Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)

# Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)

## Abstract

Streatham was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.

In the 2016 EU referendum, Streatham was estimated to have voted to remain in the European Union by 79%. This was the second highest remain vote in the United Kingdom, behind Vauxhall.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. The four southern wards, comprising the town of Streatham, were included in the new constituency of Streatham and Croydon North. Northern areas (Brixton Hill, Clapham Common, Thornton, and Tulse Hill) form part of the new constituency of Clapham and Brixton Hill.

## Boundaries

1918–1974: The Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth ward of Streatham.

1974–1983: The London Borough of Lambeth wards of Clapham Park, St Leonard's, Streatham Hill, Streatham South, Streatham Wells, and Thornton.

1983–1997: As above plus Town Hall ward.

1997–2010: As above, plus St Martin's and Tulse Hill wards.

2010–2024: The London Borough of Lambeth wards of Brixton Hill, Clapham Common, St Leonard's, Streatham Hill, Streatham South, Streatham Wells, Thornton, and Tulse Hill.

Streatham was a long constituency comprising the south-west portion of the London Borough of Lambeth. The town of Streatham constituted the four wards in the southern half of the constituency. At its north-western tip the seat included half of Clapham Common; the north-east takes in part of Brixton which was shared with neighbouring Vauxhall and Dulwich and West Norwood.

The northern boundary followed Clapham Park Road, Acre Lane, and Coldharbour Lane through Clapham and Brixton to Lambeth Town Hall. The north-eastern boundary generally followed Effra Road and Tulse Hill, but ran east of the main road to include the part of the Tulse Hill estate and the Cressingham Gardens estate west of Brockwell Park. The boundary skirted the Tulse Hill district centre, following Hardel Rise, Christchurch Road and Norwood Road, and then ran along Leigham Vale and Leigham Court Road. The southern and western constituency boundaries followed Lambeth 's borough boundaries with Croydon, Merton and Wandsworth.

## History

### Local government results

The constituency shared boundaries with the Streatham electoral division for election of councillors to the Greater London Council at elections in 1973, 1977 and 1981.

The local government wards in the constituency are currently represented by 20 Labour councillors, 1 Conservative councillor and 3 Green councillors, including Jonathan Bartley, the leader of the opposition on Lambeth Council, and former London MEP Scott Ainslie.

Nine Liberal Democrat councillors represented the wards of Streatham Hill, Streatham Wells and St Leonard's, with one additional councillor elected at Clapham Common in 2010. All Streatham wards had been represented by the Liberal Democrats from 1990 to 2014 before Labour subsequently gained seven seats from them at the 2014 council elections. The Liberal Democrats were unsuccessful in gaining any seats back at the 2018 local elections. In a 2019 Thornton Ward by-election, the Lib Dems came within 19 votes of winning the seat.

In 2018, the Conservatives held one seat and lost two to Labour in Clapham Common by a very narrow margin, whilst the Greens took the other two seats from Labour in St Leonard's.

Streatham was for a few decades solidly Tory suburbia overall: the Conservatives won Streatham when Labour gained large majorities in 1945 and 1966, and it was the only seat in the former LCC area (Inner London) apart from the Chelsea/Kensington/Westminster/City central core to remain consistently Conservative. More recently, demographic and voting pattern changes combined with unfavourable boundary changes converted Streatham into a marginal seat, then into a mid-ranking safe Labour seat.

Streatham has modestly swung against the Conservative Party since the 1980s, even more than other similar seats in South London (such as Croydon North, Dulwich and West Norwood, Lewisham East and West).

The Conservative Party lost Streatham in 1992, despite winning the general election that year with a small majority, having held it since 1918. The Conservative candidate was beaten into third place by a Liberal Democrat in 2001, and there were swings from Labour to the Liberal Democrats at the two subsequent general elections. In 2010, when the Labour incumbent, Keith Hill, retired and Chuka Umunna stood for the party, there was a serious Liberal Democrat campaign resulting in their best showing to date in the seat, but there was also a marginal increase in the Conservative vote share and Umunna was elected. The 2015 result was the re-election of Umunna, which made the seat the 96th safest of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority.

In 2015 the Conservatives moved into second place with a sharp increase in numerical vote share, and remained there in 2017. However, in 2019, they reverted to third place behind the Liberal Democrats.

### Historic boundaries

The constituency of Streatham was contested under this name at the 1918 general election, when it approximately followed the historic parish boundaries of Streatham, including a substantial part of Balham, a 19th-century founded and primarily urban parish by that time.

The constituency was carved out of the former constituency of Wandsworth in the same way as Putney, Wandsworth Central and Balham and Tooting under the Representation of the People Act 1918, the fourth major UK reform, that settled upon single member constituencies, and roughly equal electorates.

The 1918 boundaries remained unchanged until the 1965 changes to Greater London local government became reflected in the parliamentary constituencies, at the February 1974 general election. This resulted in a net reduction in the size of the area. The western district Streatham Park (location of the Streatham Conservative Club) and the remainder of Furzedown ward went into the Tooting seat.

The rest of the constituency, including the town of Streatham has since 1965 been in the London Borough of Lambeth. Three other constituencies covered Lambeth from 1974, Vauxhall, Norwood and Lambeth Central. The Clapham constituency was abolished as part of the 1974 changes. The Clapham Park area and Hyde Farm (commonly thought of as part of Balham) came into the Streatham seat, whereas the rest of Clapham went into the Vauxhall seat creating an enduring split.

On abolition of Lambeth Central at the 1983 election, the constituency gained much of southern Brixton. Following further population decline, Lambeth was paired with Southwark in the next boundary review, and from the 1997 election, Streatham constituency gained areas around Tulse Hill from the former Norwood constituency, the rest of which became part of Dulwich and West Norwood.

### 2016 European Union Referendum

In the 2016 referendum on European Union membership, Streatham is estimated to have posted the highest proportion of support for Remain of any constituency, at 79.5%.

## Constituency profile

Among the most ethnically diverse constituencies, Streatham - which covered parts of Clapham, Brixton, Tulse Hill and Streatham itself - was in the south London borough of Lambeth. Only 58.2% of residents were white and it had among the most mixed race and black residents in the country, according to the 2011 Census. It also had Polish, Portuguese and Hispanic communities.

The bulk of residents were aged 25–44, with relatively few pensioners. Although it is a residential area, it is more popular with young workers than families, having good transport links into central London. Many residents rent, and there is a large social housing sector. Commercially, Streatham High Road is home to over 400 businesses, whilst a £26m ice rink and leisure centre opened in November 2013, part of continuing investment. The population is highly qualified and a high percentage are in full-time work.

At just over 6% of the population, Streatham, (which is located in the London Borough of Lambeth) has the largest proportion of LGBT+ people in the country.

## Elections

### Elections in the 2010s

17% was the largest vote share increase in a Labour held seat for the Liberal Democrats at the 2019 general election.

NB Percentage comparisons in the table above are against the notional result on the new constituency boundaries.

## Sources

- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 5)


Tove Jansson

# Tove Jansson

## Abstract

Tove Marika Jansson (Fenno- Swedish pronunciation:; 9 August 1914 – 27 June 2001) was a Fennoswedish author, novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. Brought up by artistic parents, Jansson studied art from 1930 to 1938 in Helsinki, Stockholm, and Paris. She held her first solo art exhibition in 1943. Over the same period, she penned short stories and articles for publication, and subsequently drew illustrations for book covers, advertisements, and postcards. She continued her work as an artist and writer for the rest of her life.

Jansson wrote the Moomin novel series for children, starting with the 1945 The Moomins and the Great Flood. The following two books, Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, published in 1946 and 1948 respectively, were highly successful, and sales of the first book increased correspondingly. For her work as a children's author she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966; among her many later awards was the Selma Lagerlöf Prize in 1992. Her Moomin stories have been adapted for the theatre, the cinema, and as an opera.

She held a solo exhibition of paintings in 1955, and five more between 1960 and 1970. She carried out several commissions for murals in public buildings around Finland between 1945 and 1984. She created the illustrations both for her own books and for classics including Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and The Hobbit.

Starting with the semi-autobiographical Bildhuggarens dotter (Sculptor's Daughter) in 1968, Jansson wrote six novels, including the admired Sommarboken (The Summer Book), and five short story collections for adults.

## Early life

Tove Jansson was born in Helsinki, in the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire at the time. Her family, part of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland, was an artistic one: her father, Viktor Jansson, was a sculptor, and her mother, Signe Hammarsten-Jansson, was a Swedish-born graphic designer and illustrator. Tove's siblings also became artists: Per Olov Jansson became a photographer and Lars Jansson an author and cartoonist. Whilst their home was in Helsinki, the family spent many of their summers in a rented cottage on one of the islands of Pellinki near Porvoo, 50 km (31 miles) east of Helsinki; The Söderskär Lighthouse island off Porvoo in the Gulf of Finland may have helped to inspire her later books, such as Moominpappa at Sea.

Jansson went to Finland's first co-educational school, Läroverket för gossar och flickor in Helsinki. She then studied at Konstfack (University College of Arts, Crafts and Design), in Stockholm in 1930–1933, the Graphic School of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts in 1933–1937, and finally at L'École d'Adrien Holy and L' École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1938. Her first solo exhibition was held in 1943.

At age 14, Jansson wrote and illustrated her first picture book Sara och Pelle och näckens bläckfiskar (Sara and Pelle and Neptune's Children). It was not published until 1933. She also sold drawings that were published in magazines in the 1920s.

In the 1930s Jansson made several trips to other European countries. She drew from these for her short stories and articles, which she also illustrated, and which were also published in magazines, periodicals and daily papers. During this period, Jansson also designed many book covers, adverts and postcards. Following her mother's example, she drew illustrations for Garm, a Finnish-Swedish political and satirical magazine.

## Work

### Moomins

Jansson is principally known as the author of the Moomin books. Jansson created the Moomintrolls, a family who are white, round and smooth in appearance, with large snouts that make them vaguely resemble hippopotamuses. She first drew a deliberately ugly creature as a caricature of Immanuel Kant, the philosopher; a kinder version became the Moomintroll. The first book, The Moomins and the Great Flood, was published in 1945. Although the primary characters are Moominmamma and Moomintroll, most of the principal characters of later stories were only introduced in the next book, so The Moomins and the Great Flood is frequently considered a forerunner to the main series. The book was not a success, but the next two installments in the Moomin series, Comet in Moominland (1946) and Finn Family Moomintroll (1948), brought Jansson some fame.

The style of the Moomin books changed as time went by. The first books, written starting during the Second World War, up to Moominland Midwinter (1957), are adventure stories that include floods, comets and supernatural events. The Moomins and the Great Flood deals with Moominmamma and Moomintroll's flight through a dark and scary forest, where they encounter various dangers. In Comet in Moominland, a comet nearly destroys the Moominvalley. Some critics have considered this an allegory of nuclear weapons. Finn Family Moomintroll deals with adventures brought on by the discovery of a magician's hat. The Exploits of Moominpappa (1950) tells the story of Moominpappa's adventurous youth and cheerfully parodies the genre of memoir. Finally, Moominsummer Madness (Farlig midsommar, 1955) is set in a theatre: the Moomins explore the empty building and perform Moominpappa's melodrama.

Moominland Midwinter marks a turning point in the series. Jansson described it as a book about “what it is like when things get difficult”: the story focuses on Moomintroll, who wakes up in the middle of the winter (Moomins hibernate from November to April), and has to cope with the strange and unfriendly world he finds. The short story collection Tales from Moominvalley (1962) and the novels Moominpappa at Sea (1965) and Moominvalley in November (1970) are serious and psychologically searching books, far removed from the light-heartedness and cheerful humor of Finn Family Moomintroll. Moominvalley in November, in which the Moomin family themselves never appear, is especially sombre in tone, possibly in consequence of the death of Jansson's mother during the year that it was written. Because of this, it has been described as being a "textbook on letting go, being a mature orphan, existing spiritually alone". Following this book, Jansson stated that she "couldn't go back and find that happy Moominvalley again" and so decided to stop writing the Moomin books.

In addition to the Moomin novels and short stories, Tove Jansson wrote and illustrated four picture books: The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My (1952), Who will Comfort Toffle? (1960), The Dangerous Journey (1977) and An Unwanted Guest (1980). As the Moomins' fame grew, two of the original novels, Comet in Moominland and The Exploits of Moominpappa, were revised by Jansson and republished.

Critics have interpreted various Moomin characters as being inspired by real people, especially members of the author's family and close friends, and Jansson spoke in interviews about the backgrounds of, and possible models for, her characters. The personality of Tuulikki Pietilä, Jansson's partner, inspired the character Too-Ticky in Moominland Midwinter, while Moomintroll and Little My have been seen as psychological self-portraits of the artist. The Moomins relate strongly to Jansson's own family – they were bohemian and lived close to nature. Jansson remained close to her mother until her mother's death in 1970; even after Tove had become an adult, the two often traveled together, and during her final years Signe lived with Tove part-time. Moominpappa and Moominmamma are often seen as portraits of Jansson's parents.

### Other writing

Jansson's first foray outside children's literature was Bildhuggarens dotter (Sculptor's Daughter), a semi-autobiographical novel published in 1968. She went on to write five more novels for adults, including Sommarboken (The Summer Book) and five collections of short stories. The Summer Book is the best known of her adult fiction; it describes the summer stay on an island of a young girl and her grandmother. The girl is modelled on her niece, Sophia Jansson; the girl's father on Sophia's father, Lars Jansson; and the grandmother on Tove's mother Signe.

### Wartime satire in Garm magazine

Tove Jansson worked as an illustrator and cartoonist for the Swedish-language satirical magazine Garm from 1929 to 1953, when the magazine ceased production. One of her political cartoons achieved a brief international fame: she drew Adolf Hitler as a crying baby in diapers, surrounded by Neville Chamberlain and other great European leaders, who tried to calm the baby down by giving it slices of cake – Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc. In the Second World War, during which Finland fought against the Soviet Union, part of the time cooperating with Nazi Germany, her cover illustrations for Garm lampooned both Hitler and Joseph Stalin: in one, Stalin draws his sword from his impressively long scabbard, only to find it absurdly short; in another, multiple Hitlers ransack a house, carrying away food and artworks. In The Spectator ' s view, Jansson made both "Hitler and Stalin appear as preposterous little figures, self-important and comic".

### Comic strip artist

Her earliest comic strips were created for productions including Lunkentus (Prickinas och Fabians äventyr, 1929), Vårbrodd (Fotbollen som Flög till Himlen ', 1930), and Allas Krönika (Palle och Göran gå till sjöss, 1933).

The figure of the Moomintroll appeared first in Jansson's political cartoons, where it was used as a signature character near the artist's name. This "Proto-Moomin", then called Snork or Niisku, was thin and ugly, with a long, narrow nose and devilish tail. Jansson said that she had designed the Moomins in her youth: after she lost a philosophical quarrel about Immanuel Kant with one of her brothers, she drew "the ugliest creature imaginable" on the wall of their outhouse and wrote under it "Kant". This Moomin later gained weight and a more pleasant appearance, but in the first Moomin book The Moomins and the Great Flood (originally Småtrollen och den stora översvämningen), the Immanuel-Kant-Moomin is still perceptible. The name Moomin comes from Tove Jansson's uncle, Einar Hammarsten: when she was studying in Stockholm and living with her Swedish relatives, her uncle tried to stop her pilfering food by telling her that a "Moomintroll" lived in the kitchen closet and breathed cold air down people's necks.

In 1952, after Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll had been translated into English, a British newspaper man, Charles Sutton, asked if Tove Jansson would be interested in drawing comic strips about the Moomins. Jansson accepted the offer. The comic strip Moomintroll started in the London Evening News, which had a circulation of 12 million at that time, making it the world's largest daily newspaper. The strip spread to hundreds of other newspapers in 12 countries.

### Painter and illustrator

#### Paintings

Although she became known first and foremost as an author, Tove Jansson considered her careers as author and painter to be of equal importance. She painted throughout her life. She exhibited during the 1930s and early 1940s, holding her first solo exhibition in 1943. Despite generally positive reviews, criticism induced Jansson to refine her style; her 1955 solo exhibition was simpler in detail and content. Between 1960 and 1970 she held five more solo exhibitions. The National Biography of Finland describes Jansson as going "against the conventional image of an artist with her unusually even balance between visual art and writing."

#### Murals

Throughout her career, Jansson created a series of commissioned murals and public works which may still be viewed in their original locations, including:

- The canteen at the Strömberg factory at Pitäjänmäki, Helsinki (1945)

- The Aurora Children's Hospital in Helsinki

- The Seurahuone hotel at Hamina

- The Wise and Foolish Virgins altarpiece in Teuva Church (1954)

- Fairy-tale murals in schools, including the kindergarten in Pori (1984)

#### Illustrations

As well as illustrating her own books, Jansson illustrated Swedish translations of classics such as Lewis Carroll 's The Hunting of the Snark and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

She created a set of illustrations for the 1962 Swedish edition of J. R. R. Tolkien 's 1937 children's book The Hobbit. The scholar of literature Björn Sundmark states that Jansson's work helped to define how Tolkien's Middle-earth fantasy could be depicted visually. The edition with her illustrations was not reprinted for many years, even though reviewers and "Tolkienists" liked Jansson's "expressive" images. Sundmark suggests that the reason was that in the 1960s, a new, more realistic style became the norm for fantasy art.

### Adaptations

Several stage productions have been made from Jansson's Moomin series, including a number that Jansson herself was involved in. The earliest production was a 1949 theatrical version of Comet in Moominland performed at Åbo Svenska Teater. In the early 1950s, Jansson collaborated on Moomin-themed children's plays with Vivica Bandler. In 1952, Jansson designed stage settings and dresses for Pessi and Illusia, a ballet by Ahti Sonninen (Radio tekee murron) which was performed at the Finnish National Opera. By 1958, Jansson began to become directly involved in theater as Lilla Teater produced Troll i kulisserna (Troll in the wings), a play with lyrics by Jansson and music composed by Erna Tauro. The production was a success, despite the actors' difficulties speaking through their bulbous "Moominsnouts", and later performances were held in Sweden and Norway.

In 1974 the first Moomin opera was produced, with music composed by Ilkka Kuusisto. The Moomintrolls have been adapted to media including television animations such as the 1990 Moomin series, and feature films.

## Personal life

Jansson had several male lovers, including the political philosopher Atos Wirtanen, and briefly became engaged to him. He was the inspiration for the Moomin character Snufkin. However, she eventually "went over to the spook side" as she put it—a coded expression for homosexuality —and developed a secret love affair with the married theater director Vivica Bandler.

In 1956 Jansson met her lifelong partner, Tuulikki Pietilä, known as "Tooti". In Helsinki they lived apart but nearby, so they could meet unnoticed, but this did not resolve the problem that Jansson's mother often came to stay. They found a partial solution by building a house on a small island in the Gulf of Finland, and staying there for the summer. Jansson's and Pietilä's travels and summers spent together on the Klovharu island in Pellinki have been captured on several hours of film, shot by Pietilä. Several documentaries have been made of this footage, the latest being Haru, yksinäinen saari (Haru, the lonely island) (1998) and Tove ja Tooti Euroopassa (Tove and Tooti in Europe) (2004). The character Too-ticky, described by Sue Prideaux as "a wild-haired artistic troll in a Breton sweater and a beret", was inspired by Pietilä.

Jansson died on 27 June 2001 at the age of 86. She is buried at the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

## Cultural legacy

### Documentaries and exhibitions of her work

In 1968, Swedish public TV, SVT, made a documentary about Tove called Moomins and the Sea (39 min.). Jansson's books, originally written in Swedish, have been translated into 45 languages. The Moomin Museum in Tampere displays much of Jansson's work on the Moomins. There is a Moomin theme park named Moomin World in Naantali. In 2012, the BBC broadcast a one-hour documentary on Jansson, Moominland Tales: The Life of Tove Jansson. A Moominvalley Park opened at Hannō, Japan in 2019.

In March 2014, the Ateneum Art Museum opened a major centenary exhibition showcasing Jansson's works as an artist, an illustrator, a political caricaturist and the creator of the Moomins. The exhibition drew nearly 300,000 visitors in six months. After Helsinki the exhibition embarked on a tour in Japan to visit five Japanese museums.

In January 2016, a permanent Tove Jansson exhibition of murals, an oil painting, photographs and sketches opened at the Helsinki Art Museum. The two murals, Party in the Countryside and Party in the City were created for Helsinki City Hall 's Kaupunginkellari restaurant. From June 2017 to September 2017, an exhibition of Jansson's paintings, illustrations, and cartoons was held in Kunstforeningen Gammel Strand in Copenhagen in collaboration with Ateneum in Helsinki. The exhibition then moved from October 2017 to January 2018 to the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London. This was the first major retrospective exhibition of her work in the United Kingdom.

A biopic, titled Tove, directed by Zaida Bergroth was released in October 2020.

### Commemorations

Jansson was selected as the main motif in the 2004 minting of a Finnish commemorative coin, the €10 Tove Jansson and Finnish Children's Culture commemorative coin. The obverse depicts a combination of her portrait and the skyline, an artist's palette, a crescent and a sailing boat. The reverse features three Moomin characters. In 2014 she was again featured on a commemorative coin, this time of €20, becoming the only person other than the former Finnish president Urho Kekkonen to be granted two such coins. She was featured on a €2 commemorative coin that entered general circulation in June 2014. Since 1988, Finland's Post has released several postage stamp sets and one postal card with Moomin motifs. In 2014, Jansson herself was featured on a Finnish stamp set. In 2014 the City of Helsinki honored Jansson by renaming a park near her childhood home in Katajanokka "Tove Jansson's Park" (Finnish: Tove Janssonin puisto, Swedish: Tove Janssons park).

With a new animated series, Moominvalley broadcast in 2019, Rhianna Pratchett wrote an article about the impact Jansson had had on her father, the science fiction author Terry Pratchett; he called Jansson one of the greatest children's writers ever, and credited her writing as one of the reasons he became an author.

## Awards

- Ducat Prize of the Finnish Art Society for young artists (1939, 1953)

- Svenska Dagbladet Prize for Finland-Swedish literature (1952)

- Nils Holgersson Plaque for The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My (1953)

- Elsa Beskow Plaque and Rudolf Koivu Prize for Moominland Midwinter (1958)

- Stockholms-Tidningen Culture Prize (1963)

- Finnish State Prize for Literature (1963)

- Anni Swan Medal for Tales from Moominvalley (1964)

- Hans Christian Andersen Award (gold medal, 1966)

- Expressen Heffaklumpen Prize (with Astrid Lindgren) (1970)

- Award for State Literature (1963, 1971 and 1982)

- Swedish Academy Finland Prize (1972)

- Order of the Smile (1975)

- Pro Finlandia Medal (1976)

- Stiftelsen litteraturfrämjandet Large Prize (1977)

- Swedish Culture Foundation Honorary Award (1983)

- The Finnish Cultural Award (1990)

- Selma Lagerlöf Prize (1992)

- The Finland Art Prize (1993)

- Mercuri International bronze medal (1994)

- The Swedish Academy Award (1994)

- Åbo Akademi University Honorary Professor (1995)

- The American-Scandinavian Foundation Honorary Cultural Award (1996)

- WSOY Literary Foundation Award (1999)

- Le Prix de l'Office Chrétien du Livre

- The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame (2016)


Samsung TV Plus

# Samsung TV Plus

## Abstract

Samsung TV Plus is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service owned by Samsung Electronics that was first introduced in 2015. The platform was designed to provide free, live streaming content for users with Samsung devices.

As of 2022, the service was available in 24 countries and is viewable within a multitude of Samsung products due to its integration with the Tizen operating system. Samsung TV Plus was one of the five most-used apps on the company's smart TVs in September 2020.

## Programming

The service currently has over 350+ live channels, each grouped into various categories. Channels available in the United States have included:

### News

- CBS News 24/7 – Channel No. 1110

- LiveNOW from Fox – Channel No. 1116

- ABC News Live – Channel No. 1112

- NBC News NOW – Channel No. 1114

- Bloomberg TV + UHD – Channel No. 1155

- Yahoo! Finance – Channel No. 1165

- Newsmax – Channel No. 1170

- Real America's Voice – Channel No. 1175

- TYT Network – Channel No. 1185

- Fox Weather - Channel No. 1130

- Scripps News - Channel No. 1119

- Bloomberg Originals - Channel No. 1160

- BBC News - Channel No. 1140

- Sky News - Channel No.1145

- CBC News - Channel No.1150

- The First - Channel No.1180

### Entertainment

- ALL ACTION – Channel No. 1050

- ION – Channel No. 1051

- Stories by AMC – Channel No. 1052

- TV Land Drama – Channel No. 1055

- Heartland – Channel No. 1058

- Drama Life – Channel No. 1060

- Bounce XL – Channel No. 1061

- ION Plus – Channel No. 1062

- The Walking Dead – Channel No. 1065 – includes other The Walking Dead franchise content

- 21 Jump Street – Channel No. 1066

- Degrassi – Channel No. 1067

- Lucky Dog – Channel No. 1068

- The Bob Ross Channel – Channel No. 1069

- Clarity 4K – Channel No. 1070

- Danger TV – Channel No. 1072

- Magellan TV Now – Channel No. 1073

- ElectricNOW – Channel No. 1074

- Nosey – Channel No. 1078

- REELZ Famous & Infamous – Channel No. 1080

- Circle Country – Channel No. 1425

- Shades of Black – Channel No. 1084

- Backstage – Channel No. 1085

- VICE – Channel No. 1086

- Revry – Channel No. 1089

- Shout! Factory – Channel No. 1090

- Dove Channel – Channel No. 1091

- Chicken Soup for the Soul – Channel No. 1092

- MHz Now – Channel No. 1096

- Brat TV – Channel No. 1101

- Mixible – Channel No. 1103

- Fox Soul – Channel No. 1104

- People TV – Channel No. 1105

- Rotten Tomatoes – Channel No. 1106

- Hollywire – Channel No. 1107

- Grit Xtra – Channel No. 1111

- Cowboy Way – Channel No. 1112

- Fireplace 4K – Channel No. 1221

- INFAST – Channel No. 1237

- TV Land Sitcoms – Channel No. 1326

- BET (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1059

### Movies

- The Movie Hub – Channel No. 1450

- Paramount Movie Channel – Channel No. 1452

- Hallmark Movies & More – Channel No. 1455

- Holiday Movie Favorites by Lifetime – Channel No. 1456

- MovieSphere – Channel No. 1457

- FilmRise Free Movies – Channel No. 1459

- Pluto TV Fantastic – Channel No. 1461

- FilmRise Action – Channel No. 1463

- Documentary+ – Channel No. 1466

- Maverick Black Cinema – Channel No. 1468

- Gravitas Movies – Channel No. 1474

- CINEVAULT: Classics – Channel No. 1478

- CINEVAULT: 80’s – Channel No. 1479

- CINEVAULT: Westerns – Channel No. 1482

- Pluto TV Westerns – Channel No. 1484

- FilmRise Western – Channel No. 1488

- The Preview Channel – Channel No. 1491

- Home.Made.Nation – Channel No. 1216

### Reality and Infotainment

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- All-Out Reality – Channel No. 1230

- Duck Dynasty – Channel No. 1232 – includes other Duck Commander content

- Deal Zone – Channel No. 1233

- Ice Road Truckers – Channel No. 1234

- Ax Men – Channel No. 1235

- Pawn Stars - Channel No. 2714

- All Weddings WE TV – Channel No. 1238

- All Reality WE TV – Channel No. 1239

- Hell’s Kitchen – Channel No. 1240 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- Kitchen Nightmares – Channel No. 1241 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- The Hotel Inspector – Channel No. 1242

- Project Runway – Channel No. 1243

- Operation Repo – Channel No. 1244

- MTV (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1245

- Love & Hip Hop – Channel No. 1246

- The Challenge – Channel No. 1247

- Dallas Cowboys Cheer – Channel No. 1248

- Perform – Channel No. 1249

- Dance Moms – Channel No. 1250

- Matched Married Meet – Channel No. 1251

- IGN – Channel No. 1351

- Minecraft – Channel No. 1363

- Samsung Wild Life Channel No. 1400

- Military Heroes – Channel No. 1402

- Modern Marvels – Channel No. 1403

- Love Nature 4K – Channel No. 1404

- TED – Channel No. 1405

- PBS Digital Studios – Channel No. 1406

- Xplore – Channel No. 1407

- Rovr.Pets – Channel No. 1409

- InWonder – Channel No. 1410

- WeatherSpy – Channel No. 1412

- Stingray Naturescape – Channel No. 1415

- WWE Superstar Central By A&E - Channel No. 2904

### Food and Drink

- Plated – Channel No. 1200

- Tastemade – Channel No. 1201

- Bon Appetit – Channel No. 1202

- Gusto TV – Channel No. 1203

- America’s Test Kitchen – Channel No. 1204

- Hungry – Channel No. 1206

- Tastemade Travel – Channel No. 1207

- Journy – Channel No. 1208

- Home Refresh – Channel No. 1209

- Million Dollar Listing – Channel No. 1210

- Tiny House Nation – Channel No. 1211

- Antiques Roadshow – Channel No. 1212

- This Old House – Channel No. 1213

- This Old House Makers.- Channel No. 1214

- The Design Network – Channel No. 1215

- BBC Home – Channel No. 1217

- BBC Food – Channel No. 1218

- Tastemade Home – Channel No. 1219

- Loupe 4K – Channel No. 1220

- QVC – Channel No. 1223

- HSN – Channel No. 1224

- Localish – Channel No. 1226

### Sports

- MLB Channel - Channel No. 1001

- CBS Sports HQ – Channel No. 1152

- T2 – Channel No. 1154

- GOLFPASS – Channel No. 1155

- beIN SPORTS XTRA – Channel No. 1157

- fubo Sports Network – Channel No. 1158

- Stadium – Channel No. 1159

- Pac-12 Insider – Channel No. 1161

- ACC Digital Network – Channel No. 1162

- Origin Sports – Channel No. 1163

- TNA Wrestling – Channel No. 1164

- FTF – Channel No. 1167

- EDGEsport – Channel No. 1169

- SURF NOW TV – Channel No. 1173

- Outside – Channel No. 1178

- FUEL TV – Channel No. 1179

- Whistle TV – Channel No. 1180

- People Are Awesome – Channel No. 1181

- Outdoor America – Channel No. 1182

- Waypoint TV – Channel No. 1184

- Pursuit UP – Channel No. 1185

- World Poker Tour – Channel No. 1187

- Ride or Drive – Channel No. 1188

- Top Gear – Channel No. 1189

- MAVTV Select – Channel No. 1190

- PowerNation – Channel No. 1191

- MotorTrend Fast TV – Channel No. 1192

- NHRA TV – Channel No. 1193

- MOTORVISION.TV – Channel No. 1194

- Cars – Channel No. 1195

- Torque – Channel No. 1196

- Fox Sports - Channel No 2334

- Dome - Channel No. 1003

- NBC Sports - Channel No 2338

- DraftKings - Channel No.2358

- SportsGrid -Channel No. 2362

### Game shows

- BUZZR – Channel No. 1139

- Game Show Central – Channel No. 1141

- Deal or No Deal – Channel No. 1143

- Fear Factor – Channel No. 1144

- Wipeout Xtra – Channel No. 1145

- Wild 'n Out – Channel No. 1147

- Supermarket Sweep – Channel No. 1142

### Kids

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- PBS Kids – Channel No. 1376

- Nickelodeon (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1379

- Moonbug Kids – Channel No. 1383

- The LEGO Channel – Channel No. 1385

- pocket.watch – Channel No. 1389

- Toon Goggles – Channel No. 1391

- TG Junior – Channel No. 1392

- Kidoodle.TV – Channel No. 1395

- ZooMoo – Channel No. 1398

- Hot Wheels Action - Channel No. 3614

- Fireman Sam - Channel No. 3636

- My Little Pony - Channel No 3653

- Barbie and friends - Channel No. 3613

- Blippi - Channel No. 3630

- Transformers - Channel No.3685

- Caillou - Channel No. 3633

- Baby Einstein - Channel No. 3639

- Taletubbies - Channel No. 3642

## Availability

Samsung TV Plus has been pre-installed on all Samsung TVs since 2016. Since April 2021, the service has also been available on Samsung mobile devices (available from the Galaxy Store) and Smart monitors. Select Family Hub refrigerators can also be connected to Samsung TV Plus in the U.S. and Korea.

In January 2023, Samsung announced it was rolling out Samsung TV Plus onto non-Samsung TVs in the form of an installable app, specifically in an integration with TCL TVs.


Parade of Champions

# Parade of Champions

## Abstract

The WCCW Parade of Champions was a series of professional wrestling supercards promoted by Fritz Von Erich 's World Class Championship Wrestling first in 1961, in 1972 and then annually from 1984 through 1988. Von Erich used the "Parade of Champions" name in 1984 as a way to honor his recently deceased son, David and the subsequent Parade of Champions were all "Von Erich Memorial" Parades of Champions. At the inaugural Von Erich Memorial event, in front of the largest crowd ever to watch a pro wrestling event in the United States up to that point, Kerry Von Erich defeated Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, only to lose it back to Flair 18 days later in Yokohama, Japan. Over the next few years, Von Erich altered the names as tragedy repeatedly struck his family. The Parade of Champions was the most recognized event that World Class Championship Wrestling, later known as World Class Wrestling Association, promoted. There was a Parade of Champions super card held by Southern Sports (precursor to WCCW) in 1961 and another held by Big Time Wrestling (the previous name of WCCW) in 1972. All Parade of Champions supercards were held at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. A wrestling organization out of Texas called NWA Southwest ran an event in late August, 2010, called Parade of Champions, which it claimed was the "Longest Running Wrestling Event In Texas History Dating Back To 1972," but there was no actual connection between the WCCW show event other than the name.

## Southwest Sports Parade of Champions

The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on January 31, 1961 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

## Southwest Sports Parade of Champions

The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on January 29, 1963 at the Dallas Sportatorium in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

## Southwest Sports Parade of Champions

The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on June 4, 1963 at the Dallas Sportatorium in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

## Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions

The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on June 24, 1972 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

## Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions

The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on March 26, 1974 at the Memorial Auditorium in Dallas, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

## Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions

The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on March 27, 1974 at the Municipal Auditorium in San Antonio, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

## Superbowl of Wrestling

The Superbowl of Wrestling was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on June 5, 1976 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

## 1st Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions

The 1st Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) on May 6, 1984 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich, who had died in February, 1984. In the main event David's brother Kerry Von Erich faced the NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair, taking the title match that was originally planned for David Von Erich that same year. In a very emotional match Von Erich defeated Flair to win the championship in honor of his brother.

## 2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions

The 2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) on May 5, 1985 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich that had died in February, 1984. As a result of Kerry Von Erich 's victory over the One Man Gang, manager Gary Hart had his head shaved bald. If Kerry lost, Fritz would have to come out of retirement and face One Man Gang one-on-one. The match between The Fantastics and The Midnight Express for the vacant NWA American Tag Team Championship was held in two rings side-by-side. The Midnight Express' manager Jim Cornette was handcuffed to the Fantastics cornerman, "Little John", who stood over 7 feet tall. Referee David Manning awarded the match and the title to the Fantastics, although Manning's pin count of a Fantastics member pinning a Midnight Express member started after referee Rick Hazzard's pin count of a Midnight Express member pinning a Fantastics member ended at 3. This match appears on the WWE Home Video "The Triumphs and Tragedies of World Class Championship Wrestling" DVD. Per stipulations, the winning team of the main event split $100,000 and the wrestler who eliminated the last wrestler won a brand new Lincoln Continental. Kevin Von Erich won the event with a spectacular dive from one ring over the ropes to another to pin Steve Williams. After the match, Gino Hernandez destroyed the windshield of the Lincoln Continental with a chain, with Chris Adams placing a boot on the destroyed windshield for good measure causing it to cave in.

## 3rd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions

The 3rd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 4, 1986 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich who died in 1984. On the show the Great Kabuki was to have faced four wrestlers in this handicap match, one at a time. The fourth wrestler he was to have faced was Chris Adams. Michael Hayes began berating Adams after Steve Simpson defeated Kabuki, prompting Adams to superkick both Hayes and Kabuki out of the ring.

## 4th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions

The 4th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 3, 1987 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his sons David Von Erich and Mike Von Erich.

This event won the 1987 award for Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic from the Wrestling Observer Newsletter; the combination of Mike Von Erich's name attached to the event (his suicide had been less than a month before it) and use of stipulations such as a scaffold match and women's mud wrestling was seen as exploitative.

## 5th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions

The 5th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 7, 1988 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his sons David Von Erich and Mike Von Erich. The fifth version of the Parade of Champions would be the last show promoted under that name by the Von Erich family. Also only highlights of select matches aired on ESPN.

## External sources

- Parade of Champions Results at World Class Tribute

- WCCW Wrestling Cards at the Wrestling Information Archive


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Early life and education

Stefan Mross was born on November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria.

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

## Career

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.

Mross was married to production assistant Susanne Schmidt from 2013 to 2016. The marriage produced a daughter in 2013 and a son in 2015. The couple lived in Unterwössen, a municipality in the Traunstein district of Upper Bavaria, until their separation in autumn 2016.

Since December 2016, he has been in a relationship with singer Anna-Carina Woitschack, whom he met on his show Immer wieder sonntags in the summer of 2016. In the show Das Adventsfest der 100.000 Lichter he proposed to her on November 30, 2019. On June 6, 2020, the two got married live on television in the music show Schlagerlovestory.2020 with presenter Florian Silbereisen as witnesses. The couple lived in Windorf near Passau. In November 2022, they announced their separation. Mross has been in a relationship with Eva Luginger since March 2023.


Yuna (singer)

# Yuna (singer)

## Abstract

Yunalis binti Mat Zara'ai (Jawi: يوناليس بنت مد ظراعي; born 14 November 1986), known professionally as Yuna, is a Malaysian singer. Her initial exposure came through the viral success of her music uploaded to Myspace, which received over one million plays. This online success alerted an indie-pop label/management company to her music, and in early 2011 she signed with the Fader Label. She is best known for her collaboration with Usher on her breakout single " Crush ", which peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard Adult R&B chart. From 2010-2015, she was the 2nd Most Popular Female Singer in Malaysia with Siti Nurhaliza at first place and Stacy (singer) at 3rd place.

Born in Kedah and raised in Perlis and Selangor states to Perakian Malay parents of Buginese descent from Kuala Kangsar and Batu Gajah, she began writing songs at age 14. She soon taught herself to play guitar, and by 2006, in need of a creative outlet while attending law school, performed for an audience for the first time. Yuna made her recorded debut album in Malaysia in 2008 with a self-titled EP, earned five Malaysian Music Awards nominations (the Malaysian equivalent of the Grammy). She took home four trophies, including Best New Artist and Best Song for her breakthrough hit " Dan Sebenarnya ".

The Decorate (EP) followed two years later. Decorate included the viral hit "Rocket," which won raves from Billboard magazine, indie rock radio station KEXP, and hip-hop mogul Russell Simmons, as well as a feature in Spin ' s "Eight Bands You Need to Hear Now". For her performances, Yuna was nominated as one of MTV's Iggy's Best New Bands in the World in 2011, and she marked the occasion by playing at the historic MTV Studios.

The 2012 single " Live Your Life ", produced by Pharrell Williams, was a preamble to her self-titled full-length debut, which arrived that April. That summer, Yuna appeared at Lollapalooza. In 2013, Yuna returned with the album Nocturnal, featuring the single "Falling". In February 2016, Yuna previewed her third album with the release of "Places to Go", a single produced by hip-hop artist DJ Premier. The full album, Chapters, was released three months later.

In December 2016, Chapters broke into the Top 10 of the Billboard Best R&B Albums of 2016: Critic's Pick; Chapters ranked at number 7. Yuna received an award for the Most Successful Malaysian Singer from the Malaysian Book Of Records. Chapters was also nominated in the Top 20 Best R&B Albums of 2016 by Rolling Stone magazine. Yuna performed as a special guest at the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards.

In May 2017, Yuna became the first singer from Asia to be nominated for a BET Award; Yuna received a nomination for the BET Centric Award for "Crush", her duet single with Usher.

## Early life

Yuna grew up in Subang Jaya, Selangor and Kangar, Perlis, in Malaysia.

### Education

Yuna attended SMK Derma, Kangar, Perlis and SMK USJ 4 Subang Jaya, Selangor. After that, Yuna attended Universiti Teknologi MARA in Shah Alam, where she studied legal studies at its Faculty of Law. In 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Legal Studies (Hons.) degree.

## Career

### 2001–2010: Beginnings and early success

Yuna began writing her own songs when she was 14 years old and began performing at age 19 after she learned how to play guitar. She has performed in numerous acoustic shows and events in many parts of Malaysia since 2006. The same year, she auditioned for the first season of One in a Million, making it to the top 40 round before she was eliminated from the competition.

In October 2008, she released her second EP, the self-titled Yuna. Its single "Deeper Conversation" became a hit in Malaysia. Her meteoric rise in the Malaysian indie music scene was helped by the strong following she gained on Myspace. Her first studio album, Decorate, was released in July 2010 under her indie label Yuna Room Records.

### 2011–2013: Early international breakthrough

Yuna was eventually discovered in the US by the indie-Pop record label and management company. They flew out to Malaysia to convince her to sign with them and then proceeded to get her a deal with Fader Label, a record label based in New York, in February 2011. She released her debut US EP, Decorate, in the United States in March 2011.

On 24 January 2012, her single " Live Your Life " debuted on iTunes. The track was produced by Grammy Award-winning producer, Pharrell Williams. MTV Iggy described the track as, "polished until it gleams but instead of burying Yuna, it lifts her up. The track has hinted that a diva is waiting to shine." On 16 February, the official music video for "Live Your Life" was released. On 24 April 2012, Yuna's US debut self-titled album was released. Debuting at No. 23 on the Pop chart and No. 86 on the Top 100 Albums on iTunes, Yuna was also No. 23 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart. Accolades from fans and critics alike, such as Billboard, NPR, Elle, The New York Times, Vibe Claire and National Geographic, who stated that her sound is "as fresh, honest and deeply personal as anything by Bon Iver or Tune-Yards," have been rolling in.

Yuna performed " Live Your Life " on late-night TV shows Conan and Last Call with Carson Daly. She was featured on the CBS Evening News in a featured profile piece and toured with Graffiti6 with stops at Bonnaroo and Lollapalooza. She also contributed to the Savages soundtrack on the track, Here Comes the Sun. Yuna also performed as part of the Lollapalooza 2012 line up.

Yuna was the first runner-up of MTV Iggy's Best New Bands in the World. She performed at the historic MTV Studios in Times Square, New York singing "Decorate", "Come As You Are", "Lullabies" which is produced by Chris Braide and her new single "Live Your Life", which is produced by Pharrell Williams of N.E.R.D.

Yuna recently signed with Verve Music Group. Multiple Grammy-winning producer David Foster, who heads the creative operations of Verve, tweeted: "I'm really excited about the next hot artist to join Verve Music. Stay tuned and keep an eye out for Yuna in 2013". She also made the Heatseekers Album chart on Billboard with "Live Your Life".

### 2013–2015: Nocturnal

Yuna released her second international album, Nocturnal on 29 October 2013 by Verve Records. "I Want You Back" featuring Vietnamese rapper, Derez aired on " Love & Hip Hop: New York " 20 January 2014. On 9 January 2014, Yuna graced the Jimmy Kimmel Live! studios, promoting her new album, Nocturnal. She performed the singles "Falling" and "Rescue" with assistance from a live band.

In December 2014, Yuna released the song "Broke Her" as a single. It features a sample of Drake 's 0 to 100.

On 31 January 2015, Yuna performed in the closing ceremony of 2015 AFC Asian Cup. She has been appointed as Malaysia's tourism adviser to boost tourist arrivals in the country along with Dato' Siti Nurhaliza and Datuk Jimmy Choo Yeang Keat on June of the same year.

Yuna recorded the song Strawberry Letter 23 by singer Shuggie Otis used in a commercial for Swedish fashion retailer H&M starring Ukrainian-Canadian model Daria Werbowy that aired in March 2015.

### 2016–2018: Chapters

On 20 May 2016, Yuna released her latest album Chapters through Verve Records. The album features the collaboration from Usher, Jhené Aiko and DJ Premier. As of December 2016, the album had been selected by Billboard in 7th place of its 2016 Critics' Picks for Best R&B Album. Yuna receive recognition from The Malaysia Book of Records for The First R&B Album Listed In Top 10 Billboard Charts In The United States.

On 25 July 2017, Yuna took to the Late Night with Seth Meyers stage at NBC Studios to promote her album and performs "Used To Love You" from Chapters. The Jhené Aiko-assisted track was instead backed by an incredible full band complete with violins as part of a small string section.

In December 2018, Yuna created history when gathering a streaming total of about 36 million in Spotify throughout 2018.

### 2019–2021: Rouge, directional debut and RIAA certification

Yuna returned to finish up work for her fourth international album after taking a short break following her wedding. She further described the new direction for the upcoming album, which will be the "opposite" of her previous record, "Chapters". In an interview with Singapore's Straits Times, Yuna teased that the new album will also feature guest stars; however, no names were disclosed. She also hinted that a new song off the upcoming album would be released in March 2019. Yuna described the whole process of making the new album as "happier", with more freedom compared to her previous releases.

In a detailed interview with Riff Magazine on 25 February 2019, Yuna described that the upcoming album was in the process of finishing up and that it brings everything full circle by going back to the music her father listened to when she was young. "It's still Yuna, it's pop music, but it's pop and R&B. For this album, we wanted to bring back the feel of old records, old vinyl."

Yuna released " Forevermore " on 5 April 2019. In a Star2 article, she said that the song "is about growing up in a small town and coming from a small country and how that environment made me strive to be the best that I can be." For the video she had enlisted her husband Adam Sinclair who is a director, and they shot the video entirely in Malaysia, mostly in Kuala Lumpur and Perlis. "Forevermore" debuted at number one on Malaysia's RIM Domestic Chart on 11 April 2019, her first number-one since the reintroduction of the official chart in 2017.

Apart from making her new album, Yuna ventured into the directing scene. She made her directional debut in October 2018 for Malaysia's duo, Hani & Zue's "Alone". Yuna later directed another video for the duo, "Aku dan Laguku".

On 17 April 2019, Yuna earned her very first RIAA certification when her song " Crush " logged a gold certified sales of 500,000 copies. This feat was achieved three years after the song was released.

Yuna released her second promotional single from her upcoming album, " Blank Marquee " featuring American rapper, G-Eazy on 16 May 2019. The music video was shot in Kuala Lumpur, featuring Malaysian actor, Amerul Affendi and also directed by Sinclair. On the same day, Yuna revealed several titles and lyrics from her new album Rouge, which was released on 12 July 2019.

### 2022–present: Y5

On 4 March 2022, announced that her fifth international album, Y5, would be released in five installations: Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5.

## Artistry

### Musical style

Yuna possesses a light lyric soprano voice. She once described her music as "a cross between Mary Poppins and Coldplay ". She explains about this characterization of her musical style, "I can't believe people still hold onto that! It was a quote that I had on, like, my Myspace music page seven years ago. But yeah, what I meant to say is I like to incorporate a lot of different genres in my music, and, you know, having a sense of honesty and sincerity in the lyrics as well. But I'm still pop at the same time."

### Influences

Yuna has cited Coldplay, Bob Dylan, and Feist as influences, having been introduced to them by her father. Growing up in Malaysia, she listened to a lot of The Cardigans, Fiona Apple, and Garbage.

### Collaborations

Throughout her music career, Yuna has collaborated with many world-renowned artists, such as Usher, Tyler, the Creator, Epik High, G-Eazy, Jay Park, Jhené Aiko, KYLE, Little Simz, and MIYAVI.

## Businesses

Yuna co-owns a women's clothes boutique, IAMJETFUEL, in Subang Jaya, Selangor. In 2014, she re-opened the shop with a new name, 'November Culture', which is also situated in Subang Jaya with a worldwide online presence. 14Nov by Yuna Zarai (brand name) are clothes and scarves that are designed by Yuna herself. She started introducing this brand in the US by promoting it in fashion shows (Fashion Fighting Famine or #FFFShow) in California. Besides that, she also opened a pop store in New York as well as Los Angeles. Recently, she has launched her new collaboration with Malaysian designer, Hatta Dolmat.

On 1 May 2018, Yuna announced on her Instagram account that the November Culture boutique had ceased operations.

## Personal life

### Relationships

Yuna has been married to Malaysian director, Adam Sinclair, himself the younger brother of actor Ashraf Sinclair and actress/presenter Aishah Sinclair, since 2018.

### Religion

Yuna is a Muslim. Speaking on her hijab, she stated:

When I first started playing music, I was already covered... wearing headscarves. And, like, normally, people would expect you to change, toss this part of your life away so that you could be a pop star. But I just wanted to make music, not really be a "pop star" pop star. And there's always people who wouldn't necessarily agree with what I'm doing right now. But I'm really happy with where I am right now, you know. I'm a Muslim. I don't try to hide it. I'm also a girl who loves music. And I don't try to hide that as well.

### Sexual harassment

In March 2018, Yuna revealed in a statement on Twitter that for the previous six months she was the victim of sexual harassment and revealed that the perpetrator had been sending threatening comments to her Instagram account.

## In popular culture

Yuna covered " Here Comes the Sun " by the Beatles for the 2012 film, Savages. The song was featured during the ending credits. "Tourist" was featured as part of the soundtrack in season 1 of a US TV series, Arrow. Her song "Favourite Thing" was featured in another US TV series Pretty Little Liars. She also recorded a song in collaboration with Adam Young of Owl City called "Shine Your Way" for the soundtrack of the animated film The Croods. The film was released by DreamWorks Animation in March 2013. Another Yuna song "Lullabies" was also featured in 90210, the reboot of Beverly Hills, 90210. This song was also featured in Being Mary Jane. Yuna also had her song "Lights and Camera" featured on an episode of the third season of the US reality show Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta. "Lights and Camera" was also used as one of the soundtracks from Beyond the Lights. A remix of the song was released on 17 November 2014 that features appearance from an American rapper, G-Eazy. "All I Do", the last track of her third international album, Chapters, has been chosen as the soundtrack for the pilot episode in season 13 of the popular American medical drama TV series, Grey's Anatomy. The song was aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States.

Yuna's version of A Whole New World from the 1992 Disney film Aladdin, which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album We Love Disney (2015 compilation album). Beside Yuna, a number of other artists such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly were also involved in the album published by David Foster.A remix version of her song " Live Your Life " by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station WorldWide FM in the video game Grand Theft Auto V. The Adventure Club 's remix of her song "Lullabies" was also featured as in the 2016 video game Steep. Yuna was also featured in the Malaysian version of KakaoTalk advertisement, released in Malay, English, and Chinese language. Her 2011 single "Someone Out Of Town" was sampled by late rapper XXXTentacion on his song Let's Pretend We're Numb. In 2022, her single Lights and Camera can be heard in the CNN commercial for "Reframed - Marilyn Monroe".

## Discography

- Yuna (2012)

- Nocturnal (2013)

- Chapters (2016)

- Rouge (2019)

- Y5 (2022)

- Decorate (2011)

- Sixth Street (2013)

- Y1 (2022)

- Y2 (2022)

- Y3 (2022)

- Y4 (2022)

- Decorate (2010)

- Terukir di Bintang (2012)

- Material (2015)

## Tours

- Summer Tour (2012)

- Nocturnal Tour (2014)

- Chapters Tour (2016)

- Rouge Tour (2019)

- Yunaverse/Asia Tour (2023)


Greenlane railway station

# Greenlane railway station

## Abstract

Greenlane railway station serves the Southern Line and Onehunga Line of the Auckland railway network. It was opened circa 1877. It has an island platform and is reached via a ramp from Green Lane East. It is the nearest station to Ellerslie Racecourse, Greenlane Clinical Centre (formerly known as Green Lane Hospital), ASB Showgrounds and Cornwall Park.

## Services

Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services on the Southern Line and Onehunga Line. All Southern Line services stop at Greenlane. Since 26 August 2018, Onehunga Line services stop only in the evenings. The typical weekday off-peak timetable is:

- 3 tph to Waitematā

- 3 tph to Papakura

Greenlane railway station is served by local bus route 650.


Septet

# Septet

## Abstract

A septet is a formation containing exactly seven members. It is commonly associated with musical groups but can be applied to any situation where seven similar or related objects are considered a single unit, such as a seven-line stanza of poetry.

## Classical and romantic period

One of the most famous classical septets is Beethoven 's Septet in E ♭ major, Op. 20, composed around 1799–1800, for clarinet, bassoon, horn, violin, viola, cello, and double bass. The popularity of Beethoven's septet made its combination of instruments a standard for subsequent composers, including Conradin Kreutzer (Op. 62, 1822), Franz Berwald, and Adolphe Blanc (Op. 40, ca. 1864), and, with small changes in the instrumentation, Franz Lachner (1824; violin, viola, violoncello, contrabass, flute, clarinet, horn), and Max Bruch (1849; No Opus; Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon, two Violins, Cello and Contrabass). When Franz Schubert added a second violin in 1824 for his Octet, he created a standard octet that influenced many other subsequent composers (Kube 2001). Camille Saint-Saëns 's Septet in E ♭ major, Op. 65 (1881) is for trumpet, piano, string quartet, and double bass. The English composer Percy Hilder Miles composed his "Jupiter" Septet in Eb (1897) for the same forces as the Beethoven.

## 20th century

The modern composer Bohuslav Martinů wrote three septets: a group of six dances called Les Rondes for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, two violins, and piano (1930); a piece called Serenade No. 3 for oboe, clarinet, four violins, and cello (1932); and Fantasie for theremin, oboe, piano, and string quartet (1944). Darius Milhaud composed a string septet in 1964 for string sextet and double bass. Paul Hindemith composed a wind septet in 1948 for flute, oboe, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, horn, and trumpet. Hanns Eisler composed two septets, both scored for flute, clarinet, bassoon, and string quartet: Septet No. 1 Op. 92a ("Variations on American Children's Songs") (1941), and Septet No. 2 ("Circus") (1947), after Chaplin’s 1928 movie The Circus. Two component works in the series of Chôros by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos are scored for seven instruments: No. 3 (1925), subtitled "Pica-páo" (Woodpecker), is for clarinet, bassoon, saxophone, 3 horns, and trombone (or for male chorus, or for both together), and No. 7 (1924), actually subtitled "Septet", is for flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon, violin, and cello (with tam-tam ad lib.).

There are some 20th-century works for seven instruments for which it is difficult to be certain that the term "septet" should be extended, if they are not obviously chamber music and may have titles pointing in other directions. Examples include Maurice Ravel 's Introduction and Allegro (1905), Rudi Stephan 's Music for Seven String Instruments (1911), Leoš Janáček 's Concertino (1925), Arnold Schoenberg 's Suite, Op. 29 (1925–26), Isang Yun 's Music for Seven Instruments (1959), Aribert Reimann 's Reflexionen (1966), and Dieter Schnebel 's In motu proprio canon for seven instruments of the same kind (1975) (Kube 2001). John Adams wrote his string septet, Shaker Loops, in 1978.

Jehan Alain composed the Messe modale en septuor in 1938 for seven parts, soprano, alto, flute and string quartet.

no


Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

# Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

## Abstract

Wilhelmina (Dutch pronunciation:; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, making her the longest-reigning monarch in Dutch history, as well as the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom. Her reign saw World War I, the Dutch economic crisis of 1933 and World War II.

The only surviving child of King William III of the Netherlands and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Wilhelmina ascended the throne at the age of 10 after her father's death in 1890, under her mother's regency. After taking charge of government, Wilhelmina became generally popular for maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War and solving many of her country's industrial problems. By that time, her business ventures had made her the world's first female billionaire in dollars.

Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, Wilhelmina fled to Britain and took charge of the Dutch government-in-exile. She frequently spoke to the nation over radio and came to be regarded as a symbol of the resistance. By 1948, she had returned to the liberated Netherlands and was the only survivor of the 17 European monarchs who were sitting on their thrones at the time of her inauguration. Increasingly beset by poor health, Wilhelmina abdicated in favour of her daughter Juliana in September 1948 and retired to Het Loo Palace, where she died in 1962.

She remains reasonably popular in the Netherlands, even among the Dutch Republican movement. This is due to her being seen as a symbol of Dutch Resistance during World War II.

## Youth

Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of Orange-Nassau was born on 31 August 1880, in Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands. She was the only child of King William III and Queen Emma. Her childhood was characterised by a close relationship with her parents, especially with her father, who was 63 years old when she was born. In her memoir, Lonely But Not Alone, Wilhelmina wrote that she recalled her father riding horses.

Under the Semi-Salic system of inheritance that was in place in the Netherlands until 1887, Wilhelmina was third in line to the throne from birth. Her father had had three sons with his first wife, Sophie of Württemberg, but two of them had died before Wilhelmina's birth. The only other surviving male relatives from the House of Orange were Wilhelmina's great-uncle Frederick, who died in 1881 when Wilhelmina was one year old, and her half-brother Alexander, who died before she turned four. By 1887, the 70-year-old King finally abandoned the 'hope of a son' with his young wife and made the pragmatic decision to settle the throne upon his only surviving child.

King William III died on 23 November 1890 and 10-year-old Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands, though her mother was named regent. In 1895, Wilhelmina visited Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who penned an evaluation in her diary: "The young Queen... still has her hair hanging loose. She is very slight & graceful, has fine features, & seems to be very intelligent & a charming child. She speaks English extremely well & has very pretty manners."

On 6 September 1898, Wilhelmina was sworn-in at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. She was well aware what was expected by the elected representatives, but was a strong-willed, forceful woman who spoke and acted her mind. She "hated" politicians and instead stated a love for the people. Reflecting popular opinion in the Netherlands at the time, Wilhelmina expressed a level of disdain towards the British for their annexations of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the Boer War. The Boers were descended from Dutch colonists who migrated to the region while it was a Dutch colony, and the Dutch people, Wilhelmina included, felt a close level of affinity towards them. In one conversation with her former governess, the Briton Elisabeth Saxton Winter, Wilhelmina referred to the Boer commandos as "excellent shots." During the war, Wilhelmina ordered the Dutch cruiser HNLMS Gelderland to Portuguese East Africa with the order to evacuate Paul Kruger, the president of the South African Republic.

## Marriage

On 7 February 1901 in The Hague, Queen Wilhelmina married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Although she was devoted to her spouse at the time of their wedding, it proved in the long run to be an unhappy marriage that did little more than meet its obligation by producing an heir. Prince Henry was known to have had numerous extra-marital affairs, at least one of which resulted in illegitimate offspring. On 9 November, nine months after her marriage, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage. On 4 May 1902, she gave birth to a premature stillborn son. This may have been an abortion, needed to save her life after a typhoid infection. Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906. During this time Wilhelmina's heir presumptive was her first cousin once removed William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Next in line was her cousin Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne and that the latter was too elderly to become queen, Marie Alexandrine's eldest son, German Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz, stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina if she had no surviving children. Prince Heinrich had close associations with the German Imperial family and military, so there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless, the Dutch Crown "was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince, whose birth, training, and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland within the sphere of the German Empire, at the expense of its independence, both national and economic", according to one contemporary publication. The birth of Princess Juliana, on 30 April 1909, was met with great relief after eight years of her childless marriage. Wilhelmina, who formed a close relationship with her daughter, suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912.

## World War I

Before the First World War began, Wilhelmina visited the powerful German Emperor Wilhelm II. The emperor thought he could impress the ruler of a relatively small country by telling her, "My guards are seven feet tall and yours are only shoulder-high to them." The queen smiled politely and replied, "Quite true, Your Majesty, your guards are seven feet tall. But when we open our dikes, the water is ten feet deep!" She was very wary of a German attack, especially in the beginning. Partly due to her political influence, the Netherlands remained neutral during World War I. However, the Allies included the Netherlands in their blockade of Germany, intercepting all Dutch ships and severely restricting Dutch imports to ensure that goods could not be passed on to Germany. Furthermore, the Russian Revolution by the Bolsheviks in 1917 cost the queen almost 20% of her financial assets.

Being a woman, Wilhelmina could not be the supreme commander, but still used every opportunity she had to inspect the Crown forces. She appeared without prior notice on many occasions to see reality instead of a prepared show. She wanted a small but well-trained and equipped army and was very unhappy with most of her governments, which were always eager to cut the military budget. In June 1917, Wilhelmina returned from a two-day visit to Zaltbommel on the train that derailed at Houten, but remained unharmed and helped to take care of the injured.

Civil unrest gripped the Netherlands after the war, spurred by the end of the Russian Empire. Instead of a violent revolution, Socialist leader Pieter Jelles Troelstra wanted to abolish the existing government and the monarchy by winning control of Parliament in an election with the support of the working class. However, Wilhelmina's popularity helped restore confidence in the government. She brought about a mass show of support by riding alongside her daughter through the crowds in an open carriage.

At the end of World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands, where he was granted political asylum, partly owing to his familial links with the royal family. In response to Allied efforts to get their hands on the deposed Kaiser, Wilhelmina called the Allies' ambassadors to her presence and lectured them on the rights of asylum.

## Interwar period

Wilhelmina had a keen understanding of business matters. She used her personal wealth inherited from her family to make several investments in the United States, which eventually made her the world's richest woman and first female billionaire in dollars. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Netherlands began to emerge as an industrial power with the help of the Queen's funds. Engineers reclaimed vast amounts of land that had been under water by building the Zuiderzee Works, the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. Its main purposes were to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.

In 1939, the government proposed a refugee camp near the city of Apeldoorn for German Jews fleeing the Nazi regime. However, Wilhelmina intervened because she felt the planned location was "too close" to the royal family's summer residence. Indeed if spies were to be among the fugitives, they would be within walking distance of Het Loo Palace. After long discussions, the camp was finally erected about 10 km from the village of Westerbork.

Aside from economical and security matters, Queen Wilhelmina used most of the 1930s to find a suitable husband for Juliana. This was a difficult task since she was very religious and insisted that her daughter's husband would be a Protestant of royal birth. Many prospects from the United Kingdom and Sweden either declined or were turned down by Juliana. Finally, mother and daughter found a suitable match in German Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Wilhelmina had her lawyers draft a very detailed prenuptial agreement that specified exactly what her future son-in-law could and could not do.

## World War II

On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. Despite her hostility towards the British, the almost sixty-year-old Queen Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague and boarded HMS Hereward, a British destroyer sent by King George VI to take them across the North Sea. There is an ongoing debate about the royal family's departure. Some say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom had been planned some time in advance, since at least the end of 1939. Others say the queen boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of Zeeland, which had not yet been conquered. However, along the journey, it became clear that due to advancing German forces, Zeeland was not safe either, forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom. In any case, she arrived in the United Kingdom on 13 May, planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible. The Dutch armed forces in the Netherlands, apart from those in Zeeland, surrendered on 15 May.

In Britain, Queen Wilhelmina took charge of the Dutch government in exile, setting up a chain of command and immediately communicating a message to her people. Relations between the new Dutch government and the queen were tense, with mutual dislike growing as the war progressed. She went on to be the most prominent figure, owing to her experience and knowledge, which earned her respect and support among the other leaders of the world. On the other hand, the new Dutch government did not have a parliament to back them and had few employees to assist them. The Dutch prime minister, Dirk Jan de Geer, believed the Allies would not win and intended to open negotiations with Germany for a separate peace. Therefore, Wilhelmina sought to remove De Geer from power. With the aid of minister Pieter Gerbrandy, she succeeded.

During the war, Queen Wilhelmina's photograph was a sign of resistance against the Germans. Like Winston Churchill, Wilhelmina broadcast messages to the Dutch people over Radio Oranje. She called Adolf Hitler "the arch-enemy of mankind". Her late-night broadcasts were eagerly awaited by her people, who had to hide to listen to them illegally. An anecdote published in her New York Times obituary illustrates how she was valued by her subjects during this period:

Although celebration of the Queen's birthday was forbidden by the Germans, it was commemorated nevertheless. When churchgoers in the small fishing town of Huizen rose and sang one verse of the Dutch national anthem, Wilhelmus van Nassauwe, on the Queen's birthday, the town paid a fine of 60,000 guilders.

Queen Wilhelmina visited the United States from 24 June to 11 August 1942 as a guest of the U.S. government. She vacationed in Lee, Massachusetts and visited New York City, Boston, and Albany, New York. In the latter city, she attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the First Church in Albany, established by Dutch settlers in the 17th century. She addressed the U.S. Congress on 5 August 1942 and was the first queen to do so. Shortly afterwards, Wilhelmina went to Canada in 1943 to attend the christening of her new granddaughter Margriet on 29 June 1943 in Ottawa and stayed a while with her family before returning to the United Kingdom.

During Operation Steinbock, Queen Wilhelmina was almost killed by a bomb that took the lives of several of her guards and severely damaged her residence near South Mimms in England. In 1944, Wilhelmina became the first woman since the 15th century, other than queens of the United Kingdom, to be inducted into the Order of the Garter. Churchill described her as "the only real man among the governments-in-exile" in London.

In England, Queen Wilhelmina developed ideas about a new political and social life for the Dutch after the liberation, wanting to create a strong cabinet formed by people active in the resistance. She dismissed De Geer and installed a new prime minister with the approval of other Dutch politicians. When the Netherlands was liberated in 1945, the queen was disappointed to see the same political factions taking power as before the war. In mid-March 1945, she travelled to the liberated areas of the southern Netherlands, visiting the region of Walcheren and the city of Eindhoven where she received a rapturous welcome from the local population. On 2 May 1945, she went to stay in a small country estate called Anneville located just south of Breda with Juliana and adjuncts Peter Tazelaar, Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema and fellow Engelandvaarder Rie Stokvis. Anneville was the scene of a number of processions where the residents of Breda and the surrounding communities came to greet their Queen. She remained there for a little over six weeks.

Shortly after the war, Queen Wilhelmina wanted to give an award to the Polish Parachute Brigade for their actions during Operation Market Garden and wrote the government a request. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Eelco van Kleffens, opposed the idea because he thought an award for the Poles would upset relations with the 'Big Three' and harm national interests. Eventually the Polish Parachute Brigade were awarded the Military Order of William on 31 May 2006, 61 years after Operation Market Garden.

## Later years

Following the end of World War II, Queen Wilhelmina made the decision not to return to her palace but to move into a mansion in The Hague, where she lived for eight months. She travelled through the countryside to motivate people, sometimes using a bicycle instead of a car. However, in 1947, while the country was still recovering, the nationalist rebellion in the oil-rich Dutch East Indies saw the sharp criticism of the queen by the Dutch economic elite.

Around the same time, Queen Wilhelmina's health started failing, forcing her to cede her monarchial duties to Princess Juliana temporarily towards the end of 1947 (14 October – 1 December). She considered abdication, but her daughter pressed her to stay on for the stability of the nation. Wilhelmina had every intention of doing so, but exhaustion forced her to relinquish monarchial duties to Juliana again on 12 May 1948, which left the princess to deal with the early elections caused by the ceding of the Indonesian colonies.

Dismayed by the return to pre-war politics and the pending loss of Indonesia, Wilhelmina abdicated on 4 September 1948 after a reign of 57 years and 286 days due to advancing age and illness. She passed the crown to Juliana and was hence forward styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands". Since then, the influence of the Dutch monarchy continued to decline but the country's love for its royal family continued.

No longer queen, Wilhelmina retreated to Het Loo Palace, making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953. Once again, she travelled around the country to encourage and motivate the Dutch people. During her last years, she wrote her autobiography, entitled Eenzaam, maar niet alleen (Lonely but Not Alone), in which she gave her account of the events in her life and revealed her strong religious feelings.

Wilhelmina died of cardiac arrest in Het Loo Palace at the age of 82 on 28 November 1962. She was buried in the Dutch royal family crypt in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, on 8 December. At her request and contrary to protocol, the funeral was completely in white to give expression to her belief that earthly death was the beginning of eternal life.

In addition to being the last male-line descendant of the House of Orange-Nassau, she was also the last great-grandchild of Emperor Paul I of Russia.

## In popular culture

- Queen Wilhelmina appears in two videogames: as the leader in Sid Meier's Civilization VI in the Rise and Fall expansion, and as leader of the Netherlands in Hearts of Iron IV.

- She was portrayed by Andrea Domburg in Paul Verhoeven 's 1977 film Soldier of Orange.

## Titles, styles and honours

### Titles and styles

- 31 August 1880 – 21 June 1884: Her Royal Highness Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau

- 21 June 1884 – 23 November 1890: Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau

- 23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948: Her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau

- 4 September 1948 – 28 November 1962: Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

Wilhelmina's full regnal title from her accession to her marriage was: "Wilhelmina, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Limburg, etc. " She adopted her husband's ducal title upon marriage as customary, becoming also a duchess of Mecklenburg.

### Honours

- Netherlands: Grand Master of the Military William Order, 1890; Grand Cross, 4 September 1948 Grand Master of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1890 Grand Master of the Order of Orange-Nassau, 1890 Joint Grand Master of the Order of the Gold Lion of Nassau, 1890 Grand Master of the Order of the House of Orange, 1890 Founder of the Johanniter Order, 1909

- Grand Master of the Military William Order, 1890; Grand Cross, 4 September 1948

- Grand Master of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1890

- Grand Master of the Order of Orange-Nassau, 1890

- Joint Grand Master of the Order of the Gold Lion of Nassau, 1890

- Grand Master of the Order of the House of Orange, 1890

- Founder of the Johanniter Order, 1909

Since Wilhelmina received no Dutch honours before ascending the throne aged ten and resigned the position of grand master when she abdicated in 1948, she was in the unusual position of being a Dutch princess and former queen who did not hold a Dutch honour. Her daughter and successor therefore appointed her Grand Cross of the Military William Order in her first act as Queen. This was the only Dutch honour she ever held in her life in a personal capacity.

#### Foreign

- Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Order of Elizabeth, 1901

- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), August 1898 Croix de Guerre Medal

- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), August 1898

- Croix de Guerre Medal

- Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross

- Czechoslovakia: Collar of the White Lion, 1929

- Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 5 September 1922

- Ethiopian Imperial Family: Collar of the Order of Solomon

- Finland: Collar of the White Rose, with Star, 1932

- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, April 1898

- German Imperial and Royal Family: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division, 30 May 1901 Mecklenburg Grand Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Bronze Crown, 7 February 1901 Oldenburg Grand Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

- Mecklenburg Grand Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Bronze Crown, 7 February 1901

- Oldenburg Grand Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

- Greek Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Redeemer

- Guatemala: Grand Cross of the Quetzal

- Japan: Grand Cordon of the Precious Crown, 8 August 1899

- Luxembourg: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau Grand Cross of the Oak Crown

- Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau

- Grand Cross of the Oak Crown

- Military Order of Malta: Dame of Honour and Devotion

- Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 15 September 1922

- Persian Imperial Family: Order of the Sun, 1st Class

- Peru: Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru, in Diamonds, 1922

- Poland: Knight of the White Eagle

- Portuguese Royal Family: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 7 February 1901

- Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel

- Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 7 February 1901

- Romanian Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I

- Grand Cross of the Star of Romania

- Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I

- Russian Imperial Family: Grand Cross of St. Catherine

- Siam: Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 7 September 1897

- Spanish Royal Family: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 22 December 1890 Dame of the Collar of the Order of Charles III Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

- Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 22 December 1890

- Dame of the Collar of the Order of Charles III

- Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

- Sweden: Member of the Order of the Seraphim, 9 September 1922

- Turkish Imperial Family: Grand Cross of the Order of Charity

- United Kingdom: Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 1st Class, 1898 Associate Dame Grand Cross of St. John, 19 June 1941 Stranger Lady Companion of the Garter, 24 September 1944

- Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 1st Class, 1898

- Associate Dame Grand Cross of St. John, 19 June 1941

- Stranger Lady Companion of the Garter, 24 September 1944

- Yugoslavian Royal Family: Grand Cross of the White Eagle

### Eponyms

- Queen Wilhelmina State Park in Arkansas, and Wilhelmina Bay in Antarctica are named for Queen Wilhelmina.

- In 1892, the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing peppermint candy with the image of the 12-year-old Princess Wilhelmina, which have continued in production since then. Among Dutch sweets, these mints have become the "most Dutch of all".

## Ancestry

After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890, rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine De Roode Duivel ("The Red Devil") that William III was not her real father, but Emma's confidant, Sebastiaan Mattheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1846-1916). This would undermine the legitimacy of the Queen's reign. Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false, the rumours were stubborn and still feature in conspiracy theories circulating in republican circles. The author of the rumour, the later parliamentarian and senator Louis Maximiliaan Hermans, was sentenced to six months imprisonment for lèse-majesté in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in De Roode Duivel, mocking the two queens.

## Sources

- Hubbard, Robert H. (1977). Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0310-6

- Wilhelmina. (1959). Eenzaam maar niet alleen. Amsterdam: Ten Have Uitgevers Kok. ISBN 978-90-259-5146-7. Full text (pdf, 8 MB) online.