Protocol of Sèvres

# Protocol of Sèvres

## Abstract

The Protocol of Sèvres (French, Protocole de Sèvres) was a secret agreement reached between the governments of Israel, France and the United Kingdom during discussions held between 22 and 24 October 1956 at Sèvres, France. The protocol concerns their joint political and military collusion to topple the Egyptian leader Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, by invading and occupying the Suez Canal zone in response to President Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal on 26 July. The planning for and the agreements contained in the protocol began the Suez Crisis on 29 October 1956.

## Sèvres meeting

On 22 October 1956, Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion, Director General of the Ministry of Defense Shimon Peres and Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces Moshe Dayan secretly travelled from Israel to an isolated house in Sèvres to meet the French Minister of Defence Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Minister of Foreign Affairs Christian Pineau and Chief of Staff of the French Armed Forces General Maurice Challe, and British Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd and his assistant Sir Patrick Dean.

Together, they and their aides secretly planned a two-step invasion of Egypt, including the cover story. First Israel would attack Egypt in the Sinai, and then Britain and France would invade on the pretext of "separating the combatants" and protecting the canal, under the terms of the 1954 Anglo-Egyptian agreement to withdraw all British forces from Egypt. One of the most painstaking aspects was formulating a plan both Britain and Israel could agree on. The Israelis distrusted the British but, as the French were not prepared to act without their British allies, they were forced to deal with them. The British maintained strong links with a number of Arab countries and did not want any involvement with Israel that might damage them.

After 48 hours of negotiations and compromise, the seven-point agreement was signed by Ben-Gurion, Pineau and Dean. At the insistence of the Israeli diplomats, wanting to prevent being abandoned in the middle of the invasion, each group left Sèvres with a signed copy, written in French.

Although not part of the protocol, the occasion allowed Israel to secure French commitment to constructing the Negev Nuclear Research Center and the supply of natural uranium for it.

## Lead-up discussions, motivations and proposals

According to the Israeli historian, Avi Shlaim,

“Rumours and accusations of collusion started flying around as soon as the Suez War broke out but no hard evidence was produced at the time, let alone a smoking gun.... A number of participants have written about the meeting in their memoirs.... But the principal, most prolific, and most reliable chronicler of the proceedings of the Sèvres conference is Colonel Mordechai Bar-On, chief of bureau of the IDF chief of staff, who served as the secretary of the Israeli delegation and took copious notes throughout. In 1957, at Dayan’s request, Bar-On, who had a degree in History, wrote a detailed account of the events that led to the Suez War with access to all the official documents”.

On 14 October 1956, General Maurice Challe, the deputy chief of staff of the French armed forces, made the suggestion that "Israel would be invited to attack the Egyptian army in Sinai and pose a threat to the Suez Canal and this would provide Britain and France with the pretext to activate their military plans and occupy the Suez Canal Zone, ostensibly in order to separate the combatants and protect the canal."

”The only aspect of the Challe scenario that Eden did not like was the idea of Britain inviting Israel to move against Egypt. He preferred Israel to move of her own accord; he did not want Britain to be implicated in anything that might be construed as collusion in an alliance with Israel against an Arab country.... Ben-Gurion was greatly excited by the prospect of a military partnership with the great powers against Egypt but extremely suspicious of the British in general and of Sir Anthony Eden in particular.... Although he knew that the plan to attack Egypt originated with General Challe, he repeatedly referred to it as ‘the English plan’.... Moreover, he greatly resented the suggestion that Israel should be used as a prostitute in providing services for the great powers. What he deeply longed for was a partnership between equals and an explicit co-ordination of military plans, preferably at a face-to-face meeting with Eden.”

On 22 October 1956 David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel, gave the most detailed explanation ever to foreign dignitaries, of Israel’s overall strategy for the Middle East. Shlaim called this Ben-Gurion’s "grand design". His main objection to the ‘English plan’ was that Israel would be branded as the aggressor while Britain and France would pose as peace-makers.

”Instead he presented a comprehensive plan, which he himself called ‘fantastic’, for the reorganization of the Middle East. Jordan, he observed, was not viable as an independent state and should therefore be divided. Iraq would get the East Bank in return for a promise to settle the Palestinian refugees there and to make peace with Israel while the West Bank would be attached to Israel as a semi-autonomous region. Lebanon suffered from having a large Muslim population which was concentrated in the south. The problem could be solved by Israel’s expansion up to the Litani River, thereby helping to turn Lebanon into a more compact Christian state. The Suez Canal area should be given an international status while the Straits of Tiran in the Gulf of Aqaba should come under Israeli control to ensure freedom of navigation. A prior condition for realizing this plan was the elimination of Nasser and the replacement of his regime with a pro-Western government which would also be prepared to make peace with Israel.Ben-Gurion argued that his plan would serve the interests of all the Western powers as well as those of Israel by destroying Nasser and the forces of Arab nationalism that he had unleashed. The Suez Canal would revert to being an international waterway. Britain would restore her hegemony in Iraq and Jordan and secure her access to the oil of the Middle East. France would consolidate her influence in the Middle East through Lebanon and Israel while her problems in Algeria would come to an end with the fall of Nasser. Even America might be persuaded to support the plan for it would promote stable, pro-Western regimes and help to check Soviet advances in the Middle East.”

Particularly noteworthy is the last point for it was included at Ben-Gurion’s specific request, and it defined Israel’s territorial aims, which were only tenuously related to the Suez Canal crisis:

”Israel declares its intention to keep her forces for the purpose of permanent annexation of the entire area east of the El Arish-Abu Ageila, Nakhl-Sharm el-Sheikh, in order to maintain for the long term the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Eilat and in order to free herself from the scourge of the infiltrators and from the danger posed by the Egyptian army bases in Sinai. Britain and France are required to support or at least to commit themselves not to show opposition to these plans. This is what Israel demands as her share in the fruits of victory.

October 24 was the third and last day of the conference. Ben-Gurion finally made up his mind to commit the IDF to the battle. In his diary he summarized the main considerations that led to this fateful decision. He thought that the operation had to be undertaken if Israel’s skies could be effectively defended in the day or two that would elapse until the French and the British started bombing Egypt’s airfields. The aim of destroying Nasser had pervaded the entire conference and it was uppermost in Ben-Gurion’s mind. "This is a unique opportunity," he wrote, "that two not so small powers will try to topple Nasser, and we shall not stand alone against him while he becomes stronger and conquers all the Arab countries.... and maybe the whole situation in the Middle East will change according to my plan."

"France and Britain have a vital interest in the Suez Canal," he said forcefully. ‘"The Straits of Tiran are the State of Israel’s Suez Canal.... We intend to capture the Straits of Tiran and we intend to stay there and thus ensure freedom of navigation to Eilat."

The British officials then asked a number of questions about Israel’s operational plans, evidently inspired by the fear that the Israeli operation would not amount to a real act of war and that, consequently, Britain would not have a credible casus belli for military intervention. Will Israel issue a formal declaration of war? Ben-Gurion replied that Egypt’s repeated violations of the armistice agreement made a declaration of war superfluous. Dayan retorted more bluntly: "We will not declare – we will simply strike!"

In his diary Ben-Gurion recorded the next day: "I told him about the discovery of oil in southern and western Sinai, and that it would be good to tear this peninsula from Egypt because it did not belong to her, rather it was the English who stole it from the Turks when they believed that Egypt was in their pocket. I suggested laying down a pipeline from Sinai to Haifa to refine the oil and Mollet showed interest in this suggestion."

Ilan Troen, director of the Ben-Gurion Research Institute and Archives, omits the plan, code named "Fantastic" by Ben-Gurion, from his account of Sèvres, and instead offers as the Israeli motivation for the invasion of Egypt:

"Conventional scholarship and the testimony of Israeli leaders, particularly Ben-Gurion, was that the large-scale Egyptian arms deal in September 1955 with the Soviet ally, Czechoslovakia, was the catalyst that confirmed that the anticipated 'second round' of war with Egypt was inevitable and probably in the offing. Israel, fearing that the balance of power with the Arab states would turn against her, began to prepare for conflict, including the possibility of a preemptive strike. Nasser’s decision to limit the rights of passage through the Straits of Tiran and continuing border problems provided justification for action."

## Text

An English translation of the Protocol includes the following:

The results of the conversations which took place at Sèvres from 22–24 October 1956 between the representatives of the Governments of the United Kingdom, the State of Israel and of France are the following:

1. The Israeli forces launch in the evening of 29 October 1956 a large scale attack on the Egyptian forces with the aim of reaching the Canal Zone the following day.

2. On being apprised of these events, the British and French Governments during the day of 30 October 1956 respectively and simultaneously make two appeals to the Egyptian Government and the Israeli Government on the following lines:

In addition, the Israeli Government will be notified that the French and British Governments have demanded of the Egyptian Government to accept temporary occupation of key positions along the Canal by Anglo-French forces.It is agreed that if one of the Governments refused, or did not give its consent, within twelve hours the Anglo-French forces would intervene with the means necessary to ensure that their demands are accepted.

3. In the event that the Egyptian Government should fail to agree within the stipulated time to the conditions of the appeal addressed to it, the Anglo-French forces will launch military operations against the Egyptian forces in the early hours of the morning of 31 October.

4. The Israeli Government will send forces to occupy the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba and the group of islands Tirane and Sanafir to ensure freedom of navigation in the Gulf of Aqaba.

5. Israel undertakes not to attack Jordan during the period of operations against Egypt. But in the event that during the same period Jordan should attack Israel, the British Government undertakes not to come to the aid of Jordan.

6. The arrangements of the present protocol must remain strictly secret.

7. They will enter into force after the agreement of the three Governments.

(signed)

David Ben-Gurion Patrick Dean Christian Pineau

## British denial

Although reports of the pre-arrangement had leaked out within days, Sir Anthony Eden, the British Prime Minister later denied the existence of such an agreement. When the existence of signed copies of the secret protocol was leaked, Eden sent Dean back to France on 25 October to collect all copies and leave no trace of the agreements. Christian Pineau at the Quai d'Orsay refused to comply, since the Israeli diplomats had already left France. "For Eden, the existence of the Protocol was a catastrophe – a smoking gun that exposed the full extent of collusion between Britain, France and Israel." He was concerned that revelation of the agreement would be a threat to all three governments.

The original Israeli copy of the Protocol of Sèvres is said to be kept within the Ben-Gurion Archives in Sde Boker.

A photocopy of the three pages of the Protocol in French was found in 2002 by the widow of Christian Pineau after his death, and images of the pages published in 2010.

## In action

Four days after the Sèvres meeting, Israeli forces invaded Egyptian territory. The British and French vetoed an American-sponsored resolution in the UN Security Council calling for an end to the Israeli invasion. They then issued their own call for both Israel and Egypt to withdraw from within 16 km of the Suez Canal. When Egypt refused, the British and French launched their own invasion to secure the Canal zone under the guise of separating Egyptian and Israeli forces.

## Significance

In addition to the key role of this agreement in the overall Suez Crisis, the Sèvres agreement “marked the end of the estrangement between Britain and the Zionist movement that went back to the White Paper of 1939."


Negative air ions

# Negative air ions

## Abstract

Negative air ions (NAI) are important air component, generally referring to the collections of negatively charged single gas molecules or ion clusters in the air. They play an essential role in maintaining the charge balance of the atmosphere. The main components of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Due to the strong electronegativity of oxygen and oxygen-containing molecules, they can easily capture free electrons to form negatively charged air ions, most of which are superoxide radicals ·O,so NAI is mainly composed of negative oxygen ions, also called air negative oxygen ions.

## Research history

In 1889, German scientists Elster and Geitel first discovered the existence of negative oxygen ions.

At the end of the 19th century, German physicist Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard first explained the effects of negative oxygen ions on the human body in academic research. In 1902, scholars such as Ashkinas and Caspari further confirmed the biological significance of negative oxygen ions. In 1932, the world's first medical negative oxygen ions generator was invented in the United States.

In the middle of the 20th century, Professor Albert P. Krueger of the University of California, Berkeley,conducted pioneering research and experiments on the biological effects of ions at the microscopic level. Professor Krueger demonstrated the impact of negative oxygen ions on humans, animals, and plants from the aspects of biological endocrine, internal circulation, and the generation reactions of various enzymes through a large number of animal and plants experiments.

From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, many experts, scholars, and professional medical institutions applied negative ions (negative oxygen ions) technology to clinical practice. Through various explorations, new ways of treating diseases were opened up.

In 2011, the official website of the China Air Negative Ion (Negative Oxygen Ion) and Ozone Research Society was launched. This website is the first negative ions industry website in China, and its purpose is to rapidly promote the orderly development of the air negative ion (negative oxygen ion) industry. In 2020, the Tsinghua University successfully developed a medical-grade high- concentration negative oxygen ion generator. It only needs to be sprayed on the room's walls to form a uniform and dense layer of nanoparticles on the wall, allowing the indoor wall to stably and long-term release high-concentration small-particle negative oxygen ions.

## Generation mechanism

Common gases that produce negative air ions include single-component gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, or multi-component gases obtained by mixing these single-component gases. Various negative air ions are formed by combining active neutral molecules and electrons in the gas through a series of ion - molecule reactions.

In the air, due to the presence of many water molecules, the negative air ions formed are easy to combine with water to form hydrated negative air ions, which are typical negative air ions, such as O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, OH ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, HCO ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n,etc. The ion clusters formed by the combination of small ions and water molecules have a longer survival period due to their large volume and the fact that the charge is protected by water molecules and is not easy to transfer. This is because in the molecular collision, the larger the molecular volume, the less energy is lost when encountering collisions with other molecules, thereby extending the survival time of negative air ions.

## Generation methods

Negative air ions can be produced by two methods: natural or artificial.The methods of producing negative air ions in nature include the waterfall effect, lightning ionization, plants tip discharge, etc. Natural methods can produce a large number of fresh negative air ions. The artificial means of producing negative air ions include corona discharge, water vapour，and other methods. Compared with the negative air ions produced in nature, although artificial methods can produce high levels of negative air ions, there are specific differences in the types and concentrations of negative air ions, which makes the negative air ions produced by artificial methods may not achieve the excellent environmental health effects of negative air ions produced in nature. Improving the artificial method to produce ecological-level negative ions is necessary.

### Natural environments

- Waterfall method: When people are in a water-rich environment such as a waterfall, fountain, or seaside, they usually feel relaxed and release stress, which is related to many negative air ions in the environment, as one of the most common methods for producing negative air ions in nature.

- Lightning strike method: The atmosphere itself is a huge electric field. Positive and negative charges will accumulate above and below the clouds. When the droplets in the clouds continue to accumulate and gradually approach the ground due to gravity, a giant capacitor will be formed between the clouds and the ground. When the electric field strength between the two exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, discharge will occur and break through the air. During the lightning discharge process, charged particles bombard the surrounding air molecules, ionizing the molecules to generate negative air ions. At the moment of the lightning strike, hundreds of millions of negative air ions will be generated. This is why people feel the air is fresh and clean after rain. It is not only because the rain increases the humidity of the air, but more importantly, the concentration of negative ions in the air has increased significantly.

- Plants tip discharge: The tip of the leaves of vegetation will discharge under the action of the photoelectric effect. Like the corona discharge, the needle tip will continue to ionize and release negative air ions. In addition, the reason why negative air ions can maintain a high concentration for a long time in forests and some areas covered by green vegetation is that the oxygen concentration released by vegetation during photosynthesis is much higher than that in cities, and a large amount of water vapor is released through respiration and leaf transpiration. Oxygen and water vapor can produce free electrons under ionization. Due to their strong electronegativity, water molecules and oxygen molecules can easily capture free electrons to form negative air ions.

### Artificial ionization

- Corona discharge method: Currently, the most common artificial method is to use corona discharge to produce negative ions. The specific process of using corona discharge to produce gaseous negative ions is to connect the high-voltage negative electrode to a thin needle-shaped wire or a conductor with a very small radius of curvature, so that a strong electric field is generated near the electrode, releasing high-speed electrons. The speed is enough to drive the electrons to collide with gas molecules, further ionize, and produce new free electrons and positive ions. The newly generated free electrons will repeat the previous process, continue to collide and ionize, and this process will be repeated many times, so that the tip electrode will continuously release negative air ions.

- The water vapour method: The water vapour method refers to the use of artificial technology and modern instruments to simulate the principle of waterfall generation, using high-speed airflow to collide with water droplets, dispersing larger water droplets into a large number of microdroplets. As the water droplet dispersion process, the Leonard effect occurs, generating negative ions.

## Determination method

Detection of negative air ions is divided into measurement and identification. NAI measurement can be achieved by measuring the change in atmospheric conductivity when NAI passes through a conductive tube. NAI identification is generally achieved using mass spectrometry, which can effectively identify a variety of negative ions, including O, O, O, CO, HCO, NO, etc.

## Application of negative air ions

### Health Promotion

The effects of NAI on human/animal health are mainly concentrated on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and mental health. The impacts of NAI on the cardiovascular system include improving red blood cell deformability and aerobic metabolism and lowering blood pressure. In terms of mental health, a experiments have shown that after exposure to NAI, performance on all the experimenters test tasks (mirror drawing, rotation tracking, visual reaction time and hearing) was significantly improved, and symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) were alleviated. The effects of NAI in relieving mood disorder symptoms are similar to those of antidepressant non-drug treatment trials, and NAI have also shown effective treatment for chronic depression.

### Environmental Improvement

Negative air ions can be effectively used to remove dust and settle harmful pollutants such as PM. In particular, they can significantly degrade indoor pollutants, improve people's indoor living environment, and purify air quality. Some experts and scholars have used a corona-negative ions generator to conduct experiments on particles sedimentation through three steps: charging, migration, and sedimentation. They found that charged PM will settle faster or sink faster under the action of gravity so that PM will settle/precipitate faster than uncharged PM. In addition, experimental studies have shown that negative air ions have a specific degradation effect on chloroform, toluene, and 1,5-Hexadiene and produce carbon dioxide and water as final products through the reaction.


Round-trip delay

# Round-trip delay

## Abstract

In telecommunications, round-trip delay (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT) is the amount of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the amount of time it takes for acknowledgement of that signal having been received. This time delay includes propagation times for the paths between the two communication endpoints. In the context of computer networks, the signal is typically a data packet. RTT is commonly used interchangeably with ping time, which can be determined with the ping command. However, ping time may differ from experienced RTT with other protocols since the payload and priority associated with ICMP messages used by ping may differ from that of other traffic.

End-to-end delay is the length of time it takes for a signal to travel in one direction and is often approximated as half the RTT.

## Protocol design

RTT is a measure of the amount of time taken for an entire message to be sent to a destination and for a reply to be sent back to the sender. The time to send the message to the destination in its entirety is known as the network latency, and thus RTT is twice the latency in the network plus a processing delay at the destination. The other sources of delay in a network that make up the network latency are processing delay in transmission, propagation time, transmission time and queueing time. Propagation time is dependent on distance. Transmission time for a message is proportional to the message size divided by the bandwidth. Thus higher bandwidth networks will have lower transmission time, but the propagation time will remain unchanged, and so RTT does fall with increased bandwidth, but the delay increasingly represents propagation time.

Networks with both high bandwidth and a high RTT (and thus high bandwidth-delay product) can have large amounts of data in transit at any given time. Such long fat networks require a special protocol design. One example is the TCP window scale option.

The RTT was originally estimated in TCP by:

where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is constant weighting factor (0 ≤ α < 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \alpha <1}). Choosing a value for α {\displaystyle \alpha } close to 1 makes the weighted average immune to changes that last a short time (e.g., a single segment that encounters long delay). Choosing a value for α {\displaystyle \alpha } close to 0 makes the weighted average respond to changes in delay very quickly. This was improved by the Jacobson/Karels algorithm, which takes standard deviation into account as well. Once a new RTT is calculated, it is entered into the equation above to obtain an average RTT for that connection, and the procedure continues for every new calculation.

## Wi-Fi

Accurate round-trip time measurements over Wi-Fi using IEEE 802.11mc are the basis for the Wi-Fi positioning system.


The Guatemalan Handshake

# The Guatemalan Handshake

## Abstract

The Guatemalan Handshake is a 2006 comedy-drama film, written and directed by Todd Rohal. It is Rohal's feature film debut. The film premiered at the 2006 Slamdance Film Festival and won the Special Jury Prize.

## Story

In the confusion following a massive power outage, an awkward demolition derby driver vanishes, setting in motion a series of events affecting his pregnant girlfriend, his helplessly car-less father, a pack of wild boy scouts, a lactose intolerant roller rink employee, an elderly woman in search of her lost dog, and his best friend—a ten-year-old girl named Turkeylegs.

Pieces of the mystery begin to come together as Turkeylegs sets out to find her missing friend. Cars drive circles in the dirt, a woman attends her own funeral, the sun rises sideways and an orange vehicle trades hands again and again. Everything eventually culminates in a massive demolition derby that throws all of the characters into different directions.

## Main cast

- Katy Haywood – Turkeylegs

- Ken Byrnes – Mr. Turnupseed

- Will Oldham – Donald Turnupseed

- Sheila Scullin – Sadie

- Rich Schreiber – Stool

- Kathleen Kennedy – Ethel Firecracker

- Cory McAbee – Spank Williams

## Accolades

In 2006, Rohal was named one of Filmmaker ' s 25 New Faces of Independent Film on the strength of The Guatemalan Handshake, his debut feature, which had won Best Film at Slamdance earlier that year.

The film won three prizes at the 2006 Torino Film Festival, including Best Director for Rohal. It shared the festival's Jury Special Prize with Honor of the Knights and the 2006 Holden award with Honor of the Knights and Zapiski putevogo obkhodchika.

- 2006 in film


Hôtel particulier

# Hôtel particulier

## Abstract

Hôtel particulier (French:) is the French term for a grand urban mansion, comparable to a British townhouse. Whereas an ordinary maison (house) was built as part of a row, sharing party walls with the houses on either side and directly fronting on a street, an hôtel particulier was often free-standing and, by the 18th century, would always be located entre cour et jardin – between the cour d'honneur (an entrance court) and the garden behind. There are hôtels particuliers in many large cities in France.

## Etymology and meaning

The word hôtel represents the Old French " hostel " from the Latin hospitālis "pertaining to guests", from hospes, a stranger, thus a guest. The adjective particulier means "personal" or "private".

The English word hotel developed a more specific meaning as a commercial building accommodating travellers; modern French also uses hôtel in this sense. For example, the Hôtel de Crillon on the Place de la Concorde was built as an hôtel particulier and is today a public hotel.

In French, an hôtel de ville or mairie is a town hall and not a hotel. Other official bodies might give their name to the structure in which they maintained a seat: besides Paris, several other French cities have an Hôtel de Cluny, maintained by the abbey of Cluny. The Hôtel de Sens was built as the Paris residence of the archbishop of Sens. The Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris was a theatre, taking its name from the former Paris residence of the Dukes of Burgundy on the site. The Hôtel de la Marine, now a museum, took its name when it was the naval ministry building.

Hôtel-Dieu ("hostel of God") is the old name given to the principal hospital in French towns (and those in Quebec), such as the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune. The Hôtel des Invalides in Paris retains its early sense of a hospital for war wounded.

## Examples

### In Aix-en-Provence

- Hôtel d'Arbaud-Jouques

- Hôtel de Boisgelin

- Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe

- Hôtel de Caumont

- Hôtel de Forbin

- Hôtel de Gantès

- Hôtel de Grimaldi-Régusse

- Hôtel du Poët

- Hôtel Silvy

- Hôtel de Simiane

- Hôtel de Valbelle

- Hôtel de Villeneuve d'Ansouis

### In Beaucaire

- Hôtel de Clausonnette

- Hôtel de Linage

- Hôtel de Margallier

### In Blois

- Hôtel d'Alluye

### In Bordeaux

- Palais Rohan

- Hôtel de Laubardemont

- Hôtel de Ragueneau

- Hôtel Copmartin

- Hôtel de l'Intendance

- Hôtel de Saige

- Hôtel Nairac

- Hôtel de Lalande

- Hôtel Bonnaffé

- Hôtel Gradis

- Hôtel Victoria

- Château Labottière

- Petit hôtel Labottière

- Hôtel Leberthon

- Hôtel de Poissac

- Hôtel de Basquiat

- Hôtel Saint-Marc

- Hôtel Fenwick

- Hôtel Frugès

### In Paris

- Hôtel de Soubise

- Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild

- Hôtel Lambert

- Hôtel Matignon

- Hôtel de Sens

- Hôtel de Rambouillet

- Hôtel Biron

- Hôtel d'Evreux

- Hôtel de Cluny

- Hôtel Carnavalet

- Hôtel de Salm

- Hôtel Grimod de La Reynière

- Hôtel Jacquemart-André

- Hôtel de Marigny

- Hôtel Mortemart

- Hôtel de Lauzun

- Hôtel de Beauvais

- Hôtel de Boisgelin

- Hôtel de Besenval

### In Rennes

- Hôtel de Blossac

### In Toulouse

- Hôtel d'Assézat

- Hôtel d'Astorg et de Saint-Germain

- Hôtel de Bagis

- Hôtel de Bernuy

- Hôtel de Boysson-Cheverry

- Hôtel de Brucelles

- Hôtel de Buet

- Hôtel Dahus

- Hôtel Dumay

- Hôtel de Felzins

- Hôtel Jean de Pins

- Hôtel de La Mamye

- Hôtel Mansencal

- Hôtel Thomas de Montval

- Hôtel d'Ulmo

- Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin

### In Vesoul

- Hôtel de Pétremand


# List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland

## Abstract

Many lists of trees of Great Britain and Ireland have been written. There are a number of issues surrounding the inclusion of a species in such a list. As can be seen from the outline of debate below, there is no 'correct' list of trees of Britain and Ireland.

## Issues of debate

### Definition of species

There are a number of different opinions regarding the validity of some species, notably apomictic microspecies and whether some 'species' may actually be hybrids. In particular, the number and definition of species in the genera Sorbus (rowans, whitebeams etc.), Ulmus (elms) and Salix (willows) are open to debate.

### Definition of native

Native species are considered to be species which are today present in the region in question, and have been continuously present in that region since a certain period of time. When applied to Britain and Ireland, three possible definitions of this time constraint are:

- a species that colonised these islands during the retreat of ice at the end of the last ice age

- a species that was present in these islands when the English Channel was created and the land bridge between Britain and continental Europe was flooded

- a species that has colonised without human assistance; in some cases this is uncertain.

The only endemic tree species in Britain and Ireland (that is, that are native only to this region) are some apomictic whitebeams.

Species that were native in the region in prehistory before the last ice age, but not subsequently, are generally regarded as extinct and no longer native.

Many additional species have been imported by humans; the total list of all introduced trees numbers several thousand. A far smaller number of these have become widely naturalised, spreading by their own accord without recourse to further human assistance.

### Definition of tree

A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant with secondary branches supported by a primary stem (compare with shrub). There is no set definition regarding minimum size, though most authors cite a tree species as being one which regularly reaches 6 m (20 ft) tall (see also tree).

## List of species

### Native trees

- Alders Alder (Alnus glutinosa)

- Alder (Alnus glutinosa)

- Apples Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris)

- Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris)

- Ashes Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

- Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

- Beeches European Beech (Fagus sylvatica)

- European Beech (Fagus sylvatica)

- Birches Silver Birch (Betula pendula) Downy Birch (Betula pubescens)

- Silver Birch (Betula pendula)

- Downy Birch (Betula pubescens)

- Box Box (Buxus sempervirens)

- Box (Buxus sempervirens)

- Cherries and Plums Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) Bird Cherry (Prunus padus) Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

- Wild Cherry (Prunus avium)

- Bird Cherry (Prunus padus)

- Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

- Elms Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) Field Elm (Ulmus minor; extremely variable aggregate with many varieties)

- Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra)

- Field Elm (Ulmus minor; extremely variable aggregate with many varieties)

- Hawthorns Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata; southern Great Britain only) Crataegus × media - occurs as a natural hybrid wherever monogyna and laevigata overlap.

- Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

- Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata; southern Great Britain only)

- Crataegus × media - occurs as a natural hybrid wherever monogyna and laevigata overlap.

- Hazels Common Hazel (Corylus avellana)

- Common Hazel (Corylus avellana)

- Hollies European Holly (Ilex aquifolium)

- European Holly (Ilex aquifolium)

- Hornbeams European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus; southern Great Britain only)

- European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus; southern Great Britain only)

- Junipers Common Juniper (Juniperus communis)

- Common Juniper (Juniperus communis)

- Lindens (Limes) Small-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia cordata) Large-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia platyphyllos; southern Great Britain only)

- Small-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia cordata)

- Large-leaved Linden/Lime (Tilia platyphyllos; southern Great Britain only)

- Maples Field Maple (Acer campestre)

- Field Maple (Acer campestre)

- Oaks Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea)

- Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur)

- Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea)

- Pines Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

- Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

- Poplars Aspen (Populus tremula) Black Poplar (Populus nigra; southern Great Britain only)

- Aspen (Populus tremula)

- Black Poplar (Populus nigra; southern Great Britain only)

- Rowans and Whitebeams European Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) Common Whitebeam (Sorbus aria) and several related apomictic microspecies Service Tree (Sorbus domestica; recently discovered growing wild on a cliff in south Wales) Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis)

- European Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)

- Common Whitebeam (Sorbus aria) and several related apomictic microspecies

- Service Tree (Sorbus domestica; recently discovered growing wild on a cliff in south Wales)

- Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis)

- Strawberry Tree Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo; Ireland only)

- Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo; Ireland only)

- Willows (Salix spp.; several species) Bay Willow (Salix pentandra) Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) Goat Willow (Salix caprea) Purple Willow (Salix purpurea)

- Bay Willow (Salix pentandra)

- Grey Willow (Salix cinerea)

- Goat Willow (Salix caprea)

- Purple Willow (Salix purpurea)

- Yews European Yew (Taxus baccata)

- European Yew (Taxus baccata)

### Native large shrubs

These larger shrubs occasionally reach tree size:

- Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)

- Purging Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

- Elder (Sambucus nigra)

- Common Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)

- Rock Whitebeam (Sorbus rupicola)

- (Common) Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

- Spindle (Euonymus europaeus)

- Eared Willow (Salix aurita)

- Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus)

- Wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana)

- Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare)

### Naturalised trees

- From Europe Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster; rarely) European Black Pine (Pinus nigra; rarely) Norway Spruce (Picea abies; rarely) European Larch (Larix decidua) European Pear (Pyrus communis; sometimes regarded as native) Plymouth Pear (Pyrus cordata; sometimes regarded as native) Cherry Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa; a Roman introduction) Swedish Whitebeam (Sorbus intermedia) Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) Common Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) English Elm (Ulmus procera; a Roman introduction) Osier (Salix viminalis) Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) White Willow (Salix alba) Almond-leaved Willow (Salix triandra)

- Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster; rarely)

- European Black Pine (Pinus nigra; rarely)

- Norway Spruce (Picea abies; rarely)

- European Larch (Larix decidua)

- European Pear (Pyrus communis; sometimes regarded as native)

- Plymouth Pear (Pyrus cordata; sometimes regarded as native)

- Cherry Plum (Prunus cerasifera)

- Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)

- Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)

- Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa; a Roman introduction)

- Swedish Whitebeam (Sorbus intermedia)

- Holm Oak (Quercus ilex)

- Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris)

- Common Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

- English Elm (Ulmus procera; a Roman introduction)

- Osier (Salix viminalis)

- Crack Willow (Salix fragilis)

- White Willow (Salix alba)

- Almond-leaved Willow (Salix triandra)

- From Asia Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi)

- Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi)

- From North America Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) Black Spruce (Picea mariana; rarely) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Grand Fir (Abies grandis) Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) Lawson's Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa; rarely)

- Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)

- Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)

- Black Spruce (Picea mariana; rarely)

- Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

- Grand Fir (Abies grandis)

- Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)

- Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata)

- Lawson's Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)

- Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa; rarely)

- From Oceania Cabbage palm (Cordyline australis)

- Cabbage palm (Cordyline australis)

## Endemic species

An endemic species is a plant only native to a certain area. Outside this area, unless spread naturally it is considered non-native, usually as a result of cultivation.Britain and Ireland have few endemic trees, most being micro-species of Whitebeam. But there are some interesting endemic trees nevertheless.

- Plot's Elm – English Midlands only.

- Apomictic Whitebeams endemic to the British Isles: Sorbus arranensis – Isle of Arran only. Arran Service Tree – Isle of Arran only. Sorbus pseudomeinichii - Isle of Arran only. Lancashire Whitebeam - North Lancashire & South Cumbria, around Morecambe Bay only. English Whitebeam - Great Britain and Ireland only. Bristol Whitebeam - Avon Gorge only. Devon Whitebeam – Devon, Somerset, Cornwall and Ireland only. Ley's Whitebeam – Brecon Beacons only. Lesser Whitebeam – Brecon Beacons only. Sorbus leptophylla – endemic to UK Sorbus arvonensis - endemic to the Menai Strait region of North Wales. Sorbus wilmottiana – endemic to UK Bloody Whitebeam – Exmoor only. Somerset Whitebeam – coastal North Devon and Western Somerset only. Cheddar Whitebeam – Cheddar Gorge only. Watersmeet Whitebeam – North Devon only. Llangollen Whitebeam – Llangollen only. Irish Whitebeam – Ireland only. Leigh Woods Whitebeam, Leigh Woods only.

- Sorbus arranensis – Isle of Arran only.

- Arran Service Tree – Isle of Arran only.

- Sorbus pseudomeinichii - Isle of Arran only.

- Lancashire Whitebeam - North Lancashire & South Cumbria, around Morecambe Bay only.

- English Whitebeam - Great Britain and Ireland only.

- Bristol Whitebeam - Avon Gorge only.

- Devon Whitebeam – Devon, Somerset, Cornwall and Ireland only.

- Ley's Whitebeam – Brecon Beacons only.

- Lesser Whitebeam – Brecon Beacons only.

- Sorbus leptophylla – endemic to UK

- Sorbus arvonensis - endemic to the Menai Strait region of North Wales.

- Sorbus wilmottiana – endemic to UK

- Bloody Whitebeam – Exmoor only.

- Somerset Whitebeam – coastal North Devon and Western Somerset only.

- Cheddar Whitebeam – Cheddar Gorge only.

- Watersmeet Whitebeam – North Devon only.

- Llangollen Whitebeam – Llangollen only.

- Irish Whitebeam – Ireland only.

- Leigh Woods Whitebeam, Leigh Woods only.


Pomacanthus maculosus

# Pomacanthus maculosus

## Abstract

Pomacanthus maculosus, the yellowbar angelfish, half-moon angelfish, yellow-marked angelfish, yellowband angelfish or yellow-blotched angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and, more recently, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

Pomacanthus maculosus has a deep and compressed body with a small mouth that is equipped with small bristle-like teeth. They have an obvious spine at the angle of the preoperculum. The adults have filaments extending back from the soft-rayed parts of the dorsal and anal fins, reaching past the caudal fin. The background colour of adults is brownish blue with each scale having a blue margin creating the impression that it is predominantly blue. There is an uneven, yellow bar close to the centre of the flanks with dark blue, vertically elongated spots towards the head. The caudal fin has wavy, blue lines on a pale yellow background. The juveniles are mainly black marked with many, arced, vertical blue lines and three broader white lines. Only the rear third of the caudal fin is yellow. The dorsal fin has 12–13 spines and 21 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 19–20 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 50 cm (20 in).

## Distribution

Pomacanthus maculosus is found in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. It has been recorded on distinct but rare occasions since 2008 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It has also been recorded off Florida and Brazil, regarded as an instance of deliberate releases from an aquarium.

## Habitat and biology

Pomacanthus maculosus is found at depths of between 4 and 50 metres (13 and 164 ft). It is a solitary species that lives in sheltered areas, often where there is a mixture of coral and silt. Their diet is dominated by sponges and tunicates, although other invertebrates will be eaten opportunistically. The females attain sexual maturity when the reach around 5.5 years of age and a total length of 21.6 cm (8.5 in). The maximum longevity is thought to be 36 years old. Divers have noted that this is a curious species and is not shy. They are protogynous hermaphrodites and the older females can change sex to become males when there is a shortage of males. The larvae are planktonic.

## Systematics

Pomacanthus maculosus was first formally described in 1775 as Chaetodon maculosus in 1775 by the Finnish born Swede Peter Forsskål (1732–1763) the type locality is given as Al-Luhayya in Yemen. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Arusetta. The specific name maculosus means “spotted” and a reference to either the blue spots on the scales or the large yellow blotch.

## Utilisation

Pomacanthus maculosus is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade. In some parts of the Persian Gulf it has been recorded in fish markets.


1847 in Germany

# 1847 in Germany

## Abstract

Events from the year 1847 in Germany.

## Incumbents

- King of Bavaria – Ludwig I.

- King of Hanover – Ernest Augustus

- King of Prussia – Frederick William IV

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus II

## Event

- October 12 – German inventors and industrialists Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske found Siemens & Halske to develop the electrical telegraph.

## Births

- February 4 – Remus von Woyrsch, German field marshal (d. 1920)

- February 16 – Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (d. 1917)

- March 27 – -Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)

- July 20 – Max Liebermann, German painter, printmaker (d. 1935)

- July 25 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, biologist (d. 1888)

- October 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal, President of Germany (d. 1934)

## Deaths

- May 14 – Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer, pianist (b. 1805)

- July 16 – Karl Friedrich Burdach, German physiologist (b. 1776)

- October 22 – Henriette Herz, German salonnière (b. 1764)

- November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (b. 1809)


Elizabeth Rankin

# Elizabeth Rankin

## Abstract

Elizabeth Deane Rankin is a South African–New Zealand fine arts academic, and is an emeritus professor at the University of Auckland, specialising in neglected South African artists, and printmaking and sculpture.

## Academic career

Rankin completed a PhD titled Englishmen on the Acropolis: an historiography of the Parthenon, c. 1750-1850 at the University of Witwatersrand in 1978. It was the first PhD in art history awarded by the university. Rankin was appointed as Chair of the History of Art at Witwatersrand in 1982, and later served three years as Dean of Arts.

Rankin was Chair of the South African Association of Art Historians starting in 1985.

Rankin joined the faculty of the University of Auckland in 1998 as professor of art history. She was head of the department, and chair of the exhibitions committee for the university's Gus Fisher Gallery. Rankin's research focuses on neglected South African artists, and sculpture and print-making. Rankin published a history of Rorke's Drift printmakers with Philippa Hobbs in 2003. Rankin has written a biography of South African artist Peter Clarke, published in 2012, along with retrospective exhibitions at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town, in collaboration with Hobbs, and in Johannesburg. Rankin has also written about photographer Fiona Pardington, and artist Neil Pardington.

In 2012 Rankin was a visiting fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, where she worked with Prof. Dr. Rolf Schneider on the design of the frieze of the Voortrekker Monument. Rankin retired in 2016 and was appointed Professor Emeritus at Auckland. One of her notable doctoral students is academic and author Ngarino Ellis.

## Selected works

### Books

### Other works

- {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen was a NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 92 laps -- extended from 90 laps due to an overtime finish Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16. Chris Buescher won the race, his first win since the 2023 Coke Zero Sugar 400. Shane Van Gisbergen finished 2nd, and Carson Hocevar finished 3rd. Ross Chastain and Zane Smith rounded out the top five, and Chase Briscoe, Michael McDowell, Corey LaJoie, Ryan Preece, and Austin Cindric rounded out the top ten.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

### Race statistics

- Lead changes: 11 among 9 different drivers

- Cautions/Laps: 7 for 21 laps

- Red flags: 0

- Time of race: 2 hours, 38 minutes, and 41 seconds

- Average speed: 80.226 miles per hour (129.111 km/h)

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch called from Turn 5 to 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network radio called for the race, which was also simulcasted on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey covered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.

## Standings after the race


1848 in Germany

# 1848 in Germany

## Abstract

Events from the year 1848 in Germany.

## Incumbents

- King of Bavaria – Ludwig I. (until 20 March 1848); Maximilian II (since 20 March 1848)

- King of Hanover – Ernest Augustus

- King of Prussia – Frederick William IV

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus II

## Events

- 17 March - Poem In Kümmernis und Dunkelheit was written in London by German poet Ferdinand Freiligrath.

- February - Publication of The Communist Manifesto

- April - Hecker uprising in Baden

- 9 April - Battle of Bov

- 9 April - Foundation of Münchner Neueste Nachrichten

- 20 April - Battle on the Scheideck

- 23 April - Battle of Schleswig

- 23 April - Battle of Mysunde

- 24 April - Skirmish of Oversø

- 1 May - 1848 German federal election

- 7 May - Start of magazine Kladderadatsch

- 11 May - Baden mutiny

- 18 May - 379 deputies assembled in the Kaisersaal in Frankfurt am Main walked solemnly to the Paulskirche to hold the first session of the German national assembly, under its chairman (by seniority) Friedrich Lang. Heinrich von Gagern became first elected president of Frankfurt Parliament.

- 1 June - Foundation of Neue Rheinische Zeitung

- 24 June - President of the National Assembly Heinrich von Gagern argued for a regency and provisional central government to carry out parliamentary decisions.

- 25 June - Forming of Casino faction in Frankfurt Parliament: Factions in the Frankfurt Assembly

- 21 September - Struve Putsch: Proclamation of the German Republic by Gustav Struve in Lörrach

- 21 October - Würzburg Bishops' Conference

- 5 December - Promulgation of the Constitution of Prussia (1848)

### Undated

- Forty-Eighters

- German revolutions of 1848–1849

- Baden Revolution

- Foundation of Piusverein

- Painting Gnome Watching Railway Train by Carl Spitzweg

- Painting Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)

- Opera Regina by German composer Albert Lortzing

## Births

- 10 January - Paul Tschackert, German Protestant theologian (died 1911)

- 12 January - Franz von Soxhlet, German agricultural chemist (died 1926)

- 2 February - Ludwig Dill, German painter (died 1940)

- 4 February - Hermann von Hatzfeldt, German nobleman and politician (died 1933)

- 5 February - Louis Schmeisser, German weapon technical designer (died 1917)

- 6 February - Wilhelm von Finck, German banker and entrepreneur (died 1924)

- 7 February - Adolf Weil, German physician (died 1916)

- 13 February – Hermann von Eichhorn, German field marshal (died 1918)

- 25 February – King William II of Württemberg (died 1921)

- 3 March - Gustav Fischer, German explorer (died 1886)

- 27 April – King Otto of Bavaria (died 1916)

- 23 May - Otto Lilienthal, German engineer, aviation pioneer (died 1896)

- 23 May - Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (died 1916)

- 3 July – Lothar von Trotha, German military commander (died 1920)

- 22 July - Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (died 1914)

- 7 September - Berta Behrens, German novelist (died 1912)

- 8 September – Viktor Meyer, German chemist (died 1897)

- 18 September - Maximilian Nitze, German urologist (died 1916)

- 20 September – Friedrich Soennecken, German entrepreneur, inventor of the hole punch and ringbinder (died 1919)

- 8 November – Gottlob Frege, German logician (died 1925)

- 23 November - Habbo Gerhard Lolling, German archaeologist (died 1894)

- 27 November – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (died 1917)

- 22 December - Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, German classical philologist (died 1931)

## Deaths

- 9 January – Caroline Herschel, German astronomer (born 1750)

- 22 January - Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider, German Protestant scholar and theologian (born 1776)

- 15 February – Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal (born 1771)

- 22 February – Wilhelmine Reichard, first German woman balloonist (born 1788)

- 24 May – Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (born 1797)

- 10 July – Karoline Jagemann, German actress (born 1777)

- 18 September - Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald, Prussian general (born 1792)

- 9 November – Robert Blum, German politician (born 1810)

- 28 November - Duchess Amelia of Württemberg, German noblewoman (born 1799)

- 16 December - Bruno Erhard Abegg, German politician and statesman (born 1803)

- 31 December - Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann, German philologist (born 1772)

- undated - Ludwig Leichhardt, German explorer in Australia (born 1813)


France at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

# France at the 2024 Summer Paralympics

## Abstract

France is competing as the host nation of the 2024 Summer Paralympics in their capital Paris from 28 August to 8 September 2024. It is the first time that France will be hosting the Summer Paralympics, they have hosted the Winter Paralympics in Albertville in 1992.

## Archery

As the host nation, France entered six athletes.

## Athletics

As the host nation, track and field athletes from France achieved quota places for the following events based on their results at the 2023 World Championships, 2024 World Championships, or through high performance allocation, as long as they meet the minimum entry standard (MES).

- Note –Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only

- Q = Qualified for the next round

- q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

- DQ = Disqualified

- PR = Paralympic Record

- AR = Area (or continental) Record

- NR = National Record

- SB = Season's Best

- N/A = Round not applicable for the event

- Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

## Badminton

As the host nation, France has qualified seven para badminton players for the following events, through the release of BWF para-badminton Race to Paris Paralympic Ranking.

## Blind football

The French men's blind football team qualified for the games as hosts.

Coach: Toussaint Akpweh

The following is the France squad in the football 5-a-side tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

## Boccia

As host nation, France directly qualifies three males, three females and one gender-free slots. Aurélie Aubert, Aurélien Fabre, Sonia Heckel, Fayçal Meguenni and Jules Menard have all qualified to compete.

## Cycling

Mathieu Bosredon, Anne-Sophie Centis, Elie de Carvalho, Dorian Foulon, Joseph Fritsch, Heïdi Gaugain, Florian Jouanny, Alexandre Léauté, Kévin Le Cunff, Gatien Le Rousseau, Alexandre Lloveras, Marie Patouillet, Thomas Peyroton-Dartet, Johan Quaile, Loïc Vergnaud and Anaïs Vincent have all qualified to compete.

### Road

### Track

Qualification Legend: QB = Final bronze medal; QG = Final gold medal; QF = Final

## Equestrian

As host nation, France directly qualifies a team of four athletes.

## Goalball

### Men's tournament

The French men's team qualified for the games directly using their quota as host.

Coach: Vivien Fournier Dit Chabert

The following is the France squad in the goalball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

### Women's tournament

The French women's team qualified for the games directly using their quota as host.

Coach: Anthony Puaud

The following is the France squad in the goalball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

## Judo

As host nation, France directly qualifies eight male and eight female judoka.

## Paracanoeing

France earned quota places for the following events through the 2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg, Germany; and 2024 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Szeged, Hungary.

Qualification Legend: FA – Qualify to medal final; FB – Qualify to non-medal final; SF – Qualify to semifinal

## Paratriathlon

## Powerlifting

Alex Adélaïde, Rafik Arabat, Axel Bourlon and Souhad Ghazouani have all qualified to compete.

## Rowing

French rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes at the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia; and 2024 Final Paralympic Qualification Regatta in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Qualification Legend: FA =Final A (medal); FB =Final B (non-medal); R =Repechage

## Shooting

As host nation, France entered nine para-shooter's after achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2022, 2023 and 2024 world cup, 2022 World Championships, 2023 World Championships, 2023 European Para Championships and 2024 European Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by July 15, 2024.

## Sitting volleyball

### Men's tournament

France men's sitting volleyball team qualified for the games as host.

- Mamadou Alpha Bah

- Cyrille Chahboune

- Gildas Guiheneuf

- Matthieu Jagu

- Benjamin Lacroix-Desmazes

- Thomas Laronce

- Thibaud Lefrancois

- Benjamin Pillerault

- Jean-Christophe Rambeau

- Damien Roget

- Morgan Troussard

- Romain Wolniewicz

### Women's tournament

France women's sitting volleyball team qualified for the games as host.

- Jenna Agbodjan Prince

- Séverine Baillot

- Estelle Marsa-Galant

- Aurélie Garcia

- Olivia Lanes

- Julie Ligner

- Lynda Medjaheri

- Karen Faimali-Meger

- Anais Rigal

## Swimming

As the host nation, France secured fourteen quotas at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships after finishing in the top two places in Paralympic class disciplines and Paralympic qualification ranking.

## Table tennis

As the host nation, France entered nineteen athletes for the Paralympic games. All of them qualified through the allocations of the final ITTF world ranking.

## Taekwondo

As the host nation, France entered three athletes to compete at the Paralympics competition. All of them qualified for Paris 2024, by virtue of finishing within the top six in the Paralympic rankings in their respective class.

## Wheelchair basketball

### Men's tournament

France men's has qualified to compete by virtue of their top four results at the 2024 IWBF Men's Repechage in Antibes, France.

The following is the France roster in the men's wheelchair basketball tournament of the 2024 Summer Paralympics

## Wheelchair fencing

Clémence Delavoipiere, Cécile Demaude, Ludovic Lemoine, Yohan Peter, Damien Tokatlian, Maxime Valet and Brianna Vide had all qualified to compete.

## Wheelchair rugby

French wheelchair rugby team qualified as host.

- Tristan Barfety

- Adrien Chalmin

- Jordan Ducret

- Jonathan Hivernat

- Rodolphe Jarlan

- Corentin Le Guen

- Brice Maurel

- Cédric Nankin

- Ryadh Sallem

- Matthieu Thiriet

- Nicolas Valentim

- Sébastien Verdin

## Wheelchair tennis

Frédéric Cattanéo, Ksénia Chasteau, Pauline Déroulède, Stéphane Houdet, Guilhem Laget, Gaëtan Menguy and Emmanuelle Mörch have all qualified to compete.


The Harry Hill Movie

# The Harry Hill Movie

## Abstract

The Harry Hill Movie is a 2013 British musical comedy film, directed by Steve Bendelack and starring Harry Hill. It was written by Hill along with Jon Foster and James Lamont. It revolves around a fictional version of Harry Hill's adventures, with his diesel drinking nan and misdiagnosed hamster. The film was released on 20 December 2013 in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

## Plot

The movie begins with a scooter chase between Harry Hill and his nan (Julie Walters) because she didn't know it was him. Afterwards, Harry is sent to get a chicken for lunch, but the chickens fire a machine gun at him and throw a grenade, which Harry throws back into the chicken shed, blowing them up. Nan tells Harry the story of his twin brother, Otto who was abandoned by Nan in the 1970s, claiming it was because she couldn't look after them both, and was raised by Alsatians, though Harry explains to Nan that she has told this story many times before.

Suddenly, Harry and Nan then discover that their beloved pet hamster Abu (Johnny Vegas) is ill, so they take him to the vet. Ed the vet (Simon Bird) and his assistant, Kisko (Guillaume Delaunay) claim that Abu has just a week to live and he is almost put down until Harry takes him back home. Ed and Kisko are then revealed to be working for Harry's twin brother Otto (Matt Lucas), who wants Abu dead.

Ed and Kisko then disguise themselves as a priest and a nun respectively in another attempt to capture Abu, but it goes wrong when Harry walks in on the two trying to kill Abu and thinks they are having gay sex. With the two gone, Abu reveals that he would like to spend his last week alive visiting Rihanna. Harry, who can't communicate with hamsters, misinterprets as him wanting to go to Blackpool, and so Harry, his nan and Abu set off in their Rover P6.

Ed and Kisko pursue the group on the road driving a giant mobile traffic cone, though they end up in "Blackpole - home of the black pole" by mistake. The stay for the night in a B&B owned by The Magic Numbers. The next day, Harry and Nan take Abu on a personal guided tour around a nuclear power plant by Bill the cleaner (Jim Broadbent in drag). Ed and Kisko attempt to capture Abu again (this time by disguising themselves as cleaners), only for the radiation to temporarily transform him into a kaiju -esque giant monster.

Later, Harry, Nan and Abu encounter Barney Cull (Marc Wootton), a member of the Shell People (a.k.a the Makuktuksoautrakuherx). He asks Harry and the others to save his people's children from a gift shop. The heist is a success and they are invited back to the Shell People's cave where Harry falls for the Shell King Conch (Julian Barratt)'s daughter, Michelle (Sheridan Smith). He leaves after being unable to cope living under water.

The three continue their road trip only to end up in a boxing match (set up by Ed disguised as a ringmaster-like referee) where Harry has to fight Kisko to keep Abu. He successfully wins with a free stick of rock. Later on, the car runs out of petrol in the middle of the woods and Harry and his nan leave Abu behind while they search for a petrol station. He's almost kidnapped again by Ed and Kisko only to leave the car in pieces.

Meanwhile, Otto teams them up with a master of disguise fox Renard Depardieu. Harry, his Nan and Abu hitch a ride in a limo with Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez (who are actually Ed and Kisko in disguise) and they arrive in Blackpool to see a show featuring The Dachsund Five (a tribute band to the Jackson 5). Harry is reunited with Michelle (much to his Nan's dismay) and Abu is finally kidnapped and replaced with Renard in a hamster hoodie.

Harry and Nan go looking for Abu. They follow a trail of BBQ beef Hula Hoops crisps to Otto's hideout, where Otto reveals his plan to turn Abu into a model figurine for his collection as an act of revenge for being deserted. During a fight between the two, Harry's nan reveals that she got rid of Otto because she kept getting him and Harry mixed up. After being chased away by killer brains, Harry and his nan are saved by the Shell People (including Barney who shoots one of the brains with a bazooka), to which his Nan accepts his and Michelle's love. Harry pursues his brother to the top of the Blackpool Tower. Nan rescues him and Abu in a helicopter, Otto is defeated, and Ed and Kisko reform.

Abu coughs up a green felt tip pen which turns out to be the cause of his illness, meaning that he wasn't dying after all. Ed explains that hamsters like sucking on pens, and he gave it to Abu so he would be sick and start this whole plan, even though Harry points out that he could have just kidnapped Abu then. Everyone celebrates in the Shell People's cave by singing " You Got the Love ".

The film was dedicated to a hamster named Dylan (1978 - 1980).

## Cast

- Harry Hill as a fictional version of himself.

- Julie Walters as Harry's Nan.

- Matt Lucas as Otto Hill, Harry's evil twin brother who got separated from Harry when they were younger and was raised by Alsatians.

- Simon Bird as Ed, a veterinarian who works for Otto.

- Sheridan Smith as Michelle, the daughter of the shell king.

- Johnny Vegas as the voice of Abu, Harry's pet hamster. Richard Coombs provides the puppetry for Abu.

- Julian Barratt as Conch, the king of the shell people.

- Marc Wootton as Barney Cull, a member of the shell people.

- Jim Broadbent as Bill, a cleaner in drag.

- Guillaume Delaunay as Kisko, Ed's partner in crime.

- The Magic Numbers as themselves.

- Christine Ozanne as Mrs. Pickford, Harry and Nan's neighbour who has a brick for a replacement pet due to the death of her dog.

- Shingai Shoniwa as a singing Car Wash Attendant.

- Sean Foley as Renard Depardieu, a French-accented fox who is the master of disguise.

## Production

In February 2012, before the end of Harry Hill's TV Burp, Digital Spy reported Hill was to sign a £2 million movie deal with Channel 4, which would later become The Harry Hill Movie.

### Filming

Set in Blackpool and London, the Blackpool scenes in the film were shot in the town itself. Greatstone-on-Sea, Kent doubled as "Blackpole". The fuel station scene was shot at Millbrook Proving Ground, Milton Keynes.

In real life, Blackpole is an inland suburb of Worcester, which, like the fictional town in the movie, is frequently confused for Blackpool by satellite navigation users.

### Music

- " Popcorn " – Performed by Steve Brown

- "Days" – Performed by Harry Hill

- "Blackpool!" – Performed by Harry Hill and Julie Walters

- " Nutbush City Limits " – Performed by Matt Lucas

- "London's Burning" – Written by Harry Hill

- "B & B Song" – Performed by The Magic Numbers

- "Drive Through My Carwash" – Performed by Shingai Shoniwa and Harry Hill

- "Down in the Deep Blue Sea" – Performed by Sheridan Smith

- " ABC " - Performed by The Dachsund Five

- " I Want You Back " – Performed by The Dachsund Five

- " Celebration " – Performed by Kool & the Gang

- "Fight!" (Theme from 'Flashing Blade') – Performed by The Musketeers

- "And the Rain Falls in My Heart" – Performed by the cast

- " Frere Jacques " – Performed by Harry Hill

- "Plastination" – Performed by Steve Brown and The Plastinettes

- "You Got The Love" – Performed by The Cast

- " Get Down " – Performed by Gilbert O'Sullivan

## Release and reception

The film was theatrically released on 20 December 2013 by Entertainment Film Distributors, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 14 April 2014 by Entertainment Film Distributors. When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #7.

### Critical reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Harry Hill Movie has an approval rating of 33% based on reviews from 6 critics, with an average rating of 4.4/10.

Ryan Gilbey of The Guardian gave it 2 out of 5 and wrote "What's missing is any persuasive comic force or vision to justify the film's place in cinemas rather than in petrol station bargain bins".

The Independent were also critical saying its screenplay wasn't "so much offbeat as utterly feeble" and "it is very hard to keep patience with a story which hinges on the health of a toy hamster". However Graham Young for the Birmingham Mail, on a more positive note said, "Uniquely British and deliriously silly, Harry Hill offers up the laughs".

Tom Huddleston from Time Out gave it three stars, saying "this has bigger laughs" and "the set-piece gags are memorable"; however, he added "There’s not enough here to sustain 88 minutes, too many of the jokes fall flat... There will be those who find The Harry Hill Movie about as amusing as a trip to the dentist. They’re wrong."

## Trivia

A Typographical error in the film's credits leads Shingai Shoniwa to be named as a 'cash' rather than 'car' wash attendant.


Nate Landwehr

# Nate Landwehr

## Abstract

Nate Landwehr (born June 7, 1988) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional mixed martial artist since 2012, he is also a former M-1 Global Featherweight Champion.

## Background

Landwehr was born and grew up in Tennessee and attended Rossview High School. He played football from the third grade until the end of high school. He also wrestled and ran track throughout high school. After high school, Landwehr attended Highland Community College for two academic years, where he ran track with scholarship.

## Mixed martial arts career

### Early career

Landwehr racked up a record of 8–2 in stateside circuit before signing with M-1 Global.

### M-1 Global

Landwehr made his promotional debut against Mikhail Korobkov at M-1 Challenge 83 - Ragozin vs. Halsey on September 23, 2017. He won the fight via second-round knockout.

He made his sophomore appearance in M-1 against Viktor Kolesnik at M-1 Challenge 85: Ismagulov vs. Matias on November 10, 2017. He won the fight via split decision.

#### M-1 Global Featherweight Championship

Landwehr was scheduled to challenge Khamzat Dalgiev for the M-1 Global Featherweight Championship at M-1 Challenge 91 - Swain vs. Nuertiebieke on May 12, 2018. However, the event was cancelled for unknown reason. The bout was later rebooked to take place at M-1 Challenge 95 - Battle in the Mountains 7 on July 21, 2018. Landwehr captured the championship via second-round technical knockout.

In his second title defense, Landwehr faced Andrey Lezhnev on December 15, 2018, at M-1 Challenge 100. He won the spectacular fight by a third round TKO.

In his third defense, Landwehr faced Viktor Kolesnik on June 28, 2019, at M-1 Challenge 102. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

### Ultimate Fighting Championship

Nate made his UFC debut against fellow newcomer Herbert Burns at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. dos Santos on January 25, 2020. He lost the fight by knockout in the first round via a knee from the clinch.

Landwehr faced Darren Elkins on May 16, 2020, at UFC on ESPN: Overeem vs. Harris. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Movsar Evloev on December 5, 2020, at UFC on ESPN: Hermansson vs. Vettori However, hours before the start, it was cancelled after Movsar tested positive for COVID-19.

Landwehr faced Julian Erosa on February 20, 2021, at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Lewis. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Makwan Amirkhani on June 5, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 189. However, Landwehr was pulled from the event due to injury and was replaced by Kamuela Kirk.

Landwehr faced Ľudovít Klein on October 16, 2021, at UFC Fight Night: Ladd vs. Dumont. He won the fight via a submission in round three. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Lerone Murphy on March 26, 2022, at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Daukaus. However, Murphy withdrew from the bout for undisclosed reasons and he was replaced by David Onama. In turn, Landwehr had to pull out of the bout and the bout was scrapped.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Zubaira Tukhugov on August 6, 2022, at UFC on ESPN: Santos vs. Hill. However, Tukhugov withdraw due to experiencing difficulties securing a visa issues and was replaced by David Onama at UFC on ESPN: Vera vs. Cruz just a week after. Landwehr won the fight via majority decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Alex Caceres on March 25, 2023, at UFC on ESPN 43. However, Caceres withdrew due to an undisclosed reason and was replaced by Austin Lingo. Landwehr won the bout via rear-naked choke at the end of the second round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.

Landwehr faced Dan Ige on June 10, 2023, at UFC 289. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.

Landwehr was scheduled to face Pat Sabatini on March 30, 2024, at UFC on ESPN 54. However, Sabatini withdrew for unknown reasons and was replaced by Jamall Emmers. Landwehr won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned him the Performance of the Night bonus.

Landwehr was briefly scheduled to face Austin Hubbard on October 5, 2024 at UFC 307. However, Landwehr withdrew from the bout for unknown reasons.

## Championships and accomplishments

### Mixed martial arts

- Ultimate Fighting Championship Performance of the Night (Three times) vs. Ľudovít Klein, Austin Lingo and Jamall Emmers Fight of the Night (One time) vs. David Onama

- Performance of the Night (Three times) vs. Ľudovít Klein, Austin Lingo and Jamall Emmers

- Fight of the Night (One time) vs. David Onama

- M-1 Global M-1 Global Featherweight Championship (One time; former) Two successful title defenses

- M-1 Global Featherweight Championship (One time; former) Two successful title defenses

- Two successful title defenses

- Gladiators of the Cage GOTC Featherweight Championship (One time; former)

- GOTC Featherweight Championship (One time; former)

- 3FC 3FC Featherweight Championship (One time; former)

- 3FC Featherweight Championship (One time; former)

## Mixed martial arts record


Lomandra cylindrica

# Lomandra cylindrica

## Abstract

Lomandra cylindrica is a species of plant in the Asparagaceae family, first described in 1962 by Alma Theodora Lee.

It is a perennial and is endemic to New South Wales, occurring in the Sydney region in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone derived soils.

It is sparsely tufted. It flowers in both spring and autumn. The male inflorescence is from 10 to 15 cm and is unbranched or has a few short branches, while the female inflorescence is about 5 cm long and is unbranched.


The Heck with Hollywood!

# The Heck with Hollywood!

## Abstract

The Heck With Hollywood! is a 1991 American documentary film about independent film, directed by Doug Block.

## Cast

- Gerry Cook - Himself

- Jennifer Fox - Herself

- Peter M. Hargrove - Distributor shaking hands at elevator

- Ted Lichtenfeld - Himself