Deaths in 2024

# Deaths in 2024

## Abstract

The following notable deaths occurred in 2024. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

- Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference.

## September

### 15

- Kostas Karousakis, 81, Greek folk singer.

- Elias Khoury, 76, Lebanese novelist and public intellectual.

- Basil H. Losten, 94, American Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia (1971–1977) and bishop of Stamford (1977–2006).

- Roli Mosimann, 68, Swiss-born American musician and record producer, lung cancer.

- Valentin Samungi, 82, Romanian handballer, Olympic bronze medallist (1972).

### 14

- Berit Ås, 96, Norwegian politician, MP (1973–1977).

- Toshen Bora, 74, Indian footballer (national team).

- Jean-Michel Dupuis, 69, French actor (Little Marcel, Dossier 51, La Boum).

- Brenda Fajardo, 84, Filipino artist and printmaker.

- Sadreddin Hejazi, 76, Iranian actor (The Gun Loaded, Santouri, Doubt).

- Fred Nall Hollis, 76, American artist.

- Zubair Khan, 61, Indian politician, Rajasthan MLA (1990–1998, 2003–2008, since 2023).

- Glenis Levestam, 87, New Zealand actress (Close to Home, City Life, Black Sheep).

- Gheorghe Mulțescu, 72, Romanian football player (Jiul Petroșani, national team) and manager (Dinamo București).

- Kamel Ouejdide, 44, French-Moroccan footballer (Sète 34, Clermont, Boussu Dour Borinage).

- Fernando Puche, 78, Spanish businessman, president of Málaga CF (1997–2001).

- Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, 82, Kuwaiti royal, prime minister (2011–2019) and minister of defense (2001–2011).

- Luca Salvadori, 35, Italian motorcycle racer, race crash.

- Arie van der Veer, 82, Dutch televangelist, chairman of Evangelische Omroep, prostate cancer.

### 13

- Franca Bettoia, 88, Italian actress (A Man of Straw, The Last Man on Earth, Sandokan Against the Leopard of Sarawak).

- Moisés Canelo, 74, Honduran singer-songwriter, stroke.

- Tommy Cash, 84, American country musician (" Six White Horses ").

- Chalmers Davis, 73, American keyboardist (Little Richard, Johnny Cash, The Shooters).

- Wolfgang Gerhardt, 80, German politician, MP (1994–2013).

- Pravin Gordhan, 75, South African politician and anti-apartheid activist, minister of public enterprises (2018–2024) and finance (2009–2014, 2015–2017), twice MNA, cancer.

- Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz, 80, Polish psychiatrist and psychotherapist.

- Lex Marinos, 75, Australian actor (Kingswood Country) and radio presenter (Triple J).

- Mary McFadden, 85, American designer.

- Chalong Pakdeevijit, 93, Thai film director and actor, pulmonary edema.

- Sir George Radda, 88, Hungarian-British chemist, chief executive of MRC (1996–2004).

- Nicola Rotolo, 99, Italian politician, president of Apulia (1975–1978). (death announced on this date)

- Edward James Slattery, 84, American Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Tulsa (1993–2016).

- Milda Vainiutė, 61, Lithuanian legal scholar and politician, minister of justice (2016–2018). (death announced on this date)

- Lois Wilson, 97, Canadian politician and academic administrator, senator (1998–2002), chancellor of Lakehead University (1990–2000).

### 12

- Julius Ansah, 74, Ghanaian jurist, justice of the Supreme Court (2004–2020). (death announced on this date)

- Safeya Binzagr, 84, Saudi painter and museum owner.

- Erasmito Bultrón, 49, Panamanian folk musician, cancer.

- Santi Coch, 64, Spanish football player (Gimnàstic) and manager (Pobla Mafumet).

- Gabriel Gonzalez, 57, American musician (No Doubt, Save Ferris), traffic collision.

- Robin Guy, 54, British drummer (Sham 69, All About Eve), cancer.

- Hank, 12–13, American sports mascot dog (Milwaukee Brewers).

- Greg Harden, 75, American life coach and motivational speaker, complications from surgery.

- María Daniela Icaza, Ecuadorian prison director (Litoral Penitentiary), shot.

- Aussie Malcolm, 83, Australian-born New Zealand politician, MP (1975–1984), minister of immigration (1981–1984) and health (1981–1984).

- Graham McNeice, 76, Australian sports broadcaster and documentary filmmaker.

- Wasyl Medwit, 75, Polish-born Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Lviv (1994–1996) and Donetsk-Kharkiv (2009–2013).

- Karl Moline, 51, American comic book artist (Fray, Route 666, Loners). (death announced on this date)

- Charles W. Moore, 84, American football player (Tennessee State Tigers) and coach (Bethune–Cookman Wildcats, Langston University).

- Papa Kojak, 68, Jamaican musician.

- Stephen Peat, 44, Canadian ice hockey player (Washington Capitals), injuries sustained in traffic collision.

- Avelino Porto, 88, Argentine lawyer, minister of health (1991) and founder of the University of Belgrano.

- Sitaram Yechury, 72, Indian politician, MP (2005–2017), pneumonia.

### 11

- Gabriel Adekunle Aromolaran, 86, Nigerian traditional ruler, Owa Obokun of Ijesha (since 1982).

- Senaka Batagoda, 66, Sri Lankan singer.

- Kenneth Cope, 93, English actor (Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), Coronation Street, The Damned).

- Alberto Fujimori, 86, Peruvian politician and convicted criminal, president (1990–2000), tongue cancer.

- Ehab Galal, 57, Egyptian football player (Ismaily) and manager (ENPPI, Zamalek), stroke.

- Luca Giurato, 84, Italian journalist and television presenter (Domenica in, Unomattina), heart attack.

- Steve Gregg, 68, American swimmer, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Josef Helbling, 89, Swiss Olympic cyclist (1960).

- Jeong Jae-mun, 87, South Korean political scientist and politician, MP (1985–2004).

- Peter Klashorst, 67, Dutch painter, sculptor, and photographer, lymphoma.

- Galius Kličius, 74, Lithuanian painter, cinematographer, and theatrical designer.

- Kong Xianjing, 72, Chinese engineer and academic administrator, vice president of DLUT (1999–2002) and member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

- Ibsen Martínez, 72, Venezuelan journalist (El Nacional, El Nuevo Herald) and screenwriter (Por Estas Calles), heart attack.

- Graciela Maturo, 96, Argentine poet and academic.

- Chad McQueen, 63, American actor (The Karate Kid, Martial Law, Red Line) and racing driver, organ failure.

- Jean-Henri Meunier, 74, French film director and screenwriter.

- Frank Misson, 85, Australian cricketer (New South Wales, national team).

- Sebastiano Sandro Ravagnani, 67, Italian television author.

- Didier Roustan, 66, French sports journalist (Téléfoot), liver cancer.

- Joe Schmidt, 92, American Hall of Fame football player and coach (Detroit Lions).

- Nikolai Svanidze, 69, Russian television and radio host, brain ischemia.

- Malick Touré, 28, Malian footballer (Club Africain, US Biskra, MO Béjaïa), heart attack.

- Illia Yefimchyk, 36, Belarusian bodybuilder, cardiac arrest.

### 10

- Brian Aldridge, 47, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (2004–2016).

- Tina McElroy Ansa, 74, American novelist and journalist.

- Frankie Beverly, 77, American singer (Maze) and songwriter (" Before I Let Go ", " Back in Stride ").

- Clio Maria Bittoni, 89, Italian lawyer, companion of the president (2006–2015).

- Patrick Bolger, 76, Canadian Olympic wrestler (1968, 1972) and judoka.

- Roberto Chale, 77, Peruvian football player (Universitario, national team) and manager (Universitario).

- Michaela DePrince, 29, Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer.

- Karl Gouder, 45, Maltese politician, MP (2010–2013, 2015–2022).

- Doug Hood, 70, New Zealand record producer (" Pink Frost ", Boodle Boodle Boodle), cancer.

- Anne-José Lemonnier, 66, French poet. (death announced on this date)

- Kevin Long, 69, American football player (South Carolina Gamecocks, New York Jets, Arizona Wranglers).

- Francisco Lopera, 73, Colombian neurologist.

- Abbas Mahfouzi, 96, Iranian Twelver Shi'a marja'.

- Eligio Martínez, 69, Bolivian footballer (The Strongest, national team).

- László Mészáros, 47, Hungarian footballer (Fortuna Sittard). (death announced on this date)

- Maria Politseymako, 86, Russian actress (Success, 100 Days Before the Command, The Parrot Speaking Yiddish).

- Pari Saberi, 92, Iranian theatre director.

- Jim Sasser, 87, American politician, U.S. senator (1977–1995) and ambassador to China (1996–1999).

- Billy Sherrill, 77, American sound engineer (Kenny Rogers, Kenny Chesney).

- Valeriy Slatenko, 77, Ukrainian football coach (Krystal Kherson).

### 9

- Dilli Babu, 50, Indian film producer (Urumeen, Maragadha Naanayam, Ratsasan).

- Jean-Claude Berejnoï, 85, French rugby union player (national team).

- John Cassaday, 52, American comic book artist (Planetary, Astonishing X-Men, Captain America).

- Lila Christoforidou, 84–85, Greek lawyer and politician, MP (1981–1985).

- Shomie Das, 89, Indian educationist.

- Carroll Dawson, 86, American basketball coach and executive (Baylor Bears, Houston Rockets).

- Marcello De Dorigo, 87, Italian Olympic cross-country skier (1960, 1964).

- Jenaro García-Arreciado, 77, Spanish engineer and politician, deputy (1982–1998).

- Cecília Gáspár, 39, Hungarian footballer (TSV Crailsheim, SGS Essen, national team). (death announced on this date)

- James Earl Jones, 93, American actor (Star Wars, Fences, The Lion King), Tony winner (1969, 1987).

- Raja Petra Kamarudin, 73, Malaysian blogger (Malaysia Today).

- Kuniaki Kobayashi, 68, Japanese professional wrestler (NJPW, NWA Hollywood, AJPW), pancreatic cancer.

- Robert Kościelny, 63, Polish engineer and politician, MP (1993–1997).

- Lee Hoi-sang, 83, Hong Kong actor (The 36th Chamber of Shaolin, The Incredible Kung Fu Master, Shaolin and Wu Tang) and martial artist.

- Xavier Oriach, 96, Spanish-French painter and engraver.

- Jacek Rybicki, 65, Polish politician, MP (1997–2001).

- Friedrich Schorlemmer, 80, German theologian and activist (Peaceful Revolution).

- Robert Smoktunowicz, 62, Polish politician, senator (2001–2007).

- Karen Swassjan, 76, Armenian philosopher.

- Jeffrey Titford, 90, British politician, MEP (1999–2009), cancer.

- Caterina Valente, 93, French-Italian singer (" Bongo cha cha cha ").

- Mitchell Wiggins, 64, American basketball player (Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers).

- Ivo Winkler, 84, Czech ice hockey player (HC Slezan Opava, TJ ZKL Brno).

- Alexander Yevstifeyev, 66, Russian politician, senator (2002–2004) and head of Mari El (2017–2022).

### 8

- Allen Aldridge, 52, American football player (Denver Broncos, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans).

- Mauricio Arriaza Chicas, 59, Salvadoran police officer, director of the National Civil Police (since 2019), helicopter crash.

- Valeriy Bassel, 85, Ukrainian actor (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, Fiery Roads, The Trust That Went Bust).

- Toni d'Antonio, 51, Belgian actor (The Barons, Houba! On the Trail of the Marsupilami, Night Call).

- David Dumville, 75, British medievalist and Celtic scholar.

- Ian Froman, 87, South African-born Israeli tennis player.

- Ana Gervasi, 57, Peruvian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs (2022–2023). (body discovered on this date)

- Tarek Ali Hassan, 86, Egyptian composer and endocrinologist.

- Morriss Henry, 92, American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1967–1970) and Senate (1971–1974).

- İlkan Karaman, 34, Turkish basketball player (Fenerbahçe, Tofaş Bursa, national team), traffic collision.

- Ed Kranepool, 79, American baseball player (New York Mets), cardiac arrest.

- Viktor Lyadov, 58, Russian pianist.

- Mara Malavenda, 79, Italian trade unionist and politician, deputy (1996–2001).

- Robert Marcy, 104, French actor.

- Tatsuro Matsumae, 97, Japanese academic and politician, member of the House of Councillors (1977–2001), pneumonia.

- Alexander Maslyakov, 82, Russian television game show host (KVN), lung cancer.

- Henny Moan, 88, Norwegian actress (Nine Lives, Lake of the Dead, O' Horten).

- Zoot Money, 82, English singer and keyboardist (The Animals, Zoot Money's Big Roll Band).

- Puput Novel, 50, Indonesian singer, actress, and presenter, breast cancer.

- Harley Refsal, 79, American woodcarver.

- Peter Renaday, 89, American voice actor (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Transformers, Assassin's Creed).

- Vikas Sethi, 48, Indian actor (Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahiin to Hoga, Kasautii Zindagii Kay), heart attack.

- Emi Shinohara, 61, Japanese voice actress (Sailor Moon, Naruto, Perfect Blue).

- Yves Simoens, 82, Belgian Jesuit priest, Biblist, and academic.

- Chuck Simon, 57, American horse racing trainer and stable owner, cancer.

- Michel Soufflet, 94, French industrialist, chairman of The Soufflet Group (1957–2000).

- Snežana Stameska, 78, Macedonian actress (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, To the Hilt, The Liberation of Skopje).

- Ben Thapa, 42, English opera singer (G4).

- Tie Liu, 91, Chinese writer and political dissident.

- Robert F. Titus, 97, American air force brigadier general.

- Wu Chien-pao, 73, Taiwanese politician and convicted game fixer, member (1998–2011) and speaker (2002–2010) of the Tainan City Council, esophageal cancer.

### 7

- Fabio Arruda, 54, Brazilian etiquette consultant and television personality (A Fazenda, A Fazenda 9), heart attack.

- James Byrne, 76, Irish fraudster.

- Pierre Consigny, 94, French government official and politician, president of the French Red Cross (1994–1997).

- Darcy, 69, Brazilian footballer (Guarani, Sport Recife, Portuguesa), cancer.

- Max Dauphin, 47, Luxembourgish painter.

- Alan Feinstein, 93, American philanthropist.

- Alfredo Garrido, 91, Spanish music producer and lyricist.

- Jimmy Gilmer, 83, American singer (The Fireballs) and music publisher.

- Michael Guider, 73, Australian convicted paedophile and child killer.

- James Hollcroft, 26, Mexican actor (Como dice el dicho).

- Slavo Kukić, 70, Bosnian sociologist, member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

- Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi, 50, Ugandan politician, MP (since 2021), heart attack.

- James Matthews, 95, South African poet, writer and publisher.

- Ioan Moldovan, 72, Romanian poet and essayist.

- Dan Morgenstern, 94, German-born American music journalist (Jazz Journal, DownBeat) and archivist, eight-time Grammy winner, heart failure.

- Diondre Overton, 26, American football player (Clemson Tigers, Philadelphia Stars, Memphis Showboats), shot.

- Cesare Poli, 79, Italian footballer (Lanerossi Vicenza, Inter Milan, Cagliari).

- Helmi al-Touni, 90, Egyptian visual artist.

- Juozas Žilys, 82, Lithuanian lawyer and judge, member of the constitutional court (1993–1999).

### 6

- Kelly Alexander, 75, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2009).

- Lorenzo Ceresoli, 93, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of Awasa (1993–2009).

- Robert Deslandes, 96, French actor (Family Business).

- Walter G. Ehmer, 58, American businessman, CEO of Waffle House (since 2012).

- Ayşenur Ezgi Eygi, 26, Turkish-born American human rights activist and protester, shot.

- Armand de Fluvià, 92, Spanish genealogist, heraldist and LGBT rights activist, respiratory failure.

- Melina Furman, 49, Argentine educator, popularizer and researcher (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), colon cancer.

- Gustavo García de Paredes, 85, Panamanian educator and politician, rector of the University of Panama (1997–2016), manager of the Colón Free Trade Zone (1981–1982).

- Paul Goldsmith, 98, American racing driver.

- Rebecca Horn, 80, German visual artist and film director (Buster's Bedroom).

- Neil Inall, 91, Australian agronomist, journalist, and television presenter (Always on Sunday).

- Sonia Iovan, 88, Romanian gymnast, Olympic bronze medallist (1956, 1960).

- Will Jennings, 80, American Hall of Fame lyricist (" My Heart Will Go On ", " Tears in Heaven ", " Up Where We Belong "), Oscar winner (1983, 1998), Grammy winner (1993, 1999).

- Alfredo Karam, 99, Brazilian military officer and politician, commander of the navy (1984–1985).

- Charles F. McMillan, 69, American nuclear physicist, director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (2011–2017), traffic collision.

- Cathy Merrick, 62, Canadian First Nations leader, grand chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs (since 2022).

- Mark Moffatt, 74, Australian musician (The Monitors) and record producer (" (I'm) Stranded ", " Treaty "), pancreatic cancer.

- Renato Molinari, 78, Italian powerboat racer.

- Marty Morton, 82, Australian entertainer, cancer.

- Pim de la Parra, 84, Surinamese-Dutch film director (Wan Pipel, Frank en Eva) and film producer (Blue Movie).

- Anatoliy Petritskiy, 92, Russian cinematographer (War and Peace, Mimino, Time and the Conways).

- Alan Rees, 86, British racing driver.

- Gaetano Salvemini, 82, Italian football player and manager (Genoa, Palermo, Empoli).

- Screamin' Scott Simon, 75, American pianist and singer (Sha Na Na), sinus cancer.

- Marie Michele St. Louis, 55, Mauritian Olympic judoka (1996).

- Vladas Terleckas, 84, Lithuanian politician.

- Horst Weigang, 83, German footballer (Lokomotive Leipzig, Rot-Weiß Erfurt), Olympic bronze medallist (1964).

- Ron Yeats, 86, Scottish football player (Liverpool, national team) and manager (Tranmere Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.

### 5

- Manuel Antín, 98, Argentine film director (Don Segundo Sombra, Circe, The Venerable Ones).

- Faisal Basri, 64, Indonesian economist and politician, heart disease.

- Derek Boshier, 87, English pop artist.

- Roy Cape, 82, Trinidadian calypso saxophonist, stroke.

- Rebecca Cheptegei, 33, Ugandan Olympic long-distance runner (2024), burned.

- Peter Eschberg, 88, Austrian actor (Iron Gustav) and theater manager.

- Herbie Flowers, 86, English musician (Blue Mink, T. Rex, Sky).

- Elio Fontana, 83, Italian politician, deputy (1979–1983), senator (1983–1994).

- Martin France, 60, British jazz drummer.

- Radha Charan Gupta, 89, Indian mathematics historian.

- Davy Kiprotich Koech, 73, Kenyan immunologist, founder of KEMRI.

- Mapaputsi, 45, South African musician.

- Sérgio Mendes, 83, Brazilian bossa nova musician (" The Look of Love ", " The Fool on the Hill ", " Never Gonna Let You Go "), Grammy winner (1993), complications from long COVID.

- Werner Nachtigall, 90, German zoologist and biologist.

- Óscar Ponzanelli, 58, Mexican sculptor (Bench of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara).

- Helge Rasche, 33, German football coach, traffic collision.

- Oleksandr Rezanov, 75, Ukrainian handball player, Olympic champion (1976).

- Rich Homie Quan, 33, American rapper (" Type of Way ", " Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh) ", " Ride Out ").

- Jorge Rivera López, 90, Argentine actor (Pobres habrá siempre, La Mary, Proceso a la infamia).

- Earline S. Rogers, 89, American politician, member of the Indiana House of Representatives (1982–1990) and Senate (1990–2016).

- Augusto M. Seabra, 69, Portuguese music and film critic.

- Władysław Słowiński, 94, Polish composer and conductor.

- Laurent Tirard, 57, French film director (Little Nicholas, Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia, Return of the Hero).

- Tsai Kuan-yu, 91, Taiwanese activist and political prisoner.

- Aruna Vasudev, 87, Indian film scholar and critic.

### 4

- Luis Ayala, 91, Chilean tennis player.

- Oswald d'Andréa, 90, French pianist and film composer (Life and Nothing But, Captain Conan).

- Bora Đorđević, 71, Serbian singer-songwriter (Riblja Čorba), pneumonia.

- Colin Fournier, 79, British architect.

- Olavi Heinonen, 85, Finnish judge, president of the Supreme Court (1989–2001).

- Sergey Ivanenko, 65, Russian economist and politician, deputy (1993–2003).

- Céline Orgelle Kentsop, 54, Cameroonian actress, hemorrhagic stroke.

- Mark Loveday, 80, British stockbroker.

- Michael McDonald, 61, American costume designer (Hair).

- Hermes Ramírez, 76, Cuban sprinter, Olympic silver medallist (1968).

- David Rose, 81, English football club secretary (Ipswich Town).

- Jacques Rouchouse, 78, French radio producer and music critic.

- Larry Trader, 61, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues, Montreal Canadiens).

- Marc Van den Hoof, 78, Belgian radio presenter, poet and saxophonist.

- Yang Jen-fu, 82, Taiwanese politician, member of the Legislative Yuan (1999–2012).

### 3

- Selva Alemán, 80, Argentine actress (Asesinato en el Senado de la Nación, Count to Ten, Malparida), heart attack.

- María Benítez, 82, American dancer and choreographer.

- Miguel Bermúdez, 80, Argentine actor (Buenos Aires, Summer 1912, The Desire to Live).

- Vladimir Bure, 73, Russian swimmer and ice hockey fitness consultant, Olympic silver medallist (1972), complications from a heart attack.

- Guillermina Cesco, 75, Argentine psychologist.

- John Allen Clements, 101, American physician.

- Kazimierz Działocha, 92, Polish judge and politician, judge of the constitutional tribunal (1985–1993), senator (1995–1997), MP (1997–2001).

- Clive Freeman, 61, English footballer (Swansea City, Altrincham, Doncaster Rovers).

- Göran Fristorp, 76, Swedish singer and songwriter (Malta).

- Ivan Garelov, 81, Bulgarian journalist and television presenter (Nova TV, BTV), complications from traumatic brain injury.

- Guido Carlo Gatti, 86, Italian Olympic basketball player (1968).

- Wayne Graham, 88, American Hall of Fame baseball coach (Rice Owls) and player (Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets).

- Stephan Harding, 70–71, Venezuelan-born British zoologist and ecologist.

- Charley Johnson, 85, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos).

- Alberto Jorge, 74, Argentine football player (Racing Club, León) and manager (Toluca).

- Georg Meiring, 84, South African military officer, chief of the Army (1990–1993) and SANDF (1993–1998).

- Mohan Natrajan, 71, Indian actor (Kottai Vaasal, Mahanadhi) and film producer (Kannukkul Nilavu).

- Zdeněk Rylich, 93, Czech basketball player (Czechoslovakia national team).

- Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, 93, Scottish peer, member of the House of Lords (1979–2014).

- Beverley Shore Bennett, 95, New Zealand portrait and stained-glass artist.

- Igor Spassky, 98, Russian nuclear engineer (Delta III, Typhoon and Oscar submarines).

- Gottfried Teubner, 79, German politician, member of the Landtag of Saxony (1990–2009).

- Mike Torode, 83, Guernsey politician, chief minister (2007–2008).

- Jacqueline Winsor, 82, Canadian-born American sculptor, stroke.

- Robert C. Wise, 99, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1965–1974).

### 2

- James B. Allen, 97, American historian.

- Mick Cullen, 93, Scottish footballer (Luton Town, Grimsby Town, national team).

- James Darren, 88, American singer (" Goodbye Cruel World ") and actor (Gidget, T. J. Hooker).

- Wayne Duke, 69, Australian rules footballer (Fitzroy).

- Rodolfo Hernández Suárez, 79, Colombian civil engineer and politician, senator (2022) and mayor of Bucaramanga (2016–2019), complications from cancer surgery.

- H. Jeff Kimble, 75, American physicist and academic.

- Kong Sam Ol, 94, Cambodian politician, MP (since 1993), minister of agriculture (1986–1989) and the Royal Palace (since 1998).

- Zdravko Krstanović, 74, Serbian poet, prose writer, and critic (Slobodna Dalmacija).

- Peter Kubik, 49, Austrian guitarist (Abigor), suicide. (death announced on this date)

- Mihály Kupa, 83, Hungarian politician, minister of finance (1990–1993). (death announced on this date)

- Pat Lewis, 76, American soul singer.

- Sante Marsili, 73, Italian water polo player, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Raul Martirez, 86, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of San Jose de Antique (1983–2002), stroke.

- Aleksandr Medved, 86, Belarusian freestyle wrestler, Olympic champion (1964, 1968, 1972).

- Fadhil al-Milani, 80, Iraqi-Iranian academic, author and community leader.

- Bernie Mireault, 63, French-born Canadian comic book artist (The Jam), suicide.

- Pádraic Monaghan, 65, Irish Gaelic footballer (Garrymore, St Jude's, Mayo).

- Manuel Montoya, 64, Spanish handball coach (Romania national team, Iran national team).

- Dumezweni Mthimkhulu, Botswanan politician, MP (since 2019).

- Edgardo Luis Paruzzo, 70, Argentine footballer (Quilmes, Tigre, Almirante Brown).

- Rashad Abu Sakhila, 23, Palestinian actor (Fist of the Free) and poet, airstrike.

- Irina Schabanova, 85, Russian physicist.

- Vladimir Turiyansky, 89, Russian poet and composer.

### 1

- Abel Alonso, 89, Spanish-Chilean shoemaker and football executive (Unión Española), president of the ANFP (1979–1982).

- K. J. Baby, 70, Indian writer. (body discovered on this date)

- Mike Billard, 60, Canadian jazz drummer (Jeff Johnston Trio).

- Bob Blaylock, 89, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals).

- Tim Bowden, 87, Australian historian and television presenter.

- Teresa Bright, 64, American guitarist and ukulele player.

- Tom C. Brown, 91, American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1980–1986).

- Denis Browne, 86, New Zealand Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Rarotonga (1977–1983), Auckland (1983–1994) and Hamilton (1994–2014).

- Jorge Canda, 70–71, Spanish politician, mayor of A Lama (1995–2023), member of the Provincial Deputation of Pontevedra (2015–2017).

- Norman Chui, 73, Hong Kong actor (Vengeful Beauty, Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Hong Kong Godfather), esophageal cancer.

- Linda Deutsch, 80, American journalist (Associated Press), pancreatic cancer.

- Eric Gilliland, 62, American television producer and writer (Roseanne, That '70s Show, My Boys), colon cancer.

- Naftali Hershtik, 77, Hungarian-born Israeli hazzan.

- Danis Katranidis, 75, Greek actor (Vera sto Dexi).

- Budimir Lončar, 100, Croatian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs of Yugoslavia (1987–1991).

- Àngels Martínez Castells, 76, Spanish economist, academic and politician, member of the Parliament of Catalonia (2015–2017).

- Makrand Mehta, 93, Indian historian, dengue.

- Abd al-Rahman al-Milad, Libyan human trafficker, shot.

- Simon "Spike" Mullings, British bass guitarist (The Snapdragons).

- Sergio Rivero, 60, Bolivian footballer (Real Santa Cruz, Oriente Petrolero, national team).

- Irene Ryder, 75, Hong Kong singer.

- Franz Sauerzopf, 92, Austrian judge and politician, member of the Landtag Burgenland (1972–1986).

- John Schultz, 85, Australian Hall of Fame footballer (Footscray).

- Romárico Sotomayor García, 85, Cuban soldier and politician, deputy (2008–2013).

- Evert Svensson, 99, Swedish sociologist and politician, MP (1957–1991).

- Brian Trueman, 92, English broadcaster (Screen Test), writer (Danger Mouse) and voice actor (Count Duckula).

- Ahu Tuğba, 69, Turkish actress (Şeytan, Banker Bilo, Beyaz Ölüm).

- Umesh Upadhyay, 66, Indian media executive (Reliance Industries Limited, Network 18) and writer, fall.

- Dan Voicilă, 85, Romanian sports journalist.

## Previous months

- Deaths in January 2024

- Deaths in February 2024

- Deaths in March 2024

- Deaths in April 2024

- Deaths in May 2024

- Deaths in June 2024

- Deaths in July 2024

- Deaths in August 2024


List of sovereign states in the 1940s

# List of sovereign states in the 1940s

## Abstract

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1940s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 1949. It contains 106 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 99 widely recognized sovereign states, six entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Academic datasets differ in terms of the number of states in the 1940s. At the start of the 1940s, the lowest estimate of the number of states is in the mid-50s whereas the highest is in the low-70s. At the end of the 1940s, the lowest estimate is in the mid-70s while the highest is in the mid-80s.

## Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

- Allied-occupied Austria (from 27 April 1945) was divided into four zones of occupation by France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

- Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) was divided into four zones of occupation by France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

- Burma – State of Burma (from 1 August 1943 to 19 August 1945) was organized and recognized by Japanese military during the Japanese occupation. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- China, Provisional Government of – Provisional Government of the Republic of China (to 30 March 1940) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War.

- China, Reformed Government of – Reformed Government of the Republic of China (to 30 March 1940) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War.

- Croatia – Independent State of Croatia (from 10 April 1941 to 25 May 1945) was organized and recognized by German military authority during the invasion of Yugoslavia. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- East Turkestan, officially the East Turkestan Republic, existed from November 12, 1944 to December 22, 1949, when it was conquered by China.

- Estonia was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.

- Kampuchea – Kingdom of Kampuchea (from March 9, 1945 to August 15, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during the Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.

- Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, but the legality of the annexation was not widely recognized. The Baltic diplomatic services in the West continued to be recognised as representing the de jure state.

- Luang Prabang – Kingdom of Luang Prabang (from March 9, 1945 to October 12, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during the Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- Manchukuo – Empire of Manchuria (to August, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority after Mukden Incident. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- Mengjiang – Mongol Military Government (to August, 1945) Capital: Kalgan was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during Second Sino-Japanese War. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- National Government of the Republic of China – National Government of the Republic of China (from 30 March 1940 to August 16, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japanese military, combined Reformed Government and Provisional Government together. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- Provisional Government of Free India (from October 21, 1943 to August 18, 1945) was organized and recognized by Indian nationalists in-exile during the Japanese occupation of Singapore. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- The Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone was a strip of neutral territory between Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

- The Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone was a strip of neutral territory between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

- Slovakia – Slovak Republic (to April 4, 1945) was organized and recognized by German military after Munich Agreement. Recognized by Axis powers member states. Recognized by Axis powers member states and several neutral states.

- The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was an entity claiming sovereignty. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome. Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.

- Tangier was an international zone under the joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Belgium.

- → Vietnam – Empire of Vietnam (from March 11, 1945 to August 25, 1945) was organized and recognized by Japan military authority during the Japanese coup d'etat in French Indochina. Recognized by Axis powers member states.

- West Berlin from 23 May 1949 was a political enclave that was closely aligned with – but not actually a part of – West Germany. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.


Layered system

# Layered system

## Abstract

In telecommunications, a layered system is a system in which components are grouped, i.e., layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide functions and services that support the functions and services of higher layers.

Systems of ever-increasing complexity and capability can be built by adding or changing the layers to improve overall system capability while using the components that are still in place.


2018 in Guyana

# 2018 in Guyana

## Abstract

Events in the year 2018 in Guyana.

## Incumbents

- President: David Granger

- Prime Minister: Moses Nagamootoo

## Events

- 9 November – An aircraft accident shortly after departure from Cheddi Jagan International Airport

## Deaths

- 17 February – Mohamed Shahabuddeen, judge and politician (b. 1931).

- 8 March – Wilson Harris, writer (b. 1921).

- 28 June – Abdul Kadir, politician and convicted terrorist (born c.1952)


XTLIKE

# XTLIKE

## Abstract

XTLIKE (pronounced "ekstrike") is the tenth studio album released by the Japanese hip hop group Lead, released on September 4, 2024, four years after their previous studio album, Singularity. The album debuted at No. 9 on the Oricon Albums Charts.

The album included their physical single " See Your Heart ", along with their digital singles "Billionaire", "Jack in the Beats" and "Don't Stay".

XTLIKE was released in two editions editions; a CD only version and a CD+DVD edition. A limited CD+Blu-ray+Photo Book edition was released to their fan club, which contained a thirty-six page booklet.

## Information

XTLIKE is the tenth studio album released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead, released two years after their previous album Lead the Best. The album debuted at in the top ten on the Oricon charts, taking the No. 9 position, and peaked at No. 6.

The album was released in three separate editions: a standard CD housing fourteen musical tracks, a standard CD+ DVD edition housing the fourteen musical tracks and music videos for select singles, and a limited CD+Blu-ray+Photo Book edition, which contained a thirty-six page booklet. The songs " Sonic Boom " and " Tuxedo " were placed on the album. Both songs had previously been placed on their compilation album Lead the Best, while the music videos had been omitted.

## Promotional activities

Prior to the album's release, the group released four singles: See Your Heart, Billionaire, Jack in the Beats and Don't Stay.

"See Your Heart" was released on May 24, 2023 and charted No. 5 on the Oricon Singles Charts. The song was used as the ending theme for the Fuji TV series Nariyuki Kaidou Tabi (なりゆき街道旅 / Nariyuki Highway Journey) in the month of April. On May 14, 2023, Lead performed "See Your Heart" at the Sayonara Nakano Sunplaza Music Festival.

"Billionaire" was Lead's first digital single, released on October 6, 2023. The song was advertised as the "sequel" to their 2004 song " Night Deluxe." The day of its release, the group held a campaign to promote the song, offering prizes to those who streamed the song the most on Line Music.

To coincide with their 2023/2024 tour, Lead released the tie-in song "Jack in the Beats" on February 25, 2024. The song was the opening to their Upturn 2023 ~Jack in the Beats~ lives.

"Don't Stay" was released on June 5, 2024, with a promotional music video released the same day on Lead's official YouTube. It was utilized as the ending theme to the Netflix movie Baki Hanma VS Kengan Ashura.

## Track listing


Elaine DePrince

# Elaine DePrince

## Abstract

Elaine DePrince (née DiGiacomo, c. 1947 – September 11, 2024) was an American author of non-fiction, hemophilia activist, teacher, and advocate of adoptive parenting. The mother of 11 children, she is best known as the adoptive mother of ballet star Michaela DePrince and the co-author of her autobiography, Taking Flight: From War Orphan to Star Ballerina (2014). She was interviewed in the 2011 documentary First Position. She was also the author of Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood (1997), which tells the story of how her three hemophiliac sons were infected with HIV/AIDS in the 1980s.

## Early life and education

Born Elaine DiGiacomo, she attended Camden Catholic High School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. She was a graduate of Rutgers University.

She was inspired to adopt in fifth grade, when she read The Family Nobody Wanted by Helen Doss. The book tells the true story of a family with 12 children, including children who had been considered "unadoptable" because they were non-white or had special needs. She said in interviews that she discussed her desire to adopt with Charles DePrince before they got married, and that he agreed. Elaine and Charles DePrince were married in May 1971 in Pennsauken, New Jersey.

## Adoption of sons

DePrince was born with Von Willebrand disease, a blood clotting disorder similar to hemophilia, and unknowingly passed it on to her two eldest sons. In 1980, DePrinces adopted their son Michael, nearly two, who had hemophilia and was deaf. Five years later, New Jersey officials asked them to adopt two more boys with hemophilia who had been living in a hospital, knowing that the couple was familiar with the medical care required, which included mixing freeze-dried clotting factor with sterile water and injecting them several times weekly.

In May 1988, the DePrinces had their sons tested, and were devastated to learn that their three adopted sons were HIV-positive. Like roughly half of all 20,000 hemophiliacs in the United States, their adopted sons had contracted the AIDS virus from injecting contaminated blood-clotting products that were supposed to heal them. Their son Cubby died on June 9, 1993 at age 11, followed by Michael who died on March 14, 1994 at age 15. Their son Teddy continued to battle the virus with the help of new protease inhibitor drugs, but eventually died in 2004 at age 24.

### Activism and class action lawsuit

DePrince wrote that the deaths of her two young sons left her wanting to die. Rather than succumb to grief, she decided to investigate how the tainted blood products had ended up being given to hemophiliacs, and to seek justice for them and their families. She lobbied successfully to have the New Jersey legislature extend the statute of limitations so that hemophiliacs could sue for compensation.

The DePrinces joined more than 100 other New Jersey and New York families in a class action lawsuit filed in 1993, which accused clotting factor manufacturers of negligence in the early 1980s, when they failed to warn patients that their products were contaminated with hepatitis. Elaine DePrince emerged as one of the leading advocates for hemophiliacs and their families, repeatedly sharing the story of Cubby and Michael and her anger that their deaths were preventable.

In July 1997, DePrince joined other hemophilia activists in lobbying senators in Washington, D.C. to pass federal legislation awarding funds to AIDS-infected hemophiliacs or their survivors because of the infected products had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Around the same time, the DePrinces were among the families that turned down a proposed $100,000 settlement for hemophiliac AIDS victims or their survivors, arguing that it was not enough.

### Cry Bloody Murder

DePrince's book, Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood, published by Random House in July 1997, wove the story of her family's ordeal with her argument that drug companies, the FDA, and the National Hemophilia Foundation were responsible. Publishers Weekly said that, "DePrince credibly contends that the four large U.S. pharmaceutical companies that manufacture clotting-factor concentrates used to treat hemophilia had access to techniques capable of inactivating any HIV in their products years before they employed these techniques". She argued that profit-seeking and backscratching between government agencies and industry caused manufacturers to delay making their blood products safer.

## Adoption of daughters

Their son Michael had dreamt of adopting a child from a war-torn country in Africa. The DePrinces decided to honor his memory by adopting a child from Sierra Leone. Elaine returned from Sierra Leone with two girls named Mabinty, one of whom was Michaela, whom they renamed after Michael.

In total, Elaine and her husband Charles DePrince raised two biological sons and nine adopted children. They lived for many years in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. For a period, the family moved to Vermont, where Elaine and Charles had lived as newlyweds, to escape the reminders of the sons who died.

## Death

Elaine DePrince died on September 11, 2024, one day after the death of her daughter Michaela. According to the family, she was unaware of Michaela's death before she died.


Elaine DePrince


Duke

# Duke

## Abstract

Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ranked below princes and grand dukes. The title comes from French duc, itself from the Latin dux, 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province. In most countries, the word duchess is the female equivalent.

Following the reforms of the emperor Diocletian (which separated the civilian and military administrations of the Roman provinces), a dux became the military commander in each province. The title dux, Hellenised to doux, survived in the Eastern Roman Empire where it continued in several contexts, signifying a rank equivalent to a captain or general. Later on, in the 11th century, the title Megas Doux was introduced for the post of commander-in-chief of the entire navy.

During the Middle Ages the title (as Herzog) signified first among the Germanic monarchies. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the counts in the cities and later, in the feudal monarchies, the highest-ranking peers of the king. A duke may or may not be, ipso facto, a member of the nation's peerage: in the United Kingdom and Spain all dukes are/were also peers of the realm, in France some were and some were not, while the term is not applicable to dukedoms of other nations, even where an institution similar to the peerage (e.g. Grandeeship, Imperial Diet, Hungarian House of Magnates) existed.

During the 19th century, many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by dukes or grand dukes. But at present, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there are no dukes ruling as monarchs. Duke remains the highest hereditary title (aside from titles borne by a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty) in Portugal (though now a republic), Spain, and the United Kingdom. In Sweden, members of the royal family are given a personal dukedom at birth. The Pope, as a temporal sovereign, has also, though rarely, granted the title of duke or duchess to persons for services to the Holy See. In some realms the relative status of "duke" and "prince", as titles borne by the nobility rather than by members of reigning dynasties, varied—e.g., in Italy and Germany.

A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is married to a duke, is normally styled duchess. Queen Elizabeth II, however, was known by tradition as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and Duke of Lancaster in Lancashire.

## Duchy and dukedom

A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke, whereas his title or area is often called a dukedom. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a fully independent state and its head, the Grand Duke, is a sovereign monarch reigning over his Luxembourgish subjects.

The Duke of Cornwall holds both the dukedom (title) and duchy (estate holdings), the latter being the source of his personal income; those living on the ducal estates are subjects of the British sovereign and owe neither fealty nor services to the duke per se. In Scotland, the male heir apparent to the British crown is always the Duke of Rothesay as well, but this is a dukedom (title) without a duchy. Similarly, the British monarch rules and owns the Duchy of Lancaster as Duke of Lancaster, but it is held separately from the Crown, with the income of the duchy estates providing the sovereign's Privy Purse.

The Channel Islands are two of the three remaining Crown Dependencies, the last vestiges of the lands of the Duchy of Normandy. The Islanders in their loyal toast will say "Le Roi, notre Duc" (The King, Our Duke). Though the title was apparently renounced under the Treaty of Paris in 1259, the Crown still maintains that the title is retained: "In 1106, William's youngest son Henry I seized the Duchy of Normandy from his brother Robert; since that time, the English sovereign has always held the title Duke of Normandy ", and that "By 1205, England had lost most of its French lands, including Normandy. However, the Channel Islands, part of the lost Duchy, remained a self-governing possession of the English Crown. While the islands today retain autonomy in government, they owe allegiance to The King in his role as Duke of Normandy."

## Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.

### Albania

The Venetians installed a "Duke of Durazzo" (today Durrës) during their brief rule over the city and its environs in 1205–1213.

In 1332, Robert of Taranto succeeded his father, Philip. Robert's uncle, John, did not wish to do him homage for the Principality of Achaea, so Robert received Achaea from John in exchange for 5,000 ounces of gold and the rights to the diminished Kingdom of Albania. John took the style of Duke of Durazzo.

In 1368, Durazzo fell to Karl Thopia, who was recognized by Venice as Prince of Albania.

### Visigoths

The Visigoths retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and it seems that dukes ruled over these areas. They were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king, most notably in the latter period before the Muslim invasions.

The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the thiufa, probably corresponding to about 1,000 people from each civitas (city district). The cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the thiufae when necessary.

### Lombards

When the Lombards entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders duces in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the Duke of Spoleto and the Duke of Benevento were de facto sovereigns. In 575, when Cleph died, a period known as the Rule of the Dukes, in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal demesne.

The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the duke pool when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and gastalds, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions.

### Franks

The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies. The dukes were the highest-ranking officials in the realm, typically Frankish (whereas the counts were often Gallo-Roman), and formed the class from which the kings' generals were chosen in times of war. The dukes met with the king every May to discuss policy for the upcoming year, the so-called Mayfield.

In Burgundy and Provence, the titles of patrician and prefect were commonly employed instead of duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. But the titles were basically equivalent.

In late Merovingian Gaul, the mayors of the palace of the Arnulfing clan began to use the title dux et princeps Francorum: 'duke and prince of the Franks'. In this title, duke implied supreme military control of the entire nation (Francorum, the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the Carolingian dynasty in France in 987.

### Holy Roman Empire

#### Stem duchies

The stem duchies were the constituent duchies of the kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (the death of Louis the Child in 911) and the transitional period leading to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire later in the 10th century.

### England

#### Anglo-Saxon times

In Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the highest political rank beneath that of king was ealdorman, and the first ealdormen were referred to as duces (the plural of the original Latin dux) in the chronicles. The title ealdorman was replaced by the Danish eorl (later earl) over time. After the Norman conquest, their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman counts.

#### Late medieval times

Edward III of England created the first English dukedom by naming his eldest son Edward, the Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall in 1337. Upon the death of the Black Prince, the duchy of Cornwall passed to his nine-year-old son, who would eventually succeed his grandfather as Richard II.

The title of Duke of Lancaster was created by Edward III in 1351 for Henry of Grosmont, but became extinct upon the duke's death in 1361. The following year, Edward III bestowed the title (2nd creation) on his fourth son, John of Gaunt, who was also married to the first duke's daughter. On the same day Edward III also created his second son, Lionel of Antwerp, as Duke of Clarence.

All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes. In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day. Thomas of Woodstock was named Duke of Gloucester and Edmund of Langley became Duke of York, thereby founding the House of York, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's Lancastrian descendants during the Wars of the Roses.

By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York, Ireland, Hereford, Aumale, Exeter, Surrey, Norfolk, Bedford, Somerset, Buckingham, Warwick and Suffolk. Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne. When the Plantagenet dynasty came to an end at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown. John de la Pole was Duke of Suffolk and John Howard was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch.

Norfolk perished alongside Richard III at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit. It was restored to his son Thomas thirty years later by Henry VIII, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the Tudor dynasty over the ensuing century. England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day.

## Modern age

In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Anhalt, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Nassau, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization.

Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any reigning dukes in Europe; Luxembourg is ruled by a grand duke, a higher title, just below king.

In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a dukedom. However, the title of duke has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (excepting the Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as "Your Grace" and referred to as "His Grace". Currently, there are thirty-five dukedoms in the Peerage of England, Peerage of Scotland, Peerage of Great Britain, Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom, held by thirty different people, as three people hold two dukedoms and two hold three (see List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland).

All dukedoms in the UK apart from the Duchy of Lancaster are inherited through the male line only, although dukedoms such as Marlborough and Fife (second creation) have passed through the female line for one generation under terms of a special remainder for lack of male heirs of the initial grantee. Henrietta, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough and Her Highness Princess Alexandra (HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught), 2nd Duchess of Fife were duchesses in their own right. Both were succeeded in their titles by nephews born by younger sisters of the duchesses. The word duchess is normally only used for the wife of a duke.

Dukes of Lancaster are called dukes even when they are female, and by tradition the monarch of the UK, whether male or female, is known in the Channel Islands as the Duke of Normandy.

## Royal dukes

Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as a part of Sweden) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a royal duke is a duke who is a member of the British royal family, entitled to the style of " His Royal Highness ". Ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Cumberland, Duke of Cambridge, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Duke of Ross, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Kent, Duke of Sussex, and Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. Following his abdication in 1936 the former King Edward VIII was given the title Duke of Windsor.

There are also non-royal dukes in the United Kingdom.

### Belgium

In Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant (historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels) is awarded to the heir apparent of the monarch, other dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as Count of Flanders (King Leopold III 's so-titled brother Charles held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as prince-regent) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical prince-bishopric; e.g. King Albert II until he succeeded his older brother Baudouin I).

### Iberian peninsula

When the Christian Reconquista, sweeping the Moors from the former Caliphate of Córdoba and its taifa-remnants, transformed the territory of former Suevic and Visigothic realms into Catholic feudal principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled duke. A few (as Portugal itself) started as count (even if the title of dux was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of king.

#### Portugal

In Portugal, the title of duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to infante Peter and infante Henry, the second and third sons of king John I, following their participation in the successful Conquest of Ceuta. Pedro became the first Duke of Coimbra and Henry the first Duke of Viseu.

From the reign of king Manuel I, the title of Duke of Beja was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with Queen Maria II), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of Duke of Porto and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.

There are examples of duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble houses:

- Duke of Barcelos, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Braganza;

- Duke of Torres Novas, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Aveiro;

- Duke of Miranda do Corvo, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Lafões.

Usually, the title of duke was granted to relatives of the royal family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as António José de Ávila, who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of Duke of Ávila and Bolama in the 19th century.

#### Spain

Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a royal dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the Prince of Asturias. Those titles are nowadays not hereditary but carry a grandeeship of Spain. The current royal duchesses are Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (although she inherited the title of Duchess of Hernani from her cousin and is the second holder of the title), and Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo. In Spain all dukes hold the court rank of grandee, which has precedence over all other noble titles.

The last non-royal hereditary dukedom created was the title of Duke of Suárez in favour of former primer minister Adolfo Suárez in 1981. Since the accession of King Felipe VI to the throne in 2014, no new noble title has been created.

### Nordic countries

The Northern European duchies of Halland, Jutland, Lolland, Osilia and Reval existed in the Middle Ages. The longest-surviving duchy was Schleswig, i.e., Sonderjylland (a portion of which later became part of Germany). Its southern neighbor, the duchy of Holstein, in personal union with the Danish crown, was nonetheless always a German principality. The two duchies jointly became a member of the German Bundesland as " Schleswig-Holstein " in the 19th century.

#### Denmark

Beginning in the 11th century, Danish kings frequently awarded the title of jarl (earl) or duke of Schleswig to a younger son of the monarch. Short-lived dukedoms were created for the same purpose in Lolland and Halland.

After the accession to the throne of Christian I, a complex system of appanages were created for male-line descendants of the king, being granted non-sovereign ducal titles in both Schleswig and Holstein, e.g. Duke of Gottorp, Duke of Sønderborg, Duke of Augustenborg, Duke of Franzhagen, Duke of Beck, Duke of Glücksburg and Duke of Nordborg. This arrangement occurred in both territories despite Schleswig being a fief of Denmark and Holstein being a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.

#### Finland

Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a Duke of Finland during the Swedish reign (until 1809). Some of the provinces are still considered duchies for the purposes of heraldry.

#### Norway

In Norway, Skule Bårdsson was first jarl in 1217, and as such got responsibility for the army, and then in 1237, as another attempt at compromise, Skule was given the first Norwegian title of duke (hertug). There is no indication that those two titles meant the same thing, or was mixed. He was first jarl, and then also hertug, but after he became hertug he kept the title jarl.

#### Sweden

Sweden has a history of making the sons of its kings ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Only one non-royal person was ever given a dukedom.

In 1772, King Gustav III reinstated the appointment of titular dukes but as a non-hereditary title for his brothers. Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth. When the 1810 Act of Succession was amended to allow female succession to the throne, King Carl XVI Gustaf 's eldest daughter Victoria became Crown Princess (displacing her younger brother Carl Philip) and received the title of Duchess of Västergötland. The practice of conferring ducal titles has since extended to Swedish princesses as well as princes. Currently, there are five dukes and four duchesses in their own right. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to ten of the Provinces of Sweden.

## France

The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original pairies (en: peers), who also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate:The Prince-Bishops with ducal territories among them were:

- The Archbishop of Reims, styled archevêque-duc pair de France (in Champagne; who crowns and anoints the king, traditionally in his cathedral)

- Two suffragan bishops, styled evêque-duc pair de France : the bishop-duke of Laon (in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment) the bishop-duc de Langres (in Burgundy; bears the scepter)

- the bishop-duke of Laon (in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment)

- the bishop-duc de Langres (in Burgundy; bears the scepter)

Later, the Archbishop of Paris was given the title of duc de Saint-Cloud with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.

The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:

- The Duke of Burgundy or duc de Bourgogne (known as Grand duc; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th-century dukes, cousins of the kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt)

- The Duke of Normandy or duc de Normandie (holds the first square banner)

- The Duke of Aquitaine or duc d'Aquitaine or de Guyenne (holds the second square banner)

The theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late 13th century, when some of the peerage (the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.

At the end of this same century, the king elevated some counties into duchies, a practice that increased up until the Revolution. Many of these duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').

## Italy, Germany and Austria

In Northern Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" (duca in Italian, and Herzog in German) was quite common. As the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Northern Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducal families every agnate would bear the ducal title of the family as a courtesy title.

In Northern Italy some important sovereign ducal families were the Visconti and the Sforza, who ruled Milan; the Savoy in Piedmont; the Medici of Florence; the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza; the Cybo-Malaspina of Massa; the Gonzaga of Mantua; the Este of Modena and Ferrara.

In Germany, important ducal families were the Wittelsbachs in Bavaria, the Welfs in Hannover, the ducal family of Cleves, the Wettins in Saxony (with its Ernestine branch divided into several duchies), the Württembergs and the Mecklenburgs. In the German Confederation the Nassaus, the Ascanians of Anhalt, the Welf branch of Brunswick and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon duchies were the sovereign ducal families.

In Austria, " Archduke " was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.

## Elsewhere in Europe

### Hungary

In the Kingdom of Hungary no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as appanages. During the rule of the Árpád dynasty dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal.These duchies usually were

- the Duchy of Nitra

- the Duchy of Bihar

- the Duchy of Transylvania (consisting of the voivodship of Transylvania and some other counties)

In the Jagiellonian era (1490–1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty: John Corvin (the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus) and Lőrinc Újlaki (whose father was the titular king of Bosnia), and both bore the title as royal dukes.

After the Battle of Mohács the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the Esterházys) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary.

### Greece

The Byzantines retained the title dux, transcribed as δούξ (doux) in Medieval Greek. As in the later Roman Empire, it remained a military office and was not a feudal or hereditary rank. In the 10th century, it was given to the military commanders over several themata (also known as katepano), and in the late 11th century it became used for the governor of a thema.

When the Catholic crusaders overran the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade, they installed several crusader states (see Frankokratia), some of which were of ducal rank:

- the Duchy of Athens, to which the Duchy of Neopatras was later linked

- the Aegean insular Duchy of Naxos, officially the "Duchy of the Archipelago"

- the Venetian colony of Crete (Candia) was initially ruled by the Duke of Candia

In Italy and other western countries, the later Byzantine appanages of the Palaiologan period were sometimes translated as duchies: the Morea, Mesembria, Selymbria and Thessaloniki. The Greek rank of their holders, however, was that of despotes.

In the independent Kingdom of Greece, the style of Duke of Sparta was instituted in 1868 upon the birth of the future Constantine I as a distinct title for the Crown Prince of Greece.

### Slavic and nearby countries

Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual ruler titles, knyaz / knez/ książe etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;

- In splintered Poland petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish Piast dynasty are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: Kujavia, Masovia, Sandomir, Greater Poland and Kalisz as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as Little Poland and Greater Poland, including (there are often also important Latin or German forms) Kraków, Łęczyca and Sieradz.

- In Pomerelia and Pomerania (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.

- In Ukraine, in medieval times knyaz (Ukr. Князь) was the closest approximation for a "duke", and Velyky Knyaz was their supreme leader, although knyaz is more usually translated as "prince" in modern English. In the Cossack Ukraine however, the new title of Hetman (Ukr.: Гетьман), which was assigned to military commanders, government officials and head of the state, was closely identified as dux, which translates to "duke", as well as Ukraine's rulers were identified as Ukrayneñ Dux in various latin translations. Although in different periods the power of the Hetman was limited under the pressure of foreign countries. The Hetman came to power once again as the head of Ukrainian State and its monarchy in 1918.

- In Russia, before the imperial unification from Muscovy; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title Herzog, especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy I Oldenburgskiy I prochaya, I prochaya, i prochaya "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.

- In Bohemia was Duchy of Krumlov, and short-lived Duchy of Reichstadt and Duchy of Friedland.

- In Silesia were many petty duchies as Duchy of Brzeg, Duchy of Legnica, Duchy of Zator and Duchy of Racibórz. They were vassals of King of Bohemia.

- In Lithuania, the approximate equivalent of a duke or prince was called kunigaikštis in the Lithuanian language. Latin translation was dux meaning "duke" in the Middle Ages, whereas Latin for "prince" is princeps. The overall leader of the Lithuanian dukes (Lith. plural: kunigaikščiai) was the grand duke (Lith.: didysis kunigaikštis, Latin: magnus dux), who acted as the monarch of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until 1795 when Russians took over the land.

### Netherlands

After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke no longer existed in the Netherlands. There is, however, one exception; the title Hertog van Limburg (Duke of Limburg) still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e., the king or queen of the Netherlands).

### Georgia

In Georgia, the title of eristavi is equivalent to duke. The word means "head of the nation" or "head of the army". A duke ruled a duchy (saeristavo); a duke of two or more duchies was called eristavt-eristavi, duke of dukes.

In the 6th to 9th centuries, Iberia was ruled by Erismtavari, a title similar to grand duke. Erismtavari was the first among equal dukes.

Georgians use the title eristavi only for Georgian dukes. When talking about foreign dukes, they use the German word Herzog, which is the German equivalent of "duke".

In the late 15th and early 16th century, the kingdom of Georgia collapsed and most of the western Georgian dukes became princes. In the 19th century the title of eristavi was abolished by the Russian conquerors and the former dukes took the word Eristavi as their last names.

## Post-colonial non-European states

### Empire of Brazil

In the Empire of Brazil duke was the highest rank for people born outside the imperial house and only three dukedoms were created. Two of these titles were for relatives of Emperor Pedro I: an illegitimate daughter and a brother-in-law who received the title when married to Pedro I's daughter Maria II. The third, given to Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, was the only dukedom created during the reign of Pedro II. None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system.

### Haiti

The royal Christophe dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes. They were short-lived and only recognized in the country.

## Analogues

Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank.

### Indian Subcontinent

The Indian feudal system cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts. The closest equivalent to the title of Sovereign Duke is Rao and Nawab to a feudal duchy, a large jagir. Thus, a Rao (in the ruling system) or a Jagirdar, Deshmukh, Patil, and Zamindar (in a feudal way) are closely equivalent to a Duke.

### Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran

Duke in Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iran after Mongolian war against them, was added as generals and kings of districts or states. In the Kingdom of Persians and Ottomans, the systems cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts so they called those generals and kings as Khan, a Mongolian royal and noble rank from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord", analogous to Duke. After revolutions and the falling Empire system in those countries (changing the ruling system to democratic and republic systems), those Khans and the other equal ranks titles added to the titleholder's surnames, and the ranking system, as usual, was disqualified as an official ranking.

### China

During the era of fengjian in Ancient China (Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period), the title of gōng (公; sometimes translated as "Duke", sometimes as "Lord") was sparingly granted. Under the principle of "Three Deferences and Two Royal Descendants" (三恪二王後), the three former royal houses were granted the title of gōng; however, not all scholars recognize such a tradition in the Western Zhou dynasty. For that dynasty, this would be the descendants of the Xia dynasty and Shang dynasty; their dukedoms were respectively Qi (杞) and Song (宋). According to tradition, these states were considered the king's guests rather than subjects. However, recent scholarship has identified multiple other meanings for gōng, including the patriarch of a lineage, a non-inheritable title signifying a very broad and senior position within the court, or a respectful appellation for any regional ruler or deceased ancestor.

In works like Mencius and others that date to the Warring States period, gōng was interpreted as the highest in the "five ranks of nobles" (五等爵) attributed to the Western Zhou dynasty. However, the title was not in use until the end of the Western Han, granted to the descendants of the Shang and Zhou royal houses and the eventual usurper Wang Mang. It was also granted to Cao Cao. The title during the Han was inferior to that of prince (諸侯王), which was only available to imperial princes. The "five ranks of nobles" were implemented as such during the Jin dynasty (晉朝). During the Southern dynasties, usurpers typically sought the title of duke, then prince, before compelling the monarch to abdicate.

The Duke of Yansheng noble title was granted to the descendants of Confucius. In 1935, the Nationalist Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as a hereditary office of the Republic of China.

The title gōng and others were also awarded, sometimes posthumously, during the imperial period of Chinese history to recognize distinguished civil and military officials. These could include a taxable base for the official, or could be purely honorary. For example, Emperor Lizong of Song granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽國公) to the Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi.

### Indonesia

The Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into nagara (provinces). The administration of these nagara was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of Bhre —i.e., Bhra I, "lord of" (the word bhra being akin to the Thai Phra), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example, a sister of the king Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of Lasem ". This system was similar to the Apanage system in Western Europe.

Sultan Agung, king of Mataram in Central Java (r. 1613–1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of Adipati, this title is hereditary. Such territories were called Kadipaten. Prior to the unification of Java by Sultan Agung, independent kadipaten s also exist, e.g. the Duchy of Surabaya which was conquered by Agung in 1625.

The VOC (Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. Adipati were called " regenten " in Dutch, and the territories they administered, " regentschappen ".

In the 19th century, the Javanese term for 'regent' was bupati. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions bapati.

The bupati have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a kabupaten, the subdivision of a provinsi or province.

The word Adipati is still found in the official title of the hereditary dukes Mangkunegara of Surakarta and Paku Alam of Yogyakarta —i.e., Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya (shortened into KGPAA).

### Nigeria

In the Kingdom of Benin, a viceroyal chieftain that is known as an Enogie in the Edo language is usually referred to as a duke in English. Often a cadet of the dynasty that produces the oba of Benin, the enogie is expected to rule his domain as he sees fit, subject to the approval of the oba.

In Ife, Oyo and the other kingdoms of Nigerian Yorubaland, a viceroyal chieftain is known as a Baale in the Yoruba language. He is barred from wearing a crown as a matter of tradition and is generally seen as the reigning representative of his oba, the monarch who has the right to wear one.

### Myanmar

In Myanmar (Burma), since the Pagan era of 11th century, each and every single one of the royal family received the title of Myosa (also Myoza), literally means chief of town or territory, which is equivalent to the title of Duke. All royals were given the honor to possess at least one territory by the King. They all were mostly called by their possessions. For instance, Burma's last king, King Thibaw was called by his possession, when he was a prince, of a town Thibaw (Hsipaw in Shan State).


# List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Dubai

## Abstract

This article contains a list of Michelin-starred restaurants in the Emirati city of Dubai.

The Guide originally launched in 2022, funded in partnership with Dubai's tourism arm, Visit Dubai.

As of the 2024 guide, there are 19 restaurants in Dubai with a Michelin-star rating, a rating system used by the Michelin Guide to grade restaurants based on their quality.


InMerge Innovation Summit

# InMerge Innovation Summit

## Abstract

InMerge, InMerge Innovation Summit or formerly Baku Innovation Summit is an annually organized event based on new trends and innovations in Azerbaijan. The summit aims to bring together technology leaders, companies and startups.

Since 2022, annual events have featured panel discussions, business conferences, startup presentations, and workshops, with participation from influential businessmen worldwide. It fosters dynamic discussions on cutting-edge innovations and offers valuable insights from experts around the world. This summit connects speakers, investors, and collaborators from more than 25 countries spanning Caucasus, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and MENA.

The first "InMerge" event was organized on 13 December 2022. The third edition is planned to be held on October 10-11, 2024.

## History

### 2022

The event under the name of "Baku Innovation Summit" was organized by PASHA Holding in cooperation with the Innovation and Digital Development Agency on December 13, 2022. 1090 people participated in the event.

Main speakers at the 2022 summit include leadership and personal development expert Robin Sharma, speaker and futurist Kian Gohar, technology speaker Philippe Dewost, former Boston Consulting Group, IBM, EY partner Peter Ulrich, Jeroen van der Veer, the former CEO of Shell, and Chris Skinner, the author of books about technology

In addition, the participants who achieved special success in the innovation field received 8 nominations (discovery of the year, tech entrepreneur of the year, start-up of the year, skills booster of the year, tech media of the year, digitalization of the year, startup ecosystem player of the year, ecosystem MVP of the year) within the "IDDA Awards" competition organized by the Innovation and Digital Development Agency.

### 2023

"InMerge Innovation Summit" was held at the Baku Convention Center from November 30 to December 1. This event, in its second edition, is organized by the Center for Analysis and Coordination of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on behalf of the Ministry of Economy, the Innovation and Digital Development Agency under the Ministry of Digital Development and Transport, and PASHA Holding with primary partnership from Trendyol. About 3,000 participants from 20 countries, more than 50 investors, and more than 150 startups took part in the summit. The main goal of the event is to support the startup environment in Azerbaijan, including in the region, and to develop innovative industry.

One of the most notable speeches at the event was made by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. Wozniak shared his thoughts on innovation and the history of the company. He made his speech with the moderation of international speaker Bill Williams: He said these:

I met Steve Jobs five years before Apple was founded. He was a fun-loving young man. He admired people who changed lives. When he saw the computer I invented, he said there was a new business opportunity and came up with the idea of establishing a new company. This is how the Apple company was born. If he hadn't given me this idea, I would have remained an engineer until today.

Other interesting speeches were made by Tesla co-founder J. B. Straubel and Shazam founder Chris Barton.

Besides this, J. B. Straubel, Chris Barton, Trendyol CEO Erdem İnan, PASHA Holding Ecosystem CEO Farid Mammadov, and Uzum Company's Operations Director Roman Lavrentev discussed the future of smart ecosystems and technology integration in the panel.

There was also a panel discussion on open banking and API standards. In that discussion, Arif Babayev, co-founder of "DNA Payments Group", Farid Osmanov, who was the executive director of the Central Bank at that time, Tal Sharon, director of partnerships of "Ubeya" company, Kristina Doros, vice president of Visa for Central Asia and Azerbaijan, and Alastair Lukies, the CEO of Pollinate International company participated.

At "InMerge", participants are provided to get acquainted with local and regional startup authors. A VR zone has also been organized.

### 2024

The next summit is planned to be held on October 10-11. Professor Linda Hill from Harvard Business School, Werner Vogels, Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Amazon, and Ilya Strebulaev are scheduled to participate in the summit as speakers. YouTube co-founder Steve Chen is also expected to attend this year's summit.


2024–25 Ferencvárosi TC season

# 2024–25 Ferencvárosi TC season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is Ferencvárosi Torna Club 's 121th competitive season, 16th consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I, where they will be competing as six-time defending champions and 126th year in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Ferencváros participate in this season's editions of the Magyar Kupa, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

## Kits

Supplier: Macron / Sponsor: Magyar Telekom / Tippmix

### Kit usage

We indicate in parentheses the number of round.

## First team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Transfers

### Summer

Sources:

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Sources:

## Friendlies

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### Pre-season

### Mid-season

Source:

## Competitions

### Overall record

In italics, we indicate the Final position achieved in competition(s) that have not yet been completed.

Last updated: 15 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### Nemzeti Bajnokság I

#### League table

#### Results summary

Last updated: 1 September 2024. Source: Soccerway

#### Results by round

#### Matches

Win Draw Loss Postponed

Source:

#### Results overview

All results are indicated from the perspective of Ferencvárosi TC. We indicate in parentheses the number of round. Win Draw Loss Postponed

### Magyar Kupa

#### Round of 64

The draw for the Round of 64 was held on 26 August 2024. Budafok also started the Magyar Kupa competitions in this round.

#### Round of 32

The draw for the Round of 32 will hold on 16 September 2024.

### UEFA Champions League

#### Second qualifying round

Ferencváros won 7–1 on aggregate.

#### Third qualifying round

Midtjylland won 3–1 on aggregate.

### UEFA Europa League

#### Play-off round

1–1 on aggregate, Ferencváros won 3–2 on penalties.

#### League phase

The draw for the League phase was held on 30 August 2024. The team for League Phase: Goalkeepers: Dibusz, Á. Varga – Defenders: Botka, Cissé, Ćivić, Gartenmann, Gustavo, Kaján, Ramírez, Szalai – Midfielders: Abu Fani, Ben Romdhane, Kady, Maïga, Makreckis, Rommens, A. Tóth, Zachariassen – Forwards: Saldanha, Gruber, Misidjan, Pešić, Traoré, B. Varga

## Squad statistics

### Appearances

Includes all competitions for senior teams. We indicate the number of the player's appearances as substitute by the combination of a plus sign and a figure.

Notes: GK: goalkeeper; DF: defender; MF: midfielder; FW: forward

### Goal scorers

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total goals are equal. Players with no goals not included in the list. We indicate in parentheses how many of the goals scored by the player from penalties.

### Assists

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total assists are equal. Players with no assists not included in the list.

### Goalkeppers

#### Clean sheets

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total clean sheets are equal. Numbers in parentheses represent games where both goalkeepers participated and both kept a clean sheet; the number in parentheses is awarded to the goalkeeper who was substituted on, whilst a full clean sheet is awarded to the goalkeeper who was on the field at the start of play.

### Disciplinary record

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by red cards, then yellow cards (and by squad number when total cards are equal). Players with no cards not included in the list.

### Captains

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total number of games where a player started as captain are equal. Players with no games started as captain not included in the list.

## Attendances

Home stadium: Groupama Arena, Budapest – Capacity: 23,700 (22,122 in international matches)

## Awards and nominations

### Weekly awards

#### Player of the Round

Player of the Week by Nemzeti Sport and Round Selection of Nemzeti Bajnokság by Nemzeti Sport and Csakfoci websites.

#### Goal of the Round

Goal of the Round of Nemzeti Bajnokság by the M4 Sport website.

- Score – The score at the time of the goal. Ferencvárosi TC's score listed first.

- Final score – The score at full time; Ferencvárosi TC's listed first.

### Monthly awards

#### Player of the Month

Player of the Month by Ferencvárosi TC (Sponsored: HSA Group).

### Yearly awards

## Milestones

Debuts

The following players made their competitive debuts for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

50th appearances

The following players made their 50th appearances for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

First goals

The following players scored their first goals for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

- Score – The score at the time of the goal. Ferencvárosi TC's score listed first.

- Final score – The score at full time; Ferencvárosi TC's listed first.


Inventing Anna

# Inventing Anna

## Abstract

Inventing Anna is an American drama television miniseries created by Shonda Rhimes, inspired by the story of Anna Sorokin and the article in New York titled "How Anna Delvey Tricked New York's Party People" by Jessica Pressler. It was produced by Shondaland. Netflix released the miniseries on February 11, 2022.

The miniseries stars Julia Garner in the title role. Critics praised its performances (particularly Garner) but criticized its inconsistent tone.

## Premise

Under the assumed name Anna Delvey, Russian -born Anna Sorokin infiltrated New York's high society by convincing them she was a German socialite and an heiress to a massive fortune, all while scheming and scamming them out of millions.

## Cast and characters

### Main

- Anna Chlumsky as Vivian Kent

- Julia Garner as Anna Sorokin/Delvey

- Arian Moayed as Todd Spodek

- Katie Lowes as Rachel Williams

- Alexis Floyd as Neff Davis

- Anders Holm as Jack

- Anna Deavere Smith as Maud

- Jeff Perry as Lou

- Terry Kinney as Barry

- Laverne Cox as Kacy Duke

### Recurring

- Rebecca Henderson as ADA Catherine McCaw

- Kate Burton as Nora Radford

- Saamer Usmani as Chase Sikorski

- Tim Guinee as Paul

- Gabriel Sloyer as Gabriel Calatrava

- Armand Schultz as Landon Bloom

- Anthony Edwards as Alan Reed

### Guest

- Caitlin FitzGerald as Mags

- James Cusati-Moyer as Val

- Marika Domińczyk as Talia Mallay

- Joshua Malina as Henrick Knight

- Christopher Lowell as Noah

- Ben Rappaport as Billy McFarland

- Will Stephen as Martin Shkreli

- Gemma McIlhenny as D.O.C. Officer

- Kieron J. Anthony as Dr. Millikan

- Tracy Pollan as Sherry Reed

## Production

In June 2018, Netflix and Shondaland acquired the rights to the life story of Anna Sorokin and the New York article "How Anna Delvey Tricked New York's Party People" by Jessica Pressler, with plans to turn it into a television series with Shonda Rhimes serving as producer and writer, alongside Betsy Beers. Sorokin received $320,000, which was used to pay restitution and legal fees. David Frankel was named as director and executive producer of two episodes of the series, including the first.

In October 2019, Julia Garner, Anna Chlumsky, Katie Lowes, Laverne Cox, and Alexis Floyd joined the cast of the series. Madeline Brewer was set to portray the role of Anna Delvey but had to pass due to scheduling conflicts. Also in October 2019, principal photography began in New York and Los Angeles.

In November 2019, Arian Moayed, Anders Holm, Anna Deavere Smith, Jeff Perry and Terry Kinney joined the cast of the series. In February 2020, Jennifer Esposito joined the cast of the series, but she never appeared and the part of Talia was played by Marika Dominczyk.

On February 11, 2022, Inventing Anna premiered on Netflix.

## Reception

### Reviews

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 64% approval rating based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "While Inventing Anna is as tonally wobbly as Julia Garner 's intentionally daffy accent, her committed performance and the salacious story make for juicy entertainment." On Metacritic, the series has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Saloni Gajjar of The A.V. Club gave the limited series a B− and said, "Despite its more evocative performances, Inventing Anna demands patience that doesn't pay off, squandering its promising potential along the way." Reviewing the series for Rolling Stone, Alan Sepinwall gave a rating of 2/5 and described it as "an overly long muddle, never quite sure what it wants to say about its title character, or how to say it."

Mike Hale, television critic at the New York Times, praised some elements of the series and criticized others. Notably, he compared the original thrilling nature of the article to the slower pace of the television series: "Pressler's article was like a speeding car, a thrill ride that kept your pulse up right until it went off a cliff. Inventing Anna is a long, pokey road trip with no G.P.S. All of Pressler's most colorful anecdotes and appalling details have been squeezed in, sometimes tweaked to fit better within what is now a fictional narrative. But the thrill is gone."

Hayley Maitland of Vogue faulted the series for misrepresenting a "Celine-obsessed grifter" as a "21st-century Jay Gatsby, with 281 Park Avenue standing in for Daisy Buchanan". She also noted that the series identified real person Rachel Deloache Williams by full name, real employer, real apartment location, and real alma mater but showed major falsehoods about her, including wearing expensive designer clothes given to her by Anna Delvey, even though Delvey never gave her any clothes; being fired for putting the unexpected $62,000 cost of the trip on her company credit card, even though she transferred the full amount to her personal credit card; and admitting at the courthouse right after giving her testimony that the credit card company had forgiven the debt, even though that did not happen until after the trial was over. Maitland also faults the series for demonizing Williams for doing essentially the same thing a sympathetic character does and points out that Williams is the victim most injured by Delvey.

### Audience viewership

According to Samba TV, 1.6 million US households watched the Netflix series in its first 4 days of streaming.

The series is among Netflix's all-time most watched English language TV series, with 511.92 million hours watched in the first 28 days of release.