Liverpool and Manchester Railway

# Liverpool and Manchester Railway

## Abstract

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) was the first inter-city railway in the world. It opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in England. It was also the first railway to rely exclusively on locomotives driven by steam power, with no horse-drawn traffic permitted at any time; the first to be entirely double track throughout its length; the first to have a true signalling system; the first to be fully timetabled; and the first to carry mail.

Trains were hauled by company steam locomotives between the two towns, though private wagons and carriages were allowed. Cable haulage of freight trains was down the steeply-graded 1.26-mile (2.03 km) Wapping Tunnel to Liverpool Docks from Edge Hill junction. The railway was primarily built to provide faster transport of raw materials, finished goods, and passengers between the Port of Liverpool and the cotton mills and factories of Manchester and surrounding towns.

Designed and built by George Stephenson, the line was financially successful, and influenced the development of railways across Britain in the 1830s. In 1845 the railway was absorbed by its principal business partner, the Grand Junction Railway (GJR), which in turn amalgamated the following year with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to form the London and North Western Railway.

## History

### Background

During the Industrial Revolution, huge tonnages of raw material were imported through Liverpool and carried to the textile mills near the Pennines where water, and later steam power, enabled the production of the finished cloth, much of which was then transported back to Liverpool for export. The existing means of water transport, the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the Bridgewater Canal and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, dated from the 18th century, and were felt to be making excessive profits from the cotton trade and throttling the growth of Manchester and other towns. Goods were transported between Liverpool and the factories around Manchester either by the canals or by poor-quality roads; the turnpike between Liverpool and Manchester was described as "crooked and rough" with an "infamous" surface. Road accidents were frequent, including waggons and coaches overturning, which made goods traffic problematic.

The proposed railway was intended to achieve cheap transport of raw materials, finished goods and passengers between the Port of Liverpool and east Lancashire, in the port's hinterland. There was support for the railway from both Liverpool and London but Manchester was largely indifferent and opposition came from the canal operators and the two local landowners, the Earl of Derby and the Earl of Sefton, over whose land the railway would cross.

The proposed Liverpool and Manchester Railway was to be one of the earliest land-based public transport systems not using animal traction power. Before then, public railways had been horse-drawn, including the Lake Lock Rail Road (1796), Surrey Iron Railway (1801) and the Oystermouth Railway near Swansea (1807).

### Formation

The original promoters are usually acknowledged to be Joseph Sandars, a rich Liverpool corn merchant, and John Kennedy, owner of the largest spinning mill in Manchester. They were influenced by William James. James was a land surveyor who had made a fortune in property speculation. He advocated a national network of railways, based on what he had seen of the development of colliery lines and locomotive technology in the north of England.

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company was founded on 20 May 1824. It was established by Henry Booth, who became its secretary and treasurer, along with merchants from Liverpool and Manchester. Charles Lawrence was the Chairman, Lister Ellis, Robert Gladstone, John Moss and Joseph Sandars were the Deputy Chairmen.

A bill was drafted in 1825 to Parliament, which included a 1-inch to the mile map of the railway's route. The first bill was rejected but the second passed as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. xlix) in May the following year. In Liverpool 172 people bought 1,979 shares, in London 96 took 844, Manchester 15 with 124, 24 others with 286. The Marquess of Stafford held 1,000, making 308 shareholders with 4,233 shares.

### Survey and authorisation

The first survey for the line was carried out by James in 1822. The route was roughly the same as what was built, but the committee were unaware of exactly what land had been surveyed. James subsequently declared bankruptcy and was imprisoned that November. The committee lost confidence in his ability to plan and build the line and, in June 1824, George Stephenson was appointed principal engineer. As well as objections to the proposed route by Lords Sefton and Derby, Robert Haldane Bradshaw, a trustee of the Duke of Bridgewater 's estate at Worsley, refused any access to land owned by the Bridgewater Trustees and Stephenson had difficulty producing a satisfactory survey of the proposed route and accepted James' original plans with spot checks.

The survey was presented to Parliament on 8 February 1825, but was shown to be inaccurate. Francis Giles suggested that putting the railway through Chat Moss was a serious error and the total cost of the line would be around £200,000 instead of the £40,000 quoted by Stephenson. Stephenson was cross examined by the opposing counsel led by Edward Hall Alderson and his lack of suitable figures and understanding of the work came to light. When asked, he was unable to specify the levels of the track and how he calculated the cost of major structures such as the Irwell Viaduct. The bill was thrown out on 31 May.

In place of George Stephenson, the railway promoters appointed George and John Rennie as engineers, who chose Charles Blacker Vignoles as their surveyor. They set out to placate the canal interests and had the good fortune to approach the marquess directly through their counsel, W. G. Adam, who was a relative of one of the trustees, and the support of William Huskisson who knew the marquess personally. Implacable opposition to the line changed to financial support.

The second bill received royal assent as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. xlix) on 5 May 1826. The railway route ran on a significantly different alignment, south of Stephenson's, avoiding properties owned by opponents of the previous bill. From Huyton the route ran directly east through Parr Moss, Newton, Chat Moss and Eccles. In Liverpool, the route included a 1.25-mile (2.01 km) tunnel from Edge Hill to the docks, avoiding crossing any streets at ground level. It was intended to place the Manchester terminus on the Salford side of the River Irwell, but the Mersey and Irwell Navigation withdrew their opposition to a crossing of the river at the last moment in return for access for their carts over the intended railway bridge. The Manchester station was therefore fixed at Liverpool Road in Castlefield.

### Construction

The first contracts for draining Chat Moss were let in June 1826. The Rennies insisted that the company should appoint a resident engineer, recommending either Josias Jessop or Thomas Telford, but would not consider George Stephenson except in an advisory capacity for locomotive design. The board rejected their terms and re-appointed Stephenson as engineer with his assistant Joseph Locke. Stephenson clashed with Vignoles, leading to the latter resigning as resident Surveyor.

The line was 31-mile (50 km) long. Management was split into three sections. The western end was run by Locke, the middle section by William Allcard and the eastern section including Chat Moss, by John Dixon. The track began at the 2,250-yard (2.06 km) Wapping Tunnel beneath Liverpool from the south end of Liverpool Docks to Edge Hill. It was the world's first tunnel to be bored under a metropolis. Following this was a 2-mile (3 km) long cutting up to 70 feet (21 m) deep through rock at Olive Mount, and a 712-foot (217 m) nine-arch viaduct, each arch of 50 feet (15 m) span and around 60 feet (18 m) high) over the Sankey Brook valley.

The railway included the 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 -mile (7.6 km) crossing of Chat Moss. It was found impossible to drain the bog and so the engineers used a design from Robert Stannard, steward for William Roscoe, that used wrought iron rails supported by timber in a herring bone layout. About 70,000 cubic feet (2,000 m) of spoil was dropped into the bog; at Blackpool Hole, a contractor tipped soil into the bog for three months without finding the bottom. The line was supported by empty tar barrels sealed with clay and laid end to end across the drainage ditches either side of the railway. The railway over Chat Moss was completed by the end of 1829. On 28 December, the Rocket travelled over the line carrying 40 passengers and crossed the Moss in 17 minutes, averaging 17 miles per hour (27 km/h). In April the following year, a test train carrying a 45-ton load crossed the moss at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) without incident. The line now supports locomotives 25 times the weight of the Rocket.

The railway needed 64 bridges and viaducts, all built of brick or masonry, with one exception: the Water Street bridge at the Manchester terminus. A cast iron beam girder bridge was built to save headway in the street below. It was designed by William Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson, and cast locally at their factory in Ancoats. It is important because cast iron girders became an important structural material for the growing rail network. Although Fairbairn tested the girders before installation, not all were so well designed, and there were many examples of catastrophic failure in the years to come, resulting in the Dee bridge disaster of 1847 and culminating in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879.

The line was laid using 15-foot (4.6 m) fish-belly rails at 35 lb/yd (17 kg/m), laid either on stone blocks or, at Chat Moss, wooden sleepers.

The physical work was carried out by a large team of men, known as "navvies", using hand tools. The most productive teams could move up to 20,000 tonnes of earth in a day and were well paid. Nevertheless, the work was dangerous and several deaths were recorded.

#### Cable or locomotive haulage

In 1829 adhesion-worked locomotives were not reliable. The experience on the Stockton and Darlington Railway was well-publicised, and a section of the Hetton colliery railway had been converted to cable haulage. The success of the cable haulage was indisputable but the steam locomotive was still untried. The L&MR had sought to de-emphasise the use of steam locomotives during the passage of the bill, the public were alarmed at the idea of monstrous machines which, if they did not explode, would fill the countryside with noxious fumes.

Attention was turning towards steam road carriages, such as those of Goldsworthy Gurney's and there was a division in the L&MR board between those who supported Stephenson's "loco-motive" and those who favoured cable haulage, the latter supported by the opinion of the engineer, John Rastrick. Stephenson was not averse to cable haulage—he continued to build such lines where he felt it appropriate—but knew its main disadvantage, that any breakdown anywhere would paralyse the whole line.

The line's gradient was designed to concentrate the steep grades in three places, at either side of Rainhill at 1 in 96 and down to the docks at Liverpool at 1 in 50) and make the rest of the line very gently graded, no further than 1 in 880. When the line opened, the passenger section from Edge Hill to Crown Street railway station was cable hauled, as was the section through the Wapping Tunnel, as the act of Parliament forbade the use of locomotives on this part of the line.

To determine whether and which locomotives would be suitable, in October 1829 the directors organised a public competition, known as the Rainhill trials, which involved a run along a 1 mile (1.6 km) stretch of track. Ten locomotives were entered for the trials, but on the day of the competition only five were available to compete: Rocket, designed by George Stephenson and his son, Robert, was the only one to successfully complete the journey and, consequently, Robert Stephenson and Company were awarded the locomotive contract.

#### Double track

The line was built to 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) and double track. A decision had to be made about how far apart the two tracks should be. It was decided to make the space between the separate tracks the same as the track gauge itself, so that it would be possible to operate trains with unusually wide loads up the middle during quiet times. Stephenson was criticised for this decision; it was later decided that the tracks were too close together, restricting the width of the trains, so the gap between tracks (track centres) was widened. The narrowness of the gap contributed to the first fatality, that of William Huskisson, and also made it dangerous to perform maintenance on one track while trains were operating on the other. Even in the 21st century, adjacent tracks on British railways tend to be laid closer together than elsewhere.

### Opening

The line opened on 15 September 1830 with termini at Manchester, Liverpool Road (now part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester) and Liverpool Crown Street. The festivities of the opening day were marred when William Huskisson, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, was killed. The southern line was reserved for the special opening train, drawn by the locomotive Northumbrian conveying the Duke of Wellington, the Prime Minister, in an ornamental carriage, together with distinguished guests in other carriages. When the train stopped for water at Parkside, near Newton-le-Willows, it was intended that the other trains should pass in review on the northern line. It was easy for passengers to get down and stretch their legs, despite being instructed not to, particularly as there was an interval between the delayed passing trains. Huskisson decided to alight and stroll alongside the train, and on spotting the Duke decided to start a conversation. The Rocket was spotted heading in the opposite direction as people shouted at Huskisson to get back on the train.

The Austrian ambassador was pulled back into the carriage, but Huskisson panicked. He tried to climb into the carriage, but grabbed the open door, which swung back, causing him to lose his grip. He fell between the tracks and the Rocket ran over his leg, shattering it. He is reported to have said, "I have met my death—God forgive me!"

The Northumbrian was detached from the Duke's train and rushed him to Eccles, where he died in the vicarage. Thus he became the world's first widely reported railway passenger fatality. The somewhat subdued party proceeded to Manchester, where, the Duke being deeply unpopular with the weavers and mill workers, they were given a lively reception, and returned to Liverpool without alighting. A grand reception and banquet had been prepared for their arrival.

### Operation

The L&MR was successful and popular, and reduced journey times between Liverpool and Manchester to two hours. Most stage coach companies operating between the two towns closed shortly after the railway opened as it was impossible to compete. Within a few weeks of the line opening, it ran its first excursion trains and carried the world's first railway mail carriages; by the summer of 1831, it was carrying special trains to the races. The railway was a financial success, paying investors an average annual dividend of 9.5% over the 15 years of its independent existence: a level of profitability that would never again be attained by a British railway company.

The railway was purposefully designed for the benefit of the public, carrying passengers as well as freight. Shares in the company were limited to ten per person and profits from these were limited. Although the intention had been to carry goods, the canal companies reduced their prices, leading to a price war between them and the railway. The line did not start carrying goods until December, when the first of some more powerful engines, Planet, was delivered.

The line's success in carrying passengers was universally acclaimed. The experience at Rainhill had shown that unprecedented speed could be achieved and travelling by rail was cheaper and more comfortable than travel by road. The company concentrated on passenger travel, a decision that had repercussions across the country and triggered the " railway mania of the 1840s". John B. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Railway some years later wrote: "It must be regarded... as opening the epoch of railways which has revolutionised the social and commercial intercourse of the civilized world".

At first trains travelled at 16 miles per hour (26 km/h) carrying passengers and 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) carrying goods because of the limitations of the track. Drivers could, and did, travel more quickly, but were reprimanded: it was found that excessive speeds forced apart the light rails, which were set onto individual stone blocks without cross-ties. In 1837 the original fish-belly parallel rail of 50 pounds per yard (24.8 kg/m), on sleepers started to be replaced.

The railway directors realised that Crown Street was too far away from the centre of Liverpool to be practical, and decided in 1831 to construct a new terminus at Lime Street. The tunnel from Edge Hill to Lime Street was completed in January 1835 and opened the following year. The station opened on 15 August 1836 before it had been completed.

On 30 July 1842, work started to extend the line from Ordsall Lane to a new station at Hunts Bank in Manchester that also served the Manchester and Leeds Railway. The line opened on 4 May 1844 and Liverpool Road station was then used for goods traffic.

On 8 August 1845, the L&MR was absorbed by its principal business partner, the Grand Junction Railway (GJR), which had opened the first trunk railway from Birmingham to Warrington in 1837. The following year the GJR formed part of the London and North Western Railway.

## Signalling

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first railway to have a system of signalling. This was undertaken by policemen, who were stationed along the line at distances of a mile or less. Initially these policemen signalled that the line was clear by standing straight with their arms outstretched. If the policeman was not present, or was standing at ease, this indicated that there was an obstruction on the line ahead. Gradually a system of hand-held flags was developed, with a red flag being used to stop a train, green indicating that a train should proceed at caution, blue indicating to drivers of baggage trains that there were new wagons for them to take on and a black flag being used by platelayers to indicate works on the track. Any flag waved violently, or at night a lamp waved up and down, indicated that a train should stop. Until 1844 handbells were used as emergency signals in foggy weather, though in that year small explosive boxes placed on the line began to be used instead.

Trains were controlled on a time interval basis: policemen signalled for a train to stop if less than ten minutes had elapsed since a previous train had passed; the signal to proceed at caution was given if more than ten minutes but less than seventeen minutes had passed; otherwise the all clear signal was given. If a train broke down on the line, the policeman had to run a mile down the track to stop oncoming traffic.

After the opening of the Warrington and Newton Railway four policemen were placed constantly on duty at Newton Junction, at the potentially dangerous points where the two lines met. Initially a gilt arrow was used to point towards Warrington to indicate that the points were set in that direction, with a green lamp visible from the L&MR line being used to indicate this at night. Later a fixed signal was used, with red and white chequered boards on 12-foot high posts being turned to face trains from one direction if another train was ahead.

In 1837 the London and Birmingham Railway conducted trials using a Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph to direct signalling and in 1841 held a conference to propose a uniform national system of coloured signals to control trains, but despite these advances elsewhere the Liverpool and Manchester Railway continued to be controlled by policemen and flags until its merger with the Grand Junction Railway in 1845.

## Significance

On opening the L&MR represented a significant advance in railway operation, introducing regular commercial passenger and freight services by steam locomotives with significant speed and reliability improvements from their predecessors and horse carriages. The L&MR operation was studied by other upcoming railway companies as a model to aspire to. More recently some have claimed the operation was the first Inter-city railway, though that branding was not introduced until many years later and neither Manchester or Liverpool achieved city status until 1853 and 1880 respectively, nor would the distance between them qualify as long-haul.

The subsequently widely adopted gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) was derived from a George Stephenson recommendation that was accepted at an L&MR board meeting in July 1826: "Resolved that the width of the Wagon Way between the rails to be the same as the Darlington Road, namely 4 feet 8 inches clear, inside the rails". This enabled the Stephensons to test their locomotives on the lines around Newcastle on Tyne before shipment to Lancashire.

The L&MR used left hand running on double track, following practice on British roads. The form of couplings using buffers, hooks and chains, and their dimensions, set the pattern for European practice and practice in many other places.

Even before the L&MR opened, connecting and other lines were planned, authorised or under construction, such as the Bolton and Leigh Railway.

## Incidents

The best-known accident associated with the L&MR was the death of William Huskisson, hit by the locomotive Rocket on the opening day. Thereafter the pioneering and evolving nature of the early days of the L&MR meant accidents were not uncommon. All were investigated by the L&MR board or Management Committee. Fatal accidents to travelling passengers were rare, the first two years seeing one for over a million passengers carried, though injuries were more commonplace. These were often caused by passengers failing to heed company regulations and advice. Staff accidents were more commonplace, with some staff preparing to take what later would be considered to be inadvisable risks and disregarding regulations. Locomotives, wagons and infrastructure were involved in a variety of collisions and derailments.

On 23 December 1832, a passenger train ran into the rear of another passenger train at Rainhill. A passenger was killed and several were injured. On 17 April 1836, a passenger train was derailed whilst travelling at 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) when an axle of a carriage broke. There were no fatalities.

## Modern line

The original Liverpool and Manchester line still operates as a secondary line between the two cities—the southern route, the former Cheshire Lines Committee route via Warrington Central is for the moment the busier route. This however has already started to change (from the May 2014 timetable) with new First TransPennine Express services between Newcastle/Manchester Victoria and Liverpool and between Manchester (Airport) and Scotland (via Chat Moss, Lowton and Wigan). From December 2014, with completion of electrification (see below) the two routes between Manchester and Liverpool will have much the same frequency of service.

On the original route, a new (May 2014) hourly First TransPennine Express non-stop service runs between Manchester Victoria and Liverpool (from/to) Newcastle), an hourly fast service is operated by Northern Rail, from Liverpool to Manchester, usually calling at Wavertree Technology Park, St Helens Junction, Newton-le-Willows and Manchester Oxford Road, and continuing via Manchester Piccadilly to Manchester Airport. Northern also operates an hourly service calling at all stations from Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Victoria. This is supplemented by an additional all-stations service between Liverpool and Earlestown, which continues to Warrington Bank Quay.

Between Warrington Bank Quay, Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly, there are additional services (at least one per hour) operated by Transport for Wales, which originate from Chester and the North Wales Coast Line.

### Electrification

In 2009, electrification at 25 kV AC was announced. The section between Manchester and Newton, including the Chat Moss section, was completed in 2013; the line onwards to Liverpool opened on 5 March 2015.

### Ordsall Chord

The historic passenger railway station of Manchester Liverpool Road is a Grade I Listed building, and was threatened by the Northern Hub plan. This included the construction of the Ordsall Chord to provide direct access between Victoria and Piccadilly, in turn cutting off access from Liverpool Road. The Science & Industry Museum, that is based at the former station premises, had initially objected to the scheme and an inquiry was set up in 2014 to investigate the potential damage to the historic structure. The chord opened in November 2017 without any damage to the original Liverpool Road station structures.

## Stations

All stations opened on 15 September 1830, unless noted. Stations still operational in bold.

- Liverpool Lime Street (work started on Edge Hill – Lime Street tunnel 23 May 1832; opened 15 August 1836).

- Crown Street (original Liverpool terminus, replaced by Lime Street).

- Edge Hill (The first Edge Hill station was opened in 1830. It was in the deep Cavendish Cutting at the heads of the Crown Street tunnel and the freight only Wapping Tunnel. After the Lime Street tunnel was bored in 1836, the original Edge Hill station was abandoned and relocated north, still inside the Edge Hill junction, to its present location at the head of the original Lime Street tunnel. Edge Hill junction was the site of the locomotive works.)

- Wavertree Lane (closed 15 August 1836)

- Wavertree Technology Park (opened 13 August 2000)

- Broad Green

- Roby

- Huyton

- Huyton Quarry (closed 15 September 1958)

- Whiston (Opened 10 September 1990)

- Rainhill

- Lea Green (closed 7 March 1955 and re-opened with a completely new station on 17 September 2000)

- St Helens Junction (opened between 1833 and 1837; junction with the St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway)

- Collins Green (closed 2 April 1951)

- Earlestown (built in 1831 by the Warrington and Newton Railway company; originally named Newton Junction; renamed after 1837)

- Newton-le-Willows (originally named Newton Bridge; renamed after Newton Junction was renamed Earlestown)

- Parkside 1st (closed 1839)

- Parkside 2nd (the line from Parkside to Wigan was opened on 3 September 1832) (closed 1 May 1878)

- Kenyon Junction (at the junction with the Kenyon and Leigh Junction Railway and from that, the Bolton and Leigh Railway; closed 2 January 1961 and the Tyldesley Loopline; closed 5 May 1969)

- Glazebury and Bury Lane (closed 7 July 1958)

- Flow Moss (closed October 1842)

- Astley (closed 2 May 1956)

- Lamb's Cottage (closed October 1842)

- Barton Moss 1st (closed 1 May 1862)

- Barton Moss 2nd (closed 23 September 1929)

- Patricroft

- Eccles

- Weaste (closed 19 October 1942; site destroyed when M602 road built)

- Seedley (closed 2 January 1956; site destroyed when M602 road built)

- Cross Lane (closed 15 August 1949; site destroyed when M602 road built)

- Ordsall Lane (work on extension of line to Manchester Victoria started 30 July 1842 and the extension opened on 4 May 1844; station closed 4 February 1957)

- Liverpool Road (original Manchester terminus, closed 4 May 1844)

- Manchester Exchange (opened 30 June 1884, closed 5 May 1969)

- Manchester Victoria (opened 1 January 1844)


Moore Haven Junior Senior High School

# Moore Haven Junior Senior High School

## Abstract

Moore Haven Junior Senior High School is in Moore Haven, Florida and is a Glades County, Florida public school. It was established in 1968 when it was split off from a shared campus with the elementary school. The school is in a rural town on the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee and serves students from Muse; Ortona; Palmdale; Crescent Acres; Horseshoe Acres; Hendry Isles; North LaBelle; Lakeport; Buckhead Ridge; and the Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation. The student body is made up of Native Americans, Hispanics, African Americans and Caucasians fin grades 6–12. The campus includes an auditorium, a gymnasium, and a football field with six-lane track. Baseball and softball fields are located nearby. It was rated a C-school in 2011–2012.

Terriers are the school mascot.


The Agony and Sweat of the Human Spirit

# The Agony and Sweat of the Human Spirit

## Abstract

The Agony and Sweat of the Human Spirit is a 2011 short film by D. Jesse Damazo and Joe Bookman. It was screened at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival in the Cinéfondation section. The film was made as part of the directors' coursework at The University of Iowa. The title is a reference to William Faulkner 's Nobel Prize acceptance speech. The film consists of only five shots, each lasting several minutes.

## Premise

A quiet ukulele player and his talkative manager struggle to realize their artistic vision in a comic story of loss and friendship.

## Cast

- Joe Bookman as The Manager

- D. Jesse Damazo as The Ukuleleist


Fulton Lewis III

# Fulton Lewis III

## Abstract

Fulton Lewis III (January 25, 1936 – September 6, 2017) was an American journalist, the only son of the late network American news commentator Fulton Lewis Jr. and Alice Huston Lewis.

## Education and early career

Fulton Lewis III attended Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1957. His first job was News Director of a small station in Jamestown, New York but soon afterwards (1959) he was hired by the House Un-American Activities Committee of the U.S. Congress as its Research Director. The following year, he produced and narrated the committee's documentary film of the May 1960 riots in San Francisco protesting the committee's hearings there, Operation: Abolition. The script was written by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and showed evidence of involvement by members of the Communist Party USA in the incitement and leadership of the riots. In 1961, Lewis resigned from the committee to embark on a nationwide lecture/debate tour in defense of the validity of the film. He appeared on over 750 college and university campuses.

In 1963, Lewis was named National Field Director of Young Americans for Freedom, a conservative youth group inspired by publisher William F. Buckley Jr. He continued his lecturing and debating as a means of organizing YAF chapters on campuses and to recruit support for the presidential candidacy of Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-AZ). Lewis was later hired as a speechwriter for Goldwater and his running mate Rep. William E. Miller (R-NY) in their unsuccessful campaign of 1964. Following the election, he continued his lecture tour appearing on hundreds of campuses and at civic, business and political meetings.

After the death of his father on August 20, 1966, Lewis was asked by the Mutual Broadcasting System to continue the elder Lewis' nightly 15-minute broadcasts, which he did until 1979. His commentaries were heard on over 500 of the network's affiliates by an estimated 16 million people.

## War correspondent

Lewis frequently traveled abroad as a war correspondent. Among other conflicts, he covered the 1967 Six-Day War in Israel, the war in Vietnam (six trips), the conflict in Northern Ireland, and the Biafran war for independence from Nigeria.

## Rhodesian boycott

Lewis also travelled to Rhodesia to cover that country's efforts to survive a United Nations economic boycott. Lewis' interviews with Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith in the late 1960s are widely credited with bringing that issue to public attention in the U.S. Lewis argued that the boycott was instigated because Rhodesia had not perfected a "one-man, one-vote" system of government. However, as a result of the boycott the U.S. could no longer purchase metallurgical-grade chromium ore (a mineral needed for national defense) from Rhodesia, and was forced to import it from the Soviet Union—which, Lewis pointed out, had perfected a "no-man, no vote" system. Lewis was the author of legislation introduced by Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr. (D-VA) in 1971 which provided that, in the event the U.S. was importing any strategically essential material from a communist source, there would be no prohibition against the importation of that same material from a non-communist source. After heated debate in the House and Senate, the measure - Section 503 of the Military Procurement Authorization Act of 1971 - was approved and, on November 7, 1971, signed into law by President Richard Nixon.

## Later career

In 1980, Lewis retired from journalism and moved to Florida, where he owned and operated a computer database services company. He continued to lecture throughout the nation, served as a consultant to numerous political candidates, and was a frequent contributor of articles to conservative journals.

## Awards and recognition

In July 2007, Lewis was a featured speaker at the national conventions of the College Republican National Federation and the TeenAge Republicans. In February, 2008, Lewis was named "Broadcasting Pioneer of the Year 2008" by the Broadcasters Club and the Florida Association of Broadcasters.

## Death

Fulton Lewis III died on September 6, 2017, in Sarasota, Florida of heart and lung disease.


Bellewaerde

# Bellewaerde

## Abstract

Bellewaerde is a theme park in the West Flemish countryside at Zonnebeke near Ypres, Belgium (it is physically located just inside the Ypres municipality boundary). It was established in 1954, on the grounds of the World War I Battle of Bellewaarde. Named after an old castle in its territory that still stands near the main entrance, Bellewaerde is the oldest operating theme park in Belgium. Originally a zoo and safari, the park expanded in the early eighties to become more of a general theme- and thrillpark, catering towards teens and families. The 54-hectare (130-acre) park is known for its beautiful gardens, marvelous landscaping and its attention to theming. Its mascotte is a lion dressed as a king, King Lion. Bellewaerde draws about 850,000 - 900,000 visitors a year and is the main theme park in Flanders.

Major rides include the first Boomerang coaster in Europe (1984), world's first Topple Tower from Huss(2005), Vekoma Mad House (Houdini's Magical House), a Zierer indoor coaster, a duelling Alpine Coaster, several water rides including a log flume, a river rapids ride and a spillwater ride, the Screaming Eagle vertical drop tower, various stock rides such as a pirate ship, a swing carousel, formerly an original Zierer beetle coaster, carousels, and an entertainment schedule that changes every year. Bellewaerde's additions since 2020 are a Gerstlauer family coaster, Wakala (2020), a barnyard, Psssht station (2023), a nebulaz, Hampi (2023), a Kids rollercoaster, Brazilian Buggies (2024), a mini log flume, Rio De Cacao (2024) and a spinning rapids ride, Amazonia (2024). In June 2019, the park opened the 3000 m Bellewaerde Aquapark, which features a variety of slides, pools, and a lazy river.

## History

On 3 July 1954, the Touristic Centre of Bellewaerde was founded in Zillebeke. It was opened originally as a zoo and safaripark by the Florizoone family, which also operated Meli Park in Adinkerke. In 1971, the name was changed to "Bellewaerde Park', and simplified to "Bellewaerde" in 2004. In the 1980s, the park evolved to an attraction park with rides such as the River Splash (a log flume, 1980) and the Keverbaan (a beetle coaster, 1981). In 1981, 1984 and 1985 the park was expanded with the addition of the "Far West", "Canada" and "Mexico" zones, respectively.

Bellewaerde was sold in the early 1990s to the Walibi group which in itself became part of the Six Flags Chain in 1998. Six Flags sold all of its European parks, including Bellewaerde, in 2004 to the British investment company Palamon. Bellewaerde is now part of the Grévin & Cie group, which is fully owned by Compagnie des Alpes.

In 2008, Bellewaerde officially became a zoo and a savannah-themed area was opened.

Bellewaerde is a seasonal theme park that is open for about seven months a year, from April until October. October is traditionally the month in which Bellewaerde's yearly Halloween Event takes place. Since 2005, the park also opens in the winter for few weeks during the Christmas and New Year period, decorated for the holidays with extra Christmas attractions and special entertainment.

## Rides & Attractions

## Animals


2024 Pacific typhoon season

# 2024 Pacific typhoon season

## Abstract

The 2024 Pacific typhoon season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the fifth-latest starting Pacific typhoon season on record. The season runs throughout 2024, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Ewiniar, developed on May 25, and eventually intensified into the first typhoon of the season.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone if it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix.

## Seasonal forecasts

During the year, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies included the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, PAGASA, Vietnam's National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau.

Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) released their first forecast on May 7, predicting below average activity with 25 named storms, 15 typhoons and 7 intense typhoons. This was primarily due to the dominant El Niño event at the time, which was expected to transition into a weak or moderate La Niña by mid-2024. TSR released their early July forecast on July 5, where they slightly decreased the amount of storms and typhoons, mentioning the same factors as their previous forecast. On August 7, TSR released their final forecast for the season, retaining the same number of storms. However, they further decreased the predicted ACE index, due to a slow start of the season and decreased tropical activity as of early August. Moreover, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation being in a negative phase since the beginning of 2020, they also mentioned how this season could become the lowest five-year activity since 1965.

## Seasonal summary

### Early season activity

The Pacific typhoon season began on May 23, when a tropical storm named Ewiniar formed southeast of Palau, marking it as the fifth-latest start of a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. Ewiniar tracked toward the Philippines, where it made nine landfalls in Homonhon Island; Giporlos, Eastern Samar; Basiao Island; Cagduyong Island; Batuan, Masbate; Masbate City; Torrijos, Marinduque; Lucena, Quezon and Patnanungan. It began to move over the warm tropical waters of Lamon Bay, where the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Ewiniar into a minimal typhoon. Ewiniar began transitioning to an extratropical cyclone while it is 719 km (447 mi) east-northeast of Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. On June 6, the remnants of Ewiniar would be absorbed by another extratropical cyclone, just off the coast of Alaska. On May 30, another tropical depression formed southeast of Haikou, China. The next day, at 03:00 UTC, JTWC designated the disturbance as Tropical Depression 02W. A few hours later, JMA assigned the name Maliksi as they upgraded 02W into a tropical storm. Shortly after being named, on May 31, Maliksi made landfall in Southern China. the JMA and JTWC discontinued warnings as Maliksi moved inland and dissipated on June 2. No storms formed in June for the first time since 2010.

After many weeks of inactivity, on July 13, a tropical depression formed east of Vietnam. Shortly after, it tracked into Vietnam, dissipating soon after. On July 19, two tropical disturbances recognized by the JTWC: one southeast of Manila and another east of Palau. Soon after, both disturbances developed into a depression, being named by PAGASA. The first one, west of Batangas, was named Butchoy while the second, east of Virac, was called Carina. Later that day, the JTWC followed suit, designating them both as depressions. The next day, the easternmost disturbance was named Gaemi by the JMA. On July 21, Butchoy also intensified into a tropical storm, assigning the name Prapiroon from the JMA. Prapiroon moved through the South China Sea as a mild tropical storm before landfall over Wanning, Hainan. Prapiroon moved through Gulf of Tonkin, where it further intensified into a severe tropical storm. Early on July 23, Prapiroon made its second and final landfall in Quảng Ninh, Vietnam. Rapid weakening ensued as Prapiroon moved inland and dissipated on the next day.

Being in a favorable environment in the Philippine Sea, Gaemi continues to strengthen into a severe tropical storm as it moves northeastward slowly. Early the next day, JMA upgraded Gaemi into a typhoon, the second to occur this season. JTWC also followed suit and upgraded Gaemi into a Category-1 typhoon. Owing to its warm sea surface temperature and low vertical wind shear, on July 24, Gaemi rapidly intensified into a Category-4 typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), equivalent to a very strong typhoon category by the JMA. Gaemi stalled and executed a counterclockwise loop near the coast, slightly weakening into a Category-3 typhoon. Overnight, Gaemi made landfall over Hualien, Taiwan at that intensity. The country's mountain ranges tore apart the storm's structure, causing Gaemi to weaken further into a Category-2 typhoon. The storm accelerated across the island and emerged into the Taiwan Strait, six hours after landfall. The next day, Gaemi made its final landfall at Xiuyu, Putian at Fujian Province as a weakening tropical storm. Moving inland, the storm rapidly weakened until it dissipated on July 27.

Even though Gaemi never made landfall in the Philippines, the storm's moisture would enhance the southwest monsoon. Heavy rainfalls were felt over Luzon and some parts of Visayas, leaving each region flooded. Overall, Gaemi caused 126 fatalities and $266 million worth of damages throughout its track.

### Peak season activity

On August 3, a low-pressure area developed east of Kadena Air Base. At 00:00 UTC, JMA recognize the disturbance as a depression. However, it downgraded to a remnant low on August 7. The convection later meandered south of Ryukyu Islands for a few days before JMA was reclassified again as a depression on August 11. JMA issued a gale warning the next day, citing that it would intensify in the following days. JTWC later followed suit and upgraded into a tropical depression. On August 13, the depression became a tropical storm, receiving the name Ampil from the JMA. Ampil gradually intensified in the Pacific Ocean, becoming a severe tropical storm. JMA upgraded Ampil into a typhoon two days later, and the JTWC classified it as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. The next day, it strengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. The typhoon passed just south of Greater Tokyo Area before weakening and transitioning to an extratropical cyclone.

On August 5, a low-pressure area was formed in Bonin Islands. The disturbance was in an environment with low to moderate wind shear and warm SSTs. JTWC later classified the disturbance into a depression the next day, giving the designation 06W. Early on August 8, JMA upgraded the depression into a storm, naming it Maria. The storm further strengthened into a severe tropical storm on the same day. At the same time, JTWC reported that Maria had rapidly intensified into a typhoon due to strong equatorward and poleward outflow. However, on August 9, Maria weakened into a tropical storm as it moved northeastwards. On August 10, another area of low pressure formed just southeast of Maria. The JTWC would classify the disturbance as a subtropical depression in their next bulletin. Despite being in a marginal environment and high wind shear, JMA upgraded into a tropical storm, assigning the name Son-Tinh. The next day, JTWC announced that Son-Tinh became tropical, designating it as 07W. Son-Tinh weakened back into a depression before it dissipated on August 14.

On the morning of August 12, Maria made landfall in Iwate Prefecture as a tropical storm, bringing strong winds and dumping heavy rains in northern Japan. Maria then weakened into a depression after moving inland. The storm entered through the Sea of Japan, weakening further the next day. The JTWC issued its final warning after Maria was last noted west-northwest of Misawa, Japan. JMA continued to track as a depression before they issued their final warning at 04:15 UTC.

Activity became more active when an area of convection was formed on August 12 near the southwest of a nearby storm Son-Tinh. JMA would immediately recognize the disturbance as a depression. The next day, JTWC went to give its identifier of the depression, which was Tropical Depression 09W. Just like Ampil, on August 13, 09W intensified into a tropical storm, attaining the name Wukong from the JMA. Wukong was short-lived due to its poorly organized cloud tops. JTWC made its final warning on Wukong as it moved through cooler waters and dissipated on August 15.

On August 17, JMA recognized a tropical depression that formed east of Taiwan. The next day, PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression, assigning the name Dindo. The depression was named Jongdari three hours later upon formation. JTWC later followed suit and upgraded into a tropical storm. However, it did not last long and weakened into a depression as it nears the Korean Peninsula. On August 21, JMA and JTWC reported that Jongdari had dissipated as its low-level circulation center faded when it moved over land, after Jongdari, a low-pressure area formed in the Northern Mariana Islands on the same day. The system intensified into a tropical storm the next day, and the name Shanshan was picked up by the JMA.

Shanshan later strengthened into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon. It remained at that intensity as it battled through wind shear. As it nears the Amami Islands, it strengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. The approach of the typhoon caused the issuance of a special warning system in Kagoshima Prefecture, the first time issued in the area since Nanmadol of 2022. Around 08:00 JST on August 29, Shanshan made landfall near Satsumasendai, making the third tropical cyclone impact mainland Japan this season. Rapid erosion later ensued as it moved eastward over inland. Shanshan heads over Seto Inland Sea before it makes another landfall in Shikoku on the next day. Shanshan's convection began to be disorganized, causing it to weaken into a remnant low. However, it regained back into a depression as it moved east southeastward through open waters. JMA continued to track Shanshan until it dissipated on September 1.

Nearing the end of August, a tropical disturbance formed near Palau. On the same day, JMA started to issue advisories for the system as a depression. As it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the agency gave it the name Enteng on the first day of September. JTWC followed suit and was classified as a depression, with its designation of 12W. At 21:00 JST (13:00 UTC), JMA developed into a tropical storm, naming the system Yagi. The storm made its first landfall in Casiguran in the province of Aurora. The mountainous terrain of the Cordillera Central had made Yagi weakened as it moved inland. It left PAR on early September 4 as it continues to intensify in the South China Sea.

Yagi later strengthened into a typhoon due to its highly favorable environmental conditions. The following day, it rapidly intensified, developing a distinct eye and briefly reaching Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status as it approached Hainan. Although Yagi slightly weakened, it made its second landfall over Wenchang City in Hainan. The storm then moved over Haikou, China, and continued to make another landfall in Xuwen County, Guangdong. Afterward, Yagi entered the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.

Yagi became one of only four Category-5 typhoons recorded in the South China Sea, alongside Pamela (1954), Rammasun (2014), and Rai (2021). It also marked the most powerful typhoon to strike Hainan in autumn since Typhoon Rammasun in 2014. On September 7, Yagi underwent a period of reorganization and regained Category 4 status before making a historic landfall between Haiphong and Quang Ninh in Vietnam. Upon landfall, Yagi became the strongest storm to impact Northern Vietnam. The typhoon then weakened rapidly into a remnant low as it moved inland, dissipating on September 8.

While Yagi was on its way to making landfall in the Philippines, JTWC announced another formation of a tropical disturbance in the open Pacific Ocean on September 2. JMA also started issuing advisories, and it was recognized as a tropical depression in the same location. Two days later, as JTWC upgraded it into a depression, it received its designation as 13W. A day later, JMA reported that 13W developed into a tropical storm, giving the name Leepi as the twelfth named storm of this season. Leepi then accelerated northeastwards before it became an extratropical cyclone on September 6.

On September 9, a tropical depression formed over the Micronesian Islands. The following day, the JTWC designated it as 14W. As it moved over Guam, 14W intensified into a tropical storm and was named Bebinca by the JMA. Despite encountering dry air, Bebinca strengthened as it began its northwestward movement. At 18:00 PHT on September 13, Bebinca entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named Ferdie by PAGASA. Bebinca later strengthened into a minimal typhoon on the next day.

## Systems

### Typhoon Ewiniar (Aghon)

On May 21, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking an area of atmospheric convection 441 km (274 mi) southeast of Palau, noting that the system was moving northwestward towards an environment favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. In the following day, the disturbance became a tropical depression. The depression would later enter PAR, assigning the name Aghon, a replacement name for Ambo. At 18:00 UTC, the JTWC designated the depression as 01W, based on surface observations from Guiuan. Aghon made landfall over Homonhon Island and subsequently Giporlos, Eastern Samar in the early morning of May 25 (PHT). It made five more landfalls over Basiao and Cagduyong Islands of Catbalogan; Batuan in Ticao Island; Masbate City; and Torrijos, Marinduque. At 12:00 UTC, 01W intensified into a tropical storm while it was still in Tayabas Bay, prompted the JMA to name the storm as Ewiniar. In the morning of May 26 (PHT), the storm made its eighth landfall over Lucena, Quezon in Luzon island. Ewiniar later intensified into a typhoon over Lamon Bay The storm made its final landfall over Patnanungan in the Polillo Islands. The typhoon left the PAR on May 29 and continued to weaken due to subsidence around the mid-latitude. On May 30, Ewiniar transitioned into an extratropical cyclone south-southwest of Yokosuka, Japan Then at 18:00 UTC on May 31, Ewiniar entered the baroclinic zone and an area of high wind shear.

Typhoon Ewiniar resulted in ₱1.03 billion (US$ 20.88 million) in total damages in the Philippines, with ₱85.63 million (US$ 1.74 million) to agriculture and ₱942.55 million (US$ 19.14 million) to infrastructure, while also causing six deaths, injuring eight people, and impacting around 152,266 others. In Japan, heavy rainfall was observed in several regions, with a maximum of 52.5 mm (2.07 in) of rain being recorded in Miyake, Tokyo.

### Tropical Storm Maliksi

On May 29, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection located 406 km (252 mi) southeast of Haikou, China. Being in an area of warm waters and low vertical shear and having southerly outflow, the system sustained a weak circulation, inhibited from development by another area of convection near Mainland China. It was recognized as a low-pressure area by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) early the next day, before the agency upgraded it to a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC. Later that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the depression since it had rapidly developed. At 00:00 UTC the next day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, designating it as 02W. Later, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical storm, and it was given the name Maliksi. However, the JTWC reported that it did not intensify into a tropical storm as it was disorganized, with the circulation elongating. At 21:00 UTC on May 31, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it made landfall in Southern China. Soon after, the JMA last noted Maliksi as a depression on June 1 before weakening further into a low-pressure area the next day, as it tracked inland.

On May 30, the Hong Kong Observatory issued a No. 1 standby signal as the depression neared Hong Kong. The next day, it upgraded the warnings into a No. 3 Strong Wind signal. Although it was likely to not directly affect Taiwan, the Central Weather Administration noted that Maliksi's remnants were likely to merge with a frontal system and bring heavy rains to Taiwan over the weekend. In Macau, the storm caused unstable weather, with the Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau issuing Typhoon Signal No. 3. In China, torrential rainfall occurred, peaking at 272.3 mm (10.72 in) somewhere in the Leizhou Peninsula. Additionally, heavy rain was recorded in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

### Tropical Depression 03W

On July 13, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection 423 mi (682 km) east-southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. At the time, the disturbance was in a marginal environment for development, with high vertical wind shear offsetting good divergence aloft alongside warm sea surface temperatures. At 06:00 UTC of that day, the JMA designated the system as a tropical depression. The JTWC then issued a TCFA on the system the next day, noting its symmetrical center had improved as it moves northwest, though convection was disorganized. By 18:00 UTC the next day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, designating it 03W. However, they issued their last warning on the depression early the next day as it moved over Vietnam and rapidly weakened. Later that day, the JMA stopped tracking the depression as it dissipated.

### Severe Tropical Storm Prapiroon (Butchoy)

On July 15, the JTWC started to monitor a persistent area of convection roughly 623 km (385 mi) southeast of Manila, Philippines. At that time, the disturbance was in a favorable environment for development, with warm 29–30 °C (84–86 °F), sea surface temperatures, low wind shear and good equatorial outflow. At 06:00 UTC the same day, the JMA designated the system as a low-pressure area. Shortly after, the JMA designated it as a tropical depression. The PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression a few hours later. Since the storm formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the agency named it Butchoy. The JTWC began issuing advisories on the system, classifying it as 04W. It intensified into a tropical storm and was named Prapiroon by the JMA on July 21. A nascent eye feature became visible on microwave satellite imagery. The center of Prapiroon made landfall near Wanning, Hainan, with 1-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) on July 22. After making landfall, the storm maintained its well-defined eye while moving across central Hainan. Prapiroon soon encountered high wind shear and a dry environment, and by 6:30 a.m. local time on July 23, it made its second landfall in Quảng Ninh, Vietnam. After the system moved inland, both the JMA and the JTWC ceased monitoring it on July 24.

Typhoon Gaemi and Prapiroon, along with its precursor, significantly impacted the southwest monsoon over the Philippines, leading to heavy rainfall that caused 23 deaths, 9 people missing, and US $18.9 million in damages across several countries.

### Typhoon Gaemi (Carina)

On July 17, the JMA reported that a low-pressure area had formed east of Palau. Shortly after, both the JMA and the JTWC followed suit and upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 05W. The PAGASA followed suit a few hours later, recognizing the system as a tropical depression and naming it Carina. Early the next day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm, and was given the name Gaemi by the JMA. Due to a weak steering environment between the subtropical ridge to the northwest and east, the JTWC upgraded Gaemi to minimal typhoon around 21:00 UTC that day. On July 24, Gaemi later rapidly intensified and peaked at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale at 21:00 UTC on 23 July, with 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) by the JTWC, 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) by the JMA, and a central pressure of 940 hPa (27.76 inHg). After stalling and executing a tight counter-clockwise loop near the coast, Gaemi slightly weakened into a below-equivalent typhoon status due to land interaction before it made landfall on the northeastern coast of Taiwan on July 24. Gaemi accelerated as it moved across the island and emerged into the Taiwan Strait just six hours after making landfall. Soon after, the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on the system as it made its final landfall at Xiuyu, Putian in Fujian Province. Once inland, the JMA downgraded Gaemi into a tropical depression on July 27 and continued tracking the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC of July 29.

The southwest monsoon, combined with Tropical Storm Prapiroon, brought heavy rains to southern and northern Luzon, triggering widespread flash floods that resulted in at least 126 deaths and caused damage estimated at US$304 million across several countries.

### Typhoon Ampil

On August 3, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection 976 km (606 mi) east of Kadena Air Base on August 3. At 18:00 UTC the same day, the JMA designated the system as a low-pressure area. However, the following day, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression. The depression weakened and was last noted by the JMA on August 7. The disturbance later meandered south of the Ryukyu Islands for a few days before it was re-designated by the JMA as a tropical depression on August 11. A few hours later, they recognized the system as a tropical depression, designating it as 08W. Soon after, the JMA noted that it had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Ampil. The JMA then reported that Ampil had intensified into a typhoon due to warm sea surface temperatures and low vertical wind shear on August 15. The JMA reported that Ampil reached its peak intensity at 12:00 UTC that day with 10-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a central pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) before making its closest approach to Japan, and transitioned into an extratropical low on August 19.

Ampil brought strong winds and coastal waves to western Alaska, while Tokyo experienced minimal damage according to NHK, although Kanagawa Prefecture saw several injuries; the remnants of Ampil also contributed to an atmospheric river as its moist core flowed into a low-pressure system, ultimately being absorbed into the Pacific jet stream and anticipated to impact California.

### Severe Tropical Storm Maria

On August 5, the JMA stated that a tropical depression had formed. Later that day, the JTWC began tracking it, noting the depression was in an environment with low to moderate wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and good equatorward outflow aloft. At 09:00 UTC on August 6, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the disturbance, which was located 423 mi (682 km) north-northwest of Iwo Jima, along the eastern periphery of the monsoon gyre, prior to it being designated as 06W. The development of a central dense overcast and a ragged eye feature signified its intensification into a tropical storm, leading the JMA to name it Maria on August 7. Maria then turned northeastward, and intensified into a severe tropical storm on August 8 due to a favorable environment for development. Concurrently, the JTWC then reported that Maria had rapidly intensified into a minimal typhoon due to strong equatorward and poleward outflow. However, Maria's wind field became more asymmetric, with its associated convection shifting northward, causing Maria to weaken into a tropical storm on August 9. Around 00:00 UTC on August 12, the storm made landfall Ōfunato, a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan with winds of 85 km/h (50 mph) before traversing northern Honshu and emerging into the Sea of Japan. The JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted at 18:00 UTC on August 14.

Record-breaking rainfall in Iwate Prefecture, with 19 inches (482.6 mm) in Kuji and 12.6 inches (320.0 mm) in Otsuchi —nearly double the average for August—led to controlled releases from the Taki Dam in Kuji, necessitating the evacuation of 8,300 people and the issuance of the highest evacuation alert level, though no damage or injuries were reported in association with Maria.

### Tropical Storm Son-Tinh

On August 10, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had formed southeast of Severe Tropical Storm Maria. A few hours later, the JTWC began tracking the system, noting that it could transition into a tropical cyclone despite intense wind shear. Early the next day, they noted that the depression had transitioned into a subtropical cyclone. As a result, a few hours later, the JMA named it Son-Tinh. The next day, the JTWC noted that it had transitioned into a tropical storm, designating it 07W. Soon after, the low-level circulation center became fully exposed with no deep convection existing near the center. On August 13, Son-Tinh turned northwest along the western edge of a subtropical ridge. Both the JMA and the JTWC stopped monitoring it as a tropical depression that day, though the JMA continued to track it until it was last noted the following day.

### Tropical Storm Wukong

On 12 August, the JMA noted that a tropical depression formed southwest of Tropical Storm Son-Tinh. A few hours later, strong convection south of the system's low-level circulation center consolidated, which prompted the JTWC to issue a TCFA for the disturbance. Soon after, they recognized the system as a tropical depression, designating it as 09W. Satellite imagery revealed that a central dense overcast obscured the center, leading to the depression strengthening into a tropical storm named Wukong by the JMA, although moderate vertical wind shear displaced the deep convection to the southeast. Wukong then shifted northwestward, following the eastern edge of a subtropical ridge, while also being affected by the shear and outflow from Typhoon Ampil to the southwest. On August 15, both the JMA and the JTWC ceased monitoring the system, with the JMA reporting that Wukong had transitioned into an extratropical low due to moderate vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures.

### Tropical Storm Jongdari (Dindo)

On August 17, a low-pressure area east of Taiwan developed into a tropical depression. Soon after the development of a low-level circulation center and deep convection, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the disturbance. A few hours later, PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression and named it Dindo, while the JMA reported it had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Jongdari, and the following day, the JTWC recognized it and designated it as 10W. Jongdari became devoid of convection as it was displaced from its exposed low-level circulation center and turned north-northeastward along the western edge of a subtropical ridge. Jongdari then weakened as it moved into the Yellow Sea and made landfall over the Korean Demilitarized Zone on August 20 before emerging into the Sea of Japan. The JTWC assessed the cyclone as having dissipated and ceased issuing advisories on the system, while the JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted on August 21.

In some parts of the southern islands of Jeju, Jongdari accumulated 60–130 millimetres (2.4–5.1 in) of rain as it moved closer to the coast.

### Typhoon Shanshan

On August 20, the JMA reported that a low-pressure area had formed near the Mariana Islands. At midnight on August 21, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 11W. Shortly after, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Shanshan by the JMA due to low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures. A ragged eye-like feature appeared on satellite imagery, and on August 24, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon. The JMA reported that Shanshan reached its peak intensity at 15:00 UTC on August 27, with 10-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). Shanshan then turned northward and made landfall near Satsumasendai in Kagoshima Prefecture on August 29. It then turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical high, quickly crossed the Seto Inland Sea, and made landfall over the northern tip of Shikoku on August 30. Shanshan's circulation later diminished as its LLCC became disorganized. However, convection slightly increased after six hours as Shanshan's circulation moved back over open water and began moving east-southeastward, causing to regenerate back to a depression. The JMA continued to monitor the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC that day.

The JMA issued special weather warnings for Kagoshima Prefecture, marking the first such emergency alert since Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022. Shanshan caused six fatalities and damaged hundreds of structures throughout Japan. In response to the severe weather, evacuation orders were issued for 996,299 people in Miyazaki Prefecture and 982,273 people in Kagoshima Prefecture.

### Typhoon Yagi (Enteng)

On August 30, the JMA reported the formation of a low-pressure area approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau. This broad low-pressure system began to organize and developed into a tropical depression on August 31. The following day, PAGASA designated the system as a tropical depression and named it Enteng, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Shortly after, the system was classified as Tropical Depression 12W. As it intensified into a tropical storm, the JMA named it Yagi. At 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on September 2, Yagi made landfall in Casiguran, Aurora. Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the storm to a typhoon as satellite imagery revealed the formation of an eye. On September 5, Yagi reached peak intensity as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a central pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg). It made landfall in Wenchang City, Hainan, and passed directly over Haikou, China, before moving into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. On September 7, Yagi reorganized and restrengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon before making its final landfall over Haiphong and Quang Ninh, Vietnam. It continued to weaken rapidly as it moved southwest along the southeastern edge of a mid-level subtropical high, becoming a tropical depression on September 8. The JMA monitored Yagi until it was last noted at 18:00 UTC that day.

Yagi, combined with the effects of the southwest monsoon, resulted in 16 deaths, 15 injuries and 21 missing people. Yagi uprooted trees, injured four people and killed one in Hanoi and in Ho Chi Minh city injured two and killed one. Total damages throughout its path were up to US$9.33 billion.

### Tropical Depression Hone

On September 1 at 21:00 UTC, the remnants of Hurricane Hone moved into the basin from the Central Pacific about 280 km (150 nmi; 175 mi) to the southwest of Midway Atoll, where it was classified as a tropical depression by the JMA and as a subtropical depression by the JTWC the next day. Soon after, Hone began exhibiting a highly asymmetric convective structure, characterized by convective bands encircling a broad center, while being located under a deep subtropical trough with low to moderate vertical wind shear. The JTWC stopped tracking it on September 4, as it had dissipated, while the JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted at 06:00 UTC on September 8.

### Tropical Storm Leepi

On September 2, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had formed over the open Pacific. Two days later, the JTWC designated the system 13W. A day later, JMA reported that it intensified into a tropical storm, assigning the name Leepi. Although the storm is in a high wind shear and unfavorable environment, Leepi continues to maintain that intensity as it accelerates northeastward. JTWC later announced its final warning on September 6 as the system transitioned to an extratropical cyclone. The JMA issued its final advisory on 18:00 UTC of September 6.

### Typhoon Bebinca (Ferdie)

On September 9, a tropical depression formed near the Micronesian Islands. The next day, the JTWC started issuing warnings on the depression, designating it as 14W. As it moved towards Guam, the JMA reported 14W intensified to a tropical storm, naming it Bebinca. As it passes close to Guam, Bebinca further intensified to a severe tropical storm despite of dry air impacting it from the western side. On September 13, the JMA reported that the storm had weakened to a tropical storm due to its near-surface circulation being fully exposed and its banding being fragmented along the northern edge. By 18:00 PHT (10:00 UTC), Bebinca had entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) subsequently assigned it the name Ferdie. Bebinca then shifted northwestward as JMA reported that the storm had regained back to severe tropical storm status. On September 14, JMA and JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon as it moved across the Ryukyu Islands.

### Tropical Depression

### Tropical Storm Pulasan

### Other systems

- On August 18, the JMA reported the formation of a low-pressure area over the Philippine Sea. The next day, it was designated as a tropical depression but weakened to a low-pressure area by August 22. The following day, the JMA re-designated it as a tropical depression as it turned southward. Over the next few days, the depression gradually moved southwestward while Typhoon Shanshan approached Japan from the west. The JMA continued to monitor the depression until it dissipated on August 26.

- A tropical depression briefly formed south of South Korea on August 19 and was last noted by the JMA at 18:00 UTC as it moved northward.

- A tropical depression briefly developed southeast of Japan on August 20. Thereafter, it was designated as an extratropical low while drifting southeastward.

- A tropical depression briefly formed southeast of Typhoon Shanshan on August 30 and was last noted by the JMA at 18:00 UTC.

- A tropical depression formed over the Philippine Sea on September 4. Two days later, it degenerated into a low-pressure area as it slowly turned to the west. On September 9, it re-strengthened back into a tropical depression as it moved west-northwest towards Eastern China.

## Storm names

Within the basin, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization 's Typhoon Committee when they have 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph).

PAGASA names tropical cyclones which are active in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N and 25°N even if the cyclone has already been named. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. If the list of names for the Philippine region are exhausted, then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in gray. The names of significant tropical cyclones will be retired by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee in the spring of 2025.

### International names

A tropical cyclone is named when it has 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the WMO in 2025, though replacement names will be announced in 2026. During the season, the name Pulasan was used for the first time after which replaced Rumbia, which was retired following the 2018 season. The next 28 names on the naming list are listed here along with their international numeric designation, if they are used.

### Other names

If a tropical cyclone enters the Western Pacific basin from the Eastern and Central Pacific basin (west of 180°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). The following storms were named in this manner.

- Hone

### Philippines

This season, PAGASA will use its own naming scheme for storms that are active in their self-defined area of responsibility. During this season, PAGASA is using the following list of names that was last used during 2020 and will be used again in 2028, updated with replacements of retired names, if any. All of the names are the same as in 2020 with the exception of Aghon, Querubin, Romina and Upang, which replaced the names Ambo, Quinta, Rolly and Ulysses after they were retired. The name Aghon was used for the first time this year.

## Season effects

This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, west of the International Date Line during 2024. The table also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected, and any deaths or damages associated with the system.


Filip Čermelj

# Filip Čermelj

## Abstract

Filip Čermelj (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Чермељ; born 28 September 1998) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for North Macedonia secon-tier side Bokelj.

## Club career

Čermelj made his first footballing steps at OFK Beograd. He spent four years in the club's youth setup, before joining Partizan at the age of 10. In June 2015, Čermelj was one of the seven youngsters promoted to the senior squad at the start of preparations for the 2015–16 campaign. He was later sent back to the youth team to finish his formation.

In July 2016, Čermelj was loaned to affiliated side Teleoptik. He signed his first professional contract with Partizan on 31 January 2017, on a three-year deal. Afterwards, Čermelj continued to play regularly for Teleoptik and helped them win the Serbian League Belgrade in the 2016–17 season, thus earning promotion to the Serbian First League.

## International career

Čermelj represented Serbia at under-17 level, appearing in four games during the 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualifying stage.

## Personal life

Čermelj was born in Mérida, Spain, as his father, Miroslav, played for Extremadura at the time. His older brother, Luka, is also a footballer.

## Honours

- Serbian League Belgrade: 2016–17


List of J-pop artists

# List of J-pop artists

## Abstract

This is a list of J-pop artists and groups. Originally an evolution of jazz, and coined New Music, the style went on to become known as City Pop, music with an urban theme. Later called Japan -made Pop, the term was shortened to J-pop and now encompasses a wide range of musical styles and genres. J-pop represents modern pop culture music originating from the country or musical talent of Japan.

## –9

- °C-ute

- 10,000 Promises.

- 175R

- 19

- 22/7

- 2BACKKA

- 3B LAB.☆

- 9nine

- &TEAM

- @onefive

## A

- Aa!

- AAA

- Abe, Mao

- Abe, Natsumi

- Abe, Ryohai

- Abe, Yasuhiro

- Abe, Yoshiharu

- Access

- Acid Black Cherry

- Aco

- Ado

- Ai

- Aiba, Masaki

- Aida, Shoko

- Aikawa, Hiroki

- Aikawa, Nanase

- Aiko

- Aimer

- Aimyon

- Air

- Aira, Mitsuki

- Aiso, Haruhi

- Aiuchi, Rina

- Ajico

- Akanishi, Jin

- Akashi, Momoka

- AKB48

- Akeboshi

- Akishibu Project

- Aki, Angela

- Akiyama, Satoko

- Alan

- The Alfee

- Ali Project

- Alma Kaminiito

- Ami Suzuki

- Amiaya

- Amuro, Namie

- Anai, Yuko

- Angela

- Angerme

- Anly

- Anna S

- Anzenchitai

- Aonishi, Takashi

- Aoyama, Thelma

- Aqua Timez

- Aragaki, Yui

- Arashi

- Arashiro, Beni

- Arioka, Daiki

- Asakura, Daisuke

- Asaoka, Megumi

- Asian Kung-Fu Generation

- Atarashii Gakko!

- Ayabie

- Ayaka

- Ayana

- AZU

## B

- B'z

- Babamania

- BaBe

- Babymetal

- Back-On

- Back Number

- Bakusute Sotokanda Icchome

- Base Ball Bear

- BE:FIRST

- BeForU

- Bennie K

- Berryz Koubou

- Beyooooonds

- Bis

- Bish

- Bluem of Youth

- BoA

- Bon-Bon Blanco

- Bonnie Pink

- Boys and Men

- Bright

- The Brilliant Green

- Bullet Train

- bump.y

- Bump of Chicken

- Buono!

- Buzy

## C

- Candies

- Capsule

- Carry Loose

- CHAGE and ASKA

- Chara

- Charcoal Filter

- Chatmonchy

- Chemistry

- Che'Nelle

- Cheeky Parade

- Chiba, Saeko

- Chihara, Minori

- Chinen, Rina

- Chinen, Yuri

- The Cinderella Project

- ClariS

- Clear's

- Coconuts Musume

- College Cosmos

- Cool Joke

- CooRie

- Core of Soul

- Country Musume

- Crystal Kay

- CY8ER

- CYNHN

## D

- D-51

- D&D

- D DATE

- Da-iCE

- Da Pump

- DAOKO

- Danceroid

- Dancing Dolls

- Naniwa Danshi

- Day After Tomorrow

- Deen

- Dempagumi.inc

- DEPAPEPE

- Dicot

- Dish

- Diva

- Dizon, Leah

- DJ Ozma

- Do As Infinity

- Dohzi-T

- Dōmoto, Kōichi

- Dōmoto, Tsuyoshi

- Dream

- Dream Morning Musume

- Dreams Come True

- DRM

## E

- E-girls

- E.mu

- Earth

- Ebichu

- Eightranger

- Eito

- Elisa

- Empire

- Emyli

- Eto, Rie

- Etsuko Yakushimaru

- Eu Phoria

- Eve (Japanese singer)

- Every Little Thing

- EXILE

## F

- Fairies

- Faky

- Favorite Blue

- Faylan

- Fayray

- Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas

- FictionJunction Yuuka

- Field of View

- Flap Girls' School

- Flipper's Guitar

- FLOW

- flumpool

- Folder 5

- Four Leaves

- French Kiss

- fripSide

- Fruits Zipper

- Fu, Rie

- Fujii Kaze

- Fujii, Fumiya

- Fukada, Kyoko

- Fukuda, Saki

- Fukusaki, Eric

- Fukuyama, Masaharu

- Funky Monkey Babys

- Furukawa, Yūta

## G

- Gackt

- Gang Parade

- Garnet Crow

- Generations from Exile Tribe

- Girl Next Door

- Glay

- Globe

- Go-Bang's

- Godiego

- Gold, Taro

- Golden Bomber

- Goto, Maki

- Go to the Beds

- GReeeeN

- Guardians 4

## H

- H-wonder

- Hajime, Chitose

- Hal

- HALCALI

- Hamada, Mari

- Hamasaki, Ayumi

- Hanazawa, Kana

- hANGRY&ANGRY

- Yuko Hara

- Harada, Shinji

- Haruna, Luna

- Hata, Motohiro

- Hatsune Miku

- Hayashi, Asuca

- Hayashi, Nobutoshi

- Hayashibara, Megumi

- Hearts Grow

- Heartsdales

- Hello! Project All Stars

- Hey! Say! JUMP

- High-King

- Hikashu

- Himeka

- Hinatazaka46

- Ken Hirai

- Hinoi, Asuka

- Hinoi Team

- Hinouchi, Emi

- Hirahara, Ayaka

- Hirai, Ken

- Hirano, Aya

- Hirose, Kōmi

- Hisakawa, Aya

- Hitomi

- Hitoto, Yō

- HKT48

- Hōkago Princess

- Ho-kago Tea Time

- Home Made Kazoku

- Honda, Minako

- Horie, Mitsuko

- Horie, Yui

- Hoshimura, Mai

- Gen Hoshino

- Hotch Potchi

- HY

- Hysteric Blue

## I

- I WiSH

- Ice Creamusume

- Iceman

- Ichii, Sayaka

- Idol College

- Idol Renaissance

- Idoling!!!

- Iijima, Mari

- Iizuka, Mayumi

- Ikeda, Ayako

- Ikimonogakari

- Imai, Miki

- Inaba, Koshi

- The Indigo

- Indigo la End

- INI

- Inoo, Kei

- Inoue, Kazuhiko

- Inoue, Kikuko

- Irino, Miyu

- Ishida, Yoko

- Ishii, Tatsuya

- Ishikawa, Chiaki

- Ishikawa, Rika

- Isoya, Yuki

- Itano, Tomomi

- Itō, Yuna

- Iwata, Sayuri

- i☆Ris

- Iz*One

## J

- J Soul Brothers

- JAM Project

- Janne Da Arc

- Jasmine

- Jay'ed

- Jero

- JO1

- Johnny's West

- Judy and Mary

- Juice=Juice

- JUJU

- June

- Jungle Smile

- Jyongri

- Jyukai

## K

- K

- Kageyama, Hironobu

- Kahala, Tomomi

- Kahimi Karie

- kalafina

- Kaji, Meiko

- Kamiki, Aya

- Kazuya Kamenashi

- Kame to Yamapi

- Kanjani Eight

- Kanno, Yoko

- KAT-TUN

- Katakiri, Rekka

- Kato, Miliyah

- Kawabe, Chieko

- Kawada, Mami

- Kawase, Tomoko

- Kawashima, Ai

- Kawasumi, Ayako

- Kayo, Aiko

- Ketsumeishi

- Keyakizaka46

- Kick the Can Crew

- Kids Alive

- Kikkawa, Kōji

- kitaro

- Kimeru

- Kimura, Kaela

- King Gnu

- King & Prince

- KinKi Kids

- Kotani, Kinya

- Kirinji

- Kitaro

- Kis-my-ft2

- Kishimoto, Hayami

- Kitade, Nana

- Kiyokiba Shunsuke

- Kiyotaka Sugiyama

- Kobukuro

- Kōda, Kumi

- Kōda, Mariko

- Kokia

- Kolme

- Komatsu, Miho

- Kome Kome Club

- Kosaka, Riyu

- KOTOKO

- Koyanagi, Yuki

- Kudo, Shizuka

- Kubota, Saki

- Kumaki, Anri

- Kuraki, Mai

- Kuroki, Meisa

- Kushida, Akira

- Kusumi, Koharu

- Kuwata, Keisuke

- Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

## L

- L'Arc-en-Ciel

- Ladybaby

- Last Idol

- Lead

- Leo Ieiri

- Lia

- Lindberg

- Ling Tosite Sigure

- LiSA (Japanese musician, born 1987)

- Little by Little

- Little Glee Monster

- LM.C

- Love

- Love Psychedelico

- Lufkin, Olivia

- =Love

## M

- M-Flo

- Maeda, Ai

- Maeda, Atsuko

- Maeda, Yuki

- Magnolia Factory

- Mai

- Maison Book Girl

- Makihara, Noriyuki

- Makino, Yui

- Mameshiba no Taigun

- Mano, Erina

- marble

- Masuda, Keiko

- Masuda, Yuri

- Matsu, Takako

- Matsuda, Seiko

- Matsui, Jurina

- Matsui, Rena

- Matsumoto, Jun

- Matsushita, Yuya

- Matsutoya, Yumi

- Matsuura, Aya

- Mawatari, Matsuko

- MAX

- May J.

- May'n

- Mell

- Mellow Mellow

- Melocure

- melody.

- Melon Kinenbi

- Metis

- MiChi

- Mie

- mihimaru GT

- Nana Mizuki

- MilkyWay

- MINAMI

- Minawo

- Minekawa, Takako

- Mini Moni

- Mink

- Minmi

- MIQ

- Misato, Aki

- Misia

- misono

- Miura, Daichi

- Miyano, Mamoru

- Miyavi

- Miyazaki, Ayumi

- Shinji Miyazaki

- Miz

- Mizca

- Mizuki, Nana

- Momoi, Haruko

- MONGOL800

- MONKEY MAJIK

- Moriguchi, Hiroko

- Morikawa, Miho

- Moritaka, Chisato

- Moriyama, Naotarō

- Momoiro Clover Z

- Monkey Majik

- Morning Musume

- Motohiro Hata

- moumoon

- m.o.v.e

- Mr. Children

- Mrs. Green Apple

- Myco

- My Little Lover

## N

- Nakagawa, Shōko

- Nakahara, Mai

- Nakajima, Miyuki

- Nakajima, Yuto

- Nakamori, Akina

- Nakanishi, Toshio

- Nakashima, Mika

- Nakayama, Miho

- Nakayama, Uri

- Nakayama, Yuma

- Nano

- Natsukawa, Rimi

- Nemuri, Haru

- NEWS

- Matsuri Nine

- Ninomiya, Kazunari

- Nishikawa, Takanori

- Nishino, Kana

- NiziU

- NGT48

- NMB48

- no3b

- Nobodyknows+

- Nogizaka46

- Nomiya, Maki

- Not yet

- NYC

- N Zero

- NCT Wish

## O

- Oda, Kazumasa

- Odani, Misako

- Official Hige Dandism

- Ogata, Megumi

- Ogura, Kei

- Ohguro, Maki

- Ohno, Satoshi

- Okada, Yukiko

- Okamoto, Keito

- Okazaki, Ritsuko

- Okuda, Tamio

- Okui, Masami

- Onitsuka, Chihiro

- Ono, Erena

- Ono, Lisa

- On/Off

- OnePixcel

- Orange Pekoe

- ORANGE RANGE

- Oshima, Hanako

- Oshima, Yuko

- Oshio, Kotaro

- Otsuka, Ai

- Ozaki, Ami

- Ozaki, Yutaka

- Ozawa, Kenji

## P

- Paradises

- Paris match

- Pasocom Music Club

- Passcode (group)

- Passpo

- Perfume

- Piggs

- Piko

- PINK CRES.

- Pink Lady

- Pistol Valve

- Pizzicato Five

- Plastics

- Porno Graffitti

- The Possible

- Princess Princess

- PrizmaX

- Prizmmy☆

- Psychic Lover

- PUFFY

## Q

- Quruli

## R

- Radwimps

- Rag Fair

- Rake

- Rats & Star

- Ray

- Naoto Inti Raymi

- Remioromen

- Rinoie, Joe

- Rip Slyme

- RIRI

- Romantic Mode

- Round Table

- Run Girls, Run!

- Run&Gun

- Rurutia

- Rythem

- Ryutist

## S

- S/mileage

- Sada, Masashi

- Saiga, Mitsuki

- Saijo, Hideki

- Saito, Yuki

- Sakai, Mikio

- Sakai, Noriko

- Sakakibara, Yui

- Sakamoto, Kyu

- Sakamoto, Maaya

- Sakamoto, Miu

- Sakamoto, Ryuichi

- Sakura Gakuin

- Sakurai, Sho

- Sakurai, Tomo

- Sakurazaka46

- Salyu

- Sandaime J Soul Brothers

- Sandii & the Sunsetz

- Sano, Motoharu

- Saori@destiny

- Sashihara, Rino

- Satō, Hiromi

- savage genius

- Sayuri

- Sid

- SAWA

- Sawada, Kenji

- Erika Sawajiri

- SCANDAL

- The Scanty

- School Food Punishment

- SDN48

- Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her

- Seamo

- See-Saw

- Sekai no Owari

- Sexy Zone

- Sharam Q

- Shibasaki, Kou

- Shibata, Jun

- Subaru Shibutani

- Shiina, Ringo

- Shimabukuro, Hiroko

- Shimamiya, Eiko

- Shimatani, Hitomi

- Shimizu, Ai

- Shota Shimizu

- Shimokawa, Mikuni

- Shinohara, Tomoe

- Shintani Ryōko

- Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku

- Shirota, Yū

- Shishido, Rumi

- Shugo Chara Egg!

- Shuchishin

- Sifow

- Silent Siren

- SixTones

- SKE48

- SMAP

- Snow

- Snow Man

- Sonim

- Sophia

- Sora tob sakana

- SoulJa

- Sowelu

- SPEED

- Spitz

- Stereopony

- Suga, Shikao

- Straightener

- Sukima Switch

- Sunmyu

- Sunny Day Service

- SunSet Swish

- Super Girls

- Super Monkey's

- Supercar

- supercell

- Superfly

- Suzuki, Airi

- Suzuki, Ami

- Suzuki, Masayuki

- Suzumura, Kenichi

- SweetS

## T

- T-Bolan

- Tackey and Tsubasa

- Tadokoro, Azusa

- Tainaka, Sachi

- Takahashi, Hitomi

- Takahashi, Minami

- Takahashi, Naozumi

- Takahashi, Yoko

- Takaki, Yuya

- Takami, Hiroyuki

- Tamaki, Nami

- Tamura, Eriko

- Tamura, Yukari

- Tamurapan

- Tanimura Nana

- Tanaka, Rie

- Tange, Sakura

- Tanpopo

- Team Syachihoko

- Tegomass

- Teriyaki Boyz

- Terra

- Teshima, Aoi

- Tetsuya

- Teresa Teng

- TiA

- tiaraway

- The World Standard

- TM Network

- T.M.Revolution

- Tofubeats

- Togawa, Jun

- 東方神起

- Tokio (band)

- Tokumaru, Shugo

- Tokyo Girls' Style

- Tokyo Jihen

- Toru Kitajima

- TRF

- TrySail

- Tsuchiya, Anna

- Tsuchiya, Masami

- Tsunku

- Tsuyuzaki, Harumi (Lyrico)

- Tube (band)

- Twinklestars

- Two-Mix

- Twice

## U

- U-ka saegusa IN db

- UA

- Uchida, Maaya

- Uchida, Yuki

- Uehara, Azumi

- Uehara, Takako

- Kana Uemura

- Uijin

- Ulfuls

- Unison Square Garden

- Utada, Hikaru

- Utatsuki, Kaori

- Ukka

- Utoku, Keiko

- Uverworld

## V

- v-u-den

- V6

- Valshe

- Van, Tomiko

- Vaundy

- Vivid

## W

- W

- w-inds.

- Wada, Kōji

- Wagakki Band

- WANDS

- WaT

- Watanabe, Mayu

- Watanabe, Misato

- Watarirouka Hashiritai

- Weather Girls

- White Ash

- Whiteberry

- WHY@DOLL

- Wink

- Wino

- Wyse

## Y

- Ya-ya-yah

- Yabu, Kota

- Yaida, Hitomi

- Yamada, Keiko

- Yamada, Ryosuke

- Yamaguchi, Momoe

- Yamashita, Tatsuro

- Yamashita, Tomohisa

- Yamazaki, Masayoshi

- Yanagi, Nagi

- Yano, Maki

- Yaotome, Hikaru

- Yazumi, Kana

- Yellow Generation

- Yoasobi

- Yoji Biomehanika

- Yonekura, Chihiro

- Kenshi Yonezu

- Yorico

- Yorushika

- Yōsei Teikoku

- Yoshida, Miwa

- Yoshida, Takuro

- You'll Melt More!

- Younha

- YUI

- YUKA

- Yukana

- Yuki

- Yuko Anai

- Yuma Nakayama w/B.I.Shadow

- Yumemiru Adolescence

- Yuna Ito

- YURIA

- Yusa, Mimori

- Yuzu

- Yumi Shizukusa

## Z

- ZARD

- Zebra Queen

- Zenbu Kimi no Sei da.

- ZOC

- Zone

- Zoo

- ZYX

- ZZ


Misaeng (manhwa)

# Misaeng (manhwa)

## Abstract

Misaeng (Korean: 미생; Hanja: 未生; lit. An Incomplete Life) is a South Korean manhwa series written and illustrated by Yoon Tae-ho. It was released in webtoon form on internet portal Daum from 2012 to 2013; the first volume in print was published on September 15, 2012. It was adapted into a TV series of the same name in 2014.


Zazoo U

# Zazoo U

## Abstract

Zazoo U is an American animated television series that aired on Fox Children's Network block on Saturday mornings from September 8 to December 8, 1990. The show was created by children's author Shane DeRolf.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide.

## Plot

The series follows the antics of a university college populated by different animals.

## Voice cast

- Michael Horton as Boink

- Jerry Houser as Grizzle

- Brian Cummings as Bully

- Neil Ross as Logan Chomper

- Tress MacNeille as Ms. Devine

- Susan Silo as Tess

- S. Scott Bullock as Slogo Bonito

- Stu Rosen as Dr. Russell

- Danny Mann as Rarf

- Lee Thomas as Seymour

- Dorian Harewood as Buck, Rawld-O

## Crew

- Stu Rosen - Voice Director