4-H

# 4-H

## Abstract

4-H is a U.S.-based network of youth organizations whose mission is "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development". Its name is a reference to the occurrence of the initial letter H four times in the organization's original motto head, heart, hands, and health, which was later incorporated into the fuller pledge officially adopted in 1927. In the United States, the organization is administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 4-H Canada is an independent non-profit organization overseeing the operation of branches throughout Canada. There are 4-H organizations in over 50 countries; the organization and administration varies from country to country.

The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, responsibility and life skills of youth through experiential learning programs and a positive youth development approach. Though typically thought of as an agriculturally focused organization as a result of its history, 4-H today focuses on citizenship, healthy living, science, engineering, and technology programs. Clubs in today's 4-H world consist of a wide range of options each allowing for personal growth and career success. The 4-H motto is "To make the best better", while its slogan is "Learn by doing" (sometimes written as "Learn to do by doing"). As of 2016, the organization had nearly 6 million active participants and more than 25 million alumni.

## History

The foundations of 4-H began in 1902 with the work of several people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, which came from the desire to make public school education more connected to rural life. Early programs incorporated both public and private resources. 4-H was founded with the purpose of instructing rural youth in improved farming and farm-homemaking practices. By the 1970s, it was broadening its goals to cover a full range of youth, including minorities, and a wide range of life experiences.

During this time, researchers at experiment stations of the land-grant universities and USDA saw that adults in the farming community did not readily accept new agricultural discoveries. However, educators found that youth would experiment with these new ideas and then share their experiences and successes with the adults. As a result rural youth programs became a way to introduce new agriculture technology to the adults.

Club work began wherever a public-spirited person did something to give rural children respect for themselves and their ways of life and it is very difficult to credit one sole individual. Instances of work with rural boys and girls can be found all throughout the 19th century. In the spring of 1882, Delaware College announced a statewide corn contest for boys, in which each boy was to plant a quarter of an acre, according to instructions sent out from the college, and cash prizes, certificates, and subscriptions to the American Agriculturalist were rewarded.

In 1892, in an effort to improve the Kewaunee County Fair, Ransom Asa Moore, the president of the Kewaunee Fair, the Agricultural Society, and Superintendent of the Kewaunee County Schools in Wisconsin, organized a "youth movement", which he called "Young People's Contest Clubs", in which he solicited the support of 6,000 young farm folks to produce and exhibit fruits, vegetables, and livestock. The fairs were quite successful. In 1904, while working for the University of Wisconsin–Madison and trying to repeat what he had accomplished in Kewaunee County over a decade before but with different intentions, "Daddy" R.A. Moore convinced R.H. Burns, then Superintendent of Schools of Richland County, Wisconsin, to have the Richland County Boys and Girls organize and assist in a corn-project activity to help market and distribute improved seeds to the farmers in the state of Wisconsin (and beyond).

A. B. Graham began one of the youth programs in Clark County, Ohio, in 1902, which is also considered one of the births of the 4-H program in the United States. The first club was called "The Tomato Club" or the "Corn Growing Club". T.A. "Dad" Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. Jessie Field Shambaugh developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, and, by 1912, they were called 4-H clubs. Early 4-H programs in Colorado began with youth instruction offered by college agricultural agents as early as 1910, as part of the outreach mission of the Colorado land grant institutions.

The national 4-H organization was formed in 1914, when the United States Congress created the Cooperative Extension Service of the USDA by passage of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, it included within the CES charter the work of various boys' and girls' clubs involved with agriculture, home economics and related subjects. The Smith-Lever Act formalized the 4-H programs and clubs that began in the midwestern region of the United States. Although different activities were emphasized for boys and girls, 4-H was one of the first youth organizations to give equal attention to both genders (cf., erstwhile Boys Clubs of America). The first appearance of the term "4-H Club" in a federal document was in "Organization and Results of Boys' and Girls' Club Work," by Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) and Gertrude L. Warren, in 1920. By 1924, the clubs were organized as 4-H clubs, and the clover emblem was adopted. Warren expanded the scope of girls' activities under the program (promoting garment making, room decorating, and hot lunches), and wrote extensive training materials.

The first 4-H camp was held in Randolph County, West Virginia. Originally, these camps were for what was referred to as "Corn Clubs". Campers slept in corn fields in tents, only to wake up and work almost the entirety of each day. Superintendent of Schools G. C. Adams began a boys' corn club in Newton County, Georgia, in 1904.

4-H membership hit an all-time high in 1974 as a result of its popular educational program about nutrition, Mulligan Stew, shown in schools and on television across the country. Today, 4-H clubs and activities are no longer focused primarily on agricultural activities, instead emphasizing personal growth and preparation for lifelong learning. Participation is greatest during the elementary school years, with enrollment in programs and activities peaking in the 4th grade.

In the southern United States during the mid-1960s 4-H began to broaden its programming to cover life experiences unrelated to agriculture. It merged its segregated AfricanAmerican and white programs, but full-fledged integration proved elusive. 4-H was successful in removing gender-based restrictions on participation.

The organization is funded by the USDA and by state and local governments. The National 4-H Council's programs are also supported by a number of corporations including Google, Verizon, Microsoft, Land O'Lakes Inc., and Tractor Supply Co.

Past Honorary Chairmen of Council have included U.S. Presidents Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.

## Pledge

The 4-H pledge is:

I pledge my head to clearer thinking, my heart to greater loyalty, my hands to larger service, and my health to better living, for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

Otis E. Hall wrote the original pledge of Kansas in 1918. Some California 4-H clubs add either "As a true 4-H member" or "As a loyal 4-H member" at the beginning of the pledge. Minnesota and Maine 4-H clubs add "for my family" to the last line of the pledge. Initially, the pledge ended in "and my country," but in 1973, "and my world" was added.

It is a common practice to involve hand motions to accompany these spoken words. While reciting the first line of the pledge, the speaker points to their head with both of their hands. As the speaker recites the second line, they place their right hand over their heart much like during the Pledge of Allegiance. For the third line, the speaker presents their hands, palm side up, before them. For the fourth line, the speaker motions to their body down their sides. For the final line, the speaker usually places their right hand out for the club, left hand for the community, brings them together for the country, and then brings their hands upwards in a circle representing the world.

## Emblem

The official 4-H emblem is a green four-leaf clover with a white H on each leaf standing for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. The stem of the clover always points to the right.

The idea of using the four-leaf clover as an emblem for the 4-H program is credited to Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) of Wright County, Iowa. He awarded three-leaf and four-leaf clover pennants and pins for students' agricultural and domestic science exhibits at school fairs.

The 4-H name and emblem had U.S. federal protection, previous under federal code 18 U.S.C. 707. The federal protection made it a mark unto and of itself with protection that supersedes the limited authorities of both a trademark and a copyright. The Secretary of Agriculture is given responsibility and stewardship for the 4-H name and emblem, at the direct request of the U.S. Congress. These protections placed the 4-H emblem in a unique category of protected emblems, also along with the U.S. Presidential Seal, Red Cross, Smokey Bear, and the Olympic rings. Protections for the 4-H emblem were repealed by Title XI of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.

## Youth development research

Through the program's tie to land-grant institutions of higher education, 4-H academic staff are responsible for advancing the field of youth development. Professional academic staff are committed to innovation, the creation of new knowledge, and the dissemination of new forms of program practice and research on topics like University of California 's study of thriving in young people. Youth development research is undertaken in a variety of forms including program evaluation, applied research, and introduction of new programs.

## Volunteers

Over 540,000 volunteer leaders help to coordinate the 4-H program at the county level. Volunteers plan and conduct 4-H related activities, develop and maintain educational programs, or assist in fundraising. Activities include youth development programs, project groups, camps, conferences, or animal shows. The volunteers' goal is to help youth achieve greater self-confidence and self-responsibility, learn new skills, and build relationships.

Volunteers are directed by 4-H's professional staff.

The National 4-H Hall of Fame honors 4-H volunteers, extension professionals and staff employees, donors and others, according to a criterion of "significant impact on the 4-H program and/or 4-H members through the contribution of time, energy, financial resources, etc.". The hall of fame was established in 2002 by the National Association of Extension 4-H Youth Development Professionals (NAE4-HYDP).

## Additional programs

### After-school

4-H Afterschool helps 4-H and other youth-serving organizations create and improve programs for students in communities across the U.S. 4-H Afterschool is an extension-enhanced program that:

- Offers youth a safe, healthy, caring and enriching environment.

- Engages youth in long-term, structured learning in partnership with adults.

- Addresses the interests of youth and their physical, cognitive, social and emotional needs.

4-H Afterschool programs utilize experimental and cooperative learning activities and provide interaction with competent adults. Results of retrospective pre/post-surveys indicate that children enrolled in the program showed life skill gain over time, and that gains on specific life skills differed as a function of age, gender, and ethnicity.

The life skills gained through 4-H Afterschool give children the tools they need for perceiving and responding to diverse life situations and achieving their personal goals. Participation in these quality programs which use experiential and cooperative learning have all been found to contribute to children's social development and academic success.

### Camping

Each state runs its own camping program. The world's first 4-H camp was held in July 1915 on the Crouch family farm along the Tygart Valley River near Elkwater, West Virginia. The youth in attendance named the location Camp Good Luck.

The first state 4-H camp was held at Jackson's Mill outside of Weston, West Virginia. 4-H camping programs in most states are run through land-grant institutions, such as Washington State University, which runs the Washington program, and Pennsylvania State University runs Pennsylvania's. The Georgia 4-H camping program has the largest youth center in the world, called Rock Eagle.

On July 8, 2015, to mark the centennial of 4-H camping, youth from Randolph County, West Virginia traveled back to the original Camp Good Luck site for a special commemoration and campfire program. A stone marker honoring Camp Good Luck had been placed adjacent to US 219 near the site, but was moved to a spot off of Bell Crouch Rd. for greater safety and accessibility through the efforts of Randolph County 4-H volunteers and the West Virginia Division of Highways.

### Five- to eight-year-old youth

Some states offer programs for youth in grades K-2 called Cloverbuds, Cloverkids, 4-H Adventurers, Primary Members, or Mini 4-H. Some states prohibit this age group from competition due to research in child development demonstrating that competition is unhealthy for youth ages five to eight.

### Collegiate

Many colleges and universities have collegiate 4-H clubs. Usually members are students who are 4-H alumni and want to continue a connection to 4-H, but any interested students are welcome. Clubs provide service and support to their local and state 4-H programs, such as serving as judges and conducting training workshops. They are also a service and social group for campus students. The first collegiate 4-H club started in 1916 on the Oklahoma State University - Stillwater campus.

### All Stars

Finding its roots in the early 4-H movement in West Virginia, the 4-H All-Star program strives to recognize and challenge 4-H members and volunteers. State 4-H Club Leader William H. "Teepi" Kendrick sought to develop youth to "be yourself at your best" and to "make the best better" through a fourfold personal development pattern involving the head, hands, heart, and, at that time, hustle. It was with this philosophy, in collaboration with others, that the 4-H emblem was born. In an attempt to harbor further individual growth, Kendrick recognized excellence with pins bearing one, two, three, and four H's. Recognition for outstanding participation was rewarded from 1917 to 1921 with trips to a Prize Winner's Course at West Virginia University. Members who demonstrated outstanding qualities at these courses were awarded five-pointed red pins with five H's, with this additional H to symbolize honor. The recipients of these pins were referred to by Kendrick as "All Stars". It was following the pin consecration ceremony in 1919 that the official West Virginia 4-H All Stars organization was chartered, becoming the Alpha Chapter of the nationwide 4-H honorary.

The symbol of the All Stars is a red star enveloping a gemstone chip over the 4-H emblem. Each point of the star represents a pillar of character: "Beauty, Fortitude, Service, Truth, and Love".

Many states have All Star programs, although All Star programs vary from state to state. Selection as a 4-H All Star is a recognition of achievement. In California for example, it is the highest achievement award at the county level and is a position awarded annually. Similarly, the capstone award in Texas 4-H is the Gold Star Award, which is given to Seniors who have shown outstanding leadership and proficiency in their project areas.

In Virginia, on the other hand, All-Stars are not simply those who have achieved an All-Star award, but are those who have gained membership into the Virginia All-Stars organization. After reaching the age of 15, 4-H members are eligible to apply for membership into the All-Stars organization, which promotes the continuation of 4-H principles.

## Conferences

Many conferences are held at various levels of the 4-H program for youth and adults. The National 4-H Conference, which was held at the National 4-H Youth Conference Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland, until it was sold in 2021, is the USDA Secretary's premier youth development opportunity to engage youth in developing recommendations for the 4-H Youth Development Program. The Conference still meets annually in and around Washington, DC. The 2024 National 4-H Conference will be held in Arlington, VA.

The National 4-H Congress is an annual educational conference that brings together 4-H delegates between the ages of 14 and 19 from across America to share cultural experiences and discuss important issues facing youth. This five-day event is typically held during the weekend of Thanksgiving and has been hosted in Atlanta, since 1998. Throughout the conference, 4-H delegates attend numerous workshops, participate in community service activities, and listen to speakers in an effort to develop compassion and increase social awareness.

Citizenship Washington Focus is a week-long conference offered for high school-aged students. At the conference, students have the opportunity to learn how to be citizen leaders in their communities. Throughout the week in Washington, D.C, participants visit monuments, meet with members of Congress, and develop communication, leadership and citizenship skills.

The following national conferences are held yearly, and are focused on specific activities inside of 4-H:

- National 4-H Dairy Conference

- Eastern National 4-H Horse Roundup

- Western National 4-H Horse Roundup

- National 4-H Shooting Sports Invitational Match

- National 4-H True Leaders in Equity Institute

- National 4-H Youth Summit Series STEM Summit Healthy Living Summit Agri-science Summit

- STEM Summit

- Healthy Living Summit

- Agri-science Summit

Other conferences are held by regional and state entities for youth, for volunteer development, or for professional development for staff.

## Use of Native American terminology

For many years, use of Native American names and certain themed activities was part of the summer camping programs of some eastern states. However, the practice was considered to be offensive and protests were raised. A complaint to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Civil Rights in 2002 and an ensuing investigation that threatened to cut off funds to the state's program prompted the West Virginia University Extension Service to abandon offensive and stereotypic practices such as face-painting, and use of imagery not a part of the culture of local Native people, such as tepees and totem poles. They also eliminated the practice of having children wear feather headdresses, and stopped having campers engage in "stereotypical motions and dances," including chanting "Ugh! Ugh! Ugh!". However, the state program deemed the dividing of campers into groups, called "tribes" named after actual Indian Nations, to be respectful and acceptable. In the same year, the Virginia Extension Service removed all references to symbols or camp "traditions" related to Native Americans, including the decades-long practice of dividing campers into "tribes" using names of nations considered native to Virginia, replacing the group names with animal names.

## Alumni

Some 4-H alumni credit the program with helping them in later life.

In 2021, Minnesota-based photographer R. J. Kern, along with writer Alison Nordström, published The Unchosen Ones: Portraits of an American Pastoral. The book highlights portraits of dozens of youth, who spent a year raising and training their animal and then entered into a 4-H livestock competition, but were unsuccessful in winning the top award in their competitions, then revisits the same youth four years later, and asked the young subjects what they had carried forward from their previous experience.


Kengo Mashimo

# Kengo Mashimo

## Abstract

Kengo Mashimo (真霜拳號, Mashimo Kengo, born November 25, 1978 in Maizuru, Kyoto, Japan) is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working for Active Advance Pro Wrestling (2AW). His style is a combination of submission wrestling and hard martial arts style strikes.

## Professional wrestling career

### Kaientai Dojo/Active Advance Pro Wrestling (2001-present)

Kengo Mashimo debuted in Puerto Rico in 2001 as one of the first Kaientai Dojo (K-Dojo)'s students. Once Kaientai Dojo arrived in Japan in April 2002, Mashimo started as a wrestler using a grappling and shoot style, finishing his opponents quickly by KO or TKO before starting a short series of matches with Isami which Mashimo lost 3-1, but in doing so, won a lot of crowd support for his fire and spirit. Mashimo did not affiliate with any units in the early years, instead choosing to fight anyone. 2003 also saw Mashimo have his biggest match in his career since debuting as a wrestler, taking on NJPW junior legend Jyushin Thunder Liger in an impressive match which opened eyes to him. He also travelled to some other promotions that year, including Riki Choshu 's World Japan. In 2004, he allied with Kunio Toshima and SUPER-X but never officially making a faction. Toshima & Mashimo won the UWA and UWF Intercontinental tag team titles, but vacated them after winning due to winning them in a Handicap match in the tournament final as Hi69 's partner, MIYAWAKI was injured earlier in the night. Mashimo also got the biggest chance of his career, challenging Heat for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship. He also made it to the STRONGEST-K '04 finals that year after dispatching of Taka Michinoku in the semifinals. However, Mashimo was defeated by Hi69 in the finals at Tokyo's Korakuen Hall.

In 2005, under the guidance of former Far East Connection manager, 296, Kengo Mashimo formed a stable along with KAZMA called Kinnoutou and Kinnoutou started to dominate, eventually taking in Ryota Chikuzen and Kunio Toshima as well. Mashimo and KAZMA though were the most successful of the group, Mashimo going undefeated from the formation of Kinnoutou and did not drop a fall until well after he left the group. Kengo Mashimo and KAZMA won the first Strongest-K Tag Team tournament and were crowned the first ever Strongest-K Tag Team Champions, the two dominating the tag team scene in K-DOJO as they also won the UWA and UWF Intercontinental Tag Team titles, absorbing them into the STRONGEST-K Tag Team title. When K-DOJO split its roster into two, Mashimo, along with the rest of his Kinnoutou allies were drafted to GET. Mashimo's singles dominance was also highlighted with winning the STRONGEST-K '05 tournament, defeating Yuji Hino in one of the longest singles matches in K-DOJO history.

Early 2006, saw Mashimo and KAZMA lose their first ever tag match together, losing the STRONGEST-K Tag Team title in February to Makoto Oishi and Shiori Asahi. After losing, signs of friction started to grow in Kinnoutou with Kunio Toshima's sense of justice saving TAKU Michinoku from a Kinnoutou attack. Mashimo and Toshima battled each other until Mashimo defeated Toshima in April. Mashimo resumed his quest to become the ace of K-DOJO and became the first man to win the STRONGEST-K tournament twice by defeating Saburo Inematsu in the final and after his win, he left Kinnoutou and jumped to RAVE where he was a lone wolf after rejecting attempts from New Standard, Kashiwa Gumi and the Boso Heroes. Finally, after two years of chasing, Mashimo finally gained K-DOJO's Strongest-K Championship title by defeating the popular JOE and became the ace of the company. After joining RAVE and winning the Strongest-K Championship, Mashimo started a rival partnership with the newly unmasked Madoka. Mashimo also appeared regularly on Big Mouth Loud and later Uwai Station shows.

Mashimo and Madoka fought for Mashimo's title at the January Korakuen show, but resumed their partnership after, the two winning the 2007 STRONGEST-K Tag Team Tournament and followed it by winning in the GPWA sponsored Differ Cup tournament. Mashimo's Kinnoutou past was brought back to him, defeating his ex-partner KAZMA in the main event for the 5th Anniversary show in April, then taking on Ryota Chikuzen for his title a few months later. Once GET and RAVE merged, Mashimo kept his partnership with Madoka and brought Boso Boy Raito into their alliance, however never officially becoming a group. Mashimo began a short feud with TAKA Michinoku, Mashimo forcing TAKA to prove himself after an average two years, which led to a title match on TAKA's 15 Anniversary show which Mashimo won. 2007 has also seen Mashimo start an interpromotional rivalry with BJW heavyweight Daisuke Sekimoto, the two fighting on nearly every Indy Summit show, culmulating in a BJW Tag Team Championship title match with Mashimo teaming with DDT star HARASHIMA in a 30-minute draw against champions Sekimoto and Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX 's Yoshihito Sasaki.

### New Japan Pro Wrestling (2012-2013)

On September 7, 2012, Mashimo began working for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, joining the Suzuki-gun stable, which also included his trainer Taka Michinoku. Mashimo's first big match in New Japan took place on September 23 at Destruction, where he was defeated by Togi Makabe in a singles match. On November 15, Mashimo entered a tournament to determine the inaugural NEVER Openweight Champion. After wins over Bushi and Ryusuke Taguchi, Mashimo was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals on November 19 by Karl Anderson. From November 20 to December 1, Mashimo took part in the round-robin portion of the 2012 World Tag League, alongside Suzuki-gun leader Minoru Suzuki. The team finished with a record of three wins and three losses, failing to advance from their block. In February 2013, Mashimo took part in Suzuki-gun's war with the Chaos stable, which built to a singles match on February 10 at The New Beginning, where he was defeated by Shinsuke Nakamura.

### All Japan Pro Wrestling (2014-2017)

In early 2014, Mashimo began working regularly for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) as a member of Kenso 's Dark Kingdom stable. However, on August 30, Mashimo turned on Kenso and his stable. On May 21, 2017, Mashimo won his first title in AJPW, when he and Kai defeated Bodyguard and Zeus for the World Tag Team Championship. They lost the title back to Bodyguard and Zeus on June 11.

## Championships and accomplishments

- Active Advance Pro Wrestling 2AW Openweight Championship (1 time) 2AW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Tatsuya Hanami (2) and Naka Shunma

- 2AW Openweight Championship (1 time)

- 2AW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Tatsuya Hanami (2) and Naka Shunma

- All Japan Pro Wrestling World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kai

- World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kai

- Big Japan Pro Wrestling BJW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Madoka

- BJW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Madoka

- Global Professional Wrestling Alliance Differ Cup Tag Team tournament (2007) – with Madoka

- Differ Cup Tag Team tournament (2007) – with Madoka

- Kaientai Dojo Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Isami Kodaka and Taka Michinoku Kitakami 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Tank Nagai and Yuki Sato Strongest-K Championship (6 times) Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (8 times) – with Kazma/Kazma Sakamoto (2), Madoka (1), Daigoro Kashiwa (1), Hiroki (1), Taka Michinoku (1), Ryuichi Sekine (1), and Yuki Sato (1) UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kazma (1) and Kunio Toshima (1) WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Ryuichi Sekine (2) and Yoshiya (1) Kaio Tournament (2013, 2014) Kaientai Dojo Tag League – with Kunio Toshima (2004), Madoka (2007 and 2008), Ryuichi Sekine (2011), and Taka Michinoku (2012) K-Survivor Tournament (2003) – with SUPER-X, Miyawaki, Kunio Toshima, Mike Lee, Jr. and Yuu Yamagata K-Survivor Tournament (2015) – with Tank Nagai, Yuki Sato and Yuma Strongest-K Get (2005) Strongest-K Tournament (2005, 2006, 2008) Strongest-K Tag Team Tournament (2005) – with Kazma Singles Match of the Year (2006) vs. Joe on October 9 Singles Match of the Year (2007) vs. Taka Michinoku on September 4 Singles Match of the Year (2008) vs. Yuji Hino on August 9 Singles Match of the Year (2011) vs. Yuji Hino on June 18 Singles Match of the Year (2013) vs. Yuji Hino on July 15 Singles Match of the Year (2014) vs. Hiro Tonai on November 3 Singles Match of the Year (2015) vs. Yuji Hino on February 22 Singles Match of the Year (2016) vs. Tank Nagai on November 6 Tag Team Match of the Year (2004) with Kunio Toshima vs. Heat and Ryusuke Taguchi on September 11 Tag Team Match of the Year (2005) with Kazma vs. Apple Miyuki and Yoshiya on October 9 Tag Team Match of the Year (2006) with Madoka vs. Joe and Yasu Urano on December 10 Tag Team Match of the Year (2010) with Hiroki vs. Kaji Tomato and Taishi Takizawa on August 15 Tag Team Match of the Year (2012) with Ryuichi Sekine vs. Hiro Tonai and Shiori Asahi on July 8 Tag Team Match of the Year (2013) with Kazma Sakamoto vs. Kaji Tomato and Taka Michinoku on November 10 Tag Team Match of the Year (2015) with Yuki Sato vs. Kotaro Yoshino and Taishi Takizawa Tag Team of the Year (2011) – with Ryuichi Sekine Wrestler of the Year (2006-2008, 2011, 2013-2014)

- Chiba Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Isami Kodaka and Taka Michinoku

- Kitakami 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Tank Nagai and Yuki Sato

- Strongest-K Championship (6 times)

- Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (8 times) – with Kazma/Kazma Sakamoto (2), Madoka (1), Daigoro Kashiwa (1), Hiroki (1), Taka Michinoku (1), Ryuichi Sekine (1), and Yuki Sato (1)

- UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kazma (1) and Kunio Toshima (1)

- WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Ryuichi Sekine (2) and Yoshiya (1)

- Kaio Tournament (2013, 2014)

- Kaientai Dojo Tag League – with Kunio Toshima (2004), Madoka (2007 and 2008), Ryuichi Sekine (2011), and Taka Michinoku (2012)

- K-Survivor Tournament (2003) – with SUPER-X, Miyawaki, Kunio Toshima, Mike Lee, Jr. and Yuu Yamagata

- K-Survivor Tournament (2015) – with Tank Nagai, Yuki Sato and Yuma

- Strongest-K Get (2005)

- Strongest-K Tournament (2005, 2006, 2008)

- Strongest-K Tag Team Tournament (2005) – with Kazma

- Singles Match of the Year (2006) vs. Joe on October 9

- Singles Match of the Year (2007) vs. Taka Michinoku on September 4

- Singles Match of the Year (2008) vs. Yuji Hino on August 9

- Singles Match of the Year (2011) vs. Yuji Hino on June 18

- Singles Match of the Year (2013) vs. Yuji Hino on July 15

- Singles Match of the Year (2014) vs. Hiro Tonai on November 3

- Singles Match of the Year (2015) vs. Yuji Hino on February 22

- Singles Match of the Year (2016) vs. Tank Nagai on November 6

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2004) with Kunio Toshima vs. Heat and Ryusuke Taguchi on September 11

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2005) with Kazma vs. Apple Miyuki and Yoshiya on October 9

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2006) with Madoka vs. Joe and Yasu Urano on December 10

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2010) with Hiroki vs. Kaji Tomato and Taishi Takizawa on August 15

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2012) with Ryuichi Sekine vs. Hiro Tonai and Shiori Asahi on July 8

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2013) with Kazma Sakamoto vs. Kaji Tomato and Taka Michinoku on November 10

- Tag Team Match of the Year (2015) with Yuki Sato vs. Kotaro Yoshino and Taishi Takizawa

- Tag Team of the Year (2011) – with Ryuichi Sekine

- Wrestler of the Year (2006-2008, 2011, 2013-2014)

- Kyushu Pro-Wrestling Kyushu Pro-Wrestling Championship (1 time)

- Kyushu Pro-Wrestling Championship (1 time)

- Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him # 228 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

- PWI ranked him # 228 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

- Pro Wrestling Zero1 Zero1 Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Naka Shunma NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- Zero1 Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Naka Shunma

- NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- Strong Style Pro-Wrestling Legend Championship (1 time, current)

- Legend Championship (1 time, current)


# Battle of Nuremberg (2006 FIFA World Cup)

## Abstract

The Battle of Nuremberg (German: Schlacht von Nürnberg, Portuguese: Batalha de Nuremberga, Dutch: Slag van Neurenberg; also known as the Massacre of Nuremberg) is the nickname of a football match played in the round of 16 of the 2006 FIFA World Cup between Portugal and the Netherlands at the Frankenstadion in Nuremberg on 25 June 2006. Russian referee Valentin Ivanov issued a FIFA World Cup record four red cards and 16 yellow cards, setting a new record for cards shown at any FIFA -administered international tournament.

## Background

Portugal and the Netherlands had met at the semi-final stage of the previous major tournament, UEFA Euro 2004 held in Portugal, which had finished 2–1 to the host nation, but had not featured the same level of animosity between the players. A total of five Dutch and eleven Portuguese players who took some part in that fixture were also on the field in Nuremberg.

## The match

### First half

Mark van Bommel was booked in the second minute, and also before the goal Dutch defender Khalid Boulahrouz was booked for a foul, which injured Cristiano Ronaldo and would eventually force the substitution of Portugal's star winger before half time. Ronaldo left in tears, and proceeded to describe Boulahrouz's tackle as "clearly an intentional foul to get me injured." In the meantime, Maniche had been booked for a foul on Van Bommel after 19 minutes.

Shortly after Maniche ’s 23rd minute goal, Portugal's defensive midfielder Costinha slid into Dutch veteran Philip Cocu, receiving a yellow card. He was then the first to be sent off just before half time after being shown a second yellow card for a handball.

### Second half

After Petit had been cautioned in the 50th minute, Giovanni van Bronckhorst and Luís Figo both received yellow cards, with Figo's coming as a result of a touchline melee with Mark van Bommel during which Figo headbutted him. Portugal manager Luiz Felipe Scolari controversially gave his approval to this headbutt by stating after the match, "Jesus Christ may be able to turn the other cheek but Luís Figo isn't Jesus Christ."

Boulahrouz was sent off in the 63rd minute with a second caution after fouling Figo, which sparked a melee on the touch-line, involving Boulahrouz (who confronted Simão), André Ooijer and the Portuguese bench, necessitating the intervention of the fourth official Marco Rodríguez. Portugal's playmaker Deco roughly fouled Dutch defender John Heitinga and was booked; the Netherlands had not given the ball back after Portugal had cleared it into touch to allow a player to receive medical treatment, thus breaking one of football's gentlemen's agreements. In the ensuing brawl, Wesley Sneijder pushed Petit to the ground and was also cautioned. The Netherlands' Rafael van der Vaart received a yellow card, apparently for dissent.

After that, Portugal's goalkeeper Ricardo (presumably for time wasting) and left-back Nuno Valente (for a rough foul) were punished. Deco received his second caution and was dismissed in the 78th minute for delaying the restart after a free-kick was awarded. Cocu escaped a caution for wrestling Deco to the ground in his attempt to retrieve the ball. In the 88th minute, Simão drew the ire of the Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar, after the Portuguese player's leg made contact with Dutchman's in his attempt to score a goal, but the referee decided against taking any disciplinary action. In injury time, Van Bronckhorst was sent off for a second yellow card for a foul on Tiago.

A scene was shown on television footage during the match in which Boulahrouz, Deco, and Van Bronckhorst were sitting together on the sidelines after being sent off, the latter two having a discussion, both being teammates at Spanish club Barcelona. Commentator Gary Bloom referred to the scene as the "Bad boys' corner".

## Aftermath

In the aftermath of the match, referee Ivanov was criticised by FIFA president Sepp Blatter, who suggested that Ivanov should have given himself a yellow card for his poor performance during the match. Blatter later regretted these words and promised to apologise officially. FIFA announced that Ivanov would referee no further matches in the tournament. Ivanov's father Valentin Ivanov defended his son, saying it had been FIFA's demand for referees to be tough on the players.

When Portugal faced England in the subsequent quarter-final, they were without the suspended Deco and Costinha. Portugal managed to reach the semi-finals. However, they had two players suspended for that match due to accumulated yellow cards, including the ones against the Netherlands.

The record for yellow cards in a World Cup game was surpassed in 2022, when Antonio Mateu Lahoz issued a total of 18 yellows (16 for players, one sent off for two yellow cards and 2 more to coaching staff) during the quarter-final match between the Netherlands and Argentina.

## Match details


# Judicial Conference of the United States

## Abstract

The Judicial Conference of the United States, formerly known as the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, was created by the United States Congress in 1922 with the principal objective of framing policy guidelines for administration of judicial courts in the United States. The Conference derives its authority from 28 U.S.C. § 331, which states that it is headed by the chief justice of the United States and consists of the chief justice, the chief judge of each court of appeals federal regional circuit, a district court judge from various federal judicial districts, and the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

## History

Responding to a backlog of cases in the federal courts, in 1922 Congress enacted a new form of court administration that advanced the institutionalization of an independent judiciary. The establishment of an annual Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, later to be known as the Judicial Conference of the United States, culminated more than a decade of public debate on the reform of judicial administration. The Conference of Senior Circuit Judges provided the first formal mechanism by which members of the federal judiciary might develop national administrative policies, reassign judges temporarily, and recommend legislation.

Chief Justice William Howard Taft, appointed to the Supreme Court in 1921, had led a public campaign for federal judicial reform since leaving the White House in 1913. Taft proposed the appointment of at-large judges, what he called a "flying squadron", that could be assigned temporarily to congested courts. In Taft's plan, a conference of judges would serve primarily to assess the caseload of the lower courts and assign the at-large judges to courts in need. Taft, supported by a group of federal judges and legal scholars, hoped that the establishment of a more efficient federal judiciary would deflect the efforts of Senator George W. Norris and others who advocated an end to life tenure on the federal bench and the restriction of the lower federal courts' jurisdiction.

By the time Taft became Chief Justice, the increased caseload resulting from World War I and the enforcement of Prohibition had contributed to broad support for reform of the federal judiciary. Assuming a role as leader of the judiciary as well as the Supreme Court, Taft joined with Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty and appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee to urge legislation. A large majority in Congress agreed with the need for reform, but both the Senate and the House of Representatives insisted on revising Taft's proposals so that they conformed more closely to the traditions of the federal judiciary.

Congress established an annual conference of the chief justice of the United States (or the senior associate justice if the chief is unable), and the senior circuit judge (now called the chief judge) from each judicial circuit and charged the conference with a general mandate to advise on the administrative needs of the federal courts. The act required the senior judge in each district to prepare an annual report of the business of the district's court. The conference would use these reports to prepare suggestions for the temporary transfer of judges, pending the approval of all courts involved. This expansion of the authority to transfer judges fell far short of Taft's concept of a permanent corps of at-large judges. Congress established 24 temporary judgeships, but adhered to the principle of fixed residency for district judges. Congress also declined to make the attorney general a member of the conference, although the act permitted the chief justice to request the attorney general to report on the business of the courts. Even without a formal relationship with Congress or the Department of Justice (which then administered the federal courts), the conference offered the judiciary a means of communicating its administrative needs.

The conference was renamed the Judicial Conference of the United States in 1948. In 1956, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the Court of Claims. At that time, the judges of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA) declined to include a representative on the conference. The size of the conference nearly doubled following an act of 1957 that provided for the appellate and district judges in each circuit to elect a district judge to represent the circuit on the conference for a term of three years. In 1961 the chief judge of the CCPA began serving on the conference. The chief judges of these Court of Claims and the CCPA served on the conference until 1982 when their courts merged to become the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In 1990, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade. In 1996, Congress expanded the district judge term up to five years and allowed senior district judges to serve.

## Committee activities

The Judicial Conference last revised its committee structure in 1987, then naming a total of 20 Standing Advisory Committees, seven of which were then newly organized, and several of which absorbed other, previous Committees:

- Committee on Administration of the Bankruptcy System, 1968-present

- Committee on Administration of the Magistrate Judges System, 1991-present

- Committee on Audits and Administrative Office Accountability, 2009-present

- Committee on the Budget, 1959-present

- Committee on Codes of Conduct, 1987-present

- Committee on Court Administration and Case Management, 1990-present

- Committee on Criminal Law, 1992-present

- Committee on Defender Services, 1987-present

- Executive Committee, 1968-present

- Committee on Federal-State Jurisdiction, 1987-present

- Committee on Financial Disclosure, 1992-present

- Committee on Information Technology, 2002-present

- Committee on Intercircuit Assignments, 1968-present

- Committee on International Judicial Relations, 1993-present

- Committee on the Judicial Branch, 1980-present

- Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability, 2007-present

- Committee on Judicial Resources, 1987-present

- Committee on Judicial Security, 2006-present

- Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, 1958-present

- Committee on Space and Facilities, 2006-present

Each Advisory Committee is charged, respectively, with drafting proposed amendments for submission to the:

- Federal Rules of Civil Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; and

- Federal Rules of Evidence.

Members of the Advisory Committees include judges, representatives from the Department of Justice, law professors, and practicing attorneys. The Advisory Committees propose rules, subject them to public comment, and then submit them to the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, which in turn submits them to the Judicial Conference, which recommends them to the Supreme Court for approval. Explanatory notes of the drafting Advisory Committee are published along with the final adopted rules, and are frequently used as an authority on the interpretation of the rules.

Other active policy areas concern the operation of CM/ECF, the Case Management/Electronic Case Files system, and PACER, the electronic public access service for United States federal court documents.

On occasion, the Conference has authorized investigations of federal judges accused of criminal malfeasance. Those deemed guilty have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee for impeachment. This has happened three times during the 21st century.

## Administrative Office of the United States Courts

The Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) is the administrative agency of the United States federal court system. The AO is the central support entity for the federal judicial branch. It provides a wide range of administrative, legal, financial, management, program, and information technology services to the federal courts. It was established in 1939.

The AO is directly supervised by the Judicial Conference, and implements and executes Judicial Conference policies, as well as applicable federal statutes and regulations. The AO facilitates communications within the judiciary and with Congress, the executive branch, and the public on behalf of the judiciary.

## Judicial councils

Judicial councils are panels of each federal judicial circuit that are charged with making "necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice" within their circuits. Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline, the formulation of circuit policy, the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference, and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct. Each judicial circuit consists of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit.

## Lists of members

### All members

The following list of Judicial Conference service is organized by the circuits and courts represented. It was compiled largely from the Reports of the Proceedings of the Judicial Conference and is complete through the most recent meeting of the conference. The list contains the names of those judges who were members of the conference, but not those who may occasionally have attended in their absence. District Judges are identified by the district in which they served.

Supreme Court of the United States

- George H. Bingham, 1922–1938

- Scott Wilson, 1939

- Calvert Magruder, 1940–1959

- Peter Woodbury, 1959–1964

- Bailey Aldrich, 1965–1972

- Frank M. Coffin, 1972–1983

- Levin H. Campbell, 1983–1990

- Stephen G. Breyer, 1990–1994

- Juan R. Torruella, 1994–2001

- Michael Boudin, 2001–2008

- Sandra Lynch, 2008–2015

- Jeffrey R. Howard, 2015–2022

- David J. Barron, 2022–present

- George Clinton Sweeney (D. Mass.), 1958–1961

- Francis Ford (D. Mass.), 1961–1967

- Edward T. Gignoux (D. Me.), 1967–1973

- Andrew Caffrey (D. Mass.), 1973–1979

- Raymond J. Pettine (D.R.I.), 1979–1982

- W. Arthur Garrity Jr. (D. Mass.), 1982–1985

- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez (D.P.R.), 1985–1988

- Frank H. Freedman (D. Mass.), 1988–1991

- Francis J. Boyle (D.R.I.), 1991–1994

- Joseph L. Tauro (D. Mass.), 1995–1997

- Joseph A. DiClerico Jr. (D.N.H.), 1998–2000

- D. Brock Hornby (D. Me.), 2000–2003

- Hector M. Laffitte (D.P.R.), 2003–2006

- Ernest C. Torres (D.R.I.), 2007–2009

- Mary M. Lisi (D.R.I.), 2009

- Mark L. Wolf (D. Mass.), 2009–2012

- Paul Barbadoro (D.N.H.), 2012–2017

- Nancy Torresen (D. Me.), 2017–2021

- Gustavo Gelpí (D.P.R.), 2021

- Aida Delgado-Colón (D.P.R.), 2021–2023

- William E. Smith (D.R.I.), 2023–present

- Henry Wade Rogers, 1922–1925

- Charles Merrill Hough, 1926

- Martin T. Manton, 1926–1938

- Learned Hand, 1939–1951

- Thomas W. Swan, 1951–1953

- Harrie B. Chase, 1953–1954

- Charles E. Clark, 1954–1959

- J. Edward Lumbard, 1960–1971

- Henry J. Friendly, 1971–1973

- Irving R. Kaufman, 1973–1980

- Wilfred Feinberg, 1980–1988

- James L. Oakes, 1989–1992

- Thomas J. Meskill, 1992–1993

- Jon O. Newman, 1993–1997

- Ralph K. Winter Jr., 1997–2000

- John M. Walker Jr., 2000–2006

- Dennis G. Jacobs, 2006–2013

- Robert A. Katzmann, 2013–2020

- Debra Ann Livingston, 2020–present

- Edward Jordan Dimock (S.D.N.Y.), 1958–1959

- Sylvester J. Ryan (S.D.N.Y.), 1959–1968

- Sidney Sugarman (S.D.N.Y.), 1968–1971

- David N. Edelstein (S.D.N.Y.), 1971–1974

- Jacob Mishler (E.D.N.Y.), 1974–1977

- T. Emmet Clarie (D. Conn.), 1977–1980

- Lloyd F. MacMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 1980–1982

- Constance B. Motley (S.D.N.Y.), 1982–1983

- Jack B. Weinstein (E.D.N.Y.), 1983–1986

- John T. Curtin (W.D.N.Y.), 1986–1989

- Charles L. Brieant (S.D.N.Y.), 1989–1995

- Peter Dorsey (D. Conn.), 1996–1998

- Charles P. Sifton (E.D.N.Y)., 1998–2001

- Frederick Scullin (N.D.N.Y.), 2001–2004

- Michael B. Mukasey (S.D.N.Y.), 2005–2006

- Kimba M. Wood (S.D.N.Y.), 2006–2007

- William K. Sessions III (D. Vt.), 2007–2010

- Raymond J. Dearie (E.D.N.Y.), 2010–2011

- Carol Amon (E.D.N.Y.), 2011–2013

- William M. Skretny (W.D.N.Y.), 2013–2016

- Colleen McMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 2016–2020

- Stefan R. Underhill (D. Conn.), 2020–2023

- Margo Kitsy Brodie (E.D.N.Y.), 2023–present

- Joseph Buffington, 1922–1937

- John Warren Davis, 1938

- John Biggs Jr., 1939–1965

- Harry E. Kalodner, 1966

- Austin Staley, 1966–1967

- William H. Hastie, 1968–1971

- Collins J. Seitz, 1971–1984

- Ruggero J. Aldisert, 1984–1986

- John J. Gibbons, 1987–1989

- A. Leon Higginbotham, 1990

- Dolores Sloviter, 1991–1997

- Edward R. Becker, 1998–2003

- Anthony J. Scirica, 2003–2010

- Theodore A. McKee, 2010–2016

- D. Brooks Smith, 2016–2021

- Michael Chagares, 2021–present

- Phillip Forman (D.N.J.), 1957–1959

- James Cullen Ganey (E.D. Pa.), 1959–1961

- Thomas M. Madden (D.N.J.), 1961–1966

- Thomas James Clary (E.D. Pa.), 1966–1968

- Wallace S. Gourley (W.D. Pa.), 1968–1970

- Caleb M. Wright (D. Del.), 1970–1972

- Michael Henry Sheridan (M.D. Pa.), 1972–1975

- Lawrence A. Whipple (D.N.J.), 1975–1978

- Alfred Leopold Luongo (E.D. Pa.), 1978–1981

- Gerald J. Weber (W.D. Pa.), 1981–1984

- Walter K. Stapleton (D. Del.), 1984–1985

- Murray M. Schwartz (D. Del.), 1985–1987

- William J. Nealon (M.D. Pa.), 1987–1990

- John F. Gerry (D.N.J.), 1990–1994

- Edward N. Cahn (E.D. Pa.), 1994–1997

- Donald E. Ziegler (W.D. Pa.), 1998–2000

- Sue L. Robinson (D. Del.), 2000–2003

- Thomas I. Vanaskie (M.D. Pa.), 2003–2005

- Garrett E. Brown Jr. (D.N.J.), 2005–2008

- Harvey Bartle III (E.D. Pa.), 2008–2011

- Gary L. Lancaster (W.D. Pa.), 2011–2013

- Joy Flowers Conti (W.D. Pa.), 2013–2015

- Leonard P. Stark (D. Del.), 2015–2017

- Christopher C. Conner (M.D. Pa.), 2017–2021

- Freda L. Wolfson, (D.N.J.), 2021–2023

- Renée Marie Bumb, (D.N.J.), 2023

- Juan Ramon Sánchez, (E.D. Pa.), 2023–2024

- Mitchell S. Goldberg, (E.D. Pa.), 2024–present

- Charles Albert Woods, 1922–1924

- Edmund Waddill Jr., 1925–1930

- John Johnston Parker, 1931–1957

- Simon E. Sobeloff, 1958–1964

- Clement F. Haynsworth, 1964–1981

- Harrison L. Winter, 1981–1989

- Sam J. Ervin III, 1989–1995

- J. Harvie Wilkinson III, 1996–2003

- William W. Wilkins, 2003–2007

- Karen J. Williams, 2007–2009

- William B. Traxler Jr., 2009–2016

- Roger Gregory, 2016–2023

- Albert Diaz, 2023–present

- Roszel C. Thomsen (D. Md.), 1958–1964

- Walter E. Hoffman (E.D. Va.), 1964–1970

- Oren R. Lewis (E.D. Va.), 1970–1973

- Charles E. Simons (D.S.C.), 1973–1979

- Robert R. Merhige (E.D. Va.), 1980–1985

- Frank Kaufman (D. Md.), 1985–1991

- W. Earl Britt (E.D.N.C.), 1991–1997

- Charles H. Haden II (S.D. W. Va.), 1998–2002

- David C. Norton (D.S.C.), 2003–2007

- James P. Jones (W.D. Va.), 2007–2011

- Deborah K. Chasanow (D. Md.), 2011–2016

- Robert J. Conrad, (W.D.N.C.), 2016–2021

- John P. Bailey (N.D. W. Va.) 2021–present

- Richard Wilde Walker Jr., 1922–1929

- Nathan Philemon Bryan, 1930–1934

- Rufus Edward Foster, 1935–1941

- Samuel Hale Sibley, 1942–1947

- Joseph Chappell Hutcheson Jr., 1948–1959

- Richard Taylor Rives, 1959–1960

- Elbert Parr Tuttle, 1961–1967

- John R. Brown, 1967–1979

- James P. Coleman, 1980

- John Cooper Godbold, 1981

- Charles Clark, 1982–1991

- Henry A. Politz, 1992–1998

- Carolyn Dineen King, 1999–2006

- Edith Hollan Jones, 2006–2012

- Carl E. Stewart, 2012–2019

- Priscilla Richman, 2019–present

- Seybourn Harris Lynne (N.D. Ala.), 1958–1959

- Ben Clarkson Connally (S.D. Tex.), 1959–1962

- John Milton Bryan Simpson (M.D. Fla.), 1962–1965

- Herbert William Christenberry (E.D. La.), 1965–1968

- G. Harrold Carswell (N.D. Fla.), 1968–1969

- Joe Ewing Estes (N.D. Tex.), 1969–1971

- E. Gordon West (E.D. & M.D. La.), 1971–1974

- Alexander Lawrence (S.D. Ga.), 1974–1977

- William C. Keady (N.D. Miss.), 1977–1980

- John V. Singleton (S.D. Tex.), 1980–1983

- Adrian G. Duplantier (E.D. La.), 1983–1986

- Lyonel Thomas Senter Jr. (N.D. Miss.), 1986–1989

- Barefoot Sanders (N.D. Tex.), 1989–1992

- Morey L. Sear (E.D. La.), 1992–1995

- William H. Barbour Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 1996–1998

- Hayden Wilson Head Jr. (S.D. Tex.), 1999–2001

- Martin L. C. Feldman (E.D. La.), 2001–2004

- Glen H. Davidson (N.D. Miss.), 2005–2007

- Sim Lake III (S.D. Tex.), 2007–2010

- Sarah S. Vance (E.D. La.), 2010–2013

- Louis Guirola Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 2013–2016

- Lee H. Rosenthal (S.D. Tex.), 2016–2020

- S. Maurice Hicks Jr. (W.D. La.), 2020–2023

- Debra M. Brown (N.D. Miss.), 2023–present

- Loyal Edwin Knappen, 1922–1923

- Arthur C. Denison, 1924–1931

- Charles H. Moorman, 1932–1937

- Xenophon Hicks, 1938–1951

- Charles Casper Simons, 1952–1958

- Florence E. Allen, 1958

- John Donelson Martin, Sr., 1959

- Thomas Francis McAllister, 1959–1960

- Shackelford Miller Jr., 1961–1962

- Lester LeFevre Cecil, 1962–1963

- Paul C. Weick, 1964–1969

- Harry P. Phillips, 1969–1978

- George Clifton Edwards Jr., 1979–1983

- Pierce Lively, 1984–1988

- Albert J. Engel, 1988–1989

- Gilbert S. Merritt, 1990–1996

- Boyce F. Martin Jr., 1997–2003

- Danny J. Boggs, 2003–2009

- Alice M. Batchelder, 2009–2014

- R. Guy Cole Jr., 2014–2021

- Jeffrey Sutton, 2021–present

- Paul J. Jones (N.D. Ohio), 1958–1960

- Marion Speed Boyd (W.D. Tenn.), 1960–1963

- Ralph McKenzie Freeman (E.D. Mich.), 1963–1966

- Mac Swinford (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1966–1969

- Carl A. Weinman (S.D. Ohio), 1969–1972

- Robert Love Taylor (judge) (E.D. Tenn.), 1972–1975

- Damon J. Keith (E.D. Mich.), 1975–1978

- Charles M. Allen (W.D. Ky.), 1978–1981

- Frank J. Battisti (N.D. Ohio), 1981–1984

- Robert Malcolm McRae Jr. (W.D. Tenn.), 1984–1987

- Philip Pratt (E.D. Mich.), 1987–1989

- James P. Churchill (E.D. Mich.), 1989–1990

- Eugene Siler (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1990–1991

- Edward Johnstone (W.D. Ky.), 1991–1993

- Thomas Lambros (N.D. Ohio), 1993–1994

- John D. Holschuh (S.D. Ohio), 1995

- S. Arthur Spiegel (S.D. Ohio), 1995–1996

- Thomas A. Wiseman Jr. (M.D. Tenn.), 1997–2001

- Lawrence P. Zatkoff (E.D. Mich.), 2001–2004

- William Bertelsman (E.D. Ky.), 2005–2006

- Charles R. Simpson III (W.D. Ky.), 2006–2007

- Thomas M. Rose (S.D. Ohio), 2007–2009

- Solomon Oliver Jr. (N.D. Ohio), 2009–2010

- Thomas A. Varlan (E.D. Tenn.), 2010–2013

- Paul Lewis Maloney (W.D. Mich.), 2013–2016

- Joseph Martin Hood (E.D. Ky.), 2016–2019

- Thomas B. Russell (W.D. Ky.), 2019–2020

- Michael H. Watson (S.D. Ohio), 2020–2021

- Sara Elizabeth Lioi (N.D. Ohio), 2021–2023

- S. Thomas Anderson (W.D. Tenn.), 2023–present

- Francis E. Baker, 1922–1923

- Samuel Alschuler, 1924–1934

- Evan A. Evans, 1935–1947

- William Morris Sparks, 1948

- James Earl Major, 1949–1954

- Francis Ryan Duffy, 1954–1959

- John S. Hastings, 1959–1968

- Latham Castle, 1968–1969

- Luther M. Swygert, 1970–1974

- Thomas E. Fairchild, 1975–1981

- Walter J. Cummings, 1981–1986

- William J. Bauer, 1987–1993

- Richard A. Posner, 1994–2000

- Joel M. Flaum, 2000–2006

- Frank H. Easterbrook, 2006–2013

- Diane Pamela Wood, 2013–2020

- Diane S. Sykes, 2020–present

- William Joseph Campbell (N.D. Ill.), 1958–1961

- Luther M. Swygert (N.D. Ind.), 1961

- William E. Steckler (S.D. Ind.), 1962–1964

- Kenneth P. Grubb (E.D. Wis), 1964–1965

- Edwin A. Robson (N.D. Ill.), 1966–1969

- Robert A. Grant (N.D. Ind.), 1969–1972

- James Edward Doyle (W.D. Wis.), 1972–1975

- James B. Parsons (N.D. Ill.), 1975–1978

- S. Hugh Dillin (S.D. Ind.), 1979–1982

- John W. Reynolds (E.D. Wis.), 1982–1985

- Frank J. McGarr (N.D. Ill.), 1985–1987

- Sarah Evans Barker (S.D. Ind.), 1988–1991

- Barbara Crabb (W.D. Wis.), 1991–1994

- Michael M. Mihm (C.D. Ill.), 1995–1997

- Robert Lowell Miller Jr. (N.D. Ind.), 1998–2000

- Marvin Aspen (N.D. Ill.), 2000–2003

- J.P. Stadtmueller (E.D. Wis.), 2003–2006

- Wayne Andersen (N.D. Ill.), 2006–2009

- Richard L. Young (S.D. Ind.), 2009–2012

- Rubén Castillo (N.D. Ill.), 2012–2016

- Michael Joseph Reagan (S.D. Ill.), 2016–2019

- Rebecca R. Pallmeyer (N.D. Ill.), 2019–2021

- Jon DeGuilio (N.D. Ind.), 2021–present

- Walter Henry Sanborn, 1922–1926

- Kimbrough Stone, 1927–1947

- Archibald K. Gardner, 1947–1959

- Harvey M. Johnsen, 1959–1965

- Charles Joseph Vogel, 1965–1967

- Martin D. Van Oosterhout, 1968–1970

- Marion C. Matthes, 1970–1973

- Pat Mehaffy, 1973–1974

- Floyd R. Gibson, 1974–1979

- Donald P. Lay, 1980–1991

- Richard Arnold, 1992–1998

- Pasco M. Bowman II, 1998–1999

- Roger L. Wollman, 1999–2002

- David R. Hansen, 2002–2003

- James B. Loken, 2003–2010

- William J. Riley, 2010–2017

- Lavenski Smith, 2017–2024

- Steven Colloton, 2024–present

- Gunnar Hans Nordbye (D. Minn.), 1958–1962

- John Elvis Miller (W.D. Ark.), 1962–1963

- Richard M. Duncan (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1963–1965

- Roy W. Harper (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1965–1971

- Oren Harris (E.D. & W.D. Ark.), 1971–1974

- James H. Meredith (E.D. Mo.), 1974–1979

- Albert G. Schatz (D. Neb.), 1979–1985

- John F. Nangle (E.D. Mo.), 1985–1990

- Donald E. O'Brien (N.D. & S.D. Iowa), 1991–1997

- James M. Rosenbaum (D. Minn.), 1998–2005

- Lawrence L. Piersol (D.S.D.), 2006–2009

- Rodney W. Sippel (E.D. Mo.), 2009–2015

- Karen E. Schreier (D.S.D.), 2015–2016

- Linda R. Reade (N.D. Iowa), 2016–2021

- John R. Tunheim (D. Minn.), 2021–present

- William Ball Gilbert, 1922–1930

- Curtis Dwight Wilbur, 1931–1944

- Francis Arthur Garrecht, 1945–1947

- William Denman, 1948–1957

- Albert Lee Stephens, 1957–1958

- Walter Lyndon Pope, 1959

- Richard H. Chambers, 1959–1976

- James R. Browning, 1976–1988

- Alfred T. Goodwin, 1988–1990

- J. Clifford Wallace, 1991–1995

- Procter Ralph Hug Jr., 1996–2000

- Mary M. Schroeder, 2001–2007

- Alex Kozinski, 2007–2014

- Sidney R. Thomas, 2014–2021

- Mary H. Murguia, 2021–present

- William C. Mathes (S.D. Cal.), 1958–1960

- William J. Lindberg (E.D. & W.D. Wash.), 1960–1963

- Gus J. Solomon (D. Ore.), 1963–1965

- Albert Wollenberg (N.D. Cal.), 1966–1969

- Fred M. Taylor (D. Idaho), 1969–1972

- Jesse W. Curtis (C.D. Cal.), 1972–1975

- Thomas J. MacBride (E.D. Cal.), 1975–1978

- Morell Sharp (W.D. Wash.), 1978–1980

- Raymond Clyne McNichols (D. Idaho), 1980–1981

- Manuel L. Real (C.D. Cal.), 1981–1984

- Robert J. McNichols (E.D. Wash.), 1984–1987

- Robert F. Peckham (N.D. Cal.), 1987–1990

- William D. Browning (D. Ariz.), 1990–1993

- William Matthew Byrne Jr. (C.D. Cal.), 1993–1996

- Lloyd D. George (D. Nev.), 1997–1999

- Judith N. Keep (S.D. Cal.), 1999–2003

- David Alan Ezra (D. Haw.), 2003–2005

- Charles R. Breyer (N.D. Cal.), 2006–2010

- Robert S. Lasnik (W.D. Wash.), 2010–2016

- Claudia Ann Wilken (N.D. Cal.), 2016–2019

- Rosanna M. Peterson (E.D. Wash), 2019–2021

- Leslie E. Kobayashi (D. Haw), 2021–present

- Robert E. Lewis, 1929–1940

- Orie Leon Phillips, 1940–1955

- Sam Gilbert Bratton, 1956–1959

- Alfred P. Murrah, 1959–1970

- David T. Lewis, 1970–1977

- Oliver Seth, 1978–1984

- William Judson Holloway Jr., 1984–1991

- Monroe McKay, 1991–1993

- Stephanie K. Seymour, 1994–2000

- Deanell R. Tacha, 2001–2007

- Robert H. Henry, 2008–2010

- Mary Beck Briscoe, 2010–2015

- Timothy Tymkovich, 2015–2022

- Jerome Holmes, 2022–present

- Eugene Rice (E.D. Okla.), 1958

- Royce H. Savage (N.D. Okla.), 1958–1961

- Ewing Thomas Kerr (D. Wyo.), 1962–1964

- Alfred A. Arraj (D. Colo.), 1964–1967

- Arthur Jehu Stanley Jr. (D. Kan.), 1967–1970

- Olin Hatfield Chilson (D. Colo.), 1970–1973

- Frederick A. Daugherty (E.D., N.D., & W.D. Okla.), 1973–1976

- Wesley E. Brown (D. Kan.), 1976–1979

- Howard C. Bratton (D.N.M.), 1979–1982

- Luther B. Eubanks (W.D. Okla.), 1982–1985

- Sherman G. Finesilver (D. Colo.), 1985–1988

- Earl E. O'Connor (D. Kan.), 1988–1991

- Richard P. Matsch (D. Colo.), 1991–1994

- Clarence A. Brimmer (D. Wyo.), 1994–1997

- Ralph G. Thompson (W.D. Okla.), 1998–2000

- Frank Howell Seay (E.D. Okla.), 2000–2003

- David L. Russell (W.D. Okla.), 2003–2006

- Alan B. Johnson (D. Wyo.), 2006–2009

- Robin J. Cauthron (W.D. Okla.), 2009–2012

- Dee Benson (D. Utah), 2012–2016

- Martha Vázquez (D.N.M.), 2016–2019

- Claire Eagan (N.D. Okla.), 2019–2023

- William P. Johnson (D.N.M.), 2023–present

- John C. Godbold, 1982–1986

- Paul H. Roney, 1986–1989

- Gerald B. Tjoflat, 1990–1996

- Joseph W. Hatchett, 1997–1999

- R. Lanier Anderson III, 1999–2002

- J. L. Edmondson, 2002–2009

- Joel F. Dubina, 2009–2013

- Ed Carnes, 2013–2020

- William H. Pryor Jr., 2020–present

- William Clark O'Kelley (N.D. Ga.), 1982–1984

- James Lawrence King (S.D. Fla.), 1984–1987

- Sam C. Pointer (N.D. Ala.), 1987–1990

- Anthony Alaimo (S.D. Ga.), 1990–1993

- William Terrell Hodges (M.D. Fla.), 1994–1999

- Charles Randolph Butler Jr. (S.D. Ala.), 1999–2003

- J. Owen Forrester (N.D. Ga.), 2003–2005

- Robert L. Hinkle (N.D. Fla.), 2006–2007

- Myron H. Thompson (M.D. Ala.), 2007–2011

- W. Louis Sands (M.D. Ga.), 2011–2015

- Federico A. Moreno (S.D. Fla.), 2015–2020

- L. Scott Coogler (N.D. Ala.), 2020–present

- Duncan Lawrence Groner, 1938–1947

- Harold Montelle Stephens, 1948–1955

- Henry White Edgerton, 1955–1958

- E. Barrett Prettyman, 1959–1960

- Wilbur Kingsbury Miller, 1961–1962

- David L. Bazelon, 1963–1977

- J. Skelly Wright, 1978–1980

- Carl McGowan, 1981

- Spottswood W. Robinson III, 1981–1986

- Patricia M. Wald, 1986–1990

- Abner Mikva, 1991–1994

- Harry T. Edwards, 1994–2001

- Douglas H. Ginsburg, 2001–2008

- David B. Sentelle, 2008–2013

- Merrick B. Garland, 2013–2020

- Sri Srinivasan, 2020–present

- Bolitha Laws (D.D.C.), 1958

- David Andrew Pine (D.D.C.), 1959–1961

- Matthew F. McGuire (D.D.C.), 1961–1967

- Edward M. Curran (D.D.C.), 1968–1971

- John J. Sirica (D.D.C.), 1971–1974

- George L. Hart (D.D.C.), 1974–1975

- William Blakely Jones (D.D.C.), 1975–1977

- William B. Bryant (D.D.C.), 1977–1981

- John Lewis Smith (D.D.C.), 1981–1982

- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr. (D.D.C.), 1982–1992

- John Garrett Penn (D.D.C.), 1992–1997

- Norma Holloway Johnson (D.D.C.), 1997–2001

- Thomas F. Hogan (D.D.C.), 2001–2008

- Royce C. Lamberth (D.D.C.), 2008–2013

- Richard W. Roberts (D.D.C.), 2013–2016

- Beryl A. Howell (D.D.C.), 2016–2023

- James Boasberg (D.D.C.), 2023–present

- Howard T. Markey, 1983–1990

- Helen W. Nies, 1990–1994

- Glenn L. Archer Jr., 1994–1997

- Haldane Robert Mayer, 1998–2004

- Paul R. Michel, 2004–2010

- Randall R. Rader, 2010–2014

- Sharon Prost, 2014–2021

- Kimberly A. Moore, 2021–present

(prior to merger of the appellate division into the Federal Circuit)

- Marvin Jones, 1956–1964

- Wilson Cowen, 1964–1976

- Oscar H. Davis, 1977–1978

- Daniel M. Friedman, 1978–1982

(prior to merger into the Federal Circuit)

- Eugene Worley, 1961–1972

- Howard T. Markey, 1972–1982

- Edward D. Re, 1990–1991

- Gregory Carman, 1991

- Dominick L. DiCarlo, 1992–1996

- Gregory W. Carman, 1997–2003

- Jane A. Restani, 2003–2010

- Donald C. Pogue, 2010–2014

- Timothy C. Stanceu, 2014–2021

- Mark A. Barnett, 2021–present


All Saints Church, Long Whatton

# All Saints Church, Long Whatton

## Abstract

All Saints Church is in the village of Long Whatton, Leicestershire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Akeley East, the archdeaconry of Loughborough, and the diocese of Leicester. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It dates mainly from the 14th century, with a tower dating from the late 12th or early 13th century, and its upper stage added in the 15th or 16th century. The church was partly rebuilt in 1865–66. In 1931 the Lancaster architect Henry Paley of Austin and Paley added a baptistry as a memorial to Lord Crawshaw.


Bnei Herzliya Basket

# Bnei Herzliya Basket

## Abstract

{{Infobox basketball club| color1 = white| color2 = #00008b| name = Bnei Herzliya| nickname = | logo =| leagues = Israeli Basketball Premier League | founded = 1985| arena = Hayovel Arena| capacity = 1,750 It has won the Israeli State Cup twice, most recently in 2022. The team was founded in 1985, and the team's colors are blue and white.

## History

The club was originally founded in 1985, under the name Hapoel Herzliya. In 2002, the club merged with Maccabi Ra'anana in a neighboring town, and was re-named Bnei HaSharon. The merger was entered into because of Maccabi Ra'anana's financial problems and Bnei HaSharon's relegation from the top-level Israeli Basketball Premier League, following the 2001–02 season.

At the end of 2010–11 season, the merger ended, and the team started playing only for the Israeli city of Herzliya. In 2012, the club was re-named Bnei Herzliya. In 2022, the club won the Israeli State Cup for the second time, beating Hapoel Tel Aviv 87:82 in the final.

## Titles and honors

### Domestic competitions

- Israeli State Cup

- National League (2nd)

## Players

## Notable players

- Paul Thompson 3 seasons: '92–'95

- Earl Williams 1 season: '93–'94

- John Hudson 3 seasons: '93–'96

- Steve Malovic 1 season: '95–'96

- David Thirdkill 1 season: '95–'96

- Lior Arditi 3 seasons: '95–'98

- Amir Muchtari 3 seasons: '95–'98

- Terence Stansbury 1 season: '96–'97

- Todd Mitchell 1 season: '96–'97

- Darnell Robinson 1 season: '97–'98

- Tal Burstein 3 seasons: '97–'00

- Terrence Rencher 3 seasons: '97–'99, '05–'06

- Augenijus Vaškys 1 season: '98–'99

- Petar Arsić 1 season: '98–'99

- Mark Dean 1 season: '98–'99

- Yaniv Green 3 seasons: '98–'00, '01–'02

- Norris Coleman 1 season: '99

- Greg Sutton 1 season: '99–'00

- Ufuk Sarıca 1 season: '01

- Tyson Wheeler 1 season: '01–'02

- Bryan Bracey 1 season: '01–'02

- Kenny Williams 1 season: '01–'02

- Andrew Kennedy 1 season: '01–'02

- Jarod Stevenson 3 seasons: '01, '02–'04

- Guy Pnini 4 seasons: '02–'06

- Meir Tapiro 3 seasons: '03–'04, '07–'09

- Alvin Young 1 season: '04–'05

- Nitzan Hanochi 5 seasons: '05–'08, '18–present

- Ugonna Onyekwe 3 seasons: '05–'06, '08–'10

- Ousmane Cisse 4 seasons: '05–'09

- Cookie Belcher 5 seasons: '05–'10

- Lee Nailon 2 seasons: '06–'07, '10–'11

- Jason Williams 3 seasons: '06–'08, '11–'12

- Erez Katz 6 seasons: '06–'12

- Shawn James 3 season: '08–'11

- Ira Newble 1 season: '09

- Isaac Rosefelt 4 seasons: '09–'13

- P. J. Tucker 1 season: '10

- Maceo Baston 1 season: '10–'11

- Dan Grunfeld 2 seasons: '10–'11, '13–'14

- Bryant Dunston 1 season: '11

- Ekpe Udoh 1 season: '11

- Tweety Carter 1 season: '11–'12

- Derrick Caracter 1 season: '12–'13

- Jumaine Jones 1 season: '12–'13

- Romel Beck 1 season: '12–'13

- Michael Umeh 1 season: '13–'14

- Oz Blayzer 2 seasons: '13–'15

- Josh Selby 1 season: '14–'15

- Julian Wright 1 season: '15

- Drew Crawford 1 season: '15–'16

- Karam Mashour 3 seasons: '15–'17, '18–'19

- Tom Maayan 3 seasons: '15–'18

- Taurean Green 2 seasons: '16–'18

- Jeff Adrien 3 seasons: '16–'19

- Orr Leumi 4 seasons: '16–20

- D'or Fischer


Agustín Cañete

# Agustín Cañete

## Abstract

Agustín Cañete García (31 December 1844 – 23 December 1902) was a Paraguayan politician. He served in various presidential cabinets through a political life which spanned more than three decades. Most famously, he was Minister of Finance of Paraguay three times; in two of these instances, he resigned from the position amidst accusations of corruption.

## Biography

### Early life

Cañete was born in 1844 to Juan de la Cruz Cañete, an officer in the army, and Ubalda García de Cañete, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia 's illegitimate daughter. Francia was the dictator of Paraguay between 1814 and his death in 1840, and though his legacy was reviled in post- Triple Alliance War Paraguay, Cañete would through his life show some pride at being the dictator's grandson, coming so far as to challenging Argentinian ex-president Domingo Sarmiento to a duel when the latter wrote a piece critical of Francia in Asunción in 1887.

During his youth, he was sent to the prestigious Argentinian Colegio del Uruguay to study. In the 1860s, he fought in the Triple Alliance War, being an ensign by the battle of Curupayty, and a sergeant major at the end of the conflict; in the early years after the war, he joined the Decoudista Club del Pueblo party. He served as constitutionalist in the assembly which wrote the 1870 Constitution, and as congressman between the end of 1877 and 1878.

### Work as Minister

In 1878 he was briefly named Minister of Justice, Religion and Public Education in Higinio Uriarte 's cabinet after Adolfo Saguier resigned, but a few months afterwards José Segundo Decoud was named minister in his stead when Candido Bareiro became president. A few months before this he had been named President of Paraguay's Supreme Court, a position he would occupy again in the 1880s.

From president Bareiro's assumption of power in 1878 onwards Cañete's political relevancy grew, given that Bareiro, future president Bernardino Caballero and Cañete were allies. In 1885 he became Minister of Finance, taking the position after Juan de la Cruz Gímenez resigned, formally for health reasons, amidst various accusations of corruption. The ministry was widely known to be in bad shape administratively when Cañete took over, and its reputation improved somewhat during his term. While minister, he was an important advocate for the process of land sales conducted by the government in the 1880s onwards, which are a controversial topic even nowadays, as they served to concentrate land ownership rapidly and had a somewhat short-lived impact in the country’s finances; in 1887 he also was interim Minister of Foreign Affairs for some months, and helped found the long-standing Colorado Party. By 1888, he was widely accused by the country's media of embezzlement.

Afterwards, in the 1890s, he twice again occupied the Ministry of Finance, on the first time leaving after Cecilio Báez accused him of fraud in the process of closure of the Banco Nacional del Paraguay (of which he had been director). Nevertheless, he was still a strong figure amongst the Colorado Party, and in 1897 engaged in a power struggle with Segundo Decoud for the Paraguayan presidency, both of them belonging to Bernardino Caballero's wing of the Party - in the end, the Egusquicista Emilio Aceval was chosen to run, and thus elected; the choice of Aceval by the top echelons of the party made Cañete resign again from his post as minister.

### Later years

In 1899 he became a senator of the republic. By this time he had also become an important investor in Paraguayan businesses, having large interests in enterprises such as the yerba mate giant La Industrial Paraguaya.

He died in Asunción in December of 1902.

In 1909, he was mentioned by name in José Segundo Decoud's suicide note, where he was called " López 's secretary"; given the rest of the note, this very likely stemmed from their dispute for the presidency in the 1890s.


François Pitot (figure skater)

# François Pitot (figure skater)

## Abstract

François Pitot (born 4 January 2005) is a French figure skater. He is a two-time French national bronze medalist.

At the junior level, Pitot is the 2024 French junior national champion, 2023 JGP Japan champion, the 2023 JGP Thailand silver medalist, and the 2021 JGP France I bronze medalist.

## Personal life

Pitot was born on 4 January 2005 in Orléans, France.

His figure skating idol is Nathan Chen.

## Career

### Early years

Pitot began learning how to skate in 2012 at age seven. He initially pursued football as a child, but decided to try skating as his brother and sister were already involved in the sport and quickly came to enjoy it.

As a child, Didier Lucine, Claudine Lucine, Katia Gentelet, and Cédric Tour were his coaches.

He won the 2019 French Novice Championships and finished twelfth at the Junior Championships that same year.

### 2019–20 season

Coached by Brian Joubert and Cornelia Paquier, Pitot made his junior international debut at the 2019 JGP France, finishing twelfth. He went on to place fourth at the 2019 Master's de Patinage as well as win gold in the junior division of the 2019 Tallinn Trophy.

Debuting on the senior level at the 2020 French Championships, Pitot finished eighth.

Elected to represent France at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in Lausanne, Switzerland, Pitot finished thirteenth.

Pitot ended his season by competing on the novice level at the 2020 French Novice Championships, winning gold for a second consecutive time.

### 2020–21 season

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Pitot only competed domestically during the 2020–21 season. He won gold on the junior level at the 2020 Master's de Patinage and finished fifth at the 2021 French Senior Championships.

## Competitive highlights

- GP – Event of the ISU Grand Prix Series

- JGP – Event of the ISU Junior Grand Prix Series

- CS – Event of the ISU Challenger Series

## Detailed results

- Small medals for the short program and free skating are only awarded at ISU Championships.


2024–25 Újpest FC season

# 2024–25 Újpest FC season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is Újpest Football Club 's 144nd competitive season, 133rd consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I and 132nd year in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Újpest participated in this season's editions of the Magyar Kupa.

## Kits

Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: MOL / Tippmix

### Kit usage

We indicate in parentheses the number of round.

## First team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Transfers

### Summer

Sources:

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Sources:

## Friendlies

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### Pre-season

### Mid-season

## Competitions

### Overall record

In italics, we indicate the Final position achieved in competition(s) that have not yet been completed.

Last updated: 14 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### Nemzeti Bajnokság I

#### League table

#### Results summary

Last updated: 1 September 2024. Source: Soccerway

#### Results by round

#### Matches

The match schedule was released on 20 June 2024.

Win Draw Loss Postponed

#### Results overview

All results are indicated from the perspective of Újpest FC. We indicate in parentheses the number of round. Win Draw Loss Postponed

### Magyar Kupa

#### Round of 64

The draw for the Round of 64 was held on 26 August 2024.

#### Round of 32

The draw for the Round of 32 will hold on 16 September 2024.

## Squad statistics

### Appearances

Includes all competitions for senior teams. We indicate the number of the player's appearances as substitute by the combination of a plus sign and a figure.

Notes: GK: goalkeeper; DF: defender; MF: midfielder; FW: forward

### Goal scorers

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total goals are equal. Players with no goals not included in the list. We indicate in parentheses how many of the goals scored by the player from penalties.

### Assists

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total assists are equal. Players with no assists not included in the list.

### Goalkeepers

#### Clean sheets

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total clean sheets are equal. Numbers in parentheses represent games where both goalkeepers participated and both kept a clean sheet; the number in parentheses is awarded to the goalkeeper who was substituted on, whilst a full clean sheet is awarded to the goalkeeper who was on the field at the start of play.

### Disciplinary record

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by red cards, then yellow cards (and by squad number when total cards are equal). Players with no cards not included in the list.

### Captains

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total number of games where a player started as captain are equal. Players with no games started as captain not included in the list.

## Attendances

Home stadium: Szusza Ferenc Stadion, Budapest – Capacity: 12,670

## Awards and nominations

### Weekly awards

#### Player of the Round

Player of the Week by Nemzeti Sport and Round Selection of Nemzeti Bajnokság by Nemzeti Sport and Csakfoci websites.

#### Goal of the Round

Goal of the Round of Nemzeti Bajnokság by the M4 Sport website.

- Score – The score at the time of the goal. Újpest FC's score listed first.

- Final score – The score at full time; Újpest FC's listed first.


Marist Red Foxes

# Marist Red Foxes

## Abstract

The Red Foxes are the athletic teams of Marist College. The Marist Red Foxes compete in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) the only exception being football, a member of the Pioneer Football League (PFL).

The Red Foxes make up 23 varsity teams. Separate men's and women's teams are sponsored for basketball, tennis, crew, lacrosse, soccer, cross country, track, swimming and diving. Sponsored women's teams are softball, volleyball, and water polo. While sponsored men's teams are baseball and football. These varsity programs involve more than 550 Marist student-athletes. The crew programs are among the few in the nation that claim on-campus facilities.

The red fox or reynard is indigenous to the Hudson Valley where Marist is located and is regarded as highly intelligent and cunning. It is the red fox from which Marist's school colors of red and white are derived.

Marist has been recognized by Sports Illustrated as having one of the top 200 college athletic programs in the U.S.

## Overview

The Marist athletic department is the biggest and most successful in the MAAC. Marist has been awarded the MAAC conference's highest honor, the Commissioner's Cup, more than any school in history. The Commissioner's Cup is given annually to the most successful MAAC athletic department over the course of the year.

Student athletes at Marist routinely excel in the classroom. In 2019 for the 18th straight year Marist led the MAAC with 262 selections to the conference's Academic Honor Roll. Marist also had 57 student athletes selected to the PFL's Academic Honor Roll and four men's rowers named to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) 2019 All-Academic Team.

In 2017, in the wake of mass shootings across the United States, Marist changed their mascot's name from "Shooter" to "Frankie."

## Sports sponsored

### Women's basketball

The Marist women's basketball team won 20 games for the first time during the 1981–1982 season going 21–10 under head coach Susan Deer. They would not reach the 20 win plateau again until the hiring of Brian Giorgis before the 2002–2003 season. In Brian's first season Marist would go 20–11, (13–5 MAAC). Since then, under Brian's guidance, Marist has dominated the MAAC with 10 championships and has become a powerhouse on the national stage.

The first conference crown came in 2004 followed by another one in 2006. Although Marist would lose both times in the first round of the NCAA tournament (2004 to Oklahoma and 2006 to Georgia) these games were just building blocks for greater successes.

In March 2007, after a going 27–5 and making the NCAA tournament for the third time in school history, Marist's women's basketball team surprised a nation of NCAA fans under the leadership of co-captains Alisa Kresge and Nikki Flores, carried by Rachele Fitz. They became the third 13th seed to make it to the Sweet 16 since the women's tournament expanded to 64 teams. They defeated 4th-seeded Ohio State and 5th-seeded Middle Tennessee to make it to the Sweet 16.

In March 2008, the women's basketball team was seeded 7th in the New Orleans Regional of the NCAA basketball tournament where they defeated the 10th seeded Depaul Blue Demons 76–57. They were then defeated by the 2nd seeded LSU Lady Tigers 68–49 on March 24, 2008, ending Marist's 22-game winning streak.

The 2009 and 2010 Women's NCAA basketball tournaments saw Marist lose in the first rounds to Virginia and Georgetown respectively.

In the 2011 NCAA tournament the women's basketball team defeated Iowa State in the first round and were thoroughly defeating Duke at Cameron Indoor Stadium in the 2nd round until Marist's best player Erica Allenspach was injured. Duke took the lead late in the 2nd half and prevailed 71–66.

During the 2011–2012 season the Marist women's basketball team won their seventh straight MAAC championship by crushing Fairfield in the MAAC Final 61–35. They would go on to the NCAA Tournament as a 13 seed and beat 4th seed Georgia 76–70. Marist would then lose a tough game in the second round 66–63 to the 5th seed St. Bonaventure ending another successful season for a team that was viewed as Marist's most vulnerable in years.

The 2012–2013 season was the third time in the last six years that Marist would go undefeated in MAAC regular season play (18–0). Marist cruised through the MAAC tournament and defeated Iona 72–48 in the championship game. This was Marist's 9th MAAC title tying St. Peters for the most championships in MAAC history.

Shortly after winning the 2013 MAAC crown Brian Giorgis was named an assistant coach for the USA Women's World University Games Team during the 2013 games to be held in Kazan Russia.

In the first round of the 2013 NCAA Tournament Marist struggled offensively and lost a tough first-round game to Michigan State 55–47.

Marist extended their MAAC dominance during the 2013–2014 season winning their 10th overall MAAC crown and 9th straight after overcoming a 17-point deficit against Quinnipiac University in the conference tournament championship game to win 70–66. The game was Marist's 26th MAAC tournament win in a row.

Marist was defeated 87–65 by their hosts, a red hot shooting Iowa Hawkeyes team who shot 12 of 25 from 3-point range and 57 percent from the field, in the first round of the 2014 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament.

Second seeded Marist lost to #1 seed Quinnipiac in the 2015 MAAC Tournament Championship Game ending the Red Foxes' nine-year run as champions and 28 game winning streak in conference tournament games. This was also the first time in 35 MAAC tournament games that Marist wasn't the higher seeded team.

### Crew

Marist has a large and active rowing program. Marist currently hosts both men's and women's heavyweight and lightweight teams. The women's teams compete as part of the MAAC. The teams row out of the Marist Boathouse on campus and use Longview Park to host races.

Each spring Marist competes against the United States Military Academy for the President's Cup Trophy. The two teams switch off hosting the event each year. West Point's proximity (30 miles south, on the opposite shore of the Hudson) and its competitive rowers (despite its club team status) has led to an intense rivalry developing over the years. The President's Cup Regatta, named in honor of former Marist College President Linus Richard Foy has been an annual event for over four decades.

In October 2009, to celebrate the quadricentennial of Henry Hudson 's exploration of the Hudson River, Marist hosted a reenactment of the Intercollegiate Rowing Association 's now defunct Poughkeepsie Regatta at Longview Park. From 1895 to 1949 the IRA's national championship race was held in Poughkeepsie on the same site that is now Longview Park. The original races started off Rogers Point in Hyde Park and ended about a mile south of the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge. The top college teams would attend and Poughkeepsie was known as the rowing capital of the world. There were about 125,000 fans along the route in 1929, and 100,000 in 1930. 2009 competitors included Marist, Columbia, Cornell, Navy, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Army, and Vassar College. Since 2009 Marist's autumn Poughkeepsie Regatta has been held intermittently.

Marist routinely participates in the annual ECAC championships, the NYSCCA (New York State) rowing championships and the IRA national championships.

During the summer of 2002 the Marist men's varsity eight boat advanced to the semifinals of the Temple Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta.

In 2013 the women's program qualified for the inaugural NCAA Rowing Championships in Indianapolis.

### Football

Football started at Marist as a club sport in 1965 and became a varsity sport in 1978 as a Division III independent. In 1993 football moved up to Division I-AA and in 1994 became the first Marist athletic team to become a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Marist plays its home games in Tenney Stadium on the main campus in Poughkeepsie.

In February 2008, Marist joined the Pioneer Football League as its tenth member effective for the 2009 season, ending the MAAC Football League.

There is one former member of the Red Foxes currently playing in the National Football League: Jason Myers. Terrence Fede is the only Red Fox to have been selected in the NFL Draft.

### Lacrosse

The men's lacrosse team has been to two NCAA Tournaments after winning the MAAC lacrosse title in 2005 and 2015. In 2005 they would go on to play eventual national champion Johns Hopkins in the first round. Marist was soundly defeated 22–6. In the 2015 tournament #20 Marist bested Bryant University 10–6 in a first four game. However #2 ranked Syracuse had too much talent for the foxes in their first-round game winning 20–8.

Originating as a club sport during the 1970s, men's lacrosse subsequently became an NCAA Division III varsity sport and by the early 1980s, began transitioning up to Division I. In 1981, the Marist men's lacrosse team captured the Knickerbocker Conference title.

The women's team has been to two NCAA Tournaments. Losing both times in the first round to Colgate (2008) and Maryland (2010).

### Soccer

The men's soccer program has qualified for three NCAA tournaments (2000, 2004 & 2005) and the women's program once (2011).

The 2004 men's team lost a tough first-round game in overtime 2–1 to the University of Connecticut.

In 2005, the men's team suffered another tough first round loss to St. John's University, 3–1.

### Softball

Marist has won three MAAC championships, all of which advanced them to the NCAA Division I Softball Championship (2006, 2013, & 2016). They have also won the NEC Tournament championship in 1996, which advanced them to the play-in round of the 1996 NCAA Division I softball tournament

### Tennis

The Marist men's team is arguably the most successful program in the conference having advanced to play in 11 Division I NCAA Men's Tennis Championships. If not winning the conference they have been in the hunt almost every year.

The women's team also has been moderately successful having advanced to 4 Division I NCAA Women's Tennis Championships.

### Swimming and diving

The Marist men's and women's programs are the most successful programs in MAAC history.

The men have won 12 MAAC titles (1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008).

The women have won 18 MAAC titles (1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017).

In addition the men have won two Metropolitan team championships (1990, 1995) and the women two (1994, 1995). The women have also won two ECAC championships (1994, 1995). Marist has had 3 ECAC athletes of the year, Brian Bolstad in 2010, Devin O'Nalty in 2008 and Jamie Falco in 2007.

### Water polo

The Marist athletic department added women's water polo in 2000. They started competing in the MAAC after the league began sponsoring the sport In 2003. Since then the team has been nationally ranked on several occasions and has won 4 MAAC titles (2006, 2008, 2009 & 2010) each of which earned them an automatic berth to the NCAA Women's Water Polo Championship Tournament.

## Rivalries

Men's basketball – Siena College, Iona College

Women's basketball – Fairfield University, Iona College, Siena College, Quinnipiac University, Ohio State University

Men's rowing – United States Military Academy, Trinity College, Hartford, Hobart College, Ithaca College, University of Delaware, Jacksonville University

Women's rowing - Jacksonville University

Football – University of San Diego, Georgetown University, Bucknell University

Baseball – Manhattan College, United States Military Academy, Siena College

Swimming – Rider University

Softball – Canisius College

Track – Manhattan College, Iona College

Men's Soccer - Fairfield University

Women's soccer – Siena College

Men's tennis – Fairfield University

Women's tennis – Fairfield University

Men's lacrosse - Siena College

Women's lacrosse - Siena College

### Battle of I-87

Siena College located in Albany, New York is Marist's fiercest rival, most notably in men's basketball. Many fans and sportswriters refer to this match-up as "The Battle of I-87" because of the two-hour proximity of each school on Interstate 87 (Coincidentally, the approximate distance between the two is 87.4 miles). Although this rivalry exists in all sports, it is most heated during the basketball season. During the 1983–1984 season a brawl between the two basketball teams, their fans and coaches at McCann put the series on hiatus for three years. The animosity goes back to when both schools competed at the Division II level, then the ECAC Metro Conference and continues today in the MAAC.

## Facilities

### James J. McCann Recreation Center

The James J. McCann Recreation Center consists of three major areas and dozens of minor ones. The three major areas are the McCann Field House, the Natatorium, and the Strength and Conditioning Center.

McCann Arena is a 3,200-seat multi-purpose arena home to the men's and women's basketball and women's volleyball teams. It also hosts special events such as concerts for the student population.

The natatorium is a 265,000 US gallons (1,000 m) facility, ranging in depth from 4 feet (1.2 m) to 13 feet (4.0 m). It provides six 25-yard (23 m) lanes and an independent diving well. The well contains two 1-meter and one 3-meter diving board.

The Strength and Conditioning Center is two floors. The lower floor consists of weight training equipment, the upper floor consists of cardiovascular training equipment. All told, the facility can easily accommodate 100 students simultaneously.

Minor areas include two racquetball courts, a 2,200-square-foot (200 m) dance studio, five locker rooms, a classroom, the Pepsi Hall of Fame multi-media meeting room, the 2,100-square-foot (200 m) Dr. Maynard Center for Sports Medicine, the Academic Enhancement Center, the 4,200-square-foot (390 m) Coach's Complex, an 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m) Mondo-surfaced auxiliary gymnasium, used heavily by intramurals and club sports, and a student lounge.

### Tennis pavilion

In 2006, a tennis pavilion opened to support the men's and women's tennis programs. It features eight lighted, regulation-sized courts, a center walkway, and a pergola-covered spectator area. Along with Marist the United States Military Academy and the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Queens, New York, host site of the U.S. Open, are the only tennis venues in the area that can boast a Deco II playing surface. Designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill the pavilion is located on the east campus. The pavilion replaced the old tennis courts that were removed in 1994 to make room for the construction of the Murray Student Center.

### Boathouse Row and Longview Park

The athletic facilities with the greatest amount of history in the Marist College Athletic Department are the boathouses located on campus, which sit on the banks of the Hudson River. It is rare in collegiate rowing to have on-campus rowing facilities.Two houses exist: the original Cornell University boathouse once occupied by Cornell's crew teams during their annual training and racing at the Poughkeepsie Regatta, which was held in Poughkeepsie from the late 19th century until 1949, and the newer adjacent Marist boathouse, which stands on the former site of the University of California and University of Washington boathouses. The Marist boathouse features a boat bay, which contains a fleet of 16 top-of-the-line Vespoli shells. Additionally, on the second floor are 30 Concept II ergs, free weights, a video viewing lounge and a coaching office. The Cornell boathouse was remodeled in 2008, and currently is used by the school President for administrative functions, as well as housing a few racing shells for the women's team.

The 12 acre Longview Park is home of the champion Marist men's and women's rowing teams. It is where Marist hosts intercollegiate and interscholastic rowing regattas. It has a bike/walk path along the Hudson River's east shore, a fishing pier, the boathouses, and a gazebo with scenic vistas on a promontory in the center of the park.

### Gartland Athletic Field & Softball Field

Also known as North Field, the Gartland Athletic Field now serves as a core practice facility for Marist intercollegiate sports, including soccer, lacrosse, and rugby. It is also a playing field for club sports and general recreation. At almost 10 acres (40,000 m) in size, the field is large enough to accommodate three team practices simultaneously. The turf is composed of a Kentucky bluegrass, rye and fescue mix situated on a sand and organic material base. An irrigation system provides 85 sprinkler heads to help maintain this practice location.

The intercollegiate Softball field, equipped with a state-of-the-art electronic score board and newly renovated dugouts, resides in the far corner of North field. A practice softball field at the opposite end of the field is used during tournament play, intramural games, and sole club sports.


Crossover switch

# Crossover switch

## Abstract

In electronics, a crossover switch or matrix switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs using complex array matrices designed to switch inputs to outputs such that each output is connected to only one input, but usually inputs may be connected to multiple outputs. There are blocking and non-blocking types of cross-over switches. In a non blocking switch, the switch allows arbitrary interconnections and disconnections to each output at all times whereas a blocking switch new connections can be constrained by other connections.

These switches can be microelectromechanical systems, electrical, or nonlinear optical systems, and are used in electronics and fiber optic circuits, as well as some optical computers. A banyan switch is one type of cross-over switch. Their complexity depends on the topology of the individual switches in a switch matrix (how wide it is by how many 'plies' or layers of switches it takes), to implement the desired crossover logic.

## Formula

Typical crossover matrices follow the formula: an N×N Banyan switch uses (N/2) log N elements. Other formulas are used for differing number of cross-over layers, and scaling is possible, but becomes very large and complex with large N×N arrays. CAD and AI can be used to take the drudgery out of these designs.

## Measurement

The switches are measured by how many stages, and how many up/down sorters and crosspoints. Switches often have buffers built in to speed up switching speeds. A typical switch may have a 2×2 and 4×4 down sorter, followed by an 8×8 up sorter, followed by a 2×2 crosspoint banyan switch network, resulting in a 3-level sorting for a 3-stage banyan network switch. The future is moving to larger arrays of inputs and outputs needed in a very small space.