CAF Civity

# CAF Civity

## Abstract

The CAF Civity is a family of regional passenger trains which is manufactured by Spanish rolling stock manufacturer Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. Available as both diesel, electric and battery-electric multiple unit, the Civity was first launched in 2010 and received its first order two years later.

As of 2023, 251 Civity units have been constructed, with a further 261 on order. The United Kingdom is the largest customer of the platform with a total of 216 units ordered.

## Description

The Civity is a modular platform available in four variants, which are diesel, diesel-electric, electric and bi/dual mode. Most variants of the Civity platform, with the exception of the Civity UK and NSW, have shared bogies and a low floor.

### Diesel

As of 2024, the diesel variant has only been ordered by operators in the United Kingdom (Northern, West Midlands Trains and Transport for Wales), with these units being constructed in either two, three or four-car formations. These trains will be fitted with MTU powerplants which produce 523 horsepower (390 kW) per engine (one engine per car), which will give them a maximum speed of 100 mph (160 km/h).

### Electric

The electric variant is capable of operating on 1500 V or 3000 V DC power supplies with a pick-up shoe or 15 kV or 25 kV AC power supplies with a pantograph. It has so far been ordered in either three, four or five car formations, with these being capable of speeds between 75–125 mph (120–200 km/h).

## Operations

### Australia

In February 2019, Transport for NSW signed a contract with Momentum Trains PPP to supply 117 Civity bi mode (diesel and electric supply) carriages, a new maintenance centre in Dubbo and a maintenance contract as part of the Regional Rail Project. The new trains, referred to as the R sets, will replace the XPT (19 power cars and 60 carriages), Xplorer (23 carriages) and Endeavour (28 carriages) trains. The 117 new carriages will make up 10 diesel-electric trainsets for use on long-distance services linking Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, plus nine short and 10 long multiple-units for regional routes, a total of 29 trains. The trains have been heavily delayed and now due to commence in service in 2025.

### Germany

In June 2021, the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) and the Nahverkehr Westfalen-Lippe (NWL) announced that CAF, using its Civity platform, had been selected to build and maintain for 30 years, 63 battery electric multiple units (48 long and 15 short version) for the Niederrhein-Münsterland regional train network, comprising the RE10, RB37 (lot 1), RE14, RE44, RB31, RB36, RB41 and RB43 (lot 2) train services in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The fleet will be owned by the VRR and NWL and will be made available to DB Regio (lot 1) and the other train operating company that has yet to be selected (lot 2). The operations on the individual services are due to start between December 2025 and 2028. In 2022, the Nahverkehr Westfalen-Lippe ordered an additional 10 long units for operation on the RB68 (Münster – Sendenhorst) and RB76 (Verl – Gütersloh – Harsewinkel) services from December 2025.

### Italy

In 2010, the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia placed an order with CAF for eight ETR 563 five-car units for Trenitalia. Four more units were subsequently ordered, with these units capable of operating services into Slovenia and Austria, with these being designated as ETR 564 units. The units were delayed into service as they could not be approved.

Five four-car ETR 452 trains have been built for Ferrotramviaria, a regional train operator in Bari, Apulia. They have been in use since 2014 and 2015.

### Mexico

The El Insurgente commuter rail service between Mexico City and Toluca uses electric multiple units combining the Civity and the earlier Civia designs.

### Montenegro

Three Class 6111 three-car EMUs were delivered to Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore (ŽPCG), the national railway company of Montenegro, specifically to serve the Podgorica-Nikšić railway, cutting travel time to 50 minutes. The first of the new trains started with service on 13 July 2013.

### Netherlands

In 2014, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) placed a €510 million order for 118 Civity sets. These new trains, which will consist of three and four car formations, will replace the NS SGMm sets. The train is known as the Sprinter New Generation (SNG) by the NS. The trains will be delivered from 2018 and can operate at 160 km/h (100 mph). A mock-up of an SNG was presented in September 2015, featuring sockets, recycling bins and a toilet. An additional 88 sets were ordered in December 2018, with deliveries expected to continue through 2023.

In 2024 Qbuzz placed an order for 10 three car Civity sets. These sets will replace 2 Stadler GTW 2/6 and 8 GTW 2/8 trainsets delivered in 2008-2011. The new trainsets will be in service by the end of 2027 and can operate at 160 km/h (100 mph). The replacement is part because of implementation of ERTMS and part because of having more doors and toilets.

In 2022 CAF won the Dubbeldekker Nieuwe Generatie tender for NS with Civity Duo, the first double decker of the Civity platform. The contract consists of 60 double decker train sets with 4 or 6 coaches, with an option to expand the contract to 80,000 seats.

### Spain

In 2022, Renfe Viajeros placed an initial order for 28 EMUs for regional services with options for 42 additional trains, with an investment of €290 million. The next year, CAF received an extension for 32 more trains, extending the order to 60 trains. Those EMU will have a maximum speed of 200 km/h (125 mph), and will have three- and five-car versions.

### Sweden

The public transport agencies of Jönköpings län, Kronobergs län and Kalmar län have made a joint order for 20 electric units (EMU) and 8 units that can be powered either by an external electricity supply or by using the onboard diesel engine (BMU). The contract also contain an option for another 19 EMUs and 7 BMUs through the leasing company Transitio. The trains will be of Civity Nordic version, designed for operation at temperatures of between −40 and 40 °C (−40 and 104 °F) and are set to arrive 2024–27 and will replace the X11s, X14s, Itinos and Y2s currently running in the regions. The maximum speed of EMUs will be 200 km/h (125 mph), that of the BMUs will be 200 km/h (125 mph) in electric mode and 140 km/h (90 mph) in diesel mode.

### United Kingdom

#### Northern Trains

In January 2016, Arriva Rail North placed an order for 98 (later increased to 101) units, with the majority of these trains due to operate on the company's Northern Connect regional express services (now under operator Northern Trains). The order breakdown is for 58 (originally 55) Class 195 diesel multiple units (two and three-car) and 43 Class 331 electric multiple units (three and four-car). All of these trains were planned to gradually enter service throughout 2019.

In early 2018, it was revealed that there is an option for an undisclosed number of additional carriages. There is also a provision available to extend the four car Class 331 units to five carriages in the future.

The extra three Class 195 units were ordered in November 2018.

#### TransPennine Express

CAF built twelve Class 397 five-car electric multiple units for TransPennine Express for its West Coast Main Line services, which operate from Liverpool and Manchester Airport to Glasgow and Edinburgh. These units were due to be delivered between 2018 and 2019, replacing the four-car Class 350 /4 units which were previously used on these services. They have a maximum speed of 125 mph (200 km/h).

#### West Midlands Trains

It was announced in late 2017 that CAF will also supply 26 Class 196 diesel multiple units for West Midlands Trains, which will be in two-car and four-car formations. They will operate services for the company's West Midlands Railway sub-brand.

#### Transport for Wales

In June 2018 it was announced that KeolisAmey Wales had ordered 51 two-car and 26 three-car diesel multiple Civitys, to be based at Chester and Machynlleth depots. These have since received the TOPS designation Class 197.

#### London North Eastern Railway

In November 2023 it was announced that London North Eastern Railway had ordered 10 ten-car tri-mode Civitys.

### Orders

#### Philippines

The Philippine National Railways confirmed the order of 7 Civity trains from Mitsubishi –CAF joint venture in 2023. These 8-car trains shall be used on the North–South Commuter Railway 's Airport Express service with a maximum speed of 160 km/h (100 mph). Its design is based on the Mexican El Insurgente trains, distinguished by the use of 1.5 kilovolt DC electrification, gangway doors and the adoption of Japanese Shibata couplers.

For compatibility with the line's platform screen doors, the trains will have a 20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in) car length, 2,950 mm (9 ft 8 in) width and be 4,150 mm (13 ft 7 in) in height. It will also have a high platform design of 1,150 mm (3 ft 9 in) height as measured from the rails. The trains can fit up to 800 passengers with 392 seated, 8 wheelchair spaces and 400 standees.

### Cancelled orders

#### Latvia

In 2012, Latvian railway operator Pasažieru vilciens placed a €400 million order for 34 electric and seven diesel-electric multiple units. The order also included a 30-year maintenance plan for the units. The three car sets were to be built for the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in) Russian gauge and capable of operating on lines electrified at 3000V DC with a maximum speed of 140 km/h (90 mph). The order was subsequently cancelled, with no units built.


# 2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska

## Abstract

The 2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska will be held on November 5, 2024, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the state of Nebraska. Since there will also be a special election for Nebraska’s other Senate seat, this marks the first time since 1954 where both of Nebraska's U.S. Senate seats were concurrently up for election. Primary elections took place on May 14, 2024.

Incumbent Republican Senator Deb Fischer was first elected in 2012 to fill the seat of retiring Democrat Ben Nelson and was re-elected in 2018. Fischer will seek a third term, despite having previously pledged to retire.

Dan Osborn, an industrial mechanic and union leader who led the strike at Kellogg's Omaha plant in 2021, is running as an independent candidate. No Democrats ran for the seat, which led to speculation that the state Democratic Party would endorse Osborn. After Osborn rejected all partisan support, the state party considered but decided against running a write-in candidate.

Traditionally a safe Republican seat, the race in Nebraska has been described as unusually competitive and potentially important for determining partisan control of the Senate after the 2024 election cycle.

## Republican primary

### Candidates

#### Nominee

- Deb Fischer, incumbent U.S. senator (2013–present)

#### Eliminated in primary

- Arron Kowalski, cattle farmer and perennial candidate

### Endorsements

- Kellyanne Conway, former Senior Counselor to the President (2017–2020)

- Pete Ricketts, U.S. senator from Nebraska (2023–present)

- Dave Heineman, former governor of Nebraska (2005–2015)

- Kay Orr, former governor of Nebraska (1987–1991)

- Jim Pillen, Governor of Nebraska (2023–present)

- American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)

- Maggie's List

- National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund

- Nebraska Farm Bureau

- U.S. Chamber of Commerce

- Omaha Police Officers Association

## Democratic primary

Due to Dan Osborn's independent candidacy, the Nebraska Democratic Party had originally not intended to field a candidate, planning to endorse Osborn on May 18. However, on May 15, Osborn stated that he would not accept the help of any political party. This led to a condemnation by state party chair Jane Kleeb, who said that Osborn had previously promised to work with them in exchange for them not running a candidate. Due to Osborn's announcement taking place the day after the state's primary, Kleeb announced that they would be looking for a write-in candidate to run under the party banner in November. However, they ultimately decided not to run a write-in candidate.

## Independent

### Declared

- Dan Osborn, mechanic and former president of Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union Local 50G

### Endorsements

- Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union Local 50G

- Communications Workers of America

- International Union of Elevator Constructors Local 28

- Nebraska AFL-CIO

- Office and Professional Employees International Union

- United Auto Workers

- 3 United Association locals

- Reform Party

## Legal Marijuana NOW primary

The Legal Marijuana NOW primary attracted controversy, with one candidate, Kerry Eddy, admitting that she supported independent candidate Dan Osborn. Eddy, who was a registered Democrat until March 2024, feared that the Legal Marijuana NOW Party's nominee could pull votes away from Osborn, who supports legalizing marijuana. Eddy was recruited to run by political blogger Julia Schleck, who had outlined a plan to run a candidate who would "sweep the primary and then take their name off the ballot and endorse Osborn, throwing their votes his way." Eddy denied that her intention was to drop out of the race after securing the nomination, though she said she would consider it.

Party chair Mark Elworth Jr. denounced Eddy's plan as "shenangians." The party instead supported Ken Peterson, who had been recruited to run by Elworth. Peterson alleged that supporters of Osborn had repeatedly urged him to drop out of the race. Osborn's campaign denied having any involvement in the Legal Marijuana NOW primary, though a pro-Osborn super PAC spent over $30,000 supporting Eddy's campaign.

### Withdrew after nomination

- Kerry Eddy, administrative coordinator (endorsed Osborn)

### Eliminated in primary

- Ken Peterson, compost facility attendant

### Aftermath

After Kerry Eddy won the May primary by a wide margin, she said she was still evaluating whether or not to drop out of the race. Complicating Eddy's plan was that if she rejected the Legal Marijuana NOW Party's nomination, the party could simply name a replacement nominee. Mark Elworth Jr. pledged to seek the party's nomination for Senate if Eddy dropped out. It was also suggested that Elworth could use the party's ballot line to nominate a Democrat.

Eddy dropped out of the race on July 30 and endorsed Osborn, though she maintained that this had not been her intention from the start. The party had until September 3 to name a replacement nominee. On August 14, the party held a convention to determine whether or not a new nominee should be named and who that nominee would be. Supporters of Eddy and Osborn were barred from participating in the convention. In response, Eddy's campaign treasurer sent a letter to party leadership arguing that they had broken the law and that if they tried to name a replacement nominee, a lawsuit could be filed.

The party ultimately did not put forward a candidate. Elworth said the party did not have the resources to fight a lawsuit and that "we don’t want to deal with it." Unnamed members of the party alleged that Osborn and Eddy's supporters had taken it over in order to ensure it would not place a candidate on the ballot. Elworth called Osborn "dishonest" and said he would be voting for incumbent Deb Fischer, who opposes legalizing marijuana.

## Libertarian Party

In March 2024, independent candidate Dan Osborn sought the support of the Nebraska Libertarian Party. However, he decided against this, instead running as an independent without any party's support.

### Declined

- Dan Osborn, mechanic and former president of Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union Local 50G (running as an independent)

## General election

### Polling


Jhon Torres

# Jhon Torres

## Abstract

Jhon Hansser Torres (born March 29, 2000) is a Colombian professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent.

Torres signed with the Cleveland Indians as an international free agent in 2016. He made his professional debut that summer with the Rookie-level Dominican Summer League Indians, batting.255 with five home runs and 35 RBIs over 54 games. He began the 2017 season with the Rookie-level Arizona League Indians.

On July 31, 2018, Torres (alongside Conner Capel) was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Óscar Mercado. He was assigned to the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Cardinals, with whom he finished the season. Over 44 games combined between the two teams, Torres slashed.321/.409/.525 with eight home runs and thirty RBIs. In 2019, he began the season with the Peoria Chiefs of the Class A Midwest League. However, after batting only.167 with eight RBIs over 21 games, he was reassigned to the Johnson City Cardinals of the Rookie-level Appalachian League where he hit.286/.391/.527 with six home runs and 17 RBIs over 33 games to end the year.

Torres did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For the 2021 season, he returned to Peoria, now members of the High-A Central, and slashed.238/.302/.366 with six home runs, 32 RBIs, and 25 doubles over 97 games. He returned to Peoria to begin the 2022 season, but opened the year on the injured list.


Amelia Peláez

# Amelia Peláez

## Abstract

Amelia Peláez del Casal (January 5, 1897 – April 8, 1968) was an important Cuban painter of the Avant-garde generation.

## Biography

Amelia Peláez (born-1897) Yaguajay, Cuba, in the former Cuban province of Las Villas (now Sancti Spíritus Province). She was the fifth born of eleven siblings in a family that was part of the Cuban-Creole middle class. Her father was a doctor, Manuel Pelaez y Laredo, and her mother, Maria del Carmen del Casal y Lastra, stayed at home with her children. Amelia's uncle was Julian del Casal, who was a poet and included her family in Cuba's intellectual circles.

In 1917, her family moved to Havana, to the La Víbora district, and this gave her the opportunity to enter the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro" at the rather late age of 20 years (students at this academy usually start at 12–13 years of age). She was among Leopoldo Romañach 's favorite students. In 1924 she graduated from San Alejandro, and exhibited her paintings for the first time, along with another Cuban female painter, María Pepa Lamarque, at the Association of Painters and Sculptors in Havana. Receiving a small government grant, she travelled to New York City in the summer of 1924 and began six months of study at the Art Students' League. In 1927, after being awarded a larger grant, she began studying in France, while paying short visits to Spain, Italy, and other countries.

## Student life in Paris

Pelaez moved to Paris, accompanied by Cuban writer Lydia Cabrera, after she received a grant from the government in order to pursue art. Both took painting and art history courses at École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. She also took drawing and art history courses at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the École du Louvre. In 1931 Pelaez enrolled, along with Cabrera, in Fernand Léger 's Academie Contemporaine. She then began studying with Russian painter Alexandra Exter, whose friendship and classes in color theory and design were an important influence.

Galerie Zak hosted a solo-exhibition of her paintings in 1933, where she exhibited thirty-eight works. In that same year, she participated in the eleventh Salon des Tuileries and “was also included in an exhibition of illustrated manuscripts by the calligrapher Guido at the Galerie Myrbor”, in which she illustrated Sept Poemes of Leon Paul Fargue. In her years in Paris, her work was highly praised by French critics.

## Life in Havana

In 1934, following a showing at the Salon des Independants, Pelaez returned to live in her mother’s colonial-style house in Cuba. The Cuba Pelaez returned to was in a state of economic uncertainty and political unrest. Beginning in the late 1920s, Cuba was searching for a new art that would reflect the national identity. In response, Pelaez departed from earlier vanguard strategies and turned to new approaches that involved depictions of Afro-Cuban and guajiro (peasant) subjects, while representing them in the adoption of European modernism. According to Ingrid Williams Elliot, Pelaez’s vibrant colors as well as thick lines are derived from Spanish-colonial architecture “integrating domestic objects with architectural decorations”. Peláez uses "Baroque ornamentation in her use of domestic colonial interiors to engage and merge multiple histories and assorted styles -- past and present -- to arrive at a contemporary Cuban idiom.”

In 1935, Pelaez had a solo exhibition at a women’s club in Havana called the Lyceum, which helped gain exposure of her new modernist Cuban style.

During this time, in the mid-thirties, Peláez was experimenting with "patterns, shapes and geometric relationships of tablecloths and fruit dishes, laying the groundwork for the geometric constructions and rhythmic patterns that have been associated with her architectural ornamentation in her work in the forties”, it also shows her awareness of Cubism. Her signature still life paintings were praised for the use of native fruits and flora referencing her Cuban roots.

In 1935-1936, Pelaez focused much of her paintings and drawings to the use of ink and pencil. The treatment of these drawings differs than her previous oil works, by distorting and exaggerating the figure with "sinuous line and light shading" that reference Cubism and European Modernism.

Peláez received a prize in the National Exposition of Painters and Sculptors in 1938, and collaborated on several art magazines in Cuba, such as Orígenes, Nadie Parecía, and Espuela de Plata. In 1950 she opened a workshop at San Antonio de los Baños, a small city near Havana, where she dedicated herself, until 1962, to her favourite pastime of pottery. She sent her paintings to the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1951 and 1957, and participated in 1952's Venice Biennale. In 1958 she was a guest of honour and jury member at the First Inter-American Biennial of Painting and Printmaking in Mexico City, although she pulled out of the raucous and controversial jury discussions based on what she reported to be “an openly Communist bias in the decisions.” Aside from painting and pottery, she dedicated time to murals, located mainly at different schools in Cuba. Her most important works of this type are a ceramic mural at the Tribunal de Cuentas in Havana (1953) and the facade of the Habana Hilton hotel (1957). She had a hard time selling her paintings as a living artists—she and her paintings, later named Amelias, achieved fame much later in life.

Peláez died in Havana in 1968.

## Estrada Palma 261

Amelia lived in her mother's house, which was a mix between a neoclassical design and a more traditional Cuban Creole architectural style house, for the rest of her years after her return to Havana, Cuba. Her house was a main source of inspiration after returning to a reclusive domestic lifestyle. The house was built in 1912, filled with colonial furniture of the baroque style. The house contained marble, crystal, wood, and ceramics in its interior. Amelia would also hang her paintings as decor.

## Exhibitions

- 1924 Amelia Pelaez y Maria Pepa Lamarque, Asociacion de Pintores y Escultores, Havana

- 1933 Amelia Pelaez Del Casal, Galerie Zak, Paris

- 1935 Amelia Pelaez Del Casal, Lyceum, Havana

- 1941 Amelia Pelaez, Norte Gallery, New York

- 1943 Amelia Pelaez: Retrospectiva, Institucion Hispano—Cubana de Cultura, Havana

- 1956 Amelia Pelaez, Nuestro Tiempo, Havana

- 1957 Amelia Pelaez, Lyceum, Havana

- 1959 Pintura de Amelia Pelaez, Instituto Municipal de Cultura, Marianao, Havana

- 1960 Amelia Pelaez, Pintura y Ceramida 1920–1960 Lyceum Havana, Cuba

- 1964 Oleos y Temperas de Amelia Pelaez, Galeria de la Habana, Havana

- 1967 Dibujos de Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno Bogota. Amelia Pelaez; Goaches y Ceramicas, Lyceum, Havana

- 1968 Amelia Pelaez: Exposicion Retrospectiva, Museo Nacional, Havana

- 1977 Amelia Pelaez, Metropolitan Museum & Art Center, Miami

- 1979 La Gran Pintora Cubana Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City

- 1980 Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno, Bogota

- 1987 Amelia Pelaez, Nineteenth Sao Paulo Biennial, Sao Paolo

- 1988 Amelia Pelaez; A Retrospective, Cuban Museum of Arts & Culture, Miami

- 2013 Amelia Peláez: The Craft of Modernity, Pérez Art Museum Miami

## Collections (selection)

The works of Peláez are held in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Moderna Museet in Stockholm, and the Museum of Modern Art, New York.


C'est La Vie (Rouge album)

# C'est La Vie (Rouge album)

## Abstract

C'est La Vie (English: It's Life) is the second studio album by Brazilian girl group Rouge. It was first released by Columbia Records on May 4, 2003. The album is the successor to the band's debut album, Rouge (2002), which sold more than two million copies, having as main hit the song " Ragatanga ". The album features zouk as the main style in the songs " Brilha La Luna " and " Vem Cair na Zueira ", as well as international versions such as "Eu Quero Fugir" (version for " Runaway " by The Corrs) and " C'est La Vie " (version of the song of the same name of the band B*Witched).

C'est La Vie was certified platinum and has sold over 350,000 copies. Over 100,000 copies of the album were sold in just one week. In 2003, the album appeared at number 17 in the list of the 20 most sold albums in Brazil according to the ABPD. A few weeks after its release, the album was reissued in a special edition, a CD and DVD kit that features the making of recording and the transition of the girls into the new phase. In addition to the behind-the-scenes of the music video of "Brilha La Luna", among other featurettes. About 50,000 copies of the kit were sold, giving the group the gold certificate.

Three singles were released from the album: "Brilha La Luna", which has managed to lead the charts, and the romantic " Um Anjo Veio Me Falar ", which became the second most popular single of the girls' careers. Both songs broke out on radios across the country and "Vem Cair na Zueira". Also in 2003, they toured Latin America and Portugal to promote the album. The album also spanned the DVD A Festa dos Seus Sonhos (2003), which in addition to the show counted as a bonus the two music videos from the album.

The album was a success in award shows, winning 13 trophies, including 4 "Capricho Awards", 2 " Meus Prêmios Nick ", 4 "Universal Musical Trophy", 1 " Multishow Brazilian Music Award " besides being nominated for the Latin Grammy in the category "Best Brazilian Pop Album", being the first and only indication of the group.

## Background

After the success of its predecessor, the self-titled Rouge (2002), C'est La Vie brought to prominence the zouk genre that already was a hit in other parts of the world, mainly in Europe. The genre has similarities with lambada and arose in the Antilles. According to the idealizer and producer of the album, Rick Bonadio, the bet was in the rhythm mixed with pop. According to Luciana Andrade, "after Ragatanga, everyone expects us to have something more to show. What we have to say is that we trust Rick and Sony professionals". Patrícia Lissa points out that there was more interaction among the members at work, saying: "In this album, we participated in meetings with Rick Bonadio, to help choose the repertoire, we heard songs that were sent "

Fantine Thó, also a member of the group, commented on the new work:

"Zouk has been in Brazil for a long time, but no artist has yet introduced it to the general public. We are releasing zouk pop, with the signature of Rouge."

About being under the pressure of having to repeat the same success of the debut album, the girls were recognized that they underwent it majorly: "we felt pressured, but tried not to think about it," Patricia said. "We wanted to be true and this is what will make the album have the quality of the first. If it will sell, that is a consequence."

## Recording and songs

It was cool because it rolled in a relaxed way. Rick threw the idea to Patrícia, she thought in context. Then he decided to play the idea for everyone. We talked while Rick, more experienced, was stoning. The result was great. It's one of my favorite songs on the album. Luciana Andrade, member of the group, talking about the song " Um Anjo Veio Me Falar ".

The repertoire of C'est La Vie consists mainly of versions of older songs made by international composers and songs written by Rick Bonadio himself, as it happened in the first album. The track that opens the album, "C'est La Vie", is a version of the song of the same name by the Irish girl group " B*Witched ". The version of the song, that for some critics, recalls the hit " Beijo Molhado ", by Milton Guedes. "Brilha La Luna", written by Rick Bonadio, has a "caliente" (hot) appeal and a rhythm called "pop zouk". The song "Me Faz Feliz" is Milton Guedes's version of the song "Heavenly." Already "Quando Chega a Noite", brings a novelty, is a disco music, sung for the most part by Karin Hils. The song is a version of the song "Llega la Noche", origiginally by the Argentinean girl group " Bandana ", formed also in "Popstars", of Argentina. One of the highlights of the album is the track " Um Anjo Veio Me Falar ", written by Aline, Fantine, Karin, Luciana and Patrícia, in partnership with Rick Bonadio. The song is a version of the song "Angel In My Heart", by the British pop band "Hear'Say". The pop song "Fantasma" was written by Fúlvio Márcio, who wrote some tracks from the group's eponymous debut album.

"Vem Cair na Zueira", also signed by Rick Bonadio, follows the same style of " Brilha La Luna ", having a great Latin appeal, closer to the zouk root. "Dentro de Mim" is written by Charles Midnight, who has written songs for Joe Cocker and James Brown. "When I asked him for a composition for the Rouge album, he said he already knew the band and their work, and so did all the other foreign authors we talked to," said Rick Bonadio. One of the members Luciana Andrade favorite songs is "Eu quero Fugir", the Portuguese version for " Runaway ", hit by Irish band The Corrs. "When I moved to São Paulo and started to get involved with music, my friends always said that The Corrs had everything to do with my style," Luciana recalled. Fantine Thó made her debut as a songwriter in the ballad "Um Dia Sem Você". "I used to sing more black ballads and even rap, but my favorite album track comes in a more pop / rock version," explains Aline Wirley about "Um Dia Sem Você". In the song, she and Fantine do a duet, while the other girls do the chorus. Luciana also ventures into the composition, alongside Rick Bonadio in the track "Abra o Seu Coração".

## Singles

" Brilha La Luna ", was released as the lead single from the album on 6 May 2003. The song, which is derived from zouk, was a hit on the charts. The album's second single, the ballad, " Um Anjo Veio Me Falar ", was released in 8 July 2003, and also became a success, becoming the band's second most famous song. The song was also part of the soundtrack to the soap opera Canavial de Paixões by Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão. The fourth and final single from the album was, " Vem Cair na Zueira ", was released in 29 November 2003, and also follows the same zouk line adopted in "Brilha la Luna", but with a little more Latin rhythms. The group participated in the movie Xuxa Abracadabra (2003), presenting the song, which extracted a music video.

## Release and promotion

To promote the album, the label released a special edition, containing a kit with CD and DVD, counting on the making of which registers the transformation of the girls to the new phase of the group. In addition to backstage of the music video of " Brilha La Luna ", multimedia material and more. To promote the album on television, the group released "C'est La Vie" on Gugu 's show TV, singing the single "Brilha la Luna", " Vem Cair na Zueira ", an a cappella from " Um Anjo Veio Me Falar " and "Me Faz Feliz", besides the singles " Ragatanga " and " Não Dá pra Resistir ". The group also went to the Bom Dia & Cia children's show where they had an entire week of the show (Monday to Friday) dedicated to the girls who sang old and new hits such as "Ragatanga", "Brilha La Luna" and made an a cappella of "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar", also gave interviews to TV host Jackeline Petkovic who also learned the choreographies of the Rouge, were also to Falando Francamente da Sônia Abrão, singing "Brilha la Luna", "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar", and an excerpt from the unpublished "Um Dia Sem Você", attending a fan request. The band also went to Sabadaço, singing the singles "Brilha la Luna" and "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar", in addition to the title track "C'est La Vie." girls also promoted the album on Hebe ' s show, in addition to participating in the show's TV Eliana, É Show, Pânico na TV, Dia Dia, Melhor da Tarde and Chat Show Terra.

### Tour

The group also promoted the album with two tours: the first was the Brilha La Tour in 2003, and the second was the C'est La Vie Tour in 2003. The Brilha la Tour featured 15 songs, including 7 songs from the new album. The C'est La Vie Tour included 17 songs, including 11 songs from "C'est La Vie", including "Um Dia Sem Você", "Eu Quero Fugir", "Delírios" and "Dentro de Mim" who were not present on the previous tour.

The group also released a DVD titled A Festa dos Seus Sonhos (The Feast of Their Dreams), which celebrated 1 year of the group, among the tracks of the new album were the songs "C'est La Vie", "Me Faz Feliz", "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar", "Fantasma", "Quando Chega a Noite", " Vem Cair na Zueira " e " Brilha La Luna ".

## Spanish version

A version of the album "C'est La Vie" was recorded in Spanish, to be released the same year. But with the departure of the member Luciana, the CD and the project of the 4th DvD ended up being canceled. The edition of the album "C'est La Vie" in Spanish, includes versions of songs of the own and some of the first album. The song "Um anjo veio me falar", also won, in addition to the Spanish version, a music video, which was even comrecializado, where still today, has access. In 2012, it was recorded that the songs of the album leaked on the Internet and discovered by YouTube.

## Track listing

## Awards

The album was a success in the awards, being indicated to 9 different prizes, being indicated the total to 16, and winning 13 prizes. The song "Brilha La Luna" won the awards for Best Music at "Capricho Awards", " Meus Prêmios Nick ", "Trophy" Universal Musical Trophy, "Musical Universe" and the "Zero Magazine Award". The band also won the " Multishow Brazilian Music Award " in the Best Group category.

The group also achieved a 2004 Latin Grammy nomination in the "Best Brazilian Pop Album" category, being the band's first and only nomination. The DVD A Festa dos Seus Sonhos, also received 2 awards, in "Capricho Awards 2004" and "Troféu Universo Musical 2004", in addition to being nominated to the "Multishow Award of Brazilian Music" in the category "Best DVD".

## Charts


C'est La Vie (Rouge album)


France at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

# France at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

## Abstract

France is competing as the host nation of the 2024 Summer Paralympics in their capital Paris from 28 August to 8 September 2024. It is the first time that France will be hosting the Summer Paralympics, they have hosted the Winter Paralympics in Albertville in 1992.

## Archery

As the host nation, France entered six athletes.

## Athletics

As the host nation, track and field athletes from France achieved quota places for the following events based on their results at the 2023 World Championships, 2024 World Championships, or through high performance allocation, as long as they meet the minimum entry standard (MES).

- Note –Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only

- Q = Qualified for the next round

- q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

- DQ = Disqualified

- PR = Paralympic Record

- AR = Area (or continental) Record

- NR = National Record

- SB = Season's Best

- N/A = Round not applicable for the event

- Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

## Badminton

As the host nation, France has qualified seven para badminton players for the following events, through the release of BWF para-badminton Race to Paris Paralympic Ranking.

## Blind football

The French men's blind football team qualified for the games as hosts.

Coach: Toussaint Akpweh

The following is the France squad in the football 5-a-side tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

## Boccia

As host nation, France directly qualifies three males, three females and one gender-free slots. Aurélie Aubert, Aurélien Fabre, Sonia Heckel, Fayçal Meguenni and Jules Menard have all qualified to compete.

## Cycling

Mathieu Bosredon, Anne-Sophie Centis, Elie de Carvalho, Dorian Foulon, Joseph Fritsch, Heïdi Gaugain, Florian Jouanny, Alexandre Léauté, Kévin Le Cunff, Gatien Le Rousseau, Alexandre Lloveras, Marie Patouillet, Thomas Peyroton-Dartet, Johan Quaile, Loïc Vergnaud and Anaïs Vincent have all qualified to compete.

### Road

### Track

Qualification Legend: QB = Final bronze medal; QG = Final gold medal; QF = Final

## Equestrian

As host nation, France directly qualifies a team of four athletes.

## Goalball

### Men's tournament

The French men's team qualified for the games directly using their quota as host.

Coach: Vivien Fournier Dit Chabert

The following is the France squad in the goalball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

### Women's tournament

The French women's team qualified for the games directly using their quota as host.

Coach: Anthony Puaud

The following is the France squad in the goalball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

## Judo

As host nation, France directly qualifies eight male and eight female judoka.

## Paracanoeing

France earned quota places for the following events through the 2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg, Germany; and 2024 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Szeged, Hungary.

Qualification Legend: FA – Qualify to medal final; FB – Qualify to non-medal final; SF – Qualify to semifinal

## Paratriathlon

## Powerlifting

Alex Adélaïde, Rafik Arabat, Axel Bourlon and Souhad Ghazouani have all qualified to compete.

## Rowing

French rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes at the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia; and 2024 Final Paralympic Qualification Regatta in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Qualification Legend: FA =Final A (medal); FB =Final B (non-medal); R =Repechage

## Shooting

As host nation, France entered nine para-shooter's after achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2022, 2023 and 2024 world cup, 2022 World Championships, 2023 World Championships, 2023 European Para Championships and 2024 European Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by July 15, 2024.

## Sitting volleyball

### Men's tournament

France men's sitting volleyball team qualified for the games as host.

- Mamadou Alpha Bah

- Cyrille Chahboune

- Gildas Guiheneuf

- Matthieu Jagu

- Benjamin Lacroix-Desmazes

- Thomas Laronce

- Thibaud Lefrancois

- Benjamin Pillerault

- Jean-Christophe Rambeau

- Damien Roget

- Morgan Troussard

- Romain Wolniewicz

### Women's tournament

France women's sitting volleyball team qualified for the games as host.

- Jenna Agbodjan Prince

- Séverine Baillot

- Estelle Marsa-Galant

- Aurélie Garcia

- Olivia Lanes

- Julie Ligner

- Lynda Medjaheri

- Karen Faimali-Meger

- Anais Rigal

## Swimming

As the host nation, France secured fourteen quotas at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships after finishing in the top two places in Paralympic class disciplines and Paralympic qualification ranking.

## Table tennis

As the host nation, France entered nineteen athletes for the Paralympic games. All of them qualified through the allocations of the final ITTF world ranking.

## Taekwondo

As the host nation, France entered three athletes to compete at the Paralympics competition. All of them qualified for Paris 2024, by virtue of finishing within the top six in the Paralympic rankings in their respective class.

## Wheelchair basketball

### Men's tournament

France men's has qualified to compete by virtue of their top four results at the 2024 IWBF Men's Repechage in Antibes, France.

The following is the France roster in the men's wheelchair basketball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics

## Wheelchair fencing

Clémence Delavoipiere, Cécile Demaude, Ludovic Lemoine, Yohan Peter, Damien Tokatlian, Maxime Valet and Brianna Vide had all qualified to compete.

## Wheelchair rugby

French wheelchair rugby team qualified as host.

- Tristan Barfety

- Adrien Chalmin

- Jordan Ducret

- Jonathan Hivernat

- Rodolphe Jarlan

- Corentin Le Guen

- Brice Maurel

- Cédric Nankin

- Ryadh Sallem

- Matthieu Thiriet

- Nicolas Valentim

- Sébastien Verdin

## Wheelchair tennis

Frédéric Cattanéo, Ksénia Chasteau, Pauline Déroulède, Stéphane Houdet, Guilhem Laget, Gaëtan Menguy and Emmanuelle Mörch have all qualified to compete.


Shoshana Wodak

# Shoshana Wodak

## Abstract

Shoshana Wodak is a computational biologist and an organizational leader in the field of protein-protein docking. Wodak was one of the first people to dock proteins together using a computer program.

Wodak obtained her PhD at Columbia University. She was elected an ISCB Fellow by the International Society for Computational Biology in 2016 and is one of the ISCB founders. She helped organize the Critical Assessment of Prediction of Interactions, for which she has served on the Management Group since the founding in 2002.


List of Boston Bruins broadcasters

# List of Boston Bruins broadcasters

## Abstract

This is a list of Boston Bruins broadcasters.

## Television

## Radio

## Newspaper

- Russ Conway, The Eagle-Tribune

- Francis Rosa, The Boston Globe


Lomandra brevis

# Lomandra brevis

## Abstract

Lomandra brevis is a species of plant in the Asparagaceae family, first described in 1962 by Alma Theodora Lee.

It is a perennial and is endemic to New South Wales, occurring in the Sydney region in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone derived soils.

It grows in small dense tussocks. It flowers in both spring and autumn. The male inflorescence is from 10 to 15 cm and is unbranched or has a few short branches, while the female inflorescence is about 5 cm long and is unbranched.


Stray (film)

# Stray (film)

## Abstract

%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete

#REDIRECT Stray#Film


Cannes

# Cannes

## Abstract

Cannes (/ k æ n, k ɑː n / KA(H)N, French:, locally; Occitan: Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, and Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. The city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences.

## History

By the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna (Ancient Greek: Αἴγιτνα). Historians are unsure what the name means, but the connection to Greek αἴγες "waves, surf" seems evident. The second element could be compared to the Cretan and Thessalian towns of Itanos (Ἴτανος) and Iton (Ἴτων); also phonetically close is the Aetolian town of Aegitium (Αἱγἱτιον). The area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands.

In 154 BC, it became the scene of violent but quick conflict between the troops of Quintus Opimius and the Oxybii.

In the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from "canna", a reed. Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower, which overlooked the swamps where the city now stands. Most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands, and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands.

An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, devastated the country around Canua. The insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city then known as Cannes, and at the end of the 11th century construction was started on two towers on the Lérins islands. One took a century to build.

Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years and became independent.

During the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were later controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary and the Bishop of Fréjus. They had many different purposes: in the middle of the 19th century, one served as a hospital for soldiers wounded in the Crimean War.

Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes "about the year 1838, when it was little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast" and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise; Brougham's work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who also built winter residences.

The 19th century saw the modernization of Cannes, spearheaded by Marie de Lametz and her son Prince Charles III to follow the successes of nearby Nice and the successful gambling industry in Bad Homburg. After several failures in 1850s, the late 1860s saw an expansion of casino, villas, hotels, roads and railway (the distance from Paris to Cannes reduced to 23 hours).

At the end of the 19th century, several more railways were completed, which prompted the arrival of streetcars. In Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue d'Antibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs (hôtel Gallia), a luxury establishment was built for the rich winter clientele, the Casino Municipal next to the pier Albert-Edouard. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979.

In the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a sports centre, a post office, and schools. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, but more Americans. Winter tourism gave way to summer tourism, and the summer casino at Palm Beach was constructed.

In 1931, Karan Singh the crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir was born at the Martinez Hotel.

The city council had the idea of starting an international film festival shortly after World War II.

On 3 November 2011, it hosted the 2011 G20 summit.

In 2021, Cannes was designated as the City of Film by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

## Climate

Cannes has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) and the city enjoys 11 hours of sunshine per day during summer (July), while in winter (December to February) the weather is mild. Both seasons see a relatively low rainfall and most rain occurs during October and November when over 100 mm (3.9 in) falls.

Cannes summers are long and warm, with summer daytime temperatures regularly hitting 30 °C (86 °F), while average temperatures are about 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures remain high from June to September, the busiest time of the year.

Mean temperatures drop below 10 °C (50 °F) for only three months of the year (December to February). The spring and autumn are also warm, although more suited to those who prefer slightly cooler weather.

The record high temperature was 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on 19 July 2023, while the record low temperature was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) on 9 January 1985.

## Landmarks

The Promenade de la Croisette is the waterfront avenue with palm trees. La Croisette is known for picturesque beaches, restaurants, cafés, boutiques, and luxury hotels. Le Suquet, the old town, provides a good view of La Croisette. The fortified tower and the Chapelle Sainte-Anne house the Musée des Explorations du monde. A distinctive building in Cannes is the Russian Orthodox church.

### Villas

Cannes of the 19th century can still be seen in its grand villas, built to reflect the wealth and standing of their owners and inspired by anything from medieval castles to Roman villas. They are not open to the public. Lord Brougham's Italianate Villa Eléonore Louise (one of the first in Cannes) was built between 1835 and 1839. Also known as the Quartier des Anglais, this is the oldest residential area in Cannes. Another landmark is the Villa Fiésole (known today as the Villa Domergue) designed by Jean-Gabriel Domergue in the style of Fiesole, near Florence, which may be visited on appointment.

### Île Sainte-Marguerite

It took the Man in the Iron Mask 11 years to leave the tiny, forested St Marguerite Island. The mysterious individual was believed to be of noble blood, but his identity has never been proven. His cell can be visited in the Fort of St Marguerite, now renamed the Musée de la Mer (Museum of the Sea). This museum also houses discoveries from shipwrecks off the island, including Roman (1st century BC) and Saracen (10th century AD) ceramics.

### Île Saint-Honorat

Cistercian monks are the only inhabitants of the smaller, southern St Honorat Island. Monks have inhabited the island since AD 410 and, at the height of their powers, owned Cannes, Mougins, and Vallauris. Medieval vestiges remain in the stark church, which is open to the public, and in the ruins of the 11th-century monastery on the seashore. The monks inhabit the Lérins Abbey and divide their time between prayer and producing red and white wines.

### Museums

The Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Provence houses artifacts from prehistoric to present, in an 18th-century mansion. The Musée de la Castre has objects from the Pacific Atolls, Peruvian relics, and Mayan pottery. Other venues include the Musée de la Marine, Musée de la Mer, Musée de la Photographie and Musée International de la Parfumerie.

### Theatre and music

Small venues stage productions and host short sketches during the annual International Actors' Performance Festival (Festival Performance d'Acteur). Local theaters include the Espace Miramar and the Alexandre III.

### Festivals and show events

- The Cannes Film Festival founded in 1946 is held annually, usually in May, at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.

- The Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity is a global event and awards show for those working in advertising and related fields, held annually in June.

- The Festival d'art pyrotechnique de Cannes is an annual fireworks competition held in the summer at the Bay of Cannes.

- Midem, the foremost trade show for the music industry.

- MIPIM, the world's largest property-related trade show.

- Carnival on the Riviera is an annual parade through the streets to mark the 21 days before Shrove Tuesday.

- The International Festival of Games is a festival of bridge, belote, backgammon, chess, draughts, tarot, and more (February).

- Cannes Yachting Festival is an event for boating enthusiasts in the Vieux Port (September).

- The International Actors' Performance Festival: comedy sketches and performances by fringe artists

- The International Luxury Travel Market brings together under one roof the top international luxury travel providers and suppliers from all around the world.

- The Global Champions Tour showjumping league has an annual event in the ports of Cannes.

- MIPCOM and MIPTV, held in October and April respectively, are the world's most important trade markets for the television industry.

- The Pan-African Film Festival, held in early April and featuring films from the African diaspora.

## Economy

The area around Cannes has developed into a high-tech cluster. The technopolis of Sophia Antipolis lies in the hills beyond Cannes. The Film Festival is a major event for the industry which takes place every year in May. In addition, Cannes hosts other major annual events such as the MIPIM, MIPTV, MIDEM, Cannes Lions, and the NRJ Music Awards. There is an annual television festival in the last week in September.

The economic environment is based on tourism, business fairs, trade, and aviation. Cannes has 6,500 companies, of which 3,000 are traders, artisans, and service providers. In 2006, 421 new companies were registered.

Cannes hosts the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center, headquarters of Thales Alenia Space, the first European satellite manufacturer.

## Sport

Cannes is home to the football side AS Cannes, which currently plays in the French third division. The club is notable for having launched the professional career of Zinedine Zidane.

The city hosts the Jumping International de Cannes international horse jumping event every June.

Cannes women's volleyball team RC Cannes has been very successful (won twenty French Championships and two CEV Champions League).

## Transport

### Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

Located 24 km (15 mi) from Cannes, Nice Côte d'Azur Airport. The smaller Cannes – Mandelieu Airport is nearby.

### Rail

Cannes station is the main railway station for the city of Cannes. It is situated on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway.

There are several rail services including:TGVs from Paris Gare de Lyon to Nice,a TER from Marseille St Charles to Nice,a TER service from Cannes to Les Arcs,anda TER service from Grasse/Cannes to Ventimiglia (Italy). The formers occasional Thello (Italian train) from Marseille St Charles to Milan no longer operates since December 2021.

Cannes-la-Bocca station is both a passenger station and a goods/maintenance depot. It is situated alongside the beach and has a connection to local ferries. There are three more stations on the line to Grasse: Le Bosquet, La Frayère, and Ranguin.

### Bus

Coach services arrive at the Gare Routière de Cannes, in the centre of the city, near the Town Hall. Companies from abroad include Eurolines and Agence Phocéens. Regional services are by Rapides Côte d'Azur and CTM, with services from Nice and Grasse/Mandelieu respectively. Local bus services are provided by Bus Azur.

### Ferry

Ferries are available in the Nice harbour from Bastia and Calvi in Corsica, with services provided by SNCM Ferryterranée and Corsica Ferries. From Bastia, the journey is 4 hours, and 45 minutes on conventional ferries, and 3 hours, and 40 minutes on express ferries, while from Calvi, conventional vessels take 3 hours, and 45 minutes, and express vessels take 2 hours and 45 minutes. An average of four ferries a day sail on these routes, with more during summer.

### Port

Cannes has 2 marinas – Vieux Port de Cannes (with 800 berths up to 145 m in length) beside the Palais des Festivals and Port Pierre Canto at the far end of the Croisette. Vieux Port is the main port and is used for cruise stopovers and yacht charters.

## International relations

Cannes is twinned with:

Cannes has friendship pacts with:

## Notable people

### Public service

- Dante Livio Bianco (1909–1953), Italian civil lawyer and wartime partisan leader.

- Anne Spoerry (1918–1999), French-Kenyan doctor and pilot

- Karan Singh (born 1931), former ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Indian diplomat and politician

- Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (1936–2020), Spanish royal and Grandee of Spain

- Jean-Charles Terrassier (1940–2022), psychologist, specialized in childhood intellectual giftedness

- Norbert Turini (born 1954), prelate of the Catholic Church, archbishop of Montpellier.

- Catherine Guillouard (born 1965), CEO of RATP Group, state-owned public transport operator

### The Arts

- Amédée de Vallombrosa (1880–1968), classical organist

- Gérard Philipe (1922–1959), theater and film actor

- Claude Mercier-Ythier (1931–2020), a French harpsichord maker

- James de Beaujeu Domville (1933–2015), theatrical producer and Commissioner of the National Film Board of Canada.

- Gabriel Tacchino (born 1934), a French classical pianist and piano teacher.

- Vojislav Stanimirovic (1937–2022), reformed criminal, writer, journalist, and artist

- Jean-Jacques Kantorow (born 1945), violinist and conductor

- Jacques Israelievitch (1948–2015), a French violinist

- Paolo Barzman (born 1957), French-American film director

- Frédéric Boyer (born 1961), author of novels, poems, and essays

- Cécilia Cara (born 1984), a French actress and singer

### Sport

- Bernard Casoni (born 1961), a former footballer with 488 club caps and 30 for France

- Yann Bonato (born 1972), basketball player

- Johan Micoud (born 1973), footballer with 485 club caps and 17 for France

- Cyrille Sauvage (born 1973), racing driver

- Sébastien Vieilledent (born 1976), rower and gold medallist at the Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's double sculls

- Sarah Bouhaddi (born 1986), footballer with over 300 club caps and 149 for France women

- Anthony Modeste, (born 1988), football player with over 400 club caps

- Tony Ramoin (born 1988), snowboarder, bronze medallist at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

- Élodie Lorandi (born 1989), a swimmer and medallist at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics

- Johann Zarco (born 1990), Grand Prix motorcycle racer

- Norman Nato (born 1992), racing driver

- Brandon Maïsano (born 1993), racing driver

- Dylan Bronn (born 1995) a footballer with over 200 club caps and 35 for Tunisia

- Timothé Luwawu-Cabarrot (born 1995), NBA player

- Dorian Boccolacci (born 1998), racing driver

### Died in Cannes

- Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868), British statesman & Lord Chancellor.

- Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg (1778–1866), a Scottish politician and colonial administrator.

- Victor Cousin (1792–1867), a French philosopher, founded " eclecticism ".

- Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884), a French chemist, worked on organic analysis and synthesis.

- T. E. Ellis (1859-1899), Welsh politician, leader of Cymru Fydd.

- Prosper Mérimée (1803–1870), a French Romanticism writer.

- Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), aristocrat, diplomat, political scientist & philosopher, and historian.

- Louis Blanc (1811–1882), a French socialist politician and historian.

- Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819–1899), an Oxford scholar who taught Asian languages.

- John Francis Campbell (1821–1885), a Scottish author and scholar.

- Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (1822–1888), a British Whig comparative jurist and historian.

- Charilaos Trikoupis (1832–1896), Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece seven times, 1875–1895.

- Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (1833–1908), a British statesman.

- Benjamin Godard (1849–1895), a French violinist and Romantic-era composer.

- Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853-1884), eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

- Nubar Gulbenkian (1896–1972), Armenian business magnate and socialite

- Jacques Monod (1910–1976), French microbiologist and biochemist, Nobel prizewinner


Mount Maria, Queensland

# Mount Maria, Queensland

## Abstract

Mount Maria is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Geography

Baffle Creek forms the south-western boundary and the south-eastern and eastern boundary (but not the southern boundary). Euleilah Creek forms the north-west boundary of the locality; it later becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek.

The mountain Mount Maria is in the south of the locality (24°32′29″S 151°50′38″E / 24.5413°S 151.8440°E) and rises to 340 metres (1,120 ft) above sea level. It presumably gives its name to the locality.

Tablelands Road enters the locality from the south (Berajondo) and exits to the north (Taunton); it is the main road through the locality.

The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Mount Maria had a population of 193 people.

In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Mount Maria. The nearest government primary schools are Lowmead State School in neighbouring Lowmead to the west, Rosedale State School in neighbouring Rosedale to the south-east, and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Rosedale State School (to Year 12).


Robert F. Kennedy in media

# Robert F. Kennedy in media

## Abstract

Robert F. Kennedy, the 64th United States Attorney General, a U.S. senator from New York, and the brother of United States president John F. Kennedy, has frequently been depicted or referenced in works of popular culture.

## Documentaries

Robert Drew 's 1963 documentary Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment focused on Governor George Wallace 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door at the University of Alabama.

Documentary filmmaker DA Pennebaker made several films featuring Kennedy. His short film Jingle Bells (1964) follows Kennedy and his children as they celebrate Christmas in New York City with local school children and Sammy Davis Jr. His later film Hickory Hill documents the 1968 Annual Spring Pet Show at Hickory Hill, the Kennedy Virginia estate.

Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968), by Charles Guggenheim, honored Kennedy soon after his death.

In 1970, ABC-TV presented David L. Wolper 's film The Unfinished Journey of Robert F. Kennedy, narrated by John Huston.

In 1973, Gérard Alcan directed and produced The Second Gun, a film about Kennedy's murder.

Shane O' Sullivan 's 2007 documentary RFK Must Die: The Assassination of Bobby Kennedy investigates the assassination and conspiracy theories surrounding it.

The documentary film, A Ripple of Hope (2008), retells Kennedy's call for peace during a campaign stop in Indianapolis, on April 4, 1968, the evening of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

The documentary film, RFK in the Land of Apartheid: A Ripple of Hope (2010), follows his five-day visit to South Africa in June 1966, during which he made his famous Ripple of Hope speech at the University of Cape Town.

The documentary film, Ethel (2012), about the life of Ethel Kennedy, recounts many of the major personal and political events of Kennedy's life, through interviews with family members including Ethel herself, and news footage.

In 2018, Netflix released the 4-part documentary Bobby Kennedy for President that focused on his political rise and brief campaign for president in 1968.

## Films and television

Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000).

He is portrayed by John Shea in the TV miniseries Kennedy (1983).

He is portrayed by Cotter Smith in the television miniseries Blood Feud (1983).

He is portrayed by Brad Davis in the three-part TV mini-series Robert Kennedy and His Times (1985), based on the book by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

The 1985 film Prince Jack portrays Attorney General Kennedy's (James F. Kelly) efforts to address the Civil rights movement.

He is portrayed by Nicholas Campbell in the television mini-series Hoover vs. The Kennedys (1987).

He was portrayed by Kevin Anderson in Hoffa (1992) and by Željko Ivanek in the HBO film The Rat Pack (1998).

He is played by Linus Roache in the made-for-TV movie RFK (2002), which portrays his life from the time of his brother's assassination to his own death.

The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination. The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces.

Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries.

In the biographical movie J. Edgar (2011), RFK is played by Jeffrey Donovan.

He was played by Russell Lucas in Seven Days That Made a President (2013).

Jack Noseworthy plays Robert Kennedy in the 2013 film Killing Kennedy.

He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, Jackie (2016).

He is played by Julian Ovenden in the TV series The Crown in the episode "Dear Mrs Kennedy" (2017).

He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese 's film The Irishman (2019).

## Other arts, entertainment, and media

### Music

The Rolling Stones began recording the song " Sympathy for the Devil " on June 4, 1968. The original lyrics included the line, "I shouted out 'Who killed Kennedy?'", which was changed to, "I shouted out 'Who killed the Kennedys?'"

The 1968 song " Abraham, Martin and John " is a tribute to Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy.

The song "Starlight" by Taylor Swift on her 2012 album Red is about the courtship of Robert F. Kennedy and his wife Ethel.

### Novels

James Ellroy wrote a fictionalized historical version of Robert F. Kennedy in his Underworld USA Trilogy novels. He is an important secondary character, and appears in two of the three novels in the trilogy: American Tabloid (1995) and The Cold Six Thousand (2001).

### Plays

British playwright Roy Smiles ' play about Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign, The Last Pilgrim, was staged in London in 2010. It was shortlisted for Best Play at the Off West End Awards in the UK in 2011.

Robert F. Kennedy is the inspiration behind British theatre maker Russell Lucas's 'The Bobby Kennedy Experience', directed by Sarah-Louise Young.

### Poetry

Robert Lowell wrote several poems about Kennedy; his elegy for him includes the line, "doom was woven in your nerves".


Naser Aliji

# Naser Aliji

## Abstract

Naser Ismail Aliji (born 27 December 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a left-back, and also for the Albania national team. Born in Macedonia, he played for Switzerland at youth international levels, and made his senior debut for Albania in 2015.

## Club career

### Early career

Aliji was born in Kumanovo and is of Albanian ethnicity. He lived there until he was four years old, at which time his mother moved to Baden, Switzerland together with her two other siblings, a sister and a brother, to join their father, who had been working there for many years. Aliji started his youth football aged 4 when he was sent by his brother to play with FC Baden. Aged 9, he moved to FC Aarau for one year and then he joined FC Basel in 2008. Later he played in their U-18 team and in their U21 team where he received various individual prizes as the youngster of the year.

### Basel

Aliji signed his first professional contract with FC Basel on 20 June 2013 and joined their first team. Aliji made his first team debut on 17 August as he was substituted in during the Swiss Cup first round match against BSC Old Boys. He played his first match in the starting eleven in the Swiss Cup quarter-final against Le Mont on 5 February 2014 as Basel won 6–1. One minute before half time he gave the final pass to Marco Streller for him to score the third goal of the game. On 16 March 2014 Aliji made his Swiss Super League debut and played the full 90 minutes at St. Jakob-Park in the 5–0 home win, against Aarau. At the end of the 2013–14 Super League season Aliji won the league championship with Basel. They also reached the final of the 2013–14 Swiss Cup, but were beaten 2–0 by Zürich after extra time. During the 2013–14 Champions League season Basel reached the group stage and finished the group in third position. Thus they qualified for the Europa League knockout phase where they advanced as far as the quarter-finals.

The season 2014–15 was also a successful one for Basel. Aliji scored his first goal for the team in the away game in the Stadion Brügglifeld on 19 July 2014 as Basel won 2–1 against Aarau. Despite this goal in the first match of the season and despite the fact that Basel had entered the Champions League in the group stage reaching the knockout phase on 9 December 2014 as they managed a 1–1 draw at Anfield against Liverpool, Aliji totaled just 17 appearances during the first half of the season, 5 (of 18) League, 3 (of 3) in the Cup and just 1 (of 6) in the Champions League, as well 8 further appearances in test games, mostly as substitute. Because Sousa did not rely upon Aliji and he could not make the starting eleven Basel looked for another solution. On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Aliji would be lent out to Vaduz to gain first team playing experience.

At the end of the season Basel won the championship for the sixth time in a row.

### Loan on Vaduz

In January 2015 during the Winter transfers window, Aliji was loaned out to the fellow Swiss Super League team FC Vaduz for 1 year and half. Aliji made his debut for Vaduz on 15 February 2015 in the away match against Aarau, playing the full 90 minutes of the game, which ended in a 1–0 victory. Until the end of the league season Aliji played 17 matches all as a starter and substituted off in just one occasion. Aliji won the 2014–15 Liechtenstein Cup playing two matches including the final against Triesenberg on 13 May 2015 when Vaduz won 5–0 and Aliji played the full 90-minutes.

Having won the 2014–15 Liechtenstein Cup, Vaduz gained the right to participate in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round, where they were shorted to play against San Marino side La Fiorita. In the first leg, Aliji played the full 90-minutes match in a 5–0 away victory. Then Vaduz qualified in the next round beating La Fiorita 5–1 in the second leg and winning on aggregate 10–1. Vaduz finds as an opponent in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying round the Estonia side Nõmme Kalju. Aliji managed to play another full 90-minutes European match in the first leg to help his team to take a 3–1 victory.

### Return to Basel

Following an injury to Adama Traoré with the Ivory Coast national team due to the absence of other left-backs, Basel used the contract rights to recall Aliji to their first team squad from the loan to Vaduz. Under trainer Urs Fischer Aliji won the Swiss Super League championship at the end of the 2015–16 Super League season for the third time. For the club it was the seventh title in a row and their 19th championship title in total.

On 1 July 2016, Basel announced that Aliji was leaving the club and would move to Germany. During his time with their first team, Aliji played a total of 64 games for Basel scoring one goal. 21 of these games were in the Swiss Super League, nine in the Swiss Cup, four in the UEFA competitions (Champions League and Europa League) and 22 were friendly games. He scored his sole goal in the domestic league.

### 1. FC Kaiserslautern

On 1 July 2016, Aliji joined 2. Bundesliga side 1. FC Kaiserslautern on a free transfer, signing a contract until June 2019.

He should have compensated for the departure of Chris Löwe on the left side of defence. Initially a regular player under coach Tayfun Korkut, Aliji was not able to convince FCK and was sorted out under Korkut's successor Norbert Meier. Because, initially, he was unable to find a new club, Aliji's contract with FCK was terminated on 31 August 2017, two years before it expired, against payment of a severance payment.

### Later years

Following this, Aliji was without a club for six months. In January 2018 he joined Italian club Virtus Entella in Serie B for six months. He later played for Dinamo București and Budapest Honvéd. He joined Voluntari in the summer of 2022.

## Personal life

In the summer of 2018 Aliji returned to Switzerland to be with his father who had a cancer diagnosis.

## International career

Despite playing for Macedonia youth national teams and Switzerland youth national teams, Aliji did not exclude the option of representing Albania at international level. On 17 December 2014, the FSHF representative for talents in Switzerland, Sokol Dauti, confirmed that Aliji had decided to represent Albania and begun the procedure to get an Albanian passport. Three of his former teammates at Basel Taulant Xhaka, Shkëlzen Gashi and Arlind Ajeti play for Albania, despite having represented Swiss youth national teams. On 5 March 2015, Aliji received Albanian citizenship alongside his teammate Ajeti, and became the first player ever from Macedonia to wear the Albania national team shirt.

Aliji received his first call-up to the Albania national team by the coach Gianni De Biasi for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Armenia on 29 March 2015. Despite the invitation he wasn't eligible yet to play for Albania in competitive matches as he hadn't yet received the go ahead from FIFA. Then Aliji was called up again in the next match of Albania, the friendly one against France on 13 June 2015. He debuted for Albania at international level against France playing the full 90-minutes match which finished in a 1–0 crucial victory against the UEFA Euro 2016 hosts with a free-kick scored by Ergys Kaçe in the 43rd minute.

On 21 May 2016, Aliji was named in Albania's preliminary 27-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016, and in Albania's final 23-man UEFA Euro 2016 squad on 31 May.

Aliji didn't manage to play any minute of all Group A matches as Albania were eliminated by ranking in the 3rd place behind hosts France against which lost 2–0 and Switzerland against which they also lost 1–0 in the opening match and ahead of Romania by beating them 1–0 in the closing match with a goal by Armando Sadiku. Albania finished the group in the third position with three points and with a goal difference –2, and was ranked last in the third-placed teams, which eventually eliminated them.

## Career statistics

### International

## Honours

Basel

- Swiss Super League: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16

- Swiss Cup runner-up: 2013–14

Vaduz

- Liechtenstein Cup: 2014–15

Budapest Honvéd

- Magyar Kupa: 2019–20

Individual

- FC Basel Rookies of the Year: 2011, 2013


Margarita (2024 TV series)

# Margarita (2024 TV series)

## Abstract

Margarita is an Argentine-Uruguayan fantasy and teen comedy-drama television series created by Cris Morena that premiered on Max on September 2, 2024. It is a spin-off of the telenovela Floricienta that ran for two seasons from 2004 to 2005.

## Series overview

The story of the series is set several years after the events of Floricienta, and revolves around Margarita (Mora Bianchi), the daughter of Florencia and Máximo, who is unaware of her true origins and has gone through several foster homes.

After stumbling upon a trendy arts center that offers a series of scholarships for talented young artists, Margarita decides to audition. The place is run by Delfina Santillán (Isabel Macedo), who after the encounter begins to suspect that the teenager could be the legitimate daughter of Florencia and Máximo, her sister and brother-in-law, and therefore the heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Krikoragán and all its fortune, which she stole.

From her discovery, Delfina realizes that the entire company she built based on lies, including the adoption of an orphan to pass her off as Florencia's daughter in order to appropriate the entire inheritance, is at risk of being destroyed after the appearance of Margarita, who is the true heir to the entire estate.

## Cast

- Mora Bianchi as Margarita

- Ramiro Spangenberg as Merlín

- Isabel Macedo as Delfina Santillán

- Graciela Stefani as María Laura "Malala" Torres-Oviedo

- Rafael Ferro as Severino

- María del Cerro as Yamila Puentes

- Julia Calvo as Ada

- Tomás Benítez as Pipe

- Mateo Belmonte as Rey

- Lola Abraldes as Daisy

- Joaquín Reffico as Zeki

- Pilar Masse as Única

- Pamela Baigún as Mei

- Martiniano Rodríguez as Otto

- Antonella Podestá as Alaska

- José Barbeito as Romeo

- Benjamín Rojas as Franco Fritzenwalden

- Jose Fabini as Sasha

- Trinidad Xanthopoulos as Julieta

- Valentino Petrilli as Jano

## Background and production

### Development

In June 2022, it was reported that Cris Morena had begun developing a series in co-production with WarnerMedia Latin America for HBO Max with Leandro Calderone as the screenwriter. Almost a year later, in April 2023, it was confirmed that the title of the series would be Margarita and that it would be a spin-off of the telenovela Floricienta that ran successfully between 2004 and 2005, and that it was broadcast and adapted in several countries.

### Casting

The first confirmed cast member for the series was Isabel Macedo, who reprised her role as villain Delfina Santillán. In August 2022, Tomás Benítez, a student at Otro Mundo –an artistic training school founded by Cris Morena– was cast. In April 2023, Graciela Stefani, María del Cerro, Martín Seefeld and Julia Calvo were cast. Stefani reprised her well-known role as Malala. In June, Mora Biachi, also a student at Otro Mundo, was announced as the protagonist of the series, in the role of Margarita.

In October 2023, it was announced that Benjamín Rojas would make a special appearance in the series, reprising his role as Franco Fritzenwalden. In November, once filming was completed, Ramiro Spangenberg was confirmed as the male lead, while the rest of the young cast was confirmed in December, consisting of Mateo Belmonte, Lola Abraldes, Joaquín Reffico, Pilar Masse, Pamela Baigún, Martiniano Rodríguez, Antonella Podestá and José Barbeito.

### Filming

Filming of the series began on July 24, 2023, and took place entirely in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was a co-production between Cris Morena Group and the Uruguayan company Cimarrón Cine. Some Montevideo landmarks and well-known establishments were filmed for the series, such as the Hotel Carrasco, the Rambla, the Aurelio Berro Mansion and the central business district.

## Release

In March 2024, Cris Morena and Max published the first trailer for the series, revealing that it would premiere that year. In August it was revealed that the 40-episode series would premiere on September 2 and that 5 episodes would be released per week. In addition, it was confirmed that the television station Telefe had partnered with Max to also broadcast the series.


Devil's Doorway (Wisconsin)

# Devil's Doorway (Wisconsin)

## Abstract

Devil's Doorway is a rock formation which is found in Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin). It is the signature feature of Devil's Lake State Park and a popular spot for climbing and photographs. The rocks are quartzite; they form a doorway-shaped natural rock arch.

## Description

Devil's Doorway is a main attraction in Devil's Lake State Park in Wisconsin. The park is 9,217 acres (3,730 ha) and Devil's Lake is 360 acres (150 ha). The formation got it's name because it looks much like a doorway or a stone arch, with two separate columns of rock and other rocks atop the formation. The formation is more than 30 ft (9.1 m) high. From the vantage point at the formation Devil's lake is visible.

Devil's Doorway is made up of quartzite, which is grains of sand tightly packed together. The geological formation in the area are estimated at 1.6 billion years old. The geological formations of Devil’s Doorway was created by many years of water both freezing and expanding. Cracks in the rocks allowed the water to help create the formation.

## History

Devil's Doorway is located at the southeast corner of Devil's Lake in Devil's Lake State Park. It is found on The East Bluff Trail. Between 1909 and 1910 The State Park Board acquired 740 acres (300 ha) for the park and by 1911 the board had secured a total of 1,100 acres (450 ha). When the park was established in 1911, there was much graffiti painted on the rocks of the formation.

The Devil's Doorway is just one of the many rock formations which is in Devil's Lake State Park. The Milwaukee Journal referred to the rock formation as one of "Wisconsin's natural wonders" and a "Wisconsin treasure". World Atlas has said the formation is the signature feature of Devil's Lake State Park. Visitors often climb on the rocks that make up the formation and take photographs. It is the most photographed rock formation in the park. The formation stays in position because of the weight of quartzite which is 165 lb (75 kg) per square foot. People occasionally climb the formation without safety gear and some visitors have been seriously injured or killed after falling in the area.


Phryne

# Phryne

## Abstract

Phryne (/ ˈ f r aɪ n i /; Ancient Greek: Φρύνη, romanized: Phrū́nē, c. 371 BC – after 316 BC) was an ancient Greek hetaira (courtesan). Born Mnesarete, she was from Thespiae in Boeotia, but seems to have lived most of her life in Athens, where she became one of the wealthiest women in Greece.

Phryne is best known for her trial for impiety, in which she was defended by the orator Hypereides. According to legend, she was acquitted after baring her breasts to the jury, though the historical accuracy of this episode is doubtful. She also modeled for the artists Apelles and Praxiteles, and the Aphrodite of Knidos was based on her. Largely ignored during the renaissance, artistic interest in Phryne began to grow from the end of the eighteenth century. Her trial was famously depicted by Jean-Léon Gérôme in the 1861 painting Phryne Before the Areopagus, which influenced many subsequent depictions of her.

## Life

Phryne was from Thespiae in Boeotia. She was probably born around 371 BC, and was the daughter of Epicles. Both Plutarch and Athenaeus say that her real name was Mnesarete. According to Plutarch she was called Phryne because she had a pale complexion like a toad (phryne in Greek); she also used the name Saperdion.

Phryne seems to have spent most of her life in Athens. She might have come there with her family following the conquest of Thespia by Thebes in 373 BC, been born in Athens to Thespian refugees following the Theban conquest, or been brought there as a girl to take part in the sex trade, as was Neaira, another fourth-century hetaira. She apparently grew up poor – comic playwrights portray her picking capers – and became one of the wealthiest women in the Greek world. According to Callistratus, after Alexander razed Thebes in 335, Phryne offered to pay to rebuild the walls. She was also said to have dedicated a statue of herself at Delphi, and a statue of Eros to Thespiae. Phryne probably lived beyond 316 BC, when Thebes was rebuilt; according to Plutarch her fame meant that she could continue to charge high fees to her clients in her old age.

Very little is known about Phryne's life for certain, and much of her biography transmitted in ancient sources may be invented: Helen Morales writes that separating fact from fiction in accounts of Phryne's life is "impossible".

### Trial

The most famous event in Phryne's life was the prosecution brought by Euthias, where she was defended by Hypereides. According to legend, Hypereides exposed her breasts to the jury, who were so struck by her beauty that she was acquitted.

According to the ancient sources, Phryne was charged with asebeia, a kind of blasphemy. An anonymous treatise on rhetoric, which summarises the case against Phryne, lists three specific accusations against her – that she held a "shameless komos " or ritual procession, that she introduced a new god, and that she organised unlawful thiasoi or debauched meetings. The charge of introducing a new god had previously been used in the trial of Socrates; that of organising thiasoi is also known from the trial of Ninos. According to Harpocration, the new god introduced by Phryne was called Isodaites; though Harpocration describes him as being "foreign", the name is Greek and other sources consider it an epithet of Dionysus, Helios, or Pluto.

The case against Phryne was brought by Euthias, one of her former lovers; Hypereides, who spoke in her defence, was also one of Phryne's lovers. According to an ancient tradition, Euthias' case against Phryne was motivated by a personal quarrel rather than Phryne's alleged impiety. Craig Cooper suggests that the trial of Phryne was politically motivated. He observes that Aristogeiton, who made a speech for the prosecution, was a political enemy of Hypereides and prosecuted him for illegally introducing a decree after the Battle of Chaeronea in 338. Hypereides' defence speech survives only in fragments, though it was greatly admired in antiquity. Two prosecution speeches are mentioned by Athenaeus, though neither survive – one composed by Anaximenes of Lampsacus and delivered by Euthias, the other composed by Aristogeiton. The date of the trial is uncertain: it must have been before Anaximenes moved to Macedon, and therefore was perhaps between 350 and 340 BC.

Famously, Phryne was said to have been acquitted after the jury saw her bare breasts – Quintilian says that she was saved " non Hyperidis actione... sed conspectu corporis " ("not by Hypereides' pleading, but by the sight of her body"). Three different versions of this story survive. In Quintilian's account, along with those of Sextus Empiricus and Philodemus, Phryne makes the decision to expose her own breasts; while in Athenaeus' version Hypereides exposed Phryne as the climax of his speech, and in Plutarch's version Hypereides exposed her because he saw that his speech had failed to persuade the jury. Christine Mitchell Havelock notes that there is separate evidence for women being brought into the courtroom to arouse the sympathy of the jury, and that in ancient Greece baring the breasts was a gesture intended to arouse such a compassionate response, so Phryne's supposed behaviour in the court is not without parallel in Greek practice. However, this episode probably never happened. It was not mentioned in Posidippus ' version of the trial in his comedy Ephesian Woman, quoted by Athenaeus. Ephesian Woman was produced c. 290 BC, and the story of Phryne bearing her breasts therefore probably postdates this. In Posidippus' version, Phryne personally pleaded with each of the jurors at her trial for them to save her life, and it was this which secured her acquittal. The story of Phryne baring her breasts may have been invented by Idomeneus of Lampsacus. Though all of the ancient accounts assume that Phryne was on trial for her life, asebeia was not necessarily punished by death; it was an agōn timētos, in which the jury would decide on the punishment if the accused was convicted.

Hermippus reports that after Phryne's acquittal, Euthias was so furious that he never spoke publicly again. Kapparis suggests that in fact he was disenfranchised, possibly because he failed to gain one fifth of the jurors' votes and was unable to pay the subsequent fine. The trial of Phryne also supposedly led to two new laws being passed governing courtroom behaviour: one forbade the accused being present while the jury considered their decision; the other forbade lament in the courtroom.

### Model

Phryne was the model for two of the great artists of classical Greece, Praxiteles and Apelles. She is most famously associated with Praxiteles' Aphrodite of Knidos, the first three-dimensional and monumentally-sized female nude in ancient Greek art. However, this association appears only in Athenaeus and the sixth-century rhetorician Choricius of Gaza; it is not mentioned by other ancient authors who discuss the Knidia such as Pliny the Elder, and Clement of Alexandria names the model for the Knidia not as Phryne but Cratina.

Praxiteles also produced a golden or gilt statue of Phryne which was displayed – according to Pausanias dedicated by Phryne herself – in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. This may have been the first female portrait ever dedicated at Delphi; it was certainly the only statue of a woman alone to be dedicated before the Roman period. According to Pliny, Phryne was also the model for Praxiteles' sculpture of a smiling courtesan, and one of Praxiteles' sculptures of Eros was said to have been inspired by his desire for Phryne.

Like Praxiteles, Apelles used Phryne as a model for Aphrodite. According to Athenaeus, he was inspired by the sight of Phryne walking naked into the sea at Eleusis to use her as a model for his painting of Aphrodite Anadyomene (Aphrodite Rising from the Sea). This was displayed at the sanctuary of Asclepius on the Greek island of Kos, and by the first century AD it appears to have been one of Apelles' best-known works.

## Reception

Phryne was largely ignored during the Renaissance, in favour of more heroic female figures such as Lucretia, but interest in depicting her increased in the eighteenth century with the advent of Neoclassicism. Early depictions of her by Angelica Kauffmann and J. M. W. Turner avoid eroticising her, but in the latter half of the nineteenth century, French academic painters focused more on the eroticism of Phryne's life. The most famous nineteenth century depiction of Phryne was Jean-Léon Gérôme 's Phryne before the Areopagus, which was controversial for showing her covering her face in shame, in the same pose that Gérôme used in several paintings of slaves in Eastern slave-markets. Driven by this controversy, Gérôme's painting was widely reproduced and caricatured, with engravings by Léopold Flameng, a bronze by Alexandre Falguière, and a painting by Paul Cézanne all modelled after Gérôme's Phryne.

In nineteenth century literature, Phryne appears in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire and Rainer Maria Rilke. In Baudelaire's "Lesbos", from Les Fleurs du Mal, she is used metonymically to represent courtesans in general. In Rilke's Die Flamingos, the flamingos are compared to Phryne, as they seduce themselves – by folding their wings over their own heads – more effectively than even she could ("they seem to think / themselves seductive; that their charms surpass / a Phryne’s"). Late nineteenth-century depictions of Phryne in other media included a waltz by Antonin d'Argenton, a shadow-theatre production by Maurice Donnay – where the scene of Phryne's trial was modelled on Gérôme's painting –, and a comic opera by Camille Saint-Saëns.

In the twentieth century, Phryne made the transition to cinema. Alessandro Blasetti 's " Il processo di Frine " adapted the story of Phryne's trial with a contemporary setting, based on a short story by Edoardo Scarfoglio. The following year, the peplum film Frine, cortigiana d'Oriente ("Phryne, the Oriental Courtesan") was released. Both films depict Phryne's disrobing at her trial with an iconography influenced by Gérôme's painting.

## Works cited


Spyros Agrotis

# Spyros Agrotis

## Abstract

Spyros Agrotis (Greek: Σπύρος Αγρότης; born 5 November 1961) is a Cypriot former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.