may have been confined to the bar for a period of time. At present it trails the bar in its orbit around the core.

This is a low mass globular cluster with an estimated 5.93 × 10 times the mass of the Sun. Distinctive chemical abundances among the members indicate the cluster has multiple populations of stars, with the younger populations exhibiting pollution from earlier generations. Twenty variable stars have been identified as members of NGC 6522, consisting of eight RR Lyrae, three type II Cepheids, and nine long-period variable stars. Six pulsars have been discovered.


Aleksandar Srećković

# Aleksandar Srećković

## Abstract

Aleksandar Srećković (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Срећковић; born 25 June 1981) is a Serbian football defender.

During his career, he had already played in the Serbian top league club FK Radnički Obrenovac, in Serbian lower league clubs FK Sinđelić Beograd, FK Čukarički, FK Beograd, OFK Niš, FK Mačva Šabac, FK BASK, FK Sevojno and FK ČSK Čelarevo, but also with Romanian club CFR Timişoara and Albanian FK Apolonia Fier.


Purity Nomthandazo Malinga

# Purity Nomthandazo Malinga

## Abstract

Purity Nomthandazo Malinga (born 1958) is a South African Methodist bishop and the 100th Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA). Malinga was ordained to the Christian ministry in 1988, the fourth woman to be ordained in her denomination. In 1999, she became the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the MCSA, and served nine years as the bishop for the Natal Coastal region. She later became director of the MCSA's Education for Ministry and Mission Unit, which holds responsibility for overseeing theological education within the denomination. She is the first woman to become presiding bishop for the MCSA; she was elected to that position in 2019, succeeding Bishop Ziphozihle Siwa. The MCSA is the largest mainline Protestant denomination in Southern Africa and includes churches in Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa.

## Biography

Nomthandazo Nobuhle Purity Malinga was born in 1958 in Ixopo, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, the eldest child of Siziba Jeffrey and Thenjiwe Emily Malinga. The family lived on a farm, and as a child, Malinga helped with chores and farming tasks, along with her younger brother.

Malinga was raised in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa from a young age. The family attended services at Webbstown Methodist Society, and her mother and grandmother were members of the women's manyano (or women's auxiliary). Malinga attended the Indaleni Methodist Institution, where she studied education, and became trained to be a schoolteacher. After graduating in 1976, she returned to Ixopo, where she taught for five years at the Siyakhona Primary school.

With encouragement from a local pastor, Reverend Raymond Kumalo, Malinga then decided to pursue ordained ministry in the Methodist church. Women had recently been allowed to present themselves as candidates for ordination. In 1981, she was accepted as a provisional candidate. From 1982 to 1983, she served as a minister-in-training in KaBhokweni.

From 1983 to 1986, she studied at the Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa, known as FEDSEM. FEDSEM was an ecumenical seminary that prepared students, primarily from Anglican, Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, for the ministry. During the apartheid era, education in South Africa was widely segregated by race, and black students formed the majority of the student body at FEDSEM, although some colored and white students attended. The school was known for fostering both an ecumenical spirit among the students, and an awareness of social justice issues. At the time that Malinga attended, there were few women students, and all from the Methodist Church. After completing her studies at FEDSEM, Malinga spent a year in ministry at Ohlelo-Nkandla.

In 1988, Malinga was ordained, becoming only the fourth woman to be ordained in Methodist Church of Southern Africa. The following year, she went to study at Harvard Divinity School, in Cambridge, MA, in the United States, where she earned a Master of Divinity degree in 1992. After completing her degree, she returned to South Africa, where she became a lecturer in New Testament at FEDSEM. However, the school closed that same year. She then became the head of the education department for the Methodist Church of Southern Africa. She continued teaching, both at the Theological Education by Extension College in Johannesburg, and at Kilnerton Methodist College in Pretoria.

In 1999, she was elected as a bishop, becoming the first woman to hold this role in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa. She served as the bishop for Natal Coastal Region for nine years, stepping down in 2008. She then moved to Pretoria. She later served as director for the Methodist Church of Southern Africa's Education for Ministry and Mission Unit for three years, from 2016 to 2019.

In May 2019, she was elected as the 100th Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa. The vote was taken by ballot, cast by delgeates from the twelve synods of the church. She succeeded Bishop Ziphokuhle Siwa, who served as the 99th presiding bishop.

On 5 June 2021, St Stithian's College, a Methodist College near Johannesburg, renamed one of its main gates in her honor, naming it the Bishop Malinga Gate.


Ramzi Qawasmy

# Ramzi Qawasmy

## Abstract

Ramzi Qawasmy (born November 30, 1999) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender who currently plays for MLS Next Pro side Atlanta United 2.

## Club career

### Youth & College

Qawasmy played club soccer with FC Delco, briefly known as Continental FC, before joining the Philadelphia Union academy in the summer of 2017. He went on to play one season with the Union before committing to play college soccer at Providence College.

In 2018, Qawasmy began his college career at Providence, where he went on to make 88 appearances, scoring seven goals and tallying a single assist in a five-year career, which included a truncated 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In those five seasons, he also earned numerous awards including BIG EAST All-Freshman Team in 2018, All-BIG EAST Second Team in 2020–21, All-BIG EAST First Team and United Soccer Coaches All-East Region First Team in 2021, and All-BIG EAST Second Team in 2022, as well as being named to the 2022 Hermann Trophy Watch List.

While at college, Qawasmy also appeared in the USL League Two with Reading United in 2021 and West Chester United in 2022.

Following college, Qaqasmy was eligible for selection in the 2023 MLS SuperDraft, but went undrafted.

### Professional

On February 24, 2023, Qawasmy was announced as a new signing for USL Championship side Louisville City following a successful trial ahead of their 2023 season. He made his professional debut on March 25, 2023, starting in a 3–0 loss at home to El Paso Locomotive. He was released by Louisville following the 2023 season. On April 5, 2024, Qawasmy signed with MLS Next Pro side Atlanta United 2.


Shane van Gisbergen

# Shane van Gisbergen

## Abstract

Shane Robert van Gisbergen (born 9 May 1989), also known by his initials SVG, is a New Zealand professional racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 97 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing in partnership with Trackhouse Racing, part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 16 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Kaulig Racing, and part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 28 Chevrolet SS for Pinnacle Racing Group. He is known for his time racing in the Supercars Championship, last driving the No. 97 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 car for Triple Eight Race Engineering. He is a three-time Supercars Champion, winning driver's titles in 2016, 2021, and 2022. With a total of 80 wins and 46 pole positions, van Gisbergen is 4th on the all-time wins list in the Supercars Championship. He has won the Bathurst 1000 three times, in 2020, 2022, and 2023.

Van Gisbergen also races in GT Racing, winning the 2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour alongside Alvaro Parente and Jonathon Webb in the McLaren 650S GT3, winning the 2016 Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, finishing 3rd overall in the 2016 Intercontinental GT Challenge and finishing in second place in the 2015 24 Hours of Daytona in the GTD class.

He won in his NASCAR Cup Series debut at the 2023 Grant Park 220 in Chicago driving the No. 91 for Trackhouse Racing, becoming the first driver to win in their NASCAR Cup Series debut since Indy car driver Johnny Rutherford in 1963, becoming only the seventh to do so in series history and the first driver to do it in the modern era of the sport. He also became the first New Zealander to win a race in the Cup Series.

He and Paul Morris are the only drivers to have won all three major car racing events at Mount Panorama: the Bathurst 1000, Bathurst 6 Hour and Bathurst 12 Hour.

## New Zealand racing history

After competing in Motocross, Quarter Midgets and karts from 1998 to 2004, van Gisbergen placed third in the 2004/2005 New Zealand Formula First Championship and won the associated Rookie of the Year award. Van Gisbergen had previously obtained a Speedsport Star of Tomorrow Scholarship. A win in 2005/06 New Zealand Formula Ford Championship was accompanied by another Rookie of the Year title and was followed by a second-place finish in 2006/07 Toyota Racing Series.

In 2014, van Gisbergen co-drove to the BNT NZ Supertourers Hankook Super Series championship with primary driver Simon Evans. Shane won 7 of the 9 races in a total of the Endurance rounds including sweeping the entire Fuchs 500 weekend at Pukekohe Park Raceway with winning race #3 in spectacular fashion driving from 1 lap down. In 2021, van Gisbergen won the New Zealand Grand Prix held as part of the Toyota Racing Series. The event is normally held for a global field however was restricted to a New Zealand-only field due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with van Gisbergen entering as a wildcard. Van Gisbergen ran a Brabham BT62 in the South Island Endurance Series at Euromarque Motorsport Park in 2023, with co-driver and car owner Dwayne Carter. However, a right rear wheel came off on lap 2 and the car was sidelined for 87 laps in total at the end of the event, after Carter ran over 30 laps with no problems before retiring it from the race later on. Van Gisbergen turned no laps in the 3 hour race.

## Supercars championship

Driving for Team Kiwi Racing, van Gisbergen became the 200th driver to start a race in a V8 Supercar at the Jim Beam 400 at Oran Park Raceway in Round 8 of 2007. Having impressed in his 2007 races, van Gisbergen was picked up by Stone Brothers Racing in 2008. He continued with the team for five seasons until 2012, securing a best of fourth in the championship in 2011. In late 2012, he announced he would be leaving V8 Supercars but in January it emerged that he was moving to Tekno Autosports at the start of the 2013 season. Van Gisbergen faced legal action for breaking his contract with Stone Brothers Racing. The move to Tekno proved fruitful, with van Gisbergen finishing runner-up in the championship in 2014.

Van Gisbergen has also shown a strong pace at the series' most famous race, the Bathurst 1000. He was in the lead in the 2009 Bathurst 1000 until pitting on lap 108 when his car would not start, resulting in a 1:14 pit stop and losing him a number of positions in the race. A near-identical issue repeated itself in the 2014 edition, where with 10 laps to go – he stalled and the starter motor failed, costing him almost a certain victory and he finished 16th. Van Gisbergen had started the 2014 race from pole position, his first at the event.

In 2016, van Gisbergen moved to the Triple Eight Race Engineering team, alongside two of the most successful drivers in series history; Jamie Whincup and Craig Lowndes. Van Gisbergen won his first race for the team at the Tasmania SuperSprint in 2016. Alexandre Prémat joined van Gisbergen as co-driver in the Enduro Cup. The pair won the 2016 Enduro Cup, including three second-place finishes and Prémat's first race victory in the championship at the 2016 Castrol Gold Coast 600, and became the first non-Australian drivers combination to win. At Pukekohe, van Gisbergen became the first New Zealander to lift the trophy, named in honour of Jason Richards, who died of cancer in 2011. He went on to win eight races that season and won the championship.

In 2017, Whincup and van Gisbergen paired up again under the Red Bull Holden Racing Team banner. At Adelaide, he started his title defence with a double-victory, but finished 4th in the championship.

In 2018, van Gisbergen won both Race 1 and Race 2 at Adelaide, driving a Holden Commodore ZB. At Townsville, van Gisbergen won at race 18 after Whincup marked the 10th running at race 17. On 4 August, van Gisbergen won the Sydney SuperNight 300 after a Safety Car was called in. At Tailem Bend, van Gisbergen dominated the inaugural race at The Bend Motorsport Park, taking a near lights-to-flag win in Race 22. On 16 September, at Sandown, van Gisbergen finished 2nd alongside Earl Bamber. Van Gisbergen controversially escaped a penalty for spinning his wheels during a pit stop at the Auckland SuperSprint at Pukekohe.

At Newcastle in 2018, van Gisbergen was handed a 25-second post-race penalty following an investigation into a refueling breach at his third pitstop. Scott McLaughlin was declared the winner of the race. Van Gisbergen finished second at race 31 and in the points standings.

In 2022, he won the Bathurst 1000 with Garth Tander in what would be the final race for Holden after the manufacturer was closed by GM. He won his third Bathurst 1000 with Richie Stanaway a year later, driving for Triple Eight Race Engineering.

## GT racing

Through his connections with Tekno Autosports sponsor Tony Quinn, van Gisbergen's first foray into GT racing was a guest co-drive in Quinn's team in the 2013 Australian GT Championship. In 2014, he entered both the 24 Hours of Daytona and the Bathurst 12 Hour for the first time, the latter again in partnership with Quinn, this time in a McLaren. His Daytona entry was with Alex Job Racing, where he finished 26th overall and sixth in the GTD class. He returned to Daytona in 2015 and 2016 with the team.

In 2015 he entered the Blancpain Endurance Series in a McLaren 650S GT3 run by Von Ryan Racing. Racing in conjunction with his V8 Supercars commitments, he was forced to miss one round due to a date clash, however achieved two victories in the four races he entered. The team was dissolved after the 2015 season, and for the 2016 season, van Gisbergen moved to McLaren's new Garage 59 team. He will once again miss the final round of the championship at the Nürburgring in Germany due to the Sandown 500 V8 Supercar race being held on the same weekend. Van Gisbergen won the 2016 season with Côme Ledogar and Rob Bell having won the 3 Hours of Monza and the 1000 km Paul Ricard despite skipping the last round at the Nürburgring due to a clash with his Supercars Championship commitments.

Through his McLaren and Tekno Autosports connections, he drove one of Tekno's factory-supported McLaren 650S GT3s at the 2016 Bathurst 12 Hour. In qualifying on Saturday, van Gisbergen set the fastest ever officially recorded lap of the Mount Panorama Circuit to achieve pole position. He went on to set the fastest ever race lap on the way to securing victory alongside Álvaro Parente and Jonathon Webb.

## NASCAR

On 18 May 2023, it was announced that van Gisbergen would make his debut in the NASCAR Cup Series driving the No. 91 Chevrolet for Trackhouse Racing and its Project 91 programme at the inaugural event at the Chicago Street Course. During qualifying for the race, he earned the 3rd spot in the starting grid. Van Gisbergen was shuffled back to midpack after a pileup the lap before the completion of the second stage. Van Gisbergen took the lead on lap 71 from Justin Haley, and maintained it until Bubba Wallace collided with Ricky Stenhouse Jr. on Lap 73 and sent the race into NASCAR Overtime. Van Gisbergen won the race, becoming the seventh driver and the first driver in the modern era of NASCAR, and the first driver since Indy car driver Johnny Rutherford 60 years prior in 1963, to win in his Cup Series debut race, and also becoming the first New Zealander to win in the Cup Series, and only the sixth driver born outside the US to win a Cup Series race. He also was the first " road course ringer " to win a Cup Series race since Indy car driver Mark Donohue in 1973. Until his second career start, van Gisbergen was also one of only two drivers to have a perfect winning record in NASCAR, briefly joining Marvin Burke in that accomplishment. On 19 July 2023, Trackhouse Racing announced van Gisbergen would make his second start of the 2023 season at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course. Van Gisbergen scored his 2nd Top 10 finish in the one-caution race, the first to start a NASCAR Cup career with two Top 10s in their first two starts since Terry Labonte in 1978.

On 2 August 2023, it was announced that van Gisbergen would make both his NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and NASCAR oval debut, racing in the 2023 TSport 200 at Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park on 11 August, driving the No. 41 for Niece Motorsports. He qualified 28th and finished 19th.

On 14 September 2023, Trackhouse announced that van Gisbergen would drive part-time all three of NASCAR's national series in 2024 as part of a development deal with the team.

On 13 December 2023, Kaulig Racing announced that van Gisbergen would compete full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 97 car. Van Gisbergen also had to run the ARCA race at Daytona in order to receive approval to compete at superspeedway events in NASCAR. On 2 January 2024, it was announced that van Gisbergen would be competing for Pinnacle Racing Group in the race. On 31 January, he signed with KHI Management. Van Gisbergen started the season with a 12th place finish at Daytona. He scored his first two Xfinity Series wins on back-to-back weeks at Portland and Sonoma. After retiring at Iowa and scoring two top-20 finishes, the New Zealander took his third victory of the season on his return to Chicago.

On 24 August 2024, it was announced that van Gisbergen will drive full-time in the Cup Series for Trackhouse Racing, driving the No. 88 Chevrolet in 2025.

## Motorsports career results

### Touring Cars

#### Supercars Championship results

(Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Sports/GT Cars

#### Complete Intercontinental GT Challenge Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

#### Complete Asian Le Mans Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Rally

### NASCAR

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Craftsman Truck Series

Season still in progress Ineligible for series points

### ARCA Menards Series

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)


List of earthquakes in 2024

# List of earthquakes in 2024

## Abstract

This is a list of earthquakes in 2024. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in significant damage and/or casualties. All dates are listed according to UTC time. The maximum intensities are based on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Earthquake magnitudes are based on data from the USGS.

## By death toll

Listed are earthquakes with at least 10 dead.

## By magnitude

Listed are earthquakes with at least 7.0 magnitude.

## By month

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September