Tulsa King

# Tulsa King

## Abstract

Tulsa King is an American comedy and crime-drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan for the streaming platform Paramount+. The series stars Sylvester Stallone in his first leading role in a scripted television series. Stallone portrays Dwight "The General" Manfredi, a Mafia capo who has been recently released from prison in New York and is sent to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he begins to set up a criminal organization. The series also stars Andrea Savage, Martin Starr, Jay Will, Max Casella, Domenick Lombardozzi, Vincent Piazza, A. C. Peterson, Garrett Hedlund and Dana Delany. After receiving an early premiere in theaters on October 29, 2022, the series was released on Paramount+ from November 13, 2022 to January 8, 2023. Shortly after premiering, Tulsa King was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 15, 2024.

Terence Winter was the showrunner for the first season but due to differences with Sheridan, he was demoted to head writer before the second. Director Craig Zisk produced the second season. The first season was largely filmed in Oklahoma City, but primary production on the second season relocated to Atlanta after the cast and crew complained. Annabella Sciorra, Tatiana Zappardino, Frank Grillo and Neal McDonough are set to join the second-season cast. The series provided a television ratings boost during its broadcast on Paramount Network, and a subscription boost on Paramount+. Critics gave Tulsa King generally positive reviews; many praised Stallone's performance but some critics criticized the dialogue and overall story arc. In 2023, Tulsa King was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award.

## Premise

Dwight "The General" Manfredi is a Mafia capo from New York City who has just finished serving a 25-year prison sentence. Upon release, Dwight's boss sends him to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to establish criminal operations there. Dwight, who does not know anyone in the area, seeks a new crew to help him establish his empire. He first meets taxi driver Tyson Mitchell, whom he recruits as his personal driver, and acquires financing by threatening and later befriending Lawrence "Bodhi" Geigerman, the owner of a local dispensary. While attempting to grow his enterprise, Dwight gains many more associates, including Mitch Keller, who owns a bar Dwight frequents. Dwight initially remains in contact with the syndicate in New York but later begins to despise them. Dwight and his crew become enemies with the outlaw biker gang The Black Macadams. During this time, Dwight experiences personal and family problems as a result of his actions. Stacy Beale, a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE; commonly known as ATF) agent and Dwight's love interest, investigates Dwight's actions and those of his crew.

## Cast and characters

### Main

- Sylvester Stallone as Dwight "The General" Manfredi, a capo in the Invernizzi family who is sent to Tulsa after serving 25 years in prison for murder

- Andrea Savage as Stacy Beale, Manfredi's love interest and a senior ATF agent

- Martin Starr as Lawrence "Bodhi" Geigerman, a marijuana dealer who Manfredi recruits to help finance his syndicate

- Jay Will as Tyson Mitchell, a former taxi driver who becomes Dwight's driver and the first member of the Manfredi syndicate

- Max Casella as Armand "Manny" Truisi, a former Invernizzi soldier who made a new life in Tulsa working at Fennario horse ranch after breaking his vow to the family. He joins Manfredi's crew after unsuccessfully trying to kill him.

- Domenick Lombardozzi as Don Charles "Chickie" Invernizzi, underboss of the Invernizzi family

- Vincent Piazza as Vince Antonacci, Chickie's top capo

- A. C. Peterson as Pete "The Rock" Invernizzi, the ailing boss of the Invernizzi family

- Garrett Hedlund as Mitch Keller, an ex-rodeo star, ex-convict and bar owner who is an associate of the Manfredi syndicate

- Dana Delany as Margaret Devereaux, the owner of Fennario horse ranch

### Recurring

- Annabella Sciorra as Joanne Manfredi, Dwight's younger sister

- Chris Caldovino as Dennis "Goodie" Carangi, long-time member and Consigliere of the Invernizzi family who joins Manfredi in Tulsa.

- Ritchie Coster as Caolan Waltrip, the Irish leader of the outlaw biker gang The Black Macadams

- Emily Davis as Rochelle "Roxy" Harrington; Manny's co-worker, a Black Macadams old lady and an informant for Stacy

- Ronnie Gene Blevins as Ben Hutchins

- Barry Corbin as Babe

- Michael Beach as Mark Mitchell, Tyson's father

- Tatiana Zappardino as Tina Manfredi-Grieger, Dwight's estranged daughter and a Brooklyn florist

- Scarlet Rose Stallone as Spencer, a former waitress who Dwight hires to care for his prize horse

- Alan Autry as Brian Gillen, former owner of Fennario Ranch and Margaret Devereaux's ex-husband

- McKenna Quigley Harrington as Grace

- Robert Walker Branchaud as Carson Pike

- Patrick Ian Moore as Jack Paradise

## Episodes

### Series overview

## Production

### Development

On December 6, 2021, it was reported Taylor Sheridan and Terence Winter were developing a series titled Kansas City for the digital streaming platform Paramount+. The series was created by Sheridan, who had signed a multi-year contract with ViacomCBS to create new series during the COVID-19 pandemic. The series would be centered around Sal, an Italian-American mobster from New York City who is tasked with returning the mafia to Kansas City, Missouri. Sheridan, Winter and series-star Sylvester Stallone were announced as executive producers alongside Braden Aftergood from Stallone's banner Balboa Productions; and David C. Glasser, Ron Burkle and Bob Yari from the production company 101 Studios. Winter was also the series' showrunner, which MTV Entertainment Studios produced.

Sheridan wrote the pilot episode in a week. Winter moved the show's setting to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to give the characters a more-remote setting. In 2022, Deadline Hollywood stated the show was given a straight-to-series order under the title Tulsa King to reflect the change in location. Stallone involved himself in several aspects of the production. Winter noted: "With Stallone, you're getting a writer, a director, a producer, an editor"; and Glasser said Stallone was "heavily involved in the editing process".

On November 30, 2022, Tulsa King was renewed for a second season. The following February, it was announced Winter had resigned as showrunner due to "creative differences"; a new showrunner was sought but Winter would remain as an executive producer of the show. It was later revealed Sheridan had dismissed Winter because of differences in writing style; Sheridan stated he preferred character-driven plots whereas Winter preferred plot-driven characters. In February 2024, Winter was re-hired as a writer after an opening in his schedule due to delays caused by the 2023 Writers' Guild of America strike. In his modified position, Winter is the series' head writer and works outside Sheridan's direct supervision. Sheridan chose not to use a conventional showrunner for the second season and instead decided to hire a director and executive producer to oversee day-to-day production. It was announced Craig Zisk would fill this role.

### Casting

At the time the series was announced, Sylvester Stallone was participating in negotiations to star as Tulsa King ' s lead character Sal in his scripted television debut. Stallone's character was later renamed Dwight "The General" Manfredi. Stallone stated filming television was more difficult and time-consuming than the films in which he had starred. On March 24, 2022, Max Casella, Domenick Lombardozzi, Vincent Piazza and Jay Will were added to the cast; Casella, Lombardozzi and Piazza portray members of the Invernizzi family crime syndicate while Will stars as a recent college graduate who becomes a member of Dwight's crew. In May, A. C. Peterson, Andrea Savage, Garrett Hedlund and Martin Starr were reported to be starring in the series; they were followed in July by Dana Delany and Annabella Sciorra in August. Miles Mussenden also stars in the series. Stallone's daughter Scarlet appears in the series as Spencer, a barista and stable hand who is recruited to work with Dwight. Scarlet was originally considered for the role of Stallone's on-screen daughter but was considered too young for the role, which instead went to Tatiana Zappardino. Additional casting for minor characters and background actors occurred in May 2022.

Before production of the second season, Sciorra and Zappardino were promoted to the main cast. Frank Grillo also joined the main cast, starring as Bill Bevilaqua, a mobster from Kansas City. On May 1, 2024, it was reported Neal McDonough would appear as Cal Thresher. Two days later, Rich Ting was cast in the recurring role of Jackie Ming. Casting for additional extras in the second season occurred in June 2024.

During filming for the second season, Stallone and an unnamed director were accused of making disparaging remarks about background extras. Stallone was allegedly heard calling certain background actors "ugly", "tub of lard" and "fat guy with a cane". Stallone also suggested the production should instead cast "pretty young girls to be around me". The Atlanta-based casting agency Rose Locke & CL Casting, which had been responsible for hiring extras, resigned from the production soon after. Zisk responded to the comments through TMZ by denying the statements were made and stating the casting agency had hired extras who were older than the requested age range. CNN reported Paramount was investigating the allegations and that no formal complaints had been filed. The actors' labor union SAG-AFTRA also responded to the allegations, saying its scope does not include background actors in Atlanta but that it would provide any requested guidance; it also issued a statement condemning such comments toward any actor. Thomas Mooneyham, a background actor on the series, stated he believed the comments were about him after he and another extra were replaced with younger people. Stallone did not respond to the allegations.

### Production design

The series' costume designer Suzanne McCabe based many outfits on the Gambino crime family and Franzese Crew, as well as photographs from newspaper clippings in the 1980s; she cited John Gotti as an inspiration. McCabe also stated she tried to mostly use monochromatic colors for the show's costumes, using dark colors for the New York City -filmed scenes and softer colors for scenes in Oklahoma to represent that state's red soil. Sylvester Stallone was allowed to pick many elements of his own costumes, including bolo ties, jewelry and shoes. Production designer Todd Jeffery used a mix of soundstages and on-location filming for Tulsa King. The sets for "The Higher Plane" dispensary featured in the series was created in a former Texaco gas station. Mirrors were used in a scene that was filmed in a strip club to make the space appear larger. Location manager Patrick Mignanom was tasked with finding a dilapidated structure whose owner would be content with having it blown up. Saunder Jurriaans and Danny Bensi composed Tulsa King ' s theme song.

### Filming

Principal photography occurred over six months in Oklahoma City, Tulsa and Bethany, concluding on August 31, 2022. Some filming occurred at Tulsa International Airport on March 29, 2022. Additional locations used in Tulsa include Center of the Universe and the Mayo Hotel. Other scenes were filmed on-location in Brooklyn, New York. The series interior scenes and production offices were housed at Prairie Surf Studios. Additional photography wrapped by October. Filming in Oklahoma boosted the state's economy by an estimated $56 million.

It was later reported the show' second season would not be filmed in Oklahoma due to costs, and complaints from the cast and crew, who did not like the extreme temperatures there. Filming on the second season is occurring in the Atlanta, Georgia, suburb Norcross, using Eagle Rock Studios for sound stages. Filming began on April 1, 2024, and was scheduled to run until July 31. Some filming also took place in Gainesville, Georgia. A second unit filmed b-roll scenes in Tulsa in mid-June 2024. Filming for the second season wrapped on August 2.

## Release

The series premiere episode of Tulsa King received an early promotional screening with the fifth-season premiere of Yellowstone in AMC Theatres on October 29–30, 2022. Tulsa King began its weekly release schedule on Paramount+ beginning on November 13. The series' first two episodes were broadcast on Paramount Network on November 20 and 27, serving as a lead-out for episodes of Yellowstone. The first season concluded on January 8, 2023. In Japan, the series was launched in a Paramount+ hub on the streaming service Wowow. First season episodes received another linear broadcast on CBS beginning July 14, 2024. The second season will begin releasing in the United States and Canada on September 15, and internationally on September 16.

### Home media

The first season received a home-media release on DVD and Blu-ray on June 6, 2023; an alternative steelbook Blu-ray release accompanied the main release.

## Reception

### Viewing figures

On Paramount+, Tulsa King is Taylor Sheridan 's fourth-most-watched series with 3.36 billion minutes viewed. In its first broadcast on Paramount Network, the series brought in 3.7 million viewers, exceeding the Game of Thrones prequel House of the Dragon as "cable's highest-rated series debut" of 2022. It is also credited with the "biggest new sign-up day in history". The series premiere broadcast on CBS received 3.40 million viewers while episode two had 3.46 million.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79 % of 47 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6 /10. The website's consensus reads: " Tulsa King ' s stale comedy sometimes feels like ordering spaghetti with marinara and instead getting egg noodles and ketchup, but Sylvester Stallone still commands the screen with his swaggering charm." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 65 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly described the series as "Grumpy Old Grand Theft Auto ". CNN Entertainment ' s Brian Lowery described the series as an "odd mix of attributes" but praised the series' use of time. Reviewing for The Guardian, Lucy Mangan praised the comedy aspect of the series but failed to see it innovating further. Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd called the series "likeable", commending its use of comedy and character focus.

Tulsa King was often compared poorly to Winter's and Sheridan's other series; Sheridan was overseeing eight other series at the time Tulsa King debuted. The Hollywood Reporter ' s Daniel Fienberg wrote Sheridan's and Winter's main strength is not in comedy writing, despite the series being primarily marketed as a comedy. Fienberg goes on to state: "the first two episodes definitely give the impression of being something that Sheridan, Paramount+'s golden goose at this point, gestated between work on 15 different Yellowstone sequels and prequels". According to Anita Singh of The Daily Telegraph: "One of the writers, Terence Winter, has The Sopranos and Boardwalk Empire on his CV, but this show is to The Sopranos what Paw Patrol is to the works of David Attenborough".

Writing for the National Public Radio (NPR) talk show Fresh Air, David Bianculli compared the formula of Tulsa King to that of Yellowstone and noted the "sense of time passing and the importance of family". Stephan Lee with The Wrap said there is a "distinct straight-to-DVD quality to Tulsa King " but suggests the series stands on its own and is only poor when compared to Sheridan's and Winter's other works. Ben Travers of IndieWire described Tulsa King as "less serious" and a "breath of fresh air" compared to the seriousness and consequences in Sheridan's other series.

Stallone's acting received the highest praise from critics, although some criticized it for its lack of originality. Reviewing the first two episodes for Variety, Joshua Alston credited most of the series' success to Stallone, stating: " Tulsa King isn't a great show with him, but it would be far less interesting without him". Richard Roeper, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, said the series was written to Stallone's strengths. The A.V. Club ' s Todd Lazarski also praised Stallone's acting but described the series as an "undercooked fish-out-of-water mob story". USA Today writer Kelly Lawler criticized both the overall concept and Stallone saying he is "probably the king of something, but it's certainly not Tulsa, Oklahoma", and called the show "bad Goodfellas fan fiction".


Rosita Serrano

# Rosita Serrano

## Abstract

Rosita Serrano (born María Martha Esther Aldunate del Campo, 10 June 1912 – 6 April 1997) was a Chilean singer who had her biggest success in Nazi Germany between the 1930s and the early 1940s. Because of her bell-like voice and pitch-perfect whistling she received the nickname Chilenische Nachtigall (Chilean Nightingale).

## Life

Rosita Serrano was born in Quilpué, Chile on 10 June 1912. Her father Héctor Aldunate was in the diplomatic service. With her mother Sofía del Campo who was a popular opera singer she moved to Europe in the early 1930s. Initially they lived in Portugal and France but by 1936 they moved to Berlin.

Serrano had her first successes in the Wintergarten and the Metropol Theater where she performed Chilean folk songs. During that time she was discovered by German composer Peter Kreuder who managed that she got a record contract at the German Telefunken. Henceforth she performed in the German language including popular songs like Roter Mohn (Red poppy), Schön die Musik (Beautiful Music), Küß mich, bitte, bitte, küß mich (Kiss me, please, please kiss me), Und die Musik spielt dazu (And the Music plays to it), Der Onkel Jonathan (The uncle Jonathan), and Der kleine Liebesvogel (The little love bird). By 1938 she received roles in the revue films Es leuchten die Sterne (1938), Bel Ami (1939), Der vierte kommt nicht (1939), Die kluge Schwiegermutter (1939), Herzensfreud – Herzensleid (1940) and Anita und der Teufel (1941). Her appearance in Herzensfreud – Herzensleid was in a co-starring role with actor Paul Hoerbiger. Between film shoots, she went on tour with two popular dance orchestras, one led by Kurt Hohenberger and the other by Teddy Stauffer. Due to the intercession of Minister Joseph Goebbels, she got gigs in the radio show Wunschkonzert für die Wehrmacht (musical request programme for the Wehrmacht). In 1940 she recorded the very popular song La Paloma, heard throughout Germany.

Her voice style was mainly operatic coloratura soprano with a deep, fast vibrato. She added frequent embellishments such as soaring arpeggiation and melisma. Some songs were recorded with a few words whispered or spoken, and she occasionally emphasized words with a gritty, growling jazz style reminiscent of African-American blues singer Ethel Waters. She was a pitch-perfect whistler in the manner of Bing Crosby. The songs she recorded in German and Spanish varied from folk to pop, including flamenco, rumba, tango and mambo.

In 1943 while on tour in Sweden, Serrano was accused by Germany of being a spy—she had donated a benefit performance to Jewish refugees. Rather than returning to Germany to be arrested, she traveled to Chile. Her songs were subsequently banned in Nazi Germany. Serrano attempted a tour in the United States, but her German repertoire was not popular. She appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1950, but little came of the publicity. In 1951, she went to West Germany to take part in the film Schwarze Augen (Dark Eyes), in which she played a Cuban singer, and the next year she sang in the film Saison in Salzburg. Beyond these appearances, she saw little success in Germany, her comeback attempt ending with a poorly received tour with Kurt Hohenberger in 1957.

In her native Chile, where she spent the last years of her life, the public never forgave her for performing in Nazi Germany. She died in poverty in Santiago on 6 April 1997.

## Legacy

Serrano's performance of La Paloma was used in the 1981 film Das Boot by Wolfgang Petersen, and in the 1993 production of the film The House of the Spirits, after the novel by Chilean author Isabel Allende.

## Selected filmography

- Dark Eyes (1951)


Seneca

# Seneca

## Abstract

Seneca may refer to:

## People, fictional characters and language

- Seneca (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname

- Seneca the Elder (c. 54 BC – c. AD 39), a Roman rhetorician, writer and father of the stoic philosopher Seneca

- Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65), a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist

- Seneca people, one of the six Iroquois tribes, native to the area south of Lake Ontario (present day New York state) Seneca language, the language of the Seneca people

- Seneca language, the language of the Seneca people

## Places

### United States

#### New York State

- Seneca County, New York

- Seneca Falls, New York

- Seneca Village, New York, a former settlement in Manhattan that was displaced to create Central Park

#### Other communities

- Seneca, California, an unincorporated community

- Seneca, Illinois, a village

- Seneca, Kansas, a city

- Seneca, Keweenaw County, Michigan, an unincorporated community

- Seneca, Maryland, an unincorporated community

- Seneca, Missouri, a city

- Seneca, Nebraska, a village

- Seneca, New Mexico, an unincorporated community

- Seneca, New York, a town in Ontario County

- Seneca, Oregon, a city

- Seneca, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place

- Seneca, South Carolina, a city

- Seneca, South Dakota, a town

- Seneca, Wisconsin (disambiguation), various places

- Seneca County, Ohio

- Seneca Township (disambiguation)

#### Water features

- Seneca Creek (North Fork South Branch Potomac River), West Virginia

- Seneca Creek (Potomac River), Maryland

- Seneca Lake (New York), the largest of the Finger Lakes

- Senecaville Lake or Seneca Lake, Ohio, a reservoir

- Seneca River (New York), the outlet of Seneca Lake

- Seneca River (South Carolina)

#### Other United States

- Seneca Army Depot, Seneca County, New York

- Seneca Caverns (Ohio)

- Seneca Caverns (West Virginia)

- Seneca Historic District (disambiguation)

- Seneca Park (disambiguation)

- Seneca Rocks, a large crag and local landmark in West Virginia

### Canada

- Seneca Township, a historic township in Haldimand County, Ontario

### Outer space

- Seneca (crater), a lunar crater

- 2608 Seneca, an asteroid

## Brands and enterprises

- Seneca Data, an American custom computer manufacturer and technology distributor

- Seneca Foods, a major fruit and vegetable processor

- Seneca Oil, an American oil company formed in 1858

## Education

- Seneca College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

- Seneca Institute – Seneca Junior College, an African-American school in Seneca, South Carolina, from 1899 to 1939

- Seneca High School (disambiguation), various schools in the United States

## Music

- Senakah (formerly Seneca), an alternative rock band from Limerick, Ireland

- "Seneca", a song from the 2001 album Standards by the band Tortoise

## Aircraft

- Piper PA-34 Seneca, a light twin-engine aircraft

- YH-41 Seneca, a US Army version of the Cessna CH-1 helicopter

## Ships

- USS Seneca, five US Navy ships

- USCGC Seneca (1908), a US Coast Guard cutter, decommissioned in 1936

- USCGC Seneca (WMEC-906), a US Coast Guard cutter

## Train stations

- Seneca Avenue (BMT Myrtle Avenue Line), a station of the New York City Subway

- Seneca station (Buffalo Metro Rail), a railway station in Buffalo, New York, US

- Seneca Station (Illinois), a Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad station in Seneca, Illinois

## Other uses

- Seneca Presbyterian Church, Stanley, New York, on the US National Register of Historic Places

- LORAN-C transmitter Seneca, a radio navigation transmitter operated by the U.S. Coast Guard


Neutron detection

# Neutron detection

## Abstract

Neutron detection is the effective detection of neutrons entering a well-positioned detector. There are two key aspects to effective neutron detection: hardware and software. Detection hardware refers to the kind of neutron detector used (the most common today is the scintillation detector) and to the electronics used in the detection setup. Further, the hardware setup also defines key experimental parameters, such as source-detector distance, solid angle and detector shielding. Detection software consists of analysis tools that perform tasks such as graphical analysis to measure the number and energies of neutrons striking the detector.

## Basic physics

### Signatures by which a neutron may be detected

Atomic and subatomic particles are detected by the signature they produce through interaction with their surroundings. The interactions result from the particles' fundamental characteristics.

- Charge: Neutrons are neutral particles and do not ionize directly; hence they are harder than charged particles to detect directly. Further, their paths of motion are only weakly affected by electric and magnetic fields.

- Mass: The neutron mass of 1.008 664 9156 (6) Da is not directly detectable, but does influence reactions through which it can be detected.

- Reactions: Neutrons react with a number of materials through elastic scattering producing a recoiling nucleus, inelastic scattering producing an excited nucleus, or absorption with transmutation of the resulting nucleus. Most detection approaches rely on detecting the various reaction products.

- Magnetic moment: Although neutrons have a magnetic moment of −1.913 0427 (5) μ, techniques for detection of the magnetic moment are too insensitive to use for neutron detection.

- Electric dipole moment: The neutron is predicted to have only a tiny electric dipole moment, which has not yet been detected. Hence it is not a viable detection signature.

- Decay: Outside the nucleus, free neutrons are unstable and have a mean lifetime of 885.7 ± 0.8 s (about 14 minutes, 46 seconds). Free neutrons decay by emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino to become a proton, a process known as beta decay: n → p + e + ν.

### Classic neutron detection options

As a result of these properties, detection of neutrons fall into several major categories:

- Absorptive reactions with prompt reactions - low energy neutrons are typically detected indirectly through absorption reactions. Typical absorber materials used have high cross sections for absorption of neutrons and include helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10, and uranium-235. Each of these reacts by emission of high energy ionized particles, the ionization track of which can be detected by a number of means. Commonly used reactions include He(n,p) H, Li(n,t) He, B(n,α) Li and the fission of uranium.

- Activation processes - Neutrons may be detected by reacting with absorbers in a radiative capture, spallation or similar reaction, producing reaction products that then decay at some later time, releasing beta particles or gammas. Selected materials (e.g., indium, gold, rhodium, iron (Fe(n,p) Mn), aluminum (Al(n,α) Na), niobium (Nb(n,2n) Nb), & silicon (Si(n,p) Al)) have extremely large cross sections for the capture of neutrons within a very narrow band of energy. Use of multiple absorber samples allows characterization of the neutron energy spectrum. Activation also enables the reconstruction of an historic neutron exposure (e.g., forensic reconstruction of neutron exposures during an accidental criticality).

- Elastic scattering reactions (also referred to as proton-recoil) - High energy neutrons are typically detected indirectly through elastic scattering reactions. Neutrons collide with the nuclei of atoms in the detector, transferring energy to those nuclei and creating ions, which are detected. Since the maximum transfer of energy occurs when the mass of the atom with which the neutron collides is comparable to the neutron mass, hydrogenous materials are often the preferred medium for such detectors.

## Types of neutron detectors

### Gas proportional detectors

Gas proportional detectors can be adapted to detect neutrons. While neutrons do not typically cause ionization, the addition of a nuclide with high neutron cross-section allows the detector to respond to neutrons. Nuclides commonly used for this purpose are helium-3, lithium-6, boron-10 and uranium-235. Since these materials are most likely to react with thermal neutrons (i.e., neutrons that have slowed to equilibrium with their surroundings), they are typically surrounded by moderating materials to reduce their energy and increase the likelihood of detection.

Further refinements are usually necessary to differentiate the neutron signal from the effects of other types of radiation. Since the energy of a thermal neutron is relatively low, charged particle reactions are discrete (i.e., essentially monoenergetic and lie within a narrow bandwidth of energies) while other reactions such as gamma reactions will span a broad energy range, it is possible to discriminate among the sources.

As a class, gas ionization detectors measure the number (count rate), and not the energy of neutrons.

#### He gas-filled proportional detectors

Helium-3 is an effective neutron detector material because it reacts by absorbing thermal neutrons, producing a H and H ion. Its sensitivity to gamma rays is negligible, providing a very useful neutron detector. Unfortunately the supply of He is limited to production as a byproduct from the decay of tritium (which has a 12.3 year half-life); tritium is produced either as part of weapons programs as a booster for nuclear weapons or as a byproduct of reactor operation.

#### BF gas-filled proportional detectors

As elemental boron is not gaseous, neutron detectors containing boron may alternately use boron trifluoride (BF) enriched to 96% boron-10 (natural boron is 20% B, 80% B). Boron trifluoride is highly toxic.The sensitivity of this detector is around 35-40 CPS/nv (counts per second per neutron flux) whereas that of Boron lined is about 4 CPS/nv. This is because in Boron lined, n reacts with Boron and hence produce ion pairs inside the layer. Hence charged particles produced (Alpha and Li) they lose some of their energy inside that layer. Low energy charged particles are unable to reach the Ionization chamber's gas environment. Hence, the number of ionizations produced in gas is also lower.

Whereas In BF3 gas filled, N reacts with B in gas and fully energetic Alpha and Li are able to produce more ionizations and give more pulses.

#### Boron lined proportional detectors

Alternately, boron-lined gas-filled proportional counters react similarly to BF gas-filled proportional detectors, with the exception that the walls are coated with B. In this design, since the reaction takes place on the surface, only one of the two particles will escape into the proportional counter.

### Scintillation neutron detectors

Scintillation neutron detectors include liquid organic scintillators, crystals, plastics, glass and scintillation fibers.

#### Neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fiber detectors

Scintillating Li glass for neutron detection was first reported in the scientific literature in 1957 and key advances were made in the 1960s and 1970s. Scintillating fiber was demonstrated by Atkinson M. et al. in 1987 and major advances were made in the late 1980s and early 1990s at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory where it was developed as a classified technology. It was declassified in 1994 and first licensed by Oxford Instruments in 1997, followed by a transfer to Nucsafe in 1999. The fiber and fiber detectors are now manufactured and sold commercially by Nucsafe, Inc.

The scintillating glass fibers work by incorporating Li and Ce into the glass bulk composition. The Li has a high cross-section for thermal neutron absorption through the Li(n,α) reaction. Neutron absorption produces a tritium ion, an alpha particle, and kinetic energy. The alpha particle and triton interact with the glass matrix to produce ionization, which transfers energy to Ce ions and results in the emission of photons with wavelength 390 nm – 600 nm as the excited state Ce ions return to the ground state. The event results in a flash of light of several thousand photons for each neutron absorbed. A portion of the scintillation light propagates through the glass fiber, which acts as a waveguide. The fibers ends are optically coupled to a pair of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect photon bursts. The detectors can be used to detect both neutrons and gamma rays, which are typically distinguished using pulse-height discrimination. Substantial effort and progress in reducing fiber detector sensitivity to gamma radiation has been made. Original detectors suffered from false neutrons in a 0.02 mR gamma field. Design, process, and algorithm improvements now enable operation in gamma fields up to 20 mR/h (Co).

The scintillating fiber detectors have excellent sensitivity, they are rugged, and have fast timing (~60 ns) so that a large dynamic range in counting rates is possible. The detectors have the advantage that they can be formed into any desired shape, and can be made very large or very small for use in a variety of applications. Further, they do not rely on He or any raw material that has limited availability, nor do they contain toxic or regulated materials. Their performance matches or exceeds that of He tubes for gross neutron counting due to the higher density of neutron absorbing species in the solid glass compared to high-pressure gaseous He. Even though the thermal neutron cross section of Li is low compared to He (940 barns vs. 5330 barns), the atom density of Li in the fiber is fifty times greater, resulting in an advantage in effective capture density ratio of approximately 10:1.

#### LiCaAlF

LiCaAlF is a neutron sensitive inorganic scintillator crystal which like neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fiber detectors makes use of neutron capture by Li. Unlike scintillating glass fiber detectors however the Li is part of the crystalline structure of the scintillator giving it a naturally high Li density. A doping agent is added to provide the crystal with its scintillating properties, two common doping agents are trivalent cerium and divalent europium. Europium doped LiCaAlF has the advantage over other materials that the number of optical photons produced per neutron capture is around 30.000 which is 5 times higher than for example in neutron-sensitive scintillating glass fibers. This property makes neutron photon discrimination easier. Due to its high Li density this material is suitable for producing light weight compact neutron detectors, as a result LiCaAlF has been used for neutron detection at high altitudes on balloon missions. The long decay time of Eu doped LiCaAlF makes it less suitable for measurements in high radiation environments, the Ce doped variant has a shorter decay time but suffers from a lower light-yield.

#### NaIL Dual Detection Neutron-Gamma Scintillator

Sodium Iodide crystal co-doped with Thallium and Lithium a.k.a. NaIL has the ability to detect Gamma radiation and Thermal Neutrons in a single crystal with exceptional Pulse-shape Discrimination.The use of low Li concentrations in NaIL and large thicknesses can achieve the same neutron detection capabilities as 3He or CLYC or CLLB detectors at a lower cost. Li (95% enriched) co-doping introduces efficient thermal neutron detection to the most established gamma-ray scintillator while retaining the favorable scintillation properties of standard NaI(Tl). NaIL can provide large volume, single material detectors for both gammas and neutrons at a low price per volume.

### Semiconductor neutron detectors

There are two basic types of semiconductor neutron detectors, the first being electron devices coated with a neutron reactive material and the second being a semiconductor being partly composed of neutron reactive material. The most successful of these configurations is the coated device type, and an example would be a common planar Si diode coated with either B or LiF. This type of detector was first proposed by Babcock et al. The concept is straightforward. A neutron is absorbed in the reactive film and spontaneously emits energetic reaction products. A reaction product may reach the semiconductor surface, and upon entering the semiconductor produces electron-hole pairs. Under a reverse bias voltage, these electrons and holes are drifted through the diode to produce an induced current, usually integrated in pulse mode to form a voltage output.The maximum intrinsic efficiency for single-coated devices is approximately 5% for thermal neutrons (0.0259 eV), and the design and operation are thoroughly described in the literature. The neutron detection efficiency limitation is a consequence of reaction-product self-absorption.For instance, the range in a boron film of 1.47 MeV α particles from the B(n,α) Li reaction is approximately 4.5 microns, and the range in LiF of 2.7 MeV tritons from the B(n,α) Li reaction is approximately 28 microns. Reaction products originating at distances further from the film/semiconductor interface can not reach the semiconductor surface, and consequently will not contribute to neutron detection.Devices coated with natural Gd have also been explored, mainly because of its large thermal neutron microscopic cross section of 49,000 barns. However, the Gd(n,γ) reaction products of interest are mainly low energy conversion electrons, mostly grouped around 70 keV. Consequently, discrimination between neutron induced events and gamma-ray events (mainly producing Compton scattered electrons) is difficult for Gd-coated semiconductor diodes. A compensated pixel design sought to remedy the problem. Overall, devices coated with either B or LiF are preferred mainly because the energetic charged-particle reaction products are much easier to discriminate from background radiations.

The low efficiency of coated planar diodes led to the development of microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors (MSND). These detectors have microscopic structures etched into a semiconductor substrate, subsequently formed into a pin style diode. The microstructures are backfilled with neutron reactive material, usually LiF, although B has been used. The increased semiconductor surface area adjacent to the reactive material and the increased probability that a reaction product will enter the semiconductor greatly increase the intrinsic neutron detection efficiency.

The MSND device configuration was first proposed by Muminov and Tsvang, and later by Schelten et al. It was years later when the first working example of a MSND was fabricated and demonstrated, then having only 3.3% thermal neutron detection efficiency. Since that initial work, MSNDs have achieved greater than 30% thermal neutron detection efficiency. Although MSNDs can operate on the built-in potential (zero applied voltage), they perform best when 2-3 volts are applied. There are several groups now working on MSND variations. The most successful types are the variety backfilled with LiF material. MSNDs are now manufactured and sold commercially by Radiation Detection Technologies, Inc. Advanced experimental versions of double-sided MSNDs with opposing microstructures on both sides of a semiconductor wafer have been reported with over 65% thermal neutron detection efficiency, and are theoretically capable of over 70% efficiency.

Semiconductor detectors in which one of more constituent atoms are neutron reactive are called bulk semiconductor neutron detectors. Bulk solid-state neutron detectors can be divided into two basic categories: those that rely on the detection of charged-particle reaction products and those that rely on the detection of prompt capture gamma rays. In general, this type of neutron detector is difficult to make reliably and presently are not commercially available.

The bulk materials that rely upon charged-particle emissions are based on boron and lithium containing semiconductors. In the search for bulk semiconductor neutron detectors, the boron-based materials, such as BP, BAs, BN, and B C, have been investigated more than other potential materials.

Boron-based semiconductors in cubic form are difficult to grow as bulk crystals, mainly because they require high temperatures and high pressure for synthesis. BP and Bas can decompose into undesirable crystal structures (cubic to icosahedral form) unless synthesized under high pressure. B C also forms icosahedral units in a rhombohedral crystal structure, an undesirable transformation because the icosahedral structure has relatively poor charge collection properties which make these icosahedral forms unsuitable for neutron detection.

BN can be formed as either simple hexagonal, cubic (zincblende) or wurtzite crystals, depending on the growth temperature, and it is usually grown by thin film methods. It is the simple hexagonal form of BN that has been most studied as a neutron detector. Thin film chemical vapor deposition methods are usually employed to produce BP, BAs, BN, or B C. These boron-based films are often grown upon n-type Si substrates, which can form a p–n junction with the Si and, therefore, produce a coated Si diode as described at the beginning of this section. Consequently, the neutron response from the device can be easily mistaken as a bulk response when it is actually a coated diode response. To date, there is sparse evidence of boron-based semiconductors producing intrinsic neutron signals.

Li-containing semiconductors, categorized as Nowotny–Juza compounds, have also been investigated as bulk neutron detectors. The Nowotny–Juza compound LiZnAs has been demonstrated as a neutron detector; however, the material is difficult and expensive to synthesize, and only small semiconductor crystals have been reported. Finally, traditional semiconductor materials with neutron reactive dopants have been investigated, namely, Si(Li) detectors. Neutrons interact with the lithium dopant in the material and produce energetic reaction products. However, the dopant concentration is relatively low in Li drifted Si detectors (or other doped semiconductors), typically less than 10 cm. For a degenerate concentration of Li on the order of 10 cm, a 5-cm thick block of natural Si(Li) would have less than 1% thermal-neutron detection efficiency, while a 5-cm thick block of a Si(Li) detector would have only 4.6% thermal-neutron detection efficiency.

Prompt gamma-ray emitting semiconductors, such as CdTe, and HgI have been successfully used as neutron detectors. These detectors rely upon the prompt gamma-ray emissions from the Cd(n, γ) Cd reaction (producing 558.6 keV and 651.3 keV gamma rays) and the Hg(n, γ) Hg reaction (producing 368.1 keV and 661.1 keV gamma rays). However, these semiconductor materials are designed for use as gamma-ray spectrometers and, hence, are intrinsically sensitive to the gamma-ray background. With adequate energy resolution, pulse height discrimination can be used to separate the prompt gamma-ray emissions from neutron interactions. However, the effective neutron detection efficiency is compromised because of the relatively small Compton ratio. In other words, the majority of events add to the Compton continuum rather than to the full energy peak, thus, making discrimination between neutrons and background gamma rays difficult. Also, both natural Cd and Hg have relatively large thermal-neutron (n,γ) cross sections of 2444 b and 369.8 b, respectively. Consequently, most thermal neutrons are absorbed near the detector surface so that nearly half of the prompt gamma rays are emitted in directions away from the detector bulk and, thus, produce poor gamma-ray reabsorption or interaction efficiency.

### Neutron activation detectors

Activation samples may be placed in a neutron field to characterize the energy spectrum and intensity of the neutrons. Activation reactions that have differing energy thresholds can be used including Fe(n,p) Mn, Al(n,α) Na, Nb(n,2n) Nb, & Si(n,p) Al.

### Fast neutron detectors

Fast neutrons are often detected by first moderating (slowing) them to thermal energies. However, during that process the information on the original energy of the neutron, its direction of travel, and the time of emission is lost. For many applications, the detection of "fast" neutrons that retain this information is highly desirable.

Typical fast neutron detectors are liquid scintillators, 4-He based noble gas detectors and plastic detectors. Fast neutron detectors differentiate themselves from one another by their (1) capability of neutron/gamma discrimination (through pulse shape discrimination) and (2) sensitivity. The capability to distinguish between neutrons and gammas is excellent in noble gas based 4-He detectors due to their low electron density and excellent pulse shape discrimination property. In fact, inorganic scintillators such as zinc sulfide has been shown to exhibit large differences in their decay times for protons and electrons; a feature that has been exploited by combining the inorganic crystal with a neutron converter (such as polymethyl methacrylate) in the Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector. Such detection systems are capable of selectively detecting only fast neutrons in a mixed neutron-gamma radiation field without requiring any additional discrimination techniques such as pulse shape discrimination.

Detection of fast neutrons poses a range of special problems. A directional fast-neutron detector has been developed using multiple proton recoils in separated planes of plastic scintillator material. The paths of the recoil nuclei created by neutron collision are recorded; determination of the energy and momentum of two recoil nuclei allow calculation of the direction of travel and energy of the neutron that underwent elastic scattering with them.

## Applications

Neutron detection is used for varying purposes. Each application has different requirements for the detection system.

- Reactor instrumentation: Since reactor power is essentially linearly proportional to the neutron flux, neutron detectors provide an important measure of power in nuclear power and research reactors. Boiling water reactors may have dozens of neutron detectors, one per fuel assembly. Most neutron detectors used in thermal-spectrum nuclear reactors are optimized to detect thermal neutrons.

- Plasma physics: Neutron detection is used in fusion plasma physics experiments such as JET. For example, the detected neutron rate from a plasma can give information about the ion temperature.

- Particle physics: Neutron detection has been proposed as a method of enhancing neutrino detectors.

- Materials science: Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering enables experimentalists to characterize the morphology of materials from scales ranging from ångströms to about one micrometer.

- Radiation safety: Neutron radiation is a hazard associated with neutron sources, space travel, accelerators and nuclear reactors. Neutron detectors used for radiation safety must take into account the relative biological effectiveness (i.e., the way damage caused by neutrons varies with energy).

- Cosmic ray detection: Secondary neutrons are one component of particle showers produced in Earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays. Dedicated ground-level neutron detectors, namely neutron monitors, are employed to monitor variations in cosmic ray flux.

- Special nuclear material detection: Special nuclear materials (SNM) such as uranium-233 and plutonium-239 decay by spontaneous fission, yielding neutrons. Neutrons detectors can be used for monitor for SNM in commerce.

## Experimental neutron detection

Experiments that make use of this science include scattering experiments in which neutrons directed and then scattered from a sample are to be detected. Facilities include the ISIS neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, the Spallation Neutron Source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ) at the Paul Scherrer Institute, in which the neutrons are produced by spallation reaction, and the traditional research reactor facilities in which neutrons are produced during fission of uranium isotopes. Noteworthy among the various neutron detection experiments is the trademark experiment of the European Muon Collaboration, first performed at CERN and now termed the "EMC experiment." The same experiment is performed today with more sophisticated equipment to obtain more definite results related to the original EMC effect.

### Challenges in neutron detection in an experimental environment

Neutron detection in an experimental environment is not an easy science. The major challenges faced by modern-day neutron detection include background noise, high detection rates, neutron neutrality, and low neutron energies.

#### Background noise

The main components of background noise in neutron detection are high-energy photons, which aren't easily eliminated by physical barriers. The other sources of noise, such as alpha and beta particles, can be eliminated by various shielding materials, such as lead, plastic, thermo-coal, etc. Thus, photons cause major interference in neutron detection, since it is uncertain if neutrons or photons are being detected by the neutron detector. Both register similar energies after scattering into the detector from the target or ambient light, and are thus hard to distinguish. Coincidence detection can also be used to discriminate real neutron events from photons and other radiation.

#### High detection rates

If the detector lies in a region of high beam activity, it is hit continuously by neutrons and background noise at overwhelmingly high rates. This obfuscates collected data, since there is extreme overlap in measurement, and separate events are not easily distinguished from each other. Thus, part of the challenge lies in keeping detection rates as low as possible and in designing a detector that can keep up with the high rates to yield coherent data.

#### Neutrality of neutrons

Neutrons are neutral and thus do not respond to electric fields. This makes it hard to direct their course towards a detector to facilitate detection. Neutrons also do not ionize atoms except by direct collision, so gaseous ionization detectors are ineffective.

#### Varying behavior with energy

Detectors relying on neutron absorption are generally more sensitive to low-energy thermal neutrons, and are orders of magnitude less sensitive to high-energy neutrons. Scintillation detectors, on the other hand, have trouble registering the impacts of low-energy neutrons.

### Experimental setup and method

Figure 1 shows the typical main components of the setup of a neutron detection unit. In principle, the diagram shows the setup as it would be in any modern particle physics lab, but the specifics describe the setup in Jefferson Lab (Newport News, Virginia).

In this setup, the incoming particles, comprising neutrons and photons, strike the neutron detector; this is typically a scintillation detector consisting of scintillating material, a waveguide, and a photomultiplier tube (PMT), and will be connected to a data acquisition (DAQ) system to register detection details.

The detection signal from the neutron detector is connected to the scaler unit, gated delay unit, trigger unit and the oscilloscope. The scaler unit is merely used to count the number of incoming particles or events. It does so by incrementing its tally of particles every time it detects a surge in the detector signal from the zero-point. There is very little dead time in this unit, implying that no matter how fast particles are coming in, it is very unlikely for this unit to fail to count an event (e.g. incoming particle). The low dead time is due to sophisticated electronics in this unit, which take little time to recover from the relatively easy task of registering a logical high every time an event occurs. The trigger unit coordinates all the electronics of the system and gives a logical high to these units when the whole setup is ready to record an event run.

The oscilloscope registers a current pulse with every event. The pulse is merely the ionization current in the detector caused by this event plotted against time. The total energy of the incident particle can be found by integrating this current pulse with respect to time to yield the total charge deposited at the end of the PMT. This integration is carried out in the analog-digital converter (ADC). The total deposited charge is a direct measure of the energy of the ionizing particle (neutron or photon) entering the neutron detector. This signal integration technique is an established method for measuring ionization in the detector in nuclear physics. The ADC has a higher dead time than the oscilloscope, which has limited memory and needs to transfer events quickly to the ADC. Thus, the ADC samples out approximately one in every 30 events from the oscilloscope for analysis. Since the typical event rate is around 10 neutrons every second, this sampling will still accumulate thousands of events every second.

### Separating neutrons from photons

The ADC sends its data to a DAQ unit that sorts the data in presentable form for analysis. The key to further analysis lies in the difference between the shape of the photon ionization-current pulse and that of the neutron. The photon pulse is longer at the ends (or "tails") whereas the neutron pulse is well-centered. This fact can be used to identify incoming neutrons and to count the total rate of incoming neutrons. The steps leading to this separation (those that are usually performed at leading national laboratories, Jefferson Lab specifically among them) are gated pulse extraction and plotting-the-difference.

#### Gated pulse extraction

Ionization current signals are all pulses with a local peak in between. Using a logical AND gate in continuous time (having a stream of "1" and "0" pulses as one input and the current signal as the other), the tail portion of every current pulse signal is extracted. This gated discrimination method is used on a regular basis on liquid scintillators. The gated delay unit is precisely to this end, and makes a delayed copy of the original signal in such a way that its tail section is seen alongside its main section on the oscilloscope screen.

After extracting the tail, the usual current integration is carried out on both the tail section and the complete signal. This yields two ionization values for each event, which are stored in the event table in the DAQ system.

#### Plotting the difference

In this step lies the crucial point of the analysis: the extracted ionization values are plotted. Specifically, the graph plots energy deposition in the tail against energy deposition in the entire signal for a range of neutron energies. Typically, for a given energy, there are many events with the same tail-energy value. In this case, plotted points are simply made denser with more overlapping dots on the two-dimensional plot, and can thus be used to eyeball the number of events corresponding to each energy-deposition. A considerable random fraction (1/30) of all events is plotted on the graph.

If the tail size extracted is a fixed proportion of the total pulse, then there will be two lines on the plot, having different slopes. The line with the greater slope will correspond to photon events and the line with the lesser slope to neutron events. This is precisely because the photon energy deposition current, plotted against time, leaves a longer "tail" than does the neutron deposition plot, giving the photon tail more proportion of the total energy than neutron tails.

The effectiveness of any detection analysis can be seen by its ability to accurately count and separate the number of neutrons and photons striking the detector. Also, the effectiveness of the second and third steps reveals whether event rates in the experiment are manageable. If clear plots can be obtained in the above steps, allowing for easy neutron-photon separation, the detection can be termed effective and the rates manageable. On the other hand, smudging and indistinguishability of data points will not allow for easy separation of events.

### Rate control

Detection rates can be kept low in many ways. Sampling of events can be used to choose only a few events for analysis. If the rates are so high that one event cannot be distinguished from another, physical experimental parameters (shielding, detector-target distance, solid-angle, etc.) can be manipulated to give the lowest rates possible and thus distinguishable events.

### Finer detection points

It is important here to observe precisely those variables that matter, since there may be false indicators along the way. For example, ionization currents might get periodic high surges, which do not imply high rates but just high energy depositions for stray events. These surges will be tabulated and viewed with cynicism if unjustifiable, especially since there is so much background noise in the setup.

One might ask how experimenters can be sure that every current pulse in the oscilloscope corresponds to exactly one event. This is true because the pulse lasts about 50 ns, allowing for a maximum of 2 × 10 events every second. This number is much higher than the actual typical rate, which is usually an order of magnitude less, as mentioned above. This means that is it highly unlikely for there to be two particles generating one current pulse. The current pulses last 50 ns each, and start to register the next event after a gap from the previous event.

Although sometimes facilitated by higher incoming neutron energies, neutron detection is generally a difficult task, for all the reasons stated earlier. Thus, better scintillator design is also in the foreground and has been the topic of pursuit ever since the invention of scintillation detectors. Scintillation detectors were invented in 1903 by Crookes but were not very efficient until the PMT (photomultiplier tube) was developed by Curran and Baker in 1944. The PMT gives a reliable and efficient method of detection since it can multiply the initial signal of a single scintillation photon hitting the PMT face millions of times into a measurable electrical pulse. Even so, scintillator detector design has room for improvement as do other options for neutron detection besides scintillation.


Baffle Creek, Queensland

# Baffle Creek, Queensland

## Abstract

Baffle Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 155 people.

The neighbourhood of Wartburg is within the locality (24°30′07″S 151°55′52″E / 24.50194°S 151.93111°E).

## Geography

Baffle Creek (the watercourse) forms the southern and south-western boundaries.

## History

The area on Baffle Creek was first settled in 1908 by Prussian and German immigrants who were recruited by Apostle. H. F. Niemeyer of the Apostolic Church of Queensland in Hatton Vale near Ipswich. The government land orders they had expected to receive were not available, so they had to wait for six months living on a hill that they called Wartburg meaning waiting place.

In 1911, a sugar mill was built by Albert Kleinschmidt (who had another sugar mill in Bundaberg). The mill produced brown sugar which was taken elsewhere for further refining. The mill was closed in 1919 as it was not a successful venture.

Wartburg State School opened on 11 August 1913.

In 1921, a shop storeroom off the Coast Road was remodelled to become St Paul's Lutheran Church. It was officially opened on Sunday 17 July 1921. It was 10 miles (16 km) from Rosedale near the Baffle Creek. It is on the south-western corner of the Coast Road and Bayfield Road leading to the creek (24°30′16″S 151°55′48″E / 24.5045°S 151.9299°E). The church bell was installed in 1923. The church was enlarged and the bell tower was remodelled in 1947.

On 26 November 2018, the Queensland Government ordered the evacuation of Baffle Creek, Deepwater and Rules Beach due to a "dangerous and unpredictable" bushfire 50-kilometre (31 mi) wide and covering 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) with flames of 10 to 12 metres (33 to 39 ft) high during an extreme heatwave.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Baffle Creek had a population too low to separately report and was aggregated with the neighbouring locality of Deepwater which had a combined population of 548 people.

In the 2016 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 156 people.

In the 2021 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 155 people.

## Heritage listings

Baffle Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

- Coast Road: Baffle Creek Sugar Mill (remains)

- Coast Road: St Pauls's Lutheran Church

## Education

Wartburg State School is a government primary (Early Childhood - Year 6) school for boys and girls at 585 Coast Road in Baffle Creek (24°30′09″S 151°55′51″E / 24.5024°S 151.9309°E). In 2013, the school had 55 students and 4 teachers (3 full-time equivalent). In 2023, the school had 19 students.

There are no secondary schools in Baffle Creek. The nearest government secondary school is Rosedale State School (to Year 12) in neighbouring Rosedale to the south.


Am I Racist?

# Am I Racist?

## Abstract

Am I Racist? is a 2024 American documentary comedy film starring conservative political commentator Matt Walsh that criticizes the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) movement. It is directed by Justin Folk for The Daily Wire.

The film follows Walsh as he goes undercover as a "bumbling DEI trainee" attending anti-racism workshops and interviewing experts and others.

The production cost $3 million. The film was released on September 13, 2024.

## Plot

The film has been described as a mockumentary in the style of Borat.

Matt Walsh finds himself in a coffee shop reminiscing about the prevalence of racism in society. He decides to embark on a journey to find out whether or not he is racist. After being ousted from a support group focused on " white guilt ", Walsh decides to take on a persona similar to that of the gender studies professor he interviewed in What is a Woman. He goes on to receive a DEI certification, and assumes the identity of a "DEI expert".

Subsequently, he begins his quest to "do the work" that started off his journey. Among other things, Walsh convinces passersby to sign a petition to rename the Washington Monument the " George Floyd Monument", raise the structure by 30%, and repaint it black. He also goes to a biker bar, hoping to expose the racism of white "hillbillies", and interviews black Americans who tell him that the solution to racism is to "love one another".

The show culminates in Walsh, now an experienced anti-racist activist, hosting an anti-racist workshop called the "Do the Work Workshop" where he tells white people that they are inherently racist, demonstrates speaking out against racism by condemning his uncle Frank for a racist joke he had made twenty years ago, and encourages self flagellation as a solution to white guilt. The show ends with Walsh having a change of heart and ending the workshop, stating publicly that the whole thing is a scam. In the final scene, Walsh imagines himself sharing his findings with the world before sitting down for coffee with his uncle Frank.

## Release

The film released September 13, 2024 in the United States and Canada. It is the first theatrically released film by The Daily Wire.

## Reception

### Critical response

Variety said the film is "either hilarious or offensive, depending on which side of the MAGA fence you sit on". Walsh wrote on X on the opening weekend that no "mainstream film critics" had yet reviewed the film. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it an average five out of five stars.

As of September 15, the film has an audience score of 99% with over 500 verified reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.

### Box office

Am I Racist? made $1.96 million on its opening day, including Thursday night previews, and made $4.7 million from 1,517 theaters in its opening weekend. It was "the top debut of 2024 so far for a doc and the third biggest of the past decade", according to The Hollywood Reporter.


Jean Vuarnet

# Jean Vuarnet

## Abstract

Jean Vuarnet (18 January 1933 – 1 January 2017) was an alpine ski racer from France. An Olympic gold medalist, he is known for inventing the "Tuck" skiing position.

## Early life

Jean Raoul Célina André Vuarnet was born in Le Bardo, Tunisia, on 18 January 1933. His father Victor Vuarnet had a medical practice there. The next year, his family moved to Morzine, France, where he grew up. He was introduced to skiing as a young child, childhood friends with future director Roger Vadim. His parents divorced in 1943, after which he was sent to boarding schools in the cities of Paris and Lyon.

He attended law school at the University of Grenoble (due in part to Grenoble's location being fit for skiing), enrolling in 1952. During this period he skied competitively and was romantically involved with Christiane Veillon, a French Canadian woman. Veillon became pregnant, and mailed him a letter announcing this, but letter was intercepted by Vuarnet's father, who did not tell his son. As a result she returned to Montreal on her own.

## Career

As Vuarnet believed himself to not be a natural skier, he instead focused on studying technique of successful skiers. He would train under French skier and physical education instructor Georges Joubert, and would win several races (downhill, slalom, and combined) in the 1952 French University Games. He and Joubert would co-author a book on ski techniques in 1956, Ski ABC: Technique Moderne.

The high point of Vuarnet's racing career came at age 27 at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, where he won the gold medal in the downhill. Previously, he had won bronze in the same event at the World Championships in 1958 at Bad Gastein. From 1957 to 1959, Vuarnet achieved seven titles as a French skiing champion: twice in the downhill (1958, 1959), slalom (1957, 1958) and alpine combined, and in the giant slalom (1957). He had placed third in the slalom and the alpine combined in the "Kandahar" at Sestriere in 1956. He was not selected for the Olympic team in 1956.

He was a skiing innovator. He honed his revolutionary aerodynamic "egg position" (French: "dite de l'œuf") now known as The Tuck - a lower stance in which he squatted down with knees bent, arms outstretched and fists clasped together, in a bid to increase his speed. He also was the first to race on metal skis, on which he won the downhill at the 1960 Winter Olympics. The tenth racer on the course, he won by a full half-second.

After retiring from active competition, Vuarnet became head of the Italian alpine ski team from 1968 to 1972, and vice-president of the French skiing association, a role in which he served from 1972 to 1974.

## Business

In the early 1960s, Vuarnet was asked by his hometown of Morzine to help develop the skiing area around the town. He did so by creating the purpose-build resort of Avoriaz, together with a group of young architects. Around Avoriaz he developed a new area for alpine skiing, later linked to other areas in France and Switzerland known as The Portes du Soleil. He was appointed the director of tourism in Morzine.

Vuarnet also gave his name to the Vuarnet sunglasses brand in 1961, now owned by a U.K. private equity group, Neo Investment Partners.

## Personal life

In 1958, he married Edith Bonlieu, a three-time French women's ski champion and sister of François Bonlieu. They had three sons, Alain, Pierre, and Patrick, born in 1962, 1963 and 1969, respectively. Their marriage grew strained as his success increased, however, and Edith would join the notorious Order of the Solar Temple cult. Edith and their youngest son Patrick were among the members of the Order of the Solar Temple cult who committed mass suicide in 1995. Following their deaths, Vuarnet wrote a book about the case, Ils ont tué ma femme et mon fils, lit. ' They killed my wife and son ', telling of her behavior prior to the deaths. The Vuarnet family dispute that it was a mass suicide, proposing instead that they were murdered by outside forces.

He married his second wife Christiane Veillion, his past lover, in 1999; he met their daughter Catherine. Christiane died of a heart attack in 2012. After a stroke, Vuarnet died at age 83 in 2017 at Sallanches, Haute-Savoie. On the 50th anniversary of his gold medal win, a glass statue of Vuarnet was unveiled in his home town of Morzine.


Samsung TV Plus

# Samsung TV Plus

## Abstract

Samsung TV Plus is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service owned by Samsung Electronics that was first introduced in 2015. The platform was designed to provide free, live streaming content for users with Samsung devices.

As of 2022, the service was available in 24 countries and is viewable within a multitude of Samsung products due to its integration with the Tizen operating system. Samsung TV Plus was one of the five most-used apps on the company's smart TVs in September 2020.

## Programming

The service currently has over 200 live channels, each grouped into various categories. Channels available in the United States have included:

### News

- CBS News 24/7 – Channel No. 1110

- LiveNOW from Fox – Channel No. 1116

- ABC News Live – Channel No. 1112

- NBC News NOW – Channel No. 1114

- Bloomberg TV + UHD – Channel No. 1155

- Yahoo! Finance – Channel No. 1165

- Newsmax – Channel No. 1170

- Real America's Voice – Channel No. 1175

- TYT Network – Channel No. 1185

- Fox Weather - Channel No. 1130

- Scripps News - Channel No. 1119

- Bloomberg Originals - Channel No. 1160

- BBC News - Channel No. 1140

- Sky News - Channel No.1145

- CBC News - Channel No.1150

- The First - Channel No.1180

### Entertainment

- ALL ACTION – Channel No. 1050

- ION – Channel No. 1051

- Stories by AMC – Channel No. 1052

- TV Land Drama – Channel No. 1055

- Heartland – Channel No. 1058

- Drama Life – Channel No. 1060

- Bounce XL – Channel No. 1061

- ION Plus – Channel No. 1062

- The Walking Dead – Channel No. 1065 – includes other The Walking Dead franchise content

- 21 Jump Street – Channel No. 1066

- Degrassi – Channel No. 1067

- Lucky Dog – Channel No. 1068

- The Bob Ross Channel – Channel No. 1069

- Clarity 4K – Channel No. 1070

- Danger TV – Channel No. 1072

- Magellan TV Now – Channel No. 1073

- ElectricNOW – Channel No. 1074

- Nosey – Channel No. 1078

- REELZ Famous & Infamous – Channel No. 1080

- Circle Country – Channel No. 1425

- Shades of Black – Channel No. 1084

- Backstage – Channel No. 1085

- VICE – Channel No. 1086

- Revry – Channel No. 1089

- Shout! Factory – Channel No. 1090

- Dove Channel – Channel No. 1091

- Chicken Soup for the Soul – Channel No. 1092

- MHz Now – Channel No. 1096

- Brat TV – Channel No. 1101

- Mixible – Channel No. 1103

- Fox Soul – Channel No. 1104

- People TV – Channel No. 1105

- Rotten Tomatoes – Channel No. 1106

- Hollywire – Channel No. 1107

- Grit Xtra – Channel No. 1111

- Cowboy Way – Channel No. 1112

- Fireplace 4K – Channel No. 1221

- INFAST – Channel No. 1237

- TV Land Sitcoms – Channel No. 1326

- BET (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1059

### Movies

- The Movie Hub – Channel No. 1450

- Paramount Movie Channel – Channel No. 1452

- Hallmark Movies & More – Channel No. 1455

- Holiday Movie Favorites by Lifetime – Channel No. 1456

- MovieSphere – Channel No. 1457

- FilmRise Free Movies – Channel No. 1459

- Pluto TV Fantastic – Channel No. 1461

- FilmRise Action – Channel No. 1463

- Documentary+ – Channel No. 1466

- Maverick Black Cinema – Channel No. 1468

- Gravitas Movies – Channel No. 1474

- CINEVAULT: Classics – Channel No. 1478

- CINEVAULT: 80’s – Channel No. 1479

- CINEVAULT: Westerns – Channel No. 1482

- Pluto TV Westerns – Channel No. 1484

- FilmRise Western – Channel No. 1488

- The Preview Channel – Channel No. 1491

- Home.Made.Nation – Channel No. 1216

### Reality and Infotainment

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- All-Out Reality – Channel No. 1230

- Duck Dynasty – Channel No. 1232 – includes other Duck Commander content

- Deal Zone – Channel No. 1233

- Ice Road Truckers – Channel No. 1234

- Ax Men – Channel No. 1235

- Skills + Thrills – Channel No. 1236

- All Weddings WE TV – Channel No. 1238

- All Reality WE TV – Channel No. 1239

- Hell’s Kitchen – Channel No. 1240 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- Kitchen Nightmares – Channel No. 1241 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- The Hotel Inspector – Channel No. 1242

- Project Runway – Channel No. 1243

- Operation Repo – Channel No. 1244

- MTV (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1245

- Love & Hip Hop – Channel No. 1246

- The Challenge – Channel No. 1247

- Dallas Cowboys Cheer – Channel No. 1248

- Perform – Channel No. 1249

- Dance Moms – Channel No. 1250

- Matched Married Meet – Channel No. 1251

- IGN – Channel No. 1351

- Minecraft – Channel No. 1363

- Samsung Wild Life Channel No. 1400

- Military Heroes – Channel No. 1402

- Modern Marvels – Channel No. 1403

- Love Nature 4K – Channel No. 1404

- TED – Channel No. 1405

- PBS Digital Studios – Channel No. 1406

- Xplore – Channel No. 1407

- Rovr.Pets – Channel No. 1409

- InWonder – Channel No. 1410

- WeatherSpy – Channel No. 1412

- Stingray Naturescape – Channel No. 1415

- WWE Superstar Central By A&E - Channel No. 2904

### Food and Drink

- Plated – Channel No. 1200

- Tastemade – Channel No. 1201

- Bon Appetit – Channel No. 1202

- Gusto TV – Channel No. 1203

- America’s Test Kitchen – Channel No. 1204

- Hungry – Channel No. 1206

- Tastemade Travel – Channel No. 1207

- Journy – Channel No. 1208

- Home Refresh – Channel No. 1209

- Million Dollar Listing – Channel No. 1210

- Tiny House Nation – Channel No. 1211

- Antiques Roadshow – Channel No. 1212

- This Old House – Channel No. 1213

- This Old House Makers.- Channel No. 1214

- The Design Network – Channel No. 1215

- BBC Home – Channel No. 1217

- BBC Food – Channel No. 1218

- Tastemade Home – Channel No. 1219

- Loupe 4K – Channel No. 1220

- QVC – Channel No. 1223

- HSN – Channel No. 1224

- Localish – Channel No. 1226

### Sports

- MLB Channel - Channel No. 1001

- CBS Sports HQ – Channel No. 1152

- T2 – Channel No. 1154

- GOLFPASS – Channel No. 1155

- beIN SPORTS XTRA – Channel No. 1157

- fubo Sports Network – Channel No. 1158

- Stadium – Channel No. 1159

- Pac-12 Insider – Channel No. 1161

- ACC Digital Network – Channel No. 1162

- Origin Sports – Channel No. 1163

- TNA Wrestling – Channel No. 1164

- FTF – Channel No. 1167

- EDGEsport – Channel No. 1169

- SURF NOW TV – Channel No. 1173

- Outside – Channel No. 1178

- FUEL TV – Channel No. 1179

- Whistle TV – Channel No. 1180

- People Are Awesome – Channel No. 1181

- Outdoor America – Channel No. 1182

- Waypoint TV – Channel No. 1184

- Pursuit UP – Channel No. 1185

- World Poker Tour – Channel No. 1187

- Ride or Drive – Channel No. 1188

- Top Gear – Channel No. 1189

- MAVTV Select – Channel No. 1190

- PowerNation – Channel No. 1191

- MotorTrend Fast TV – Channel No. 1192

- NHRA TV – Channel No. 1193

- MOTORVISION.TV – Channel No. 1194

- Cars – Channel No. 1195

- Torque – Channel No. 1196

- Fox Sports - Channel No 2334

- Dome - Channel No. 1003

- NBC Sports - Channel No 2338

- DraftKings - Channel No.2358

- SportsGrid -Channel No. 2362

### Game shows

- BUZZR – Channel No. 1139

- Game Show Central – Channel No. 1141

- Deal or No Deal – Channel No. 1143

- Fear Factor – Channel No. 1144

- Wipeout Xtra – Channel No. 1145

- Wild 'n Out – Channel No. 1147

- Supermarket Sweep – Channel No. 1142

### Kids

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- PBS Kids – Channel No. 1376

- Nickelodeon (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1379

- Moonbug Kids – Channel No. 1383

- The LEGO Channel – Channel No. 1385

- pocket.watch – Channel No. 1389

- Toon Goggles – Channel No. 1391

- TG Junior – Channel No. 1392

- Kidoodle.TV – Channel No. 1395

- ZooMoo – Channel No. 1398

- Hot Wheels Action - Channel No. 3614

- Fireman Sam - Channel No. 3636

- My Little Pony - Channel No 3653

## Availability

Samsung TV Plus has been pre-installed on all Samsung TVs since 2016. Since April 2021, the service has also been available on Samsung mobile devices (available from the Galaxy Store) and Smart monitors. Select Family Hub refrigerators can also be connected to Samsung TV Plus in the U.S. and Korea.

In January 2023, Samsung announced it was rolling out Samsung TV Plus onto non-Samsung TVs in the form of an installable app, specifically in an integration with TCL TVs.


Jyothika filmography

# Jyothika filmography

## Abstract

Jyothika is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in Tamil films. She also acted in some Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada films. She debuted in Bollywood in the Hindi film Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (1997), directed by Priyadarshan. She starred in her first Tamil film Vaali (1999) and her first Telugu film Tagore (2003), opposite Chiranjeevi.She won one National Award, four Filmfare Awards, six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, two Cinema Express Awards, one South Indian International Movie Award, International Tamil Film Award and four Dinakaran Awards. She is also a recipient of the Kalaimamani Award. She is regarded as one of the most prolific actresses in Tamil cinema. She has been ranked among the best actresses of South India by The Times of India and The Hindu.

She debuted in Bollywood in the Hindi film Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (1997), directed by Priyadarshan. She starred in her first Tamil film Vaali (1999) and her first Telugu film Tagore (2003), opposite Chiranjeevi. She received her first Filmfare Award for Vaali (1999) as Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South. She was awarded the Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for Kushi (2000). A string of successful films followed and gained prominence for her performances in Kushi (2000), Dumm Dumm Dumm (2001), Poovellam Un Vasam (2001), Kaakha Kaakha (2004), Perazhagan (2004), Chandramukhi (2005) and Mozhi, (2007), for the latter three she won Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress.For the movie, Mozhi, she was in the final three for National Film Award for Best Actress for her outstanding performance, however she lost the award to Umashree for the Kannada film Gulabi Talkies. She has the been nominated 16 times for Best Tamil Actress at South Filmfare Awards.

Jyothika left the industry at the peak of her career marrying Tamil actor Suriya on 11 September 2006, after being engaged in a relationship for several years, and with whom she was paired in seven films. She made a comeback in the film 36 Vayadhinile (2015) where her performance was given good reviews and she received Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress and Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil. By winning her fourth Best Actress Award at Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, she broke the record of winning most Best Actress Title till date with four as her record. After the success of 36 Vayadhinile, she appeared in a series of women centric movies like Magalir Mattum (2017), Naachiyaar (2018), Kaatrin Mozhi (2018), Raatchasi (2019), and Ponmagal Vandhal (2020) and also played a lead female role in Mani Ratnam 's multi-starrer Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018). In Pachaikili Muthucharam (2007) she had a crucial role. In 2018, she appeared as the lead role of Chitra, a housewife to Arvind Swamy's character in Mani Ratnam 's film Chekka Chivantha Vaanam. The first look was released on 21 August. The film has a worldwide release on 27 September 2018. She was next seen as a housewife struggling to find her own identity in Kaatrin Mozhi, the Tamil remake of Vidya Balan's Tumhari Sulu. The project was directed by Radha Mohan and marked his reunion with Jyothika after Mozhi. After the success of Kaatrin Mozhi, Jyothika signed three films, Raatchasi, produced by Dream Warrior Pictures in which she plays a school teacher; Jackpot, in which she appears as a cop co-starring Revathi under 2D Entertainment and Thambi, a Jeethu Joseph film along with Karthi. She made a comeback to Malayalam and Hindi film industry with critically acclaimed performances in Kaathal – The Core (2023) with Mammootty and Shaitaan (2024) with Ajay Devgn and R. Madhavan. The latter became the fourth highest grossing Indian film of 2024.


The Bucknellian

# The Bucknellian

## Abstract

The Bucknellian (formerly called The Orange and the Blue) is the student newspaper of Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. It was established in 1896, fifty years after the University at Lewisburg (as it was then named) was founded, and is published weekly in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, by The Daily Item.

The newspaper's editor-in-chief is Dora Kreitzer (class of 2025).

Its newsroom is in Stuck House on South 7th Street in the Bucknell campus. It was previously located in Daniel C. Roberts Hall, then the Rooke Chemistry Building.


The Winner (novel)

# The Winner (novel)

## Abstract

The Winner is a thriller novel by American author David Baldacci. The book was initially published on December 2, 1997, by Warner Books.

## Plot

The novel tells the story of LuAnn Tyler, a destitute mother living in a trailer park, who meets with Jackson, a man running a massive lottery scam from inside the National Lottery. He offers her a chance to win the lottery, which she initially refuses until she finds herself falsely accused of murder and needing to run for her life with her young daughter in tow. He rigs the lottery so that she wins $100,000,000, on the condition that she leaves the United States and never returns. When she secretly returns ten years later, Jackson comes to punish her for disobeying him, the FBI is searching for her in connection with the lottery scam, and her only help comes from the mysterious Matthew Riggs.


Immediate Media Company

# Immediate Media Company

## Abstract

Immediate Media Company Limited (styled as Immediate Media Co) is a British multinational publishing house that publishes a significant range of titles, including Radio Times, BBC Top Gear, BBC Good Food and a host of others. In H1 2018, the company's titles reported a combined ABC circulation of 1.59 million, including 1.1M active subscribers. In 2018 it reported selling 70+ million magazines.

The publishing house is owned by Hubert Burda Media, and is an agglomeration of Magicalia, Origin Publishing and BBC Magazines, publishing both media content and software platforms. Approximately 85% of its revenue is from content services, with the remainder from advertising.

## History

Immediate Media originated from the combined assets of several formerly independent publishing houses, including BBC Magazines, Magicalia, Future plc, Hitched and Jewellery Maker.

In late 2011 the BBC's magazine-publishing business was sold to Exponent Private Equity, following clearance by the Office of Fair Trading. Exponent had previously acquired Magicalia Limited, a digital publisher and platform provider based in London. Magicalia was founded in 1999 by Adam Laird and Jeremy Tapp. Its inaugural website was bikemagic.com. In 2000, it began offering B2B publishing services, with clients such as Runner's World magazine.

In 2011 Magicalia's assets were combined with those of Origin Publishing and BBC Magazines to form Immediate Media. Tom Bureau, then-CEO of Magicalia, became the Chief Executive of the new company.

In May 2014 Immediate Media acquired Future plc's sport and craft titles. The sport portfolio included the websites Bikeradar.com and Cyclingnews.com and the magazines Cycling Plus, Procycling and Mountain Biking UK. The craft titles included Love Patchwork and Quilting, Simply Knitting, and Mollie Makes. In January 2015, Immediate Media acquired Hitched.co.uk, a UK wedding planning brand. In November 2015 Immediate Media acquired its first television property, Jewellery Maker, a TV and online commerce platform, from the Genuine Gemstone Company, adding to its Crafts and Arts portfolio. Jewellery Maker employed over 100 people at the time of its acquisition. It has since expanded into TV, video and e-commerce.

Hubert Burda Media acquired Immediate Media in 2017, for £270 million (5-6 x EBITDA).

In 2019, Immediate Media sold Procycling magazine and the Cyclingnews.com website to Future plc.

## Divisions

### TV and Entertainment

Radio Times is a British weekly television and radio programme listings magazine, founded in 1923 by John Reith, the then general manager of the BBC. It was the world's first broadcast listings magazine. The title was published entirely in-house by BBC Magazines from 1937 until 2011, when the BBC Magazines division was sold to Immediate Media. Its peak weekly circulation was 8.8 million. In 2014 it accounted for 60% of Immediate Media's profit. It is the UK's biggest-selling magazine, with a weekly print ABC of 577,087, and the UK's biggest weekly subscription title, with 271,237 subscribers in 2018.

### Sport

- 220 Triathlon

- BikeRadar

- Cycling Plus

- Mountain Biking UK

- Outdoors Magic

- Urban Cyclist

- What Mountain Bike

### Homes and Gardening

- Antiques Roadshow

- BBC Gardeners' World

- Gardens Illustrated

- Homes & Antiques

- The Recommended

### Crafts

- Cardmaking & Papercraft

- Cross Stitch Crazy

- Cross Stitch Gold

- Get into Craft

- Jewellery Maker

- Love Crochet

- Love Knitting

- Love Patchwork & Quilting

- Mollie Makes

- Papercraft Inspirations

- Quick Cards Made Easy

- Sewing Quarter

- Simply Crochet

- Simply Knitting

- Simply Sewing

- The Knitter

- The World of Cross Stitching

- The Yarn Loop

- Today's Quilter

- Ultimate Cross Stitch

- We Love Craft

### Motoring

- BBC Top Gear

### Parents and children

Immediate Media says that it has the largest market share in the UK children's magazines sector, with a total ABC-audited circulation of 780,194.

- Giggly.co.uk

- Junior

- Made For Mums

### Weddings

- Hitched.co.uk

- Perfect Wedding

- You & Your Wedding

### Specialist

- BBC Easy Cook

- BBC Countryfile

- BBC Good Food

- BBC History

- BBC Match of the Day

- BBC Music

- BBC Science Focus

- BBC Sky at Night Magazine

- BBC Wildlife

- Delicious

- Healthy Food Guide

- History Extra

- History Revealed

- Homes and

- Planet Traveller

- Olive

- Science and Nature

- Top of the Pops

### Youth and Children

- Andy's Amazing Adventures

- Art-Draw and Create

- Baby Shark

- BBC CBeebies

- BBC CBeebies ART

- BBC CBeebies Special

- BBC Match of the Day Magazine

- BBC Match of the Day Specials

- BBC Top of the Pops Magazine

- Bluey

- Disney's Animated Adventures

- Disney's Comic

- Disney's Explorer

- Disney Girl

- Disney Frozen

- Disney Frozen Fun Time

- Disney Stars

- Disney Princess Create and Collect

- Girl Talk

- Hatchimals

- Lego Ninjago

- Lego Disney Princesses

- Lego Superhero Legends

- Lego Star Wars

- Lego Specials

- Lego Giant Series

- Lego City

- MEGA!

- PJ Masks

- Pokémon

- Ultimate Series

## Platforms and other revenue

Some Immediate Media brands serve as e-commerce marketplaces. These include the wedding site hitched.co.uk and the TV shopping arm of Jewellery Maker. In July 2022, Immediate Media launched The Recommended, an internet shopping guide devoted to e-commerce recommendations and buyers' guides. Immediate Media also organises live events such as the Radio Times Festival.

Immediate Media sells market research services based around its consumer panel, which the company says has 14,000 respondents. The firm also provides data analytics, loyalty publishing and IP licensing.


The Dead Girl

# The Dead Girl

## Abstract

The Dead Girl is a 2006 American drama thriller film written and directed by Karen Moncrieff, starring Brittany Murphy, Toni Collette, Rose Byrne and Marcia Gay Harden. The film was nominated for several 2007 Independent Spirit Awards including Best Feature and Best Director. It is the story of a young woman's death and the people linked to her murder. It also features Mary Beth Hurt, Kerry Washington, James Franco, Giovanni Ribisi, Josh Brolin, Mary Steenburgen and Piper Laurie. The film was premiered at the AFI Film Festival (7 November 2006), and was given a limited US theatrical release on 29 December 2006. It was generally well received. It only ran for two weeks in US first-run theaters, and earned nearly all its revenue from overseas release.

## Plot

The story is presented in five parts, each bearing a title:

- The Stranger: Arden (Colette) lives with her abusive, invalid mother (Laurie). One day she discovers the naked body of a dead woman on the property. Arden becomes a minor celebrity, drawing the attention of Rudy (Ribisi), who tells her the dead woman is the victim of a serial killer preying on young women in the area. Rudy asks Arden out. Arden gets into a fight with her mother, which compels her to finally leave home. Arden has her date with Rudy. In the morning, Arden calls the police to report a woman (her mother) left alone at home.

- The Sister: Leah (Byrne) is prepping the dead woman in the morgue when she notices a certain birthmark. Leah suspects that the dead woman is her sister, Jenny, who was taken from a nearby park fifteen years ago. She asks the sheriff to match the dental records. She is certain the dead woman is her missing sister, but Leah's parents (Steenburgen, Bruce Davison) refuse to believe that Jenny is dead. The sheriff delivers the test result: the dead woman is not Jenny. Therefore, the episode title was a red herring.

- The Wife: Ruth (Hurt) is angry that her husband, Carl (Nick Searcy), leaves her alone night after night. The next morning, she discovers clothing, wallets, and ID 's in ziplock bags inside a storage unit that is supposedly empty. She matches the IDs to names in the newspapers of a serial killer 's victims. Carl comes back late at night with scratches on his neck. After another argument, he leaves the house to go to the car outside. He pulls a trash bag out of the trunk and goes to the storage unit. Ruth asks Carl if he knows anything about the missing women, and he says no. Later that night, Ruth enters the unit and pulls everything out. She drives to the police station, but doesn't follow through with her plan to present the evidence she found to the authorities; instead Ruth returns home to burn the evidence.

- The Mother: The dead woman has been identified as Krista Kutcher. Melora (Harden), Krista's mother, is notified. Melora goes to Krista's previous house and finds Rosetta (Washington), Krista's former roommate. During a tense conversation with Rosetta, Melora learns that her daughter had been a prostitute, that she gave birth to a daughter, and that Melora's late husband had sexually abused her. The following day, Melora takes Krista's daughter home with her.

- The Dead Girl: Krista (Murphy) buys her daughter a stuffed animal for her third birthday. One of her johns, Tarlow (Brolin), promises to drive her to Norwalk, where her daughter is, but he backs out at the last minute. Krista goes back to her room and finds Rosetta — implied to be her lover — severely beaten. Krista believes the culprit to be a man named Tommy (Dennis Keiffer). Krista vandalizes Tommy's car and, when he tries to stop her, she beats him up and leaves on a borrowed motorcycle. Krista calls Rosetta, and tearfully asks if Rosetta cares about her; Rosetta doesn't reply, and Krista hangs up, saddened and hurt. When the motorcycle breaks down on the highway, Krista hitches a ride from Carl. The film ends with Krista smiling, and happily talking about her daughter.

## Cast

- Toni Collette as Arden Taylor

- Brittany Murphy as Krista Kutcher

- Rose Byrne as Leah Taylor

- Marcia Gay Harden as Melora Kutcher

- Mary Beth Hurt as Ruth

- Kerry Washington as Rosetta

- Giovanni Ribisi as Rudy

- Josh Brolin as Tarlow

- Piper Laurie as Arden's mother

- Nick Searcy as Carl

- Mary Steenburgen as Beverley, Leah's mother

- Bruce Davison as Leah's father

- James Franco as Derek

## Reception

As of June 2020, The Dead Girl holds a 76% approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 82 critics, with an average score of 6.69/10. The site's critical consensus states: "This dark thriller boasts a fresh approach, but it can still get bogged down by its heavy subject matter."