1871

# 1871

## Abstract

1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1871st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 871st year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

### January–March

- January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory.

- January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states, aside from the Austrian Empire, unite into a single nation state, known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The Constitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.

- January 21 – Giuseppe Garibaldi 's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the French Third Republic, win a battle against the Prussians in the Battle of Dijon.

- February 8 – 1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of the French Third Republic; monarchists (Legitimists and Orleanists) favourable to peace with the German Empire gain a large majority. The National Assembly meets in Bordeaux.

- February 9 – The United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded.

- February 21 – The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 is signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.

- February 24 – The Danish Women's Society is founded to promote women's rights in Denmark; on December 15 it adopts the style Dansk Kvindesamfund.

- March 3 – The first American civil service reform legislation is signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant, creating the United States Civil Service Commission.

- March 7 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, serving for four years.

- March 16 – Mokrani Revolt breaks out in French Algeria against colonial rule.

- March 18 – Origin of the Paris Commune: Troops of the regular French Army, sent by Adolphe Thiers, Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française, to seize cannons stored on the hill of Montmartre, fraternise with civilians and the National Guard, and two army generals are killed. Regular troops are evacuated to Versailles.

- March 21 Otto von Bismarck becomes the first Chancellor of the German Empire. John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne marries Princess Louise, a daughter of Queen Victoria, at Windsor; she is the first legitimate daughter of a British monarch to marry a subject since 1515.

- Otto von Bismarck becomes the first Chancellor of the German Empire.

- John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne marries Princess Louise, a daughter of Queen Victoria, at Windsor; she is the first legitimate daughter of a British monarch to marry a subject since 1515.

- March 22 In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment. The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska.

- In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.

- The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska.

- March 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in France.

- March 27 – The first Rugby Union International results in a 1–0 win, by Scotland over England.

- March 29 The first Surgeon General of the United States (John Maynard Woodworth) is appointed. The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time.

- The first Surgeon General of the United States (John Maynard Woodworth) is appointed.

- The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons, the world's largest at this time.

### April–June

- April – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.

- April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the New Jersey State Detectives are initiated.

- April 10 – In Brooklyn, New York, P. T. Barnum opens his three-ring circus, hailing it as " The Greatest Show on Earth ".

- April 20 – U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act of 1871.

- April 24 – Murder of Jane Clouson, a servant girl, in Eltham, England; her probable murderer is acquitted.

- May 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played in America.

- May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton, of the Cleveland Forest Citys.

- May 10 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.

- May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins, in the London Court of Common Pleas.

- May 21 French government troops enter Paris to overthrow the Commune, beginning "Bloody Week" (Semaine sanglante), leading to the deaths of over 20,000 Parisians and the arrests of over 38,000 more. The first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland, is opened.

- French government troops enter Paris to overthrow the Commune, beginning "Bloody Week" (Semaine sanglante), leading to the deaths of over 20,000 Parisians and the arrests of over 38,000 more.

- The first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland, is opened.

- May 27 – French government troops massacre 147 Communards from Belleville, at Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

- May 28 – Paris Commune falls to French government forces.

- June 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.

- June 10 – United States expedition to Korea: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.

- June 18 – The Universities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions which have previously limited access to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities to members of the Church of England.

- June 27 – The Meiji government officially adopts the yen as Japan's modern unit of currency. Coins which have been made in advance with the date 1870 are released into circulation.

- June 29 – Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by the Trade Union Act 1871.

### July–September

- July 13 – The first cat show is held at the Crystal Palace of London.

- July 20 British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada. C. W. Alcock proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association ", giving birth to the FA Cup for Association football in England.

- British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.

- C. W. Alcock proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association ", giving birth to the FA Cup for Association football in England.

- July 21 – August 26 – The first ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer William Henry Jackson, during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.

- July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Bridge is laid; the bridge collapses as a train crosses in a storm eight years later.

- July 28 – The Annie becomes the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake, in the Yellowstone National Park region.

- August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, predecessor of Itaú Unibanco, a major financial services provider in South America, is founded in Chile.

- August 9 – One of the few known major hurricanes to strike Hawaii causes significant damage on the islands of Hawaii and Maui.

- August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.

- August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.

- September 2 – Whaling disaster of 1871: The Comet, a brig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze. Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life.

- September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the Tammany Hall political machine and "Boss" William M. Tweed, its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the ' Committee of Seventy ' to reform local politics.

- September 25 – West Chester University (Pennsylvania) is charted as West Chester Normal School

### October–December

- October 5 The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (later Società Astronomica Italiana) is established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics. John O'Neill (Fenian) is arrested by US authuroties ending the Fenian raids.

- The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (later Società Astronomica Italiana) is established in Rome, the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to astrophysics.

- John O'Neill (Fenian) is arrested by US authuroties ending the Fenian raids.

- October 8 Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago; Peshtigo, Wisconsin; Holland, Michigan; and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history. Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany.

- Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago; Peshtigo, Wisconsin; Holland, Michigan; and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history.

- Continental AG is founded as Continental-Caoutchouc und Gutta-Percha Compagnie in Hanover, Germany.

- October 11 – Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.

- October 12 – The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as " Denotified Tribes ", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in 1949, after Indian independence).

- October 20 – The Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two batteries of garrison artillery, which later become the Royal Canadian Artillery.

- October 24 – Chinese massacre of 1871. In Los Angeles ' Chinatown, 19 Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men.

- October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état.

- October 27 British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony. Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City.

- British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony.

- Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag.

- Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City.

- c. November – The South Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania by John D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry.

- November 5 – Wickenburg Massacre: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the Arizona Territory, are reportedly murdered by Yavapai people.

- November 7 – The London–Australia telegraph cable is brought ashore at Darwin.

- November 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-born correspondent for the New York Herald, locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).

- November 17 The National Rifle Association of America is granted a charter by the state of New York. George Biddell Airy presents his discovery that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.

- The National Rifle Association of America is granted a charter by the state of New York.

- George Biddell Airy presents his discovery that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.

- December 10 – German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.

- December 15 – The Deseret Telegraph Company office in Pipe Spring begins service with a message keyed by Ella Stewart. It is the first telegraph sent from Arizona Territory.

- December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.

- December 24 – The opera Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt.

- December 25 – Reading F.C. is formed as an Association football club in England.

- December 26 – Thespis, the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières in London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.

### Date unknown

- In South Africa Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the Pilgrim's Rest area. An 83.50-carat (16.700 g) diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.

- Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in the Pilgrim's Rest area.

- An 83.50-carat (16.700 g) diamond is discovered, resulting in a diamond rush, and the town of New Rush springs up; Colonial Commissioners arrive there on November 17.

- The Harvard Summer School is founded.

- The Shinto shrine of Izumo-taisha in Japan is designated as an Imperial shrine.

- Modern " neoclassical economics " is initiated by publication of William Stanley Jevons 's Theory of Political Economy and Carl Menger 's Principles of Economics (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre).

## Births

### January–February

- January 1 – Manuel Gondra, Paraguayan author and journalist, 21st President of Paraguay (d. 1927)

- January 7 – Émile Borel, French mathematician, politician (d. 1956)

- January 8 – William O. Taylor, American newspaper executive (d. 1955)

- January 17 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty, British admiral (d. 1936)

- January 19 – Frederick Maurice, British Army officer, military correspondent, writer and academic (d. 1951)

- January 20 – Fabián García, Mexican-American horticulturist (d. 1948)

- January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940)

- February 4 Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925) Heinrich Schnee, German lawyer, colonial civil servant, politician, writer, and association official (d. 1949)

- Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)

- Heinrich Schnee, German lawyer, colonial civil servant, politician, writer, and association official (d. 1949)

- February 6 – C. V. Kunhiraman, Indian social reformer, journalist and the founder of Kerala Kaumudi daily (d. 1949)

- February 9 – Howard Taylor Ricketts, American pathologist (d. 1910)

- February 14 – Florence Roberts, American stage actress (d. 1927)

- February 18 – Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)

- February 25 – Lesya Ukrainka, born Larysa Petrivna Kosach, Ukrainian writer; political, civil and feminist activist (d. 1913)

- February 26 – Matti Turkia, Finnish politician (d. 1946)

- February 27 – Otto Praeger, American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (d. 1948)

- February 28 Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, Venezuelan writer and politician (d. 1927) Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, British expert on heraldry (d. 1928)

- Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, Venezuelan writer and politician (d. 1927)

- Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, British expert on heraldry (d. 1928)

### March–April

- March 1 Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938) Hermann Kallenbach, Lithuanian-born Jewish South African architect (d. 1945) Oskar Heinroth, German biologist and zoologist (d. 1945)

- Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938)

- Hermann Kallenbach, Lithuanian-born Jewish South African architect (d. 1945)

- Oskar Heinroth, German biologist and zoologist (d. 1945)

- March 4 – Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician (d. 1945)

- March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919)

- March 6 – Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1937)

- May 10 – Edward FitzGerald, American-born mountaineer and soldier of British descent (d. 1931)

- March 12 – Kitty Marion, German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (d. 1944)

- March 15 Constantin Argetoianu, 41st Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1955) James B. A. Robertson, American lawyer, judge and the fourth governor of Oklahoma (d. 1938)

- Constantin Argetoianu, 41st Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1955)

- James B. A. Robertson, American lawyer, judge and the fourth governor of Oklahoma (d. 1938)

- March 17 – Konstantinos Pallis, Greek general (d. 1941)

- March 19 Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921) John Henry Taylor, English professional golfer (d. 1963) Baroness Mary Vetsera (d. 1889)

- Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921)

- John Henry Taylor, English professional golfer (d. 1963)

- Baroness Mary Vetsera (d. 1889)

- March 24 – Birdie Blye, American pianist (d. 1935)

- March 26 – Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, Hawaiian royalty and politician (d. 1922)

- March 27 – Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)

- March 28 – Herman van Roijen, Dutch diplomat (d. 1933)

- March 29 – Aleksei Chichibabin, Soviet Russian organic chemist (d. 1945)

- March 31 – Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)

- April 1 – F. Melius Christiansen, Norwegian -born violinist and choral conductor (d. 1955)

- April 3 – John Wren, Australian business man (d. 1953)

- April 4 – Luke McNamee, American admiral (d. 1952)

- April 6 – Giorgi Mazniashvili, Georgian general and prominent military figures in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (d. 1937)

- April 7 – Charlotte Maxeke, South African religious leader, social and political activist (d. 1939)

- April 8 – Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925)

- April 12 – Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1941)

- April 13 – Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius, Lithuanian author, Roman Catholic archbishop and blessed (d. 1927)

- April 15 – Jonathan Zenneck, German physicist, electrical engineer (d. 1959)

### May–June

- May 2 – Francis P. Duffy, Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d. 1932)

- May 3 – Emmett Dalton, American outlaw, train robber and member of the Dalton Gang (d. 1937)

- May 6 Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935) Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)

- Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935)

- Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)

- May 7 – Gyula Károlyi, 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1947)

- May 9 – Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, third son of Alexander III, Maria of Russia and brother of Nicholas II (d. 1899)

- May 14 – Walter Stanley Monroe, businessman, politician, and former Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d. 1952)

- May 19 – Walter Russell, American artist (d. 1963)

- May 26 – Camille Huysmans, Belgian politician and former prime minister of Belgium (d. 1968)

- May 27 – Georges Rouault, French painter, graphic artist (d. 1958)

- May 28 – Teriimaevarua III, last Queen of Bora Bora (d. 1932)

- June 5 Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940) Michele Angiolillo, Italian anarchist (d. 1897)

- Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)

- Michele Angiolillo, Italian anarchist (d. 1897)

- June 7 – Khwaja Salimullah, fourth Nawab of Dhaka and one of the leading Muslim politicians during the British rule in India (d. 1915)

- June 8 – Howard Gould, American financier and the son of Jay Gould (d. 1959)

- June 11 – Walter Cowan, British admiral (d. 1956)

- June 12 Ernst Stromer, German paleontologist (d. 1952) Lu Zhengxiang, Chinese diplomat and a Roman Catholic priest and monk (d. 1949)

- Ernst Stromer, German paleontologist (d. 1952)

- Lu Zhengxiang, Chinese diplomat and a Roman Catholic priest and monk (d. 1949)

- June 13 – Princess Hélène of Orléans, member of the deposed Orléans royal family of France (d. 1951)

- June 14 – Jacob Ellehammer, Danish inventor (d. 1946)

- June 17 – James Weldon Johnson, American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d. 1938)

- June 18 – Edmund Breese, American actor (d. 1936)

- June 23 – Jantina Tammes, Dutch plant biologist (d. 1947)

- June 26 – Reginald R. Belknap, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1959)

### July–August

- July 2 – Wilhelm von Mirbach, German diplomat (d. 1918)

- July 5 – Claus Schilling, German medical researcher and war criminal (d. 1946)

- July 10 – Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)

- July 13 – John Norton-Griffiths, British engineer, army officer, and politician (d. 1930)

- July 17 – Lyonel Feininger, German painter (d. 1956)

- July 18 – Sada Yacco, Japanese stage actress (d. 1946)

- July 22 – Aarnoud van Heemstra, Dutch nobleman, jurist and politician (d. 1951)

- July 25 – Richard Ernest William Turner, Canadian soldier (d. 1961)

- August 1 – John Lester, American cricketer (d. 1969)

- August 3 – Augusta Holtz, Polish-American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1871 (d. 1986)

- August 4 – Lillian Smith, American trick shooter and trick rider (d. 1930)

- August 12 Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (d. 1939) Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and sixth President of Cuba (d. 1939)

- Gustavs Zemgals, 2nd President of Latvia (d. 1939)

- Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and sixth President of Cuba (d. 1939)

- August 13 – Karl Liebknecht, German politician (d. 1919)

- August 14 – Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)

- August 19 Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Wilbur (d. 1948) Joseph E. Widener, American art collector (d. 1943)

- Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Wilbur (d. 1948)

- Joseph E. Widener, American art collector (d. 1943)

- August 23 – Sofia Panina, Russian politician (d. 1956)

- August 25 – Nils Edén, 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1945)

- August 26 – Edward Lavin Girroir, Canadian politician (d. 1932)

- August 27 – Theodore Dreiser, American writer (d. 1945)

- August 29 – Albert François Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)

- August 30 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)

- August 31 Ernst II, last reigning duke of Saxe-Altenburg and German general in World War I (d. 1955) Syed Hasan Imam, Indian politician and served as President of the Indian National Congress (d. 1933)

- Ernst II, last reigning duke of Saxe-Altenburg and German general in World War I (d. 1955)

- Syed Hasan Imam, Indian politician and served as President of the Indian National Congress (d. 1933)

### September–October

- September 1 – J. Reuben Clark, Under Secretary of State for U.S. President Calvin Coolidge (d. 1961)

- September 7 – Francis Aylmer Maxwell, British-Indian Army officer in the Second Boer War and WWI (d. 1917)

- September 10 Thomas Adams, British urban planner (d. 1940) Charles Collett, English Great Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (d. 1952)

- Thomas Adams, British urban planner (d. 1940)

- Charles Collett, English Great Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (d. 1952)

- September 11 – Scipione Borghese, Italian aristocrat, industrialist, politician, explorer, mountain climber and race driver (d. 1927)

- September 13 – Alma Kruger, American actress (d. 1960)

- September 15 – Aloysius, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

- September 17 – Eivind Astrup, Norwegian Arctic explorer (d. 1895)

- September 19 Frederick Ruple, Swiss-born American portrait painter (d. 1938) Gösta Lilliehöök, Swedish Army officer (d. 1952) Magnus Johnson, American politician (d. 1936)

- Frederick Ruple, Swiss-born American portrait painter (d. 1938)

- Gösta Lilliehöök, Swedish Army officer (d. 1952)

- Magnus Johnson, American politician (d. 1936)

- September 22 – Gaskell Romney, American patriarch of the Romney family (d. 1955)

- September 23 – František Kupka, Czech painter and graphic artist (d. 1957)

- September 24 – Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)

- September 26 – Winsor McCay, American cartoonist, animator (d. 1934)

- September 27 – Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)

- September 28 – Pietro Badoglio, Italian field marshal, prime minister (d. 1956)

- September 30 – Adolphe Stoclet, Belgian engineer, financier and noted collector (d. 1949)

- October 2 – Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)

- October 3 – Kim Bo-hyon, paternal grandfather of Kim Il Sung, great-grandfather of Kim Jong Il, and great-great-grandfather of Kim Jong Un (d. 1955)

- October 5 – Sulejman Delvina, Albanian politician (d. 1932)

- October 10 – David Lindsay, British Conservative politician and art connoisseur (d. 1940)

- October 11 – Sidney Dillon Redmond, American civic leader, physician, lawyer, and politician (d. 1948)

- October 14 – Alexander von Zemlinsky, Austrian composer, conductor, and teacher (d. 1942)

- October 19 – Walter Bradford Cannon, American physiologist (d. 1945)

- October 11 – Harriet Boyd Hawes, American archaeologist (d. 1945)

- October 17 – Dénes Berinkey, 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1944)

- October 20 – Atul Prasad Sen, Bengali composer, lyricist, singer, lawyer, philanthropist, social worker, educationist and writer (d. 1934)

- October 25 – John Gough, British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1915)

- October 27 – Vatslav Vorovsky, Russian Bolshevik, Marxist revolutionary, literary critic, publicist and Soviet diplomat (d. 1923)

- October 30 Buck Freeman, American baseball player (d. 1949) Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)

- Buck Freeman, American baseball player (d. 1949)

- Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)

### November–December

- November 1 – Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)

- November 12 – Dagmar Hansen, Danish cabaret -singer, stage-performer and Denmark's first " pin-up girl " (d. 1959)

- November 13 – Vladislav F. Ribnikar, Serbian journalist (d. 1914)

- November 14 – Wajed Ali Khan Panni, Bengali aristocrat and philanthropist (d. 1936)

- November 10 Winston Churchill, American best-selling novelist (d. 1947) Sachchidananda Sinha, Indian lawyer, parliamentarian, and journalist (d. 1950)

- Winston Churchill, American best-selling novelist (d. 1947)

- Sachchidananda Sinha, Indian lawyer, parliamentarian, and journalist (d. 1950)

- November 18 – Amadeu Vives i Roig, Spanish-Catalan composer and writer (d. 1932)

- November 23 – William Watt, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (d. 1946)

- November 26 – Luigi Sturzo, Italian Catholic priest and politician (d. 1959)

- November 27 – Giovanni Giorgi, Italian physicist and electrical engineer (d. 1950)

- December 9 – Joe Kelley, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1943)

- December 13 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist (d. 1945)

- December 14 – August von Hayek, Austrian physician and botanist (d. 1928)

- December 16 – Manuel Fernández Silvestre, Spanish general (d. 1921)

- December 17 – Virginia Fábregas, Mexican actress (d. 1950)

- December 29 – Meyer London, American politician (d. 1926)

### Date unknown

- Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni, Moroccan sharif and tribal leader (d. 1925)

- Sevasti Qiriazi, Albanian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1949)

- Zhang Jinghui, Chinese general and politician, second and final Prime Minister of Manchukuo (d. 1959)

- Armando Falconi, Italian stage and film actor (d. 1954)

- Cyrus Avery, creator of US Route 66 (d. 1963)

- Hasan Rıza Pasha, general in the Ottoman Army (d. 1913)

- Isfandiyar Khan, Khan of Khiva between September 1910 and 1 October 1918 (d. 1918)

- R. Ramachandra Rao, Indian civil servant, mathematician and social and political activist (d. 1936)

- Konstantinos Spanoudis, Greek politician and journalist (d. 1941)

## Deaths

### January–June

- January 8 – José Trinidad Cabañas, Honduran general, president and national hero (b. 1805)

- January 13 – Kawakami Gensai, Japanese swordsman of the Bakumatsu period (b. 1834)

- January 15 – Edward C. Delavan, American temperance movement leader (b. 1793)

- January 19 – Sir William Denison, Governor of New South Wales (b. 1804)

- January 25 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (b. 1794)

- February 10 – Étienne Constantin de Gerlache, 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1785)

- February 12 – Alice Cary, American poet, sister of Phoebe Cary (b. 1820)

- February 20 – Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)

- February 22 – Sir Charles Shaw, British army officer and police commissioner (b. 1795)

- February 23 – Amanda Cajander, Finnish medical reformer (b. 1827)

- March – Emma Fürstenhoff, Swedish florist (b. 1802)

- March 18 – Augustus De Morgan, English professor of mathematics, mathematician (b. 1806)

- April 7 Prince Alexander John of Wales (b. April 6, prematurely) Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, Austrian admiral (b. 1827)

- Prince Alexander John of Wales (b. April 6, prematurely)

- Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, Austrian admiral (b. 1827)

- April 30 – Jane Clouson, teenaged British murder victim (b. 1854)

- May 11 – John Herschel, English astronomer (b. 1792)

- May 12 – Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay, Canadian politician (b. 1809)

- May 18 – Constance Trotti, Belgian salonnière, culture patron (b. 1800)

- May 21 – Antonija Höffern, Slovene noblewoman and educator (b. 1803)

- May 23 – Jarosław Dąbrowski, Polish general (b. 1836)

- June 9 – Anna Atkins, British botanist (b. 1799)

### July–December

- July 5 – Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso, Italian noble, patriot, writer and journalist (b. 1808)

- July 6 – Castro Alves, Brazilian poet and playwright (b. 1847)

- July 15 – Tad Lincoln, youngest son of American President Abraham Lincoln (b. 1853)

- July 31 – Phoebe Cary, American poet, sister to Alice Cary (b. 1824)

- August 9 – John Paterson, politician in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (b. 1831)

- September 16 – Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (b. 1803)

- September 20 – John Patteson, Anglican bishop, missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)

- September 21 – Charlotte Elliott, English hymnwriter (b. 1789)

- September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)

- October 4 – Sarel Cilliers, Voortrekker leader, preacher (b. 1801)

- October 7 – Sir John Burgoyne, British field marshal (b. 1782)

- October 16 – Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes, American missionary, journalist, translator (b. 1830)

- October 18 – Charles Babbage, English mathematician, inventor (b. 1791)

- October 29 – Andrea Debono, Maltese trader and explorer (b. 1821)

- November 2 – Athalia Schwartz, Danish writer, journalist and educator (b. 1821)

- November 22 – Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b. 1825)

- December 21 – Luise Aston, German author, feminist (b. 1814)

- December 28 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman, mathematician (b. 1809)


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Career

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.

Mross was married to production assistant Susanne Schmidt from 2013 to 2016. The marriage produced a daughter in 2013 and a son in 2015. The couple lived in Unterwössen, a municipality in the Traunstein district of Upper Bavaria, until their separation in autumn 2016.


Death of Kristie Fischer

# Death of Kristie Fischer

## Abstract

On December 1, 1991, three-month-old baby Kristie Fischer died in a house fire in Thornwood, New York. Fischer's family accused their au pair, a Swiss woman named Olivia Riner, of killing the baby by arson. They stated that she had not attempted to rescue the baby, and therefore they believed she was guilty. Riner originated from Wettingen and was a babysitter for a Swiss family for three years. She worked as a pediatrician's assistant before being hired for a one-year term to care for the Fischer family, through the company EF Au Pair.

Alex Prud'homme of People wrote that "the case turned into an international cause célèbre ", partly because it almost coincided with the release of the film The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and partly due to the gravity of the crime. Richard Lorant of the Associated Press wrote that the case was compared to the film and that it "frightened working mothers everywhere." William Glaberson of The New York Times wrote that the case "crystallized the concerns and worries parents have about leaving their children in other people's care".

## Incident

Fires started in three separate places in the Fischer house: In Riner's room, in Kristie's, and in the one belonging to Leah, Kristie's adult half-sister.

Prosecutor George Bolen accused Riner of gathering accelerants and putting paint thinner on the baby. Authorities charged Riner with second-degree murder and first-degree arson.

## Trial and verdict

Riner's agency hired lawyer Laura Brevetti one month prior to Fischer's death; Brevetti became Riner's attorney. Riner's trial began on June 2, 1992. The authorities had insufficient physical evidence to show that Riner had caused the fire. Brevetti stated that the police had botched the investigation: The crime scene was not secured, and was quickly returned to the home owners. Police officers – without being specifically tasked to investigate the scene and gather evidence – and craftsmen were able to enter the rooms without hindrance. A day after the fire, Leah – Kristie's adult half-sister – and her boyfriend, John Gallagher, were recorded on video searching through Leah's scorched belongings. During and shortly after the incident, the police did not properly interrogate Gallagher, who was friends with several police officers and was the first person to arrive at the scene.

Olivia Riner's interrogation was marred by language difficulties. Riner did not know what "lawyer" meant, and could not readily indicate a distance in feet. The recording of the interrogation was of poor quality, as the microphone was behind the interrogating officer, and even after adjusting the volume, jurors had trouble understanding Riner's expressions.

Only after a number of days did investigators try to gather fingerprints in Fischer's home (and found none that stemmed from the crime), and secured overlooked pieces of evidence – like the bag the body of Kristie Fischer had been found in. Brevetti also explained that the police did not consider other possible suspects for the fire. Brevetti stated that two men had started the fire.

George Bolen's suit mainly rested on the premise that Olivia Riner did not notice any other person – except the baby – in the house. Bolen asserted that the house was impenetrable, and that Riner would have certainly noticed a foreign person entering the house. During the trial, when Kristie's father was interrogated, he stated that he was able to enter the house unnoticed by Olivia mere hours before the fire, and surprised her. The family usually left the main door unlocked as long as somebody stayed at home.

The jury of seven men and five women ruled that Riner was not guilty after one day of deliberation. Some jurors stated that the prosecution never provided a motive for Riner committing the crime. Glaberson wrote that the verdict "appeared an endorsement of an aggressive defense strategy." The judge, Donald N. Silverman, stated his agreement with the result. Fischer's family maintained their belief that Riner was guilty. Authorities never filed any criminal charges related to this case against anyone else.

## Legacy

Geraldo Rivera, according to Lorant, suggested and "all but accused" a family friend of the Fischers of being the perpetrator. Lorant stated that Geraldo's presentation "didn't hurt" Riner's case.

Joyce Eggington wrote the book Circle of Fire: Murder and Betrayal in the "Swiss Nanny" Case. Eggington believed that Riner had perpetrated the crime. Eggington stated that she initially believed Riner was innocent, but that she later believed that nobody else could have set the fires.

Don Davis wrote the book The Nanny Murder Trial.

After the trial Riner found employment in Switzerland and began working in a doctor's office. Her lawyer stated that Riner did not wish to give interviews.

The Fischer family sued EF Au Pair, seeking an equivalent of 60 million British pounds.

## Literature


# Northland (National Provincial Championship)

## Abstract

Northland (often known as the Northland Taniwha) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Whangārei, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1920, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Semenoff Stadium in Whangārei in the Northland region. The team is affiliated with the Blues Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are sky blue.

## Current squad

The Northland Taniwha squad for the 2024 Bunnings NPC.

## Honours

Northland have never been overall Champions. Their full list of honours, though, include:

- Winners: 1977 (as North Auckland)

- Winners: 1997

## Current Super Rugby players

Players named in the 2024 Northland Taniwha squad, who also earned contracts or were named in a squad for any side participating in the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season.


Mississippi Braves

# Mississippi Braves

## Abstract

The Mississippi Braves, or M-Braves as they are referred to locally, was a Minor League Baseball team based in Pearl, Mississippi, a suburb of Jackson. The team was the Double-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves and played in the Southern League. The team had been owned and operated by Diamond Baseball Holdings since December 2021. After the 2024 season, the team relocated to Columbus, Georgia, to become the Columbus Clingstones.

## History

In 2005, the Southern League 's Greenville Braves relocated to Pearl from Greenville, South Carolina, due to the poor condition of Greenville Municipal Stadium, and the failure to reach an agreement with the Greenville County council for a new ballpark.

The M-Braves' first season began on April 18, 2005 at Trustmark Park with a loss to the Montgomery Biscuits.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball 's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Braves were organized into the Double-A South. They won the 2021 Southern Division title with a first-place 67–44 record. They qualified for the playoffs by having the best record in the league. The Braves defeated the Montgomery Biscuits, 3–2, in the best-of-five series to win the Double-A South championship. Shea Langeliers was selected as the league's Top MLB Prospect and Dan Meyer as the Manager of the Year.

In December 2021, Diamond Baseball Holdings bought the Mississippi Braves from Atlanta Braves owner Liberty Media.

In 2022, the Double-A South became known as the Southern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

On January 9, 2024, the Braves announced that the 2024 season would be their final season in Pearl, Mississippi and they would be relocating to Columbus, Georgia for the start of the 2025 season. In September 2024, the franchise's new identity was revealed as the Columbus Clingstones.

## Championships

On September 13, 2008, the Mississippi Braves beat the Carolina Mudcats, 3–2, in the 10th inning of the decisive Game 5 of the Southern League Championship Series. This was the M-Braves first championship and the first Southern League title for Atlanta's Double-A franchise since 1997. The M-Braves' second title came in 2021 in the Double-A South.

## Television and radio

All Mississippi Braves games are televised live on MiLB.TV. Since 2023, all regular and post-season Mississippi Braves games air on 102.1 The Box. The broadcasters are Chris Harris and Jack Sadighian. From 2009 to 2022, games aired on WYAB 103.9 FM.

## Notable players

- Blaine Boyer * (2005)

- Danny Burawa

- Román Colón (2005)

- Chuck James (2005)

- Brian McCann * (2005)

- Jay Powell * (2005)

- Martín Prado * (2005–2006)

- Gregor Blanco (2005-2006)

- Joey Devine * (2005–2007)

- Jeff Francoeur * (2005, 2008)

- Max Fried * (2017)

- Chipper Jones * (2006)

- Yunel Escobar (2006)

- Manny Acosta (2006)

- Matt Harrison (2006)

- José Ascanio * (2006–2007)

- Jarrod Saltalamacchia * (2006–2007)

- Kris Medlen (2007-2008)

- Tommy Hanson (2008)

- Matt Diaz (2008)

- Jordan Schafer (2008, 2010)

- Jason Heyward (2009)

- Freddie Freeman (2009)

- Craig Kimbrel (2009)

- Nate McLouth * (2009)

- Julio Teherán (2010)

- Mike Minor (2010, 2014)

- Arodys Vizcaíno (2011, 2015)

- Andrelton Simmons * (2012)

- Evan Gattis (2012)

- Christian Bethancourt (2012-2013)

- Philip Gosselin (2012-2013)

- Tommy La Stella (2013)

- Alex Wood (2013)

- Mallex Smith (2015)

- Brian O'Connor (2005)

- Ronald Acuna Jr. (2017)

- Michael Harris II (2022)

* Promoted directly to Atlanta.


Eugeniusz Dębski

# Eugeniusz Dębski

## Abstract

Eugeniusz Dębski (b. 26 January 1952; sometimes referred to as EuGeniusz, a word-play coined after the Polish word for genius) is a Polish science-fiction writer and translator of Russian literature.

Born in Truskavets (then in USSR), early in his life he moved to Poland to settle in Wrocław where he graduated from the Russian faculty of Wrocław University. He is known primarily as the author of numerous novels (mostly S-f and fantasy), and several hundred short stories, published in Polish journals including Fantastyka, Nowa Fantastyka, Science Fiction, Fenix and Portal.

Dębski translated and published a large part of the Russian classics of science fiction, from Kir Bulychov, through Nikolai Perumov, Vladimir Vasiliev, Vyacheslav Rybakov, to Kirill Yeskov. Four times nominated to the Janusz A. Zajdel Award, he was also awarded the Śląkfa, as well as two prizes created for him by fans: the Mątwa and the Srebrna Muszla.

He was one of the creators and the chief editor (2002–2004) of Fahrenheit, the first Polish Internet science fiction fanzine.


# Igor Miladinović (footballer, born 1989)

## Abstract

Igor Miladinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Игор Миладиновић; born 25 June 1989) is a Serbian football midfielder who plays for IMT in Serbian League Belgrade.


John Gramlick

# John Gramlick

## Abstract

John Gramlick was an English plumber and one of the founders of the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In 1897, he started the Challenge Cup, a football competition for Austria-Hungary.


Marin Pilj

# Marin Pilj

## Abstract

Marin Pilj (born 3 December 1996) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Terengganu FC.


The Black Prince (novel)

# The Black Prince (novel)

## Abstract

The Black Prince is Iris Murdoch 's 15th novel, first published in 1973. The name of the novel alludes mainly to Hamlet.

## Plot summary

The Black Prince is remarkable for the structure of its narrative, consisting of a central first-person narrative bookended by forewords and post-scripts by other characters in the central story. It starts with Editor's Foreword ("Every artist is an unhappy lover. And unhappy lovers want to tell their story.") The novel largely consists of the description of a period in the later life of the main character, ageing London author Bradley Pearson, during which time he falls in love with the daughter of a friend and literary rival, Arnold Baffin. For years Bradley has had a tense but strong relationship with Arnold, regarding himself as having 'discovered' the younger writer. The tension is ostensibly over Bradley's distaste for Arnold's lack of proper literary credentials, though later the other characters claim this to be a matter of jealousy or the product of an Oedipus complex. Their closeness is made apparent from the start of the book, however, as Arnold telephones Bradley, worried that he has killed his wife, Rachel, in a domestic row. Bradley attends with his former brother-in-law, Francis Marloe, in tow. Together they calm the injured Rachel and restore peace to the Baffins' household.

Bradley begins to get trapped in a growing dynamic of family, friends, and associates who collectively seem to thwart his attempts at achieving the isolation he feels necessary to create his 'masterpiece'. His intervention in the Baffins' marriage, for instance, prompts Rachel to fall in love with him. His depressed sister, Priscilla, leaves her abusive husband, demanding that her brother shelter her. The Baffins' young daughter, Julian, declares her admiration for Bradley and begs him to tutor her. Even Christian, Bradley's ex-wife, invades his life by seeking to repair their long-defunct relationship.

Bradley attempts to navigate these complications with mixed success. His inability to reciprocate Rachel's affections ultimately defuses their affair. She agrees, much to Bradley's satisfaction, to be no more than his friend. Christian meanwhile starts an affair with Arnold, drawing her attentions away from Bradley. Indeed, Arnold informs Bradley that he intends to leave Rachel for Christian. Yet Bradley fails to give proper attention to Priscilla, who pathetically alternates between despair and hysterical optimism. Only Francis remains a constant annoyance; the former psychoanalyst is implicitly in love with Bradley.

During this time, however, Bradley cannot escape falling in love with Julian. He privately vows never to confess or seek to realise this love, but he cannot contain himself. He promptly blurts it out to Julian herself, and the two embark on a brief, intense affair. He steals away Julian to a rented sea-side cottage to evade Rachel and Arnold, who both condemn the relationship. But he also neglects pressing needs at home. Priscilla, left without any companions, commits suicide; Bradley nonetheless postpones returning. He feels that the news would destroy any romantic connection between him and Julian. When Arnold arrives, enraged, to collect his daughter, however, he turns this deception against Bradley. Julian is visibly disturbed, and she promises to return home the next day. Yet Julian vanishes in the night—in Bradley's mind, at least, Arnold has taken her off and hidden her against her will.

Bradley returns to London in a lovesick fury. A jealous Rachel confronts him, (incorrectly) telling him that Arnold has taken Julian to Europe. She mocks Bradley's high-minded notions regarding love; Julian, she says, already rues their affair. Filled with anger, Bradley tells Rachel about Arnold's plan to leave her. This revelation startles Rachel and she departs. The final action of the main section takes place at the Baffins' residence, where Bradley attends an incident parallel to the opening one. Rachel appears to have struck Arnold with a poker, killing him. Taking pity on her, Bradley helps her clean up the crime scene and advises her to tell the police the truth. She instead blames the murder on Bradley; he is put under arrest.

Bradley's arrest, trial, and conviction for Arnold's murder are briefly described. The police attribute the murder to Bradley's jealousy of Arnold's writerly success. No one can corroborate Bradley's version of events; Francis's obviously biased account only harms his cause. Thus, his affairs with both Rachel and Julian, as well as Arnold's affair with Christian, remain secret. Rachel appears as a grieving widow, whereas Bradley appears as a cruel, possibly homosexual sociopath. He is convicted and sent to prison. Bradley then closes his account from his prison cell, reaffirming his love for Julian.

### The Post-Scripts by the Dramatis Personae

This section is told from the point of view of the other characters, each being said to have had the luxury of reading the main section before drafting their responses. Each interprets the action differently, focusing on separate issues to a more or less selfish degree. They exist to cast doubt not only on the veracity of the fiction that preceded it, but also on themselves. Christian, for example, dismisses any accusation of self-interest, claiming that Bradley lied because he was still in love with her. Francis assesses Bradley as a dysfunctional neurotic to promote his new book. Rachel also claims that Bradley may have lied due to unrequited love. Julian herself has little to say: she states that she remembers little of that time, and that she has no wish to remember anything more. The "editor" of the entire volume concludes the novel by supporting Bradley's account and praising his devotion to love as an all-empowering force.

## Influences and themes

Chief amongst Iris Murdoch's influences for this novel is the Shakespeare play Hamlet. It is openly referenced and discussed throughout, especially by Bradley. It is noted in the Post-Scripts that Bradley Pearson shares initials with the Black Prince, the title of Pearson's fictional as well as Murdoch's real work. Also present is the influence of Freud, especially through the frequent sexual imagery centred on recurrent references to the phallic Post Office Tower. Bradley's possible proxy admission of homosexuality is made possible through his seeming self-identification with Shakespeare throughout his narrative, and in his claiming both Hamlet and Shakespeare were homosexual. It is strengthened further by the moments in the book where he finds himself attracted to Julian, during each of which her gender is made ambiguous. The final of these is when he finally achieves sexual arousal, having previously been unable, when Julian has dressed herself as Hamlet. These themes are discussed by Francis, himself a homosexual, in the Post-Scripts. It is also notable that the two characters Bradley has achieved intimacy with, Julian and Christian, are not clearly female in characterisation or name. An attempted seduction by Rachel, a more traditionally feminine character, is described passionlessly by Bradley's narrative.

Subtler Ancient Greek influences are seen in Bradley's quest for a pseudo- Platonic perfection in his writing and his purported Asceticism.

## Awards and nominations

The Black Prince was awarded the 1973 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. It was shortlisted for the 1973 Booker Prize.


Survivor Greece season 12

# Survivor Greece season 12

## Abstract

The twelfth season of the popular reality show Survivor Greece, will premiere on September, 2024 on Skai TV in Greece and (via simulcast) on Sigma TV in Cyprus. Giorgos Lianos will return as host for his seventh consecutive season. In August 2024 the official trailer was released announcing the return of the show the autumn of 2024. it's the first time that the show will premiere earlier than January.

The format of the game changed raridly from the previous seasons, as the producers decided to follow the Mexican version of the show.

## Contestants

The game began with eighteen contestants divided into two teams Tigreis and Aetoi.

## Ratings

Official ratings are taken from AGB Hellas.

|}


Eugeniusz Dębski


Tulsa King

# Tulsa King

## Abstract

Tulsa King is an American comedy and crime-drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan for the streaming platform Paramount+. The series stars Sylvester Stallone in his first leading role in a scripted television series. Stallone portrays Dwight "The General" Manfredi, a Mafia capo who has been recently released from prison in New York and is sent to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he begins to set up a criminal organization. The series also stars Andrea Savage, Martin Starr, Jay Will, Max Casella, Domenick Lombardozzi, Vincent Piazza, A. C. Peterson, Garrett Hedlund and Dana Delany. After receiving an early premiere in theaters on October 29, 2022, the series was released on Paramount+ from November 13, 2022 to January 8, 2023. Shortly after premiering, Tulsa King was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 15, 2024.

Terence Winter was the showrunner for the first season but due to differences with Sheridan, he was demoted to head writer before the second. Director Craig Zisk produced the second season. The first season was largely filmed in Oklahoma City, but primary production on the second season relocated to Atlanta after the cast and crew complained. Annabella Sciorra, Tatiana Zappardino, Frank Grillo and Neal McDonough are set to join the second-season cast. The series provided a television ratings boost during its broadcast on Paramount Network, and a subscription boost on Paramount+. Critics gave Tulsa King generally positive reviews; many praised Stallone's performance but some critics criticized the dialogue and overall story arc. In 2023, Tulsa King was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award.

## Premise

Dwight "The General" Manfredi is a Mafia capo from New York City who has just finished serving a 25-year prison sentence. Upon release, Dwight's boss sends him to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to establish criminal operations there. Dwight, who does not know anyone in the area, seeks a new crew to help him establish his empire. He first meets taxi driver Tyson Mitchell, whom he recruits as his personal driver, and acquires financing by threatening and later befriending Lawrence "Bodhi" Geigerman, the owner of a local dispensary. While attempting to grow his enterprise, Dwight gains many more associates, including Mitch Keller, who owns a bar Dwight frequents. Dwight initially remains in contact with the syndicate in New York but later begins to despise them. Dwight and his crew become enemies with the outlaw biker gang The Black Macadams. During this time, Dwight experiences personal and family problems as a result of his actions. Stacy Beale, a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE; commonly known as ATF) agent and Dwight's love interest, investigates Dwight's actions and those of his crew.

## Cast and characters

### Main

- Sylvester Stallone as Dwight "The General" Manfredi, a capo in the Invernizzi family who is sent to Tulsa after serving 25 years in prison for murder

- Andrea Savage as Stacy Beale, Manfredi's love interest and a senior ATF agent

- Martin Starr as Lawrence "Bodhi" Geigerman, a marijuana dealer who Manfredi recruits to help finance his syndicate

- Jay Will as Tyson Mitchell, a former taxi driver who becomes Dwight's driver and the first member of the Manfredi syndicate

- Max Casella as Armand "Manny" Truisi, a former Invernizzi soldier who made a new life in Tulsa working at Fennario horse ranch after breaking his vow to the family. He joins Manfredi's crew after unsuccessfully trying to kill him.

- Domenick Lombardozzi as Don Charles "Chickie" Invernizzi, underboss of the Invernizzi family

- Vincent Piazza as Vince Antonacci, Chickie's top capo

- A. C. Peterson as Pete "The Rock" Invernizzi, the ailing boss of the Invernizzi family

- Garrett Hedlund as Mitch Keller, an ex-rodeo star, ex-convict and bar owner who is an associate of the Manfredi syndicate

- Dana Delany as Margaret Devereaux, the owner of Fennario horse ranch

### Recurring

- Annabella Sciorra as Joanne Manfredi, Dwight's younger sister

- Chris Caldovino as Dennis "Goodie" Carangi, long-time member and Consigliere of the Invernizzi family who joins Manfredi in Tulsa.

- Ritchie Coster as Caolan Waltrip, the Irish leader of the outlaw biker gang The Black Macadams

- Emily Davis as Rochelle "Roxy" Harrington; Manny's co-worker, a Black Macadams old lady and an informant for Stacy

- Ronnie Gene Blevins as Ben Hutchins

- Barry Corbin as Babe

- Michael Beach as Mark Mitchell, Tyson's father

- Tatiana Zappardino as Tina Manfredi-Grieger, Dwight's estranged daughter and a Brooklyn florist

- Scarlet Rose Stallone as Spencer, a former waitress who Dwight hires to care for his prize horse

- Alan Autry as Brian Gillen, former owner of Fennario Ranch and Margaret Devereaux's ex-husband

- McKenna Quigley Harrington as Grace

- Robert Walker Branchaud as Carson Pike

- Patrick Ian Moore as Jack Paradise

## Episodes

### Series overview

## Production

### Development

On December 6, 2021, it was reported Taylor Sheridan and Terence Winter were developing a series titled Kansas City for the digital streaming platform Paramount+. The series was created by Sheridan, who had signed a multi-year contract with ViacomCBS to create new series during the COVID-19 pandemic. The series would be centered around Sal, an Italian-American mobster from New York City who is tasked with returning the mafia to Kansas City, Missouri. Sheridan, Winter and series-star Sylvester Stallone were announced as executive producers alongside Braden Aftergood from Stallone's banner Balboa Productions; and David C. Glasser, Ron Burkle and Bob Yari from the production company 101 Studios. Winter was also the series' showrunner, which MTV Entertainment Studios produced.

Sheridan wrote the pilot episode in a week. Winter moved the show's setting to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to give the characters a more-remote setting. In 2022, Deadline Hollywood stated the show was given a straight-to-series order under the title Tulsa King to reflect the change in location. Stallone involved himself in several aspects of the production. Winter noted: "With Stallone, you're getting a writer, a director, a producer, an editor"; and Glasser said Stallone was "heavily involved in the editing process".

On November 30, 2022, Tulsa King was renewed for a second season. The following February, it was announced Winter had resigned as showrunner due to "creative differences"; a new showrunner was sought but Winter would remain as an executive producer of the show. It was later revealed Sheridan had dismissed Winter because of differences in writing style; Sheridan stated he preferred character-driven plots whereas Winter preferred plot-driven characters. In February 2024, Winter was re-hired as a writer after an opening in his schedule due to delays caused by the 2023 Writers' Guild of America strike. In his modified position, Winter is the series' head writer and works outside Sheridan's direct supervision. Sheridan chose not to use a conventional showrunner for the second season and instead decided to hire a director and executive producer to oversee day-to-day production. It was announced Craig Zisk would fill this role.

### Casting

At the time the series was announced, Sylvester Stallone was participating in negotiations to star as Tulsa King ' s lead character Sal in his scripted television debut. Stallone's character was later renamed Dwight "The General" Manfredi. Stallone stated filming television was more difficult and time-consuming than the films in which he had starred. On March 24, 2022, Max Casella, Domenick Lombardozzi, Vincent Piazza and Jay Will were added to the cast; Casella, Lombardozzi and Piazza portray members of the Invernizzi family crime syndicate while Will stars as a recent college graduate who becomes a member of Dwight's crew. In May, A. C. Peterson, Andrea Savage, Garrett Hedlund and Martin Starr were reported to be starring in the series; they were followed in July by Dana Delany and Annabella Sciorra in August. Miles Mussenden also stars in the series. Stallone's daughter Scarlet appears in the series as Spencer, a barista and stable hand who is recruited to work with Dwight. Scarlet was originally considered for the role of Stallone's on-screen daughter but was considered too young for the role, which instead went to Tatiana Zappardino. Additional casting for minor characters and background actors occurred in May 2022.

Before production of the second season, Sciorra and Zappardino were promoted to the main cast. Frank Grillo also joined the main cast, starring as Bill Bevilaqua, a mobster from Kansas City. On May 1, 2024, it was reported Neal McDonough would appear as Cal Thresher. Two days later, Rich Ting was cast in the recurring role of Jackie Ming. Casting for additional extras in the second season occurred in June 2024.

During filming for the second season, Stallone and an unnamed director were accused of making disparaging remarks about background extras. Stallone was allegedly heard calling certain background actors "ugly", "tub of lard" and "fat guy with a cane". Stallone also suggested the production should instead cast "pretty young girls to be around me". The Atlanta-based casting agency Rose Locke & CL Casting, which had been responsible for hiring extras, resigned from the production soon after. Zisk responded to the comments through TMZ by denying the statements were made and stating the casting agency had hired extras who were older than the requested age range. CNN reported Paramount was investigating the allegations and that no formal complaints had been filed. The actors' labor union SAG-AFTRA also responded to the allegations, saying its scope does not include background actors in Atlanta but that it would provide any requested guidance; it also issued a statement condemning such comments toward any actor. Thomas Mooneyham, a background actor on the series, stated he believed the comments were about him after he and another extra were replaced with younger people. Stallone did not respond to the allegations.

### Production design

The series' costume designer Suzanne McCabe based many outfits on the Gambino crime family and Franzese Crew, as well as photographs from newspaper clippings in the 1980s; she cited John Gotti as an inspiration. McCabe also stated she tried to mostly use monochromatic colors for the show's costumes, using dark colors for the New York City -filmed scenes and softer colors for scenes in Oklahoma to represent that state's red soil. Sylvester Stallone was allowed to pick many elements of his own costumes, including bolo ties, jewelry and shoes. Production designer Todd Jeffery used a mix of soundstages and on-location filming for Tulsa King. The sets for "The Higher Plane" dispensary featured in the series was created in a former Texaco gas station. Mirrors were used in a scene that was filmed in a strip club to make the space appear larger. Location manager Patrick Mignanom was tasked with finding a dilapidated structure whose owner would be content with having it blown up. Saunder Jurriaans and Danny Bensi composed Tulsa King ' s theme song.

### Filming

Principal photography occurred over six months in Oklahoma City, Tulsa and Bethany, concluding on August 31, 2022. Some filming occurred at Tulsa International Airport on March 29, 2022. Additional locations used in Tulsa include Center of the Universe and the Mayo Hotel. Other scenes were filmed on-location in Brooklyn, New York. The series interior scenes and production offices were housed at Prairie Surf Studios. Additional photography wrapped by October. Filming in Oklahoma boosted the state's economy by an estimated $56 million.

It was later reported the show' second season would not be filmed in Oklahoma due to costs, and complaints from the cast and crew, who did not like the extreme temperatures there. Filming on the second season is occurring in the Atlanta, Georgia, suburb Norcross, using Eagle Rock Studios for sound stages. Filming began on April 1, 2024, and was scheduled to run until July 31. Some filming also took place in Gainesville, Georgia. A second unit filmed b-roll scenes in Tulsa in mid-June 2024. Filming for the second season wrapped on August 2.

## Release

The series premiere episode of Tulsa King received an early promotional screening with the fifth-season premiere of Yellowstone in AMC Theatres on October 29–30, 2022. Tulsa King began its weekly release schedule on Paramount+ beginning on November 13. The series' first two episodes were broadcast on Paramount Network on November 20 and 27, serving as a lead-out for episodes of Yellowstone. The first season concluded on January 8, 2023. In Japan, the series was launched in a Paramount+ hub on the streaming service Wowow. First season episodes received another linear broadcast on CBS beginning July 14, 2024. The second season will begin releasing in the United States and Canada on September 15, and internationally on September 16.

### Home media

The first season received a home-media release on DVD and Blu-ray on June 6, 2023; an alternative steelbook Blu-ray release accompanied the main release.

## Reception

### Viewing figures

On Paramount+, Tulsa King is Taylor Sheridan 's fourth-most-watched series with 3.36 billion minutes viewed. In its first broadcast on Paramount Network, the series brought in 3.7 million viewers, exceeding the Game of Thrones prequel House of the Dragon as "cable's highest-rated series debut" of 2022. It is also credited with the "biggest new sign-up day in history". The series premiere broadcast on CBS received 3.40 million viewers while episode two had 3.46 million.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79 % of 47 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6 /10. The website's consensus reads: " Tulsa King ' s stale comedy sometimes feels like ordering spaghetti with marinara and instead getting egg noodles and ketchup, but Sylvester Stallone still commands the screen with his swaggering charm." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 65 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly described the series as "Grumpy Old Grand Theft Auto ". CNN Entertainment ' s Brian Lowery described the series as an "odd mix of attributes" but praised the series' use of time. Reviewing for The Guardian, Lucy Mangan praised the comedy aspect of the series but failed to see it innovating further. Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd called the series "likeable", commending its use of comedy and character focus.

Tulsa King was often compared poorly to Winter's and Sheridan's other series; Sheridan was overseeing eight other series at the time Tulsa King debuted. The Hollywood Reporter ' s Daniel Fienberg wrote Sheridan's and Winter's main strength is not in comedy writing, despite the series being primarily marketed as a comedy. Fienberg goes on to state: "the first two episodes definitely give the impression of being something that Sheridan, Paramount+'s golden goose at this point, gestated between work on 15 different Yellowstone sequels and prequels". According to Anita Singh of The Daily Telegraph: "One of the writers, Terence Winter, has The Sopranos and Boardwalk Empire on his CV, but this show is to The Sopranos what Paw Patrol is to the works of David Attenborough".

Writing for the National Public Radio (NPR) talk show Fresh Air, David Bianculli compared the formula of Tulsa King to that of Yellowstone and noted the "sense of time passing and the importance of family". Stephan Lee with The Wrap said there is a "distinct straight-to-DVD quality to Tulsa King " but suggests the series stands on its own and is only poor when compared to Sheridan's and Winter's other works. Ben Travers of IndieWire described Tulsa King as "less serious" and a "breath of fresh air" compared to the seriousness and consequences in Sheridan's other series.

Stallone's acting received the highest praise from critics, although some criticized it for its lack of originality. Reviewing the first two episodes for Variety, Joshua Alston credited most of the series' success to Stallone, stating: " Tulsa King isn't a great show with him, but it would be far less interesting without him". Richard Roeper, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, said the series was written to Stallone's strengths. The A.V. Club ' s Todd Lazarski also praised Stallone's acting but described the series as an "undercooked fish-out-of-water mob story". USA Today writer Kelly Lawler criticized both the overall concept and Stallone saying he is "probably the king of something, but it's certainly not Tulsa, Oklahoma", and called the show "bad Goodfellas fan fiction".


Am I Racist?

# Am I Racist?

## Abstract

Am I Racist? is a 2024 American documentary comedy film starring conservative political commentator Matt Walsh that criticizes the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) movement. It is directed by Justin Folk for The Daily Wire.

The film follows Walsh as he goes undercover as a "bumbling DEI trainee" attending anti-racism workshops and interviewing experts and others.

The production cost $3 million. The film was released on September 13, 2024.

## Plot

The film has been described as a mockumentary in the style of Borat.

Matt Walsh finds himself in a coffee shop reminiscing about the prevalence of racism in society. He decides to embark on a journey to find out whether or not he is racist. After being ousted from a support group focused on " white guilt ", Walsh decides to take on a persona similar to that of the gender studies professor he interviewed in What is a Woman. He goes on to receive a DEI certification, and assumes the identity of a "DEI expert".

Subsequently, he begins his quest to "do the work" that started off his journey. Among other things, Walsh convinces passersby to sign a petition to rename the Washington Monument the " George Floyd Monument", raise the structure by 30%, and repaint it black. He also goes to a biker bar, hoping to expose the racism of white "hillbillies", and interviews black Americans who tell him that the solution to racism is to "love one another".

The show culminates in Walsh, now an experienced anti-racist activist, hosting an anti-racist workshop called the "Do the Work Workshop" where he tells white people that they are inherently racist, demonstrates speaking out against racism by condemning his uncle Frank for a racist joke he had made twenty years ago, and encourages self flagellation as a solution to white guilt. The show ends with Walsh having a change of heart and ending the workshop, stating publicly that the whole thing is a scam. In the final scene, Walsh imagines himself sharing his findings with the world before sitting down for coffee with his uncle Frank.

## Release

The film released September 13, 2024 in the United States and Canada. It is the first theatrically released film by The Daily Wire.

## Reception

### Critical response

Variety said the film is "either hilarious or offensive, depending on which side of the MAGA fence you sit on". Walsh wrote on X on the opening weekend that no "mainstream film critics" had yet reviewed the film.

As of September 15, the film has an audience score of 99% with over 500 verified reviews on Rotten Tomatoes. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it an average five out of five stars.

### Box office

Am I Racist? made $1.96 million on its opening day, including Thursday night previews, and made $4.7 million from 1,517 theaters in its opening weekend. It was "the top debut of 2024 so far for a doc and the third biggest of the past decade", according to The Hollywood Reporter.


Mars Organic Molecule Analyser

# Mars Organic Molecule Analyser

## Abstract

The Mars Organic Molecule Analyser (MOMA) is a mass spectrometer -based instrument on board the Rosalind Franklin rover to be launched in 2028 to Mars on an astrobiology mission. It will search for organic compounds (carbon-containing molecules) in the collected soil samples. By characterizing the molecular structures of detected organics, MOMA can provide insights into potential molecular biosignatures. MOMA will be able to detect organic molecules at concentrations as low as 10 parts-per-billion by weight (ppbw). MOMA examines solid crushed samples exclusively; it does not perform atmospheric analyses.

The Principal Investigator is Fred Goesmann, from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany.

## Overview

The goal of MOMA is to seek signs of past life on Mars (biosignatures) by analysing a wide range of organic compounds that may be found in drilled samples acquired from 2 meters below the Martian surface by the Rosalind Franklin rover. MOMA examines solid crushed samples only; it does not perform atmospheric analyses.

MOMA will first volatilize solid organic compounds so that they can be analysed by a mass spectrometer; this volatilisation of organic material is achieved by two different techniques: laser desorption and thermal volatilisation, followed by separation using four GC-MS columns. The identification of the organic molecules is then performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer.

### Organic biosignatures

While there is no unambiguous Martian biosignature to look for, a pragmatic approach is to look out for certain molecules such as lipids and phospholipids that may be forming cell membranes which can be preserved over geological timescales. Lipids and other organic molecules may exhibit biogenic features that are not present in abiogenic organic material. If biogenic (synthesized by a life form), such compounds may be found at high concentrations only over a narrow range of molecular weights, unlike in carbonaceous meteorites where these compounds are detected over a broader range of molecular weights. In the case of sugars and amino acids, excessive molecular homochirality (asymmetry) is another important clue of their biological origin. The assumption is that life on Mars would be carbon-based and cellular as on Earth, so there are expected common building blocks such as chains of amino acids (peptides and proteins) and chains of nucleobases (RNA, DNA, or their analogs). Also, some isomers of high molecular weight organics can be potential biosignatures when identified in context with other supporting evidence. Other compounds targeted for detection will include fatty acids, sterols, and hopanoids.

### Background organics

The surface of Mars is expected to have accumulated significant quantities of large organic molecules delivered by interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. MOMA's characterization of this fraction, may determine not only the abundance of this potential background for trace biomarker detection, but also the degree of decomposition of this matter by radiation and oxidation as a function of depth. This is essential in order to interpret the samples' origin in the local geological and geochemical context.

## Development

The components of MOMA related to GC-MS have heritage from the Viking landers, the COSAC on board the comet lander Philae, and SAM on board the Curiosity rover. But the methods applied in the past on board the Viking landers and the Curiosity rover are mostly destructive (pyrolysis), and consequently important information of the organic material is lost. Also, only volatile molecules can be detected and, only nonpolar molecules can get through the GC columns to the detector. MOMA will combine pyrolysis–derivatization with a less destructive method: LDMS (Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry), which allows large and intact molecular fragments to be detected and characterized by the mass spectrometer (MS). The LDMS technique is not affected by these drawbacks, and it is unaffected to the presence of perchlorates, known to be abundant on the surface of Mars. Tandem mass spectrometry can then be used to further characterize these molecules.

The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is leading the development. International partners include NASA. The mass spectrometer (MS) and the main electronics of MOMA are provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, while the gas chromatography (GC) is provided by the two French institutes LISA and LATMOS. The UV-Laser is being developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover. MOMA does not form a single compact unit, but is modular with numerous mechanical and thermal interfaces within the rover. The final integration and verification will be performed at Thales Alenia Space in Italy.


2024–25 FC Porto season

# 2024–25 FC Porto season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is the 132nd season in the history of FC Porto, and the club's 90th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football. In addition to the domestic league, the club is participating in the Taça de Portugal, the Taça da Liga, the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the UEFA Europa League, and the newly-expanded FIFA Club World Cup.

This is Porto's first full season since 2017–18 without veteran defender Pepe, who departed the club after his contract expired.

## Players

### Current squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Technical staff

## Transfers

## Competitions

### Overall record

Last updated: 15 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### Primeira Liga

#### League table

#### Results summary

Source: Liga Portugal

#### Results by round

#### Matches

### Taça da Liga

### Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira

### UEFA Europa League

#### League phase

##### League table

##### Results by round

## Statistics


The End of Violence

# The End of Violence

## Abstract

The End of Violence is a 1997 American drama film by the German director Wim Wenders. The film's cast includes Bill Pullman, Andie MacDowell, Gabriel Byrne, Traci Lind, Rosalind Chao, and Loren Dean, among others. It also features a soundtrack marked with the signature sounds of Wenders regulars Jon Hassell, Ry Cooder, and Bono. The film was praised by a select few critics for its cinematography, but performed poorly in the box office. It was entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

The film had a budget of $5 million, but only received $386,673 in its domestic box office.

Like many other of Wenders' American films, the film was shot in multiple locations, for instance the Griffith Observatory in Griffith Park and the Santa Monica Pier.

A scene in the film shows a live recreation of the painting Nighthawks by Edward Hopper.

## Plot

Film producer Mike Max meditates on the paranoia of fear of attack, in the film industry and life in general, as his wife Paige announces she is leaving him. He receives a document via email from a NASA employee who he met earlier at a conference. Before opening it, Mike is kidnapped and almost killed, a scene captured by surveillance cameras and witnessed by computer scientist Ray Bering on surveillance footage scene in his laboratory at the Griffith Observatory.

However, it soon turns out the two men have been shot, Max has escaped and now is accused of killing them. He takes shelter with, and goes to work for, the Mexican gardeners who find him and they help him investigate who is trying to kill him and why. Bering, who originally sent Max the email and recognized Max in the surveillance footage, has a conversation with an intelligence agent who makes it clear that anyone who gets in the way of a new “anti-crime” satellite surveillance program not yet approved by Congress will be dealt with terminally.

Detective Dean Brock suspects Max is not a killer and on a tip meets with Bering, who is assassinated by a gunshot as they begin to speak. Max gives up his business and money to his wife and the film ends as he meditates on how a real attack has freed him from paranoia.

## Cast

- Bill Pullman as Mike Max

- Andie MacDowell as Paige Stockard

- Gabriel Byrne as Ray Bering

- Loren Dean as Detective Dean Brock

- Traci Lind as Cat

- Daniel Benzali as Brice Phelps

- K. Todd Freeman as Six O One

- John Diehl as Lowell Lewis

- Pruitt Taylor Vince as Frank Cray

- Peter Horton as Brian

- Udo Kier as Zoltan Kovacs

- Enrique Castillo as Ramon

- Nicole Ari Parker as Ade

- Rosalind Chao as Claire

- Marisol Padilla Sánchez as Mathilda

- Marshall Bell as Sheriff Call

- Frederic Forrest as Ranger MacDermot

- Samuel Fuller as Louis Bering

## Reception

The End of Violence received some negative reviews from critics. It holds a 29% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews with an average rating of 5/10. Writing in Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston (critic) observed: "Many of Wenders's best films have been road movies and Violence qualifies as one thanks to all the time the characters spend on L.A.'s freeways. Like Robert Altman 's Short Cuts (which it resembles in a lot of ways), it cleverly exploits its Southern California locale and offers a truly challenging analysis of American life."