# Judicial Conference of the United States

## Abstract

The Judicial Conference of the United States, formerly known as the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, was created by the United States Congress in 1922 with the principal objective of framing policy guidelines for administration of judicial courts in the United States. The Conference derives its authority from 28 U.S.C. § 331, which states that it is headed by the chief justice of the United States and consists of the chief justice, the chief judge of each court of appeals federal regional circuit, a district court judge from various federal judicial districts, and the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

## History

Responding to a backlog of cases in the federal courts, in 1922 Congress enacted a new form of court administration that advanced the institutionalization of an independent judiciary. The establishment of an annual Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, later to be known as the Judicial Conference of the United States, culminated more than a decade of public debate on the reform of judicial administration. The Conference of Senior Circuit Judges provided the first formal mechanism by which members of the federal judiciary might develop national administrative policies, reassign judges temporarily, and recommend legislation.

Chief Justice William Howard Taft, appointed to the Supreme Court in 1921, had led a public campaign for federal judicial reform since leaving the White House in 1913. Taft proposed the appointment of at-large judges, what he called a "flying squadron", that could be assigned temporarily to congested courts. In Taft's plan, a conference of judges would serve primarily to assess the caseload of the lower courts and assign the at-large judges to courts in need. Taft, supported by a group of federal judges and legal scholars, hoped that the establishment of a more efficient federal judiciary would deflect the efforts of Senator George W. Norris and others who advocated an end to life tenure on the federal bench and the restriction of the lower federal courts' jurisdiction.

By the time Taft became Chief Justice, the increased caseload resulting from World War I and the enforcement of Prohibition had contributed to broad support for reform of the federal judiciary. Assuming a role as leader of the judiciary as well as the Supreme Court, Taft joined with Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty and appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee to urge legislation. A large majority in Congress agreed with the need for reform, but both the Senate and the House of Representatives insisted on revising Taft's proposals so that they conformed more closely to the traditions of the federal judiciary.

Congress established an annual conference of the chief justice of the United States (or the senior associate justice if the chief is unable), and the senior circuit judge (now called the chief judge) from each judicial circuit and charged the conference with a general mandate to advise on the administrative needs of the federal courts. The act required the senior judge in each district to prepare an annual report of the business of the district's court. The conference would use these reports to prepare suggestions for the temporary transfer of judges, pending the approval of all courts involved. This expansion of the authority to transfer judges fell far short of Taft's concept of a permanent corps of at-large judges. Congress established 24 temporary judgeships, but adhered to the principle of fixed residency for district judges. Congress also declined to make the attorney general a member of the conference, although the act permitted the chief justice to request the attorney general to report on the business of the courts. Even without a formal relationship with Congress or the Department of Justice (which then administered the federal courts), the conference offered the judiciary a means of communicating its administrative needs.

The conference was renamed the Judicial Conference of the United States in 1948. In 1956, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the Court of Claims. At that time, the judges of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA) declined to include a representative on the conference. The size of the conference nearly doubled following an act of 1957 that provided for the appellate and district judges in each circuit to elect a district judge to represent the circuit on the conference for a term of three years. In 1961 the chief judge of the CCPA began serving on the conference. The chief judges of these Court of Claims and the CCPA served on the conference until 1982 when their courts merged to become the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In 1990, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade. In 1996, Congress expanded the district judge term up to five years and allowed senior district judges to serve.

## Committee activities

The Judicial Conference last revised its committee structure in 1987, then naming a total of 20 Standing Advisory Committees, seven of which were then newly organized, and several of which absorbed other, previous Committees:

- Committee on Administration of the Bankruptcy System, 1968-present

- Committee on Administration of the Magistrate Judges System, 1991-present

- Committee on Audits and Administrative Office Accountability, 2009-present

- Committee on the Budget, 1959-present

- Committee on Codes of Conduct, 1987-present

- Committee on Court Administration and Case Management, 1990-present

- Committee on Criminal Law, 1992-present

- Committee on Defender Services, 1987-present

- Executive Committee, 1968-present

- Committee on Federal-State Jurisdiction, 1987-present

- Committee on Financial Disclosure, 1992-present

- Committee on Information Technology, 2002-present

- Committee on Intercircuit Assignments, 1968-present

- Committee on International Judicial Relations, 1993-present

- Committee on the Judicial Branch, 1980-present

- Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability, 2007-present

- Committee on Judicial Resources, 1987-present

- Committee on Judicial Security, 2006-present

- Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, 1958-present

- Committee on Space and Facilities, 2006-present

Each Advisory Committee is charged, respectively, with drafting proposed amendments for submission to the:

- Federal Rules of Civil Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; and

- Federal Rules of Evidence.

Members of the Advisory Committees include judges, representatives from the Department of Justice, law professors, and practicing attorneys. The Advisory Committees propose rules, subject them to public comment, and then submit them to the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, which in turn submits them to the Judicial Conference, which recommends them to the Supreme Court for approval. Explanatory notes of the drafting Advisory Committee are published along with the final adopted rules, and are frequently used as an authority on the interpretation of the rules.

Other active policy areas concern the operation of CM/ECF, the Case Management/Electronic Case Files system, and PACER, the electronic public access service for United States federal court documents.

On occasion, the Conference has authorized investigations of federal judges accused of criminal malfeasance. Those deemed guilty have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee for impeachment. This has happened three times during the 21st century.

## Administrative Office of the United States Courts

The Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) is the administrative agency of the United States federal court system. The AO is the central support entity for the federal judicial branch. It provides a wide range of administrative, legal, financial, management, program, and information technology services to the federal courts. It was established in 1939.

The AO is directly supervised by the Judicial Conference, and implements and executes Judicial Conference policies, as well as applicable federal statutes and regulations. The AO facilitates communications within the judiciary and with Congress, the executive branch, and the public on behalf of the judiciary.

## Judicial councils

Judicial councils are panels of each federal judicial circuit that are charged with making "necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice" within their circuits. Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline, the formulation of circuit policy, the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference, and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct. Each judicial circuit consists of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit.

## Lists of members

### All members

The following list of Judicial Conference service is organized by the circuits and courts represented. It was compiled largely from the Reports of the Proceedings of the Judicial Conference and is complete through the most recent meeting of the conference. The list contains the names of those judges who were members of the conference, but not those who may occasionally have attended in their absence. District Judges are identified by the district in which they served.

Supreme Court of the United States

- George H. Bingham, 1922–1938

- Scott Wilson, 1939

- Calvert Magruder, 1940–1959

- Peter Woodbury, 1959–1964

- Bailey Aldrich, 1965–1972

- Frank M. Coffin, 1972–1983

- Levin H. Campbell, 1983–1990

- Stephen G. Breyer, 1990–1994

- Juan R. Torruella, 1994–2001

- Michael Boudin, 2001–2008

- Sandra Lynch, 2008–2015

- Jeffrey R. Howard, 2015–2022

- David J. Barron, 2022–present

- George Clinton Sweeney (D. Mass.), 1958–1961

- Francis Ford (D. Mass.), 1961–1967

- Edward T. Gignoux (D. Me.), 1967–1973

- Andrew Caffrey (D. Mass.), 1973–1979

- Raymond J. Pettine (D.R.I.), 1979–1982

- W. Arthur Garrity Jr. (D. Mass.), 1982–1985

- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez (D.P.R.), 1985–1988

- Frank H. Freedman (D. Mass.), 1988–1991

- Francis J. Boyle (D.R.I.), 1991–1994

- Joseph L. Tauro (D. Mass.), 1995–1997

- Joseph A. DiClerico Jr. (D.N.H.), 1998–2000

- D. Brock Hornby (D. Me.), 2000–2003

- Hector M. Laffitte (D.P.R.), 2003–2006

- Ernest C. Torres (D.R.I.), 2007–2009

- Mary M. Lisi (D.R.I.), 2009

- Mark L. Wolf (D. Mass.), 2009–2012

- Paul Barbadoro (D.N.H.), 2012–2017

- Nancy Torresen (D. Me.), 2017–2021

- Gustavo Gelpí (D.P.R.), 2021

- Aida Delgado-Colón (D.P.R.), 2021–2023

- William E. Smith (D.R.I.), 2023–present

- Henry Wade Rogers, 1922–1925

- Charles Merrill Hough, 1926

- Martin T. Manton, 1926–1938

- Learned Hand, 1939–1951

- Thomas W. Swan, 1951–1953

- Harrie B. Chase, 1953–1954

- Charles E. Clark, 1954–1959

- J. Edward Lumbard, 1960–1971

- Henry J. Friendly, 1971–1973

- Irving R. Kaufman, 1973–1980

- Wilfred Feinberg, 1980–1988

- James L. Oakes, 1989–1992

- Thomas J. Meskill, 1992–1993

- Jon O. Newman, 1993–1997

- Ralph K. Winter Jr., 1997–2000

- John M. Walker Jr., 2000–2006

- Dennis G. Jacobs, 2006–2013

- Robert A. Katzmann, 2013–2020

- Debra Ann Livingston, 2020–present

- Edward Jordan Dimock (S.D.N.Y.), 1958–1959

- Sylvester J. Ryan (S.D.N.Y.), 1959–1968

- Sidney Sugarman (S.D.N.Y.), 1968–1971

- David N. Edelstein (S.D.N.Y.), 1971–1974

- Jacob Mishler (E.D.N.Y.), 1974–1977

- T. Emmet Clarie (D. Conn.), 1977–1980

- Lloyd F. MacMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 1980–1982

- Constance B. Motley (S.D.N.Y.), 1982–1983

- Jack B. Weinstein (E.D.N.Y.), 1983–1986

- John T. Curtin (W.D.N.Y.), 1986–1989

- Charles L. Brieant (S.D.N.Y.), 1989–1995

- Peter Dorsey (D. Conn.), 1996–1998

- Charles P. Sifton (E.D.N.Y)., 1998–2001

- Frederick Scullin (N.D.N.Y.), 2001–2004

- Michael B. Mukasey (S.D.N.Y.), 2005–2006

- Kimba M. Wood (S.D.N.Y.), 2006–2007

- William K. Sessions III (D. Vt.), 2007–2010

- Raymond J. Dearie (E.D.N.Y.), 2010–2011

- Carol Amon (E.D.N.Y.), 2011–2013

- William M. Skretny (W.D.N.Y.), 2013–2016

- Colleen McMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 2016–2020

- Stefan R. Underhill (D. Conn.), 2020–2023

- Margo Kitsy Brodie (E.D.N.Y.), 2023–present

- Joseph Buffington, 1922–1937

- John Warren Davis, 1938

- John Biggs Jr., 1939–1965

- Harry E. Kalodner, 1966

- Austin Staley, 1966–1967

- William H. Hastie, 1968–1971

- Collins J. Seitz, 1971–1984

- Ruggero J. Aldisert, 1984–1986

- John J. Gibbons, 1987–1989

- A. Leon Higginbotham, 1990

- Dolores Sloviter, 1991–1997

- Edward R. Becker, 1998–2003

- Anthony J. Scirica, 2003–2010

- Theodore A. McKee, 2010–2016

- D. Brooks Smith, 2016–2021

- Michael Chagares, 2021–present

- Phillip Forman (D.N.J.), 1957–1959

- James Cullen Ganey (E.D. Pa.), 1959–1961

- Thomas M. Madden (D.N.J.), 1961–1966

- Thomas James Clary (E.D. Pa.), 1966–1968

- Wallace S. Gourley (W.D. Pa.), 1968–1970

- Caleb M. Wright (D. Del.), 1970–1972

- Michael Henry Sheridan (M.D. Pa.), 1972–1975

- Lawrence A. Whipple (D.N.J.), 1975–1978

- Alfred Leopold Luongo (E.D. Pa.), 1978–1981

- Gerald J. Weber (W.D. Pa.), 1981–1984

- Walter K. Stapleton (D. Del.), 1984–1985

- Murray M. Schwartz (D. Del.), 1985–1987

- William J. Nealon (M.D. Pa.), 1987–1990

- John F. Gerry (D.N.J.), 1990–1994

- Edward N. Cahn (E.D. Pa.), 1994–1997

- Donald E. Ziegler (W.D. Pa.), 1998–2000

- Sue L. Robinson (D. Del.), 2000–2003

- Thomas I. Vanaskie (M.D. Pa.), 2003–2005

- Garrett E. Brown Jr. (D.N.J.), 2005–2008

- Harvey Bartle III (E.D. Pa.), 2008–2011

- Gary L. Lancaster (W.D. Pa.), 2011–2013

- Joy Flowers Conti (W.D. Pa.), 2013–2015

- Leonard P. Stark (D. Del.), 2015–2017

- Christopher C. Conner (M.D. Pa.), 2017–2021

- Freda L. Wolfson, (D.N.J.), 2021–2023

- Renée Marie Bumb, (D.N.J.), 2023

- Juan Ramon Sánchez, (E.D. Pa.), 2023–2024

- Mitchell S. Goldberg, (E.D. Pa.), 2024–present

- Charles Albert Woods, 1922–1924

- Edmund Waddill Jr., 1925–1930

- John Johnston Parker, 1931–1957

- Simon E. Sobeloff, 1958–1964

- Clement F. Haynsworth, 1964–1981

- Harrison L. Winter, 1981–1989

- Sam J. Ervin III, 1989–1995

- J. Harvie Wilkinson III, 1996–2003

- William W. Wilkins, 2003–2007

- Karen J. Williams, 2007–2009

- William B. Traxler Jr., 2009–2016

- Roger Gregory, 2016–2023

- Albert Diaz, 2023–present

- Roszel C. Thomsen (D. Md.), 1958–1964

- Walter E. Hoffman (E.D. Va.), 1964–1970

- Oren R. Lewis (E.D. Va.), 1970–1973

- Charles E. Simons (D.S.C.), 1973–1979

- Robert R. Merhige (E.D. Va.), 1980–1985

- Frank Kaufman (D. Md.), 1985–1991

- W. Earl Britt (E.D.N.C.), 1991–1997

- Charles H. Haden II (S.D. W. Va.), 1998–2002

- David C. Norton (D.S.C.), 2003–2007

- James P. Jones (W.D. Va.), 2007–2011

- Deborah K. Chasanow (D. Md.), 2011–2016

- Robert J. Conrad, (W.D.N.C.), 2016–2021

- John P. Bailey (N.D. W. Va.) 2021–present

- Richard Wilde Walker Jr., 1922–1929

- Nathan Philemon Bryan, 1930–1934

- Rufus Edward Foster, 1935–1941

- Samuel Hale Sibley, 1942–1947

- Joseph Chappell Hutcheson Jr., 1948–1959

- Richard Taylor Rives, 1959–1960

- Elbert Parr Tuttle, 1961–1967

- John R. Brown, 1967–1979

- James P. Coleman, 1980

- John Cooper Godbold, 1981

- Charles Clark, 1982–1991

- Henry A. Politz, 1992–1998

- Carolyn Dineen King, 1999–2006

- Edith Hollan Jones, 2006–2012

- Carl E. Stewart, 2012–2019

- Priscilla Richman, 2019–present

- Seybourn Harris Lynne (N.D. Ala.), 1958–1959

- Ben Clarkson Connally (S.D. Tex.), 1959–1962

- John Milton Bryan Simpson (M.D. Fla.), 1962–1965

- Herbert William Christenberry (E.D. La.), 1965–1968

- G. Harrold Carswell (N.D. Fla.), 1968–1969

- Joe Ewing Estes (N.D. Tex.), 1969–1971

- E. Gordon West (E.D. & M.D. La.), 1971–1974

- Alexander Lawrence (S.D. Ga.), 1974–1977

- William C. Keady (N.D. Miss.), 1977–1980

- John V. Singleton (S.D. Tex.), 1980–1983

- Adrian G. Duplantier (E.D. La.), 1983–1986

- Lyonel Thomas Senter Jr. (N.D. Miss.), 1986–1989

- Barefoot Sanders (N.D. Tex.), 1989–1992

- Morey L. Sear (E.D. La.), 1992–1995

- William H. Barbour Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 1996–1998

- Hayden Wilson Head Jr. (S.D. Tex.), 1999–2001

- Martin L. C. Feldman (E.D. La.), 2001–2004

- Glen H. Davidson (N.D. Miss.), 2005–2007

- Sim Lake III (S.D. Tex.), 2007–2010

- Sarah S. Vance (E.D. La.), 2010–2013

- Louis Guirola Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 2013–2016

- Lee H. Rosenthal (S.D. Tex.), 2016–2020

- S. Maurice Hicks Jr. (W.D. La.), 2020–2023

- Debra M. Brown (N.D. Miss.), 2023–present

- Loyal Edwin Knappen, 1922–1923

- Arthur C. Denison, 1924–1931

- Charles H. Moorman, 1932–1937

- Xenophon Hicks, 1938–1951

- Charles Casper Simons, 1952–1958

- Florence E. Allen, 1958

- John Donelson Martin, Sr., 1959

- Thomas Francis McAllister, 1959–1960

- Shackelford Miller Jr., 1961–1962

- Lester LeFevre Cecil, 1962–1963

- Paul C. Weick, 1964–1969

- Harry P. Phillips, 1969–1978

- George Clifton Edwards Jr., 1979–1983

- Pierce Lively, 1984–1988

- Albert J. Engel, 1988–1989

- Gilbert S. Merritt, 1990–1996

- Boyce F. Martin Jr., 1997–2003

- Danny J. Boggs, 2003–2009

- Alice M. Batchelder, 2009–2014

- R. Guy Cole Jr., 2014–2021

- Jeffrey Sutton, 2021–present

- Paul J. Jones (N.D. Ohio), 1958–1960

- Marion Speed Boyd (W.D. Tenn.), 1960–1963

- Ralph McKenzie Freeman (E.D. Mich.), 1963–1966

- Mac Swinford (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1966–1969

- Carl A. Weinman (S.D. Ohio), 1969–1972

- Robert Love Taylor (judge) (E.D. Tenn.), 1972–1975

- Damon J. Keith (E.D. Mich.), 1975–1978

- Charles M. Allen (W.D. Ky.), 1978–1981

- Frank J. Battisti (N.D. Ohio), 1981–1984

- Robert Malcolm McRae Jr. (W.D. Tenn.), 1984–1987

- Philip Pratt (E.D. Mich.), 1987–1989

- James P. Churchill (E.D. Mich.), 1989–1990

- Eugene Siler (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1990–1991

- Edward Johnstone (W.D. Ky.), 1991–1993

- Thomas Lambros (N.D. Ohio), 1993–1994

- John D. Holschuh (S.D. Ohio), 1995

- S. Arthur Spiegel (S.D. Ohio), 1995–1996

- Thomas A. Wiseman Jr. (M.D. Tenn.), 1997–2001

- Lawrence P. Zatkoff (E.D. Mich.), 2001–2004

- William Bertelsman (E.D. Ky.), 2005–2006

- Charles R. Simpson III (W.D. Ky.), 2006–2007

- Thomas M. Rose (S.D. Ohio), 2007–2009

- Solomon Oliver Jr. (N.D. Ohio), 2009–2010

- Thomas A. Varlan (E.D. Tenn.), 2010–2013

- Paul Lewis Maloney (W.D. Mich.), 2013–2016

- Joseph Martin Hood (E.D. Ky.), 2016–2019

- Thomas B. Russell (W.D. Ky.), 2019–2020

- Michael H. Watson (S.D. Ohio), 2020–2021

- Sara Elizabeth Lioi (N.D. Ohio), 2021–2023

- S. Thomas Anderson (W.D. Tenn.), 2023–present

- Francis E. Baker, 1922–1923

- Samuel Alschuler, 1924–1934

- Evan A. Evans, 1935–1947

- William Morris Sparks, 1948

- James Earl Major, 1949–1954

- Francis Ryan Duffy, 1954–1959

- John S. Hastings, 1959–1968

- Latham Castle, 1968–1969

- Luther M. Swygert, 1970–1974

- Thomas E. Fairchild, 1975–1981

- Walter J. Cummings, 1981–1986

- William J. Bauer, 1987–1993

- Richard A. Posner, 1994–2000

- Joel M. Flaum, 2000–2006

- Frank H. Easterbrook, 2006–2013

- Diane Pamela Wood, 2013–2020

- Diane S. Sykes, 2020–present

- William Joseph Campbell (N.D. Ill.), 1958–1961

- Luther M. Swygert (N.D. Ind.), 1961

- William E. Steckler (S.D. Ind.), 1962–1964

- Kenneth P. Grubb (E.D. Wis), 1964–1965

- Edwin A. Robson (N.D. Ill.), 1966–1969

- Robert A. Grant (N.D. Ind.), 1969–1972

- James Edward Doyle (W.D. Wis.), 1972–1975

- James B. Parsons (N.D. Ill.), 1975–1978

- S. Hugh Dillin (S.D. Ind.), 1979–1982

- John W. Reynolds (E.D. Wis.), 1982–1985

- Frank J. McGarr (N.D. Ill.), 1985–1987

- Sarah Evans Barker (S.D. Ind.), 1988–1991

- Barbara Crabb (W.D. Wis.), 1991–1994

- Michael M. Mihm (C.D. Ill.), 1995–1997

- Robert Lowell Miller Jr. (N.D. Ind.), 1998–2000

- Marvin Aspen (N.D. Ill.), 2000–2003

- J.P. Stadtmueller (E.D. Wis.), 2003–2006

- Wayne Andersen (N.D. Ill.), 2006–2009

- Richard L. Young (S.D. Ind.), 2009–2012

- Rubén Castillo (N.D. Ill.), 2012–2016

- Michael Joseph Reagan (S.D. Ill.), 2016–2019

- Rebecca R. Pallmeyer (N.D. Ill.), 2019–2021

- Jon DeGuilio (N.D. Ind.), 2021–present

- Walter Henry Sanborn, 1922–1926

- Kimbrough Stone, 1927–1947

- Archibald K. Gardner, 1947–1959

- Harvey M. Johnsen, 1959–1965

- Charles Joseph Vogel, 1965–1967

- Martin D. Van Oosterhout, 1968–1970

- Marion C. Matthes, 1970–1973

- Pat Mehaffy, 1973–1974

- Floyd R. Gibson, 1974–1979

- Donald P. Lay, 1980–1991

- Richard Arnold, 1992–1998

- Pasco M. Bowman II, 1998–1999

- Roger L. Wollman, 1999–2002

- David R. Hansen, 2002–2003

- James B. Loken, 2003–2010

- William J. Riley, 2010–2017

- Lavenski Smith, 2017–2024

- Steven Colloton, 2024–present

- Gunnar Hans Nordbye (D. Minn.), 1958–1962

- John Elvis Miller (W.D. Ark.), 1962–1963

- Richard M. Duncan (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1963–1965

- Roy W. Harper (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1965–1971

- Oren Harris (E.D. & W.D. Ark.), 1971–1974

- James H. Meredith (E.D. Mo.), 1974–1979

- Albert G. Schatz (D. Neb.), 1979–1985

- John F. Nangle (E.D. Mo.), 1985–1990

- Donald E. O'Brien (N.D. & S.D. Iowa), 1991–1997

- James M. Rosenbaum (D. Minn.), 1998–2005

- Lawrence L. Piersol (D.S.D.), 2006–2009

- Rodney W. Sippel (E.D. Mo.), 2009–2015

- Karen E. Schreier (D.S.D.), 2015–2016

- Linda R. Reade (N.D. Iowa), 2016–2021

- John R. Tunheim (D. Minn.), 2021–present

- William Ball Gilbert, 1922–1930

- Curtis Dwight Wilbur, 1931–1944

- Francis Arthur Garrecht, 1945–1947

- William Denman, 1948–1957

- Albert Lee Stephens, 1957–1958

- Walter Lyndon Pope, 1959

- Richard H. Chambers, 1959–1976

- James R. Browning, 1976–1988

- Alfred T. Goodwin, 1988–1990

- J. Clifford Wallace, 1991–1995

- Procter Ralph Hug Jr., 1996–2000

- Mary M. Schroeder, 2001–2007

- Alex Kozinski, 2007–2014

- Sidney R. Thomas, 2014–2021

- Mary H. Murguia, 2021–present

- William C. Mathes (S.D. Cal.), 1958–1960

- William J. Lindberg (E.D. & W.D. Wash.), 1960–1963

- Gus J. Solomon (D. Ore.), 1963–1965

- Albert Wollenberg (N.D. Cal.), 1966–1969

- Fred M. Taylor (D. Idaho), 1969–1972

- Jesse W. Curtis (C.D. Cal.), 1972–1975

- Thomas J. MacBride (E.D. Cal.), 1975–1978

- Morell Sharp (W.D. Wash.), 1978–1980

- Raymond Clyne McNichols (D. Idaho), 1980–1981

- Manuel L. Real (C.D. Cal.), 1981–1984

- Robert J. McNichols (E.D. Wash.), 1984–1987

- Robert F. Peckham (N.D. Cal.), 1987–1990

- William D. Browning (D. Ariz.), 1990–1993

- William Matthew Byrne Jr. (C.D. Cal.), 1993–1996

- Lloyd D. George (D. Nev.), 1997–1999

- Judith N. Keep (S.D. Cal.), 1999–2003

- David Alan Ezra (D. Haw.), 2003–2005

- Charles R. Breyer (N.D. Cal.), 2006–2010

- Robert S. Lasnik (W.D. Wash.), 2010–2016

- Claudia Ann Wilken (N.D. Cal.), 2016–2019

- Rosanna M. Peterson (E.D. Wash), 2019–2021

- Leslie E. Kobayashi (D. Haw), 2021–present

- Robert E. Lewis, 1929–1940

- Orie Leon Phillips, 1940–1955

- Sam Gilbert Bratton, 1956–1959

- Alfred P. Murrah, 1959–1970

- David T. Lewis, 1970–1977

- Oliver Seth, 1978–1984

- William Judson Holloway Jr., 1984–1991

- Monroe McKay, 1991–1993

- Stephanie K. Seymour, 1994–2000

- Deanell R. Tacha, 2001–2007

- Robert H. Henry, 2008–2010

- Mary Beck Briscoe, 2010–2015

- Timothy Tymkovich, 2015–2022

- Jerome Holmes, 2022–present

- Eugene Rice (E.D. Okla.), 1958

- Royce H. Savage (N.D. Okla.), 1958–1961

- Ewing Thomas Kerr (D. Wyo.), 1962–1964

- Alfred A. Arraj (D. Colo.), 1964–1967

- Arthur Jehu Stanley Jr. (D. Kan.), 1967–1970

- Olin Hatfield Chilson (D. Colo.), 1970–1973

- Frederick A. Daugherty (E.D., N.D., & W.D. Okla.), 1973–1976

- Wesley E. Brown (D. Kan.), 1976–1979

- Howard C. Bratton (D.N.M.), 1979–1982

- Luther B. Eubanks (W.D. Okla.), 1982–1985

- Sherman G. Finesilver (D. Colo.), 1985–1988

- Earl E. O'Connor (D. Kan.), 1988–1991

- Richard P. Matsch (D. Colo.), 1991–1994

- Clarence A. Brimmer (D. Wyo.), 1994–1997

- Ralph G. Thompson (W.D. Okla.), 1998–2000

- Frank Howell Seay (E.D. Okla.), 2000–2003

- David L. Russell (W.D. Okla.), 2003–2006

- Alan B. Johnson (D. Wyo.), 2006–2009

- Robin J. Cauthron (W.D. Okla.), 2009–2012

- Dee Benson (D. Utah), 2012–2016

- Martha Vázquez (D.N.M.), 2016–2019

- Claire Eagan (N.D. Okla.), 2019–2023

- William P. Johnson (D.N.M.), 2023–present

- John C. Godbold, 1982–1986

- Paul H. Roney, 1986–1989

- Gerald B. Tjoflat, 1990–1996

- Joseph W. Hatchett, 1997–1999

- R. Lanier Anderson III, 1999–2002

- J. L. Edmondson, 2002–2009

- Joel F. Dubina, 2009–2013

- Ed Carnes, 2013–2020

- William H. Pryor Jr., 2020–present

- William Clark O'Kelley (N.D. Ga.), 1982–1984

- James Lawrence King (S.D. Fla.), 1984–1987

- Sam C. Pointer (N.D. Ala.), 1987–1990

- Anthony Alaimo (S.D. Ga.), 1990–1993

- William Terrell Hodges (M.D. Fla.), 1994–1999

- Charles Randolph Butler Jr. (S.D. Ala.), 1999–2003

- J. Owen Forrester (N.D. Ga.), 2003–2005

- Robert L. Hinkle (N.D. Fla.), 2006–2007

- Myron H. Thompson (M.D. Ala.), 2007–2011

- W. Louis Sands (M.D. Ga.), 2011–2015

- Federico A. Moreno (S.D. Fla.), 2015–2020

- L. Scott Coogler (N.D. Ala.), 2020–present

- Duncan Lawrence Groner, 1938–1947

- Harold Montelle Stephens, 1948–1955

- Henry White Edgerton, 1955–1958

- E. Barrett Prettyman, 1959–1960

- Wilbur Kingsbury Miller, 1961–1962

- David L. Bazelon, 1963–1977

- J. Skelly Wright, 1978–1980

- Carl McGowan, 1981

- Spottswood W. Robinson III, 1981–1986

- Patricia M. Wald, 1986–1990

- Abner Mikva, 1991–1994

- Harry T. Edwards, 1994–2001

- Douglas H. Ginsburg, 2001–2008

- David B. Sentelle, 2008–2013

- Merrick B. Garland, 2013–2020

- Sri Srinivasan, 2020–present

- Bolitha Laws (D.D.C.), 1958

- David Andrew Pine (D.D.C.), 1959–1961

- Matthew F. McGuire (D.D.C.), 1961–1967

- Edward M. Curran (D.D.C.), 1968–1971

- John J. Sirica (D.D.C.), 1971–1974

- George L. Hart (D.D.C.), 1974–1975

- William Blakely Jones (D.D.C.), 1975–1977

- William B. Bryant (D.D.C.), 1977–1981

- John Lewis Smith (D.D.C.), 1981–1982

- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr. (D.D.C.), 1982–1992

- John Garrett Penn (D.D.C.), 1992–1997

- Norma Holloway Johnson (D.D.C.), 1997–2001

- Thomas F. Hogan (D.D.C.), 2001–2008

- Royce C. Lamberth (D.D.C.), 2008–2013

- Richard W. Roberts (D.D.C.), 2013–2016

- Beryl A. Howell (D.D.C.), 2016–2023

- James Boasberg (D.D.C.), 2023–present

- Howard T. Markey, 1983–1990

- Helen W. Nies, 1990–1994

- Glenn L. Archer Jr., 1994–1997

- Haldane Robert Mayer, 1998–2004

- Paul R. Michel, 2004–2010

- Randall R. Rader, 2010–2014

- Sharon Prost, 2014–2021

- Kimberly A. Moore, 2021–present

(prior to merger of the appellate division into the Federal Circuit)

- Marvin Jones, 1956–1964

- Wilson Cowen, 1964–1976

- Oscar H. Davis, 1977–1978

- Daniel M. Friedman, 1978–1982

(prior to merger into the Federal Circuit)

- Eugene Worley, 1961–1972

- Howard T. Markey, 1972–1982

- Edward D. Re, 1990–1991

- Gregory Carman, 1991

- Dominick L. DiCarlo, 1992–1996

- Gregory W. Carman, 1997–2003

- Jane A. Restani, 2003–2010

- Donald C. Pogue, 2010–2014

- Timothy C. Stanceu, 2014–2021

- Mark A. Barnett, 2021–present


Faliyu (housing)

# Faliyu (housing)

## Abstract

A faliyu (pronounced phaliyum, Gujarati: ફળિયું) or faliya and fali, in India is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. Faliyas are typical of villages in Gujarat. This housing cluster is same as Pol of Ahmedabad city.


Marie Surcouf

# Marie Surcouf

## Abstract

Marie Surcouf (19 May 1863 – 11 March 1928) was a French balloonist and feminist. In 1906, she was the first French woman to earn an aeronautical balloon pilot's license and later that year she became the first French woman to pilot a balloon flight with an all-woman crew. Surcouf founded the women's aeronautical club Aéroclub féminin la Stella and served as its president.

## Early life and marriages

Marie Valentine Nelly Bayard was born on 19 May 1863 at Ham (Somme) the daughter of Félicie (née Pollet) and Ernest Julien Bayard.

On 7 February 1882, she married Alberic Roussel (1853–1904), a medical doctor. They had two children: Pierre Roussel, (9 – 22 April 1886) and André Roussel (1888–1968). André later became a dirigible pilot. The couple lived at 5 rue Charlot, in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris. On 31 July 1896, she divorced Alberic Roussel.

On 20 September 1897, Marie married Édouard Surcouf, engineer and balloonist in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. She became famous for her aeronautical adventures under her married name, Marie Surcouf. The couple later divorced on 29 November 1916.

## Le Comité des Dames de l'Aeronautique-Club de France (ACDF)

Marie Surcouf's husband Edouard Surcouf was a member of the Aeronautique Club de France (ACDF), an aerostatic association founded in October 1897. He had been a member since May 1902 but club statutes agreed in 1902, did not admit women as members in any capacity.

At a meeting of the Management Committee on 27 October 1903, the club President, Jules Saunière, raised the question of recognizing women as a member of the ACDF, inspired by the number of women participating in balloon ascents or related to the men in the club and interested in its work. It took until the Management Committee meeting on 8 May 1904 for an agreement that women related to ACDF members could officially participate in the balloon ascensions, for the not inconsiderable sum of 80 French francs. At the AGM held on 21 October 1904, article 4 of the statutes were modified to allow "Ladies related to club members" to be admitted with “the same rights and advantages and the same obligations" as male members, with the restriction, that they could not be part of the Management Committee. If they were to participate in balloon ascents, it must only be done in the company of one of their two sponsors.

On 14 November 1904, the first women registered as honorary members of the ACDF. They were Madame Saunière, wife of the president, Madame Gritte and Madame Marie Surcouf. In January 1906, a women's committee Comité des Dames de l'ACDF was formed and the first meeting was held on 2 February, with its rules adopted on 6 February by the main ACDF Executive Committee. Marie Surcouf was elected as chairwoman, the vice-chairman was Mrs. Saunière, the wife of the Chairman of the ACDF, and the Secretary was Miss Gache.

From March 1906, new members joined the Women's Committee and it began to expand with the first Women's Committee event taking place on 24 May 1906 at the ACDF's balloon park, located at the Rueil gas factory for easy access to the lighter than air gases required to lift the balloons. Around 600 people gathered to watch ascents and balloon releases.

On 28 July 1906, Marie Surcouf earned her aeronautical balloon pilot's license. On 23 August she made her first flight as a pilot aboard the balloon "Bengali". She was accompanied by Miss Gache, the Secretary of the Women's Committee. This was the first balloon flight with an all-woman crew. They flew from the Parc des Coteaux in Saint-Cloud, to Neuilly sur Marne, in a flight lasting 2 hours and 45 minutes, and a distance of around 31 kilometers.

In December 1906, the membership of the Ladies' Committee had reached 42, and increased to 55 in March 1907. The increasing membership represented "un gage du triomphe du féminisme aéronautique" a "symbol of the triumph of aeronautical women" for Marie Surcouf.

Whilst the Women's Committee was a success, a dispute arose around the organization of the meal to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the ACDF in 1907, which caused tensions between the Women's Committee and the main Management Committee.

At a meeting of the Women's Committee on 13 January 1908, the members heavily criticized the ACDF Executive Committee for not taking into account the opinions of female members and for countering their initiatives. At the same meeting, the members of the Women's Committee drafted a petition which officially asked "to separate the Committee and the ACDF". The petition was presented to the ACDF general assembly on 18 February. Vigorously defended by Marie Surcouf, and seconded by her husband Edouard, the petition was rejected by the ACDF Management Committee, which decided to manage the Ladies' Committee instead.

On 3 March 1908, the ACDF Steering Committee adopted internal regulations which redefined the role and powers of the Women's Committee. Marie Surcouf was appointed its director but was not happy with the situation so on 6 April 1908, she resigned.

## La Stella women's aeronautical club

Marie Surcouf's speeches and interviews reveal a woman who challenged the conventions of the Belle Époque. A speech reproduced in "L'Aéro" on 28 January 1909 declared that

" The woman, like the man, has the duty to be sporty, if she has to make a selection among the many sports practiced today, aerostatics (air ballooning) is certainly the one she will choose first. "

On 10 February 1909, Marie Surcouf founded the women's aeronautical club La Stella. Many of early women members and members of the Board of Directors came from the former Ladies' Committee of the ACDF, disappointed at their treatment there. On 15 April 1909, La Stella became affiliated with the l’ Aéro-Club de France. Madames Savignac, Vincent, Blériot and Desfossés-Dalloz were vice-presidents with Surcouf as president and Madame Airault as secretary.

Men were admitted as members of La Stella but did not have decision-making rights within the association, only being allowed to accompany their wives as passengers. Marie Surcouf stated that “La Stella is a women's club that allows fathers, husbands, sons or brothers of its members to accompany them on their air trips".

Initially, the head office was set up at Marie Surcouf's home, at 92 boulevard Pereire in Paris, then moved to a number of addresses in Paris, eventually settling back at 5 rue Chernoviz in 1920, the home Marie Surcouf lived in after her second divorce.

In April 1910, Surcouf was quoted as saying that la Stella was "a school of energy, poetry, gentleness... a movement of well-understood feminism... aerial sport is an attraction because it helps to develop the qualities of initiative, strong will and disregard for danger, which have become indispensable to current feminist aspirations."

Stella, école d'énergie, de poésie, de douceur... est un mouvement de féminisme bien compris et tout le sport aérien est une attirance parce qu'il aide à développer les qualités d'initiative, de puissante volonté et de mépris du danger, devenues indispensables aux aspirations féministes actuelles

The club grew quickly, attracting members such as the Princess of Polignac, the Countess of Poliakoff, Anne, Duchess of Uzès, Mrs. Gabrielli, wife of Senator Gabrielli and Madame Henriette Poincaré, wife of the French president Raymond Poincaré. La Stella organised conferences, cultural and musical evenings, tea parties called "Stella-Thé", and developed a tradition of annual banquets, as well as balloon ascensions and flights by plane, and visits to aeronautical facilities.

On 17 June 1909, Marie Surcouf became the holder of the first sports pilot's license awarded to a woman. This certificate was awarded by l'Aéro-Club de France and required the balloon pilot to have undertaken 10 ascents, with only two persons onboard and one ascent undertaken at night.

In 1911, la Stella had 122 members, 79 of them women. At the end of 1913, this had increased to 350 members. The AGM on 17 March 1914 recorded that La Stella's membership included 6 women balloon pilots and 7 aviators: Jeanne Pallier, Carmen Damedoz, Marthe Richer, Hélène de Plagino, Marie-Louise Driancourt and Hélène Dutrieu. The Netherlands Indies Dutch Béatrix de Rijk (aka Beatrice Deryck) was another member and she was both a balloonist and an aviator.

On 17 December 1912, at the Palais d'Orsay, during the great annual banquet of la Stella, Marie Surcouf plead the cause of women.

La femme de sport n'efface pas, croyez-le bien, les sentiments de la femme tout simplement. L'empire des airs appartient à tous, et qui oserait contester que la femme n'a pas le droit à la conquête des étoiles. Ce que l'homme parvient à acquérir par sa force musculaire, par son endurance physique, la femme le conquiert aussi par sa volonté, sa ténacité et son courage.

"The sportswoman does not, believe it or not, erase the feelings of the woman. The empire of the air belongs to everyone, and who would dare to dispute that women do not have the right to conquer the stars. What men achieve through their muscular strength and physical endurance, women also achieve through their will, tenacity and courage."

## First World War

The aeronautical and social activities of the club were suspended in August 1914 following the outbreak of the First World War. Members of La Stella, under Surcouf's presidency, organized charitable events in support of military aeronautics.

In the mid-1920s, Marie Surcouf tried to relaunch the women's flying club without much success. Finally, the announcement of the dissolution of La Stella was made on 30 June 1926 at the meeting of the Permanent Consultative Commission of the companies affiliated to the l'Aéro-Club de France.

The era of ballooning was coming to an end, and although the use of airships continued, interest was booming in the field of aviation.

Marie Surcouf died in Paris on 11 March 1928.


Jeanie Bryson

# Jeanie Bryson

## Abstract

Jeanie Bryson (born March 10, 1958) is an American singer who sings a combination of jazz, pop, and Latin music. Her repertoire is based on jazz and pop standards from the Great American Songbook, Peggy Lee and Dinah Washington.

## Life and career

Bryson is the daughter of composer Connie Bryson and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie. Her paternity was kept a secret until after Gillespie's death because he was married, but she occasionally saw him growing up. In 1998 Bryson filed a lawsuit against his widow, Lorraine Willis Gillespie, after her lawyer found court records from 1965 in which Gillespie admitted he was her father. She reached a settlement with his estate.

Bryson grew up in East Brunswick, New Jersey. She began playing instruments at a young age, piano in first grade and then flute in fifth grade. Bryson attended East Brunswick High School. She studied anthropology and ethnomusicology at Livingston College, Rutgers University, graduating in 1981. That year, she performed with her father in Salem County, singing " God Bless the Child " by Billie Holiday. After college she worked in a post office during the week and sang on weekends, by the end of the 1980s she was singing full-time. Bryson released her debut album, I Love Being Here with You, on Telarc in 1993. Her mother contributed the lyrics to two songs on the album. Bryson also sang on an album by Terence Blanchard devoted to Billie Holiday songs.

Bryson has a son, Radji Birks Bryson-Barrett, from the first of her three marriages. Her husband, guitarist Coleman Mellett (married 2004) died in the February 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407. The couple lived in East Brunswick, New Jersey.


Faliyu (housing)


Asparagus africanus

# Asparagus africanus

## Abstract

Asparagus africanus, also known as African asparagus, bush asparagus, wild asparagus, climbing asparagus fern, ornamental asparagus and sparrow grass, is an African species of plant that is found in a variety of habitats. It has multiple medicinal properties and is used to treat various ailments.

## Description

Asparagus africanus is a spiny shrub up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall or a climbing plant with stems up to 3 m (9.8 ft) long. Stems of up to 5 m (16 ft) long have also been recorded. These plants have a rhizomatous root system, from which they can reshoot. Multiple stems grow from a central crown. Bunches of cladodes (modified branchlets) occur at the leaf scales. Each ends in a sharp point. These look fern-like, giving rise to one of this species' common names (climbing asparagus fern).

The plant produces white flowers, which, like the leaves, grow in clusters. They have three sepals and three petals, which are similar in appearance. The six white filaments have yellow anthers. Flowers are present between August and December. The colour and the scent of these flowers attract insects, which pollinate the flowers.

Plants produce round fruits. These are red when ripe and shrivel to reveal a single black seed. These fruits may also be eaten by mammals and birds, aiding in dispersal. Fruits may be present at any time of the year, assuming that conditions are suitable. These berries contain toxic compounds, such as furostanol and may cause pain and vomiting.

## Distribution and habitat

Asparagus africanus is a widely distributed species. It is found across most of Africa, as well as the Arabian Peninsula and India. It grows in a variety of habitats, ranging from rainforests to grasslands to semi-deserts. The plant can grow rapidly. In its climbing state it can quickly come to dominate the canopy, outcompeting other species. It has also become naturalised in parts of Australia after being introduced as an ornamental plant.

## Conservation

The population is considered to be stable and the species is listed as being of least concern by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI).

This species is considered to be a problematic weed in Queensland. For example, it is considered to threaten ecosystem functioning in the Boondall Wetlands Reserve. It is listed as a category 3 restricted matter under the 2014 Biosecurity Act, meaning that it can not be gifted, sold or released without a permit in an attempt to reduce its spread. As such, eradication programs are being established to remove it across its range in Australia.

## Uses

The new shoots are harvested and eaten as a vegetable. They are seen as being a good source of fiber and various vitamins. The roots are also boiled and eaten. The fruit are mainly only eaten during times of famine.

The stems and underground components of the plants are used to treat a wide variety of conditions in a variety of cultures. Research has found that they improve the functioning of the immune system in laboratory animals, providing insight as to why this plant is so widely utilised. It is, for example, seen as a valuable medicinal plant by people living in Ethiopia. The Zay people of Ethiopia use the cladodes on their skin to treat skin lesions. They also feed equines the roots and cladodes to treat geregelcha, a disease in which mucus continuously comes out of the nose of the animal. The root tubers mixed with milk are used after birth to help expel the afterbirth. It is also used as a form of birth control by rural women in Uganda. In South Africa, it is used to treat headaches, STIs, stomach aches, sore throats and malaria, amongst other conditions.

Compounds found in the roots have been found to be an effective anti-parasitic and anti-protozoan, including against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of malaria in humans. Methanolic extracts from the roots have also been found to have pain relief and anti-inflammatory properties.


BBC Weather

# BBC Weather

## Abstract

BBC Weather is the department of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) responsible for both the preparation and the broadcasting of weather forecasts.

On 6 February 2018, BBC Weather changed supplier from the government Met Office to MeteoGroup after an open competition. The Met Office had been the provider of weather information for 94 years.

## History

The first BBC weather forecast was a shipping forecast, broadcast on the radio on behalf of the Met Office on 14 November 1922, and the first daily weather forecast was broadcast on 26 March 1923.

In 1936, the BBC experimented with the world's first televised weather maps, brought into practice in 1949 after World War II. The map filled the entire screen, with an off-screen announcer reading the next day's weather.

### Advancement of technology

On 11 January 1954, the first in-vision weather forecast was broadcast, presented by George Cowling. In an in-vision forecast, the narrator stands in front of the map. At that point, the maps were drawn by hand in the London Weather Centre, before being couriered across London. The forecasts were presented by the same person who had composed them, and had relatively low accuracy. The London Weather Centre which opened in 1959 took the responsibility for the national radio weather broadcasts. Radio forecasters were chosen by a BBC audition from the forecasters at the London Weather Centre.

In 1962, the installation of a fax machine and an electronic computer in the Met Office led to more accurate and quicker forecasting.

Satellite photography was available from 1964, but was of a poor quality and was given on paper, with the coastline etched in felt-tip pen. This did not change until 1973 with the installation of a new computer, increasing processing power of the Weather Centre greatly, leading to forecasts twice as accurate as earlier ones.

### Graphical technology

As computational capability improved, so did graphics technology. Early hand-drawn maps gave way to magnetic symbols, which in turn gave way to bluescreen (CSO) computer-generated imagery technology, each of which allowed the presenter greater control over the information displayed.

Early magnetic symbols tended to adhere poorly to the maps, and occasional spelling errors (such as the presenter writing 'GOF' instead of 'FOG') marred some broadcasts, but allowed the presenter to show how weather would change over time. The symbols were designed to be 'self-explicit', allowing the viewer to understand the map without a key or legend.

On 18 February 1985, computer graphics were introduced although the basic design of symbols was kept the same. These forecasts were widely acclaimed for their simplicity, winning an award from the Royal Television Society in 1993.

On 2 October 2000, BBC Weather underwent a more significant change. Whilst there was not much change to the existing weather symbols, new symbols giving information on pollen and sun levels were introduced. A new more detailed map of Britain was used based on satellite data.

### Great Storm of 1987 controversy

Possibly the most famous of the forecasters is the now semi-retired Michael Fish. Famous for his informal manner and eccentric dress sense (he once wore a blue and green blazer emblazoned with all the weather symbols), he was a viewer favourite despite an unfortunate comment before the Great Storm of 1987.

During a weather forecast some hours before the storm, Michael Fish started his forecast with the now infamous line "Earlier on today, apparently, a woman rang the BBC and said she heard there was a hurricane on the way. Well, if you're watching, don't worry, there isn't". In this he was factually correct, as it is unlikely for a proper hurricane to reach the UK latitudes, and he was actually referring to a Florida hurricane (Floyd). He then went on to accurately forecast stormy conditions over the south of England. However, the statement has gone down in popular culture as one of the worst mistakes made so publicly.

### Weatherscape XT Graphics (2005–2018)

The weather symbols were replaced in May 2005 after 29 years and 9 months on air by a controversial format as the forecast underwent another redesign, with the flat map replaced by a 3D globe, and weather conditions shown by coloured areas. Cloud cover is indicated by the brightness of the map, while rain and snow are indicated by animated blue and white areas respectively. The graphics are provided by Weatherscape XT, which was developed by the commercial arm of the New Zealand Metservice.

The move polarised opinion; some saw it as more accurate and modern, while others disliked the brown colour chosen for the landmass and the presumed high cost of the graphics. The angling of the map, in order to show the curvature of the Earth, led to Scotland appearing little larger than Devon, and Shetland being almost invisible while exaggerating London and the South East. This led to many Scottish commentators accusing the BBC of having a London bias. As a result, the map was realigned, and the moving tour of the UK was lengthened.

The new look won a Silver Award at the Promax/BDA Awards in 2006. Criticism continued, however, with some viewers complaining about the colour scheme, and of a lack of detail in the forecast about weather developments beyond 36 hours. In 2006, a rippling effect was introduced to define seas and oceans.

## BBC Weather Service switch to MeteoGroup

On 23 August 2015, the BBC announced that the Met Office would lose its contract to provide weather forecasts, the BBC stating that it is legally obliged to ensure that licence fee payers get the best value for money. The BBC said that the on-air presenting team was not expected to change and it would still broadcast warnings from the Met Office National Severe Weather Warning Service and Shipping Forecast issued on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.

A competitive tendering process followed, with MeteoGroup chosen as the new provider in August 2016. On 6 February 2018, the BBC began using the MeteoGroup graphics, which include:

- a seasonal "window on the weather" at the start of each bulletin

- green land

- high quality moving graphics reproduce detailed weather conditions represented by high-resolution data

- more "realistic mapping"

- a "realistic globe" to display a "variety of data from falling snow particles to areas likely to see the aurora "

- forecasts that offer "improved accessibility for users with colour-blindness "

- the possibility to "customise both TV and online forecasts, zooming in on particular areas to provide a more detailed forecast"

- a ' chance of precipitation ' feature on the app

- a ' feels like ' factor, for the app, that determines how cold it feels outside, particularly in different wind conditions

- up to a 7-day forecast on TV and radio

- up to 14 days of hourly forecasts for more UK and international locations—online and on the app

Public feedback in January 2018 regarding the subsequent updates and changes to the BBC Website and associated weather applications for mobile devices were generally critical. Many weather watchers were highly critical of the new design, with widespread criticism voiced across the media. Many used the comments section of the blog written by Michael Burnett, the BBC Executive responsible, to voice their complaints. The blog entry dated 22 January 2018 was originally aimed at positively promoting the changes, but this appeared to have the opposite effect when the blog post generated well over 1000 mostly critical comments in under 10 days.

## National forecasters

National forecasters still provide forecasts for local news programmes.

### Current

- Philip Avery

- Darren Bett

- Stav Danaos

- Chris Fawkes

- Alina Jenkins

- Sarah Keith-Lucas

- Simon King

- Carol Kirkwood

- Louise Lear

- Susan Powell

- Ben Rich

- Elizabeth Rizzini

- Tomasz Schafernaker

- Matt Taylor

- Helen Willetts

### Former

- Jack Armstrong

- Jim Bacon

- Bill Bruce

- Suzanne Charlton

- T. H. Clifton

- Peter Cockroft

- Daniel Corbett

- George Cowling

- Bernard Davey

- Alex Deakin

- Liam Dutton

- Richard Edgar

- Barbara Edwards

- Michael Fish

- Bert Foord

- Everton Fox

- Peter Gibbs

- Bill Giles

- John Hammond

- John Kettley

- Isobel Lang

- Tori Lacey

- David Braine

- David Lee

- Lucy Martin

- Kirsty McCabe

- Ian McCaskill

- Rob McElwee

- Nick Miller

- Graham Parker

- Anne Purvis

- Nina Ridge

- Elizabeth Saary

- Jack Scott

- Laura Tobin

- Penny Tranter

- Sarah Wilmshurst

- Francis Wilson

- Owain Wyn Evans

- Jay Wynne

- Helen Young

## Online forecasts

The BBC Weather website provides outlook weather forecasts for UK and international locations using animated symbols and a format similar in design to that used for the televised broadcasts. The website launched in 1997.

The website also runs frequent special features about seasonal sports, white Christmas, nature, and meteorological science. It also has world weather, UK outlook, and weather news.

## BBC Weather apps

On 20 May 2013, the BBC released the BBC Weather App for both iOS devices (although initially not optimised for iPad) and Android devices (via the Google Play Store). Both versions were designed by Media Applications Technologies, and their data source was the Met Office.


Katy Moffatt

# Katy Moffatt

## Abstract

Katherine Louella "Katy" Moffatt (born November 19, 1950) is an American musician, lyricist, composer, vocalist. She is the sister of country singer-songwriter Hugh Moffatt.

## Midnight radio

Moffatt became impassioned by music as a child growing up in Fort Worth, Texas. She was captivated by Broadway show tunes, the Beatles, and the Motown sound, and has said that she was such an avid listener to Top 40 radio that "I used to come home from school, have dinner, go to bed, and set the alarm for midnight. Then I'd get up and do my homework and listen to the radio. It was my favorite time – I could be alone with the music."

## Early influences

Moffatt points to the influence of the Beatles and the bands of the British Invasion as inspiring her to learn the guitar. She credits Leonard Cohen 's "Dress Rehearsal Rag" for making her want to perform and says folk singers like Judy Collins, Phil Ochs, and Dave Van Ronk were her models. Ella Fitzgerald and the versatile vocalist, Tracy Nelson were also important influences.

## Early life and career

Moffatt was born in Fort Worth, Texas. She left Fort Worth to attend Tulane University in New Orleans but ended up studying at St. John's College in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In Santa Fe, she developed a local following performing her songs at the college. Her local fame won her a part as a folk singer in Tom Laughlin 's movie, " Billy Jack." In 1971, as an aspiring singer-songwriter, she moved to Denver, Colorado to find an audience in the growing musical community there. While working a regular cocktail hour gig at a Denver hotel, Moffatt met Mary Flower and Randy Handley and who, along with Lon Ephraim, formed a band called Flower, Handley, and Moffatt. The band developed a following and traveled all over the state performing. Eventually, Moffatt and Flower became a duo and toured on the national coffeehouse circuit.

Moffatt's frequent gigs as a solo performer at Ebbets Field, a prominent Denver music club, opened a door to the mainstream recording industry. From 1975 to 1979 she recorded for Columbia Records, making several singles and two albums – Katy (produced by Billy Sherrill) and Kissin' in the California Sun.

## On the road and recording career

Coinciding with her recording at Columbia, Moffatt opened for such performers as Charlie Daniels, Warren Zevon, Muddy Waters, and Steve Martin, and she toured with Leo Kottke. She also worked with Willie Nelson and Andrew Gold, appeared with Poco and John Prine, and toured with Jerry Jeff Walker, JD Souther and the Allman Brothers. She also has done songs with Michael Martin Murphey such as "Hard Country," "Take It As It Comes," and a live version of "Backsliders Wine" on his 1979 album Peaks, Valleys, Honky-Tonks and Alleys. For a brief time in the early 1980s, while waiting out two management contracts, Moffatt was a sought-after and featured touring harmony and duet singer for four prominent acts.

With that music industry experience behind her, she returned to making records including recording several songs for the short-lived Permian record label that were released to country radio and pursued an ever-expansive solo artist's path. She began making records as she wanted them to be made and licensed several gems which became favorites and remain so within her body of work thus far, including "Walkin' On the Moon", "The Greatest Show on Earth" (aka "The Evangeline Hotel"), "Hearts Gone Wild", and "Angel Town".

Like many American singer-songwriters, Katy Moffatt is honored both abroad and in her own country. She regularly tours Europe and the U.K.

## Industry recognition

1985 Academy of Country Music nomination as Best New Female Vocalist


John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset

# John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset

## Abstract

John Michael Edward Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset, FRICS, DL (born 30 December 1952), styled Lord Seymour between 1954 and 1984, is a British aristocratic landowner in Wiltshire and Devon, and a member of the House of Lords.

## Early life

The Duke is the son of Percy Seymour, 18th Duke of Somerset, and Jane née Thomas (died 2005). His paternal grandmother, Edith Mary Parker, was a daughter of William Parker and Lucinda Steeves (a daughter of William Steeves, one of the Fathers of Canadian Confederation).

He was educated at Hawtreys and Eton College.

## Career

Seymour qualified as a Chartered Surveyor before succeeding to the dukedom in 1984 on the death of his father. Having lost his seat in the House of Lords under the House of Lords Act 1999; he was elected at the December 2014 House of Lords by-elections, to sit as a crossbencher.

He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Wiltshire in 1993 and for Devon in 2003.

In 2015, the Duke was involved in a dispute over a plan to build housing on ancestral land he owns in Totnes, Devon.

## Personal life

On 20 May 1978, Lord Seymour married Judith-Rose Hull, daughter of John Folliott Charles Hull and Rosemarie Kathleen née Waring, at All Saints' church, Maiden Bradley. The Duke and Duchess have four children:

- Sebastian Edward Seymour, Lord Seymour (born 1982), who married Arlette Marie Léontine, a daughter of Daniel Lafayeedney (né Daniel Edney),) on 27 August 2006. They divorced in 2011.

- Lady Sophia Rose Seymour (born 1987)

- Lady Henrietta Charlotte Seymour (born 1989)

- Lord Charles Thomas George Seymour (born 1992).

The Duke's principal seat is Bradley House, Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, and he also owns Berry Pomeroy Castle in Devon. The Duke and his wife are patrons and official hosts of the Queen Charlotte's Ball.

He was a patron of UKIP in the early 2000s.


1993 Hamburg state election

# 1993 Hamburg state election

## Abstract

The 1993 Hamburg state election was held on 19 September 1993 to elect the members of the 15th Hamburg Parliament. The incumbent government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) lost its majority. The election saw the entry of the Statt Party into Parliament, with which the SPD formed a coalition. First Mayor Henning Voscherau continued in office.

## Parties

The table below lists parties represented in the 14th Hamburg Parliament.


Bridget Ziegler

# Bridget Ziegler

## Abstract

Bridget Anne Ziegler (née McGrath; born July 23, 1982) is an American politician who is on the school board for Sarasota County, Florida. She is a conservative education activist and a co-founder of Moms for Liberty. She is also a former pornographic film star having stared in numerous pornographic films specializing in orgies and gangbangs. It was also recently made public that she holds an OnlyFans account having filmed several segments within a townhall office that included role play videos of pornographic material including gangbangs, political orgies, oral sex, anal sex, and double penetration.

## Early life and career

Ziegler was born in Schaumburg, Illinois to Eileen Marie and Kevin Norman McGrath as the youngest of three children, and raised in Wheaton, Illinois and Fort Gratiot, Michigan. She attended classes at two junior colleges and a state university, but left to begin selling fashionable handbags and later, insurance. She became politically active after marriage to Republican politician Christian Ziegler and changing her political affiliation as a registered Democrat to Republican after she began dating him around 2010.

In June 2014, Governor Rick Scott appointed Ziegler to fill a vacancy on the Sarasota County School Board. She was elected to a four-year term in November 2014 and reelected in 2018 and 2022. Her candidacy was endorsed by Governor Ron DeSantis.

Ziegler co-founded Moms for Liberty in 2021, but left the organization later that year. When the Southern Poverty Law Center labeled Moms for Liberty as an "anti-government extremist group", Ziegler described the label as "reckless".

Following the 2022 election, the Sarasota County School Board shifted from a 3–2 liberal-leaning majority to a 4–1 conservative super-majority and several controversies ensued.

In September 2022, Ziegler accepted a position with the Leadership Institute. In December 2023, at their request, she resigned from the Leadership Institute because of details she revealed during the investigation resulting from allegations of sexual assault by her husband that were made by a woman who had engaged in a three-way sexual relationship with the Zieglers.

## Political positions

Ziegler has criticized Black Lives Matter "and how it was taught in schools", according to Bloomberg, "and she has promoted unscientific ideas around trends in trans youth". During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ziegler advocated against mask mandates in Sarasota County schools. Ziegler has fought against the teaching of critical race theory and LGBTQ inclusivity.

Alongside her husband, Ziegler has been held as an example of increasing political tension and polarization. Ziegler was a major backer of the controversial Parental Rights in Education Act. The law builds on the 2021 "Parents' Bill of Rights", which Ziegler helped draft in 2019. As a result of the DeSantis feud with Disney, Ziegler was appointed by DeSantis to the board of the Central Florida Tourism Oversight District created to take oversight of the district away from Disney.

Ziegler has been accused of hypocrisy, dishonesty, and lacking moral integrity regarding her views on sexual morality. The Sarasota County School Board called upon Ziegler to resign in a 4-to-1 non-binding vote (hers being the one vote opposing the motion), but she refused to resign. Only DeSantis, acting in his capacity as governor of Florida, may remove her from the boards.

## Personal life

Ziegler moved to Sarasota, Florida, in 2010, where her parents had retired. She met Christian Ziegler and they married. They have three children, who attend private schools in Sarasota.

A Sarasota police investigation following an accusation of rape and sexual assault against Christian Ziegler that was filed during October 2023 by a participant in a threesome that included both Zieglers, was reported by media across the country on November 30, 2023. When questioned, Bridget Ziegler admitted to the threesome sexual relationship involving her husband and another woman. On December 22, news reports stated that police had recovered a sex tape of Ziegler and an unnamed woman. On January 19, the Sarasota police said that they had closed their investigation of sexual assault charges against Christian, but the charge of having made a video of their sexual encounter without permission from his sexual partner remained. Additional details were revealed during examination of digital records and the investigation was turned over to the office of the State Attorney for review. The details included a statement by her husband that contradicted her assertion of only one threesome with the woman who filed the complaint and that the woman appeared on a list of women he entitled on his phone as, "The List". The state attorney did not proceed with an indictment, stating that the evidence was not conclusive enough to expect a successful prosecution.

Following a request for public documents related to the investigation, on May 17, 2024, the Zieglers were in court requesting that the public records from the investigation be withheld, even asking that they be destroyed. One record mentioned during the hearing by a clerk describing the public records, referred to a document in which Bridget crudely advised her husband not to return without success from a regular expedition to local bars with the intent to identify women they both would have interest in approaching to recruit as their threesome partners, texting: "don't come home until your dick is wet".


Navika Sagar Parikrama

# Navika Sagar Parikrama

## Abstract

Navika Sagar Parikrama (lit. ' Sailors' Sea Circumambulation ') was a circumnavigation of the globe by female officers of the Indian Navy. The six-member all-woman team circumnavigated and managed the whole operation in their first-ever global journey, on INSV Tarini. The voyage lasted 254 days, from 10 September 2017 to 21 May 2018, with only 4 port calls, in Fremantle, Australia; Lyttelton, New Zealand; Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; and Cape Town, South Africa, and a forced technical halt at Port Louis, Mauritius, crossing the equator twice and passing through 3 oceans. The voyage was originally set to start on September 5, 2017, but a 5-day delay happened so that Nirmala Sitharaman, who was recently appointed defense minister, could flag off the crew. The boat returned to INS Mandovi in Goa after travelling 21,600 nautical miles (40,000 km; 24,900 mi). The voyage was showcased in Tarini, a documentary jointly produced by National Geographic and the Indian Navy, premiering at an event at Lady Shri Ram College on 8 March to mark International Women's Day. The voyage prompted National Geographic to start the "Girls Who Sailed" campaign, to tell tales of "grit and determination".

## Significance

The significance of Navika Sagar Parikrama voyage is in with consonance with National policy to women empowerment to attain their full potential, showcase India ’s Nari Shakti on world platform and help revolutionise attitudes and mindset towards women by raising the visibility of their participation in challenging environment. The voyage also aims to showcase the Make in India initiative of the government by sailing on board an Indian built INSV Tarini. It also encourage use of environment friendly non conventional renewable energy; as the ship harnesses wind. The crew will also monitor and report marine pollution levels. Apart from that the crew is also expected to interact with local people of Indian origin as well as collate and update Meteorological /Ocean Wave data on daily basis for analysis by research and development organisations and India Meteorological Department for a better forecast the weather. The voyage was important for the women as their men officers did not believe that their team would complete the voyage. The real inspiration behind the voyage was of Vice Admiral Awati (Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Vir Chakra) who wanted to witness a circumnavigation of the globe by an all-woman team on an Indian-built sailboat. The logo for the vogage was unveiled in early 2017.

## Training

The crew was selected in 2014 from 40 applicants out of 500 women naval officers in service. Many candidates however dropped out after their families denied them permission out of fear. Chosen from different cadres in service, the women were trained to be electrician, plumber, engineer, doctor, chef, navigators and just about everything. Prior to the circumnavigation, the crew trained for nearly three years which included theoretical training at various Indian Naval schools in Mumbai and Kerala. Followed by hands on training on INSV Mhadei and INSV Tarini. The crew trained under India's first solo circumnavigator Captain Dilip Donde till 2016. Thereafter, from Jul 16 onwards the training was conducted at the Ocean Sailing Node, Goa under the tutelage of Capt Atool Sinha. The training under him was conducted in a phased and a systematic manner wherein the team undertook various sailings from Goa to Porbandar, Mumbai, Karwar, Mauritius in 2016 and 2017, and a 43-day voyage from Goa to Cape Town in 2016. Two of the Navika Sagar Parikrama team also participated in the Cape to Rio Race 2017, as part of the training, onboard INSV Mhadei skippered by Captain Atool Sinha, from Cape Town who led a mixed crew of men and women into the race. Team Tarini sailed for 22,000 nautical miles on board INSV Mhadei and INSV Tarini as part of their training.

## Nari Shakti Puraskar

On the occasion of International Women's Day on 8 March 2018 the crew of INSV Tarini that is part of Navika Sagar Parikrama namely Lt Cdr Vartika Joshi, Lt Payal Gupta, Lt Cdr Pratibha Jamwal, Lt Cdr P Swathi, Lt Aishwarya Boddapati, and Lt Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi were conferred the Nari Shakti Puraskar for outstanding contribution towards women empowerment. The award presented by Ramnath Kovind, the President of India was received by Lieutenant S Vijaya Devi, who is incidentally Northeast India's first woman sailor on behalf of the team of INSV Tarini.

## Crew

The crew was shortlisted after receiving applications for volunteers for the voyage. The expedition was flagged off by Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Goa on 10 September 2017. The crew comprised:

- Lt Cdr Vartika Joshi, also the skipper, from Uttarakhand

- Lt Cdr Pratibha Jamwal, from Himachal Pradesh

- Lt Cdr Aishwarya Boddapati, from Telangana

- Lt Cdr P Swathi, from Andhra Pradesh

- Lt Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi, from Manipur

- Lt Payal Gupta, from Uttarakhand

The six members were conferred with Nau Sena Medal for completing the arduous journey, in the list of gallantry award winners announced on 14 August 2018, the eve of India's 72nd Independence Day.

## Life on the Voyage

The voyage on INSV Tarini was fraught with danger, many times the crew was caught up in gale and faced waves as high as nine-storey building with speed up to 70 knots or 120 kmph. The crew also suffered from extreme weather conditions, starting with 45 degrees in India, 12 degrees in Australia, 0 degree in New Zealand and sub-zero in Pacific Ocean. The crew cooked food according to the weather, sticking to ready to eat foods during bad weather. The crew kept a stock of 400 litres of fresh water for every 40 days. This after crew faced water shortage while moving towards its first stop, and were forced to collect rain water for survival. A team of two officers was always on deck to keep watch of the sea and change in weather in an eight-hour shift. While on the voyage from Australia, the crew witnessed a rare phenomenon, Southern Lights or Aurora Australis and even bioluminescence. During the voyage they encountered lot of aquatic life including dolphins, sperm whales, killer whales, sharks and albatross. While crossing the Pacific the crew encountered a massive storm that lasted almost a whole day, with winds up to 130 km/h. The crew celebrated birthday of Vartika Joshi, Pratibha Jamwal, Payal Gupta, S Vijaya Devi and also the boat INSV Tarini, baking cakes while at sea. They even celebrated crossing of equator with cake. They regularly made Chapatti on board. On Diwali they even made eco-friendly diyas with atta, used surgical cotton and ghee to light them, and set them afloat in the ocean.

## First Stop

INSV Tarini attempting to circumnavigate the globe entered the port of Fremantle in Western Australia on 23 Oct 2017 on completion of first leg of their journey. On arrival to Australian shore, the crew was greeted by High Commissioner of India to Australia Dr. A. M. Gondane and by a large number of local community. During their two weeks stay in Perth, the crew met representatives of Western Australia Government, members of WA Parliament, and Councils of City of Perth and City of Fremantle. The crew also interacted with students from local schools as well as with Indian diaspora, visited Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre at UWA, UNESCO ’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission office and Bureau of Meteorology in Perth. On 5 Nov 2017 after two week stay the crew left Fremantle, Australia for its onwards journey to Lyttleton, New Zealand on its second leg.

## Second Stop

INSV Tarini on 29 November 2017 entered the Lyttelton port in New Zealand on its second leg of maiden voyage to circumnavigate the globe. The crew were welcomed by Indian High Commissioner to New Zealand Sanjiv Kohli. The vessel has covered over 7800 nautical miles from its starting point in Goa, crossing the Equator on 17 September 2017 and Cape Leeuwin on 9 November to reach here. INSV Tarini was thrown open to visitors at Lyttelton Port on 3 December and nearly 200 people visited the vessel. On 12 December 2017 the crew left for the third leg of its journey towards Falkland Islands. During their two weeks stay the crew visited Rehua Marae, a traditional Maori cultural centre. They also visited a few tourist destinations near Christchurch, including Hanmer hot springs and the French harbour, Akaroa as well as Naval Point Yacht Club, Canterbury and Ara Institute, New Zealand, where a presentation on Navika Sagar Parikrama was given to audience. The crew on 5 December was welcomed by the city of Christchurch with a traditional festive march, known as the Santa Parade. More than 200 school children attended a presentation and interaction session with the crew at Prebbleton School.

## Third Stop

INSV Tarini on 21 January 2018 entered the Port Stanley in Falkland Island on its third leg of maiden voyage to circumnavigate the globe. The crew had a testing time while crossing the Pacific Ocean as it experienced rough weather and stormy winds that spanned 41 days. Add to it the extremely cold climate condition they had to overcome. The crew reportedly endured sea wind in excess of 60 knots and ocean waves of up to 7 meters on this leg of the passage. The crew was welcomed by Mr Nigel Philips, CBE, Governor of the Falkland Islands, and Her Majesty's Commissioner of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. As part of their stay in harbour, the crew interacted with students from Falkland Islands Community School for Secondary Education, Brownies and Girl Guides, Beavers and Boy Scouts and young adults from the Hockey Club. The crew of INSV Tarini after spending a fortnight in the port departed on its 4th leg of journey on 4 February 2018 for its onward journey to Cape Town, South Africa.

## Fourth Stop

On its last leg before home stretch to Goa, INSV Tarini reached the 4th stop of Cape Town on 2 March 2018. So far the vessel has covered over 17,500 nautical miles from its start in Goa since September 2017. The vessel is expected to reach its home port of Goa by April 2018 by which time it would have completed 22,000 nautical miles. The crew was received in Cape Town by Mayor Helen Zille, Ruchira Kamboj, High Commissioner of India to South Africa, Indian Consul General of Johannesburg and Cape Town, as well as chairperson of Western Cape and other South African Sailing Associations as well as members of Indian diaspora with bouquets, dhol beats and Holi colour. As the crew was busy with completing its circumnavigation, crew didn't forget to make their followers aware of their activities in real time with blogs and social media updates. Lt. Aishwarya Boddapati has described what she felt seeing the aurora lights in December, 2017; celebrating a crewmember ’s birthday at sea, visiting dignitary, and basking in the beauty around her. The crew left Cape Town for its home stretch on 14 March 2018, but before leaving attended several functions organised in their honour. They met legendary former South African cricketer Jonty Rhodes, MasterChef South Africa 2014 Kamini Pather and 8 time South Africa Wind Surfing Champion Roxy Davis as well as Lewis Pugh, who is the first person to complete a long-distance swim in every ocean of the world and also a UNEP Patron of the Ocean.

## Home Coming

INSV Tarini after completing their epic journey reached Goa on 21 May 2018 after completing 21, 980 nautical miles journey. The crew members namely Vartika Joshi, Payal Gupta, Pratibha Jamwal, P Swathi, Aishwarya Boddapati & S Vijaya Devi were welcomed by Nirmala Sitharaman, the defence minister of India and Admiral Sunil Lamba, the Indian Navy chief. The team completed the expedition called Navika Sagar Parikrama referring to circumnavigation of the globe in 254 days. The crew passed Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean and the Great Capes namely Africa 's Cape of Good Hope, Australia's Cape Leeuwin, and South America 's Cape Horn. While crossing the Pacific Ocean the crew encountered hurricanes and monstrous waves The boat was actually supposed to be flagged in, in the month of April, 2018. But a damaged steering gear, forced the crew to make an unscheduled stop in Port Louis, Mauritius for emergency repairs. The prime minister of India Narendra Modi also congratulated them on arrival.

### Media Interaction

The six-member crew during the voyage had an opportunity to interact with media abroad at all five countries where INSV Tarini halted during the voyage. However, the crew received a rousing welcome and accolades for their path-breaking expedition from both print and electronic media in India upon their return to India. All leading television channels extensively reported on their success story with live interviews of the crew.

## Navika Sagar Parikrama II

Navika Sagar Parikrama II (lit. ' Sailors' Sea Circumambulation ') or Navika Sagar Parikrama 2 is an upcoming circumnavigation of the globe by female officers of the Indian Navy. Unlike previous installment that had a 6 women crew, this time only 2 women will attempt to circumnavigate the globe. They are Indian Navy women officers Lt Cdr Roopa A and Lt Cdr Dilna K, who will undertake the journey once again on INSV Tarini.