Five Nights at Freddy's 2

# Five Nights at Freddy's 2

## Abstract

Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (FNaF 2) is a 2014 point-and-click survival horror game developed and published by Scott Cawthon. It is the second installment in the Five Nights at Freddy's series. Set in a fictional pizzeria, the player takes on the role of night security guards Jeremy Fitzgerald and Fritz Smith, defending themselves from the restaurant's hostile animatronic mascots. The player cannot leave their office, but has access to a flashlight and security cameras throughout the restaurant to monitor animatronic activity. Wearing a mask that looks like one of the animatronics allows the player to avoid being detected in most cases, though some animatronics are repelled via other methods. If the player is detected, they will be jumpscared and experience a game over. As the game progresses, Atari -styled minigames and phone calls provide insight into the history of the restaurant.

Cawthon teased Five Nights at Freddy's 2 in September 2014. It was released for Windows via Steam on November 10, 2014, earlier than its planned release date of December 25. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 12 and November 20 respectively that same year, and a Windows Phone version was launched on December 1. Versions for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One were released in November 2019. Five Nights at Freddy's 2 received mixed reviews from critics. Reviewers praised the atmosphere, story, and jumpscares while criticizing the game's difficulty. The third game in the series, Five Nights at Freddy's 3, was released on March 2, 2015. A film adaptation by Blumhouse Productions is in development

## Gameplay

Five Nights at Freddy's 2 is a point-and-click survival horror game. Players take on the role of a night security guard who must complete their shift without being caught by the homicidal animatronic characters that wander through the building.

The player character sits alone in an office which they cannot leave. They have access to a network of security cameras which can be used to track the movement of the animatronics throughout the restaurant. The office has three entrances; a center hallway and two side air vents. Unlike with the previous game, none of the office entrances can be sealed off, and the animatronics can enter unimpeded.

The animatronics include remodeled versions of Freddy, Bonnie, Chica and Foxy from the first game, their decrepit counterparts, and two new characters called the Puppet and Balloon Boy. The player can shine lights on an animatronic through the camera feeds to slow it down temporarily, and can avoid being detected by most characters by wearing an animatronic mask. The mask does not work on Foxy or the Puppet, and the player is incapable of accessing the cameras while wearing it. A flashlight must be repeatedly shone into the center hallway to ward off Foxy, and the Puppet is subdued by a music box that must be constantly wound up using the security feed. The power supply for camera and light use is unlimited, but this does not apply to the flashlight; if its battery runs out, the player becomes vulnerable.

The player character is killed if they are caught by an animatronic, except for Balloon Boy, who only disables the flashlight. After the player dies and receives a game over, there is a chance that an Atari-style minigame will appear. These minigames provide insight into the plot. The game is divided into levels called nights, which last several minutes in real time and gradually increase in difficulty.

## Plot

Jeremy Fitzgerald has begun working as a night security guard at a new Freddy Fazbear's Pizza location. An unnamed staff member calls Fitzgerald on the phone each night to provide advice and information on the franchise's backstory. The employee explains that the restaurant's animatronics feature facial recognition software connected to a criminal database, with the purpose of protecting children from potential harm. Despite these features, the robots were not programmed with a proper night mode; when they detect silence, they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be the security office. The caller further relates that a number of older animatronics were outfitted with this technology and are kept onsite for spare parts.

As the game progresses, the employee reveals that the restaurant is being subject to a police investigation. The Atari-styled minigames provide insight into the restaurant's troubled past, implying that it was the site of the murder of multiple children by an unnamed purple-colored figure. On the game's fifth night, Fitzgerald is informed by the staff member that the restaurant has been put on lockdown due to an unspecified incident. At the end of the fifth night, Fitzgerald receives a paycheck. On the sixth night, the employee explains that the restaurant has been temporarily shut down, and mentions that he plans to act as the new night security guard while Fitzgerald will be promoted to a day shift. A newspaper shown upon the night's completion announces the restaurant's closure, stating that the newly redesigned animatronics will be scrapped, but their older counterparts will be saved for an eventual reopening. On the seventh "custom night", the player controls a new character named Fritz Smith. Upon completing this night, Smith is fired.

## Release and reception

On September 13, 2014, Five Nights at Freddy's developer Scott Cawthon posted a teaser image for a sequel to the original on his webpage. In October 2014, a trailer was launched and the game was posted onto Steam Greenlight, with a demo being available shortly afterwards. Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was released on November 11, 2014 for Windows through Steam, ahead of the planned release date of December 25. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 12 and 20 of the same year. Versions for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One were released on November 29, 2019 alongside the first, third, and fourth games.

Five Nights at Freddy's 2 received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Some critics recommended it to fans of the first game. TouchArcade felt that the game was superior to its predecessor, saying that it made new innovations on gameplay and improved the story. Destructoid said that the game fine-tuned the concepts presented in the original and added more.

The atmosphere was praised. Gamezebo highlighted the sounds, jumpscares, and animatronics, saying they contributed to an overall scary game. PC Gamer said that the game had an excellent environment, and that Cawthon "further establishes his skills at crafting a truly frightening experience." Critics similarly praised the story. Destructoid equated the plot to a complex mystery, and highlighted the Atari-style mini games as intriguing and disturbing. TouchArcade found the plot to be satisfying, saying that was less subtle than the original game's, but was still mysterious.

Reviewers criticized the game's difficulty, many saying it detracted from the rest of the experience. TouchArcade said that the difficulty would discourage players who had not been interested in the original, and Gamezebo felt that the increased number of animatronics made the game feel overwhelming. PC Gamer contended that the constant pressure of the difficult gameplay took away from the horror and atmosphere. In a critical review, Nintendo Life noted that the number of tasks the player had to balance made Five Nights at Freddy's 2 stressful instead of scary, and made it feel worse than the original. The jumpscares were positively received, but some critics felt that they would become repetitive over time. Destructoid wrote that the jumpscares were effective, but would lose their horror if they were shown too frequently. Nintendo Life felt that they lost their appeal due to the complex gameplay, contending that the stress of playing made the jumpscares predictable rather than surprising.


Karl Hobbs

# Karl Hobbs

## Abstract

Karl Bernard Hobbs II (born August 7, 1961) is an American men's college basketball coach, currently the associate head coach at Georgia Tech. He is the former head coach of the George Washington University Colonials men's basketball team. During his tenure, the Colonials won two Atlantic 10 Conference championships and made three consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances from 2005–07. Hobbs is known for his high-energy, frenetic coaching style.

## Early years

Karl Hobbs was born and raised in Roxbury, Massachusetts, a neighborhood of Boston. Hobbs began his high school basketball career at Burke High School before he transferred to Cambridge Rindge and Latin School in a highly controversial decision in which Burke coach Joe Day accused Cambridge coach Mike Jarvis of illegally recruiting Hobbs. At Cambridge, Hobbs played point guard alongside future NBA star Patrick Ewing. They won the Massachusetts State High School title and Hobbs was named Massachusetts Schoolboy Player of the Year for the 1979–80 season. After high school, the 5'8" Hobbs attended the University of Connecticut playing basketball for coach Dom Perno and setting a school record (since-broken) with 534 career assists – a total that currently ranks fourth in school history. Hobbs played for the Rhode Island Gulls of the USBL in July 1985 before returning to Connecticut and finishing his Bachelor of Science degree in family studies in the summer of 1986.

## Coaching career

### Early positions

Hobbs joined Jarvis's staff as an assistant coach at Boston University in 1988 and remained there as an assistant through 1993. Then, he joined Jim Calhoun as an assistant at UConn where he stayed from 1993–2001. During this time, he worked at both schools in the training and development of their guards and honed his recruiting skills. When Dave Leitao left Calhoun's staff to become the head coach at Northeastern University, Hobbs was elevated to his position as the top recruiter. Hobbs is credited as the recruiter who brought Richard Hamilton, Caron Butler and Khalid El-Amin to UConn, among others, and he was vital in the development of Ray Allen, who still credits him for the development of his strong jumpshot.

During his fourteen years as an assistant coach, Hobbs contributed to a highly successful period for his teams, evidenced by their participation in eight NCAA Tournaments and two NIT appearances. Under his tenure, the team reached the Sweet Sixteen five times and notably secured the 1998–99 National Championship.

During this time, it was natural for Hobbs's name to begin popping up for head coaching vacancies. Some of the various schools at which he was a candidate were the University of New Hampshire, Fordham University, Tulane University, American University, the University of Hartford, the University of Delaware, the University of Miami, Siena College and Drexel University before he finally accepted an offer to become the head coach at George Washington University in May 2001.

### George Washington

On May 7, 2001, Hobbs was named the head coach at the George Washington University after previous coach Tom Penders resigned following a lack of success and a number of scandals in Foggy Bottom. Penders said his resignation was because after 30 years of coaching, it was "time for a sabbatical," and said the resignation was not related to the off-the-court issues.

Hobbs won his first Atlantic 10 Conference Championship in 2005, the first in GW history, and then added the second in 2007 in Atlantic City. On January 3, 2007 he achieved his 100th win at the Smith Center over Fordham.

Hobbs was known for his enthusiastic demeanor on the sidelines. He is known for his intensity, fast substitutions and frequent whistling and hollering. His teams were typically characterized by their frenetic, trapping defense which has led the Colonials to be one of the top teams in steals. Additionally, he tended to recruit stocky guards and pencil-thin athletic forwards while coaching one of the quickest teams in the country that force turnovers with full-court defense.

Two of Hobbs's players at George Washington played in the NBA and a third was drafted in the second round in 2006. They are: Pops Mensah-Bonsu, Mike Hall and J. R. Pinnock. Yet, after making it to the NCAA tournament the following season, Hobbs's squad missed the A-10 tournament for two consecutive years leading fans to call for his firing.

To start the 2009–10 season, Hobbs brought in a 6-player recruiting class in which (as of December 21, 2009) four players average at least 15 minutes per game. He also added former Michigan Head Coach Brian Ellerbe to his staff to replace Darrell Brooks, who left to become the head coach at Bowie State University. Hobbs has led his team to an 11–4 record to start the season, prompting local media to note that Hobbs' team re-energized the campus and kick-started its rebuilding process. The Colonials finished the season with a winning season for the first time in three years, and Hobbs had two players receive conference postseason honors for the first time in three years as well. Freshman Lasan Kromah was named to the Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team and Senior Damian Hollis was named an Atlantic 10 Honorable Mention.

The turnaround in victories coincided with an increased presence for Coach Hobbs in communication with fans and on television. Hobbs partnered with local television personality Ron Harris for The Karl Hobbs Show which aired on MASN through the 2009–10 basketball season.

On April 25, 2011, it was announced that George Washington had released Hobbs from his contract. Officials stated that "The university determined that now is the time for new leadership of GW’s men’s basketball team"

### Return to UConn

After leaving George Washington, Hobbs returned to the University of Connecticut, serving under Jim Calhoun in the role of Director of Men's Basketball Administration, where he was tasked with managing film, compliance, travel and the relationship between the team and the greater university. His arrival came on the heels of a series of sanctions on the UConn program for recruiting violations.

After the retirement of Jim Calhoun, new head coach Kevin Ollie tapped Hobbs as an assistant coach in July 2012. Hobbs and fellow assistant Glenn Miller were assistant coaches when Ollie was a player. In 2014, UConn defeated Kentucky for the national championship, Hobbs' second on the Connecticut staff.

### Rutgers

Hobbs joined the staff of his former George Washington assistant coach Steve Pikiell at Rutgers, assuming the role of associate head coach.


Community College of Aurora

# Community College of Aurora

## Abstract

The Community College of Aurora (CCA) is a public community college in Aurora, Colorado. It is part of the Colorado Community College System. CCA serves over 10,000 students annually at its CentreTech Campus in Aurora; Lowry Campus at the former Lowry Air Force Base; and through online classes. Efforts to establish a college in Aurora began with a group of Aurora citizens in the early 1950s with the college founded in 1983.

## Accreditation

Community College of Aurora is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.


Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn

# Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn

## Abstract

Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn (February 2, 1878 – March 17, 1951) was an American feminist social reformer and a leader of the suffrage movement in the United States. Hepburn served as president of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association before joining the National Woman's Party. In 1923 Hepburn formed the Connecticut Branch of the American Birth Control League with two of her friends, Mrs. George Day and Mrs. M. Toscan Bennett. She was the mother and namesake of actress Katharine Hepburn and the grandmother and namesake of actress Katharine Houghton.

## Early life

Katharine Martha Houghton was born on February 2, 1878, in Buffalo, New York. Her family and friends familiarly referred to her as "Kit". She was the daughter of Caroline (née Garlinghouse) and Alfred Augustus Houghton, a member of the Houghton family of Corning Incorporated glass works. She was named in part after her maternal grandmother, Martha Ann Spaulding Garlinghouse. Katharine had two younger sisters, Edith (1879–1948) and Marion (1882–1968).

When not in Buffalo, she and her family spent time at their property in the Athol Springs area of Hamburg, New York, and in Corning, New York, the seat of the family business. In contrast to the conservative views of the Episcopal Houghton family, Caroline and Alfred were progressive freethinkers. Thus, Houghton and her sisters were raised in a household that championed women's education and the ideas of the agnostic orator Robert G. Ingersoll.

In 1892, her father Alfred Houghton committed suicide, leaving Caroline to raise their three children. Not long after, Caroline was diagnosed with stomach cancer. Before her death in 1894, she inculcated her daughters, especially Katharine as the eldest, with the importance of a college education. In her will, Caroline Houghton did not name a legal guardian for her daughters, preferring that they be independent to pursue their own aspirations. After her death, the girls' education remained a point of contention between the sisters and their uncle, Amory Houghton Jr. (1837–1909), the family patriarch and president of Corning Glass. While Amory believed young women belonged in finishing school, Katharine had absorbed her mother's insistence on a college education.

Despite consistent opposition from the Houghton family, she was able to realize the promise she had made to her mother; Katharine Houghton graduated from Pennsylvania's Bryn Mawr College in 1899, with an A.B. in history and political science. She earned her master's degree in chemistry and physics the following year, although biographer Barbara Leaming claims Houghton's degree was in art history. She then briefly attended Radcliffe College. After completing preparatory studies at Baldwin School, her sisters, Edith and Marion, received degrees from Bryn Mawr in 1901 and 1906 respectively.

## Social and reform work

Hepburn became interested in the suffrage movement and consequently co-founded the Hartford Equal Franchise League in 1909. The following year, this organization was absorbed into the Connecticut Woman's Suffrage Association and became a branch of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

As president of the CWSA, Hepburn represented the state of Connecticut as part of a 1913 deputation that met with President Woodrow Wilson to "seek some expression of the President of his attitude on the woman suffrage question." Earlier that year, Hepburn had played host to famed British suffragette, Emmeline Pankhurst, who was visiting Hartford on a speaking tour.

### National Woman's Party

In 1917, she resigned as CWSA president, declaring the Association to be "old-fashioned and supine." She instead joined Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, a suffrage organization with a more aggressive reputation. In an oral history interview, Paul recalled Hepburn as "the unquestioned leader of the suffragists... in Connecticut." She was elected to serve as legislative chairman of the organization's National Executive Committee.

After the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, members of the Democratic Party asked Hepburn to run for the US Senate. Though Dr. Hepburn supported his wife's work, he did not wish that she campaign for office. She subsequently declined the offer.

### Birth control advocacy

Having concluded her suffrage work, Hepburn allied herself with birth control advocate Margaret Sanger, a Socialist Party USA member, Industrial Workers of the World organizer. Sanger, a New York native, remembered Hepburn as "the Kathy Houghton of my Corning childhood." Together they founded the American Birth Control League. The League would eventually evolve into Planned Parenthood. Hepburn was elected chair of Sanger's National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control. In her autobiography, Sanger wrote of Hepburn:

In her long public career she had learned great efficiency and she never let our witnesses run over their time. Just as we were swinging along briskly she invariably tugged at a coat and passed over a little slip – 'time up in one minute.'

In 1934, Hepburn, Sanger, Congressman Walter Marcus Pierce, and others met with the House Judiciary Committee in Washington, D.C. to rally on behalf of a bill which would allow doctors to disseminate contraceptive information. Among those speaking against birth control was popular Catholic radio priest Charles Coughlin. Coughlin's on-air ministry coupled with the fact that Hepburn's daughter Katharine had by that time established a film career in Hollywood, led newspapers to announce the event under the headline "Radio Father v. Movie Ma." Coughlin condemned prophylactics as communistic, and the House Committee eventually rejected the bill. Despite the defeat, TIME magazine afterward published an article noting the success of the Hepburn/Sanger birth control propaganda in yielding favorable local results for its cause.

Throughout her career, Hepburn gave numerous speeches in cities around the East Coast, including speaking engagements at Carnegie Hall. Her words were not always popular; editorials written against her in the Hartford Courant could be vitriolic enough to cause her friends to suggest she take the newspaper to court for calumny. At times, bricks or rocks were thrown through the windows of the Hepburn house. Nevertheless, Hepburn remained active in reform movements for the rest of her life, especially in the branches of women's health and birth control.

### Political views

Hepburn was a socialist, and considered herself a Marxist. Talking about her parents to a Good Housekeeping reporter, Hepburn was described by her daughter as a " communist." She said to a Time Magazine journalist, "I don't think leaned toward Communism. Mother did." Aside from her work and family, she enjoyed political debate, current events, Russian history, specifically the Bolshevik Revolution, the works of William Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw, and golf. She did not care for movies, preferring instead the theatre. Her daughter Katharine mused that it was "curious that Fate gave her a movie-queen daughter."

While one biographer of the activist's daughter claims Hepburn almost joined the Communist Party USA but did not. Yet records show that Congressional House Committees on Un-American Activities (HUAC) throughout the late 30's, 40’s and 50’s thought she had.

One early HUAC citation, from 1939, names Hepburn as one of "the overwhelming preponderance of fellow travelers" composing the CIO 's National Citizens Political Action Committee, formed expressly "for the election of Franklin D Roosevelt and a Progressive Congress."

In May 1944, a HUAC reports Hepburn as one of "11 prominent American leaders" whose membership on the National Committee to Combat Anti-Semitism as suspicious. The HUAC report reads "the overwhelming preponderance of fellow travelers on the National Committee to Combat Anti-Semitism is convincing proof of Communist infiltration."

In 1948, Hepburn was identified in a HUAC report as a sponsor of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship.

In July 1953, two years after Hepburn's death, progressive Garfield Bromley Oxnam, a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal church and IWW supporter, was called before the HUAC to explain his associations with communists, like Hepburn, and his links through her with the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship.

## Personal life

Around 1903, Houghton met Thomas Norval Hepburn (1879–1962), a medical student at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. Houghton spent that academic year teaching at the city's Calvert School before marrying Hepburn on June 6, 1904. Following their marriage, the Hepburns moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where Dr. Hepburn completed his internship and residency specializing in urology at Hartford Hospital. He maintained a practice at the Hospital for approximately 50 years. The family took up their primary residence in West Hartford, Connecticut, about 1928. The Hepburns also owned a home in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, where they summered. Together, Katharine and Thomas had six children over the course of 16 years, including:

- Thomas Houghton "Tom" Hepburn (1905–1921)

- Katharine Houghton Hepburn (1907–2003), four-time Academy Award -winning actress

- Richard Houghton "Dick" Hepburn (1911–2000), playwright

- Dr. Robert Houghton "Bob" Hepburn (1913–2007), urologist

- Marion Houghton Hepburn Grant (1918–1986), historian, author, Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) organizer, and social activist

- Margaret Houghton "Peg" Hepburn Perry (1920–2006), librarian and farmer

During the early 1930s, Hepburn home-schooled her two younger daughters, Marion and Margaret. Marion considered her mother "a natural-born teacher" who was "never happier than when introducing us children to some new book or idea."

She died unexpectedly of a cerebral hemorrhage in March 1951, at the age of 73.

## Legacy

In 1988, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America established the Katharine Houghton Hepburn Fund which provides emergency funding for the cause of reproductive rights. The regional Southern New England chapter of Planned Parenthood also sponsors a fund, the Hepburn Potter Society, "named in memory of two lifelong advocates of reproductive freedom." The Society offers membership to those who make a financial contribution.

In 1994, Hepburn was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame and included in the field of "Reformers."

In 2006, her alma mater Bryn Mawr opened the Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center in honor of Hepburn and her daughter, actress Katharine Hepburn, who graduated in 1928. The Center "inspires Bryn Mawr students and graduates to make a meaningful impact on the world."

## In popular culture

In the 2004 film The Aviator, Frances Conroy portrayed Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn and Cate Blanchett played her daughter Katharine Hepburn. Blanchett received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

## External link

Media related to Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn at Wikimedia Commons


Katrina Price

# Katrina Price

## Abstract

Katrina Price (December 3, 1975 – January 18, 1999) was an American basketball player. A star guard in her college career at Stephen F. Austin State University, Price died by suicide after her rookie season in professional basketball.

## High school career

In 1994, Price was named Central Texas Player of the Year and co-Most Valuable Player for Central Texas Female Athlete of the Year. She was also a class salutatorian with a 4.25 GPA. In her senior year she led La Vega High School (Waco, Texas) to the 1994 state finals and a 32–4 record, and averaged 30.0 points, 13.0 rebounds, 6.0 assists, and 5.0 steals per game. The previous year, she was named 1993 Volleyball MVP of District 17-3A, for her performance in that sport.

## College career

In her Division I NCAA career, Price was Stephen F. Austin State University 's all-time leading scorer with 2,278 career points and the Southland Conference player of the year in 1997 and 1998. A 5'-10" guard, she was a third-team AP All-American (first team Academica All American) selection her senior season (1997–1998), averaging 22.1 points and 5.3 rebounds a game. As of 2001 Price held the record for most three-point field goals in a single championship game, with seven, in a game against the University of Toledo in 1997.

Price excelled academically as well as athletically. In high school, she was second in her graduating class, and she made the Dean's List every semester she was in college.

## USA Basketball

Price competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 1997 Jones Cup Team that won the silver medal in Taipei. Several of the games were close, with the USA team winning four games by six points or fewer, including an overtime game in the semifinal match against Japan. The gold medal game against South Korea was also close, but the USA fell 76–71 to claim the silver medal for the event. Price averaged 3.0 points per game.

## Professional career

Price was drafted seventh overall pick by the Long Beach Stingrays in the 1998 American Basketball League draft, but the team disbanded before she could play a game. She was assigned to the Philadelphia Rage roster in August. She was a reserve guard, playing in 12 of the Rage's 14 games before the league shut down in late December.

## Career statistics

Stephen F. Austin Ladyjacks basketball

## Death

Price died in Nacogdoches, Texas, at the age of 23, of a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head.


Katie Stevens

# Katie Stevens

## Abstract

Katherine Mari Stevens (born December 8, 1992) is an American actress and singer, known for finishing in eighth place on the ninth season of American Idol and starring as Karma Ashcroft in Faking It and Jane Sloan in The Bold Type.

## Early life

Stevens grew up in Middlebury, Connecticut, the daughter of Mark and Clara (née Francisco) Stevens. She graduated from Pomperaug High School in Southbury in June 2010. She was named the 2009 Westbury Outstanding Teen at the Greater Watertown Scholarship Pageant.

Stevens is of Portuguese descent on her mother's side and speaks Portuguese. She was instrumental in the creation of the Evan Gagnon Memorial Scholarship Fund, which gives college scholarships to the seniors of Pomperaug High School (Evan Gagnon, who died in January 2009 at the age of two, was the son of Stevens' Spanish teacher.) She was a member of Pomperaug High School's varsity swim team for four years. Stevens first performed for an audience at the age of five years, when she sang the national anthem at a party for a politician in her hometown.

When she was seven years old, she sang " From This Moment On " at an aunt's wedding. She has long been active in her local theater community. She played Dorothy in both BSS Children's Theater and Main Street Theater's production of The Wizard of Oz. At Main Street Theater Stevens also played the role of Sharpay in High School Musical and "The Cat" in Honk. She played Nellie Forbush in Pomperaug High School's South Pacific alongside Gary Dwyer as Emile DeBeque. She performed at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13.

## Career

### 2009–2010: American Idol

On August 13, 2009, she auditioned for American Idol in Boston, Massachusetts and sang " At Last ", where all four judges (including guest judge Victoria Beckham) advanced her to Hollywood. At the Boston audition, judge Kara DioGuardi called her one of the most talented 16-year-olds she had ever seen. In Hollywood, DioGuardi made the prediction, "You could be the potential winner." On March 24, 2010, Stevens landed in the bottom 3 during elimination night, along with Paige Miles and Tim Urban. She was proclaimed safe, giving her a spot on the American Idol summer tour.

Most of the critiques the judges gave her had been with regard to her pitch, age, and song choice. In her performance of " Chain of Fools ", DioGuardi told her she had found where she belonged: R&B - pop, but she needed to work on being younger. She landed in the bottom three the following night but was declared safe, putting her into the Top 9.

In her Top 9 performance of " Let It Be ", all of the judges thought it was a huge improvement. Ellen stated that she wouldn't be in the bottom 3 after that performance. Simon said that she had done what she was told by being Country, while Kara and Randy disagreed, opining that she has more of an R&B sensibility. Nonetheless, her performance secured her a position in the Top 8. However, the Top 9 remained intact for another week due to the judges' save of Michael Lynche. She was eliminated from American Idol the following week on April 14, along with Andrew Garcia. Her elimination came second on the double elimination night. From July 1 to August 31, 2010, Stevens toured with the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2010. On tour, she sang " Here We Go Again " and " Fighter ".

#### Performances

- Stevens was saved first from elimination.

- Due to the judges using their one save to save Michael Lynche, the Top 9 remained intact for another week.

- Because of the judges' save on April 7, Stevens was eliminated along with Andrew Garcia on April 14.

### 2010–present: Faking It and The Bold Type

After her elimination, Stevens made several appearances on talk shows. On April 16, 2010, she appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show where she performed " Over the Rainbow ". Stevens also appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman along with Andrew Garcia, where they sang " Superhuman " by Chris Brown and Keri Hilson. She and Garcia appeared on the Wendy Williams Show where she performed " Big Girls Don't Cry ".

As of early November 2010, she has written 9 songs. Stevens was a guest performer on Ídolos Portugal on December 12, 2010, where she sang " All I Want for Christmas Is You " by Mariah Carey. In June 2012, Stevens played the title role in Todrick Hall 's YouTube sensation "Beauty and the Beat".

Stevens was cast to portray Nadia McConnell in Bare: A Pop Opera in the 2013 Los Angeles revival.

She won the role of Karma Ashcroft in Faking It, which premiered on April 22, 2014. In 2015, Stevens was cast as Lindsey Willows in the CSI finale movie Immortality.

In 2015, Stevens originated the role of Kathryn Merteuil in Cruel Intentions: The '90s Musical in Los Angeles.

In 2016, Stevens was cast as Jane Sloan in The Bold Type which premiered on June 20, 2017, and ran for five seasons.

## Personal life

In October 2019, Stevens married musician Paul DiGiovanni after over five years of dating. The couple resides in Nashville, Tennessee. Their first child, a daughter, was born in February 2023.


Hominidae

# Hominidae

## Abstract

The Hominidae (/ h ɒ ˈ m ɪ n ɪ d iː /), whose members are known as the great apes or hominids (/ ˈ h ɒ m ɪ n ɪ d z /), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.

Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans and other apes were considered to be "hominids".

The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.

Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

## Evolution

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of tree-adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.

At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non- cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age— Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.

Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.

## Taxonomy

### Terminology

The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term " hominin ". The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.

A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:

- A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.

- A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

- A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).

- A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.

- A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.

- A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.

A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):

### Extant and fossil relatives of humans

Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the sub family Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.

Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.) But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.

Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.

However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.

## Description

The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.

## Behavior

Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use. They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.

All species are omnivorous, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic Revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.

Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.

Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.

This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.

## Legal status

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal. On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.

## Conservation

The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.

## Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram with extinct species. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

### Extant

There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:

- Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus

- Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio

- Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii

- Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla

- Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei

- Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes

- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus

- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti

- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

### Fossil

In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.

Family Hominidae

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Lufengpithecus lufengensis

- Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis

- Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai

- Ankarapithecus meteai

- Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus

- Sivapithecus brevirostris

- Sivapithecus punjabicus

- Sivapithecus parvada

- Sivapithecus sivalensis

- Sivapithecus indicus

- Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis

- Gigantopithecus blacki

- Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis

- Khoratpithecus piriyai

- Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Pongo hooijeri †

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi

- Danuvius guggenmosi

- Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi

- Morotopithecus bishopi

- Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii

- Oreopithecus bambolii

- Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Hispanopithecus laietanus

- Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani

- Dryopithecus fontani

- Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Graecopithecus freybergi

- Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Subtribe Panina

- Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens

- Orrorin tugenensis

- Orrorin praegens

- Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba

- Ardipithecus ramidus

- Ardipithecus kadabba

- Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops

- Kenyanthropus platyops

- Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Australopithecus bahrelghazali

- Australopithecus anamensis

- Australopithecus afarensis

- Australopithecus africanus

- Australopithecus garhi

- Australopithecus sediba

- Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei

- Paranthropus aethiopicus

- Paranthropus robustus

- Paranthropus boisei

- Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens)

- Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus)

- Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus)

- Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis †

- Java Man, Homo erectus erectus †

- Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis †

- Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis †

- Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis †

- Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species)

- Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis †

- Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo antecessor †

- Homo heidelbergensis †

- Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens)

- Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species)

- Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) †

- Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis †

- Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo sapiens idaltu †

- Archaic Homo sapiens †


Cadair Berwyn

# Cadair Berwyn

## Abstract

Cadair Berwyn, Cader Berwyn or Craig Uchaf is a mountain summit in north-east Wales with a height of 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level. It is the highest point in the Berwyn range, the highest in North East Wales and the highest significant summit in Wales outside the National Parks. Cadair Berwyn and Foel Cedig to the west are the two Marilyns that form the Berwyn range. The undulating plateau of the range also includes a large number of other summits above 2,000 feet (610 m), including satellite summits of Cadair Berwyn and many which are classed as Nuttalls.

The mountain lies on main ridge of the Berwyns which runs north–south. The eastern side of the ridge is characterised by steep drops and crags including Craig Berwyn north of the summit and Craig y Llyn to the south. Craig y Llyn forms the headwall of a cwm, and it is to this that the word cadair (chair in Welsh) presumably refers. Further north along the ridge is Cadair Bronwen, whilst to south the ridge continues to Moel Sych (Welsh pronunciation:, meaning 'dry hill').

It is often reported that Moel Sych, 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) along the ridge, is of equal height, but Cadair Berwyn's spot height on the Ordnance Survey maps, where the trig point stands, is not the true summit. Cadair Berwyn's summit, 200 metres (220 yd) south of the trig point, is 5 metres (16 ft) taller than Moel Sych. This summit is listed as Cadair Berwyn New Top on the Nuttall list. However, the name given to it by its discoverer, Bernard Wright, was Craig Uchaf.

In 1987 Bernard Wright, a rambler from Cheshire, was standing on Cadair Berwyn North Top (then said to be the highest mountain in Clwyd) when he noticed that a nearby peak appeared to be higher. After first denying it, the cartographers at the Ordnance Survey finally admitted that Bernard had discovered a 'new mountain' at 830 metres above sea level. Bernard's name for this peak was Craig Uchaf (highest rock) the topographical name fitting in well with those that the Welsh have been giving their landscape for centuries. Near the summit is a Bronze Age cairn. In 2014, accurate re-surveying using GPS by Myrddyn Phillips added an additional 2 metres to the height. Phillips uses the name Craig Berwyn rather than Cadair Berwyn for this summit.

Several other summits in the area are listed as Hewitts or Nuttalls, including Foel Wen (, Welsh for white hill) and Mynydd Tarw (, bull mountain).

Cadair Berwyn is the highest point (county top) of the historic county of Denbighshire. The historic border with Merionethshire also ran through the summit. Moel Sych and Cadair Berwyn North Top had been thought at one time to have been the joint county tops of Denbighshire, but resurveying demoted them as explained previously. In terms of modern administrative units, the summit lies entirely within the Powys council area, though the border with modern Denbighshire council runs very close (about 150 metres (490 ft) to the northwest - the new boundary does not exactly follow the old county boundary). Curiously, the historic county of Denbighshire lies on the eastern side on the main Berwyn ridge, but the modern council lies on the western side. The northern end of the main ridge (Craig Berwyn on the OS map, 790 metres (2,590 ft) height, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Cadair Berwyn North Top) is the highest point in Wrexham county borough.

Cadair Berwyn stands between Snowdon and the Wrekin and blocks their line-of-sight. The view from the summit on a clear day is extensive and includes Snowdon, Cadair Idris, Brecon Beacons, Shropshire Hills, Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, Lake District and the Isle of Man. The peak is the nearest high mountain to a significant fraction of the population of the English Midlands but sees far fewer walkers than equivalent summits in the Lake District and Snowdonia.

There is a standing stone in the area, located near the summit between Cadair Berwyn and Tomle. This was re-erected in June 2008 by High Sports. The standing stone can be found at SJ080337.

Below the mountain is a small lake, Llyn Lluncaws.

On 11 August 1942, a United States Army Air Forces, Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress flying from RAF Polebrook to RAF Burtonwood crashed into the side of Cadair Berwyn resulting in the deaths of all eleven passengers and crew.

It is the location, as well as Cadair Bronwen, of an alleged UFO landing in 1974, known as the Berwyn Mountain UFO incident.


Atlanta United 2

# Atlanta United 2

## Abstract

Atlanta United 2 are the reserve team of the Major League Soccer club Atlanta United FC. The team plays in MLS Next Pro, the official reserve league of MLS. The team was established on November 14, 2017 and began their first professional season in March 2018.

## History

In November 2017, the USL, a Division II sanctioned league by the United States Soccer Federation (USSF), announced that Major League Soccer 's Atlanta United had acquired a USL affiliate team and would begin play in the 2018 season. On January 9, 2018, the team name was revealed as Atlanta United 2.

### MLS Next Pro

MLS announced that it would be one of the next eight teams to join MLS Next Pro in 2023.

## Stadium

The team played their inaugural season at Coolray Field in Lawrenceville, Georgia, with a capacity of 7,362 for soccer games. Coolray Field is a Triple-A baseball stadium originally built in 2008 for the Gwinnett Stripers, the Atlanta Braves Triple-A affiliate. The stadium has been fitted for semi-professional soccer in a standard baseball to soccer pitch configuration.

The premium boxes and all stadium areas will still be available for soccer games, and the field will also be the same standard length at 70 by 110 yards (64 m × 101 m).

Atlanta United 2 announced, on December 14, 2018, that they would play their 2019 home matches at Fifth Third Bank Stadium in Kennesaw, Georgia.

## Players and staff

### Roster

## Year-by-year

## Statistics

### Most appearances

### Most goals


Aleksandar Ignjatović

# Aleksandar Ignjatović

## Abstract

Aleksandar Ignjatović (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Игњатовић; born 11 April 1988) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bosnian Premier League club Sloboda Tuzla.

## Club career

Ignjatović started his career in the youth squads of Radnicki Nis, a club playing in the Serbian First League. In the season 2006–07, he made his first appearance in the club's first team and quickly became a regular starter in the Radnički line-up. After two successful seasons Ignjatović earned a transfer to FK Borac Čačak.

In the summer of 2008, Ignjatović joined Borac Čačak, making his debut on the highest level in Serbia, the Serbian SuperLiga. On 17 July 2008, he made his official European debut in the UEFA Cup first qualifying round match against FC Dacia Chişinău.

On 26 June 2009, the Dutch club Feyenoord announced the arrival of Borac Čačak defender Ignjatović on a season-long loan, with a view to a permanent deal. However, the towering defender failed to make an impression at the Rotterdam side. Ignjatović didn't play a single match for Feyenoord and returned to Borac Čačak during the winter transfer period.

### RoundGlass Punjab

In September 2022, I-League club RoundGlass Punjab announced the signing of Ignjatović, on a one-year deal.

## International career

Ignjatović made his international debut for the Serbia U21 squad in a friendly match against Cyprus U21 on 11 February 2009.


# 1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas

## Abstract

The 1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1948, as part of the 1948 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This would be the last presidential election where Arkansas had nine electoral votes: the Great Migration would see the state lose three congressional districts in the next decade-and-a-half.

Except for the Unionist Ozark counties of Newton and Searcy where Republicans controlled local government, Arkansas since the end of Reconstruction had been a classic one-party Democratic " Solid South " state. Disfranchisement of effectively all black people and most poor whites had meant that outside those two aberrant counties, the Republican Party was completely moribund and Democratic primaries were the only competitive elections.

However, ever since seeing the potential effect on the United States' image abroad (and ability to win the Cold War against the radically egalitarian rhetoric of Communism) of the beating and blinding of Isaac Woodard three hours after being discharged from the army, President Truman was attempting to launch a Civil Rights bill, involving desegregation of the military. This produced severe opposition from Southern Democrats, who aimed to have South Carolina Governor James Strom Thurmond listed as Democratic Presidential nominee and Mississippi Governor Fielding Wright as Vice-Presidential nominee.

Unlike Oklahoma, Tennessee, North Carolina or Virginia, Arkansas did not have a major threat from the Republican Party to block local Democratic support for Thurmond, but it had only half the proportion of blacks found in Mississippi or South Carolina. At the time when it became clear that a Southern fracture from the national Democratic Party was on the agenda, Arkansas was deeply divided between a Dixiecrat faction headed by outgoing Governor Ben T. Laney and a loyalist faction led by Sidney S. McMath, who went on to win the 1948 Arkansas gubernatorial election.

McMath was to win the Democratic gubernatorial primary that was in this one-party state tantamount to election, and despite the efforts of Laney and state party chairman Arthur Adams, it was clear from the beginning of the campaign that they held little sway over the Democratic rank and file who were loyal to Truman. In May 1948 Governor Laney became chairman of the "States' Rights Democrats"; however on July 12 the possibility of Laney himself becoming the nominee ended when he refused to support anyone. However, as late as the September 22 Democratic Convention the Dixiecrats had hopes of pledging Arkansas' Democratic presidential electors to Thurmond and Wright; however McMath and Congressman Charles Fuller were able to persuade the electors to remain loyal to President Truman.

With the state's Democratic electors pledged to Truman, the incumbent President and running mate Kentucky Senator Alben W. Barkley easily carried Arkansas with 61.72 percent of the popular vote, against New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey and California Governor Earl Warren 's 21.02 percent of the popular vote. Vis-à-vis the 1944 election, Truman picked up Benton County and Searcy County, the latter of which had previously only voted Democratic once since the Civil War.

Thurmond, running as a third-party candidate, was able to capture 16.52 percent of Arkansas' vote. The Dixiecrats ran strongest in the Delta region of the state where Truman's Civil Rights and " Fair Deal " policies were most feared by the powerful Black Belt planters; Thurmond carried three counties with entirely nonvoting black majorities and was second in twenty-eight others. However, in the hilly northwestern half of the state, Thurmond failed to crack 5 percent of the vote in eighteen counties. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Benton County and Sebastian County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. Arkansas was also the only state in the entire country where Norman Thomas beat Henry Wallace.

## Campaign

The Republican Party of Arkansas voted to send an uncommitted fourteen member delegation to the Republican National Convention.

17% of white voters supported Thurmond.

## Results

## Works cited


ComfyUI

# ComfyUI

## Abstract

ComfyUI is an open source, node-based, generative artificial intelligence program that allows users to generate images from a series of text prompts. It uses free diffusion models such as Stable Diffusion as the base model for its image capabilities combined with other tools such as ControlNet and LCM Low-rank adaptation with each tool being a node in the program.

## History

ComfyUI was released on GitHub in January 2023. According to comfyanonymous, the creator, a major goal of the project was to improve on existing software designs in terms of the user interface. The creator had been involved with Stability AI but by 3 June 2024 that involvement had ended and an organization called Comfy Org had been created along with the core developers. In July 2024, Nvidia announced support for ComfyUI within its RTX Remix modding software. In August 2024. support was added for the FLUX diffusion model developed by Black Forest Labs. As of September 2024, the project has 50.6k stars on GitHub.

## Features

ComfyUI ' s main feature is that it is node based. Each node has a function such as "load a model" or "write a prompt". A default node group is also included with the program. When a prompt is queued, a highlighted frame appears around the currently executing node, starting from "load checkpoint" and ending with the final image and its save location. Workflows can be saved to a file, allowing users to re-use node workflows and share them with other users. The file format for the workflows is in JSON and can be embedded in the generated images. Users have also created custom extensions to the base system such as for AnimateDiff, which aims to create videos. ComfyUI has been described as more complex compared to other diffusion UIs such as Automatic1111.

## LLMVision extension compromise

In June 2024, a hacker group called "Nullbulge" compromised an extension of ComfyUI to add malicious code to it. The compromised extension, called ComfyUI_LLMVISION, was used for integrating the interface with AI language models GPT-4 and Claude 3, and was hosted on GitHub. Nullbulge hosted a list of hundreds of ComfyUI users' login details across multiple services on its website, while users of the extension reported receiving numerous login notifications. vpnMentor conducted security research on the extension and claimed it could "steal crypto wallets, screenshot the user’s screen, expose device information and IP addresses, and steal files that contain certain keywords or extensions".

Nullbulge's website claims they targeted users who committed "one of our sins", which included AI-art generation, art theft, promoting cryptocurrency, and any other kind of theft from artists such as from Patreon. They claimed that they were "a collective of individuals who believe in the importance of protecting artists' rights and ensuring fair compensation for their work" and that they believed that "AI-generated artwork is detrimental to the creative industry and should be discouraged".