Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln

# Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln

## Abstract

Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln, KB (1539 – 29 September 1616) was an English peer, styled Lord Clinton from 1572 to 1585. Known for repeated accusations of extortion, abduction and arson, among other things, Henry was likely among the most feared and hated noblemen in England during his time as Earl of Lincoln.

## Life

The eldest son of the 1st Earl of Lincoln, by second wife Ursula, daughter of William, 7th Baron Stourton, Henry Clinton was appointed a Knight of the Bath in 1553. He was returned to the House of Commons, representing the constituency of Lincolnshire in 1571, having been commissioned a Captain of Horse in the Royal Guards in 1569. He also served as Vice-Admiral of Lincolnshire and of Yorkshire.

He inherited the earldom and barony from his father in 1585. By his father's will, which Henry initially contested (its provision to his step-mother a life interest in various properties), he inherited Tattershall Castle; his wife Elizabeth had a life interest in the family property at Sempringham, and subsequently, Lincoln feuded with the poet Tailboys Dymoke, son of his brother-in-law Robert Dymoke, over some obnoxious verses.

In his time, Clinton was one of the most brutal, feared and hated feudal lords in Britain. Several records speak of the Earl launching attacks against barons near him, sometimes sending properly equipped troops. The Earl is frequently credited with sabotage, extortion, abduction and arson and at one point expanded his castle walls into the nearby churchyard. The Earl was often away from his seat at Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, often staying at London due to his frequent entanglements with the law.

Clinton was sent as ambassador to the baptism of the Landgrave of Hesse's daughter Elizabeth in 1596, departing from Yarmouth in June with his son Edward Clinton, Richard Brackenbury, John Wroth, and Richard Fiennes. According to Anthony Bacon he was not a success as a diplomat. The embassy was described in a published account by Sir Edward Monings, The Landgrave of Hessen his princelie receiving of her Maiesties embassador (London, 1596). They lodged for three days at the castle of Zappenburg and were met near Kassel by an African servant of the Landgrave riding a camel.

In January 1600 Clinton wrote to the Earl of Shrewsbury, mentioning that he was short of money. He was waiting for £500 from the Countess of Bedford and had already pawned his best jewels with Robert Brook a London goldsmith. In April 1601, when he was supposed to host Queen Elizabeth I at his mansion in Chelsea, Clinton, perhaps due to realizing that he could not offer a great enough feast due to his financial situation, simply left Chelsea without informing the Queen's party. His actions caused great uproar from the Queen's close advisors, as can be seen in letters sent to the Earl, as they had knocked on both gates of the mansion and despite being able to see Clinton's servants looking out at them from the windows, had not been let in. Clinton later attributed the incident to a "misunderstanding".

At the Union of the Crowns, Clinton and Francis Norris were sent north by the Privy Council to meet Anne of Denmark at Berwick-upon-Tweed and escort her towards London. However, at Doncaster and Northallerton they heard reports of a delay caused by the queen's illness at Stirling Castle, and sought permission from Lord Cecil to return home.

The significant depopulation of Lincolnshire in 1607 may be attributable to the Earl's actions.

He died at Sempringham, being succeeded by his son Thomas, 3rd Earl of Lincoln.

## Family

Clinton married firstly in 1557 Lady Catherine Hastings (born 11 August 1542), daughter of the 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, and Catherine Pole, and had:

- Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln Edward Clinton, Lord Clinton Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln (1645–1692)

- Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln Edward Clinton, Lord Clinton Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln (1645–1692)

- Edward Clinton, Lord Clinton Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln (1645–1692)

- Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln (1645–1692)

- Sir Edward Clinton, married Mary Dighton, and had: Francis Clinton, married Priscilla Hele, and had: Francis Clinton, 6th Earl of Lincoln, married second Susannah Penyston, and had: Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln Priscilla Clinton, married Sir Willoughby d'Ewes, 2nd Baronet, of Stowlangtoft (died 13 June 1685)

- Francis Clinton, married Priscilla Hele, and had: Francis Clinton, 6th Earl of Lincoln, married second Susannah Penyston, and had: Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln Priscilla Clinton, married Sir Willoughby d'Ewes, 2nd Baronet, of Stowlangtoft (died 13 June 1685)

- Francis Clinton, 6th Earl of Lincoln, married second Susannah Penyston, and had: Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln

- Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln

- Priscilla Clinton, married Sir Willoughby d'Ewes, 2nd Baronet, of Stowlangtoft (died 13 June 1685)

- Lady Elizabeth Clinton, married Sir Arthur Gorges

Lord Lincoln married secondly after 20 October 1586 Elizabeth Morrison (died c. 4 July 1611), daughter of Sir Richard Morrison, of Cassiobury, Hertfordshire, and had:

- Sir Henry Clinton (1587–1641), married firstly Eleanor Harington, married secondly in 1624 Elizabeth Hickman, and by his first wife had two surviving sons: Henry Clinton (1611–1670), married Jane Markham, leaving two co-heiresses (Elizabeth Willoughby and Catherine Disney). Norreys Clinton (1617–1693), married third Margaret Raines, and had: Norreys Clinton (1651–1736), married Elizabeth Kendall, and had: Kendall Clinton (1692–1740), married Frances Wilkinson, and had: Norreys Clinton (1720–1764), married Martha Thompson, and had: Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.

- Henry Clinton (1611–1670), married Jane Markham, leaving two co-heiresses (Elizabeth Willoughby and Catherine Disney).

- Norreys Clinton (1617–1693), married third Margaret Raines, and had: Norreys Clinton (1651–1736), married Elizabeth Kendall, and had: Kendall Clinton (1692–1740), married Frances Wilkinson, and had: Norreys Clinton (1720–1764), married Martha Thompson, and had: Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.

- Norreys Clinton (1651–1736), married Elizabeth Kendall, and had: Kendall Clinton (1692–1740), married Frances Wilkinson, and had: Norreys Clinton (1720–1764), married Martha Thompson, and had: Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.

- Kendall Clinton (1692–1740), married Frances Wilkinson, and had: Norreys Clinton (1720–1764), married Martha Thompson, and had: Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.

- Norreys Clinton (1720–1764), married Martha Thompson, and had: Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.

- Rev Preb Dr Charles Fynes-Clinton (died 1827), married Emma Brough, and had: Henry Fynes Clinton (died 1852) and Clinton Fiennes-Clinton (died 1833), MPs for Aldborough; g-g-g-grandfather of Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln, 10th cousin of Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle.


Sancho I of Pamplona

# Sancho I of Pamplona

## Abstract

Sancho Garcés I (Basque: Antso I.a Gartzez; c. 860 – 10 December 925), also known as Sancho I, was king of Pamplona from 905 until 925. He was the son of García Jiménez and was the first king of Pamplona of the Jiménez dynasty. Sancho I was the feudal ruler of the Onsella valley, and expanded his power to all the neighboring territories. He was chosen to replace Fortún Garcés by the Pamplonese nobility in 905.

## Biography

Sancho Garcés was born around the year 860, son of García Jiménez and his second wife Dadildis de Pallars. Around the time of the death of King García Íñiguez he ruled the Onsella valley in the western part of the kingdom. He managed to take control of the city of Pamplona while Fortún Garcés was still king, aided by Alfonso III of Asturias and the Count of Pallars. Along with the Pamplonese nobility, they plotted to remove the king's children from the line of succession, which passed down to the king's granddaughter Toda, who was married to Sancho Garcés. He proclaimed himself King of Pamplona in 905.

Throughout his reign, he involved himself in the squabbles among the Muslim lords to the south with repeated success. In 907, he turned on his former ally Lubb ibn Muhammad, killing him in battle. Four years later, another former ally, Galindo Aznárez, joined with his brother-in-law Muhammad al-Tawil and Abd Allah ibn Lubb al-Qasawi to attack Sancho, but they were defeated and neutralized as a threat. Al-Tawil fled and was killed shortly afterward, and the power of the Banu Qasi was severely crippled, while Galindo was forced into vassalage to Sancho, leading to the incorporation of the County of Aragon into the Pamplona kingdom.

In 918, Sancho combined with Ordoño II of León to attack the Upper March. Though they failed to occupy Nájera, they took Calahorra, Arnedo and Viguera from the Banu Qasi, and attacked Valtierra, and though they failed to take its fortress, they burned its mosque and surrounding lands. Two years later Sancho teamed with Bernard I of Ribagorza and Amrus ibn Muhammed, son of Muhammad al-Tawil, to attack Banu Qasi-held Monzón. His successes allowed him to join Lower Navarre to his own dominions and extend his territory as far as Nájera. As a thanksgiving offering for his victories, in 924 he founded the monastery of San Martín de Albelda.

He died near the town of Resa, close to the Ebro river on 10 December, 925 and was buried in Villamayor de Monjardín. His son, García, was only seven years old, so Sancho was succeeded by his brother, Jimeno Garcés.

Sancho appears to have been the original king called by the byname Abarca, though confusion among family members of the same name had led to it being instead applied to his grandson, Sancho II of Pamplona, by the 19th century. Sancho I gave rise to a dynasty that would rule several Iberian kingdoms, the last ruling until the 13th century, and the dynasty would be called the Banu Sanyo or the Banu Abarca by Al-Andalus scholars, denoting his role as founder.

## Marriage and issue

Sancho Garcés was married to Toda Aznárez, daughter of the Count Aznar Sánchez and Onneca Fortúnez, herself being daughter of Fortún Garcés. According to the Códice de Roda, they had one son, García, and five daughters, all of whom except Orbita married either kings of León or counts:

- Urraca Sánchez, Queen consort of the Kingdom of León from 931 until 951 after marrying, as his second wife, Ramiro II of León.

- Onneca Sánchez, Queen consort of the Kingdom of León from 926 until 931 after marrying Alfonso IV of León.

- Sancha Sánchez (died between 949 and 963), was queen consort of León as the third wife of King Ordoño II. After the king's death in 924, she married Álvaro Herraméliz, Count of Álava and then, after his death in 931, she became the wife of Fernán González, Count of Castile, who also succeeded her second husband as count of Álava.

- Velasquita Sánchez, married first to Munio Vélaz, Count of Álava, second to Galindo of Ribargoza and third to Fortún Galindez.

- Orbita Sánchez, nothing is known about her life.

- García Sánchez I, King of Pamplona from 925 until 970, married first to Andregoto Galíndez, daughter of the Count of Aragon Galindo Aznárez II and later to Teresa Ramírez, daughter of Ramiro II of León and his first wife, Adosinda Gutiérrez.

Out of wedlock, he had a daughter, Lupa Sánchez, who was married to Dato II, Count of Bigorre, with whom she had one son, Raymond I, Count of Bigorre (940–956).


Scinax ruberoculatus

# Scinax ruberoculatus

## Abstract

Scinax ruberoculatus, the red-eyed snouted tree frog, is a frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to forest habitats in Brazil, Suriname, and French Guiana.

The red-eyed snouted tree frog is distinguishable from other frogs Scinax by its small size: The adult male frog measures 22.6–25.9 mm in snout-vent length and the adult female frog 25.4–27.5 mm. This frog is light gray or light brown in color on the dorsum with a dark spot on its head resembling a moth or a human molar. There is a whitish stripe on each side of the body. The upper half of the iris of the eye is red in color and the bottom half is gray. The ventrum is whitish.

The tadpole is about 22.2 mm long in total length. The body is bronze in color with darker brown spots. Young frogs are gray with darker spots. The irises of their eyes are red all around with black color around the iris.

The name ruberoculatus comes from the Latin words ruber for "red" and oculatus for "having eyes."


IOS 17

# IOS 17

## Abstract

iOS 17 is the seventeenth and current major release of Apple 's iOS operating system for the iPhone. It is the direct successor to iOS 16, which was released one year earlier. It was announced on June 5, 2023, at Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference alongside watchOS 10, iPadOS 17, and macOS Sonoma. It was made publicly available on September 18, 2023, as a free software update for supported iOS devices (see the supported devices section). iOS 17 has received security and bug-fix updates multiple times a month, and feature updates every few months. Beta builds are sent weekly or biweekly to members of the Apple Developer Program and public beta testers. As with every release since iOS 4, these updates are free to users.

## Early development

iOS 17's internal codename is Dawn. Apple initially intended iOS 17 as a "tuneup release", similar to iOS 12 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard, allowing them to focus on their new Apple Vision Pro mixed reality headset. Still, they added major features later in the development cycle.

## System features

### Home Screen

- Home and Lock screens widgets are now interactive. For example, a user can turn on lights or open shutters of a house by pressing the corresponding button of the Home widget, mark a task complete by pressing directly on a reminder in the widget, etc.

- Spotlight search now allows users to change system settings directly from the search results. For example, if a user searches for "wifi" from the Home Screen, the switch to turn the Wi-Fi off or on appears in the search results.

- Other changes: The brightness of the wallpaper image changes depending on the dark or light mode. Resized photos are automatically extended to the top with a gradient that fills the missing space. Live wallpapers return after being removed from iOS 16, though they must now be selected separately from other photos and only animate when the phone is turned on.

- The brightness of the wallpaper image changes depending on the dark or light mode.

- Resized photos are automatically extended to the top with a gradient that fills the missing space.

- Live wallpapers return after being removed from iOS 16, though they must now be selected separately from other photos and only animate when the phone is turned on.

### StandBy

- StandBy mode is a new feature automatically enabled when the phone is charging while horizontally oriented. It displays information via widgets in intelligent stacks, Live activities, and the clock. The appearance of this information changes according to the ambient light, with less flashy and less bright colors appearing at night.

### Autocorrect and text prediction

- The keyboard's autocorrection and dictation are powered by a new on-device transformer model, which is advertised to be more accurate and personalized to users' writing styles.

- Unlike previous versions of iOS, it can learn not to autocorrect swear words.

- Autocorrected words are underlined and can be reverted with a tap.

- Word predictions are shown inline as grey letters that are added when the spacebar is tapped.

- As of iOS 17.2, the option to turn off inline predictions without turning off predictive text was added, which allows the user to switch autocorrect to that of its functions in versions prior to iOS 8.

### Translation

- Ukrainian language was added for translation available system-wide, in Safari web pages, and in the Translate app, bringing the number of languages available to 20.

### AirDrop

- With the addition of NameDrop, by tapping an iPhone or Apple Watch against another iPhone, users can start a file transfer, a shared activity with SharePlay, or exchange a customizable contact card. (Using NameDrop with an Apple Watch requires iOS 17.1 and watchOS 10.1.)

- As of iOS 17.1, AirDrop file transfers can continue over the Internet if users leave AirDrop range.

### Siri

- Users can now simply address Siri by its name instead of having to say "Hey Siri" to activate it.

- Subsequent questions asked to Siri do not require the user to re-say the "Siri" command.

- The user can now say "Hey Siri, send a message" and then choose the application to use through a drop-down menu. After the first change, Siri will remember the choice and speed up the operation.

- Users can ask Siri to read a page in Safari.

- Additionally, the ability to find a lost Apple TV remote with it with was added.

### AutoFill

- The information saved by the user in Contacts can be used to automatically and securely fill in the fields of a form of a PDF or scanned document. Scanning documents take place in Notes.

### Accessibility

- A new feature called Personal Voice uses machine learning to let users recreate their own voice as a text-to-speech model.

- Using Point and speak, the phone will read what is written on the push-button panels of household appliances.

- A feature called Assistive Access is an extremely simplified iOS user interface that can be activated from the Accessibility settings, useful for people with cognitive disabilities.

### Networking

- A user can now connect an iPhone to a private 5G or LTE cellular network, using an eSIM or physical SIM that has been specifically provisioned for that network.

- There is also a new setting for cellular networks that allows users to disable cellular data usage statistics if they do not care which apps are consuming data.

### System settings

- In addition to an updated UI that shows more categories, the iPhone Storage section of the settings app now shows the space occupied by data shared between multiple apps from the same manufacturer.

- In the Haptic Touch duration settings, there is a third duration that is even shorter than the other two available in iOS 16.

- A new option for Focus mode notifications was added called Silence Notifications. This option lets the user choose if they want to mute notifications always or only when the device is locked.

- In iOS 17, the notification sound was changed from "Tri-tone", to "Rebound", which is noticeably quieter. As of iOS 17.2, the ability to change the default sound effect for third party apps was added, including the previously default "Tri-tone" option.

### Charging

- iPhone 15 models now support Qi2 wireless charging. This was later added to the iPhone 13 and iPhone 14 models in the iOS 17.2 update.

## App features

### Phone

- With Contact Posters, users can now customize the appearance of the incoming call screen shown to other iPhone users. Customization options are similar to iOS 16's revamped lock screen, with the ability to pick a custom picture or Memoji as the contact photo, and change their name's font and color.

- Customization options are similar to iOS 16's revamped lock screen, with the ability to pick a custom picture or Memoji as the contact photo, and change their name's font and color.

- On the incoming call screen, a new Live Voicemail button sends the call to voicemail and shows a live transcript on-screen, so the user can decide whether to pick up the call.

- Other improvements: Different ringtones for each SIM. Increased number of memorized numbers in call history to 2000. Users can choose which SIM to use to call all unknown numbers. The buttons to end a phone call, mute the microphone, etc. are positioned at the bottom instead of being in the center of the screen, so they are more accessible when using the phone with only one hand. Added more than 20 new ringtones and 11 alert tones, while moving the previous main ones into the classic section.

- Different ringtones for each SIM.

- Increased number of memorized numbers in call history to 2000.

- Users can choose which SIM to use to call all unknown numbers.

- The buttons to end a phone call, mute the microphone, etc. are positioned at the bottom instead of being in the center of the screen, so they are more accessible when using the phone with only one hand.

- Added more than 20 new ringtones and 11 alert tones, while moving the previous main ones into the classic section.

### Messages

- The Messages app has a new "Check In" feature. The user must pick a contact and set a destination, and Check In notifies the contact once the user reaches the destination safely. If the user stops moving towards the destination and does not respond to prompts, the user's location, route, and battery level are automatically shared with the contact. The contact otherwise has no access to the user's location, and this information is end-to-end encrypted.

- The user must pick a contact and set a destination, and Check In notifies the contact once the user reaches the destination safely. If the user stops moving towards the destination and does not respond to prompts, the user's location, route, and battery level are automatically shared with the contact. The contact otherwise has no access to the user's location, and this information is end-to-end encrypted.

- Other improvements: The Messages app also shows a transcript of voice messages. Emojis and photo cutouts (created through the "remove subject from background" tool) can be used as stickers, and stamped on bubbles in iMessage conversations or in other apps. In iOS 17.2, a new feature called contact key verification was added. This adds an extra layer of security to iMessages, as these keys are exchanged by users when they meet up in person or can be automatically shared with FaceTime, and if at any point a device not registered with they key sends a message, the other user will be notified.

- The Messages app also shows a transcript of voice messages.

- Emojis and photo cutouts (created through the "remove subject from background" tool) can be used as stickers, and stamped on bubbles in iMessage conversations or in other apps.

- In iOS 17.2, a new feature called contact key verification was added. This adds an extra layer of security to iMessages, as these keys are exchanged by users when they meet up in person or can be automatically shared with FaceTime, and if at any point a device not registered with they key sends a message, the other user will be notified.

### Journal

- Journal is a end-to-end encrypted journaling app that lets users log their daily activities. The app was not available at launch and was added in the iOS 17.2 update.

### Apple Music

- A new feature called a "Collaborative Playlist" allows a group of users to add and remove songs from a shared playlist. (This was removed in iOS 17.2 Beta 4, but later re-added in 17.3)

- A new Crossfade effect between played songs, supporting a range between 1 second and 12 seconds.

- Animated album artwork in music player: albums that support animated album artwork will now show that animation in the music player on Apple Music.

- In iOS 17.1, the "Love" system in Apple Music was replaced by a "Favorites" section that comes with expanded functionality.

- In iOS 17.2, a Favorite Songs Playlist was added.

- With iOS 17.2, users can now disable Listening History in a focus mode.

### Apple Maps

- Maps can now be downloaded for use without an Internet connection.

- It is possible to see in real time the availability of charging points for electric vehicles, in particular how many free slots there are at that particular charging point, the type of connection, etc.

- Users can search people on the map by name if they have shared their location.

### Safari

- Safari supports Profiles to keep a user's browsing activities separate when they are at work or school from those at home or personal. Individual Safari extensions can be enabled or disabled by profile.

- Pages previously opened in Private browsing mode require Face ID to be reviewed.

- Any extension that can read info on a page the user visits is disabled by default when private browsing.

- Known trackers are blocked while private browsing and tracking IDs in links are automatically removed.

- In the Safari settings, users can set a separate search engine to use in private mode.

- Users are able to listen to an entire page as audio read from the phone.

- The browsing history now shows favicons next to the site name and description.

- Added support for JPEG XL and HEIC image formats.

- AV1 hardware decoding on iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max.

### Reminders

- The list of a reminder can now be organized into sections.

- The Grocery list now automatically sorts grocery items into sections.

- There is a new column view.

### Photos

- Users can search for recipes on the Internet using a photo containing food.

- Dogs and cats are automatically recognized and categorized within the people section.

- When a user zooms in on a photo, a button automatically appears to crop the photo without having to go into photo editing first.

- In the search box, users can type the name of an object to find the exact frame in the video where that object appears.

- Visual Lookup is now able to recognize in photos the symbols of the various lights in the car, the symbols in the labels of clothes, etc.

### Camera

- The Camera app has two new optional settings: "Level" shows a horizontal line that turns yellow when the subject is aligned to the horizon, and "Lock white balance" can disable automatic white balance adjustments when recording a video.

- Deferred Photo Processing: the Deep Fusion post-processing process is performed in the background, instead of taking place at the same time as the "shot" and only when the camera is not in use. This ensures significantly higher recording sessions, without shutter blocks, allowing the user to capture new photos at any time.

### Weather

- A wind map has been added.

- The Weather app now lets users compare today's weather with yesterday's.

- Moon phase: a new section shows the current state of the moon, the time until the next full moon, the times of moonset and moonrise and the lunar calendar.

### Health

- The Health app lets users log and label their mood, and see how their mood correlates to various lifestyle factors over time.

- The app also let users take standardized assessments for anxiety and depression, although this information is not diagnosis and should not be treated as such.

- Users can be notified if they forget to log that they have taken their medication.

- Added summary of users' friends' training results.

### Shortcuts

- Commands associated with various apps are shown in Spotlight search when users search for that app. For example, when searching for the Camera app, commands to open the app in Selfie, Portrait, Cinematic, Time-Lapse, etc. modes are shown.

- Developers can define the background color of commands created for their app. For example, for the Books app, the commands to open the current book and listen to the current book appear in an orange box like the color of the Books app.

### Miscellaneous

- The Home app now includes an activity history for up to 30 days, so the user can see who's accessed the user's locks, doors and alarm sensors, and when.

- Apple Fitness+ can give users custom workout plans, set workouts or meditations to play consecutively, or separately change the volume of the music and the instructor's voice.

- A new feature called "screen Distance" checks and warns users if they are holding their Face ID-enabled iPhone too close to the user's face for a considerable period of time.

- The Clock app now supports simultaneous timers.

- Find My supports sharing AirTags and similar third-party items with up to five people.

- FaceTime supports the ability for callers to leave a video or audio message when the recipient is unavailable. Effect reactions have been added to FaceTime calls, similar to the reactions feature in Messages.

## Security and privacy

- One-time verification codes received in Mail can be filled in with a tap without leaving Safari.

- The ability to automatically delete verification codes was added.

- Link-tracking protection detects user-definable tracking parameters in link URLs and automatically removes them. It is automatically enabled in Mail, Messages, and when browsing with Safari in Private Mode.

- Shared group passwords allows the user to create groups of passwords to share with family and friends. Users can recover passwords for up to 30 days.

- After changing the lock screen passcode, the old code can be used for 72 hours to reset the new passcode if it is forgotten. There's also a button to expire previous passcode immediately.

- iOS 17 contains several changes for app permissions. When an app wants to add an event to the user's Calendar, the event is added without the app being able to read the entire contents of the calendar. When apps ask to access the user's entire photo library, the user can share specific photos with apps while keeping the rest of the library private.

- A sensitive content warning detects nudity in photos and videos received in AirDrop and other apps, obscuring them with a blur effect before they are displayed.

- Lockdown mode can block the iPhone from connecting to 2G cellular networks and from auto-joining insecure wireless networks, and it disables more APIs in Safari susceptible to being attacked, such as IndexedDB, File API, FileReader API, WebSpeech API, WebLocks API, and more. (Apple's simultaneously-announced watchOS 10 gains support for Lockdown mode, and the mode is automatically enabled on Apple Watch when it is enabled on a paired iPhone.)

## European Union-specific changes

In compliance with the Digital Markets Act, Apple introduced a set of additional features only for those living in European Union countries. These features were rolled out beginning with iOS 17.4.

These include:

- The installation of 3rd party alternatives to the App Store.

- The ability to download web browsers that use web engines other than WebKit.

- Management of default web browser settings.

- The ability for a user to choose alternative payment methods to use in the app store.

Additionally, Apple has put in place measures to prevent all users outside of the EU from accessing any of those features.

These measures include:

- Requiring a user's Apple ID region to be set to one of the EU’s 27 member states.

- Performing routine on-device geolocation checks to ensure a user is physically present within the EU’s borders.

- Making it so that users who travel out of the EU can continue accessing 3rd party app stores for a grace period of 30 days. Users who are away from the EU for more than 30 days will lose access to these features; they can continue using previously installed apps but are unable to update or install apps from 3rd party app stores.

### Initial plans to remove web apps

With the second beta of iOS 17.4, the functionality of progressive web apps was severely restricted; web apps added to the home screen opened as bookmarks in the user's default browser. While this was initially believed to be a bug, Apple confirmed on February 15, 2024, that they would be removed, justifying their choice by low use, as well as security and privacy concerns and the Digital Markets Act. On February 26, it was announced that the European Commission was planning to investigate Apple over the move, and requested more information from the company and app developers for further assessment. The Open Web Advocacy wrote a letter to Tim Cook and asked him to not " sabotage " the feature. On March 1, Apple announced that it had canceled its plan to disable home screen web apps in the European Union; Apple's developer website was then updated to reflect this.

## Supported devices

iOS 17 requires iPhones with an A12 Bionic SoC or later. It drops support for iPhones with an A11 Bionic SoC, officially marking the end of support for iPhones with a 5.5-inch display. iOS 17 is the first version of iOS to drop support for an iPhone with Face ID and no Home button. The iPhone SE (2nd and 3rd generations) are the only supported devices to feature Touch ID and the Home button.

However, iPhones with an A12 Bionic or A13 Bionic SoC have limited support while iPhones with an A14 Bionic SoC and later are fully supported.

iPhones that support iOS 17 are:

- iPhone XS & XS Max

- iPhone XR

- iPhone 11

- iPhone 11 Pro & 11 Pro Max

- iPhone SE (2nd generation)

- iPhone 12 & 12 Mini

- iPhone 12 Pro & 12 Pro Max

- iPhone 13 & 13 Mini

- iPhone 13 Pro & 13 Pro Max

- iPhone SE (3rd generation)

- iPhone 14 & 14 Plus

- iPhone 14 Pro & 14 Pro Max

- iPhone 15 & 15 Plus

- iPhone 15 Pro & 15 Pro Max

## Release history

The first developer beta of iOS 17 was released on June 5, 2023. Unlike previous years, the developer beta program is open to anyone with a free Apple Developer account, without requiring a subscription.

## Reception

Reception for iOS 17 upon its release date was generally positive. Critics praised the new Contact Posters, Check In, and StandBy mode. They also liked the improvements to stickers, widgets, text prediction, the Camera app, Shortcuts, verification codes, and the Reminders app. However, many media outlets criticized the lack of the Journal app that was announced during the iOS 17 segment. The Journal app was later released, first as part of the iOS 17.2 beta to developers and public beta testers, then to the general public as part of the iOS 17.2 stable release. Following the release of iOS 17, users reported overheating problems on newer devices such as iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Pro, and numerous glitches on older devices.


Women's Emancipation Union

# Women's Emancipation Union

## Abstract

The Women's Emancipation Union was founded by Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy in September 1891, following an infamous court case. Regina v Jackson, known colloquially as the Clitheroe Judgement, occurred when Edmund Jackson abducted his wife in a bid to enforce his conjugal rights, long before the concept of marital rape existed. The court of appeal freed Mrs Jackson under habeas corpus. Recognising the significance of this judgement in relation to coverture, the principle that a wife's legal personhood was subsumed in that of her husband, Wolstenholme left the Women's Franchise League to form this new women's campaigning group.

The group was funded by subscriptions and benefactor Mrs Russell Carpenter. It had a four point agenda:

- Equality of right and duty with men in all matters affecting the service of community and the state

- Equality of opportunity for self-development by the education of the schools and of life

- Equality in industry by equal freedom of choice of career

- Equality in marriage and in parental rights.

The WEU had an executive council, annual conference, ten local organisers in cities from Glasgow to Bristol and an international subscription list of over 7,000. The mixed sex members were an eclectic mix the main requirement of membership being that they were active in political life. Well known members included Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, Harriot Stanton Blatch Florence Dixie, Mona Caird and George Holyoake. A Parliamentary Sub Committee was formed in 1893.

The Women's Emancipation Union pioneered cross class collaborations, encouraged women's resistance to authority as long as their right to vote remained unacknowledged and advocated making Women's Suffrage a test question in the selection of potential parliamentary candidates.

Isabella Ford worked on behalf of the WEU at outdoor rallies in the East End of London in 1895. Working-class women were invited to give papers concerning their working life and conditions at the annual conferences.

Following the Local Government Act 1894, the WEU worked to get as many women to use their local government franchise and stand for election. Over 100 WEU organisers were elected as Poor Law Guardians or Parish Councillors.

Following the loss of Ferdinand Begg 1897 Suffrage Bill, subscriptions halved and the death of the Union's benefactor caused the demise of this group. The final meeting was in 1899, and speakers included Harriot Stanton Blatch and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.

## Publications

The WEU published the first sex education manuals for adults to teach children and teenagers, The Human Flower and Baby Buds.

- Ellis Ethelmer Woman Free 1893

- William Henry Wilkins The Voice of the Voteless Toiler 1893

- Ellis Ethelmer The Human Flower 1894

- Ellis Ethelmer Baby Buds 1895

- Ellis Ethelmer Life to Woman 1896

- Ellis Ethelmer Phases of Love: As it Is As it may Be 1897

The pseudonym "Ellis Ethelmer" is often wrongly attributed to Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy but it is in fact the pseudonym of her husband Benjamin Elmy.


Typhoon Shanshan (2024)

# Typhoon Shanshan (2024)

## Abstract

Typhoon Shanshan was a powerful tropical cyclone that moved through Japan in August 2024. The tenth named storm and fourth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Shanshan was first noted near the Mariana Islands on August 20, with deep convection beginning to consolidate. The following day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded it to a tropical storm and named it Shanshan. Early the next day, both the JMA and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified it as a minimal typhoon. Shanshan turned west-northwestward and stalled near Kikaijima, reaching its peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). It then peaked at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale on August 27, with one-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph). As the typhoon moved through the Ryukyu Islands, it further decayed, becoming cooler and less defined. Shanshan turned northward between two mid-level subtropical ridges and made landfall near Satsumasendai in Kagoshima Prefecture around 8 a.m. local time on August 29. It then turned eastward along the northern edge of a subtropical high and quickly crossed the Seto Inland Sea before making landfall over the northern tip of Shikoku on August 30. Shanshan's convection has slightly increased over the past six hours as its circulation moved back over open water and began progressing east-southeastward due to interaction with a mid-latitude trough. It then moved inland over Japan and dissipated on September 1.

After Tropical Storm Maria and Typhoon Ampil impacted Japan, Shanshan arrived a few days later. In preparation for Shanshan, storm warnings were issued for 14 communities in the Satsuma and Ōsumi areas of Kagoshima Prefecture, and on August 28, the JMA issued special weather warnings for Kagoshima Prefecture. This was the first emergency warning issued for Kagoshima Prefecture since Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022. As Shanshan brushed the islands of Amami Ōshima and Kikaijima, maximum sustained wind gusts near 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) were recorded at Kikai Airport on the latter island. The JMA began issuing landslide and rockslide warnings in Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Shizuoka prefectures. As Shanshan moved ashore in Kyushu, a wind gust of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) was recorded in Makurazaki, Kagoshima. Meanwhile, heavy rainfall from Shanshan affected the South Korean island of Jeju. In all, the typhoon killed at least eight people, injured 127 others, and damaged hundreds of structures throughout Japan. Aon reported that early assessments of the damage from Shanshan indicate that total economic and insured losses could reach US$100 million.

## Meteorological history

The origins of Typhoon Shanshan can be traced back to August 20, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a low-pressure area had formed near the Mariana Islands. At midnight on August 21, both the JMA and the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 11W due to deep convection beginning to consolidate into a central dense overcast. Shortly after, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Shanshan by the JMA due to low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content. However, Shanshan's movement was nearly stationary due to the weak steering flow. Around 12:00 UTC on August 22, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm, citing Dvorak technique —a method of determining a tropical cyclone's intensity based on satellite appearance. A ragged eye-like feature appeared on satellite imagery on August 23, and early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon.

Shanshan began developing poleward outflow into the west-northwest edge of a tropical upper tropospheric trough cell and then turned northward due to the interaction with an upper vortex. Despite its medium size, it quickly organized and developed a pinhole eye on satellite imagery, with deep convection wrapping around an obscured low-level circulation center. However, due to moderate wind shear, Shanshan became partially exposed and poorly organized; nonetheless, on August 26, deep convection began to increase rapidly, with Shanshan developing a compact eye that was obscured by cirrus cloud. Shanshan then turned west-northwestward along the southwestern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high. The typhoon displayed a symmetrical structure with a clear eye measuring 12.7 miles (20.4 km) in diameter, which later became cloud-filled and was encircled by symmetric deep convection. Shanshan underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, in which the inner eyewall deteriorated while being encased by a clearly defined outer eyewall. Shanshan completed its eyewall replacement cycle on August 27 and began rapidly intensifying again, featuring a symmetric eye with a diameter of 29–35 miles (46–56 km) while stalling near Kikaijima, surrounded by cold cloud tops at −94 °F (−70 °C). The JMA reported that Shanshan reached its peak intensity at 15:00 UTC with 10-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg), before eventually peaking at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale with 1-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph). A study by Imperial College London suggests that Shanshan's extreme winds and heavy precipitation were strengthened by climate change.

After reaching its peak intensity, the typhoon's structure further decayed on August 28, becoming cooler and less defined, which coincided with a warming of the eyewall cloud tops as it moved through the Ryukyu Islands. Shanshan then turned northward between two mid-level subtropical ridges and made landfall near Satsumasendai in Kagoshima Prefecture around 8 a.m. local time on August 29. This made Shanshan the strongest typhoon to strike Japan in decades and one of the most powerful storms to make landfall since 1960. After the system made landfall, satellite imagery and radar loops showed the rapid erosion and disintegration of convective tops and feeder bands. Owing to its interaction with rugged terrain, Shanshan weakened to a minimal tropical storm. It then turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical high, quickly crossed the Seto Inland Sea, and made landfall over the northern tip of Shikoku on August 30. By that time, its convection had diminished, and the low-level circulation center had become disorganized; however, convection slightly increased after six hours as Shanshan's circulation moved back over open water and began moving east-southeastward due to the interaction with a mid-latitude trough. Around 09:00 UTC on August 31, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system as it had become an exposed circulation center surrounded by stratocumulus clouds. On September 1, Shanshan re-intensified into a weak tropical depression with 25 km/h (16 mph) winds and a well-defined circulation in the eastern semicircle, leading the JTWC to resume advisories as it drifted poleward along the northwestern edge of a low to mid-level subtropical ridge. However, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it moved inland over Japan. The JMA continued to monitor the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC that day.

## Preparations

In advance of Shanshan, storm warnings were issued for 14 communities in the Satsuma and Ōsumi areas of Kagoshima Prefecture. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued special weather warnings for Kagoshima Prefecture at 13:00 on August 28. This was the first emergency warning issued for Kagoshima Prefecture since Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022. An emergency storm warning and an emergency high tide warning were also issued for the entirety of Kagoshima Prefecture with the exception of the Amami Islands. A Level 5 emergency warning—the highest level of warning—was issued for Mishima, affecting 369 residents. Across parts of Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures, Level 4 evacuation notices were posted, which included 27 cities in Kagoshima Prefecture and the city of Miyazaki.

Evacuation orders were issued for 996,299 people in Miyazaki Prefecture and 982,273 people in Kagoshima Prefecture. Level 4 evacuation alerts were also issued for portions of Aichi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture; a total of 342,666 people in Shizuoka Prefecture were given evacuation orders. The threat of mudslides caused the JMA to began issuing landslide and rockslide warnings in Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Shizuoka prefectures. The Tokaido Shinkansen route was closed between Tokyo Station and Shin-Ōsaka Station, as well as between Hamamatsu Station and Toyohashi Station, due to rainfall amounts exceeding the regulatory limits for operation. The entire Kyushu Shinkansen route closed on August 29. Japan Airlines cancelled 402 domestic flights and ten international flights between August 28 and August 30. All Nippon Airways also cancelled 210 domestic flights for the same timeframe. Over 18,400 airline passengers were affected by these cancellations. In South Korea, a strong wind and heavy rain advisory were issued for the island of Jeju. Expressways and toll stations were briefly closed at some locations, though services were restored. Commuters were advised to be aware of traffic disruptions.

The Japan Post suspended postal and delivery services in Kyushu. Classes were cancelled at schools in Fukuoka, Kagoshima, and Yamaguchi prefectures. The Super GT announced that the second Suzuka round would be postponed to December 7–8. Multiple factories ceased operations for the duration of the typhoon, affecting companies such as Toyota which closed 14 plants, Nissan which closed a facility in Kyushu, Honda which closed a facility in Kumamoto, and Mazda which announced a potential closure of factories in Hiroshima and Hōfu. Department stores and other commercial facilities in Kagoshima and Aira were closed. Supermarkets also planned to close early across Kyushu. Overall, 5,210,258 people were ordered to evacuate across 12 prefectures.

## Impact

### Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands

As Shanshan brushed the islands of Amami Ōshima and Kikaijima at Category 4-equivalent intensity, maximum sustained wind gusts near 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) were measured at Kikai Airport on the latter island. This was the strongest wind speed observed on Kikaijima in the month of August. One person was injured in Amami after strong winds knocked him down while he was riding a motorcycle. In Yakushima, where maximum gusts of 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) were recorded in the evening of August 28, a 3,000-year-old Yakusugi cedar tree named the Yayoi-sugi (弥生杉) was blown down. As Shanshan moved ashore in Kyushu, a wind gust of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) was recorded in Makurazaki, Kagoshima. Due to the typhoon's slow movement, a linear precipitation zone developed over Kagoshima, Miyazaki, and Oita prefectures, resulting in prolonged torrential rainfall across the region. Overall, one person died and 29 others were injured in Kagoshima, four of them seriously, and 53 buildings were damaged in the prefecture. Strong winds in Miyazaki Prefecture caused 39 injuries and damaged 886 houses, including 160 in the city of Miyazaki. A metal sign at a clothing store was downed onto a vehicle, though no injuries occurred. Heavy rainfall in Oita Prefecture resulted in the overflowing of the Miyakawa River in Yufu, which prompted the issuance of a Level 5 emergency warning, affecting 2,311 residents. In Fukuoka Prefecture, two people died, 22 others were injured, one house was completely destroyed and six structures were damaged by the typhoon. One death and five injuries were reported in Saga Prefecture. There were also nine injuries in Nagasaki Prefecture, six in Kumamoto Prefecture and two in Ōita Prefecture. More than 260,000 residences in Kyushu lost access to electricity due to the storm.

### Elsewhere

In Aichi Prefecture, the city of Gamagōri observed record breaking rainfall amounts as Shanshan neared Japan on August 26 and 27, resulting in a mudslide that killed three people and injured two others. Across the prefecture, 29 structures were damaged. Shanshan caused flooding which damaged 545 buildings in Shizuoka Prefecture, 100 in Gifu Prefecture, 72 in Kanagawa Prefecture, 27 in Iwate Prefecture, 26 in Saitama Prefecture, 25 in Tottori Prefecture and three more in Hokkaido. Two people were injured in Mie Prefecture. One person died after a roof collapsed in Tokushima Prefecture. Heavy rainfall affected the South Korean island of Jeju, reaching a maximum total of 154.5 millimetres (6.08 in) near Hallasan.


Candlemass (band)

# Candlemass (band)

## Abstract

Candlemass is a Swedish epic doom metal band established in Upplands Väsby, a suburb of Stockholm in 1984 by bassist, songwriter and bandleader Leif Edling and drummer Matz Ekström. The band had a defining influence on doom metal, and the epic doom genre itself is named after their debut album Epicus Doomicus Metallicus. Along with Pentagram, Saint Vitus and Trouble, Candlemass has been referred to as one of the "big four of doom metal".

After releasing five full-length albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Candlemass disbanded in 1994, but reunited three years later. After breaking up again in 2002, the band reformed in 2004 and has continued to record and perform since then.

## History

### Debut with Johan Längqvist and the classic Messiah Marcolin era (1984–1990)

After the breakup of his first band Nemesis, bassist Leif Edling started his own band under the name Candlemass with (session) vocalist Johan Längqvist, drummer Matz Ekström, guitarist Mats "Mappe" Björkman and Klas Bergwall. Their first release, Epicus Doomicus Metallicus (1986), immediately secured their standing, positioning the band within metal circles, setting a milestone in the doom metal scene. Following the band's debut album Längqvist was replaced by Messiah Marcolin. By the time the band entered the studio to record their second effort, Nightfall, in 1987, Bergwall and Ekström had left the band. Jan Lindh joined the band on drums, and Lars Johansson joined the band on guitars following the completion of the album.

Candlemass's next two albums were Ancient Dreams (1988) and Tales of Creation (1989). In 1990, the band released a live album Live. Shortly afterward, a dispute between the band members resulted in Messiah Marcolin's departure in 1991.

### Vikstrom/Flodqvist albums, hiatus and first reunion with Marcolin (1991–2003)

After Marcolin left, Candlemass recruited vocalist Thomas Vikström and recorded Chapter VI (1992). The band then toured in support of that album. By 1994, Candlemass had called it quits, partly because Chapter VI was unsuccessful, and partially because Edling had formed another project under the name of Abstrakt Algebra. With Abstrakt Algebra not doing well, Leif suddenly recruited a new line-up under the name of Candlemass and recorded the album Dactylis Glomerata, which was a combination of songs for a new Abstrakt Algebra CD and some new material. A year later the album From the 13th Sun was released. Both albums featured singer Bjorn Flodqvist.

In 2002, the members of a past Candlemass line-up reunited. They performed some well-received live shows and released another live album. Other albums released by the reformed band were remastered versions of Epicus Doomicus Metallicus, Nightfall, Ancient Dreams, and Tales of Creation. A DVD called Documents of Doom was released as well. The band was working on a new album and recorded some new songs while searching for a record label when differences arose again, resulting in Candlemass disbanding a second time. In the meantime, Leif Edling started a new project, Krux, with former Abstrakt Algebra singer Mats Levén and two members of Entombed.

### Second Marcolin reunion (2004–2006)

In November 2004, the band announced that they had re-united for the second time. They had recorded a new album, named simply Candlemass, with the same line-up. It was released in May 2005. They won a Swedish Grammy for it in 2005.

In 2006 the band announced that a new album was in preparation, to be released sometime in 2007. In October 2006, after much uncertainty regarding Messiah Marcolin's participation, it was settled that Messiah was out for good.

### Robert Lowe era (2007–2012)

Candlemass found a new vocalist, Robert Lowe (Solitude Aeturnus), who recorded with the band's ninth album King of the Grey Islands, which was released on 22 June 2007.The album is self-produced except for four songs produced by Andy Sneap.

On 31 March 2007, Candlemass celebrated a slightly delayed twentieth anniversary. To commemorate the celebration, original singer Johan Längqvist appeared live with the band for the first time. The event was recorded and later released as a DVD.

Mats "Mappe" Björkman was sentenced to serve two years behind bars for grand theft in March 2008. He has been convicted of stealing over 35,000 CDs and DVDs priced at around 3 million Sek (Around $500,000).

Candlemass worked on a tenth studio album in 2008. It was intended to be titled Hammer of Doom, but they renamed it to Death Magic Doom because the name coincided with a German festival. The album was scheduled to be released on 27 March 2009, but it was delayed until 3 April 2009.

In 2009, bassist Leif Edling told Soundshock that work on the next Candlemass album would likely begin before 2011. However, this plan fell through, and Leif had stated that the album's release date was pushed back to 2012, in order for the band to concentrate on the 25th anniversary of their 1986 debut Epicus Doomicus Metallicus.

On 14 October 2011, it was announced that Candlemass were signed to the Austrian label Napalm Records, who released their eleventh studio album Psalms for the Dead in June 2012. Despite this, bassist Leif Edling stated that the band would not split up, but wanted to stop before they "get too old and start putting out half-lame albums."

### Mats Levén as new singer (2012–2018)

On 2 June 2012, Candlemass announced via their website that Robert Lowe had left the band as vocalist, mainly due to the quality of the live performances and explained to be "a very difficult decision for the band", and was replaced for the band's upcoming shows by longtime friend and collaborator of Candlemass, Mats Levén (of Yngwie Malmsteen, Therion, Treat, and At Vance fame, among others). Levén had earlier worked with Leif Edling in Abstrakt Algebra and Krux and sang on demos from the Candlemass and King of the Grey Islands sessions, found on the box set Doomology. In addition, keyboardist Per Wiberg (ex- Opeth, Spiritual Beggars) also joined the band on stage for these live shows.

In January 2013, Candlemass was voted the greatest Swedish hard rock/metal band of all time by the writers of Sweden Rock Magazine, Scandinavia's biggest hard rock magazine as well as Sweden's biggest music magazine by circulation. They were featured in a list of the 100 greatest Swedish hard rock/metal bands of all time in a special jubilee edition, to celebrate the magazine's 100th issue. In connection with this, it was also revealed that Candlemass, along with death metal band Entombed (No. 2 on the list), were to perform jointly at a special jubilee concert in Stockholm arranged by the magazine. In July 2014, Candlemass headlined the Väsby Rock Festival in their hometown Upplands Väsby.

Despite earlier claims that Psalms for the Dead would be their final album, bassist Leif Edling had stated that he was open to recording new music with Candlemass again. To coincide with the 30th anniversary of Epicus Doomicus Metallicus, Candlemass released the EP Death Thy Lover on 3 June 2016. Additionally, on 29 April 2016, the band released a career-spanning coffee-table book. The book also featured two CDs containing the top picks by Leif Edling and Messiah Marcolin respectively, a CD with rare tracks from their early career (including the Witchcraft demo), and two DVDs with three live performances.

### Reunion with Johan Längqvist (2018–present)

On 3 September 2018, Candlemass announced the return of Längqvist to the band after a 32-year hiatus. The band stated, "We wanted to find our way back to the roots of Candlemass, back to the soul and essence of the band. Johan Längqvist is back and we hope this will give us some new energy and kickstart the heart of doom again. We don't know if it will last 10 more years or even 5, but if it will give us just another year of having fun and playing the music that we love so much, it will be a blast! The circle is closed, Johan is back!" The band also announced that they were recording a new album for a 2019 release, making it not only the first Candlemass studio album since 2012's Psalms for the Dead, but their first with Langquist since 1986's Epicus Doomicus Metallicus.

On 6 December 2018, Candlemass announced that their twelfth album was titled The Door to Doom and would be released on 22 February 2019. It was also revealed that the album would include a guest appearance by Black Sabbath 's Tony Iommi, who contributes to a guitar solo to one of the album's tracks "Astorolus – The Great Octopus". The band released an EP The Pendulum on 27 March 2020. According to bassist Leif Edling, Candlemass would likely not release their new studio album until 2022 or 2023.

On 18 August 2022, the band announced their thirteenth studio album, Sweet Evil Sun, and the album's first single, 'Scandinavian Gods', was released that same day. The album was released on 18 November.

## Influences

Candlemass' musical style is markedly influenced by early Black Sabbath. Edling, the band's main songwriter and sole constant member, has been influenced by Black Sabbath, as well as bands like Blue Öyster Cult, Mercyful Fate / King Diamond, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Rush, Nazareth, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Judas Priest, Motörhead and Venom.

## Band members

Current members

- Leif Edling – bass (1984–1993, 1997–present), vocals (1984–1986)

- Mats "Mappe" Björkman – rhythm guitar (1984–1993, 2001–present)

- Lars Johansson – lead guitar (1986–1993, 2001–present)

- Jan Lindh – drums (1986–1993, 2001–present)

- Johan Längqvist – vocals (1986, 2018–present; live guest 2010, 2011)

## Discography


Parasol Stars

# Parasol Stars

## Abstract

Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III (パラソルスター) is a video game by Taito released in 1991. It is a sequel to Rainbow Islands and the third game in the Bubble Bobble series.

## Gameplay

Bubby and Bobby (the characters' human names) star once again as the main characters, retaining their human forms from Rainbow Islands, but Parasol Stars is more of a take on Bubble Bobble than it is on Rainbow Islands.

The game takes place on a number of different worlds, each with a distinct theme. Each world features seven rounds, the last one always hosting a boss that must be defeated to progress to the next world. There are eight main worlds, but in order to complete the game properly, the player must open a secret door on the final world by collecting three of the Star items - allowing access to 2 secret worlds, themed around Bubble Bobble and Chack'n Pop that are not initially visible on the main screen. Completing these two lead to the final boss, Chaostikhan (the one responsible for stealing color from the worlds, and supposedly the mastermind behind the previous game's villains) and the true ending. According to an ACE magazine in-depth preview, the Amiga and Atari ST versions also contain a secret "Nightmare" world.

The player is armed with a parasol. While it is normally closed, the player can deploy it in two ways; either open in front of them, or open above the head. The parasol is a multipurpose device, it can block as a shield, stun enemies, capture droplets or hurl enemies. At many points it can be used as a parachute.

The rounds are simple arrangements of platforms. Almost every level has droplets which drip from points in the level. They fall under the influence of gravity and roll along the platforms within the screen. The player can capture these on their parasol and throw them at enemies.

The parasol can hold more than one droplet at once; if five are held, they merge into a large droplet with a special power. There are four different kinds of droplets, with a mostly elemental theme, some of which are carried over from Bubble Bobble.

## Release

Unlike many other games in the series, Parasol Stars was never released to arcades - it was originally developed for the NEC PC Engine, and later converted to a number of other home systems. Parasol Stars was misreported as being the third coin-op in the Bubble Bobble series by many magazines at the time, and there are rumours about prototypes for an arcade version. Taito has officially stated that an arcade game was never produced. Mick West (who was the programmer of the Amiga and Atari ST versions) said that they ported the game directly from the PC Engine by playing it and that he did not know anything about an arcade version.

The game was released in limited quantities in North America for the TurboGrafx-16 by Working Designs. The Amiga, Atari ST, NES, and Game Boy versions were produced by Ocean Software and published exclusively in Europe in 1992. A ZX Spectrum port was planned, but later cancelled. The game was also planned for the Commodore 64, but was cancelled as well. Ocean initially explained that the developer's computer was stolen in a burglary, but it was later revealed that the game was scrapped after the freelance developer's wife destroyed said computer in a drunken rage, along with the backups of the work. The compilation release Bubble Bobble featuring Rainbow Islands for the Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, and PC was originally going to include Parasol Stars as well, but was dropped from the lineup mid-development.On July 11, 2024 the game got ported for the Playstation 4, Playstation 5, Xbox one, Xbox series X/S, Nintendo Switch and PC.

## Relation to other games

The game's subtitle is The Story of Bubble Bobble III, which was also used as the subtitle for Bubble Memories, released in arcades in 1995. Bubble Memories is a prequel (given the "Memories" part of the name) to the 1994 game Bubble Symphony, which was released as Bubble Bobble 2 in some countries. Nonetheless, Rainbow Islands is indeed the sequel to the original Bubble Bobble, even though said sequel doesn't retain the gameplay from the first. Since Bubble Memories was released years after Parasol Stars, it may be a retcon in which Parasol Stars never happened, whereby after the events of Rainbow Islands, the humans Bubby and Bobby are once again transformed into the bubble dragons Bubblun and Bobblun. However, it's also possible that Parasol Stars could be a side story, or " gaiden " to the series occurring after Rainbow Islands, but before Bubble Memories. The game has also been released as Parasol Stars: Rainbow Islands II, such as on the NES.

## Musical reference

Much like Rainbow Islands used The Wizard of Oz ' s song " Somewhere Over the Rainbow ", also Parasol Stars made a reference to a well known song in its soundtrack. The game's boss fight music is a variation of the 1989 summer hit " Lambada " by the French-Brazilian pop group Kaoma.

## Reception

CU Amiga praised the game, giving it 95% and a "Super Star". Amiga Power was a little less enthusiastic, giving it 88%.

Entertainment Weekly picked the game as the #15 greatest game available in 1991, saying: "This one's even more fun to play than it is to describe: Bubby (or Bobby when two play simultaneously) uses his umbrella to flick bizarre meanies across the screen and turn them into pieces of cake, apples, mushrooms, etc., which he then gobbles up in order to earn points".


Agrim Tiwari

# Agrim Tiwari

## Abstract

Agrim Tiwari (born 14 April 1996) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut on 27 January 2020, for Uttarakhand in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 18 January 2021, for Uttarakhand in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 1 March 2021, for Uttarakhand in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.


Filip Pijevac

# Filip Pijevac

## Abstract

Filip Pijevac (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Пијевац; born 2 May 1990) is a Serbian football goalkeeper who plays for FAP.


MP Materials

# MP Materials

## Abstract

MP Materials Corp. is an American rare-earth materials company headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. MP Materials owns and operates the Mountain Pass mine, the only operating rare earth mine and processing facility in the United States. The rare earth materials industry is dominated by China, which produces 60% of the world's rare earth elements and processes 90% of these materials, including imports from other countries. MP Materials focuses its production on Neodymium - Praseodymium (NdPr), a rare earth material used in high-strength permanent magnets that power the traction motors found in electric vehicles, robotics, wind turbines, drones and other advanced motion technologies. MP Materials is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "MP". As of December 2021, JHL Capital Group, QVT Financial and CEO James Litinsky were the company's three largest shareholders, with about 7.7% of the company owned by Shenghe Resources, a Chinese rare earth business located in Sichuan.

## History

In 2015, Molycorp, the previous owners of the Mountain Pass mine, filed for bankruptcy. At the time, it was the only U.S. producer of rare earth elements. While in bankruptcy, Secure Natural Resources (SNR), a company owned by Molycorp's creditors, including JHL Capital Group, gained control of the mine's mineral rights. In June 2017, the Mountain Pass mine was purchased at auction for $20.5 million by a new entity called MP Mine Operations LLC (MPMO). MPMO was a consortium formed principally by JHL Capital Group, a Chicago-based investment firm led by James Litinsky, along with QVT Financial LP and Shenghe Resources. Shenghe, a Sichuan China rare earth company, held a minority, non-voting interest. At the time, Mountain Pass was in a state of "care and maintenance" and had only eight employees according to Litinsky.

Following the asset acquisitions and formation of the entities that became MP Materials, the company restarted operations at Mountain Pass. On July 15, 2020, the company announced a reverse takeover whereby MPMO and SNR would be merged with Fortress Value Acquisition Corporation to become a public company under the name MP Materials Corp. The transaction, which closed on November 17, 2020, raised $545 million. On November 18, 2020, MP Materials began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "MP".

In December 2021, MP Materials signed a long-term agreement with General Motors to provide neodymium-iron-boron magnets for use in GM's electric vehicle motors. As part of the contract, MP Materials also agreed to provide alloy and finished magnets to GM for its electric vehicles and to open a new factory located in Fort Worth, Texas to produce the magnets.

As of December 2021, JHL Capital Group, QVT Financial, and CEO James Litinsky were the company's three largest shareholders, and about 7.7% of the company was owned by Shenghe Resources, a Chinese company. Apart from institutions, other investors own 18%.

MP Materials and Australia's Lynas held a confidential discussion regarding a potential merger which fell through on February 5, 2024. Lynas is the second largest rare earth material company outside of China.

As of 2024, CEO James Litinsky was the company's largest shareholder. Other large shareholders include Vanguard, Shenghe Resources, BlackRock and Hancock Prospecting.

In April 2024, Hancock Prospecting, an Australian mining firm owned by Gina Rinehart, disclosed a 5.3% stake in MP Materials, comprising 8.8 million shares, and a 5.8% stake in Lynas.

### Mountain Pass mine

Discovered in 1949 in San Bernardino County, California, Mountain Pass mine consists of a bastnäsite ore-body with significant concentrations of rare earth elements. The mine once supplied most of the world's rare earth elements. Mountain Pass is the only operational rare earth mining and processing facility in the United States. The expected Mountain Pass mine life is approximately 24 years.

MP Materials produced 28,000 tonnes of rare-earth oxide equivalent from Mountain Pass in 2019, and 38,500 tonnes in 2020, or more than 15% of global production. As of late 2020, Shenghe Resources was the sole purchaser of MP Material's rare earth concentrate.

As of 2023, MP Materials had a three-stage plan for scaling its operations:

- Stage I: Production of rare earth concentrate

- Stage II: Production of separated and refined rare earths

- Stage III: Production of rare earth metals, alloys, and permanent magnets

As of 2024, the company had completed stage I and had begun working on stage II. MP Materials signed a supply chain agreement with Japanese trading house Sumitomo Corporation in 2023.

## U.S. government contracts

In July 2020, the United States Department of Defense issued a preliminary contract to MP Materials intended to restore domestic heavy rare earth production and separation capabilities to the United States. In November 2020, the United States Department of Defense awarded MP Materials $9.6 million as part of a government effort to increase domestic production of rare earth materials.

On September 30, 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order targeting China's dominance of rare earth materials. In the executive order, he expressed concern for the heavy reliance of the US on China for 80 percent of rare earth materials. He reiterated the importance of producing and refining rare earth in the US and discussed various tariffs and government grants to rare earth material companies such as MP Materials.

In 2021, MP Materials received $3 million in funding from the United States Department of Energy to design and study the feasibility of a system to produce rare earth oxides and metals from coal by-products in collaboration with the University of Kentucky.

In February 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden announced at a press conference that the United States Department of Defense was investing $35 million into MP Materials as part of an effort to spur domestic rare earth production in the United States. Biden said that this move was designed to reduce America's reliance on rare earth minerals imported from other countries. The Biden administration said the federal funding is earmarked to assist the company to develop a new commercial facility for “heavy” rare earth mineral processing.

On May 24, 2024, the Biden Administration announced a 25 percent tariff on rare earth magnets from China, set to take effect in 2026. This marks the first time that critical minerals, including rare earth magnets, have been specifically included in the tariffs. Following the tariffs MP Materials put out a statement listing the tariffs. After the announcement, CEO James Litinsky attended an event with Biden at the White House.


Electron scattering

# Electron scattering

## Abstract

Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz force. This scattering typically happens with solids such as metals, semiconductors and insulators; and is a limiting factor in integrated circuits and transistors.

Electron scattering has many applications ranging from the use of swift electron in electron microscopes to very high energies for hadronic systems, that allows the measurement of the distribution of charges for nucleons and nuclear structure. The scattering of electrons has allowed us to understand that protons and neutrons are made up of the smaller elementary subatomic particles called quarks.

Electrons may be scattered through a solid in several ways:

- Not at all: no electron scattering occurs at all and the beam passes straight through.

- Single scattering: when an electron is scattered just once.

- Plural scattering: when electron(s) scatter several times.

- Multiple scattering: when electron(s) scatter many times over.

The likelihood of an electron scattering and the degree of the scattering is a probability function of the specimen thickness and the mean free path.

## History

The principle of the electron was first theorised in the period of 1838–1851 by a natural philosopher by the name of Richard Laming who speculated the existence of sub-atomic, unit charged particles; he also pictured the atom as being an 'electrosphere' of concentric shells of electrical particles surrounding a material core.

It is generally accepted that J. J. Thomson first discovered the electron in 1897, although other notable members in the development in charged particle theory are George Johnstone Stoney (who coined the term "electron"), Emil Wiechert (who was first to publish his independent discovery of the electron), Walter Kaufmann, Pieter Zeeman and Hendrik Lorentz.

Compton scattering was first observed at Washington University in St. Louis in 1923 by Arthur Compton who earned the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery; his graduate student Y. H. Woo who further verified the results is also of mention. Compton scattering is usually cited in reference to the interaction involving the electrons of an atom, however nuclear Compton scattering does exist.

The first electron diffraction experiment was conducted in 1927 by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer using what would come to be a prototype for modern LEED system. The experiment was able to demonstrate the wave-like properties of electrons, thus confirming the de Broglie hypothesis that matter particles have a wave-like nature. However, after this the interest in LEED diminished in favour of high-energy electron diffraction

until the early 1960s when an interest in LEED was revived; of notable mention during this period is H. E. Farnsworth who continued to develop LEED techniques.

High energy electron-electron colliding beam history begins in 1956 when K. O'Neill of Princeton University became interested in high energy collisions, and introduced the idea of accelerator(s) injecting into storage ring(s). While the idea of beam-beam collisions had been around since approximately the 1920s, it was not until 1953 that a German patent for colliding beam apparatus was obtained by Rolf Widerøe.

## Phenomena

Electrons can be scattered by other charged particles through the electrostatic Coulomb forces. Furthermore, if a magnetic field is present, a traveling electron will be deflected by the Lorentz force. An extremely accurate description of all electron scattering, including quantum and relativistic aspects, is given by the theory of quantum electrodynamics.

### Lorentz force

The Lorentz force, named after Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, for a charged particle q is given (in SI units) by the equation:

where q E describes the electric force due to a present electric field, E, acting on q. And q v × B describes the magnetic force due to a present magnetic field, B, acting on q when q is moving with velocity v.

This can also be written as:

where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is the electric potential, and A is the magnetic vector potential.

It was Oliver Heaviside who is attributed in 1885 and 1889 to first deriving the correct expression for the Lorentz force of q v × B. Hendrik Lorentz derived and refined the concept in 1892 and gave it his name, incorporating forces due to electric fields. Rewriting this as the equation of motion for a free particle of charge q mass m,this becomes:

or

in the relativistic case using Lorentz contraction where γ is:

this equation of motion was first verified in 1897 in J. J. Thomson 's experiment investigating cathode rays which confirmed, through bending of the rays in a magnetic field, that these rays were a stream of charged particles now known as electrons.

Variations on this basic formula describe the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire (sometimes called Laplace force), the electromotive force in a wire loop moving through a magnetic field (an aspect of Faraday's law of induction), and the force on a particle which might be traveling near the speed of light (relativistic form of the Lorentz force).

### Electrostatic Coulomb force

Electrostatic Coulomb force also known as Coulomb interaction and electrostatic force, named for Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who published the result in 1785, describes the attraction or repulsion of particles due to their electric charge.

Coulomb's law states that:

The magnitude of the electrostatic force is proportional to the scalar multiple of the charge magnitudes, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (i.e. inverse-square law), and is given by:

or in vector notation:

where q, q are two point charges; r-hat being the unit vector direction of the distance r between charges and ε is the permittivity of free space, given in SI units by:

The directions of the forces exerted by the two charges on one another are always along the straight line joining them (the shortest distance), and are vector forces of infinite range, and obey Newton's third law, being of equal magnitude and opposite direction.Further, when both charges q and q have the same sign (either both positive or both negative) the forces between them are repulsive, if they are of opposite sign then the forces are attractive. These forces obey an important property called the principle of superposition of forces which states that if a third charge were introduced then the total force acting on that charge is the vector sum of the forces that would be exerted by the other charges individually, this holds for any number of charges. However, Coulomb's law has been stated for charges in a vacuum, if the space between point charges contains matter then the permittivity of the matter between the charges must be accounted for as follows:

where ε is the relative permittivity of the space the force acts through, and is dimensionless.

### Collisions

If two particles interact with one another in a scattering process there are two results possible after the interaction:

#### Elastic

Elastic scattering is when the collisions between target and incident particles have total conservation of kinetic energy. This implies that there is no breaking up of the particles or energy loss through vibrations, that is to say that the internal states of each of the particles remains unchanged. Due to the fact that there is no breaking present, elastic collisions can be modeled as occurring between point-like particles, a principle that is very useful for an elementary particle such as the electron.

#### Inelastic

Inelastic scattering is when the collisions do not conserve kinetic energy, and as such the internal states of one or both of the particles has changed. This is due to energy being converted into vibrations which can be interpreted as heat, waves (sound), or vibrations between constituent particles of either collision party. Particles may also split apart, further energy can be converted into breaking the chemical bonds between components.

Furthermore, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic scattering. Other results than scattering are reactions, in which the structure of the interacting particles is changed producing two or more generally complex particles, and the creation of new particles that are not constituent elementary particles of the interacting particles.

## Other types of scattering

### Electron–molecule scattering

Electron scattering by isolated atoms and molecules occurs in the gas phase. It plays a key role in plasma physics and chemistry and it's important for such applications as semiconductor physics. Electron-molecule/atom scattering is normally treated by means of quantum mechanics. The leading approach to compute the cross sections is using R-matrix method.

### Compton scattering

Compton scattering, so named for Arthur Compton who first observed the effect in 1922 and which earned him the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics; is the inelastic scattering of a high-energy photon by a free charged particle.

This was demonstrated in 1923 by firing radiation of a given wavelength (X-rays in the given case) through a foil (carbon target), which was scattered in a manner inconsistent with classical radiation theory. Compton publisheda paper in the Physical Review explaining the phenomenon: A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements. The Compton effect can be understood as high-energy photons scattering in-elastically off individual electrons, when the incoming photon gives part of its energy to the electron, then the scattered photon has lower energy and lower frequency and longer wavelength according to the Planck relation:

which gives the energy E of the photon in terms of frequency f or ν, and Planck's constant h (6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s = 4.136 × 10 eV⋅s). The wavelength change in such scattering depends only upon the angle of scattering for a given target particle.

This was an important discovery during the 1920s when the particle (photon) nature of light suggested by the photoelectric effect was still being debated, the Compton experiment gave clear and independent evidence of particle-like behavior.

The formula describing the Compton shift in the wavelength due to scattering is given by:

where λ is the final wavelength of the photon after scattering, λ is the initial wavelength of the photon before scattering, h is the Planck constant, m is the rest mass of the electron, c is the speed of light and θ is the scattering angle of the photon.

The coefficient of (1 − cos θ) is known as the Compton wavelength, but is in fact a proportionality constant for the wavelength shift. The collision causes the photon wavelength to increase by somewhere between 0 (for a scattering angle of 0°) and twice the Compton wavelength (for a scattering angle of 180°).

Thomson scattering is the classical elastic quantitative interpretation of the scattering process, and this can be seen to happen with lower, mid-energy, photons. The classical theory of an electromagnetic wave scattered by charged particles, cannot explain low intensity shifts in wavelength.

Inverse Compton scattering takes place when the electron is moving, and has sufficient kinetic energy compared to the photon. In this case net energy may be transferred from the electron to the photon. The inverse Compton effect is seen in astrophysics when a low energy photon (e.g. of the cosmic microwave background) bounces off a high energy (relativistic) electron. Such electrons are produced in supernovae and active galactic nuclei.

### Synchrotron emission

If a charged particle such as an electron is accelerated – this can be acceleration in a straight line or motion in a curved path – electromagnetic radiation is emitted by the particle. Within electron storage rings and circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons, electrons are bent in a circular path and emit X-rays typically. This radially emitted (a ⊥ v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}\perp {\boldsymbol {v}}}) electromagnetic radiation when charged particles are accelerated is called synchrotron radiation. It is produced in synchrotrons using bending magnets, undulators and/or wigglers.

The first observation came at the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, on April 24, 1947, in the synchrotron built by a team of Herb Pollack to test the idea of phase-stability principle for RF accelerators. When the technician was asked to look around the shielding with a large mirror to check for sparking in the tube, he saw a bright arc of light coming from the electron beam. Robert Langmuir is credited as recognizing it as synchrotron radiation or, as he called it, "Schwinger radiation" after Julian Schwinger.

Classically, the radiated power P from an accelerated electron is:

this comes from the Larmor formula; where ε is the vacuum permittivity, e is elementary charge, c is the speed of light, and a is the acceleration.Within a circular orbit such as a storage ring, the non-relativistic case is simply the centripetal acceleration. However within a storage ring the acceleration is highly relativistic, and can be obtained as follows:

where v is the circular velocity, r is the radius of the circular accelerator, m is the rest mass of the charged particle, p is the momentum, τ is the Proper time (t / γ), and γ is the Lorentz factor.Radiated power then becomes:

For highly relativistic particles, such that velocity becomes nearly constant, the factor γ becomes the dominant variable in determining loss rate, which means that the loss scales as the fourth power of the particle energy γmc; and the inverse dependence of synchrotron radiation loss on radius argues for building the accelerator as large as possible.

## Facilities

### SLAC

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is located near Stanford University, California. Construction began on the 3-kilometre-long (2 mi) linear accelerator in 1962 and was completed in 1967, and in 1968 the first experimental evidence of quarks was discovered resulting in the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared by SLAC's Richard Taylor and Jerome I. Friedman and Henry Kendall of MIT. The accelerator came with a 20 GeV capacity for the electron acceleration, and while similar to Rutherford's scattering experiment, that experiment operated with alpha particles at only 7 MeV. In the SLAC case the incident particle was an electron and the target a proton, and due to the short wavelength of the electron (due to its high energy and momentum) it was able to probe into the proton. The Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR) addition to the SLAC made further such discoveries possible, leading to the discovery in 1974 of the J/psi particle, which consists of a paired charm quark and anti-charm quark, and another Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976.This was followed up with Martin Perl's announcement of the discovery of the tau lepton, for which he shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The SLAC aims to be a premier accelerator laboratory, to pursue strategic programs in particle physics, particle astrophysics and cosmology, as well as the applications in discovering new drugs for healing, new materials for electronics and new ways to produce clean energy and clean up the environment. Under the directorship of Chi-Chang Kao the SLAC's fifth director (as of November 2012), a noted X-ray scientist who came to SLAC in 2010 to serve as associate laboratory director for the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.

#### SSRL – Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource

Other scientific programs run at SLAC include:

- Advanced Accelerator Research

- ATLAS/Large Hadron Collider

- Elementary Particle Theory

- EXO – Enriched Xenon Observatory

- FACET – Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests

- Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

- Geant4

- KIPAC – Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

- LCLS – Linac Coherent Light Source

- LSST – Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

- NLCTA – Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator

- Stanford PULSE Institute

- SIMES – Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences

- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis

- Super CDMS – Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search

### RIKEN RI Beam Factory

RIKEN was founded in 1917 as a private research foundation in Tokyo, and is Japan's largest comprehensive research institution. Having grown rapidly in size and scope, it is today renowned for high-quality research in a diverse range of scientific disciplines, and encompasses a network of world-class research centers and institutes across Japan.

The RIKEN RI Beam Factory, otherwise known as the RIKEN Nishina Centre (for Accelerator-Based Science), is a cyclotron-based research facility which began operating in 2007; 70 years after the first in Japanese cyclotron, from Dr. Yoshio Nishina whose name is given to the facility.

As of 2006, the facility has a world-class heavy-ion accelerator complex. This consists of a K540-MeV ring cyclotron (RRC) and two different injectors: a variable-frequency heavy-ion linac (RILAC) and a K70-MeV AVF cyclotron (AVF). It has a projectile-fragment separator (RIPS) which provides RI (Radioactive Isotope) beams of less than 60 amu, the world's most intense light-atomic-mass RI beams.

Overseen by the Nishina Centre, the RI Beam Factory is utilized by users worldwide promoting research in nuclear, particle and hadron physics. This promotion of accelerator applications research is an important mission of the Nishina Centre, and implements the use of both domestic and oversea accelerator facilities.

#### SCRIT

The SCRIT (Self-Confining Radioactive isotope Ion Target) facility, is currently under construction at the RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) in Japan. The project aims to investigate short-lived nuclei through the use of an elastic electron scattering test of charge density distribution, with initial testing done with stable nuclei. With the first electron scattering off unstable Sn isotopes to take place in 2014.

The investigation of short-lived radioactive nuclei (RI) by means of electron scattering has never been performed because of an inability to make these nuclei a target, now with the advent of a novel self-confining RI technique at the world's first facility dedicated to the study of the structure of short-lived nuclei by electron scattering this research becomes possible.The principle of the technique is based around the ion trapping phenomenon which is observed at electron storage ring facilities, which has an adverse effect on the performance of electron storage rings.

The novel idea to be employed at SCRIT is to use the ion trapping to allow short-lived RI's to be made a target, as trapped ions on the electron beam, for the scattering experiments. This idea was first given a proof-of-principle study using the electron storage ring of Kyoto University, KSR; this was done using a stable nucleus of Cs as a target in an experiment of 120MeV electron beam energy, 75mA typical stored beam current and a 100 seconds beam lifetime. The results of this study were favorable with elastically scattered electrons from the trapped Cs being clearly visible.


Martyr's Memorial A-Division League

# Martyr's Memorial A-Division League

## Abstract

Martyr's Memorial A-Division League (Nepali: शहीद स्मारक ए- डिभिजन लिग; formerly known as the Kathmandu League Championship) is the top tier of football in Nepal. Contested by 12 to 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Martyr's Memorial B-Division League. The season usually runs from November to March with each team playing every other team twice. It is officially known as the Qatar Airways Martyr's Memorial A-Division League.

A new Nepal National League was created in 2011 to give a chance to compete at A level tournaments to the clubs outside Kathmandu valley. There were 9 clubs competing in the National League, 5 of which are teams of Martyr's Memorial A-Division League.

## Teams

### Current teams

The following 14 teams will compete in the Martyr's Memorial A-Division League in the 2022–23 season, with two teams promoted from the B-Division.

## Champions

Since the start of the league, 17 clubs have won the title in 45 tournaments. Manang Marshyangdi Club have the most (8 titles) under their belt. Church Boys United are the current champions.

## A-Division clubs in Asia

Martyr's Memorial A-Division clubs participated in the AFC President's Cup from its foundation in 2005 till its dissolution in 2014. Since 2015, the winners of the Martyr's Memorial A-Division League qualify for the AFC Cup. A-Division clubs could also qualify for the Asian Club Championship before 2004.