Philadelphia High School for Girls

# Philadelphia High School for Girls

## Abstract

The Philadelphia High School for Girls, also known as Girls' High, is a public college preparatory magnet high school for girls in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Established in 1848, it was one of the first public schools for women. It is a magnet school in the School District of Philadelphia with a competitive admissions process. Vincit qui se vincit (she conquers who conquers herself) is the school's motto. The school is located at Broad Street and Olney Avenue in the Logan section of Philadelphia.

## History

In 1848, the Girls' Normal School was established as the first secondary public school for women in Pennsylvania. It was also the first municipally supported teachers' school in the U.S. The first instructional session was held on February 1, 1848. By June 1848, there were 149 enrolled students, an incredibly large enrollment for a school at that time. The school continued to grow, forcing a move in 1854 to Sergeant Street between 9th and 10th Streets.

In April 1854, the name of the school was changed to the Girls' High School of Philadelphia. By June 1860, 65 graduates had received diplomas bearing the Girls' High School name. In 1860, the name of the school was again changed to The Girls' High and Normal School to better define the "design of the institution" as a school for an education confined to academic subjects and for future teachers.

In October 1876, a new school which "for convenience and comfort will probably have no superior" was constructed at Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets. At the time it was surpassed in size only by Girard College and the University of Pennsylvania.

In 1893, the High School and Normal School were separated into two distinct institutions. It was at this time that the institution became known as the Philadelphia High School for Girls. The school offered three parallel courses: a general course of three years with a possible postgraduate year, a classical course of four years, and a business course of three years. In 1898, a Latin-Scientific course "was designed to prepare students for the Women's Medical College, Cornell University, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Barnard, or such courses in the University of Pennsylvania as were open to women."

In the early 1930s, the school survived attempts to merge it with William Penn High School. Alumnae, faculty and friends of the school dedicated themselves to its preservation.

In 1933, a new school was erected at Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets to replace the one which had stood on the site since 1876. This historic building, now the site of Julia R. Masterman School, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

In May 1976, Vice Principal Dr. Florence Snite sued Katherine Day for libel because she had organized a demonstration protesting the administration's policy which barred lesbian alumnae from attending the prom.

In 1958, the school again outgrew its location and moved to its current site at Broad Street and Olney Avenue. Located down the street at Ogontz and Olney Avenue is Central High School, which, until 1983, was an all-male school. Prior to Central turning co-educational, the two schools had a partnership.

## Traditions

- Big Sister, Little Sister – Seniors are paired with incoming freshmen and act as their "big sisters". The "big sisters" provide transitional support to their "little sisters".

- Freshman Day, Sophomore Day, Junior Day – Each class is given a day to honor it. Students of the honored class generally sport flowers in their class color, host an auditorium show, and have a tea or other social gathering.

- Senior Day – Graduating seniors are given awards for their academic and extracurricular achievements. After the awards ceremony, they have lunch, often on the Spirit of Philadelphia or at the Chart House.

- Contest – started in 1913 and has evolved over the years. The seniors and freshmen team up to compete against the sophomores and juniors in a variety of competitions that span a few weeks.

- County Fair – A schoolwide all-afternoon fair in which each advisory class contributes food, games, and entertainment. All the money earned during county fair is given to a charity of choice by the winning advisory.

- Songs of the Season – The school's holiday show. The program begins with the procession of members of the school's Treble Clef Choir through a completely dark auditorium. Each choir member carries a single lit candle and chants "Hodie Christus Natus Est" by Benjamin Britten. The show continues with holiday performances by the school's various extracurricular groups and ethnic clubs. Jill Scott (a Girls' High alumna) made an appearance at Songs of the Season in 2006.

- Graduation – ceremony at the Academy of Music, and now at the Kimmel Center. All graduates wear white dresses and carry a bouquet of red carnations.

### School song

The school song has two parts. Alma Mater was written by Grade Gordon (1906) with music by F. Edna Davis (1906). Fidelitas was written by Emily Loman in June 1915.

## Notable alumnae

- Erika Alexander - actress and producer

- Gloria Allred - attorney

- Leslie Esdaile Banks - novelist

- Deborah Batts - Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

- Becky Birtha - poet and author

- Susan Braudy - author, journalist and Pulitzer nominee

- Elaine Brown - first woman head of the Black Panther Party

- Vanessa Lowery Brown - Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives who was convicted of bribery

- Blondell Reynolds Brown - politician; only woman to serve as Philadelphia City Councilmember At-Large 1999-2015

- Bebe Moore Campbell - author

- Mary Schmidt Campbell - president of Spelman College

- Barbara Chase-Riboud - artist, sculptor, bestselling novelist and award-winning poet

- Constance Clayton - first woman and first African American Superintendent of the School District of Philadelphia

- Mae Virginia Cowdery - poet

- Maria Donatucci - PA State Representative of the 185th District & current PA Chairwoman of Civil Service Committee (1972)

- Reed Erickson - philanthropist; transgender man who provided early support to the LGBT movement

- Jessie Redmon Fauset - Harlem Renaissance novelist; editor of The Crisis

- Eileen Folson - Grammy-nominated musician, Broadway composer (1974)

- Shirley Clarke Franklin - first woman mayor of Atlanta, GA

- Vanessa Northington Gamble - physician; authority on public health; chaired the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee

- Julie Gold - Grammy-winning songwriter, singer (1974)

- Tina Sloan Green - athlete

- Edith Grossman - translator of modern Latin American literature

- Helene Hanff - author, wrote 84 Charing Cross Road

- Barbara Harris - first woman ordained a bishop of the Episcopal Church

- Lillian Hoban - American illustrator and children's writer; published in over 1,400 publications; Lewis Carroll Shelf and Christopher Award winner

- Minnie Kenny - cryptologist; early NSA employee; former Chief of Language and Linguistics for the Office of Techniques and Standards of the NSA

- Milly Koss - computing pioneer

- Virginia Knauer - economic advisor to President Nixon and President Ford; first Director of the Office of Consumer Affairs

- Pinkie Gordon Lane - first African American poet laureate of Louisiana

- Carol Lazzaro-Weis - professor of Italian and French, translator and scholar

- Lisa Lopes - member of the best-selling female American group of all time, TLC

- Frederica Massiah-Jackson - President of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas

- Jeanette DuBois Meech – evangelist and industrial educator

- Pauline Oberdorfer Minor - one of the founders of Delta Sigma Theta sorority

- Wanda Nesbitt - U.S. Ambassador to Namibia (1974)

- Barbara Nissman - pianist in the grand Romantic tradition

- Ann Hobson Pilot - principal harpist, Boston Symphony Orchestra

- Howardena Pindell - artist, first African American curator at MoMA, activist for minorities in the arts, researcher, and author

- Rebecca S. Pringle - president, National Education Association

- Liza Redfield - American conductor, pianist, and composer; first woman to be the full-time conductor of a Broadway pit orchestra

- Katherine Gilmore Richardson - politician; Philadelphia City Councilmember At-Large

- Lisa Richette - Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas judge, legal pioneer, social activist, and author

- Judith Rodin - first woman President of the University of Pennsylvania; President of the Rockefeller Foundation

- Jill Scott - singer and actress

- Dolores Sloviter - first woman named Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit

- Marion Stokes - civil rights activist, founding Board member for the National Organization for Women, and philanthropist. Data and media archivist who recorded every news broadcast for decades. Her 70,000 tapes are being digitized by the Internet Archive.

- Zoe Strauss - photographer; nominee member of Magnum Photos

- C. Delores Tucker - politician and civil rights activist

- Mary L. Washington - politician

- Helen L. Weiss - composer and pianist

- Lisa Yuskavage - artist

## Controversy

Hafsah Abdur-Rahman, a Muslim student, was denied a diploma on stage by the school principal after performing the Griddy dance during the graduation ceremony on June 9, 2023.

## Notable faculty

- Ida Augusta Keller - plant physiologist; taught at the school, 1893–1930

## Sources

- The Public Schools of Philadelphia: Historical, Biographical, Statistical by John Trevor Custis, Burk & McFetridge Co. Publisher, 1897, Pg. 153&c.: Girls' Normal School, Girl's High School, Girls' High and Normal School


James Waugh

# James Waugh

## Abstract

James Waugh may refer to:

- James Waugh (racehorse trainer) (1831–1905), Scottish racehorse trainer

- James Waugh (politician) (born 1957), South African politician

- James Swanton Waugh (1822–1898) Irish clergyman in Australia

- Jim Waugh (1933–2010), American baseball pitcher

- Jimmy Waugh (1898–1968), English footballer


Football at the Summer Olympics

# Football at the Summer Olympics

## Abstract

Association football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games as a men's competition sport, except 1896 (the inaugural Games) and 1932 (in an attempt to promote the new FIFA World Cup tournament). Women's football was added to the official program at the Atlanta 1996 Games.

In order to avoid competition with the World Cup, FIFA have restricted participation of elite players in the men's tournament in various ways: currently, squads for the men's tournament are required to be composed of players under 23 years of age, with three permitted exceptions.

By comparison, the women's football tournament is a full senior-level international tournament, second in prestige only to the FIFA Women's World Cup.

Another major difference between the men's and women's tournaments is that the men's tournament is not included in the FIFA International Match Calendar, while the women's tournament is included. This in turn means that clubs are not required to release players for the men's tournament, but must release players for the women's event.

## History

### Pre-World Cup era

#### Beginnings

Football was not included in the program at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, as international football was in its infancy at the time. However, sources claim that an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition, with participating teams including Athens and Smyrna (İzmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. However, according to Bill Mallon 's research, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts.

Tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the Intercalated Games of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams. Although the IOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognised by FIFA, and neither recognises the Intercalated Games today. In 1900 the competition was won by the London amateurs of Upton Park FC, representing Great Britain. The 1904 tournament was won by Canada, represented by Galt FC.

#### British successes

In the London Games of 1908 a proper international tournament was organised by the Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of teams rose to eleven in 1912, when the competition was organised by the Swedish Football Association. Many of these early matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games; two players, Sophus Nielsen in 1908 and Gottfried Fuchs in 1912, each scored ten goals in a single match. All players were amateurs, in accordance with the Olympic rules, which meant that countries could not send their full senior national teams. The National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send an English national amateur team. Some of the English members played with professional clubs, most notably Derby County 's Ivan Sharpe, Bradford City F.C. Harold Walden and Chelsea 's Vivian Woodward. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beating Denmark both times.

#### 1920s and the rise of Uruguay

During the 1920 final against Belgium, the Czechoslovakia national football team walked off the field to protest the refereeing of John Lewis and the militarised mood within the stadium in Antwerp. This would be the final all-European football competition at the Olympic games, with Egypt, the United States, and Uruguay participating in 1924. With teams from new regions the quality of play increased, as did fan interest. Uruguay dominated the tournament, winning their four games by a combined score of 15-1: the final was a 3–0 victory over Switzerland. In 1928, football was the most popular event at the games and the final was an all-South American affair. Because no other major international tournament existed yet, Uruguay defeated Argentina 2–1 in what David Goldblatt says was "football's first world championship". After these tournaments, FIFA realized that the Olympic movement prevented nations from competing on an equal footing and, given that the Olympics only permitted amateurs to participate, did not represent the true strength of the international game. The popularity of international soccer gave FIFA the incentive to create an international tournament, and FIFA began organising the World Cup.

### After the first World Cup

#### Tumultuous '30s

Following Jules Rimet 's proposal in 1929 to initiate a professional World Championship of Football, the sport was dropped from the 1932 Los Angeles Games by FIFA in an attempt to promote the new tournament. Football returned to controversy at the 1936 Berlin Games. The German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisation's coffers. The Italian team intimidated a referee. Peru scored a contested victory over Austria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, and the game repeated. FIFA agreed, but the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics.

#### Soviet Bloc dominance amid amateurism controversy

As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. As a result, young Western amateurs had to face seasoned and veteran Soviet Bloc teams, which put them at a significant disadvantage. All Olympic football tournaments from 1948 to 1980 were dominated by the Soviet Union and its satellites. Between 1948 and 1980, 23 out of 28 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden (gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952), Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and Japan (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance. The next two tournaments saw some changes due to FIFA's changing of the call-up rules, with only Yugoslavia (bronze in 1984) and the Soviet Union (gold in 1988) winning medals for the Eastern Bloc.

#### Changes and developments

For the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players, however, FIFA still did not want the Olympics to rival the World Cup.

A compromise was struck that allowed teams from countries outside of UEFA and CONMEBOL to field their strongest sides, while restricting UEFA and CONMEBOL (the strongest confederations whose teams had played all finals and won every single World Cup title) countries to players who had not played in a World Cup.

The 1984 rules were maintained also for the 1988 edition, but with an additional rider: any European and South American footballers who had previously played less than 90 minutes in one single match of the World Cup, were eligible.

#### 1992–present: Age restrictions introduced

Since 1992, male competitors have been required to be under 23 years old, and since 1996, a maximum of three over-23-year-old players have been allowed per squad. African countries have taken particular advantage of this, with Nigeria and Cameroon winning in 1996 and 2000 respectively.

Because of the unusual format and the separation from the main national teams that play the World Cup and top continental tournaments, historically strong men's national teams have unimpressive Olympic records. Uruguay, who won the two tournaments prior to the World Cup's creation, only qualified again in 2012, after an 84-year absence. Argentina won silver twice (1928 and 1996) before the 2004 tournament, but its appearance in Athens 2004, in which it won the first gold medal, was only their seventh overall. Brazil's silver medals in the 1984, 1988 and 2012 editions were the best they had achieved until 2016's gold. Italy has only won the Olympic title once, in 1936, although along with the two bronzes, the team has the highest number of appearances in the tournament, with 15, the last in 2008. France won the Olympic title in 1984, but only qualified twice ever since. A team from Germany won the gold medal only once, in 1976 (East Germany), and the reunified team did not make an Olympic appearance until 2016, when they won silver. Spain has won gold as hosts in 1992, and followed it with two silver medals (in 2000 and 2020, having also won a third in 1920), along with a few failures to qualify.

### British non-involvement

Football in the United Kingdom has no single governing body, and there are separate teams for the UK's four Home Nations: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Further to this, only the English Football Association (FA) is affiliated to the British Olympic Association (BOA), and the FA entered "Great Britain" teams to the football tournaments until 1972.

In 1950, the FA abolished the distinction between "amateur" and "professional" football, and ceased to enter the Olympics. Even though FIFA has allowed professionals at the Olympics since 1984, the FA did not re-enter, as the Home Nations were concerned that a united British Olympic team would set a precedent that might cause FIFA to question their separate status in other FIFA competitions, and even their status on or the existence of the International Football Association Board.

When London was selected to host the 2012 Games, there was pressure on the English FA to exercise the host nation's automatic right to field a team. In 2009 the plan agreed by the FA with the Welsh FA, Scottish FA and Irish FA was only to field English players; however the BOA overruled this, and ultimately there were Welsh players in the men's squad and Scots players in the women's squad. After the 2012 games, the FA decided that no team would be entered in subsequent men's tournaments, but was open to fielding a women's team again. The distinction recognised the importance and status of Olympic football in the women's international game.

For the 2020 tournament, FIFA stated that the women's UK team (not applied to the men's UK team) may enter the Olympics after the four FAs agreed, depending on the performance of women's English team in 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup (which serves as the European qualification for the Olympics). This brought women's football under the BOA jurisdiction in line with the long-standing qualification rules in field hockey and rugby sevens, although the home nation's sevens teams were subsumed into a standing Great Britain team in 2022.

## Venues

Due to the number of large stadia required for the Olympic tournament, venues in distant cities – often more than 200 km (120 mi) away from the main host – are typically used for the football tournament. In an extreme example, two early-round venues for the 1984 Games were on the East Coast of the United States, well over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the host city of Los Angeles. The next Games held in the United States, the 1996 Games, were unique in that no matches were held in the host city of Atlanta; the nearest venue and the site of the finals was 65 miles (105 km) away on the University of Georgia campus in Athens. Counting the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics, there are 127 venues that have hosted Olympic football, the most of any sport.

## Competition format

From the 1992 Summer Olympics Football games always start before the opening ceremony because of the event's calendar which needs to be longer than other sports. Since 1996, football starts two days before the games opening ceremonies and since then it is a common condition for some sports.

For both the men's and women's tournaments, the competition consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a knockout stage. Teams are placed into groups of 4 teams, with each team playing each other team in its group once. Teams earn 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. The top two teams in each group (as well as the top two third-place finishers, in the women's tournament) advance to the knockout rounds. The knockout rounds are a single-elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and the gold and bronze medal matches.

Matches consist of two halves of 45 minutes each. Since 2004, during the knockout rounds, if the match is tied after 90 minutes, two 15-minute halves of extra time are played (extra time is skipped in favour of immediate penalty kicks in the bronze medal match if it is played on the same day in the same stadium as the gold medal match). If the score remains tied, penalty kicks, which is 5 rounds, plus extra rounds if tied, are used to determine the winner.

The qualifying tournament, like that for the World Cup, is organised along continental lines. Most continental confederations organise a special Under-23 qualifying tournament, although the European qualifiers are drawn from the finalists of the UEFA Under-21 Championship. Teams participating in the preliminary and final competitions must be composed of U-23 players, with up to three players who are at least 23. For Paris 2024, U-23 players were born after 1 January 2001.

For the 2024 Games, the number of places allocated to each continent is:

- Europe – 4 (includes host France)

- Asia – 3 or 4

- Africa – 3 or 4

- South America – 2

- North America – 2

- Oceania – 1

## Team variants

### Men

- 1900 – 1904: Club teams

- 1908 – 1948: National teams (full A)

- 1952 – 1980: National amateur teams (countries from Eastern Europe competed with esentially professional players nominally employed by organs of the state such as armed forces.)

- 1984 – 1988: National teams (with UEFA / CONMEBOL restrictions)

- 1992: National U23 team

- 1996 –present: National U23 team (with three overage players)

### Women

- 1996 –present: National team (full A)

## Men's tournament

### Participating nations

Numbers refer to the final placing of each team at the respective Games. Host nation is shown in bold.

### Performances by countries

Below are the 41 nations that have reached at least the semi-finals in the Summer Olympics finals.

## Women's tournament

The women's tournament is contested between the full senior national teams, with no restrictions. One place is reserved for the host country. Of the remaining teams, as in World Cup contests, a specific number of places are reserved for teams from each continental region; the European (UEFA) teams until 2020 are chosen from the most successful European teams in the previous year's World Cup; the UEFA Women's Nations League which its finals is held in the same year as the Olympics was used from 2024, while the other continental regions host their own qualifying tournaments in the build-up to the Olympics.

The first women's tournament was at the 1996 Atlanta Games. The United States won the gold medal. Norway defeated the U.S. in 2000 by a golden goal that was highly controversial and seemed like a handball, but was allowed to stand. The finals of the next two tournaments, in 2004 and 2008, also went to extra time, with the U.S. defeating Brazil both times. In 2012 the U.S. won their fourth gold medal defeating Japan 2–1 in the final. In 2016 Germany won its first gold, defeating in the final Sweden, who upset in the succession the U.S. and hosts Brazil. In 2020, Canada won gold on penalties over Sweden, having previously also beaten Brazil and the U.S.

Allocation of places for each continent in the 2024 Games was:

- Europe – 3 (includes host France)

- Africa – 2

- Asia – 2

- South America – 2

- North America – 2

- Oceania – 1

### Participating nations

Numbers refer to the final placing of each team at the respective Games. Host nation is shown in bold.

### Results

- a.e.t. – after extra time

- a.s.d.e.t. – after sudden death extra time

### Performances by countries

Below are the ten nations that have reached at least the semi-finals in the Summer Olympics finals.

## Overall medal table

- Total medals won (men's and women's) including 1900 and 1904

- Bronze medals shared in 1972 tournament

## Works cited


Yoram Zague

# Yoram Zague

## Abstract

Yoram Zague (born 15 May 2006) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain.

## Club career

Initially a youth player at AJN Bagnolet and Paris FC, Zague joined Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) in 2019, entering the club's academy. On 4 August 2023, it was announced that he had signed his first professional contract with PSG, which would take effect on 1 July 2024 and last until 30 June 2027. During the 2023–24 season, he established himself as the captain of the PSG under-19s, under the direction of head coach Zoumana Camara. On 6 April 2024, Zague made his professional and Ligue 1 debut for PSG in a 1–1 draw against Clermont, playing the full 90 minutes. On his 18th birthday on 15 May, he scored his first goal for PSG in a 2–1 win over Nice.

## International career

On 31 October 2023, Zague was called up to the France under-17s for the 2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Indonesia. The team went on to qualify for the final for the second time in history, and was eventually defeated by Germany in a penalty shoot-out.

## Personal life

Born in Paris, France, Zague is of Ivorian descent.

## Career statistics

## Honours

Paris Saint-Germain U19

- Championnat National U19: 2023–24; runner-up: 2022–23

Paris Saint-Germain

- Ligue 1: 2023–24

France U17

- FIFA U-17 World Cup runner-up: 2023

France U18

- Lafarge Foot Avenir: 2023


Jahangiri (surname)

# Jahangiri (surname)

## Abstract

Jahangiri is a surname commonly used in Iran and Pakistan.

In Pakistan, it is used by the members of prominent Jehangiri clan of the Swati tribe living in Hazara Division.

Notable people with the surname include:

- Eshaq Jahangiri (born 1958), 6th first Vice President of Iran

- Sultan Awais Jahangiri (born 1490), Last King of Sultanate of Swat

- Bashir Jahangiri Swati (born 1937), 17th Chief Justice of Pakistan

- Babar Saleem Jahangiri Swati, Speaker of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly, Pakistan

- Khan Khudadad Khan Jahangiri Swati, 1st Health Minister of Pakistan

- Marjan Jahangiri (born 1962), British professor of cardiac surgery

- Nader Jahangiri (born 1945), Iranian linguist

- Reza Jahangiri (born 1978), American businessman

- Tariq Mehmood Jahangiri Swati, Pakistani Jurist


2003 in Georgia (country)

# 2003 in Georgia (country)

## Abstract

## Incumbents

- President of Georgia: Eduard Shevardnadze (until November 23, 2003), Nino Burjanadze (acting; since November 23, 2003)

- State Minister: Avtandil Jorbenadze (until November 23, 2003), Zurab Zhvania (since November 23, 2003)

- Chairperson of the Parliament: Nino Burjanadze (until November 23, 2003), Mikheil Machavariani (acting; since November 23, 2003)

## Events

- February 3 – Georgia pledges its support to the planned United States -led campaign against Iraq.

- March 21 – The Parliament of Georgia ratifies the U.S.-Georgian military agreement, allowing the U.S. military to utilize the mutually agreed facilities in Georgia.

- March 23–24 – Around 30 former servicemen of the National Guard of Georgia attempt at mutiny, ostensibly to attract attention to their difficult social conditions, but eventually surrender to the Georgian police.

- April 7 – The Union of Citizens of Georgia, the Socialist Party and the newly established political movement Great Silk Road coalesce into the pro-Shevardnadze bloc For New Georgia to run for the November parliamentary elections.

- June 5 – Three employees of the U.N. Observers Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) and one Georgian interpreter are abducted in the Kodori Gorge, the only part of breakaway Abkhazia more or less controlled by Georgia, only to be released unharmed on June 10.

- July 1 – Georgia and the Russian energy giant Gazprom sign an agreement on strategic cooperation for 25 years.

- August 3 – Georgia sends its first military detachment to Iraq to be deployed in the city of Tikrit.

- September 10 – One hundred and twenty-nine convicts escape from the Rustavi top security prison near Tbilisi, killing one prison guard and injuring another in the largest ever jailbreak in Georgia, prompting the Justice Minister Roland Giligashvili to resign.

- September 19 – President Shevardnadze yields demand from the Georgian Orthodox Church and public pressure to refuse to sign a concordat with the Holy See.

- October 23 – The authorities of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara violently disperse an opposition rally organized by the United National Movement, the largest protest in the region since Aslan Abashidze ’s ascent to local power early in the 1990s.

- November 2 – Parliamentary elections, simultaneously with the referendum on reduction of parliamentary seats from 235 to 150, are held in Georgia in a chaotic voting process.

- November 22 – Georgian opposition supporters led by Mikheil Saakashvili took control of the government and parliamentary buildings after three tense weeks of mass protests against the election fraud.

- November 23 – President Shevardnadze resigns in the wake of mass opposition protests in what is to become known as the Rose Revolution. The chairwoman of the outgoing parliament Nino Burjanadze succeeds as the President of Georgia on an interim basis.

- November 23 – Shevardnadze's supporter Aslan Abashidze declares state of emergency in his region of Adjaria.

- November 25 – The outgoing Parliament of Georgia schedule snap presidential election for January 4, 2004.

## Deaths

- March 4 - Jaba Ioseliani, retired politician and warlord (born 1926); stroke.


Dash Rip Rock

# Dash Rip Rock

## Abstract

{{Infobox musical artist| name = Dash Rip Rock| image = Dash Rip Rock Jazzfest.jpg| image_size =| image_upright =| landscape = Yes| origin = Baton Rouge, Louisiana now based in New Orleans, Louisiana | genre = Template:Flatlis

Dash Rip Rock is an American rock band. The band is best known for its cowpunk sound, which mixes punk rock, rockabilly, hard rock, country and boogie. The New York Times stated that Dash Rip Rock combines “fluency in American roots music with a robust dose of punk-rock spirit.” Bill Davis, Dash Rip Rock's founder and frontman, is a songwriter known for his blistering guitar work. Spin praised Dash Rip Rock as “undeniably the South’s greatest rock band.” In 2012, Dash Rip Rock was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.

"Their roots sound's supercharged with energy and an overdose of irreverence, delivered with crunchy swagger," Creative Loafing wrote.

## History

Guitarist, songwriter, and vocalist Bill Davis formed Dash Rip Rock as a three-piece band during the summer of 1984. Davis was influenced by the early 1980s American roots rock revival, embodied by such acts as Rank and File, The LeRoi Brothers, The Beat Farmers, The Stray Cats, and Jason & the Scorchers.

The other two original members were bassist Ned "Hoaky" Hickel and F. Clarke Martty on drums. All three were veterans of the post-punk scene. Originally, the band focused on revved up country and rockabilly, with Martty playing a simple stand-up drum kit and members sporting cowboy shirts, and bolo ties. "No one can replace Bill Davis," the Austin Chronicle wrote in 2008. "He’s the brains behind Dash’s brawn, a barroom poet with a wicked sense of humor and a shameless knack for a good lick. He doesn't mind taking good-natured potshots at New Orleans icons like Aaron Neville but he’s capable of writing memorable heartbreakers like “Endeavor.”

Dash Rip Rock released a self-titled debut album in 1986 on 688 Records. In 1988 the band recorded its second album, Ace of Clubs, on Mammoth Records. Dash Rip Rock toured with The Cramps, The Reverend Horton Heat, The dB's and others. In the 1990s, Dash Rip Rock's song "Let's Go Smoke Some Pot", a parody of Danny and the Juniors ' " At the Hop " became a tongue-in-cheek staple of the band's live shows and a nationwide radio hit that has since been covered by many bands. The parody has been adopted by some as a pro-marijuana song. Its popularity soars on April 20 every year

In 2005 Jello Biafra released Dash Rip Rock's retrospective CD Recyclone on the Alternative Tentacles label, followed in 2007 by Dash's first concept album, a punk rock opera based on Dante's Inferno, Hee Haw Hell. August 1, 2008 saw the release of a new studio album, Country Girlfriend.

In 2010, the Houston Press deemed DRR one of the "Top 10 Louisiana Bands of All Time." Bill Davis was also featured in the documentary, Outside Industry: The Story of SXSW. In 2010, Dash Rip Rock's song "Johnny Ace" was featured in the video game Rock Band.

In 2011, Bill Davis also joined Jello Biafra to form Jello Biafra and the New Orleans Raunch & Soul All-Stars. After selecting songs and recruiting musicians, DRR's Bill Davis and this one-time-only band of mostly-Louisiana rockers played a special show in New Orleans. The band featured Jello Biafra, Bill Davis (Dash Rip Rock), Pepper Keenan (DOWN and Corrosion of Conformity), and others.

In 2012, Dash Rip Rock was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. In November 2012, Alternative Tentacles Dash Rip Rock released DRR's new album Black Liquor. It was recorded at Studio in the Country in Bogalusa, Louisiana, and produced by Ben Mumphrey. Bill Davis of Dash Rip Rock also cut the track "Rock 'N' Roll Clown" for an album by The Vibrators that was released on Cleopatra Records in 2013. Dash Rip Rock also recorded a tribute album to Billy Joe Shaver that was released in 2013 on Whiskey Bayou Records. It was produced by Tab Benoit. In 2013 Dash Rip Rock played back-up for a one-time only show with southern rock pioneers Jim "Dandy" Mangum and Rickey Lee “Risky” Reynolds of Black Oak Arkansas. In 2014 Punk News announced that Bill Davis of Dash Rip Rock would be appearing on lead guitar and lead vocals on a track on a forthcoming Black Oak Arkansas tribute album with Greg Ginn of Black Flag, Paul Leary and Jeff Pinkus of Butthole Surfers, Shooter Jennings, and others. Mutants of the Monster: A Tribute to Black Oak Arkansas was released by Saustex Records in 2016.

In 2023, Dash Rip Rock released the album Cowpunk. It was produced and engineered by Dave Catching at Rancho de La Luna recording studio in Joshua Tree, California.

In February 2024, Dash Rip Rock's Bill Davis lost his friend, mentor, former touring partner, and former Otis bandmate, Mojo Nixon, while Dash Rip Rock was performing on SiriusXM's Outlaw Country Cruise.

In August 2024, Dash Rip Rock recorded six songs for a forthcoming vinyl EP at Dial Back Sound in Water Valley, Mississippi. The session was produced by Bobby Matt Patton, bassist for the Drive-By Truckers and co-owner of Dial Back Sound Studio. Patton has also played with Laura Jane Grace & the Mississippi Medicals, the Dexateens, and Model Citizen. In 2024, Dash Rip Rock's Bill Davis contributed lead guitar tracks for the Laura Jane Grace & the Mississippi Medicals song "Razor Blade Blues."

## Discography

### Studio albums

- Dash Rip Rock (1986, 688 Records)

- Ace of Clubs (1989, Mammoth Records)

- Not of This World (1990, Mammoth Records)

- Tiger Town (1993, Doctor Dream Records)

- Get You Some of Me (1996, Ichiban Records/Naked Language Records)

- Paydirt (1998, P.C. Records)

- Sonic Boom (2002, Write On Records)

- Hee Haw Hell (2007, Alternative Tentacles)

- Country Girlfriend (2008, Abitian)

- Call of the Wild (2010, Alternative Tentacles)

- Black Liquor (2012, Alternative Tentacles)

- Dash Does Shaver (2013, Whiskey Bayou Records)

- Wrongheaded (2015, Drag Snake Records)

- Cowpunk (2023, Drag Snake/Whiskey Tan Records)

### Live albums

- Boiled Alive! (1991, Mammoth Records)

### Compilations

- Dash Rip Rock's Gold Record (1996, Ichiban)

- Testosterone (1997, Festival Records)

- Hits and Giggles (2000, Pravda)

- Recyclone (2004, Alternative Tentacles)


National FFA Organization

# National FFA Organization

## Abstract

The National FFA Organization or FFA is an American nonprofit career and technical student organization, which offers middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. FFA was founded in 1925 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, by agriculture teachers Henry C. Groseclose, Walter Newman, Edmund Magill, and Harry Sanders as Future Farmers of Virginia. In 1928, it became a nationwide organization known as Future Farmers of America.

In 1988, the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as FFA, to recognize that the organization is for students with diverse interests in the food, fiber, and natural resource industries, encompassing science, business, and technology in addition to production agriculture. FFA is among the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 945,988 members in 9,163 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. FFA is the largest of the career and technical student organizations in U.S. schools.

The organization holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code.

## Overview

The National FFA Organization is a youth leadership organization that makes a positive difference in the lives of young people by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agriculture education. The FFA Motto is Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Learning to Live, Living to Serve.

FFA functions within the three-circle model of agricultural education as a student leadership organization that complements a student's classroom/laboratory instruction and supervised agricultural experience program. FFA members can compete in Career Development Events (CDE) that cover job skills in everything from communications to mechanics. Some events allow students to compete as individuals, while others allow them to compete in teams. These competitions can happen at a local or district level, state level, and on the national level.

Students are taught by educators with the help of parents, employers, and adults who assist in their development by helping them achieve their educational and career goals.

The official colors of FFA are national blue and corn gold.

## Supervised Agricultural Experience programs

To be an active member in the National FFA Organization, a member must have a Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) project. The projects involve hands-on application of concepts and principles learned in the agricultural education classroom, with guidelines for the SAE projects governed by the state FFA delegation. SAE programs are grouped into four areas:

- Foundational – learning about the 'big picture' of agriculture and related careers

- Research/Experimentation and Analysis – conducting research or analysis of information to discover new knowledge

- Ownership/Entrepreneurship – planning and operation of an agriculture-related business

- Placement/Internship – working either for pay or experience in an agricultural setting

## Official FFA dress

### FFA jacket

The most recognizable symbol of the organization is the blue corduroy jacket that is worn by FFA members. The back of the jacket features a large FFA emblem underneath the name of the member's state. The name of the local FFA chapter, district, region or area is embroidered below the emblem. The front of the FFA jacket features a smaller FFA emblem on the left chest and the FFA member's name and sometimes, if applicable, office and year on the right chest. Members may also wear award pins or officer pins under their names. FFA members are required to wear the jacket as part of the official dress while participating in all official organization activities.

The FFA jacket was created to be worn by the Fredericktown Band of the Fredericktown FFA Chapter by Dr. Gus Lintner. It was adopted in 1933.

The color of the jacket's corduroy has ranged from shades of blue to shades of purple through the years. In 2004, the National FFA Organization worked with a supplier in North Carolina to set a new standard for the blue corduroy by using samples from archived FFA jackets. The jacket's color standardization was accompanied by a restoration of the embroidered FFA emblems and fit corrections led by Clemson University 's Apparel Research Center. The improved FFA jacket, produced in both Van Wert, Ohio and South Vietnam, was first made available in August 2005. Currently, all lettering, embroidery and finishing of FFA jackets is completed by Universal Lettering Company in Van Wert, Ohio.

### Elements of FFA official dress

FFA members are required to wear official FFA dress while participating in official organization activities. The National FFA Organization recently updated its bylaws, stating that members may wear any item they are comfortable in, including those which were previously reserved for only one gender. Religious garb, such as headwear, is also allowed.

Official dress consists of black slacks or a black skirt, a white button-up shirt with collar, an official FFA blue scarf or tie, black dress shoes with closed heel and toe, black socks or nylon hosiery, and an official FFA jacket zipped to the top.

### Awards and pins

FFA members earn metal pins that signify achievement within the organization. These pins can be placed on the front of the FFA jacket; however, official guidelines state that no more than three pins may be worn at one time. The pins are to be placed beneath the FFA member's name on the right chest and can recognize the highest degree, highest office, and/or highest award in that order from left to right. Two exceptions exist within pin placement guidelines. When an FFA member earns a State FFA Degree or American FFA Degree, the award keys should be worn above the name on the right chest or attached to the FFA jacket with a standard key chain, and no other pins should accompany these.

## Traditions

FFA has many traditions and trademarks identifying it as an agricultural education organization:

The FFA Motto: Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.

The FFA Mission: The National FFA Organization is dedicated to making a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agricultural education.

The Official FFA Colors: National Blue and Corn Gold (worn on the Official FFA jackets).

The FFA Emblem:Cross section of the ear of corn: represents unity. Wherever you live in the United States, corn is grown everywhere. Rising Sun: signifies progress. It represents that tomorrow will always bring a new day.Plow: signifies labor and tillage of the soil. It also shows the historic foundation of our country's strength. Eagle: symbolizes freedom and our ability to explore the new agriculture world. Owl: represents knowledge. Long recognized for wisdom and knowledge. Agriculture Education and FFA: symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership.

The FFA Creed:The creed was written by Erwin Milton "E.M." Tiffany of Lyndon, Kansas and adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention. It was revised at the 38th and 63rd National FFA Conventions by the assembled delegate body. It is recited by new members to the organization to reflect their growing belief in agriculture and agricultural education. The FFA Creed also must be memorized and recited to earn the Greenhand Degree.

I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds – achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists; in the promise of better days through better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years. I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits, is pleasant as well as challenging; for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which, even in hours of discouragement I cannot deny. I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own and the public interest in producing and marketing the product of our toil. I believe in less dependence on begging and more power in bargaining; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so-for others as well as myself; in less need for charity and more of it when needed; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me. I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task.

## Structure

FFA is represented at several different levels across the nation; FFA administration may change from state to state. The basic levels are the national level, serving all of the United States of America, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the state level, serving an individual state association; and the chapter level, serving a school or set of schools in an area. By definition, there can be three types of chapters at the secondary level, they are middle for middle school, junior for ninth grade and senior which can be either tenth through twelfth or ninth through twelfth depending on the school. Other levels include districts, sub districts, sections, regions, areas, and federations.

FFA was created to serve high school students and has moved into middle schools where membership may begin as early as age 12, allowing members to become active earlier and stay active longer. Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization. Collegiate chapters exist as well.

Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024. In 2018, FFA announced that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2025 to 2031. In 2023 FFA announced an extension of the Indianapolis contract. The National Convention is now set to be held in Indianapolis until 2033

## Officers of FFA

As FFA is a student-led organization intended to serve youth around the nation, it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA. With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by, and why the particular position is stationed as so. Typical officer roles are:

### Constitutional officers

- President — Stationed by the rising sun, a token of a new era in agriculture; presides over meetings

- Vice President — Stationed by the plow, the symbol of labor and tillage of the soil; presides over meetings in the absence of the president

- Secretary — Stationed by the ear of corn, to keep a record of all meetings and correspond with other secretaries wherever corn is grown and FFA(Future Farmers of America) members meet

- Treasurer — Stationed by the emblem of George Washington, to keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements just as Washington kept his farm accounts, carefully and accurately

- Reporter — Stationed by the flag, strives to inform the public in order that every man, woman, and child may know that FFA is a national organization that reaches from the state of Alaska to the Virgin Islands and from the state of Maine to Hawaii

- Sentinel — Stationed by the door, the sentinel ensures the door is open to all, cares for the meeting room and paraphernalia, strives to keep the meeting room comfortable as well as assists the president in maintaining order

### Others may include

- Chaplain — Stationed by the white dove or Bible. The Chaplain presides over prayers and invocations at events.

- Parliamentarian — Stationed by the Fasces or a copy of Robert's Rules of Order. Parliamentarian's ensure parliamentary procedure is always followed.

- Historian — Stationed at the scroll or chapter scrapbook. Historians maintain the chapter scrap book and keep records of past events. They may also work closely with the chapter Reporter.

- Student Advisor — Stationed by the owl or the key. Student advisors take some of the roles of the advisor. Assisting where ever needed. A student advisor may also perform the duties of an officer in their absence (minus president and Vice President)

- Executive Committee/Executive Board

Each officer is an agriculture student and holds responsibilities needed to serve. Officers are elected each year by members at the respective level.

### National officers

At the national level, the organization has student-held positions of president, secretary, and vice president for each of the four administrative regions (Eastern, Southern, Central, and Western).

## Notable historic events and milestones

- 1928: FFA is established.

- 1929: National Blue and Corn Gold are adopted as official colors.

- 1930: Official FFA creed adopted.

- 1944: FFA Foundation formed.

- 1950: Congress grants FFA a Federal Charter, recognizing the importance of FFA as an integral component of School-Based Agricultural Education.

- 1953: FFA U.S. postage stamp issued by U.S. Postal Service.

- 1965: FFA was desegregated; FFA absorbed the New Farmers of America organization for students of color.

- 1969: FFA membership becomes available to female students.

- 1988: Official Name change from Future Farmers of America to National FFA Organization.

- 2006: National FFA Foundation receives first $1 million contribution from Ford Motor Company.

- 2010: FFA members earn a record 3,449 American FFA Degrees.

- 2011: National FFA Alumni Association celebrates its 40-year anniversary.

- 2015: National FFA celebrates 50 years of desegregation following the merger of FFA and NFA.

- 2017: National FFA elects first female African-American National President, Ms. Breanna Holbert from the State of California.

- 2019: FFA celebrates 50 years of female leaders in the organization.

## Career & Leadership Development Events

FFA Career and Leadership Development Events (CDE/LDEs) are competitions that members compete in to test their skills learned through agricultural education instruction. They vary at the different levels of FFA, and some are contested only at certain levels or in specific states, districts, areas, or regions.

At the national level, there are 25 Career and Leadership Development Events offered:

- Agricultural Communications

- Agricultural Issues Forum

- Agricultural Sales

- Agricultural Technology & Mechanical System

- Agronomy

- Conduct of Chapter Meetings

- Creed Speaking

- Dairy Cattle Evaluation & Management

- Employment Skills

- Environmental & Natural Resources

- Extemporaneous Public Speaking

- Farm & Agribusiness Management

- Floriculture

- Food Science & Technology

- Forestry

- Horse Evaluation

- Livestock Evaluation

- Marketing Plan

- Meats Evaluation & Technology

- Milk Quality & Products

- Nursery/Landscape

- Parliamentary Procedure

- Poultry Evaluation

- Prepared Public Speaking

- Veterinary Science

Examples of CDE/LDEs offered in some states but not at the national level include:

- Agricultural Mechanics Skills

- Cattle Evaluation

- Creed Speaking

- Horse Evaluation

- Livestock Evaluation

- Tractor driving

- Parli law

- Range Judging

- Vet Science

## Talent Competition, Band, and Chorus

In addition to the various Career and Leadership Development Events, the organization also hosts a national band and chorus alongside a talent competition. Although not officially recognized until the 20th National FFA Convention, concert bands have been present in the FFA since 1933. The debut of the National FFA Chorus and Talent was in 1948 at the 20th National FFA Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. Since then, members of the talent competition chorus, and band have provided entertainment at each National FFA Convention during the sessions. Members of the talent competition must apply and audition directly in the case that their state does not host a competition. In this instance, they must win their own state competition to qualify. Similarly, members seeking to be in the national band and chorus must apply to participate.

## Notable alumni

### In politics

- Sam Brownback, United States Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, former Governor of Kansas, former United States Senator, former United States representative, past state FFA President and national FFA vice president

- Harold Brubaker, North Carolina state representative, past National FFA Secretary from Pennsylvania

- Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, 39th President of the United States

- Matt Lohr, Chief of USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service, former Virginia state representative, past state FFA President and National FFA Vice President

- Bruce Maloch, Arkansas state senator, past state FFA President and National FFA Secretary

- Jeff Miller, United States Representative from Florida, past state FFA Secretary

- Rick Perry, former United States Secretary of Energy, former Governor of Texas, past district FFA officer

- Jason Smith, United States Representative from Missouri

- Joe Wright, Kentucky State Senate majority floor leader from 1981 to 1992 and founding member of the Kentucky FFA Foundation

### In entertainment

- Trace Adkins, country music singer

- Johnny Cash, country and rock & roll music singer/songwriter, actor

- Chris Colfer, actor best known for Glee

- Easton Corbin, country music singer/songwriter

- Steve Doocy, network-television personality on the Fox News Channel and a best selling author; co-host of Fox & Friends in the mornings

- Matthew Fox, actor best known for Lost and Party of Five

- Brantley Gilbert, country music singer

- Don Henley, music entertainer

- Toby Keith, country music singer, actor

- Lyle Lovett, country music singer

- Taj Mahal, singer, songwriter, legally Henry Saint Clair Fredericks. Was dairy farmer in Massachusetts

- Nicolas Cage, actor

- Tim McGraw, country music singer

- John Mellencamp, recording artist, co-founder of Farm Aid

- Eddie Montgomery, country music singer, half of the duo Montgomery Gentry

- Craig Morgan, country music singer/songwriter

- Willie Nelson, country music singer

- Jim Ross, WWE Hall of Famer, past state FFA Vice President

- Orion Samuelson, radio broadcaster

- Josh Shipp, motivational speaker and entertainer

- Taylor Swift, country and pop music singer/songwriter, actress

### In the arts

- Jim Davis, creator of the Garfield comic strip

- Jared Hess, director of Napoleon Dynamite

- Nicholas Kristof, Pulitzer Prize winner, past Oregon State Officer

### Other

- Josh Allen, quarterback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League

- Leonard J. Arrington, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints historian; "Dean of Mormon History", past National FFA Vice President

- Howard Warren Buffett, grandson of investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett, past FFA chapter president

- Bo Jackson, athlete; former multi-sport professional in football (NFL) and baseball (MLB)

- Sterling Marlin, NASCAR driver

- Brad Meester, football center for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League, past FFA chapter president

- Ellison Onizuka American astronaut, who successfully flew into space with Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-51-C. Died in the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger

- Rebecca Podio, Miss Wyoming 2013

- Bryant Reeves, retired professional basketball player for the NBA's Vancouver Grizzlies

- Carroll Shelby, automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur

- Chris Soules, The Bachelorette contestant and The Bachelor star, past Iowa FFA member

- Harry Stine, founder and owner of Stine Seed, past Iowa FFA member

- Mark Tauscher, offensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League


Manglehorn

# Manglehorn

## Abstract

Manglehorn is a 2014 American drama film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Paul Logan. The film stars Al Pacino, Holly Hunter, Harmony Korine, and Chris Messina. It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. The film was released in theaters on June 19, 2015 by IFC Films.

## Plot

A.J. Manglehorn is a reclusive Texas key-maker who spends his days caring for his cat, finding comfort in his work, and lamenting a long lost love. Enter kind-hearted bank teller Dawn whose interest in the eccentric Manglehorn may just be able to draw him out of his shell.

## Cast

- Al Pacino as A.J. Manglehorn

- Holly Hunter as Dawn

- Harmony Korine as Gary

- Chris Messina as Jacob

- Marisa Varela as Patricia

- Skylar Gasper as Kylie

## Production

The shooting of the film began on November 4, 2013 in Austin, Texas and the filming lasted for twenty-five days at different locations in the city. The film was scored by Austin post-rock band Explosions in the Sky and David Wingo.

## Release

The film premiered in competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. It was also screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released in theaters on June 19, 2015 by IFC Films.

## Reception

Manglehorn received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 50%, based on 84 reviews, with a rating of 5.4/10. The consensus reads: " Manglehorn boasts a nicely understated performance from Al Pacino, but that isn't enough to compensate for a slight story and uneven script." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 56 out of 100, based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


Jack Williams (rugby league)

# Jack Williams (rugby league)

## Abstract

Jack Williams (born 9 September 1996) is an Australian rugby league footballer who plays as a lock and second-row forward for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the National Rugby League (NRL). He states that he uses butter on his hands before each game to help him play

## Background

Williams was born in Pambula, New South Wales, Australia.

He played his junior rugby league for the Cooma Colts.

## Career

### 2018

In round 10 of the 2018 NRL season, Williams made his NRL debut for Cronulla, scoring a try in their 24–16 win over the Canberra Raiders.

### 2019

Williams made a total of 24 appearances for Cronulla in the 2019 NRL season as the club finished 7th on the table and qualified for the finals. Williams played from the bench in the club's elimination final defeat against Manly at Brookvale Oval.

### 2020

Williams played 17 games for Cronulla in the 2020 NRL season as the club finished 8th and qualified for the finals. He played in Cronulla's elimination final loss against Canberra.

### 2021

Williams played every match for Cronulla in the 2021 NRL season which saw the club narrowly miss the finals by finishing 9th on the table.

### 2022

Williams was limited to only six appearances for Cronulla in the 2022 NRL season as the club finished second on the table and qualified for the finals. Williams did not feature in Cronulla's finals campaign which saw them eliminated in the second week by South Sydney.

### 2023

Williams played a total of 24 games for Cronulla in the 2023 NRL season as Cronulla finished sixth on the table. Williams played in the clubs 13-12 upset loss against the Sydney Roosters which ended their season.

## Statistics

### NRL


Gypsy Joker Motorcycle Club

# Gypsy Joker Motorcycle Club

## Abstract

The Gypsy Joker Motorcycle Club (GJMC) is a " one-percenter " motorcycle club that was originally formed in San Bernardino, California on April Fool's Day, 1956. Though founded in the United States, the MC expanded successfully overseas and gained significant notoriety in Australia, the United States, and Norway.

It is considered by many to be one of the most difficult clubs in which to achieve full membership, due to tough requirements and a "prospecting" time that usually takes at least two years, as pointed out in the book The Brotherhoods: Inside the Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs by Professor Arthur Veno.

## Australia

In November 1969, Gypsy Joker Motorcycle Club Australia was founded by former members of the St Mary's Motorcycle Club who enjoyed riding Harley Davidson motorcycles. Sydney was the first chapter.

Following a friendly amalgamation with the notorious South Australian formed Mandamas MC and Gypsy Joker MC. the group has had a high profile in Australia, especially in the southern and western regions. The Gypsy Jokers are strong in Western Australia and considered to be one of Australia's most violent bikie gangs.

In June 2001, the Western Australia Police Force seized the home of Leslie "Lee" Hoddy, the national president of the Gypsy Jokers, as the proceeds of crime. An enraged Hoddy shouted at the policemen locking him out of his house "I know where you fuckers all live!", which led him being charged with making death threats. Hoddy who had once been a millionaire died a poor man in 2004 as the Crown had seized his assets, property and bank accounts. They are well known in Australia for the 2001 car bomb murder of Western Australia 's former chief detective Don Hancock, known as the Hancock case. The gang had an altercation with Hancock at the hotel he owned in Ora Banda which is 60 km north of Kalgoorlie. After setting up a campsite, Gypsy Joker Billy Grierson was shot dead by a sniper and it was alleged that Hancock was the shooter.

Gypsy Joker members claimed that on January 12, 2001, a member was severely beaten by police in Adelaide, South Australia for refusing to remove his motorcycle helmet and sunglasses.

In February 2008, police forced the Gypsy Jokers to dismantle its clubhouse fortifications, which include a concrete front wall, surveillance cameras and modified doors, in Perth, Western Australia. The club said the security was needed in the area where the burglary rate is high.

Two Gypsy Joker members were jailed on March 5, 2009 on charges of assault. On May 12, 2007, Dean Alan Adams and Peter Floyd Robinson attacked Petera Heta Haimona outside the Cactus Club in Gosnells, Western Australia and beat him with metal pipes.

A Gypsy Joker was charged with unlawful possession of a large sum of cash, weapons and ammunition on August 17, 2007. Police pulled his car over and discovered a gun, an expandable baton, capsicum spray and ammunition when they searched his vehicle.

A Gypsy Joker member was charged with attempted murder on March 17, 2009. He shot and wounded a member of the Newboys gang and former Hells Angel outside their clubhouse in Adelaide, South Australia.

On May 19, 2009, five Gypsy Jokers were involved in a drug-related shoot-out with another gang in Perth, Western Australia. Two were wounded and taken to hospital, one of whom was Club President Leonard Mark Kirby.

On April 14, 2012, Gypsy Joker Anthony Perish, his brother Andrew (a Rebels Motorcycle Club gang member) and Matthew Lawton were sentenced to eighteen, nine and fifteen years respectively for the murder of convicted drug trafficker Terry Falconer, conspiracy to commit murder and firearms and drug offences.

## United States

In December 1981, Donald Manuel Paradis, a leader of the Gypsy Joker, was convicted of the June 21, 1980 murder of Kimberly Anne Palmer, 19. Palmer and her boyfriend Scott Currier were murdered in Paradis's home. Paradis helped move the bodies to Post Falls, Idaho. Medical pathologist, William Brady, fostered the impression that Palmer had been killed in Idaho. This allowed Idaho to charge and convict Paradis with murder and sentenced to death. Public outcry and legal appeals managed to make it clear that the prosecution had withheld potentially exculpatory evidence, and Paradis' conviction was overturned. When Paradis finally won release from prison in April, 2001, David Bond was widely credited with contribution to his case. "Dave Bond believed in me," Paradis noted. "And he got a whole bunch of people to believe in me."

In 2004, the police raided the Gypsy Joker clubhouse in Portland, Oregon looking for two men wanted for armed robbery one of whom went by the street name Brick. (Brick later was found dead due to an altercation with a rival gang and could not be tried for said crimes.) The men were not there, however, and the club sued the Portland Police Bureau for $50,000 because of the damage caused in the raid.

On April 10, 2008, police raided the Gypsy Joker clubhouse in Kennewick, Washington and arrested four men for possession of methamphetamine. Stolen property and weapons were also seized from the premises.

On August 13, 2009, police in Nampa, Idaho, with assistance of the FBI, pulled over and detained approximately 60 to 70 members of the Gypsy Joker just off exit 38 on interstate 84. They were searched, interrogated, and photographed for future reference by law enforcement concerning gang affiliated activity.

As of July 2016, three people in Oregon were facing two counts of murder, one count each of criminal conspiracy to commit murder and two counts each of criminal conspiracy to commit kidnapping regarding the killing of Robert Huggins, once a high-ranking member of the group. Others were accused of hindering prosecution in this case. The investigation led to a raid of the Gypsy Joker clubhouse in North Portland that same year. Huggins' body was found beaten and mutilated in July 2015. His killers shot nails through his boots, carved out an ‘X’ on his body and knocked out his teeth.

On January 31, 2019 six members of the Oregon Gypsy Joker were charged with multiple crimes. The U.S. Attorney's Office said five defendants face charges of murder in aid of racketeering, kidnapping in aid of racketeering resulting in death, kidnapping resulting in death and conspiracy to commit kidnapping resulting in death for the June 30 to July 2, 2015 kidnapping and murder of Huggins. Huggins was a former Gypsy Joker member and resident of southeast Portland. The five defendants are accused of killing Huggins to maintain and increase their positions in the criminal club.

On April 30, 2024 Kyle Ray Campbell, son of the late President of the Kennewick, WA chapter of the Gypsy Jokers, was sentence to 25 years in federal penitentiary for possession with intent to distribute fentanyl.

https://www.justice.gov/usao-edwa/pr/richland-brothers-sentenced-decades-federal-prison-trafficking-hundreds-thousands

## Norway

Gypsy Joker MC Norway started out as a local Harley Davidson club on the 1st of April, 1997 under the name JOKER MC. The path towards becoming a new international chapter of the Gypsy Joker MC started in 2007.

In 2008 Joker MC members were seen wearing the 1% patch on their colors. For the time being it was still a local 1%-er club, but Gypsy Joker members were frequently observed around the clubhouse.

As the suspected plans of a merger became known, other international 1%er clubs opposed the idea of a new international 1%-er club being established in the country. Meanwhile, Joker MC made headlines after a bar brawl in a neighboring city, and after several local business shops put up signs with “Protected by Joker MC”. The police were fearing racketeering and mafia-style conditions in the city, and the club came under heavier surveillance. Several police raids followed in the years to come, without any charges being made.

Meanwhile, things started to heat up, and the Norwegian Police Security Service put the biker clubs as one of the highest ranking threats for domestic safety as they feared a new biker war brewing. The Joker MC clubhouse was fortified, and members of the club was observed riding with bullet proof vests under their colors/patch.

In November 2011 several Gypsy Jokers came to Norway from abroad, but were all stopped at the airport, where they were incarcerated for days before being shipped back home without being able to enter Norway. At the same time several police officers raided the Joker MC clubhouse. The Norwegian police treatment of the bikers caused several headlines in the US, as several of the members were US Veterans.

Just days after a big sign with Gypsy Joker MC decorated the former Joker MC clubhouse. Although the club rarely makes any public comments, a spokesperson did in this case make a statement, clearly meant as a jest on behalf of the police, calling the finalization of the patch-over a Christmas gift for the local police and their constant quest for more money and resources.

Although the club mostly keeps to itself, they continue to draw attention from both the public and the police, with the latest known police raid being in 2020 when armed police raided the club on the suspicion of a case involving violence and bodily harm. No charges were made following the raid.

Gypsy Joker MC Norway holds an annual Joker Run every 1st of May, gathering over hundred local bikers from different local motorcycle clubs.

Gypsy Joker MC Norway have a support club in Brazil, Jesters MC, established in 2016. Gypsy Joker members are frequently seen in Brazil. The pattern is similar to the patchover of Joker MC and its assumed that the Jesters MC is a foothold for the club to establish a full Gypsy Joker MC chapter in Brazil with time.

## Books