Children's song

# Children's song

## Abstract

A children's song may be a nursery rhyme set to music, a song that children invent and share among themselves or a modern creation intended for entertainment, use in the home or education. Although children's songs have been recorded and studied in some cultures more than others, they appear to be universal in human society.

## Categories

Iona and Peter Opie, pioneers of the academic study of children's culture, divided children's songs into two classes: those taught to children by adults, which when part of a traditional culture they saw as nursery rhymes, and those that children taught to each other, which formed part of the independent culture of childhood. A further use of the term children's song is for songs written for the entertainment or education of children, usually in the modern era. In practice none of these categories is entirely discrete, since, for example, children often reuse and adapt nursery rhymes, and many songs now considered as traditional were deliberately written by adults for commercial ends.

The Opies further divided nursery rhymes into a number of groups, including

- Amusements (including action songs)

- Counting rhymes

- Lullabies

- Riddles

Playground or children's street rhymes they sub-divided into two major groups: those associated with games and those that were entertainments, with the second category including

- Improper verses

- Jingles

- Joke rhymes

- Nonsense verse

- Macabre rhymes

- Parodies

- Popular songs

- Slogans

- Tongue-twisters

In addition, since the advent of popular music publication in the nineteenth century, a large number of songs have been produced for and often adopted by children. Many of these imitate the form of nursery rhymes, and a number have come to be accepted as such. They can be seen to have arisen from a number of sources, including:

- Film

- Publishing

- Recording

## Nursery or Mother Goose rhymes

The term nursery rhyme is used for "traditional" songs for young children in Britain and many English speaking countries; but this usage dates only from the nineteenth century, and in North America the older Mother Goose rhyme is still often used. The oldest children's songs of which we have records are lullabies, which can be found in every human culture. The Roman nurses' lullaby, "Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacte", may be the oldest to survive. Many medieval English verses associated with the birth of Jesus (including " Lullay, my liking, my dere son, my sweting ") take the form of a lullabies and may be adaptations of contemporary lullabies.

However, most of those used today date from the seventeenth century onwards. Some rhymes are medieval or sixteenth-century in origin, including " To market, to market " and " Cock a doodle doo ", but most were not written down until the eighteenth century, when the publishing of children's books began to move towards entertainment. The first English collections were Tommy Thumb's Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, both thought to have been published before 1744, and at this point such songs were known as "Tommy Thumb's songs". The publication of John Newbery 's Mother Goose's Melody; or, Sonnets for the Cradle (c. 1785) is the first record we have of many classic rhymes still in use today. These rhymes seem to have come from a variety of sources, including traditional riddles, proverbs, ballads, lines of mummers ' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals. Roughly half of the current body of recognised "traditional" English rhymes were known by the mid-eighteenth century.

In the early nineteenth century, printed collections of rhymes began to spread to other countries, including Robert Chambers 's Popular Rhymes of Scotland (1826) and, in the United States, Mother Goose's Melodies (1833). We sometimes know the origins and authors of rhymes from this period, such as " Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ", which combined an eighteenth-century French tune with a poem by the English writer Jane Taylor, and " Mary Had a Little Lamb ", written by Sarah Josepha Hale of Boston in 1830. Nursery rhymes were also often collected by early folk-song collectors, including, in Scotland, Sir Walter Scott and, in Germany, Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim in Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1806–08). The first, and possibly the most important, academic collections to focus in this area were James Orchard Halliwell 's The Nursery Rhymes of England (1842) and Popular Rhymes and Tales (1849). By the time of Sabine Baring-Gould 's A Book of Nursery Songs (1895), child folklore had become an academic study, full of comments and footnotes. The early years of the twentieth century are notable for the addition of sophisticated illustrations to books of children's songs, including Caldecott's Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book (1909) and Arthur Rackham 's Mother Goose (1913). The definitive study of English rhymes remains the work of Iona and Peter Opie.

## Children's playground and street songs

In contrast to nursery rhymes, which are learned in childhood and passed from adults to children only after a gap of 20 to 40 years, children's playground and street songs, like much children's lore, are learned and passed on almost immediately. The Opies noted that this had two important effects: the rapid transmission of new and adjusted versions of songs, which could cover a country like Great Britain in perhaps a month by exclusively oral transmission, and the process of "wear and repair", in which songs were changed, modified and fixed as words and phrases were forgotten, misunderstood or updated.

### Origins of songs

Some rhymes collected in the mid-twentieth century can be seen to have origins as early in the eighteenth century. Where sources could be identified, they could often be traced to popular adult songs, including ballads and those in music hall and minstrel shows. They were also studied in 19th century New York. Children also have a tendency to recycle nursery rhymes, children's commercial songs and adult music in satirical versions. A good example is the theme from the mid-1950s Disney film Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier, " The Ballad of Davy Crockett ", with a tune by George Bruns; its opening lines, "Born on a mountain top in Tennessee / The greenest state in the land of the free", were endlessly satirised to make Crockett a spaceman, a parricide and even a Teddy Boy.

### Action songs

Some of the most popular playground songs include actions to be done with the words. Among the most famous of these is "I'm a Little Teapot". A term from the song is now commonly used in cricket to describe a disgruntled bowler 's stance when a catch has been dropped. A 'teapot' involves standing with one hand on your hip in disappointment, a 'double teapot' involves both hands on hips and a disapproving glare.

### Game songs

Many children's playground and street songs are connected to particular games. These include clapping games, like " Miss Susie ", played in America; "A sailor went to sea" from Britain; and "Mpeewa", played in parts of Africa. Many traditional Māori children's games, some of them with educational applications—such as hand movement, stick and string games—were accompanied by particular songs. In the Congo, the traditional game "A Wa Nsabwee" is played by two children synchronising hand and other movements while singing. Skipping games like Double Dutch have been seen as important in the formation of hip hop and rap music.

If a playground song does have a character, it is usually a child present at the time of the song's performance or the child singing the song. Awkward relations between young boys and girls is a common motif, as in the American playground song, jump-rope rhyme, or taunt "K-I-S-S-I-N-G", spelt aloud. The song is learned by oral tradition:

and sitting in a tree, K-I-S-S-I-N-G. First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes the baby in a baby carriage!

### Food songs

Children's songs are often connected to food, both for educational purposes and entertainment. These songs use rhyme, action, game and satire. From the Ophie's research, 'Pease Porridge Hot' (1952) is a 20th century example of an action song incorporating a food theme. In humour, ' Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit' (also terms as 'Beans, beans, good for your heart') is a playground song about the capacity for beans to contribute to flatulence. The New Zealand song 'Fish and Chips' by Claudia Mushin uses rhyme and a chanting rhythm, particularly in the chorus, to celebrate popular contemporary food: 'Fish and chips/Fish and chips/Make me want to lick my lips'

### Pastime songs

Other songs have a variety of patterns and contexts. Many of the verses used by children have an element of transgression, and a number have satirical aims. The parody of adult songs with alternative verses, such as the rewriting of " While shepherds watched their flocks by night " to "While shepherds washed their socks at night" and numerous other versions, was a prominent activity in the British playgrounds investigated by the Opies in the twentieth century. With the growth of media and advertising in some countries, advertising jingles and parodies of those jingles have become a regular feature of children's songs, including the " McDonald's song" in the United States, which played against adult desire for ordered and healthy eating. Humour is a major factor in children's songs. (The nature of the English language, with its many double meanings for words, may mean that it possesses more punning songs than other cultures, although they are found in other cultures—for example, China). Nonsense verses and songs, like those of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll, have been a major feature of publications for children, and some of these have been absorbed by children, although many such verses seem to have been invented by children themselves.

### Parodies and satire

Playground songs can be parodies of popular songs such as " On Top of Old Smoky " or " The Battle Hymn of the Republic " in the US with suitably altered lyrics. The new lyrics are frequently highly derisive towards figures of authority such as teachers or involve ribald lyrical variations. Zero-tolerance rules in some schools now prevent this, although they are sometimes ignored by teachers who view the songs as harmless and clever.

Playground songs may also feature contemporary children's characters or child actors such as Popeye, Shirley Temple, Batman or Barney the Dinosaur. Such songs are usually set to common melodies (a popular Batman-themed song uses much of the chorus of " Jingle Bells ") and often include subversive and crude humor; in Barney's case, schoolyard parodies of his theme song were a driving force behind a massive backlash against Barney in the 1990s.

### Influence

Occasionally the songs are used as a base for modern pop songs, " Circle Circle Dot Dot ", commonly sung in American playgrounds, has been recorded as a rap song.

## Commercial children's music

Commercial children's music grew out of the popular music-publishing industry associated with New York's Tin Pan Alley in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Early songs included "Ten little fingers and ten little toes" by Ira Shuster and Edward G. Nelson and " School Days " (1907) by Gus Edwards and Will Cobb. Perhaps the best remembered now is " Teddy Bears' Picnic ", with lyrics written by Jimmy Kennedy in 1932, although the tune, by the British composer John Walter Bratton, was composed in 1907. As recording technology developed, children's songs were soon being sold on record; in 1888, the first recorded discs (called "plates") offered for sale included Mother Goose nursery rhymes. The earliest record catalogues of several seminal firms in the recording industry—such as Edison, Berliner, and Victor —contained separate children's sections. Until the 1950s, all the major record companies produced albums for children, mostly based on popular cartoons or nursery rhymes and read by major stars of theatre or film. The role of Disney in children's cinema from the 1930s meant that it gained a unique place in the production of children's music, beginning with "Minnies Yoo Hoo" (1930). After the production of its first feature-length animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937), with its highly successful score by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey, the mould was set for a combination of animation, fairy tale and distinctive songs that would carry through to the 1970s with songs from films such as Pinocchio (1940) and Song of the South (1946).

The mid-twentieth century baby boomers provided a growing market for children's music. Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, and Ella Jenkins were among the politically progressive and socially conscious performers who aimed albums at children. Novelty recordings like " Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer " (a Montgomery Ward jingle that became a book and later a classic children's movie) and the fictional music group Alvin and the Chipmunks were among the most commercially successful music ventures of the time. In the 1960s, as the baby boomers matured and became more politically aware, they embraced both the substance and politics of folk ("the people's") music. Peter, Paul, and Mary, The Limeliters and Tom Paxton were acclaimed folk artists of the period who wrote albums for children. In the 1970s, television programmes like Sesame Street became the dominant force in children's music. In the early 1990s, the songwriter, record producer, and performer Bobby Susser emerged with his award-winning children's songs and series, Bobby Susser Songs for Children, that exemplified the use of songs to educate young children in schools and at home. Disney also re-entered the market for animated musical features with The Little Mermaid (1989), from which the song " Under the Sea " won an Oscar, becoming the first of a string of Oscar –winning Disney songs.

The twenty-first century has seen an increase in the number of independent children's music artists, with acts like Dan Zanes, Cathy Bollinger, and Laurie Berkner getting wide exposure on cable TV channels targeted at children. The band Trout Fishing in America has achieved great acclaim by continuing the tradition of merging sophisticated folk music with family-friendly lyrics,, and rock-oriented acts like They Might Be Giants have released albums marketed directly to children, such as No!, Here Come the ABCs, Here Come the 123s and Here Comes Science.

## Selected discography

- Simon Mayor and Hilary James, Lullabies with Mandolins (2004) and Children's Favourites from Acoustics (2005)

- Mike and Peggy Seeger, American Folk Songs for Children (1955)

- Isla St Clair, My Generation (2003)

- Broadside Band, Old English Nursery Rhymes

- Tim Hart and Friends, My Very Favourite Nursery Rhyme Record (1981)

- Bobby Susser, Wiggle Wiggle and Other Exercises (1996)

- Various artists, Hello Children Everywhere, Vols. 1–4 (EMI Records, 1988–1991)


The Education of Charlie Banks

# The Education of Charlie Banks

## Abstract

The Education of Charlie Banks is a 2007 American drama film directed by Fred Durst, produced by Straight Up Film's Marisa Polvino and starring Jesse Eisenberg, Jason Ritter, Eva Amurri, Gloria Votsis, and Chris Marquette. It had its world premiere at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival, where it won the Made in NY Narrative Award. It is Durst's film directing debut. Peter Care was initially attached to direct. The Education of Charlie Banks received mixed reviews from critics who praised Ritter's performance but criticized Peter Elkoff's screenplay and Durst's direction.

## Plot

As a kid, Charlie Banks both admired and feared the charismatic and violent local Mick Leary; in high school, Charlie witnesses Mick beat two jocks nearly to death at a party. Despite Mick being the buddy of his best friend, Danny, Charlie reports Mick to the police.

Three years later, Charlie and Danny are college freshmen. Mick, to their surprise, shows up for a visit. Though claiming to be visiting for the weekend, Mick moves into the two friends' dorm and begins borrowing their clothing, attending their classes, reading their books, and flirting with Mary, a woman on whom Charlie has a crush. Charlie begins to wonder if Mick has changed or if he is plotting fiendish revenge against him.

## Cast

- Jesse Eisenberg as Charlie Banks

- Jason Ritter as Mick Leary

- Eva Amurri as Mary

- Gloria Votsis as Nia

- Chris Marquette as Danny Bowman

- Sebastian Stan as Leo Reilly

- Dennis Boutsikaris as Mr. Banks

- Charles Parnell as Assistant District Attorney Worsheck

- Josh Richman as Professor Gersten

- Steven Hinkle as Young Charlie Banks

- Miles Chandler as Young Mick Leary

- Cain Kerner as Young Danny

- Sam Daly as Owen

## Release

The film premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival, where it won Best New York Narrative. It received a limited release in North America on March 27, 2009, before being released on DVD three months later on June 30, 2009.

## Reception

The Education of Charlie Banks garnered mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 48% of 31 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's consensus reads: "Unevenness and earnestness mire this otherwise sweet, surprising coming of age drama." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 50 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times wrote that: "Durst's direction is overly earnest, heavy in long takes, atmosphere wise but scene foolish." Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News praised Eisenberg for giving a "nicely understated performance" as an "endearing everyman" but felt that Ritter lacked the "necessary air of danger" the script calls for in his role. Norman Wilner of NOW felt that Durst delivered "an overwhelmingly safe movie", criticizing Elkoff's script for having "simple dramatic constructions" and "measured steps" in its plot, and Eisenberg for giving a "blandly conceived version" of the characters he usually portrays, concluding that: "He does the required stammering and shrugging, but it's a tossed-off turn in a movie that’s similarly on autopilot."

Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times praised the film for Durst's detail-oriented direction in capturing the early '80s, and the "sincere performances (most notably from Mr. Ritter and Eva Amurri as Charlie's upper-crust crush) and clever writing" for keeping it from being "maudlin" and for serving as "a prickly examination of the sturdiness of class boundaries and the illusion of inclusion." Greg Quill of the Toronto Star pointed out that Elkoff's script carried elements of F. Scott Fitzgerald and his novel The Great Gatsby and had predictable revelations, but gave praise to the "sensitively and intelligently" written characters and Durst for being a storyteller with "great care and assurance" and an attention to detail regarding the film's time period without being showy about it, calling it "an earnest, if romanticized, examination of the American class system in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the eternally confounding politics of acceptance and exclusion."

Despite skeptically regarding Durst's attempt to evoke viewer sympathy for the rebel Mick, Entertainment Weekly ' s Owen Gleiberman applauded Ritter's "theatrical chops," comparing him to a "young Ethan Hawke on a bender of violence," and called him "an actor to watch." Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized Elkoff's writing for being "overtly literate" and Durst's direction for "underscoring the obvious," but commended the latter for his ability to "establish the specifics of place and time" with the film's setting, and craft an "impressively acted ensemble" with his young performers, highlighting Ritter's portrayal of Mick as having "a believably brooding intensity with a bad boy swagger," drawing parallels to the widely acclaimed performances of a young Matt Dillon.


1984 in Greece

# 1984 in Greece

## Abstract

Events in the year 1984 in Greece.

## Births

- 4 April – Katerina Khristoforidou, artistic gymnast

- 4 May – Vasiliki Millousi, artistic gymnast

- 10 May – Maria Georgatou, rhythmic gymnast

- 23 August – Evmorfia Dona, rhythmic gymnast

## Deaths

- 13 January – Themis Rigas, footballer

- June Georgios Samaras – politician

- 26 August – Loukas Venetoulias, painter


Akim

# Akim

## Abstract

An akim (Kazakh: әкім, Kazakh pronunciation:, pl. әкімдер / äkimder; Kyrgyz: аким; Russian: аким, Russian pronunciation:) is the head of a local government in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Akim is derived from the Arabic word حاكم hakim, which means "ruler" or "governor".

## Definitions

### Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, an äkim is the head of an äkimdik, a municipal, district, or provincial government (äkimdik), and serves as the Presidential representative. Äkims of regions and cities are appointed to the post by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the äkims of other administrative and territorial units are appointed or selected to the post in an order defined by the President. He may also dismiss äkims from their posts. Powers of äkims ends with the introduction into the post of new-elected president of the republic. Thus, the äkim continues to fulfill the duties before appointment of corresponding äkim by the President of Kazakhstan.

### Kyrgyzstan

In Kyrgyzstan, an akim is a head of an akimiat (state regional administration).


1985 in Greece

# 1985 in Greece

## Abstract

Events in the year 1985 in Greece.

## Events

- June 14 – TWA Flight 847 was hijacked by two Hezbollah terrorists after departing from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens. The Boeing 727-200 was carrying 145 passengers and crew to Rome, Italy.

- November 17 - Assassination of Michalis Kaltezas during annual November 17 Polytechnic demonstrations.

## Births

- 31 January – Kalomira, Greek-American singer, in West Hempstead, New York, United States

- 18 March – Charikleia Pantazi, rhythmic gymnast


Lê Quang Liêm

# Lê Quang Liêm

## Abstract

Lê Quang Liêm (born 13 March 1991) is a Vietnamese chess grandmaster, the top-ranked of his country. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2006. Liêm won the Asian Chess Championship in 2019 and was the World Blitz Chess Champion in 2013.

He has competed for team Vietnam at the Chess Olympiad since 2006. The best result occurred in 2012, when he scored 8/10 points on board 1 and his team finished in 7th place, the highest ever for Vietnam.

Quang Liêm now lives in St. Louis, Missouri and is the head coach for the Webster University Chess Team.

## Chess career

### Early career

Lê Quang Liêm won a gold medal at the 2003 Asian Youth Chess Championships, held in Calicut, India, in the Under 12 category. As a result of this victory he was awarded the title of FIDE Master. In the 2004 edition, which took place in Singapore, Lê Quang Liêm won the Under 14 section. Also in 2004, he tied with Subramanian Arun Prasad for first place in the Asian Under 16 Championship in Tehran, Iran, taking the silver medal on tiebreak score. The next year Quang Liêm won the Under 14 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in July in Belfort, France.

### 2008

During August–September, he won the 1st Dragon Capital Vietnam chess open with 7/9.

### 2009

In September, he won the 4th Kolkata Open Chess Tournament ahead of 13 higher-rated players.

In December, Lê Quang Liêm with Vietnamese team won the silver prize at Tata Steel Asian Team Chess Championship in India, behind the host India. His personal performance is +4=1-1.

### 2010

In February, Lê Quang Liêm participated in the Moscow Open tournament in Moscow, Russia. With +5=4 performance, he tied for 1st-4th with Konstantin Chernyshov, Evgeny Bareev and Ernesto Inarkiev. Immediately after the Moscow open at the same venue, Quang Liêm won the 9th Aeroflot Open with 7/9 (+5=4), earning him an invitation to the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting.

From July 15 through the 25th, he took part in his first elite invitational tournament in Dortmund, in a field consisting of nine-time Dortmund champion and former World Champion Vladimir Kramnik, world No. 6 Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, former FIDE world champion Ruslan Ponomariov, 2004 World Chess Championship challenger Peter Leko, and former Dortmund champion Arkadij Naiditsch. Facing Kramnik with the black pieces in the opening round, Quang Liêm held the former world champion to a draw, and after defeating the eventual winner Ponomariov in round 4, and Leko in round 5, Quang Liêm finished with five consecutive draws to secure clear second place with 5½/10 (+2=7-1) and a performance rating of 2776.

From August 28 to September 3, he participated in 1st Campomanes Memorial Cup Open in the Philippines. His final score was 7/9 (+5=4), a shared first place with Zhao Jun of China, who won on tiebreak score.

From 20 September to 4 October at Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, Quang Liêm with the other Vietnamese players took part in 39th World Team Chess Championship. Playing on board one, Quang Liêm's score was +2=7-2.

### 2011

From February 7 to February 18, he once again participated in Aeroflot Open and successfully defended the title. His score was 6½/9, a shared first place with Nikita Vitiugov and Evgeny Tomashevsky. At the time he was the only player to have won Aeroflot Open twice, now having been matched by Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2015. His win automatically qualifies him for a return invitation to the Dortmund Invitational tournament, where he competed in a field that included Vladimir Kramnik, Hikaru Nakamura, and Ruslan Ponomariov among others.

From May 10 to May 21, he was invited to play in the Elite group of the Capablanca Memorial tournament, a very strong field of players (FIDE category 19) including reigning champion Vassily Ivanchuk, Latin America's number one Leinier Domínguez, Czech Republic's number one David Navara, Lázaro Bruzón of Cuba and Dmitry Andreikin of Russia. After the final round defeat to Ivanchuk, his score was 6½/10, a shared first place but ranked second after Ivanchuk via tiebreak score.

### 2012

From October 12 to 21, he participated in the SPICE Cup, the highest rated international invitational round-robin tournament in US history (FIDE category 18) including Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Ding Liren, Wesley So, Georg Meier, and Csaba Balogh. He was undefeated but finished in a tie for second with Ding Liren, half point behind the winner Vachier-Lagrave. After the tournament, he accepted a 4-year scholarship to attend Webster University, starting in August 2013.

### 2013

From March 19 to 24, he participated in the HD Bank Cup Open, the highest rated international open tournament in Vietnam. He was undefeated with six wins, three draws, scoring 7½/9 and winning the tournament.

From May 16 to 26, he participated in the Asian Continental Championships, which was held in the Philippines. He finished at 4th place with a score of 6½/9. Quang Liêm won the blitz championship with 8½/9.

From June 6 to 8, he took part in the World Rapid Chess Championship, held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. He finished 4th, with 10/15, behind Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (11½/15), Ian Nepomniachtchi (11/15) and Alexander Grischuk (10½/15). After that he participated in World Blitz Chess Championship, which he won, scoring 20½/30. He is the first Vietnamese athlete to achieve the world champion title.

### 2014

From June 15 to 20 Quang Liêm competed in the 2014 World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Dubai, UAE as the defending champion in blitz. At blitz Quang Liêm finished fourth with +12=4-5, behind the new champion Magnus Carlsen, Ian Nepomniachtchi and Hikaru Nakamura. At rapid Quang Liêm finished 19th with +7=4-4.

From 2 to 15 August, Quang Liêm, Nguyen Ngoc Truong Son, and other Vietnamese chess players took part in Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway. Quang Liêm scored 5½ points from 10 games (+3-2=5) at board 1.

### College chess

Quang Liêm graduated summa cum laude from Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, US in May, 2017. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in finance and a Bachelor of Arts degree in management. While at Webster University, Quang Liêm played Board 1 for the national championship chess team under the leadership of Susan Polgar, winning the President's Cup all four years as a student, 2014 through 2017.

### 2017

In March, Quang Liêm won the 7th HDBank tournament in Ho Chi Minh City, with total score 7 in 9 games (+5=4).

From 1 to 5 July, Quang Liêm participated in the World Open as the number 1 seed and finished at second place (behind Tigran L. Petrosian) with 7 points after 9 rounds.

From 8 to 18 July, Quang Liêm participated in Danzhou SuperGrandmaster Tournament in Danzhou, China. His result of 5½/9 (+2=7) earned him second place behind the winner Wei Yi, having the same number of points as Ding Liren but a worse tiebreak.

From 13 to 19 of August, Quang Liêm was invited to the Saint Louis rapid and blitz event of the Grand Chess Tour, with attendance of top super-grandmasters, including the return of Garry Kasparov. He shared the 5th place with Fabiano Caruana and Leinier Dominguez. In the event Quang Liêm won against Caruana, Aronian, Nakamura and Kasparov.

In early September he competed in the FIDE World Cup in Tbilisi, Georgia. He beat Vitaly Kunin from Germany in the first round, then Quang Liêm was eliminated by Vidit Santosh Gujrathi from India in the second.

From 21 to 27 September, Quang Liêm participated in the 5th Asian Indoor and Martial Art Games in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. He won the gold medal with 5½ points after 7 games in the individual classical category. Then he also won, together with Nguyen Ngoc Truong Son, the team rapid and blitz categories.

### 2018

In the second Danzhou super-grandmaster tournament with all 8 participants with Elo higher than 2700, Quang Liêm finished second with 4/7 (+2=4-1). His only loss was to Bu Xiangzhi. Quang Liêm defeated Vidit Gujrathi and Samuel Shankland in the last two rounds.

### 2019

In June, Quang Liêm won the Asian Continental Championship in Xingtai, China, becoming the first Vietnamese player ever to do so. Soon after he also won the Summer Classic A tournament in St. Louis, US and the World Open (after a playoff with Jeffery Xiong) in Philadelphia, US.

### 2021

In 2021 Quang Liêm participated in the Meltwater Champions Chess Tour 2021. He scored 30 points across the tour, placing him 10th out of the 41 total tour participants. Consequently, he narrowly missed out on the tour finals. His most successful tournament in the tour was the Chessable Masters, where he beat super grandmasters Alireza Firouzja and Levon Aronian on his way to the final where he lost to Wesley So.

In the same year, Le took the offer to be the chess coach at his alma mater Webster University, succeeding Susan Polgar.

### 2022

In February Quang Liêm participated in the Airthings Masters round of the Champions Chess Tour 2022 where he qualified for quarter finals, which he lost to the eventual tournament winner Magnus Carlsen.

In March, he played in the second leg of the Champions Chess Tour, Charity Cup. He had a dominant qualifying, placing first with the score of 32/45 (football scoring, +9=5-1). He beat David Navara in the quarterfinal, but lost to Jan-Krzysztof Duda in the semifinal.

In April, he beat Magnus Carlsen in the Oslo Esports Cup. Liêm has a good chance to become Oslo Esports Cup champion but Liêm are unfortunately unable to win a big victory over Jorden Van Foreest, grandmaster Le Quang Liem was satisfied with the Oslo Esports Cup runner-up with 13 points. In the end, the top three places of the Oslo Esports Cup belonged to Jan-Krzysztof Duda (14 points), Le Quang Liem (13 points) and Magnus Carlsen (12 points), Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa (12 points).

In July, Quang Liêm won the 2022 Biel Chess Festival with a score of 35.5.

In August (15-22), Quang Liêm participated at FTX Crypto Cup and finished fourth after Magnus Carlsen, Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa and Alireza Firouzja, with results of +4-3.

### 2023

In April, the Webster University Chess Team won its sixth national collegiate chess title under the guidance of Coach Quang Liêm. This was Webster's first national chess title since 2017, when Lê Quang Liêm was still a student.

In July, Quang Liêm defended his title at the 2023 Biel Chess Festival with a score of 32.5.

## Notable tournament results

- 2005 World Championship (U14), Belfort (Classical) 1st 9/11

- 2008 Dragon Capital VietNam Chess Open (Classical) 1st 8/9

- 2009 Kolkata Open (classical) 1st 8/10

- 2010 Aeroflot Open (classical) 1st 7/9

- 2010 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (classical) 2nd 5.5/10

- 2010 Campomanes Memorial (classical) 2nd 7/9

- 2010 Moscow Open (Classical) 3rd 7/9

- 2011 HD BANK Cup (Classical) 4th 6.5/9

- 2011 TATA Steel (Group B) 4th 7.5/13

- 2011 Aeroflot Open (classical) 1st 6.5/9

- 2011 Capablanca (classical) 2nd 6.5/10

- 2011 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (classical) 2nd 5.5/10

- 2011 SPICE Cup (classical) 1st 17/10 (football score system)

- 2012 HD BANK Cup (classical) 2nd 7.5/9

- 2012 FIDE World Blitz Championship 7th 16.5/30

- 2012 SPICE Cup (Classical) 2nd 5.5/10

- 2012 Chess Olympiad Istanbul 2012 5th 8/11

- 2013 HD BANK Cup (Classical) 1st 7.5/9

- 2013 Asian Continental Chess Championships 4th 6.5/9

- 2013 Asian Continental Blitz Chess Championships 1st 8.5/9

- 2013 FIDE World Rapid Championships 4th 10/15

- 2013 FIDE World Blitz Championships 1st 20.5/30

- 2013 SPICE Cup (Classical) 3rd 6/9

- 2014 HD BANK Cup (Classical) 3rd 7/9

- 2014 FIDE World Blitz Championships 4th 14/21

- 2015 HD BANK Cup (Classical) 1st 7.5/9

- 2015 President's Cup (Armageddon) 1st 10/24

- 2015 Millionaire Chess Open (Classical) 2nd 6/7

- 2015 SPICE Cup (Classical) 1st 7/9

- 2016 College Final Four (Classical) 1st 3/3

- 2016 Asian Nations Cup (Blitz) 1st 4.5/5

- 2016 Asian Continental Chess Championships 2nd 6.5/9

- 2016 Asian Continental Blitz Chess Championships 2nd 7/9

- 2017 HD BANK Cup (Classical) 1st 7.0/9

- 2017 Danzhou Super Chess Grandmaster Tournament (Classical) 2nd 5.5/9

- 2017 St. Louis, Grand Chess Tour (rapid and blitz) : tied 5th (10 players in the tourney).

- 2017 AIMAG (Asian Indoor and Martial Art Games in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan) : 1st 5.5/7 (classical) and gold medals in team rapid and blitz categories.


TMS Entertainment

# TMS Entertainment

## Abstract

TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. (株式会社トムス・エンタテインメント, Kabushiki-gaisha Tomusu Entateinmento), formerly known as Kyokuichi is a Japanese animation studio owned by Sega Corporation.

TMS is one of the oldest and most renowned animation studios in Japan, known for its numerous anime franchises such as Detective Conan, Lupin the Third, and Anpanman.

TMS Entertainment is the animation business company of the Sega Group and a well-established animation studio with its origins in Tokyo Movie. Originally established in 1946 as a textile manufacturer, the company entered animation when they merged with animation studio Tokyo Movie Shinsha to start an animation production business, known as the Kyokuichi Tokyo Movie division or TMS-Kyokuichi.

Tokyo Movie Shinsha was one of the five major studios in the early days of Japanese animation, producing and/or animating a string of popular works from the 1960s to the 1970s, including Obake no Q-Tarō, Star of the Giants, Moomin, Attack No. 1, Tensai Bakabon, Lupin the 3rd Part I, Aim for the Ace!, and Gamba no Bouken.

TMS has studios 1 through 7 under its production headquarters, each with a nickname for the work they are involved in, such as Studio 1, 3xCube, Trois Studios, Rogue Studio, and Double Eagle. Each studio has its own production and management staff, including producers and production assistants. As for animators, each studio contracts them on a work-by-work basis. However, head creators sometimes have exclusive contracts and are given their own desks within the company to work on.

In addition to its own studios, TMS has wholly-owned animation studios such as Telecom Animation Film, TMS Jinni's and Toon Additional Pictures.

Throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, TMS and its subsidiaries, Telecom Animation Film and South Korea-based Seoul Movie, animated for various companies, including DiC, Walt Disney Television Animation, Warner Bros. Animation, Marvel Films Animation, Studio Ghibli, Madhouse, Production I.G, Sunrise, Bones, ShoPro, Shogakukan Music & Digital Entertainment among others, Since the early 2000s, TMS itself has no longer supplied animation services to Western studios due to increasingly demanding costs, although there have been a few exceptions such as Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) and Superman vs. The Elite (2012). While it still produces feature films, these films are primarily spinoffs from existing anime properties, which include the likes of Anpanman and Detective Conan.

## History

### Prehistory of TMS Entertainment (Kyokuichi)

In 1946, Asahi Glove Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (アサヒ手袋製造株式会社, Asahi Tebukuro Seizō Kabushiki-gaisha) was founded in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture and the trade name was soon changed to Kyokuichi Knitting & Weaving Co., Ltd. (旭一編織株式会社, Kyokuichi Amiori Kabushiki-gaisha).

The company changed its name to Kyokuichi Co., Ltd. (株式会社キョクイチ, Kabushiki-gaisha Kyokuichi) in 1947, and then to Kyokuichi Shine Industries Co., Ltd. (旭一シャイン工業株式会社, Kyokuichi Shain Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) in 1957, and was listed on the Nagoya Stock Exchange.

The company established Shine Mink Co., Ltd. in Sapporo, Hokkaido in 1961, opened a mink breeding farm and began its fur business in 1962, and merged with Shine Mink in 1974 to form the Mink Division.

In 1989, Kyokuichi Shine Industries was acquired by Watchman Group, a mass retail group of watches and home appliances, and changed its business format to entertainment business.

### Prehistory of TMS Entertainment (Tokyo Movie and Tokyo Movie Shinsha)

In 1964, Yutaka Fujioka, a former staff of the puppet theater company Hitomi-za (人形劇団ひとみ座, Ningyō Gekidan Hitomi-za), established the animation studio Tokyo Movie Co., Ltd. with investment from Tokyo Broadcasting System.

Inspired by the broadcast of the first domestically produced animated TV series Astro Boy on Fuji Television the previous year, TBS encouraged Fujioka, who was working at Tokyo Ningyo Cinema (東京人形シネマ, Tōkyō Ningyō Shinema), the film production division of Hitomi-za, which had produced puppet theater programs for the station, to establish a studio.

The studio's first production was an animated adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Big X. However, because all the staff came from puppet theater backgrounds and were unfamiliar with animation, the studio suffered a huge loss and fell into financial crisis.

In order to restore management, the studio received capital participation from the TV production company Kokusai Hōei (formerly Shintoho). Fujioka, the founder of the company, was demoted to director and head of the production department, and Rokuzo Abe of Kokusai Hōei was appointed as the new president.

In 1965, Fujioka established A Production to rebuild the production system, and Tokyo Movie formed a business alliance with A Production as an actual animation production company. Fujioka approached Daikichirō Kusube, who had left Toei Doga and was working as a freelancer, and by making him the representative of A Production, he succeeded in inviting talented Toei creators such as Tsutomu Shibayama, Yoshio Kabashima, and Keisuke Morishita. Fujioka also welcomed Isao Takahata, Hayao Miyazaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, and Yōichi Kotabe, who had been forced out of Toei for overspending on The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun.

Early directors, such as Tadao Nagahama and Masaaki Ōsumi, were all from puppet theater companies with no animation experience, but they produced a series of hits, including Obake no Q-Tarō, Star of the Giants, and Attack No. 1. Thanks to them, Tokyo Movie became independent from Kokusai Hōei in 1971, and Fujioka returned as president. The studio continued to produce a string of hits thereafter, including Tensai Bakabon, Lupin the 3rd Part I, Aim for the Ace!, and Gamba no Bouken.

Fujioka invested in Madhouse when it was founded in 1972.

In 1975, Tokyo Movie established Telecom Animation Film to train animators who could draw full animations.

Feeling the limitations of the Japanese animation business, Fujioka dreamed of expanding to the United States and making full animation films that could compete with Disney. However, since limited animation, which had been adopted and developed by Osamu Tezuka, was the mainstream in Japan, he planned to establish a new animation studio that would handle full animation and use it as a base to produce joint Japanese-US animated films.

Fujioka chose the legendary American cartoon Little Nemo as the basis for his animated film, and began acquiring the film rights in 1977. Telecom received over 1,000 applications for its employee recruitment, and Fujioka hired 43 people with no animation production experience. Rather than hiring animators with limited animation production experience, Fujioka chose to hire inexperienced amateurs and train them to become first-class animators who could draw full animations. Telecom invited Sadao Tsukioka, who was considered a genius, as a lecturer for the first year, and Yasuo Ōtsuka the following year.

In June 1976, Tokyo Movie spun off its sales division to establish Tokyo Movie Shinsha Co., Ltd.,, and the original Tokyo Movie was absorbed into it. Kusube and A Production terminated its business alliance with Tokyo Movie, changed its name to Shin-Ei Animation, and began its own path.

In the summer of 1978, Fujioka acquired the film rights to Little Nemo. However, due to difficulties in raising funds and securing staff, production was slow to begin, so Telecom produced TV series and movies under Ōtsuka, including Lupin the 3rd Part II. Ōtsuka approached Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, with Miyazaki directing the second Lupin the 3rd film, The Castle of Cagliostro, and Takahata directing Jarinko Chie.

Fujioka frequently invited Hollywood film professionals to screen The two films to promote the production capabilities of Telecom and Japanese animation industry, which at the time was underrated in the United States. These films attracted attention, especially among young animators, including John Lasseter. The event also drew an unexpected response, with Telecom receiving requests to produce a TV series from countries outside the U.S., including Italy.

In the U.S., the studio took on subcontracting work for production companies such as Disney, Warner Bros., and Filmation, and became proficient in the art of full animation.

In the early 1980s, Tokyo Movie Shinsha (TMS) began working on international co-productions by big-name directors with the goal of expanding overseas. TMS partnered with the French (later American) company DiC as an overseas subcontractor to produce animation for the company in 1980. Two Japanese-French co-productions, Ulysses 31 in 1981, directed by Tadao Nagahama, and Lupin VIII in 1982, directed by Rintaro, were produced in cooperation with DIC.

TMS began production of the Japanese-Italian co-production TV series Sherlock Hound in 1981 at the request of RAI, the Italian national public broadcasting company.The series was directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Telecom Animation Film. However, the collaboration was dissolved after six episodes were produced, and the remaining 20 episodes were subsequently financed by Japanese companies. Kyosuke Mikuriya took over as director, and with Telecom leaving to focus on the film Nemo, TMS outsourced the animation to the fledgling studio Gallop. Osamu Dezaki directed the largest number of animated co-productions, including Mighty Orbots, Bionic Six, and Sweet Sea.

In the spring of 1981, Fujioka received an investment from Lake, a consumer finance company, and established Kineto TMS, a U.S. incorporated company, to begin full-scale production of the film Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland.

The initial production budget was reported to be about 3.6 billion yen (16 million dollars at the exchange rate in 1981). Under Fujioka's grand order to produce a world-class animation film, creators from Japan and abroad were assembled. Many prominent figures were involved in the production, including Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Osamu Dezaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, Ray Bradbury, Jean Giraud (Mobius), and Chris Columbus. However, the production ran into difficulties due to various crosscurrents between Japan and the U.S. Miyazaki and Takahata, who were originally slated to direct the film, dropped out of the project, and the staff was replaced one by one in the following years.

In 1982, Fujioka secured the cooperation of Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston from Disney's Nine Old Men. In the summer of that year, at their invitation, Miyazaki, Takahata, Ōtsuka, and other Japanese staff members visited the U.S. under the guise of training. While the Japanese staff members were greatly inspired by the two during their training, when the two saw the sketches drawn by Miyazaki, they said there was nothing they could teach them.

Young American animators who had heard rumors of the Nemo production also came to Kineto MS to sell themselves, including John Lasseter and Brad Bird, who reportedly met Miyazaki there for the first time. Bird brought in his own film and unofficially drew several image boards. Fujioka succeeded in meeting George Lucas and asked him to be the American producer, but he declined, saying he was busy with the new Star Wars and Indiana Jones films, and instead recommended Gary Kurtz, who was also a producer on Star Wars. Fujioka from Japan was appointed line producer, and Kurtz from the United States was appointed film producer.

Kurtz recommended Ray Bradbury as the screenwriter, and the project got underway. When the Japanese production team was handed the first draft of Bradbury's screenplay, they wondered if it was too philosophical to be entertaining. Miyazaki presented various ideas for the script to Kurtz, but he never adopted them.

Kurtz was executive producing Return to Oz for Disney at this time and spent most of his time in London and New York, visiting the site of Nemo in Los Angeles only once a month, and then for just a couple of hours in the afternoon. Due to conflicts with Kurtz, Miyazaki resigned from Telecom in November 1982, and Takahata in March 1983. Kurtz's dictatorship continued, and the project went astray. The directors changed one after another, and the team went all to bits. The production budget of 4.5 billion yen (19 million dollars at the 1984 rate) ran out before the animation work began, and the project was suspended in August 1984.

In June 1988, TMS dissolved its own production division, Tokyo Movie and absorbed it, Tokyo Movie would continue as a TMS subsidiary until 1993.

Fujioka resumed production after securing an additional investment of 1 billion yen (6.9 million dollars at the 1987 rate) from Lake in 1987 and terminated his contract with Kurtz and took full responsibility for the film, becoming executive producer himself. The film was completed in 1988 and released in Japan in July 1989, and received mixed reviews, it ended up grossing around 900 million yen (7 million dollars at the 1988 rate) at the box office. It was released in the United States in 1992 in 2,300 theaters and sold 4 million videos, but the production costs were not recouped. The film took about seven years to complete (it took 10 years for the U.S. release), and production costs eventually rose to 5.5 billion yen (43.3 million dollars at the 1992 rate).

The main staff changed constantly, and later left behind a vast number of ideas, designs, and sketches submitted by various creators, scenarios by Bradley, Columbus, most of which were never used, and others, and pilots in three versions: Sadao Tsukioka's version, Yoshifumi Kondō and Kazuhide Tomonaga 's version, and Osamu Desaki's version.

It was an unprecedented project in the history of Japanese animation, but it ended in failure, and Fujioka took responsibility for it, relinquished all rights related to Tokyo Movie, and retired from the industry. Although Fujioka's ambitions ended in failure, Nemo left a great legacy, laying the foundation for the subsequent expansion of Japanese animation into the American market and also pioneering exchanges between Japan and the US in animation, such as the relationship between Miyazaki and the Nine Old Men. The composition of members at Telecom Animation Film for animated feature films directed by Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata also served as a stepping stone for the transfer of Toei Animation's feature film production techniques to Studio Ghibli.

### History of TMS Entertainment

Kyokuichi Co., Ltd. opened its first amusement arcade in 1991, and joined the Sega Group in 1992 through a business alliance with Sega and Sega Toys. In the same year, Tokyo Movie Shinsha became a subsidiary of Sega through a stock acquisition.

On November 1, 1995, Sega absorbed Tokyo Movie Shinsha into Kyokuichi, with Kyokuichi as the surviving company. In conjunction with this merger, Kyokuichi made Telecom Animation Film and TMS Photo, which were subsidiaries of Tokyo Movie Shinsha, its own subsidiaries. Kyokuichi established a Tokyo branch office and launched its animation production division, Tokyo Movie Division. The name of the company was credited as Kyokuichi Tokyo Movie in the anime works produced at that time, however international prints used the TMS-Kyokuichi name.

In 1996 the Los Angeles studio was established.

On January 1, 2000, Kyokuichi changed its name to TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. The name Tokyo Movie remained as the name of the animation production division and as the brand name for animation production.

In 2003, the company completely withdrew from the textile business. Since then, animation production and amusement arcade operations were the two mainstays of its business.

In 2003, American brokerage group Merrill Lynch became the second-largest shareholder in TMS Entertainment after acquiring a 7.54 percent stake in the studio. Merrill Lynch purchased the stake purely for investment purposes and had no intention of acquiring control of the firm's management.

In 2005, Sega Sammy Holdings acquired a 50.2% stake in TMS Entertainment, making it a subsidiary.

In 2006, the Tokyo branch was reorganized as the Tokyo headquarters and merged with the Head Office in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. The headquarters then moved to Shinjuku, Tokyo. The Los Angeles studio was reorganized as TMS ENTERTAINMENT, USA, INC.

In February 2007, TMS Entertainment announced the completion of its fourth Tokyo studio (Building D) in Nakano, Tokyo. The company stated that Shinjuku would thereafter serve as the base for its corporate division and Nakano as the base for its production division.

In 2008, the company withdrew from the amusement arcade business and concentrated its business on animation production.

In 2010, TMS Entertainment was delisted and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sega Sammy Holdings through a share exchange.

In 2011, the credits for Detective Conan and Anpanman were changed to TMS Entertainment, and animation production under the Tokyo Movie name ended.

In November 2012, TMS relocated its headquarters to Nakano, Tokyo.

TMS Entertainment took a stake in Jinni's Animation Studio, a VFX and CG production company, in 2013 and made it a group company in 2015. With that, the company name was changed to TMS Jinni's.

In November 2013, a new studio was completed in Nakano, Tokyo.

In April 2015, the Sega Sammy Holdings was reorganized to form the new Sega Group. TMS Entertainment became a wholly owned subsidiary of the newly established Sega Holdings.

Marza Animation Planet moved from being part of Sega Holdings to being part of TMS Entertainment in April 2017. TMS Entertainment transferred all of the digital content planning, development, and production business owned by its subsidiary TOCSIS to Marza Animation Planet in April 2019.

In July 2021, TMS Entertainment announced the launch of the Unlimited Produce Project. The project is characterized by its focus on collaboration with outside studios to strengthen production operations such as planning, production, business, and promotion of works. The first project is Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness, which was distributed worldwide on Netflix from July 8, 2021, and was produced in collaboration with CG studio Quebico.

In April 2023, Marza Animation Planet moved from under TMS Entertainment to under its parent company, Sega.

In 2024, TMS Entertainment transferred the 3DCG video production business of its subsidiary TMS Jinni's to its subsidiary Toms Photo through a company split.

## Subsidiaries

The company has numerous animation subsidiaries collaborating in conjunction with the company. Those include:

- TMS Entertainment USA, Inc.: Established in 1996 as the Los Angeles studio division. In 2006, it was renamed to TMS Entertainment USA, Inc.

- TMS Entertainment Europe SAS: Established in 2001 as the Paris studio division. In 2022, it was renamed to TMS Entertainment Europe SAS.

- TMSLab（トムスラボ）: In 2022-04-26, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the establishment of TMS-Lab (原作工房TMS-Lab), where 'TMS' stands for 'Theme, Message, Story'. The associate web site went operational in 2022-04-21. In 2022-12-22, it was renamed to TMSLab（トムスラボ）, and the web site was relocated.

- Tokyo Movie Online (東京ムービーONLINE): In 2005-10-19, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the establishment of Tokyo Movie Online video subscription platform.

- Tokyo Movie (東京ムービー（トウキョウムービー）): In 2005-12-22, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the beginning of the Tokyo Movie service for EZweb users, effective on the same day.

- TMS MUSIC UK LTD.: Established in 2007-01-15.

- TMS MUSIC HK LTD.: In 2007-02-14, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the establishment of TMS MUSIC HK LTD., to be established in March 2007.

- AG Bowl（エージーボウル）: In 2008-04-21, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the establishment of AG Bowl bowing facility in Ishioka, Ibaraki, to be opened 5 days later.

- Anpanman Digital LLP: In 2008-06-11, TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. announced the establishment of Anpanman Digital LLP (アンパンマンデジタルLLP) with Nippon Television and Froebel-Kan Co., Ltd., with each founding member invested 100 million yen, to be established 5 days later.

- Telecom Animation Film Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社テレコム・アニメーションフィルム, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Terekomu Animēshon Firumu), a studio established on May 19, 1975. It first started as a subcontracting company for its parent, but has since become the leading animation studio behind the more recent Lupin the Third titles. The studio has also produced series like Chain Chronicle: The Light of Haecceitas, Orange, and Phantasy Star Online 2: The Animation.

- Marza Animation Planet Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社マーザ・アニメーションプラネット, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Māza Animēshonpuranetto), a CG studio formerly a part of Sega and known for producing Space Pirate Captain Harlock, Resident Evil: Vendetta, and the 2020 Sonic the Hedgehog film. In 2023, Marza moved back into the Sega fold.

- V1 Studio (Japanese: ヴィーワンスタジオ, Hepburn: Vīuwan Sutajio), a studio most known for co-producing the Detective Conan films since the 16th movie and the 2nd season (and OVAs) of Kamisama Kiss.

- Double Eagle (Japanese: だぶるいーぐる, Hepburn: Daburuīguru), a studio most known for co-producing ReLIFE, Nana Maru San Batsu, and The Thousand Musketeers.

- 8PAN (Japanese: エイトパヌ, Hepburn: Eito Panu), a studio best known for co-producing Bakuon!!, D.Gray-man Hallow, and Dr. Stone.

- 3xCube (Japanese: スリーキューブ, Hepburn: Surīkyūbu), a studio known for producing The Pilot's Love Song, My Monster Secret, Sweetness and Lightning, and Megalobox.

- Studio Sakimakura (Japanese: スタジオさきまくら, Hepburn: Sutajio Sakimakura), a studio founded in March 2011, and known for producing the second half of the first season of Cardfight!! Vanguard and Brave 10.

- Trois Studio (Japanese: トロワスタジオ, Hepburn: Torowa Sutajio), a studio that produced Lupin III: Goodbye Partner, the 27th film special for the Lupin the Third franchise.

- Seoul Movie, a South Korean animation studio based in Seoul, established in 1990 and closed sometime in the late 2000s.

## Productions

### Television series

## Foreign production history


The Eyes of My Mother

# The Eyes of My Mother

## Abstract

The Eyes of My Mother is a 2016 American black-and-white horror film written, edited and directed by Nicolas Pesce in his directorial debut. It stars Kika Magalhães, Olivia Bond, Diana Agostini, and Paul Nazak. The film was produced by Borderline Presents and Tandem Pictures and distributed by Magnet Releasing.

The Eyes of My Mother premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on December 2, 2016, by Magnet Releasing. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and a polarizing reception from audiences.

## Plot

Francisca and her parents live on a farm where they raise animals. A trained surgeon, Francisca's mother teaches her how to remove eyeballs from farm animals, as well as the legend of St. Francis of Assisi. One day, Charlie, a door-to-door salesman, asks to use the bathroom. Against her better judgment, Francisca's mother lets him into the house. Charlie draws a gun and takes Francisca's mother into the bathroom. When her father comes home, he finds Charlie bludgeoning his wife's body in the tub. He knocks Charlie out and chains him up in the barn. Francisca and her father bury her mother in the backyard. Francisca visits Charlie and he explains the thrill of killing others. Francisca removes Charlie's eyes and vocal cords, then bags them and puts them in the refrigerator. She explains to Charlie that he was not killed because he is her only friend and she will look after him.

Years later, the adult Francisca's father dies, and she preserves the body. She meets a young woman, Kimiko, at a bar. Kimiko and Francisca return to her home, but after learning that Francisca's mother was killed, Kimiko is frightened when Francisca jokes oddly that she murdered her father. Kimiko tries to leave but Francisca murders her, chops her up and bags her organs, putting them in her refrigerator. Afterward, she bathes Charlie, still chained up in the barn, and brings him inside to sleep with her. Charlie attempts to escape, but she catches him and repeatedly stabs him. She tells him that he was right; killing another person "feels amazing".

However, now distraught at being completely alone, she wanders the woods until she reaches a highway and catches a ride with a woman named Lucy back to the house. Lucy has a baby son named Antonio who Francisca kidnaps upon reaching the house. She stabs Lucy and praises her dead mother for bringing the pair to her, then keeps Lucy's son as her own child. Like Charlie, Lucy has her eyes and vocal cords cut out and is kept chained up in the barn.

When Antonio grows to about 8–9 years old, he becomes curious about the barn, seeing his mother go in and out of it and having been told to never enter. One night, while Francisca's asleep, he enters the barn and is shocked at seeing a person in chains, blind and groaning unintelligibly - his biological mother.

Lucy later escapes the barn, and blindly makes her way to a road where a trucker finds her. Francisca discovers the escape and digs up her mother's body, cradling the skeleton and telling her how much she misses her. Upon her return to the house, she sees police coming to the house and rushes to wake Antonio. Taking him into the bathroom while holding a knife, she screams that the police will never take her baby. A gunshot is heard, and the film ends.

## Cast

- Kika Magalhães as Francisca Olivia Bond as Young Francisca

- Olivia Bond as Young Francisca

- Diana Agostini as the Mother

- Paul Nazak as the Father

- Will Brill as Charlie

- Joey Curtis-Green as Antonio

- Clara Wong as Kimiko

- Flora Diaz as Lucy

## Release

The Eyes of My Mother premiered in the NEXT section at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2016. It was acquired by Magnolia Pictures ' foreign language film division Magnet Releasing. It was released to select theaters and via iTunes, cable/satellite video on demand, and Amazon Video on December 2, 2016.

## Soundtrack

Composer, Ariel Loh, exclaimed that he was inspired by simplistic music and wanted the score to reflect that. “There is always something stark and clean about a simple design that often gives it more weight and effectiveness than something intricate and complicated," Loh told Vehlinggo. The soundtrack was released by Waxwork Records on vinyl for the first time and included cues that didn't make it in the film, and featured album art by Nikita Kaun.

## Reception

The Eyes of My Mother was positively received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78%, based on 101 reviews, with an average of 6.90/10. The site's consensus states: " The Eyes of My Mother uses a shocking trauma to fuel a hauntingly hypnotic odyssey whose nightmarish chill lingers long after the closing credits." Metacritic reports a 63 out of 100 rating, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


1996 in Greece

# 1996 in Greece

## Abstract

Events in the year 1996 in Greece.

## Events

- 9 May – Greek President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos arrives in the United States for a visit to U.S. President Bill Clinton in Washington, D.C.

## Deaths

- 23 June – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (born 1919)


The Fallout (film)

# The Fallout (film)

## Abstract

The Fallout is a 2021 American drama film written and directed by Megan Park in her feature film directorial debut. It stars Jenna Ortega as Vada Cavell, a high school student who navigates significant emotional trauma following a school shooting. It also stars Maddie Ziegler, Julie Bowen, John Ortiz, Niles Fitch, Will Ropp, and Shailene Woodley in supporting roles. The score is composed by American musician and actor Finneas O'Connell.

The Fallout premiered at South by Southwest on March 17, 2021, and was released on January 27, 2022 on HBO Max by New Line Cinema (via Warner Bros. Pictures).

## Plot

High school student Vada goes to the restroom in the middle of class after her little sister Amelia calls her when she has her first period. While she is in the bathroom, a school shooting occurs. Vada hides in a stall with her schoolmates Mia and Quinton, whose brother is killed in the shooting.

In the weeks following the incident, it's revealed that at least 16 students were killed apart from Quinton's brother, and Vada has become depressed and isolated from her family, as well as her best friend Nick. She cannot bring herself to enter the bathroom where she hid, resulting in her wetting her pants when she hears the sound of a soda can being crushed. In order to cope with her trauma, she takes ecstasy, and Nick has to help her through the resulting high. After another night of drinking, Mia tells Vada that she is falling in love with her, and they have sex.

Vada and Nick argue about her poor coping mechanisms, resulting in her venting to Quinton and then trying to kiss him, who gently rejects her as he is not emotionally ready for a relationship. She withdraws further from her family and friends, including Mia.

Later, Amelia admits to Vada that she assumed Vada resented her for the phone call that had put her in more danger. Vada assures her that that is not the case, and the two reconnect. Vada reconciles with her parents and Mia. By her next therapy session, Vada has made genuine progress in coming to terms with what happened, though she admits that she and Nick might not reconcile.

As Vada waits for Mia outside the latter's dance class, she receives a notification on her phone about a shooting at another school, and has a panic attack.

## Cast

- Jenna Ortega as Vada Cavell

- Maddie Ziegler as Mia Reed

- Niles Fitch as Quinton Hasland

- Will Ropp as Nick Feinstein

- Lumi Pollack as Amelia Cavell

- John Ortiz as Carlos Cavell

- Julie Bowen as Patricia Cavell

- Shailene Woodley as Anna

## Production

In February 2020, it was announced Jenna Ortega had joined the cast of the film, with Megan Park directing from a screenplay she wrote. In April 2020, Maddie Ziegler joined the cast of the film. In May 2020, Will Ropp joined the cast of the film. In August 2020, Niles Fitch, Shailene Woodley, Julie Bowen and John Ortiz joined the cast of the film.

Filming was slated to begin in March 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Principal photography began in Los Angeles in August 2020 and wrapped on September 11, 2020. In February 2021, it was announced that Finneas O'Connell would be scoring the film, marking his first film composing debut. WaterTower Music has released the soundtrack.

## Release

In December 2020, Universal Pictures acquired international distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 17, 2021. In July 2021, HBO Max acquired distribution rights to the film, with New Line Cinema distributing in territories where HBO Max is not available via parent company Warner Bros. Pictures. It was released on HBO Max on January 27, 2022.

## Reception

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 68 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "Empathetic and well-acted, The Fallout uses the aftermath of trauma to grapple with the experience of grief." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100, based on 12 critics. Kate Erbland of IndieWire gave a rating of B+ and said the film tackles "real emotional stakes in the gloss of social media, unearthing something powerful in the process". Amanda Sink of The Hollywood Outsider called the film "a remarkable film that explores the ramifications of tragedy on our kids and how the human conditional response is not a one-size-fits-all".

Park's direction and Ortega's acting were both praised, and several critics cite it as Ortega's "breakout" film role. Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "sensitive and piercing" and praised Park's screenplay and direction, the performances and Finneas' score, and wrote that "...Ortega's beautifully nuanced turn understands the nothing-to-look-at-here façade and the chinks in the armor". Peter Debruge of Variety called the film a "stellar debut" from Park and noted that "Ortega in particular seems to have found her voice." CinemaBlend praised the chemistry between Ortega and Ziegler, and stated that the "two girls at the center of it all also look phenomenal, as a true bond can be sensed in the process of bringing this story to life".

### Audience viewership

On the week of its release, The Fallout was the number one most-watched streaming original film in the United States, as reported by TV Time.


Rashad Hassan

# Rashad Hassan

## Abstract

Template:Infobox huge american businessman Rashad Enri Hassan (born 23 September 1989) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the CD Español de Osorno in the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol de Chile (LNB). He played college basketball for Savannah State Tigers.

## College career

Hassan played for the Savannah State Tigers in NCAA Division 1. In his freshman year, Hassan averaged 8.6 points and 3.6 rebounds per game and received Honorable Mention honors on the 2008–09 Division I All-Independent men's basketball team. In his sophomore year, he averaged 11 points and 5.5 rebounds per game was named in the 2010 All-Independent Men's Basketball Team. In his junior year Hassan averaged 13 points and 5.3 rebounds per game, and aided the team to the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference regular season title along with an appearance in the 2012 National Invitation Tournament. In his senior year Hassan averaged 12.6 points and 5.8 rebounds per game.

## Professional career

In 2013, Hassan signed his first professional contract for the Leicester Riders in the BBL. In his rookie season, Hassan averaged 15.7 points and 8 rebounds per game whilst helping the Riders to win the BBL Cup, with a 72–69 victory over Newcastle Eagles in the Final; Hassan scored 10 points and 9 rebounds. During his second season for the Leicester -based team, Hassan averaged 18.2 points and 7 rebounds per game, finishing as the team's top scorer and rebounder. He scored a career-high 35 points against Sheffield Sharks on 16 January 2015, and was named on the league's Team of the Year roster in the post-season awards.

After two successful seasons at Leicester, Hassan signed for Sparta Bertrange of Luxembourg in 2015. In 28 games, Hassan averaged 21.1 points and 12.9 rebounds per game, earning a place on the league's All-Star 2nd Team. After a brief appearance in Uruguay, playing 4 games for Montevideo BBC, Hassan returned to the British Basketball League for the 2016–17 season by signing with the London Lions. In his third season in the United Kingdom, Hassan averaged 19.7 points and 8.3 rebounds, leading the team as top scorer and rebounder and being named to the BBL Team of the Year for a second time.

Following the conclusion of the 2016–17 BBL season, Hassan embarked on a nomadic period with two spells in Australia, with Rockhampton Rockets and Albury Wodonga Bandits respectively, alongside a stint in France with Rueil Athletic Club and a short-lived return to Luxembourg and former team Sparta Bertrange. In October 2018 Hassan returned to the United Kingdom once more, signing with Plymouth Raiders for the 2018–19 season. Hassan lead the team in points scored, averaging 19.9 per game. In his second season for the Raiders, Hassan was averaging 18.5 points and 8.3 rebounds per game prior to the campaign being cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the resumption of the BBL for the 2020–21 season, Hassan appeared briefly for the Surrey Scorchers before moving to the Saudi Premier League in December 2020 to sign for Al Nasr Riyadh, before transferring to Al-Ahli Jeddah.

In December 2021 Hassan returned to the United Kingdom for a fifth time to sign for newly-formed Plymouth City Patriots. In his first season for the Patriots, Hassan averaged 16.3 points per game, whilst leading the team with 7.3 rebounds per game. On 23 June 2022, it was announced that Hassan had signed for a second season at the Patriots.

## International career

Hassan has dual American and Saudi Arabian citizenship and has had try-outs with the Saudi Arabia national team.


# Wheelchair tennis at the Asian Para Games

## Abstract

Wheelchair Tennis events have been contested at every Asian Para Games since 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou.

## Medalists

Medal winning teams for every Asian Para Games since 2010 are as follows:


Chris Fehn

# Chris Fehn

## Abstract

Christopher Michael Fehn (born February 24, 1973) is an American musician. He was a percussionist and backing vocalist for the heavy metal band Slipknot from 1998 to 2019, in which he was designated #3. He was also the bassist for Will Haven from 2010 to 2012.

## Career

### Slipknot

Fehn joined Slipknot in 1998, replacing percussionist Brandon Darner. As well as lending his percussion talents to the band, he has also sung backing vocals on a number of songs Slipknot has both recorded and performed live. Fehn describes himself as a "big fan of the band" and says of Slipknot, "the world needed something like this."

In an interview with Face Culture, Fehn stated that the band members gave him a hard time during his early years with the band. He described that his time during the self-titled album era was his "hazing period."

Slipknot bassist Paul Gray stated in an interview that Fehn "often brings humor to the band," and that they "definitely need that guy." Fehn would wear a Pinocchio -style mask and would frequently stroke the nose as if he was masturbating.

On March 14, 2019, Fehn filed a lawsuit against Slipknot, citing payment being held back. Fehn specifically accused Corey Taylor and Shawn Crahan for what he felt was questionable business dealings.

On March 18, 2019, Fehn officially split with Slipknot following the filing of his lawsuit. However, a few days later, the message was removed from the website and according to Fehn's lawyer, the percussionist's employment status with the band had not changed since his initial filing.

## Personal life

In the early years of Slipknot before their signing with Roadrunner Records, Fehn was an electrician.

Outside Slipknot, Fehn is a very keen golfer, and shown on an interview he did on the band's 2006 DVD, Voliminal: Inside the Nine, where he is interviewed at a golf course.

Fehn has two sons, born in 2012, and 2023.

Fehn has ornithophobia.

## Discography

### with Slipknot

- Slipknot (1999)

- Iowa (2001)

- Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004)

- 9.0 Live (2005)

- All Hope Is Gone (2008)

- Antennas to Hell (2012)

- .5: The Gray Chapter (2014)

- Live at MSG (2023)

### with Will Haven

- Voir Dire (2011)

### Other appearances

- Phil Campbell – Old Lions Still Roar (2019) drums on "These Old Boots"

## Filmography

- 1999: Welcome to Our Neighborhood

- 2000: Slipknot: Generation Z

- 2002: Disasterpieces

- 2002: Rollerball

- 2003: Slipknot: Up to Our Necks

- 2006: Voliminal: Inside the Nine

- 2008: Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone"

- 2009: Of the (sic): Your Nightmares, Our Dreams

- 2010: (sic)nesses

- 2013: Motionless in White – America (appears in the video as the freakshow host)

- 2016: Officer Downe

- 2017: Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico


Division of Werriwa

# Division of Werriwa

## Abstract

The Division of Werriwa is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The name Werriwa derives from a local Aboriginal name for Lake George, which was located in the division when it was established in 1900. The division was one of the original 65 divisions first contested at the first federal election.

Werriwa now covers an area in south-west Sydney, including the suburbs of Ashcroft, Austral, Bonnyrigg Heights, Bradfield, Busby, Carnes Hill, Cartwright, Casula, Cecil Hills, Edmondson Park, Glenfield, Green Valley, Heckenberg, Hinchinbrook, Horningsea Park, Hoxton Park, Long Point, Lurnea, Macquarie Fields, Macquarie Links, Middleton Grange, Miller, Prestons, Sadleir, and West Hoxton; as well as parts of Badgerys Creek, Bonnyrigg, Bringelly, Cecil Park, Denham Court, Ingleburn, Kemps Creek, Leppington, Mount Pritchard, and Rossmore.

The current Member for Werriwa, since the 2016 federal election, is Anne Stanley, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

## Geography

Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

## History

Originally, Werriwa was a large and mostly rural electorate that stretched from south-west Sydney to the northern part of what is now the ACT, and included the Southern Highlands, Goulburn, and part of the South West Slopes. In succeeding years, with demographic change and electoral redistributions, Werriwa began to shrink and, from 1913 onwards, no longer included Lake George. It underwent several other major changes to its borders over the years. The 1949 expansion of Parliament saw Werriwa lose most of its remaining rural territory to the newly created Division of Macarthur and move to approximately its current position in south-west Sydney, over 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from Lake George. However, it has retained the name of Werriwa, primarily as it is an original Federation electorate—the Australian Electoral Commission 's guidelines on electoral redistributions require it to preserve the names of original Federation electorates where possible.

It is a very safe seat for Labor, which has held it continuously since 1934 and for all but nine years since 1906.

Werriwa is best remembered for being the electorate of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, who held it from 1952 to 1978. It was represented from 1994 to 2005 by one of Whitlam's former aides, Mark Latham, the leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition from 2003 to 2005. In more recent times, a by-election in March 2005 resulted in Labor's Chris Hayes elected with over 55% of the vote, in a 16-candidate race which saw no other candidate poll above 8%.

## Demographics

Werriwa is a heavily working-class electorate and is considered part of Labor's " Red Wall ".

Werriwa is home to relatively large immigrant communities. According to the 2016 census, 64.8% of electors had both parents born outside of Australia. 40.0% of people only speak English at home. Other languages spoken at home include Arabic 10.1%, Vietnamese 6.3%, Hindi 4.3%, Spanish 2.8% and Italian 2.2%.

## Election results