December 1993

# December 1993

## Abstract

The following events occurred in December 1993. For a more complete listing of notable deaths this month, see Deaths in December 1993.

## December 1, 1993 (Wednesday)

- In a barracks room at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California, United States Navy Ensign George P. Smith shot and killed Lt. j.g. Alton Grizzard, a former Navy Midshipmen quarterback, and Ensign Kerryn O'Neill, then shot and killed himself.

- In the desert near the border between Yemen and Saudi Arabia, Yemeni kidnappers freed American diplomat Haynes Mahoney after abducting him on November 25. Mahoney's captors negotiated with the Yemeni government for his release, making no demands of the U.S. government.

- On World AIDS Day, the World Health Organization announced that 14 million people worldwide were now infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

- A 19-year-old member of AIDS activist organization ACT-UP, who identified himself as "Luke Sissyfag", heckled U.S. President Bill Clinton during his World AIDS Day speech at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., shouting, "You are doing nothing. You are sitting on your hands."

- United States Secretary of the Navy John Howard Dalton announced that the Navy would assign hundreds of female sailors to aircraft carriers in 1994.

- STS-61: NASA postponed the scheduled launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour until the following day due to weather.

- Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 crashed in fog and drizzle during final approach to Chisholm-Hibbing Airport in Hibbing, Minnesota, killing all 18 people aboard.

- Born: Reena Pärnat, Estonian Olympic archer; in Pärnu, Estonia

- Died: Lynette Davies, 45, Welsh actress, suicide by drowning (approximate date) Ray Gillen, American rock singer-songwriter, 32 or 34, AIDS-related illness Sir Ivor Hele, CBE, 81, Australian war artist and portraitist

- Lynette Davies, 45, Welsh actress, suicide by drowning (approximate date)

- Ray Gillen, American rock singer-songwriter, 32 or 34, AIDS-related illness

- Sir Ivor Hele, CBE, 81, Australian war artist and portraitist

## December 2, 1993 (Thursday)

- NASA launched the Space Shuttle Endeavour on the STS-61 mission, the first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, at 4:26 a.m. Eastern Standard Time.

- French car maker Renault and Swedish car maker Volvo canceled a planned merger that would have created the world's sixth-largest automotive manufacturer after executives at Volvo forced a withdrawal over concerns about the direction of the future merged company.

- The Troubles in Keady: 23-year-old British Army soldier Paul Garrett was shot and killed by an Irish Republican Army sniper during an Army foot patrol in Keady, County Armagh, Northern Ireland.

- Detective James Edward O'Brien of the Oxnard, California Police Department was shot and killed while pursuing the suspect in a mass shooting at an unemployment office.

- Born: Kevin Fischnaller, Italian Olympic luger; in Brixen, South Tyrol, Italy Haruka Ishida, Japanese actress and television personality; in Saitama Prefecture, Japan Jak Roberto, Filipino actor, model and singer; in Nagcarlan, Laguna, Philippines Kostas Stafylidis, Greek footballer; in Thessaloniki, Greece

- Kevin Fischnaller, Italian Olympic luger; in Brixen, South Tyrol, Italy

- Haruka Ishida, Japanese actress and television personality; in Saitama Prefecture, Japan

- Jak Roberto, Filipino actor, model and singer; in Nagcarlan, Laguna, Philippines

- Kostas Stafylidis, Greek footballer; in Thessaloniki, Greece

- Died: Harry Julius Emeléus CBE, FRS, 90, British inorganic chemist Pablo Escobar, 44, Colombian drug lord, shot by Colombian National Police in Medellín, Colombia

- Harry Julius Emeléus CBE, FRS, 90, British inorganic chemist

- Pablo Escobar, 44, Colombian drug lord, shot by Colombian National Police in Medellín, Colombia

## December 3, 1993 (Friday)

- STS-61: The crew of Space Shuttle Endeavour sighted the Hubble Space Telescope and began the process of orbital rendezvous.

- Law enforcement authorities seized 315 kilograms (694 lb) of heroin in Pae, Thailand.

- The 1993 Davis Cup men's tennis final between Germany and Australia began at the Messe Düsseldorf Exhibition Hall in Düsseldorf, Germany.

- In Hartberg and Vienna, Austria, Roman Catholic priest August Janisch and journalist Silvana Meixner were injured when they opened letter bombs addressed to them. These would prove to be the first of a series of letter bombings targeted at advocates for ethnic minorities and immigrants in Austria.

- The 1993 National Finals Rodeo began at the Thomas and Mack Arena in Paradise, Nevada. It would conclude on December 12.

- Born: Marques Brownlee, American YouTuber and professional ultimate frisbee player; in Maplewood, New Jersey Clare Cryan, Irish diver

- Marques Brownlee, American YouTuber and professional ultimate frisbee player; in Maplewood, New Jersey

- Clare Cryan, Irish diver

- Died: Witold Majchrzycki, 84, Polish Olympic boxer Lea Mek, 18, member of the Asian Boyz street gang, murdered in gang shooting Lewis Thomas, 80, American physician, author and educator, Waldenstrom's disease

- Witold Majchrzycki, 84, Polish Olympic boxer

- Lea Mek, 18, member of the Asian Boyz street gang, murdered in gang shooting

- Lewis Thomas, 80, American physician, author and educator, Waldenstrom's disease

## December 4, 1993 (Saturday)

- STS-61: Swiss astronaut Claude Nicollier captured the Hubble Space Telescope with Space Shuttle Endeavour' s remote manipulator arm and berthed it in the shuttle's payload bay at 4:26 a.m. EST. At 10:46 p.m. EST, American astronauts Story Musgrave and Jeffrey A. Hoffman began the mission's first extravehicular activity, which would be the second-longest spacewalk up to that point in NASA's history.

- In Austria, a letter bomb sent to Helmut Schüller, president of the humanitarian organization Caritas Internationalis, was detected before being opened.

- On or about this date, police officer L.C. Underwood kidnapped and murdered Victor Gunnarsson, a former suspect in the 1986 assassination of Olof Palme, in North Carolina, perceiving Gunnarsson as a romantic rival for his former fiancée, Kay Weden. Three days later Weden's mother, Catherine Miller, would also be murdered; Underwood would be accused of that killing as well, but would never be tried for it.

- In the 1993 SEC Championship Game, played at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the Florida Gators defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide by a score of 28–13.

- American serial killer Richard Allen Davis provided investigators with information that allowed them to find the body of 12-year-old Polly Klaas, whom Davis had murdered on October 1.

- Born: Taco van der Hoorn, Dutch cyclist; in Rotterdam, Netherlands

- Died: Margaret Landon, 90, American Presbyterian missionary and writer Hugh Moore, QPM, 64, City of London Police commander, heart failure two weeks after violent struggle with suspect Roy Vernon, 56, Welsh international footballer, cancer Frank Zappa, 52, American guitarist and composer, prostate cancer

- Margaret Landon, 90, American Presbyterian missionary and writer

- Hugh Moore, QPM, 64, City of London Police commander, heart failure two weeks after violent struggle with suspect

- Roy Vernon, 56, Welsh international footballer, cancer

- Frank Zappa, 52, American guitarist and composer, prostate cancer

## December 5, 1993 (Sunday)

- STS-61: American astronauts Kathryn C. Thornton and Thomas Akers conducted the mission's second extravehicular activity overnight (EST).

- The 1993 World Women's Handball Championship concluded in Norway; Germany defeated Denmark in the final.

- The 1993 Davis Cup final concluded in Düsseldorf, Germany, with Germany defeating Australia 4:1.

- Omar Bongo was re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections.

- Helmut Zilk, the Mayor of Vienna, was severely injured and lost two fingers when he opened a letter bomb at his home. On the same day, two other letter bombs in Austria, one sent to the leader of a community of Slovenes and the other to Austrian Green Party politician Madeleine Petrovic, were discovered and neutralized before being opened. The series of letter bombings would prove to have been perpetrated by far-right extremist Franz Fuchs.

- The Troubles: Catholic civilians John Todd, 31, and Brian Duffy, 15, were shot and killed by the Ulster Freedom Fighters while sitting in a car outside a taxi depot in Ligoniel, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

- Rafael Caldera was elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ramón José Velásquez.

- Born: Ross Barkley, English footballer; in Liverpool, England

- Died: Doug Hopkins, 32, American musician and songwriter, suicide by gunshot Rita Macedo, 68, Mexican actress, suicide by gunshot

- Doug Hopkins, 32, American musician and songwriter, suicide by gunshot

- Rita Macedo, 68, Mexican actress, suicide by gunshot

## December 6, 1993 (Monday)

- STS-61: Astronauts Musgrave and Hoffman began the mission's third extravehicular activity at 10:34 p.m. EST.

- Between 10:00 p.m. on December 6 and 1:00 a.m. on December 7, 46-year-old Lynn Marie Stansfield and 43-year-old Dale Gene Wolf were shot to death in a house in Penn Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania. Firefighters discovered their bodies after responding to a fire at the house; it is believed the fire was set to destroy evidence. As of 2019 the murders would remain unsolved.

- Born: Jasprit Bumrah, Indian cricketer; in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Pedro Mendes, Portuguese footballer; in Barreiro, Portugal Tautau Moga, Samoa international rugby league footballer; in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia Miljan Rovcanin, Serbian professional boxer; in Bar, Republic of Montenegro, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

- Jasprit Bumrah, Indian cricketer; in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

- Pedro Mendes, Portuguese footballer; in Barreiro, Portugal

- Tautau Moga, Samoa international rugby league footballer; in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia

- Miljan Rovcanin, Serbian professional boxer; in Bar, Republic of Montenegro, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

- Died: Don Ameche, 85, American actor, prostate cancer Alexandre Trauner, 87, Hungarian set designer

- Don Ameche, 85, American actor, prostate cancer

- Alexandre Trauner, 87, Hungarian set designer

## December 7, 1993 (Tuesday)

- STS-61: Astronauts Thornton and Akers began the mission's fourth extravehicular activity at 10:13 p.m. EST. They replaced Hubble's High Speed Photometer (HSP) with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), the device that would correct for the spherical aberration of Hubble's primary mirror.

- The Transitional Executive Committee, a government-in-waiting including members of the African National Congress and the National Party, was established in South Africa.

- The Troubles: 38-year-old Catholic civilian Robert McClay was shot and killed by the Ulster Freedom Fighters at his home in Ballyhackamore, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

- In Garden City, New York, six people were murdered and 19 injured in the 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant.

- Richard Allen Davis was charged with the kidnapping and murder of Polly Klaas.

- Born: Jasmine V (born Jasmine Marie Villegas), American singer; in San Jose, California Rahama Sadau, Nigerian actress and filmmaker; in Kaduna, Nigeria Kiyou Shimizu, Japanese Olympic karateka; in Osaka, Japan

- Jasmine V (born Jasmine Marie Villegas), American singer; in San Jose, California

- Rahama Sadau, Nigerian actress and filmmaker; in Kaduna, Nigeria

- Kiyou Shimizu, Japanese Olympic karateka; in Osaka, Japan

- Died: Nicky Crane, 35, English neo-Nazi activist, AIDS-related bronchopneumonia Abidin Dino, 80, Turkish artist and painter Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 88, 1st President of Ivory Coast, the oldest African head of state, prostate cancer Wolfgang Paul, 80, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

- Nicky Crane, 35, English neo-Nazi activist, AIDS-related bronchopneumonia

- Abidin Dino, 80, Turkish artist and painter

- Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 88, 1st President of Ivory Coast, the oldest African head of state, prostate cancer

- Wolfgang Paul, 80, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

## December 8, 1993 (Wednesday)

- STS-61: Astronauts Musgrave and Hoffman began the mission's fifth and final extravehicular activity at 10:30 p.m. EST. The EVA would conclude at 5:51 a.m. EST on December 9.

- In Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, neo-Nazis Michael Peters and Lars Christiansen were convicted of the murders of the three Turkish people killed in the 1992 Mölln arson attack. For the firebombing that killed 51-year-old Bahide Arslan, 10-year-old Yeliz Arslan and 14-year-old Ayse Yilmaz, Peters was sentenced to life in prison and Christiansen to 10 years. These were the maximum possible sentences, since Christiansen was 19 at the time of the murders and was tried as a juvenile.

- Using eight pens, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law.

- Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, both in Boston, Massachusetts, approved a merger to cut costs and gain greater bargaining power with insurance companies. Each hospital would retain its own name and programs.

- Born: Janari Jõesaar, Estonian professional basketball player Cara Mund, Miss America 2018; in Bismarck, North Dakota Jordan Obita, English footballer; in Oxford, England AnnaSophia Robb, American actress, singer and model; in Denver, Colorado Óscar Salas, Honduran professional and Olympic footballer; in Olanchito, Honduras

- Janari Jõesaar, Estonian professional basketball player

- Cara Mund, Miss America 2018; in Bismarck, North Dakota

- Jordan Obita, English footballer; in Oxford, England

- AnnaSophia Robb, American actress, singer and model; in Denver, Colorado

- Óscar Salas, Honduran professional and Olympic footballer; in Olanchito, Honduras

- Died: Yevgeny Minayev, 60, Soviet Olympic champion weightlifter, starvation and hypothermia

## December 9, 1993 (Thursday)

- Andrew Lloyd Webber 's musical Sunset Boulevard received its American premiere in Los Angeles.

- Born: Mark McMorris, Canadian professional and Olympic snowboarder; in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Laura Smulders, Dutch Olympic racing cyclist; in Nijmegen, Netherlands Olga Zubova, Russian weightlifter

- Mark McMorris, Canadian professional and Olympic snowboarder; in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

- Laura Smulders, Dutch Olympic racing cyclist; in Nijmegen, Netherlands

- Olga Zubova, Russian weightlifter

- Died: Danny Blanchflower, 67, Northern Ireland international footballer and football manager, bronchopneumonia

## December 10, 1993 (Friday)

- STS-61: The crew of Space Shuttle Endeavour released the repaired Hubble Space Telescope back into orbit.

- 62-year-old Libyan human rights activist Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia, an opponent of Muammar Gaddafi, disappeared in Cairo, Egypt. His body would be found in October 2012 in a refrigerator in Tripoli, Libya.

- A knife-wielding man hijacked Air France Flight 2306 between Paris and Nice shortly before arriving at Nice. Despite demands to be flown to Tripoli, the aircraft landed as intended at Nice Côte d'Azur Airport, where all 123 passengers and six crew members onboard were released unharmed.

- Scottish soldiers Paul Callaghan and David Reid of the British Army's 5th Airborne Brigade were last seen alive this morning as they began an off-duty climbing weekend in Glen Coe, during which they would be swept away by an avalanche on Stob Coire nan Beith. After an extensive and dangerous search and rescue effort, their bodies would be found at the bottom of Summit Gully on December 14.

- The last shift left Monkwearmouth Colliery in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. The closure of the 158-year-old pit marked the end of the old County Durham coalfield, which had been in operation since the Middle Ages.

- Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk were awarded the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize at Oslo City Hall in Oslo, Norway.

- id Software 's Doom was released, becoming a landmark title in first-person shooter video games.

- Died: Fernand Mithouard, 84, French professional cyclist Alice Tully, 91, American opera and recital singer and arts patron Alan E. Zimmer, M.D., 64, American neuroradiologist, stroke

- Fernand Mithouard, 84, French professional cyclist

- Alice Tully, 91, American opera and recital singer and arts patron

- Alan E. Zimmer, M.D., 64, American neuroradiologist, stroke

## December 11, 1993 (Saturday)

- One of the three blocks of the Highland Towers near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia collapsed, killing 48.

- Henri Konan Bédié succeeded Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who died on December 7, as President of Ivory Coast.

- 1993 Chilean general election: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle was elected President of Chile with 58% of the vote.

- In the Atlantic Ocean, the 30-foot (9.1 m) boat on which 63-year-old Herbert Clarity and 47-year-old Anthony Suraleigh were sailing from New York to Bermuda capsized in a sudden storm with 35-foot (11 m) waves and 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) winds. The two men rode out the storm in a life raft for 11 hours before a Japanese freighter headed for Ireland rescued them. Clarity and Suraleigh would fly back to New York from Ireland on December 23.

- In Howard County, Maryland, 23-year-old David Mark Kohl was crushed to death by his brother's house when it slipped and fell on him while being raised on jacks to install a foundation underneath.

- Born: Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress and educator; in Tlaxiaco, Mexico Tyrone Gilks, Australian motorcycle personality; in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2013 in training crash) Mikoy Morales (born Vincent Marco Chu Morales), Filipino actor, model and singer; in Roxas, Capiz, Philippines

- Yalitza Aparicio, Mexican actress and educator; in Tlaxiaco, Mexico

- Tyrone Gilks, Australian motorcycle personality; in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia (d. 2013 in training crash)

- Mikoy Morales (born Vincent Marco Chu Morales), Filipino actor, model and singer; in Roxas, Capiz, Philippines

- Died: Bill Mumm OBE JP, 71, New Zealand rugby union player and politician Elvira Popescu, 99, Romanian-French actress

- Bill Mumm OBE JP, 71, New Zealand rugby union player and politician

- Elvira Popescu, 99, Romanian-French actress

## December 12, 1993 (Sunday)

- In the 1993 Russian constitutional referendum, 58.4% of voters approved of the new Constitution of Russia.

- The Troubles: Protestants Andrew Beacom, 46, and Ernest Smith, 49, both members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, were shot and killed by the Irish Republican Army while sitting in an RUC civilian-type car in Fivemiletown, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

- In Palm Beach County, Florida, a 450-pound (200 kg) lion named Helmut attacked and severely injured an employee at Lion Country Safari.

- Born: Zeli Ismail, English footballer; in Kukës, Albania

- Died: József Antall, 61, 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma Ned Barry, 88, New Zealand rugby union player and police officer

- József Antall, 61, 53rd Prime Minister of Hungary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma

- Ned Barry, 88, New Zealand rugby union player and police officer

## December 13, 1993 (Monday)

- 60 people died and 8 were injured in a fire at a textile factory in Fuzhou, China.

- Space Shuttle Endeavour landed at Kennedy Space Center at 12:26 a.m. EST, completing the successful STS-61 mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.

- The Congress of the Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 7659, reinstating capital punishment for selected crimes, which had been banned in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

- The Parliament of Kazakhstan approved the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and agreed to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.

- French erotic novelists Vanessa Duriès and Jean-Pierre Imbrohoris (known as Joy Laurey), Imbrohoris' wife (writer Nathalie Perreau) and Imbrohoris' son were killed in a traffic collision in Montélimar, France.

- The Troubles: 26-year-old Protestant civilian Noel Cardwell was found dead, shot by the Ulster Freedom Fighters, in an unoccupied flat in Shankill, Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was rumored to have been an informer.

- Former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell resigned as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and was succeeded as leader by Jean Charest.

- Born: Shaun Edwards, Australian rules footballer

- Died: Larry Cameron, 41, National Football League and Canadian Football League player and professional wrestler; heart attack in ring during match with Tony St. Clair in Bremen, Germany Vanessa Duriès (a.k.a. Katia Lamara), 20–21, French novelist, traffic collision Joy Laurey (pen name of Jean-Pierre Imbrohoris), 50, French novelist, traffic collision

- Larry Cameron, 41, National Football League and Canadian Football League player and professional wrestler; heart attack in ring during match with Tony St. Clair in Bremen, Germany

- Vanessa Duriès (a.k.a. Katia Lamara), 20–21, French novelist, traffic collision

- Joy Laurey (pen name of Jean-Pierre Imbrohoris), 50, French novelist, traffic collision

## December 14, 1993 (Tuesday)

- Algerian Civil War: Members of the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria massacred 12 Christian employees of the Croatian construction company Hidroelektra in a village southwest of Algiers.

- 19-year-old Nathan Dunlap, a former employee of an Aurora, Colorado Chuck E. Cheese, shot and killed four people at the restaurant and wounded a fifth. Dunlap would be sentenced to death in 1996. His sentence would be commuted to life in prison without the possibility of parole when Colorado abolished the death penalty in 2020.

- Born: Antonio Giovinazzi, Italian racing driver; in Martina Franca, Italy

- Died: Jeff Alm, 25, National Football League defensive tackle, suicide by gunshot after causing his best friend's death in car crash Shirley J. Dreiss, 44, American hydrologist and hydrogeologist, traffic collision Francis Jones CVO, TD, DL, FSA, MA, KStJ, 85, Welsh historian and officer of arms Myrna Loy, 88, American actress

- Jeff Alm, 25, National Football League defensive tackle, suicide by gunshot after causing his best friend's death in car crash

- Shirley J. Dreiss, 44, American hydrologist and hydrogeologist, traffic collision

- Francis Jones CVO, TD, DL, FSA, MA, KStJ, 85, Welsh historian and officer of arms

- Myrna Loy, 88, American actress

## December 15, 1993 (Wednesday)

- A Lockheed C-130 Hercules military plane carrying relief supplies for victims of Typhoon Lola crashed into a hill and exploded in Libmanan, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Out of about 30 people on board, twenty-four bodies were retrieved from the crash site.

- First Nagorno-Karabakh War: The Azerbaijani Armed Forces launched Operation Kalbajar, a military offensive against the Armed Forces of Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which would continue until February 1994.

- The Troubles: Irish Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and British Prime Minister John Major issued their joint Downing Street Declaration on the future of Northern Ireland.

- The Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks reached a successful conclusion after seven years.

- Born: Yuko Araki, Japanese actress and model; in Tokyo, Japan Alina Eremia, Romanian singer; in Buftea, Ilfov County, Romania

- Yuko Araki, Japanese actress and model; in Tokyo, Japan

- Alina Eremia, Romanian singer; in Buftea, Ilfov County, Romania

- Died: Raúl Esnal, 37, Uruguayan footballer, murdered in El Salvador; the case remains unsolved Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau GCMG KCVO KBE DSO ED, 75, 1st President of Fiji, leukemia William Dale Phillips, 68, American chemist

- Raúl Esnal, 37, Uruguayan footballer, murdered in El Salvador; the case remains unsolved

- Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau GCMG KCVO KBE DSO ED, 75, 1st President of Fiji, leukemia

- William Dale Phillips, 68, American chemist

## December 16, 1993 (Thursday)

- In Chelsea, Michigan, science teacher Stephen Leith returned to Chelsea High School with a handgun after a meeting to discuss a grievance he had filed over a reprimand for inappropriate remarks about a female student. He shot and killed Superintendent Joseph Piasecki and wounded Principal Ron Mead and teacher Phil Jones. Leith would subsequently be convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

- Born: Jyoti Amge, Indian actress, world's shortest living woman; in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Thiago Braz, Brazilian Olympic champion pole vaulter; in Marília, São Paulo, Brazil Lola Créton, French actress; in Paris, France Stephan James, Canadian actor; in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

- Jyoti Amge, Indian actress, world's shortest living woman; in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

- Thiago Braz, Brazilian Olympic champion pole vaulter; in Marília, São Paulo, Brazil

- Lola Créton, French actress; in Paris, France

- Stephan James, Canadian actor; in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

- Died: Charizma (born Charles Edward Hicks Jr.), 20, American MC, murdered Moses Gunn, 64, American actor, complications of asthma Charles Moore, 68, American architect, heart attack Kakuei Tanaka, 75, Japanese politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, pneumonia

- Charizma (born Charles Edward Hicks Jr.), 20, American MC, murdered

- Moses Gunn, 64, American actor, complications of asthma

- Charles Moore, 68, American architect, heart attack

- Kakuei Tanaka, 75, Japanese politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, pneumonia

## December 17, 1993 (Friday)

- Brazil's Supreme Federal Court ruled that former President Fernando Collor de Mello could not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.

- In the State Dining Room of the White House, U.S. President Bill Clinton read A Visit from St. Nicholas to children from six elementary schools in the Washington, D.C., area.

- In the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl, played at the Sam Boyd Silver Bowl in Whitney, Nevada, the Utah State Aggies defeated the Ball State Cardinals by a score of 42–33.

- Born: Kiersey Clemons, American actress and singer; in Los Angeles, California Patricia Kú Flores, Peruvian tennis player; in Lima, Peru Cailin Russo, American model and musician; in San Diego, California

- Kiersey Clemons, American actress and singer; in Los Angeles, California

- Patricia Kú Flores, Peruvian tennis player; in Lima, Peru

- Cailin Russo, American model and musician; in San Diego, California

- Died: Bobby Davidson, 65, Scottish football referee Janet Margolin, 50, American actress, ovarian cancer

- Bobby Davidson, 65, Scottish football referee

- Janet Margolin, 50, American actress, ovarian cancer

## December 18, 1993 (Saturday)

- In the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, played at Marshall University Stadium in Huntington, West Virginia, the Youngstown State Penguins defeated the Marshall Thundering Herd by a score of 17–5.

- The MGM Grand Las Vegas hotel and casino opened in Paradise, Nevada.

- Born: Anton McKee, Icelandic Olympic swimmer; in Reykjavík, Iceland Byron Buxton, American Major League Baseball center fielder; in Baxley, Georgia Kerri Gowler, New Zealand Olympic champion rower; in Raetihi, Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand Thomas Lam, Finnish-Dutch footballer; in Amsterdam, Netherlands Ana Porgras, Romanian artistic gymnast; in Galați, Romania Riria (born Riria Baba), Japanese actress; in Tokyo, Japan Souliya Syphasay, Laotian footballer; in Vientiane, Laos

- Anton McKee, Icelandic Olympic swimmer; in Reykjavík, Iceland

- Byron Buxton, American Major League Baseball center fielder; in Baxley, Georgia

- Kerri Gowler, New Zealand Olympic champion rower; in Raetihi, Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand

- Thomas Lam, Finnish-Dutch footballer; in Amsterdam, Netherlands

- Ana Porgras, Romanian artistic gymnast; in Galați, Romania

- Riria (born Riria Baba), Japanese actress; in Tokyo, Japan

- Souliya Syphasay, Laotian footballer; in Vientiane, Laos

- Died: Georges Bégué, 82, French engineer and Special Operations Executive agent Helm Glöckler, 84, German amateur racing driver Sam Wanamaker, CBE (born Samuel Wattenmacker), 74, American film director and actor, prostate cancer

- Georges Bégué, 82, French engineer and Special Operations Executive agent

- Helm Glöckler, 84, German amateur racing driver

- Sam Wanamaker, CBE (born Samuel Wattenmacker), 74, American film director and actor, prostate cancer

## December 19, 1993 (Sunday)

- Lansana Conté was confirmed in office in the 1993 Guinean presidential election with 51.71% of the vote.

- Born: Ali Adnan Kadhim, Iraqi professional and Olympic footballer; in Baghdad, Iraq Alkaline (born Earlan Bartley), Jamaican dancehall and reggae musician; in Kingston, Jamaica Leonardo Bittencourt, German footballer; in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Hermione Corfield, English actress; in London, England Isiah Koech, Kenyan Olympic long-distance runner; in Keringet, Kenya José Leclerc, Dominican Major League Baseball relief pitcher; in Esperanza, Dominican Republic Christopher Rühr, German Olympic field hockey player; in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Stephanie Venier, Austrian Olympic alpine skier; in Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

- Ali Adnan Kadhim, Iraqi professional and Olympic footballer; in Baghdad, Iraq

- Alkaline (born Earlan Bartley), Jamaican dancehall and reggae musician; in Kingston, Jamaica

- Leonardo Bittencourt, German footballer; in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany

- Hermione Corfield, English actress; in London, England

- Isiah Koech, Kenyan Olympic long-distance runner; in Keringet, Kenya

- José Leclerc, Dominican Major League Baseball relief pitcher; in Esperanza, Dominican Republic

- Christopher Rühr, German Olympic field hockey player; in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

- Stephanie Venier, Austrian Olympic alpine skier; in Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

- Died: Michael Clarke, 47, American musician (The Byrds), liver failure

## December 20, 1993 (Monday)

- The United Nations General Assembly voted to appoint a U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights.

- Ten months after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, The New York Times reported that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was searching for a new advertising agency to encourage greater use of the World Trade Center complex. Former Boston Globe editor Matthew V. Storin would later suggest that this indicated "a return to complacency" after the bombing.

- 17 teenagers died in a fire at the Kheyvis nightclub in Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

- The Hubble Space Telescope took its first corrected images.

- Born: Ali Abdi, Tunisian footballer; in Sfax, Tunisia Andrea Belotti, Italian footballer; in Calcinate, Italy Yana Egorian, Russian Olympic champion sabre fencer; in Yerevan, Armenia Robeisy Ramírez, Cuban Olympic champion and professional boxer; in Cienfuegos, Cuba

- Ali Abdi, Tunisian footballer; in Sfax, Tunisia

- Andrea Belotti, Italian footballer; in Calcinate, Italy

- Yana Egorian, Russian Olympic champion sabre fencer; in Yerevan, Armenia

- Robeisy Ramírez, Cuban Olympic champion and professional boxer; in Cienfuegos, Cuba

- Died: Gussie Nell Davis, 87, American educator and founder of the Kilgore College Rangerettes W. Edwards Deming, 93, American engineer, professor, author, lecturer, and management consultant; cancer Nazife Güran, 72, Turkish composer Iichirō Hatoyama, 75, Japanese politician and diplomat

- Gussie Nell Davis, 87, American educator and founder of the Kilgore College Rangerettes

- W. Edwards Deming, 93, American engineer, professor, author, lecturer, and management consultant; cancer

- Nazife Güran, 72, Turkish composer

- Iichirō Hatoyama, 75, Japanese politician and diplomat

## December 21, 1993 (Tuesday)

- The Hungarian Parliament elected Péter Boross Prime Minister of Hungary following the death of József Antall on December 12.

- The United States Department of Defense issued the " Don't ask, don't tell " policy under Directive 1304.26.

- Born: Cody Ceci, Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman; in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Alex Iafallo, American professional ice hockey forward; in Eden, New York Uvaldo Luna, Mexican footballer; in Channelview, Greater Houston, Texas Malcolm Subban, Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender; in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

- Cody Ceci, Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman; in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

- Alex Iafallo, American professional ice hockey forward; in Eden, New York

- Uvaldo Luna, Mexican footballer; in Channelview, Greater Houston, Texas

- Malcolm Subban, Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender; in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

- Died: Guy des Cars, 82, French novelist Sir Philip Christison, GBE, CB, DSO, MC & Bar, 100, British Army officer Zack Mosley, 87, American comics artist Pekka Niemi, 84, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier Margarita Nikolaeva, 58, Soviet Olympic champion gymnast

- Guy des Cars, 82, French novelist

- Sir Philip Christison, GBE, CB, DSO, MC & Bar, 100, British Army officer

- Zack Mosley, 87, American comics artist

- Pekka Niemi, 84, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier

- Margarita Nikolaeva, 58, Soviet Olympic champion gymnast

## December 22, 1993 (Wednesday)

- Croat–Bosniak War: Members of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina perpetrated the Križančevo selo massacre, killing at least 12 Croatian Defence Council prisoners of war and two female Croatian non-combatants.

- 1994 Texas gubernatorial election: The Republican Party of Texas rejected Dallas preacher James Bridges' application to run in the Republican gubernatorial primary because the check for the $3,000 filing fee bounced. On the same day, Bridges' church burned down.

- In the Denver, Colorado area, eight shopping malls closed their Santa displays after receiving death threats directed at Santa Claus by mail and fax machine. By the following day, Santa would be greeting children at over a dozen police and fire stations in the area.

- American singer Michael Jackson responded to the accusations for the first time via satellite from Neverland Ranch and publicly denies allegations about child sexual abuse.

- Born: Fazly Mazlan (born Muhammad Fazly bin Mazlan), Malaysian footballer; in Muar District, Johor, Malaysia Raphaël Guerreiro, Portuguese footballer; in Le Blanc-Mesnil, France David Klemmer, Australian rugby league footballer; in Sydney, Australia Aliana Lohan, American actress, model, and singer; in Cold Spring Harbor, New York Gabriel Medina (born Gabriel Medina Pinto Ferreira), Brazilian professional surfer; in São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil Hedvig Rasmussen, Danish Olympic rower; in Frederiksberg, Denmark Meghan Trainor, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer; in Nantucket, Massachusetts

- Fazly Mazlan (born Muhammad Fazly bin Mazlan), Malaysian footballer; in Muar District, Johor, Malaysia

- Raphaël Guerreiro, Portuguese footballer; in Le Blanc-Mesnil, France

- David Klemmer, Australian rugby league footballer; in Sydney, Australia

- Aliana Lohan, American actress, model, and singer; in Cold Spring Harbor, New York

- Gabriel Medina (born Gabriel Medina Pinto Ferreira), Brazilian professional surfer; in São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil

- Hedvig Rasmussen, Danish Olympic rower; in Frederiksberg, Denmark

- Meghan Trainor, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer; in Nantucket, Massachusetts

- Died: Sylvia Bataille (born Sylvia Maklès), 85, French actress, cardiac arrest Marion Burns, 86, American actress Don DeFore, 80, American actor, cardiac arrest Alexander Mackendrick, 81, British-American film director, pneumonia Salah Zulfikar, 67, Egyptian actor and film producer, heart attack

- Sylvia Bataille (born Sylvia Maklès), 85, French actress, cardiac arrest

- Marion Burns, 86, American actress

- Don DeFore, 80, American actor, cardiac arrest

- Alexander Mackendrick, 81, British-American film director, pneumonia

- Salah Zulfikar, 67, Egyptian actor and film producer, heart attack

## December 23, 1993 (Thursday)

- Pope John Paul II declared Émilie Gamelin, the founder of the Sisters of Providence of Montreal, to be Venerable (the second of the four stages of Catholic sainthood). He would beatify her on October 7, 2001.

- Whitewater controversy: U.S. President Bill Clinton instructed his attorney, David E. Kendall, to turn over to the United States Department of Justice all records related to Clinton's investment in Whitewater Development Corporation, including the documents White House Counsel Bernard Nussbaum removed from Vince Foster 's office after Foster's July 20 suicide.

- Debbie Tucker Loveless and John Harvey Miller, who had both been serving life prison sentences, were released on bond after their convictions for the alleged murder of Loveless' 4-year-old daughter in January 1989 were overturned the previous week. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned the convictions due to the couple having ineffective counsel and the failure of the prosecution to turn over medical records to the defense. Loveless and Miller maintained that the child died as a result of a dog attack and that their first attorney ignored evidence supporting their explanation. Prosecutors would dismiss the charges against Loveless and Miller on May 2, 1994.

- National Football League quarterback Troy Aikman agreed to an eight-year, $50 million contract with the Dallas Cowboys, making him the richest player in NFL history up to that time.

- Born: Claudio Baeza, Chilean footballer; in Los Ángeles, Chile Felix Großschartner, Austrian cyclist; in Wels, Austria Ruriko Kojima, Japanese gravure idol and sportscaster; in Ichihara, Chiba, Japan Riho Otake, Japanese volleyball player; in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan Emmanuel Stockbroekx, Belgian Olympic field hockey player; in Brasschaat, Belgium Nicolae Tanovițchii, Moldovan professional racing cyclist; in Chișinău, Moldova Jasmine Todd, American track and field athlete; in San Diego, California Delano Williams, British Olympic sprinter; in Grand Turk Island, Turks and Caicos Islands

- Claudio Baeza, Chilean footballer; in Los Ángeles, Chile

- Felix Großschartner, Austrian cyclist; in Wels, Austria

- Ruriko Kojima, Japanese gravure idol and sportscaster; in Ichihara, Chiba, Japan

- Riho Otake, Japanese volleyball player; in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan

- Emmanuel Stockbroekx, Belgian Olympic field hockey player; in Brasschaat, Belgium

- Nicolae Tanovițchii, Moldovan professional racing cyclist; in Chișinău, Moldova

- Jasmine Todd, American track and field athlete; in San Diego, California

- Delano Williams, British Olympic sprinter; in Grand Turk Island, Turks and Caicos Islands

- Died: Gertrude Blom, 92, Swiss journalist, social anthropologist and documentary photographer James Ellison (born James Ellison Smith), 83, American actor, fall Jean Maréchal, 83, French racing cyclist Marcello Neri, 91, Italian Olympic cyclist

- Gertrude Blom, 92, Swiss journalist, social anthropologist and documentary photographer

- James Ellison (born James Ellison Smith), 83, American actor, fall

- Jean Maréchal, 83, French racing cyclist

- Marcello Neri, 91, Italian Olympic cyclist

## December 24, 1993 (Friday)

- Two crocodiles attacked and killed 48-year-old Cassey Bond while he was swimming in the Jardine River on the Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia.

- Five shoppers were killed and 48 others wounded in a grenade explosion at a market in Misamis Occidental, Philippines.

- During a family Christmas Eve supper in Montauban, France, a table exploded, piercing a man's neck artery with a shard of glass and causing him to bleed to death.

- In the 1993 John Hancock Bowl, played at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, the Oklahoma Sooners defeated the Texas Tech Red Raiders by a score of 41–10.

- Born: Mariya Nishiuchi, Japanese model, actress and singer-songwriter; in Fukuoka, Japan

- Died: Dorothea Parker, 65, New Zealand sprinter, cancer Norman Vincent Peale, 95, American preacher and writer, stroke Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, 69, Icelandic Modern Pagan religious leader, heart failure Yen Chia-kan, 88, Taiwanese politician and 2nd President of the Republic of China

- Dorothea Parker, 65, New Zealand sprinter, cancer

- Norman Vincent Peale, 95, American preacher and writer, stroke

- Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, 69, Icelandic Modern Pagan religious leader, heart failure

- Yen Chia-kan, 88, Taiwanese politician and 2nd President of the Republic of China

## December 25, 1993 (Saturday)

- The new Constitution of Russia came into effect upon its publication.

- The Troubles: Queen Elizabeth II spoke of the year's progress towards peace in Northern Ireland in her Royal Christmas Message to the United Kingdom.

- A 59-year-old woman identified by the press as "Jennifer F." gave birth to twins at a hospital in London, occasioning controversy and comment across Europe.

- In the 1993 Aloha Bowl, played at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii, the Colorado Buffaloes defeated the Fresno State Bulldogs by a score of 41–30.

- Born: Leonardo Basso, Italian cyclist; in Castelfranco Veneto, Italy Ariadna Gutiérrez, Colombian actress, television host, and model, Miss Colombia 2014; in Sincelejo, Sucre Department, Colombia Emi Takei, Japanese actress, fashion model, and singer; in Nagoya, Japan

- Leonardo Basso, Italian cyclist; in Castelfranco Veneto, Italy

- Ariadna Gutiérrez, Colombian actress, television host, and model, Miss Colombia 2014; in Sincelejo, Sucre Department, Colombia

- Emi Takei, Japanese actress, fashion model, and singer; in Nagoya, Japan

- Died: Pierre Victor Auger, 94, French physicist Ama Naidoo OLS (born Manonmoney Pillay), 85, South African anti-apartheid activist, heart failure Jeff Phillips, 30, American professional skateboarder, suicide by gunshot Nikolai Timkov, 81, Soviet Russian painter

- Pierre Victor Auger, 94, French physicist

- Ama Naidoo OLS (born Manonmoney Pillay), 85, South African anti-apartheid activist, heart failure

- Jeff Phillips, 30, American professional skateboarder, suicide by gunshot

- Nikolai Timkov, 81, Soviet Russian painter

## December 26, 1993 (Sunday)

- The 1993 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race began. It would conclude on January 3, 1994.

- Grenade attacks occurred at the Roman Catholic Davao Cathedral and at a Muslim mosque in Davao City, Philippines. At least six people were killed and more than 130 wounded in the first incident, while there were no casualties in the second one.

- Actress Marlene Dietrich 's grave in Berlin, Germany, was desecrated and covered with feces the day before what would have been her 92nd birthday.

- Born: Taleni Seu, New Zealand rugby union player; in Auckland, New Zealand

## December 27, 1993 (Monday)

- Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, mistaking a United Nations patrol for a guerrilla group, killed one Norwegian soldier and wounded another.

- Career criminal Roger Hoan Brady shot and killed Officer Martin L. Ganz of the Manhattan Beach, California Police Department during a traffic stop. Ganz's 12-year-old nephew, who was on a ride-along with him, was unharmed.

- Ted Turner was named the most powerful man in sports according to The Sporting News.

- Born: Olivia Cooke, English actress; in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England

- Died: Michael Callen, 38, American singer, composer, author and AIDS activist; AIDS-related complications of pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma Feliks Kibbermann, 91, Estonian chess master and philologist Evald Mikson, 82, Estonian footballer, police officer and war criminal André Pilette, 75, Belgian racing driver

- Michael Callen, 38, American singer, composer, author and AIDS activist; AIDS-related complications of pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma

- Feliks Kibbermann, 91, Estonian chess master and philologist

- Evald Mikson, 82, Estonian footballer, police officer and war criminal

- André Pilette, 75, Belgian racing driver

## December 28, 1993 (Tuesday)

- In New York state, four out of six parcel bombs sent to family members of Brenda Lazore, the ex-girlfriend of Michael Stevens, exploded, killing five people. Lazore's mother, stepfather and sister, a coworker of her stepfather and a friend of her sister were all killed; her uncle was injured. Two other bombs sent to family members were intercepted by police. Stevens and his friend Earl Figley would be charged in the bombings on December 29.

- In the 1993 Liberty Bowl, played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, the Louisville Cardinals defeated the Michigan State Spartans by a score of 18–7.

- In Williamson County, Tennessee, American country singer-songwriter Billy Ray Cyrus married Leticia Jean Finley, the mother of his 1-year-old daughter, Destiny Hope Cyrus (later known as Miley Cyrus).

- Canadian singer and songwriter Shania Twain married South African record producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange. They would divorce in 2010.

- Born: Yua Shinkawa, Japanese actress and model; in Saitama Prefecture, Japan

- Died: Alfonso Balcázar, 67, Spanish screenwriter, film director and producer Howard Caine (born Howard Cohen), 65 or 67, American actor, heart attack John Kemp, 53, New Zealand footballer and cricketer William L. Shirer, 89, American journalist and historian

- Alfonso Balcázar, 67, Spanish screenwriter, film director and producer

- Howard Caine (born Howard Cohen), 65 or 67, American actor, heart attack

- John Kemp, 53, New Zealand footballer and cricketer

- William L. Shirer, 89, American journalist and historian

## December 29, 1993 (Wednesday)

- Japanese climber Yasuko Namba summitted the Vinson Massif, the tallest mountain in Antarctica, as part of her attempt to climb all Seven Summits. She would die in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.

- The Big Buddha, a 112-foot (34 m) tall bronze statue, was dedicated on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. At that time it was the largest outdoor bronze Buddha statue in the world.

- 31-year-old French footballer Pierre Bianconi, a Corsican nationalist, disappeared. His car was found at the port of Bastia, Corsica.

- The Troubles: The Irish Republican Army released a New Year's message making no mention of a ceasefire, indicating uncertainty about the Downing Street Declaration issued on December 15.

- Alberto Fujimori, the President of Peru, signed the new Constitution of Peru in Lima.

- 9-year-old Joey Jacobs of Chester Township, Ohio, lost both ears while holding off a Rottweiler attacking two younger children. The dog had run over a buried-wire fence produced by Invisible Fence Inc. to attack them.

- In the 1993 Copper Bowl, played at Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona, the Kansas State Wildcats defeated the Wyoming Cowboys by a score of 52–17.

- Born: Travis Head, Australian international cricketer; in Adelaide, South Australia Gabby May, Canadian artistic gymnast; in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

- Travis Head, Australian international cricketer; in Adelaide, South Australia

- Gabby May, Canadian artistic gymnast; in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

- Died: Marie Kean, 75, Irish actress Frunzik Mkrtchyan, 63, Armenian stage and film actor

- Marie Kean, 75, Irish actress

- Frunzik Mkrtchyan, 63, Armenian stage and film actor

## December 30, 1993 (Thursday)

- The Congress Party gained a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 Janata Dal party lawmakers.

- In Jerusalem, representatives of Israel and the Holy See signed the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.

- Heidelberg Tavern massacre: Three operatives of the Azanian People's Liberation Army opened fire at a tavern in Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, killing four students.

- The Troubles in Crossmaglen: 23-year-old British Army soldier Daniel Blinco was shot and killed by an Irish Republican Army sniper during an Army foot patrol in Crossmaglen, County Armagh, Northern Ireland.

- Argentina passed a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second consecutive term. It also shortened presidential terms to four years and removed the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic.

- In the 1993 Freedom Bowl, played at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, California, the USC Trojans defeated the Utah Utes by a score of 28–21.

- In the 1993 Holiday Bowl, played at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California, the Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the BYU Cougars, also by a score of 28–21.

- Died: İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil, 84–85, Turkish diplomat and politician Irving Paul Lazar, 86, American talent agent Giuseppe Occhialini, 86, Italian physicist

- İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil, 84–85, Turkish diplomat and politician

- Irving Paul Lazar, 86, American talent agent

- Giuseppe Occhialini, 86, Italian physicist

## December 31, 1993 (Friday)

- In the 1993 Peach Bowl (December), played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia, the Clemson Tigers defeated the Kentucky Wildcats by a score of 14–13.

- In the 1993 Gator Bowl, played at Gator Bowl Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the North Carolina Tar Heels by a score of 24–10.

- In the 1993 Independence Bowl, played at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana, the Virginia Tech Hokies defeated the Indiana Hoosiers by a score of 45–20.

- In the inaugural edition of the Alamo Bowl, played at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, the California Golden Bears defeated the Iowa Hawkeyes by a score of 37–3.

- In Pampa, Texas, Twila Busby was strangled and bludgeoned to death and her two adult sons, Randy Busby and Elwin Caler, were stabbed to death. Busby's live-in boyfriend, Hank Skinner, would be convicted of the murders in 1995 and sentenced to death.

- Born: Ryan Blaney, American race car driver; in Hartford Township, Trumbull County, Ohio Dave Richards, Welsh footballer; in Abergavenny, Wales

- Ryan Blaney, American race car driver; in Hartford Township, Trumbull County, Ohio

- Dave Richards, Welsh footballer; in Abergavenny, Wales

- Died: Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 54, Georgian politician, 1st President of Georgia, gunshot to head Brandon Teena, 21, American murder victim, killed along with Lisa Lambert and Phillip DeVine in Humboldt, Nebraska. Teena's story would later become the basis for the film Boys Don't Cry. Thomas J. Watson Jr., 79, American businessman, political figure, and philanthropist, complications from a stroke

- Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 54, Georgian politician, 1st President of Georgia, gunshot to head

- Brandon Teena, 21, American murder victim, killed along with Lisa Lambert and Phillip DeVine in Humboldt, Nebraska. Teena's story would later become the basis for the film Boys Don't Cry.

- Thomas J. Watson Jr., 79, American businessman, political figure, and philanthropist, complications from a stroke


Cheyna Wood

# Cheyna Wood

## Abstract

Cheyna Wood, previously known as Cheyna Tucker (born 2 October 1990 in Johannesburg) is a South African professional squash player. As of June 2022, she was ranked number 449 in the world. She reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 60 in December 2014. In June 2022, some 13 years after turning pro, she won her first professional tournament, the Johannesburg Open, for which she had been a wildcard entry.


# The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ecuador

## Abstract

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ecuador refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Ecuador. The first missionaries arrived on October 31, 1965. Since then, the LDS Church in Ecuador has grown to more than 250,000 members in more than 300 congregations. Ecuador ranks as having the 5th most members of the LDS Church in South America and 9th worldwide

## History

The first Mormon missionaries from the Andes Mission arrived in Quito, Ecuador in October 1965 was Elder Spencer W. Kimball, one of the Twelve Apostles of the Quorum. Elder Spencer W. Kimball of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles believes that teaching descendants of ancient Andean Indians will serve the purpose of fulfilling God's promise to bring the Book of Mormon to the Lamanites. Over the next few years, Kimball visited Ecuador a few times for preaching gospel. The church established a strong presence in Quito, Guayaquil, and among indigenous Otavalans.

In January 1966, Missionaries held the very first sacrament meeting in Guayaquil and they arrived Otavalo in March 1966. Within weeks of their arrival, printed notices were surrounded among nearby Ibarra warning the local residents to avoid Latter-day Saints and a few other proselytizing sects.

The inaugural branch meeting was held in March, attended by the missionaries and Manuel Macías Caseras in Otavalo. Within the year, the branch grew to more than 18 members.

On August 1, 1999, the Guayaquil Ecuador Temple was dedicated by church president Gordon B. Hinckley. On April 3, 2016 a second temple was announced to be built in Quito.

## Missions

## Temples

- = Operating

- = Under construction

- = Announced

- = Temporarily Closed


Coração de Jesus

# Coração de Jesus

## Abstract

Coração de Jesus is a Brazilian municipality located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. In 2020 the population was 26,611 in a total area of 2,236 km². It became a municipality in 1912.

## Geography

Coração de Jesus is located between the São Francisco River and Montes Claros. It is 56 km. from Montes Claros and 62 km. from Ibiaí on the São Francisco River. It is 22 km. from federal highway BR-365, linked by a paved road. The elevation of the municipal seat is 760 meters. The distance to Belo Horizonte is 475 km. Neighboring municipalities are: Ponto Chique, Campo Azul, São João do Pacuí, Brasília de Minas, Mirabela, Montes Claros, São João da Lagoa, Lagoa dos Patos, and Ibiaí. Coração de Jesus is part of the statistical microregion of Montes Claros.

## Economic activities

The most important economic activities are cattle raising, commerce, small and medium transformation industries, and agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$74,394,000. Coração de Jesus is in the bottom tier of municipalities in the state with regard to economic and social development. It suffers from isolation, poor soils, and periodic drought. As of 2007 there was one banking agency in the town. There was a small retail commerce serving the surrounding area of cattle and agricultural lands. In the rural area there were 2,027 establishments employing about 7,500 workers. Only 104 of the farms had tractors. There were 780 automobiles in all of the municipality. There were 65,000 head of cattle in 2006. The crops with a planted area of more than 1,000 hectares were sugarcane, beans, and corn.

## Health and education

- Municipal Human Development Index: 0.687 (2000)

- State ranking: 600 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000

- National ranking: 3,202 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000

- Literacy rate: 76%

- Life expectancy: 69 (average of males and females)

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha.

In the health sector there were 13 clinics and 02 hospitals with 115 beds. In the educational sector there were 13 primary schools and 6 middle schools.

## History

The area was first penetrated by the Portuguese bandeirantes led by Paes Leme. The first settlement was called Arraial do Sagrado Coração de Jesus. In 1774, Francisco Ferreira Leal donated the lands that would form the new town. In 1792, the church called Capela do Sagrado Coração de Jesus was built.

In 1832 the "arraial" was raised to the category of district. The extraction of rubber attracted many settlers and the town grew quickly. In 1839 the name was changed to Coração de Bom Jesus. In 1911 it separated from Montes Claros and changed its name to Inconfidência, changing back again in 1928 to the present Coração de Jesus.


1997 in Greece

# 1997 in Greece

## Abstract

Events in the year 1997 in Greece.

## Events

- September 5 – The International Olympic Committee awards the 2004 Summer Olympics to the birthplace Athens (Greece). Athens beating Rome in the fifth and final round of votes 66 to 41.

## Births

- June 12 – Ioanna Anagnostopoulou, rhythmic gymnast

- September 19 – Zoi Kontogianni, rhythmic gymnast


Ohrid

# Ohrid

## Abstract

## Middle Ages

The South Slavs began to arrive in the area during the 6th century AD. By the early 7th century, it was colonized by a Slavic tribe known as the Berziti. Bulgaria conquered the city around 840.

The name Ohrid first appeared in 879. The Ohrid Literary School, established in 886 by Clement of Ohrid, became one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire. Between 990 and 1015, Ohrid was the empire's capital and stronghold.

From 990 to 1018, Ohrid was also the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. After the Byzantine reconquest of the city in 1018 by Basil II, the Bulgarian Patriarchate was downgraded to an Archbishopric of Ohrid, and placed under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

The higher clergy after 1018 was almost invariably Greek, including during the period of Ottoman domination, until the abolition of the archbishopric in 1767. At the beginning of the 16th century, the archbishopric reached its peak, subordinating the Sofia, Vidin, Vlach and Moldavian eparchies, part of the former medieval Serbian Patriarchate of Peć, (including Patriarchal Monastery of Peć itself), and even the Orthodox districts of Italy (Apulia, Calabria and Sicily), Venice and Dalmatia.

As an episcopal city, Ohrid was a cultural center of great importance for the Balkans. Almost all surviving churches were built by the Byzantines and by the Bulgarians, with the rest dating back to the short time of Serbian rule during the late Middle Ages.

Bohemond, leading a Norman army from southern Italy, took the city in 1083. The Byzantines regained it in 1085. In the 13th and 14th century, the city changed hands between the Despotate of Epirus, the Bulgarian, Byzantine and Serbian Empires, and Albanian rulers. In the mid-13th century, Ohrid was one of the cities ruled by Pal Gropa, a member of the Albanian noble Gropa family. In a text by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, there is mention of nomadic Albanians present in the vicinity of Ohrid at around 1328. The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81.

In 1334, the city was captured by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and incorporated in the Serbian Empire. After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of Andrea Gropa. After his death, Prince Marko incorporated it in the Kingdom of Prilep.

In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with Ottoman assistance.

In 1395, the Ottomans under Bayezid I captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established Sanjak of Ohrid. Some time after Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg had liberated Krujë to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with Gjergj Arianiti and Zahari Gropa (of the local Albanian Gropa noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of Svetigrad.

From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of the League of Lezhë and 1,000 of the Republic of Venice defeated a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the Battle of Ohrid. When Mehmed II returned from Albania after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight.

## Ottoman period

During the 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529-1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements. In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were Bulgarians and Vlachs and the rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 Slavophone Greek families. The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major trade route. At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants.

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the Pashalik of Scutari, ruled by the Bushati family.

After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Bulgarian Exarchate (97%), the Exarchate became in control of the area. In 1889, Gustav Weigand discovered in Ohrid the important Codex Dimonie, a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani. The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.

The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on the Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each.

Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in the Kaza of Ohrid. There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 Albanian Muslim households, 150 Albanian Christian households, 900 Bulgarian households, 300 Vlach households, 210 Serb households and 39 Greek households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that the number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the Kaza of Ohrid had 5,336 Albanian households, 4,347 Slavic households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 Vlach households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of Ottoman rule, the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised the exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities.

## Modern

Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to Monastir sanjak in Manastir Vilayet (present-day Bitola). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the Balkan Wars and later made it the capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and 500 people consisting of Albanians and Turks. In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leaders rebelled against the Kingdom of Serbia. It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918 during World War I.

Bulgarian ethnographer Yordan Ivanov, professor at the University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue.

During Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ohrid continued to be as an independent district (Охридски округ) (1918-1922), then it became a part of Bitola Oblast (1920-1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the Vardar Banovina. It was occupied again by Bulgaria between 1941 and 1944 during World War II. Since the days of SFR Yugoslavia Ohrid has been the municipal seat of Municipality of Ohrid (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia).

On 20 November 1993, Avioimpex Flight 110 crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia.

## Geography and climate

Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of Lake Ohrid, at an elevation of 695 meters above sea level.

Ohrid has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) moderated by its elevation, as the mean temperature of the warmest month is just above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and every summer month receives less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) or in a range between 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and −1.5 °C (29.3 °F). The warmest month is August with average range of 27.7 °C (82 °F) - 14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The rainiest month is November, which sees on average 90.5 mm (3.6 in) of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around 30 mm (1.2 in). The absolute minimum temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) and the maximum 38.5 °C (101.3 °F).

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup:

- Macedonians, 28,920 (74.5%)

- Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources, 3,421 (8.8%)

- others, 2,728 (7.0%)

- Albanians, 1,924 (5.0%)

- Turks, 1,825 (4.7%)

As of the 2002 census, the city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:

- Macedonians, 33,791 (80.4%)

- Albanians, 2,959 (7.0%)

- Turks, 2,256 (5.4%)

- others, 3,027 (7.2%)

The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following:

- Macedonian, 34,910 (83.1%)

- Albanian, 3,957 (9.4%)

- Turkish, 2,226 (5.3%)

- others, 1,017 (2.4%)

The religious composition of the city was the following:

- Orthodox Christians, 33,987 (80.9%)

- Muslims, 7,599 (18.1%)

- others, 447 (1.1%)

The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood. Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, Malesija and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia. Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on the western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid. There is a sizeable amount of Turkified Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of Elbasan, Durrës and Ulcinj. The local Romani population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern Tosk Albanian dialect.

The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from Moscopole, others from Kavajë (late 18th century), from the Myzeqe region, Elbasan, Llëngë and Mokër region (mid. 19th century) and also from Gorna Belica and Malovišta (late 19th century). A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to Trieste, Odessa and Bucharest. Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from Pogradec, Lin, Çërravë and Peshkëpi.

All Turks from the village of Peštani after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as Peştanlı. In 1949, additional families from Aegean Macedonia settled in Ohrid.

In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians. As tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights, Romani identity became politicized and contested from the 1990s onward. Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as Albanians seeing it as a result of Albanisation (or to be called Gypsies) and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as Egyptians whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago. The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue. Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during the Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks, while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians. In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of Krani and Nakolec have migrated to Ohrid.

## Cultural Heritage sites

Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within the city of Ohrid.

- Ancient Theatre of Ohrid from Hellenistic and Roman time

- Vidobišta Roman-era tombs

- Kozluk, Roman-era settlement

- Mančevci site with early Christian basilica

- Hermeleja, Roman-era settlement

- Saint Erasmus

- Karagjulevci tombs from Ancient Macedonian era

- Samuel's Fortress and remaining portions of the city walls

- Plaošnik

- Studenčišta basilica

- Saint 40 Holy Martyrs early Christian basilica

There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller.

- Grave of Grigor Prličev

- Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Čelnica

- Little Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan)

- Church of Saint Demetrius

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Bolnička

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Bolnički

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Perivleptos

- Little Church of Saint Clement

- Church of Saint John the Baptist - Kaneo

- Church of Saint Sophia

- Church of Saints Constantine and Elena

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Kamensko

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Gerakomija

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Arbanaški

- Church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker

- Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan), with frescos from the 14th century. A 14th-century icon from the church is depicted on the obverse of the 1000 denars banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.

- Church of Saint George

- Church of Saint Nicholas

Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. The restored Monastery at Plaošnik was actually one of the oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the Monastery of Saint Naum lie in its surrounding villages.

- Voska Hamam

- Eski Hamam

- Zejnel Abedin Pasha Tekke

- Sinan Çelebi Türbe

- Ali Pasha Mosque

- Hajdar Pasha Mosque

- Hadži Durgut Mosque

- Hadži Hamza Mosque

- Memorial mound on Slavej Planina

- Common grave of fallen National Liberation War soldiers

- Memorial plaque of fallen professors and students of the Ohrid Gymnasium in the National Liberation War

Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the Robevi family house and the Prličev family home, the Uzunov family home, function as museums today. Also included are the Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower, and the Icon Gallery.

## Transportation

There is a nearby international airport, Ohrid Airport (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport").

Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to Skopje by the Ohrid line, a 167 kilometres (104 mi) long 600 mm narrow-gauge railway.

## Sports

GFK Ohrid Lihnidos is a football team playing at the SRC Biljanini Izvori stadium in the city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system.

FK Voska Sport is also a football team in Ohrid that competes in the Macedonian First League as of the 2023-24 season.

RK Ohrid is a handball team playing at Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the Macedonian Handball Super League, which is the top tier.

The Ohrid Swimming Marathon is an international open water swimming competition, always taking place in the waters of Lake Ohrid. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30 km (19 mi) from the monastery of Saint Naum to the Ohrid harbor.

## Recurring events

- Ohrid Summer Festival, annual theater and music festival from July to August

- Ohrid Choir Festival, annual international choir festival at the end of August

- Balkan Folklore Festival, annual folklore music and dance festival at the beginning of July

- Balkan music square festival, music festival in August in which ethnic musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate

- Ohrid Fest (Охридски Трубадури), music festival in August in which musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate. This festival is held for four days which are divided into Debutant Night, Folk Night, Pop Night and International Night.

- Debutant Night,

- Folk Night,

- Pop Night and

- International Night.

- World Prized of Humanism in the Ohrid Academy of Humanism, created by Jordan Plevnes

- Ohrid art and scientific meetings (Охридска научна и уметничка визита), held in House of Uranija-MANU, Ohrid by Macedonian academy of science and arts

## Twin towns – sister cities

Ohrid is twinned with:

- Budva, Montenegro

- Caen, France

- Givatayim, Israel

- Inđija, Serbia

- Kragujevac, Serbia

- Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Pogradec, Albania

- Piran, Slovenia

- Safranbolu, Turkey

- Stari Grad (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Vidovec, Croatia

- Vinkovci, Croatia

- Windsor, Canada

- Wollongong, Australia

- Yalova, Turkey

## Sources


List of cities in British Columbia

# List of cities in British Columbia

## Abstract

According to the 2021 Canadian census, British Columbia is the third most populous province in Canada, with 5,000,879 inhabitants, and the fourth largest province by land area, covering 920,686.55 square kilometres (355,479.06 square miles). As of 2024, British Columbia has 161 municipalities, out of which 53 are categorized as cities.

Cities, towns, districts and villages in British Columbia are referred to as municipalities and all are included in local governments in the province, which may be incorporated under the Local Governance Act of 2015. In order for a municipality in British Columbia to be labelled as a city, it must have a minimum population of 5,000. Although the populations of Enderby, Grand Forks, Greenwood and Rossland fall below this threshold, they are still categorized as cities.

The largest city by population in British Columbia is Vancouver, with 662,248 residents, and the smallest is Greenwood, with 702 residents. The largest city by land area is Abbotsford, which spans 375.55 square kilometres (145.00 square miles), while the smallest is Duncan, at 2.07 square kilometres (0.80 square miles). The first municipality to incorporate as a city was New Westminster on July 16, 1860, while the province's newest city is Mission, a district municipality that was reclassified as a city on March 29, 2021. Victoria is the capital city of British Columbia.


Rick Manning

# Rick Manning

## Abstract

Richard Eugene Manning (born September 2, 1954) is an American former center fielder and current broadcaster in Major League Baseball (MLB), who played for the Cleveland Indians (1975–1983) and Milwaukee Brewers (1983–1987), and has been a color commentator for Cleveland Guardians telecasts since 1990.

## Major league career

Manning, who was the second overall selection in the 1972 MLB draft, made his major league debut with the Indians during the 1975 season. In 1976, he was recognized for his defensive play by winning the American League Gold Glove Award.

Manning had a romantic involvement with teammate Dennis Eckersley 's wife, Denise; they eventually married, and then divorced. This may have led to the Indians' front office's decision to trade one of the players; there were other "official" and "unofficial" reasons given. Eckersley, a future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher, was traded with Fred Kendall on March 30, 1978, to the Boston Red Sox for Rick Wise, Mike Paxton, Bo Díaz and Ted Cox.

After playing five more seasons with the Indians, Manning was traded along with Rick Waits to the Milwaukee Brewers for Gorman Thomas, Jamie Easterly and Ernie Camacho on June 6, 1983. As a member of the Brewers, he hit a 10th-inning single on August 26, 1987 as the Brewers defeated the Indians 1-0. Brewers fans actually booed Manning for driving in the winning run because Paul Molitor was on deck and looking to extend his 39-game hit streak. Manning's walk-off single deprived Molitor of one last chance to reach 40 games as he went 0-for-4 in the contest.

## Career highlights

On May 15, 1981, Manning caught Ernie Whitt 's fly ball, the final out of Len Barker's perfect game, in one of the most memorable images in Cleveland sports history; the Indians defeated the Toronto Blue Jays 3-0.

## Broadcasting career

Since 1990, he has served as a color commentator for Indians/Guardians telecasts. Manning has the longest tenure of any television announcer in team history.

Manning can be seen doing Guardians games on Bally Sports Great Lakes (alongside Matt Underwood). He resides in Chesterland, Ohio during the season, and Scottsdale, Arizona in the offseason. He also occasionally provides color commentary on regional broadcasts for Major League Baseball on FOX, mainly when FOX shows a Guardians game.

## Awards

- 1976 American League Gold Glove Award (Center Field)

- 1980 BBWAA (Baseball Writers' Association of America) Good Guy Award

- 2014 Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Excellence in Broadcasting Award

- Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame (class of 2017)

- 2018 Lower Great Lakes Emmy Award winner as part of the Indians broadcast team


Overfill

# Overfill

## Abstract

In telecommunications, overfill is the condition that prevails when the numerical aperture or the beam diameter of an optical source, such as a laser, light-emitting diode, or optical fiber, exceeds that of the driven element, e.g. an optical fiber core. In optical communications testing, overfill in both numerical aperture and mean diameter (core diameter or spot size) is usually required.In polygonal mirror scanners, an overfilled type is one which uses each mirror facet at least in one dimension completely.