2007 in Georgia (country)

# 2007 in Georgia (country)

## Abstract

2007 in Georgia saw a number of military incidents involving Georgia and Russia over the Abkhazia area. Abkhazia is a partially recognised state within Georgia's territory. In March, Georgia accused Russia of attacking the Kodori Valley in Upper Abkhazia, which was the only area in Abkhazia that Georgia controlled. Russia denied the claims, saying that their aircraft in the area were grounded at the time. In August, Georgia claimed that Russia fired a missile into Georgia. This claim was confirmed by 2 investigation teams but challenged by a Russian investigation team. Also in August, Georgia claimed it shot down Russian aircraft that were in Georgia's airspace over the Georgia-controlled Upper Abkhazia area. Russia denied this claim and Abkhazia said that it was an American or Georgian aircraft that crashed in Abkhazia. Abkhazia also held elections that were not recognised by any countries. The president was Mikheil Saakashvili, who stepped down in November to run in the 2008 elections, which he won, again becoming president and replacing Nino Burjanadze who had been acting president since he stepped down.

## Incumbents

- President of Georgia: Mikheil Saakashvili (25 January 2004 – 25 November 2007); Nino Burjanadze (acting; since 25 November 2007)

- Prime Minister: Zurab Noghaideli (17 February 2005 – 16 November 2007); Lado Gurgenidze (since 22 November 2007)

- Chairperson of the Parliament: Nino Burjanadze (24 March 2004 – 25 November 2007); Mikheil Machavariani (acting; since 25 November 2007)

## Events

- 4 March - Parliamentary elections, considered illegal by Georgia and not recognized by any other country, are held in breakaway Abkhazia.

- 11 March - 2007 Georgia helicopter attack incident: Georgia accuses Russian air force of shelling the Kodori Valley (Upper Abkhazia).

- 13 April – The Parliament of Georgia approves the law on Provisional Administration of South Ossetia.

- 10–12 May - Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007: Georgia debuts, with Sopho Khalvashi, at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, and finishes twelfth in the final contest.

- 7 August - 2007 Georgia missile incident: Georgia accuses Russian air force of targeting a Radar installation on its territory.

- 21 August - 2007 Georgia plane downing incident: conflicting accounts report a plane crash in Abkhazia, sparking a new round of accusations.

- 1 September - TV Sakartvelo television channel is launched.

- 20 September - Bokhundjara incident: Georgian Special Forces raid a military training camp in breakaway Abkhazia, killing two Russian instructors.

- 7 November - 2007 Georgian demonstrations: Police breaks up the anti-government demonstrations in Tbilisi; nationwide state of emergency is declared.

- 8 November - Early presidential elections are announced to be held on 5 January 2008.

- 25 November - The incumbent President Mikheil Saakashvili resigns the post to rerun for the early presidential elections; the parliamentary chairperson Nino Burjanadze becomes the acting head of state.

## Deaths

- 20 May - Guram Sharadze (born 1940), a Georgian historian and politician; gunned down in Tbilisi.

- 16 November - Goderdzi Chokheli (born 1954), a Georgian novelist, scriptwriter, and film director.


1874 in Germany

# 1874 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1874 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Emperor – William I

- Chancellor – Otto von Bismarck

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Ludwig II

- King of Prussia – William I

- King of Saxony – Albert

- King of Württemberg – Charles

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick I

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Louis III

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis II

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Frederick William

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Peter II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Charles Alexander

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – George Albert, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Günther Friedrich Karl II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold III, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – William, Duke of Brunswick

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

## Events

- 10 January – German federal election, 1874

### Date unknown

- German company HeidelbergCement is founded.

### Science

- Georg Cantor 's paper, Ueber eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen ("On a Property of the Collection of All Real Algebraic Numbers") is published in Crelle's Journal, considered as the origin of set theory.

## Births

- 1 January – Gustav Albin Weißkopf, German-born aviation pioneer (died 1927)

- 1 February – Hugo von Hofmannsthal, German poet, dramatist and novelist (died 1929)

- 19 February – Max Adalbert, German actor (died 1933)

- 20 March – Börries von Münchhausen, German poet (died 1945)

- 7 April – Friedrich Kayßler, German actor (died 1945)

- 15 April – Johannes Stark, German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (died 1957)

- 20 April – Carl Bergmann, German banker and diplomat (died 1935)

- 3 May – Ernst Scholz, German lawyer and politician (died 1932)

- 4 May – Bernhard Hoetger, German painter (died 1949)

- 2 June – Ludwig Roselius, German businessman (died 1943)

- 5 July – Eugen Fischer, German physician (died 1967)

- 7 July – Erwin Bumke, German judge (died 1945)

- 17 July – Max Maurenbrecher, SPD and Fatherland Party politician (died 1930)

- 28 July – Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (died 1945)

- 29 July – August Stramm, German poet and playwright (died 1915)

- 27 August – Carl Bosch, German chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (died 1940)

- 12 September – Paul Kuhn, German operatic tenor (died 1966)

- 21 September – Karl Jarres, German politician (died 1951)

- 15 October - Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, German nobleman (died 1899)

- 16 October – Otto Mueller, German painter (died 1930)

- 17 October – Ludwig Siebert, German politician (died 1942)

- 1 November - Wilhelm Dittmann, German politician (died 1954)

- 14 November – Adolf Brand, German writer (died 1945)

- 17 November – Eduard Fresenius, German entrepreneur (died 1946)

- 11 December - Paul Wegener, German actor (died 1948)

- 14 December – Adam Stegerwald, German politician (died 1945)

- 26 December – Hans von Rosenberg, German diplomat and politician (died 1937)

## Deaths

- 5 January - Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf, German writer and librarian (born 1804)

- 14 January – Johann Philipp Reis, German scientist (born 1834)

- 19 January – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (born 1798)

- 26 February - Johann Georg Ludwig Hesekiel, German writer (born 1819)

- 1 April – August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff, German statesman (born 1797)

- 7 April - Wilhelm von Kaulbach, German painter (born 1805)

- 20 April – Gustav Bläser, German sculptor (born 1813)

- 23 October – Abraham Geiger, German rabbi and scholar, considered the founding father of Reform Judaism (born 1810)

- 2 November - Ernst Gotthelf Gersdorf, German writer and librarian (born 1804)

- 15 November - Heinrich Brockhaus, German publisher (born 1804)

- 7 December - Constantin von Tischendorf, German biblical scholar (born 1815)

- 27 December – Ernst Litfaß, German printer and publisher (born 1816)


# List of American open-wheel racing national champions

## Abstract

American open-wheel car racing is the highest form of professional formula racing for open-wheel single-seater cars in North America. The sport was administered by the American Automobile Association (AAA) in 1905 until 1955 when the United States Auto Club (USAC) ran open-wheel racing starting from 1956 after the AAA dissolved its Contest Board in the wake of the 1955 Le Mans disaster and the fatal accident of driver Bill Vukovich. USAC remained the sole governing body until 1979 when a group of disenchanted race team owners established the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) series. A disagreement between CART and Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony George resulted in the establishment of the Indy Racing League (IRL) in 1996 and the series rivalled CART before the latter went bankrupt in 2003 and was renamed the Champ Car World Series (CCWS) in 2004. The CCWS and the IRL merged in February 2008 to unify American open-wheel car racing and the merged body has run the sport under the IndyCar Series name since then.

The season consists of a series of races held variously on permanent road courses, closed city streets and oval tracks, usually in the United States and in a few cases abroad. The Drivers' Championship is presented to the most successful open-wheel driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual race results. The Drivers' Championship is won when it is no longer mathematically possible for another competitor to overtake their points total regardless of the outcome of the remaining races, although is not officially awarded until the Victory Lap Celebration banquet that takes place after the season has ended. The winning driver and team owner are presented with a replica of the sterling silver Astor Cup and the driver's name is laser-etched into three black granite bases that support the permanent trophy on display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum.

As of 2023, 67 drivers from 11 different countries have won a national American open-wheel championship. The first national American open-wheel champion was Barney Oldfield in the 1905 AAA Championship Car season, and the current national title holder is Álex Palou in the 2023 IndyCar Series. A. J. Foyt holds the record for the most Drivers' Championships, having won the title on seven occasions. Scott Dixon is second with six titles, and Mario Andretti, Sébastien Bourdais, and Dario Franchitti are joint third with four titles each. Bourdais also holds the record for the most consecutive Drivers' Championships with four CCWS championships won between the 2004 and 2007 seasons, which is also the record for the most overall CART/CCWS titles. Louis Meyer and Ted Horn hold the record for the most AAA titles, having won the sanctioning body's championship three times. Foyt was the most successful competitor of the USAC era with seven series titles. Dixon is the most successful driver in the IndyCar Series with six series championships.

## Key

## By driver

Drivers in bold are entered in the 2023 IndyCar Series.

## Records

### Consecutive championships

15 drivers have won consecutive National Championships. Only A. J. Foyt has achieved the feat on two separate occasions.

Drivers in bold were entered in the 2022 IndyCar Series.


2024 IndyCar Series

# 2024 IndyCar Series

## Abstract

The 2024 NTT IndyCar Series was the 113th official championship season of American open wheel racing and the 29th season under IndyCar Series sanction. Its showcase event was the 108th running of the Indianapolis 500.

Spanish driver Álex Palou entered the season as the defending champion, having obtained his second IndyCar title in 2023, while Josef Newgarden entered the season as the defending Indianapolis 500 winner. Newgarden won his second consecutive Indianapolis 500, the first driver to do so since Hélio Castroneves in 2001 and 2002.

## Background and series news

The 2.2-liter engines used in the series are scheduled to have hybrid technology implemented after the original plans to debut a new 2.4-liter hybrid engine formula were postponed to 2027. The original plan was to introduce the hybrid powertrain at the start of the season in St. Petersburg, but on December 7, 2023, IndyCar announced a delay to its introduction, until after the Indianapolis 500. IndyCar announced on May 14, 2024, that the new hybrid powertrain would debut at Mid-Ohio.

This is also the final year of IndyCar's current television contract with NBC Sports, which began in 2019 and was extended in 2021. For 2025, the series' television coverage will move to Fox for all races.

New race restart procedures were introduced for 2024. On restarts, a new "restart line" was introduced, which drivers must pass before making overtaking attempts. The rule was introduced in response to a large number of incidents in 2023 that occurred from cars attempting to overtake early on race restarts.

For all oval events, the series mandated new, stronger rear suspension uprights on all cars. The new components were introduced in response to an incident during the 2023 Indianapolis 500 where a rear wheel assembly broke free from a car (specifically the Andretti No. 27 of Kyle Kirkwood who got collected by the spinning Arrow McLaren No. 6 of Felix Rosenqvist) and was launched over the catch fence meant to contain cars to the race circuit.

## Confirmed entries

The following teams, entries, and drivers compete in the 2024 NTT IndyCar Series season. All teams use a spec Dallara DW12 chassis with 2018 universal aero kit and Firestone tires.

### Driver changes

#### Preseason

- On January 12, 2023, Arrow McLaren confirmed reports that 2021 NASCAR Cup Series champion Kyle Larson would drive for the team in the Indianapolis 500, with the entry to be co-owned by Larson's Cup Series car owner Rick Hendrick.

- On August 11, 2023, Meyer Shank Racing confirmed reports that its IMSA driver Tom Blomqvist would drive for its No. 66 entry full-time in 2024, with 4-time Indianapolis 500 winner Hélio Castroneves moving to an Indy-only role for the team, as well as receiving an ownership stake in the team.

- On August 23, 2023, Andretti Autosport confirmed reports that 2022 Indianapolis 500 winner Marcus Ericsson would join the team, departing Chip Ganassi Racing after four seasons, replacing Romain Grosjean. Ganassi stated on social media the same day that it would announce driver updates "in due course". On August 31, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing confirmed reports that 2022 Indy Lights champion Linus Lundqvist would join the team on a full-time basis, ultimately replacing Ericsson in the No. 8 car.

- On September 2, 2023, NBC Sports reported that Romain Grosjean told them that he would be departing Andretti Autosport after two seasons with the team. On October 4, 2023, Grosjean released a statement confirming his departure from Andretti, and that he has commenced an arbitration proceeding in Indiana against the team, saying that he had expected to continue racing with the team "in the coming years".

- On October 4, 2023, Grosjean released a statement confirming his departure from Andretti, and that he has commenced an arbitration proceeding in Indiana against the team, saying that he had expected to continue racing with the team "in the coming years".

- On September 5, 2023, Meyer Shank Racing confirmed reports that Felix Rosenqvist had signed to drive the No. 60 entry in a multi-year deal. Rosenqvist departed Arrow McLaren after three seasons.

- On September 5, 2023, 2019 Indianapolis 500 winner and 2016 IndyCar Series champion Simon Pagenaud released a statement confirming his departure from Meyer Shank Racing after two seasons, saying that he would be focusing on his recovery from injuries sustained in a crash during practice at Mid-Ohio in 2023.

- On September 7, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing confirmed reports that Marcus Armstrong had re-signed with the team on a full-time basis with a multi-year contract, having served as road/street course driver alongside Takuma Sato in 2023.

- On September 8, 2023, Arrow McLaren confirmed reports that David Malukas had signed to drive the No. 6 entry full-time in 2024, departing Dale Coyne Racing after two seasons.

- On September 18, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing announced that development driver Kyffin Simpson would join the team full time in 2024, expanding the team to 5 cars.

- On October 23, 2023, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Haas F1 Team reserve driver Pietro Fittipaldi would drive the team's No. 30 entry full-time in 2024, making his first start in the series since the 2021 season. The same day, RLL confirmed that Jüri Vips, who drove the No. 30 entry in the final two races of 2023, would remain under contract with the team, with the possibility of part-time competition in a fourth entry, testing duties and opportunities in IMSA competition.

- On October 25, 2023, Ed Carpenter Racing announced that 2023 Indy NXT champion Christian Rasmussen would drive the team's No. 20 entry on road and street courses in 2024, and in a third entry at the Indianapolis 500. Team owner/driver Ed Carpenter will compete in all oval races in the No. 20, having driven for the team's third entry for the last two seasons.

- On October 26, 2023, Juncos Hollinger Racing announced that they had mutually decided to part ways with driver Callum Ilott after three seasons together. On November 2, 2023, Juncos confirmed that Romain Grosjean signed for the team, replacing the outgoing Ilott.

- On December 15, 2023, A. J. Foyt Racing announced that Sting Ray Robb would drive the No. 41 entry full-time for the 2024 season, leaving Dale Coyne Racing after one season. Initial reports covering the announcement stated that Robb was to replace Benjamin Pedersen, with the entry being renumbered to 41 from the 55 which Pedersen drove in 2023. However, later that day, Pedersen released a statement on social media implying that he had not left the team and that Robb would be joining as his teammate, with team director Larry Foyt being non-committal when directly asked if Robb was replacing Pedersen during a teleconference with media. On January 9, 2024, Larry Foyt confirmed that Pedersen was departing the team as his contract had "lapsed".

- On February 1, 2024, Dreyer & Reinbold Racing / Cusick Motorsports confirmed plans to field a joint entry for the Indianapolis 500, with Ryan Hunter-Reay and Conor Daly serving as drivers of the No. 23 and No. 24 cars, respectively.

- On February 13, 2024, David Malukas confirmed that he had injured his wrist while mountain biking and would miss the first race of the season to recover. Callum Ilott was announced as his replacement on March 5, and also competed at the non-championship event at The Thermal Club.

- On February 15, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Takuma Sato would return to the team to compete in the Indianapolis 500.

- On March 5, Dale Coyne Racing announced that Jack Harvey would drive the No. 18 entry in 14 races this year, with 2023 Indy NXT rookie of the year Nolan Siegel partaking in events that do not clash with his Indy NXT commitments, including the Indianapolis 500. Coyne also confirmed sports car and former NASCAR driver Colin Braun would drive the No. 51 in at least the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and the non-championship event at The Thermal Club.

#### Mid-season

- Throughout the season, Dale Coyne Racing would announce multiple drivers for its No. 51 entry: On April 9, that Katherine Legge would drive for the No. 51 entry for the Indianapolis 500. Legge returned to the car for the Iowa double-header. On April 15, that Nolan Siegel would switch from the No. 18 to the No. 51 at Long Beach, and that Jack Harvey would race the No. 18 at Long Beach, extending his program in that entry to 15 races. On April 25, that former Williams F1 test driver Luca Ghiotto would drive the No. 51 at Barber Motorsports Park and the Indianapolis Grand Prix. On June 4, Ghiotto was announced to return to the car for Road America and Laguna Seca. On May 29, that 2013 IndyCar Series rookie of the year Tristan Vautier would drive the No. 51 at Detroit. On June 26, that former Indy NXT driver Toby Sowery would drive the No. 51 at Mid-Ohio, making his IndyCar debut. On July 17, it was announced that Sowery would make two additional starts in Toronto and Portland.

- On April 9, that Katherine Legge would drive for the No. 51 entry for the Indianapolis 500. Legge returned to the car for the Iowa double-header.

- On April 15, that Nolan Siegel would switch from the No. 18 to the No. 51 at Long Beach, and that Jack Harvey would race the No. 18 at Long Beach, extending his program in that entry to 15 races.

- On April 25, that former Williams F1 test driver Luca Ghiotto would drive the No. 51 at Barber Motorsports Park and the Indianapolis Grand Prix. On June 4, Ghiotto was announced to return to the car for Road America and Laguna Seca.

- On May 29, that 2013 IndyCar Series rookie of the year Tristan Vautier would drive the No. 51 at Detroit.

- On June 26, that former Indy NXT driver Toby Sowery would drive the No. 51 at Mid-Ohio, making his IndyCar debut. On July 17, it was announced that Sowery would make two additional starts in Toronto and Portland.

- On April 9, Arrow McLaren confirmed that David Malukas would miss the second round at Long Beach and that Callum Ilott was unavailable due to a conflicting FIA World Endurance Championship round. On April 18, reigning Formula 2 champion Théo Pourchaire was announced as the driver of the No. 6 car for Long Beach. On April 23, Pourchaire was confirmed to drive at Barber.

- On April 29, Arrow McLaren announced the release of Malukas from his contract, citing the reason that he still had no confirmed return date from the wrist injuries sustained in the mountain bike accident on February 11. On May 9, Pourchaire was confirmed to drive the No. 6 for the remainder of the season, bar the Indianapolis 500 in which Ilott will drive.

- On May 29, Meyer Shank Racing announced that Hélio Castroneves would drive the No. 66 at Detroit and Road America, replacing Tom Blomqvist. Blomqvist remains signed to a multi-year contract with the team, but Marshall Pruett of RACER.com reported that it was "unclear" whether or not he would return to the entry. On June 7, Meyer Shank Racing announced that David Malukas would drive the No. 66 in all races after Road America, also confirming that Blomqvist would not return to the entry.

- On June 7, Juncos Hollinger Racing announced that Nolan Siegel would drive the No. 78 entry at Road America, with Agustín Canapino taking a "leave of absence" following the online abuse from some of Canapino's fans directed at Théo Pourchaire following the Detroit Grand Prix.

- On June 18, Arrow McLaren announced that Nolan Siegel had signed a multi-year contract for the No. 6 and would be driving for the remainder of the season, replacing Pourchaire. With Siegel having been scheduled to drive the No. 18 car for Dale Coyne Racing in Toronto prior to signing with Arrow McLaren, it was announced on July 16 that 2023 Indy NXT runner-up Hunter McElrea would drive the No. 18 car at the event.

- With Siegel having been scheduled to drive the No. 18 car for Dale Coyne Racing in Toronto prior to signing with Arrow McLaren, it was announced on July 16 that 2023 Indy NXT runner-up Hunter McElrea would drive the No. 18 car at the event.

- On July 14, following Jack Harvey 's withdrawal from the event due to neck pains, Conor Daly drove for Dale Coyne Racing's No. 18 entry for the second Iowa race as an injury substitute.

- On July 19, Arrow McLaren confirmed that Alexander Rossi suffered a broken right thumb in practice for the race in Toronto and was not medically cleared to continue in the event. Théo Pourchaire replaced Rossi in Toronto. On August 8, Rossi was confirmed to make his return at Gateway.

- On August 7, Agustín Canapino and Juncos Hollinger Racing parted ways. On August 14, Conor Daly was announced as Canapino's replacement for the remainder of the season.

- On August 7, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Jüri Vips would drive for the team in a fourth car for the round at Portland International Raceway.

- On August 28, Ed Carpetner Racing announced that Christian Rasmussen would replace owner/driver Ed Carpenter in the final three races of the season in the No. 20 entry.

### Team changes

#### Preseason

- On September 5, 2023, Andretti Autosport announced a rebrand that would take effect for the 2024 season, with all of its race teams running under the Andretti Global banner.

- On October 3, 2023, Arrow McLaren and Juncos Hollinger Racing announced the formation of a strategic alliance that "may evolve over time", beginning with a "commercial and strategic focus" and "talent development opportunity".

- On November 10, 2023, Andretti Global confirmed that they would drop to three entries from four for the 2024 season.

#### Mid-season

- Abel Motorsports was planning to enter the Indy 500, but the team shelved its efforts on May 3 due to lack of sponsorship. On the same press release, team manager John Brunner stated the team could look into competing at other races later in the season.

- On June 6, Arrow McLaren terminated the strategic alliance with Juncos Hollinger Racing, citing the online abuse including death threats directed towards McLaren driver Théo Pourchaire from fans of JHR driver Agustín Canapino following the race at Detroit, and Canapino's response to the incidents.

## Schedule

The schedule was released on September 25, 2023.

O Oval/Speedway R Road course S Street circuit NC Non-championship race

### Schedule changes

- On August 3, IndyCar announced that the Music City Grand Prix would host the season finale from 2024 onwards. The 2024 race was scheduled to feature a new layout running through Broadway in Downtown Nashville, but still featuring the Korean War Memorial Bridge. Laguna Seca 's date was moved to June to accommodate this. On February 14, 2024 – and due to anticipated construction beginning on the New Nissan Stadium which would interfere with the circuit – the race was moved 30 miles (48 kilometres) east to Nashville Superspeedway in Lebanon, Tennessee, for the first IndyCar race at the track since 2008.

- On September 10, it was announced that The Thermal Club would host an exhibition race on March 24, 2024, with the winner earning $1 million. The event will be the first non-point paying event since the 2008 Nikon Indy 300 at Surfers Paradise, and the first American Championship car race in Riverside County, California since 1983.

- On September 25, IndyCar released the 2024 schedule. The Texas race, which had been a feature of the schedule from the 1996–97 season, will not return in 2024. Additionally, the Gallagher Grand Prix, the second road course date at Indianapolis, will not return in 2024, as NASCAR returns to the oval for the Brickyard 400 instead of the road course they had used since 2020 ending the joint IndyCar–NASCAR weekend where both series raced at the same venue on the same weekend. Both races were replaced by the Milwaukee Mile Doubleheader. Night races will also be reintroduced for the Saturday Iowa race and Gateway.

## Points standings

- Ties are broken by number of wins, followed by number of 2nds, 3rds, etc.; then by finishing position in the previous race; then by random draw.

### Driver standings

- At all races except the Indy 500, the pole position qualifier earns 1 point (unless qualifying is not held). The twelve Indy 500 qualifiers who qualify for the fast 12 session receive points based on the results of that session, descending from 12 points for first place.

- Drivers who lead at least one race lap are awarded 1 point. The driver who leads the most laps during a race scores an additional 2 points.

- Entrant-initiated engine change-outs before the engine reaches their required distance run result in the loss of 10 points.

### Entrant standings

- Only full-time entries shown. Light-gray background indicates non-Leader's Circle entry.


Plastic in art

# Plastic in art

## Abstract

Within the 20th century, there came the use of plastics in art. In the latter half of the century, plastic technology advanced so that it was feasible for artists to start using plastic and acrylics as an artwork medium.

## Using found plastic

Art made of commodity materials sometimes uses found objects made of plastic. Plastic containers are useful in papier-mâché for building frames.

Environmental artists are using salvaged beach plastic to create art as a means of bringing awareness of plastic pollution in Earth's oceans. Examples include: Judith Selby Lang and Richard Lang, Tess Felix, members of Women Eco Artists Dialog, and the photography of Chris Jordan.

## Use of liquid acrylics

Liquid acrylics can be used to create two- and three-dimensional plastic images and objects. Artist, Tyler Turkle, pours multiple thin layers of pigmented liquid acrylic to form sheets of plastic that result in paintings and sculptures. After adequate drying time between applications, these solid plastic sheets can be readily peeled off most surfaces and re-adhered to others.


Paul McCartney and Wings

# Paul McCartney and Wings

## Abstract

Paul McCartney and Wings, often billed simply as Wings, were an English-American rock band formed in 1971 in London by former Beatles songwriter, bassist, guitarist, and singer Paul McCartney; his wife Linda McCartney on keyboards; session drummer Denny Seiwell; and former Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine. They were noted for their commercial successes, musical eclecticism, and frequent personnel changes. They went through three lead guitarists and four drummers. The core trio of the McCartneys and Laine, however, remained intact throughout the group's existence.

Created following the McCartneys' 1971 album Ram, the band's first two albums, Wild Life (1971) and Red Rose Speedway (1973) (the latter featuring guitarist Henry McCullough), were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul's work with the Beatles. After the release of the title track of the James Bond film Live and Let Die, McCullough and Seiwell resigned from the band. The McCartneys and Laine then released 1973's Band on the Run, a commercial and critical success that spawned two top-ten singles in " Jet " and the title track. Following that album, the band recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton, only for Britton to quit shortly afterward and be replaced by Joe English. With the new line-up, Wings released 1975's Venus and Mars, which included the US number one single " Listen to What the Man Said ", and undertook a highly successful world tour over 1975–76. Intended as more of a group effort, Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976) was issued midway through the tour and featured the hit singles " Silly Love Songs " and " Let 'Em In ".

In 1977, the band earned their only UK number one single, with " Mull of Kintyre ", which became one of the best-selling singles in history. Wings experienced another line-up shuffle, however, with both McCulloch and English departing before the release of the group's 1978 album London Town. The McCartneys and Laine again added new members, recruiting guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holley. The resulting album, Back to the Egg, was a relative flop, with its singles under-performing and the critical reception negative. During the supporting tour, Paul was arrested in Japan for cannabis possession, putting the band on hold. Despite a final US number one with a live-recorded version of " Coming Up " (1980), Wings discontinued in 1981 after Laine departed from the band. In total, the band had six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100.

## History

### Origins

After the Beatles' break-up in 1970, McCartney recorded two solo albums: McCartney (1970), credited to himself, and Ram (1971), with his wife, Linda McCartney. He had insisted from the beginning of their marriage that Linda should be involved in his musical projects, notwithstanding her lack of previous experience as a musician, so that they did not have to be apart when he was on tour. Ram was recorded in New York City, where McCartney auditioned a number of drummers and guitarists, selecting Seiwell and guitarist David Spinozza. When Spinozza became unavailable because of other session commitments, Hugh McCracken was enlisted to take his place.

### 1971–1973: First line-up

After the release of Ram, McCartney decided to form a new group and asked Seiwell and McCracken to join. Seiwell accepted, but McCracken declined, so McCartney invited Denny Laine, whom he had known since the early 1960s, to join. Laine, who was working on a solo album at the time, got a phone call from McCartney enquiring if he would like to work with him, as McCartney said: "I'd known him in the past and I just rang him and asked him, 'What are you doing?' He said, 'Nothing', so I said, 'Right. Come on then!'" Laine then dropped plans for his album there and then. As he had in the Beatles, McCartney would serve as the chief bassist and lead singer for Wings and he doubled on guitar, keyboards, drums and assorted instruments at various times. When asked why he stayed on bass guitar rather than change back to guitar after the Beatles disbanded, he has explained that by then, he was "a bass player pretty much, who also happened to play guitar" and also considers himself a bassist who happens to play piano.

In August 1971, Seiwell and Laine joined Paul and Linda McCartney to record Paul's third post-Beatles album for Apple Records. The result was Wild Life, released 7 December. It was the first project to credit Wings as the artist. The band name is said to have come to McCartney as he was praying in the hospital while Linda was giving birth to their second child together, Stella, on 13 September 1971. Paul McCartney recalled in the film Wingspan that the birth of Stella was "a bit of a drama"; there were complications at the birth and that both Linda and the baby almost died. He was praying fervently and the image of wings came to his mind. He decided to name his new band "Wings."

In an attempt to capture the spontaneity of live performances, five of Wild Life' s eight songs were first takes by the band. The album included a cover of Mickey & Sylvia 's " Love Is Strange ". Like Ram, Wild Life left music critics cold, a response that typified the anti-McCartney sentiments that prevailed among the music press following the Beatles' break-up. In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler called Wild Life "rushed, defensive, badly timed, and over-publicized", and wrote that it showed McCartney's songwriting "at an absolute nadir just when he needed a little respect". Wings similarly struggled to gain artistic credibility, particularly during the early 1970s, with critics, fans and McCartney's musical peers alike ridiculing the inclusion of Linda as a keyboard player and backing vocalist.

On 24 January 1972, McCartney added to the Wings line-up guitarist Henry McCullough, after he had tried out for the band. The new line-up immediately mounted an impromptu tour of UK universities (with the group driving around in a van), followed by a tour of small European venues. Although this was the first tour including an ex-Beatle after the Beatles broke up, Wings played no Beatles numbers during the tour, to show that it was a new band in its own right.

In February 1972, Wings released a single called " Give Ireland Back to the Irish ", a response to the events of Bloody Sunday. The song was banned by the BBC for its anti- Unionist political stance. Despite limited airplay, it reached number 16 in the UK, as well as number 1 in both the Republic of Ireland and Spain. Wings released a children's song, " Mary Had a Little Lamb ", as its next single, which reached the top 10 in the UK. Although some critics interpreted it as a sarcastic reaction to the ban on "Give Ireland Back to the Irish", it was in fact a serious effort by McCartney to record a song for children. Wings followed it with December 1972's " Hi, Hi, Hi ", which was again banned by the BBC, this time for its alleged drug and sexual references. The B-side, " C Moon ", was played instead. The single peaked at number 5 in the UK.

The band were renamed "Paul McCartney and Wings" for the 1973 album Red Rose Speedway (and for the follow-up Band on the Run), which yielded their first US number 1 hit, " My Love ". The album included two tracks left over from the Ram sessions and was originally intended as a two-record set. After producer Glyn Johns had walked out on the project, however, McCartney conceded to EMI 's opinion that the material was "substandard" and cut it down to a single disc. Among the unreleased songs from the seven-month sessions was the Linda composition "Seaside Woman", which was finally issued in 1977, credited to "Suzy and the Red Stripes".

Near the end of the Red Rose Speedway sessions, in October 1972, Wings recorded the theme song to the James Bond film Live and Let Die, which reunited McCartney with Beatles producer/arranger George Martin. Issued as a non-album single in mid-1973, "Live and Let Die" became a worldwide hit and has remained a highlight of McCartney's post-Wings concert performances (often accompanied by pyrotechnics). That same year, McCartney and Wings filmed a TV special, the critically maligned James Paul McCartney, which featured footage of the group performing in outdoor settings and in front of a studio audience.

After a successful British tour in May–June 1973, Wings went into rehearsals for their next album. McCullough and Seiwell abruptly left the band in August, however, at the end of rehearsals. Both musicians were disenchanted with the group's musical direction and Linda's inclusion; McCullough also objected to McCartney's domineering attitude towards him as a guitar player, while Seiwell had long felt aggrieved at the lack of a formalised financial arrangement and his status as a lowly paid sideman.

With the band reduced to a trio, the McCartneys and Laine cut what turned out to be Wings' most successful album, Band on the Run, at EMI 's primitive eight-track recording studio in Lagos, Nigeria. The album went to number 1 in both the US and UK and spawned three hit singles: the rockers " Jet " and " Helen Wheels " (originally included only on the US version of the album) and the title track—a suite of movements recalling side two of Abbey Road. It also included " Let Me Roll It " and " No Words ", the first Wings song on which Laine received a co-writing credit beside the McCartneys. Band on the Run enjoyed a highly favourable response from music critics and restored McCartney's tarnished post-Beatles image.

### 1974–1978: Second line-up

After Band on the Run, Jimmy McCulloch, former lead guitarist in Thunderclap Newman and Stone the Crows, joined the band. The first Wings project with McCulloch was McGear, a 1974 collaboration between Paul and his younger brother Mike McGear, with session musician Gerry Conway playing drums. Warner Bros. Records chose not to play up the "Wings" angle in its marketing for McGear, and the album sold poorly. However, the sessions also generated a single credited to McGear's group the Scaffold, "Liverpool Lou", which became a top-10 hit in the UK. Shortly thereafter, Geoff Britton joined Wings on drums, and the first recording session with this full line-up was held in Nashville, where the band stayed at the farm of songwriter Curly Putman Jr. The trip was immortalised in the 1974 non-album single " Junior's Farm ", backed with a straight country track entitled " Sally G ", the group's last release on Apple Records. In a rare occurrence for this era, both sides of the single separately reached the Billboard Top 20 in the US.

Wings began recording sessions for their next album in London in November 1974, then moved to New Orleans to complete Venus and Mars (1975), the first release from the group on Capitol Records. The album topped the charts and contained the US number 1 single " Listen to What the Man Said ", which also featured Dave Mason, formerly of Traffic, on guitar and Tom Scott on saxophone. When the Venus and Mars recording sessions moved to New Orleans, Britton quit Wings and was replaced by Joe English who won the job at a secret audition before McCartney. In late 1975 Wings embarked on the Wings Over the World tour, following a postponement to allow McCulloch to recuperate from a hand fracture. Starting in Bristol, the tour took them to Australia (November), Europe (March 1976), the US (May/June), and Europe again (September), before ending in a four-night grand finale at London's Wembley Empire Pool. For this tour, added to Wings' stage act was a horn section consisting of Tony Dorsey, Howie Casey, Thaddeus Richard and Steve Howard, on saxes, brass and percussion.

In between sections of the tour, Wings recorded Wings at the Speed of Sound, which was released at the end of March 1976, just prior to the US leg of the world tour. It represented a departure from the previous Wings template in that each of the five members of the band (including English) sang lead on at least one song. However, the two singles, " Silly Love Songs " and " Let 'Em In " (the former a US number one), were both sung by Paul. Four of the album tracks were played in the 1976 portion of the tour, which also included five Beatles songs. One of the Seattle concerts from the American leg of the 1975–76 world tour was filmed and later released as the concert feature Rockshow (1980). The tour's American leg, which also included Madison Square Garden in New York City and Boston Garden in Massachusetts, spawned a triple live album, Wings over America (1976), which became the fifth consecutive Wings album to reach number 1 in the US. From this album came a single release of the live version of " Maybe I'm Amazed " originally from the McCartney album. The single's flipside was " Soily ", a previously unreleased rocker that was often used as a closer for the concerts.

After the tour, and following the release of "Maybe I'm Amazed" in early 1977, Wings took a break. Later in the year, the band started recording their next album in the Virgin Islands, but the sessions were interrupted by Linda's pregnancy and then by the departures of both McCulloch and English. McCulloch, who joined Small Faces, died of morphine and alcohol poisoning in 1979. English joined Chuck Leavell 's band Sea Level and later founded the Christian-oriented Joe English Band.

Undeterred by their departure, Wings released the already-completed McCartney–Laine ballad " Mull of Kintyre ", an ode to the Scottish coastal region where McCartney had made his home in the early 1970s. Its broad appeal was maximised by a pre-Christmas release. It became an international hit, dominating the charts in Britain (where it was Wings' only number 1 single), Australia and many other countries over the Christmas/New Year period. Ultimately, it became the first single to exceed sales of 2 million in the UK, eclipsing the previous all-time best-seller (the Beatles' "She Loves You"), and remains one of the biggest-selling UK singles of all time. However, it was not a success in the US, where the B-side "Girls School" received most of the airplay but barely reached the top 40.

The core trio of Wings then released the album London Town in 1978. Though only the remaining trio are pictured on the sleeve, much of the album included McCulloch and English, having been recorded before their departures. Laine, however, remained and was co-credited on five of the tracks, including the title song. It was a commercial success, although it became the first Wings album since Wild Life not to reach number 1 in the US (peaking at number 2). London Town featured a markedly softer-rock, synth-based sound than previous Wings albums. " With a Little Luck " reached number 1 in the US and number 5 in the UK, but " I've Had Enough " and " London Town " were commercial disappointments in both countries.

### 1978–1981: Third line-up

Later in 1978, lead guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holley joined the band, restoring Wings to touring strength. In 1979, McCartney signed a new record contract, leaving Capitol, the company he had been with in the US and Canada since he was a Beatle, and joining Columbia Records, while remaining with Parlophone in the rest of the world. Influenced by the punk and new wave scenes, Wings abandoned its mellow touch and hired Chris Thomas to help in the production process. The result was a somewhat less polished sound. This new version of Wings released the disco-oriented single " Goodnight Tonight ", backed by " Daytime Nighttime Suffering ", which reached the top 5 in both the US and UK. However, the subsequent album Back to the Egg was not favourably received by critics and although it went platinum in the US, sales were disappointing in comparison to its immediate predecessors. It contained the Grammy -winning song " Rockestra Theme ", the result of an October 1978 superstar session with members of Wings, the Who, Led Zeppelin, and Pink Floyd, among others. Three singles, " Old Siam, Sir " (UK only), " Getting Closer ", and " Arrow Through Me " (US only), were culled from the album, but performed poorly on the charts. During much of 1979, Wings were inactive as McCartney worked on a new solo album (McCartney II) without the band.

In November and December 1979, Wings toured the UK, once again adding the horns and brass section consisting of Tony Dorsey, Howie Casey, Thaddeus Richard, and Steve Howard. This tour climaxed with a massive " Rockestra " all-star collection of musicians in London in aid of UNICEF and Kampuchean refugees. Also during this tour, a live version of the McCartney II track " Coming Up " was recorded in Glasgow and became Wings' sixth US number one hit the following year.

Paul McCartney and his family arrived in Japan on 16 January 1980 for the planned eleven-date Wings' concert tour of Japan (due to visit Budokan Hall, Tokyo from 21 to 24 January 1980; Aichi-Ken, Taiiku-Kan, Nagoya on 25–26; Festival Hall, Osaka on 28; Osaka Furitsu-Kan, Osaka on 29; Budokan Hall, Tokyo from 31 January to 2 February 1980). McCartney was arrested immediately upon arriving at New Tokyo Airport for possession of 219 grams (7.7 ounces) of marijuana (with an estimated street value of 600,000 yen) hidden in Paul's luggage. The arrest put the tour in jeopardy and Wings' music was immediately banned from all television and radio stations across Japan. Wings' Japanese promoters claimed that almost 100,000 tickets for the concerts had been sold, representing a possible loss of well over 100 million yen. The promoters had no option but to cancel all of the tour dates the day after McCartney's arrest. The other band members of Wings, except Linda, left Japan and returned to England on 21 January 1980. McCartney spent ten days in jail before being (unexpectedly) released without charge on 25 January 1980 and deported. After returning to England, McCartney decided to release his solo album McCartney II and plans for a US tour were subsequently dropped. Meanwhile, Denny Laine released the single "Japanese Tears" and formed the short-lived Denny Laine Band with Steve Holley and released a solo album Japanese Tears that December.

By 1980, McCartney was growing weary of maintaining Wings and his personal and professional aspirations began to diverge from the group. The McCartneys now had three school-age children and had moved out of London to the countryside of East Sussex, desiring that their children have a normal upbringing. Musically, McCartney was dissatisfied by the band's performances during the 1979 UK tour, and when rehearsals for the next album began in October, it was apparent his latest songs were not a good fit for the band. Consequently, he and George Martin, who would be producing the album, decided not to use Wings for recording. Instead, top session musicians and guest artists were brought in to make the best possible album. In November 1980, Holley and Juber were told they would not be needed for the new album and other than sessions in January 1981 to finish work on the Cold Cuts album of previously unreleased tracks, no further activities were scheduled for Wings. Juber has said he could see the "writing on the wall" regarding Wings' future at that point and moved to New York to continue his career there.

Laine stayed on for the Tug of War sessions in Montserrat in February 1981 but his relationship with McCartney had become strained over business and personal matters. Laine had begun to feel that he was not being adequately compensated for his role in Wings, and was particularly bitter that he was employed as a contract writer on "Mull of Kintyre", a song he co-wrote with McCartney. He had been paid a flat fee for his contributions so when the song became a hit, he did not share in the royalties. Laine was also upset with McCartney over his drug arrest in Japan which meant a loss of extra income from the tour as well as putting future tour plans in doubt. Laine's marriage was also troubled, and his wife and the McCartneys did not get along well, adding to his upset with Wings. In April 1981, Laine announced he was leaving Wings, citing the lack of tour plans as the reason. While Laine's departure effectively ended the band, a spokesman for McCartney said that Wings still continued as an active concept. McCartney finally acknowledged the band no longer existed while promoting the release of Tug of War in 1982.

### The Country Hams

The Country Hams was a pseudonym used by the group for the release of the single " Walking in the Park with Eloise " in 1974, a song written years before by Paul's father James. Wings (with guest musicians Chet Atkins and Floyd Cramer) recorded it during the sessions for Junior's Farm.

### Suzy and the Red Stripes

Suzy and the Red Stripes was a pseudonym used by the group for the release of the Linda McCartney and Wings single " Seaside Woman " in 1977. It was written and sung by Linda McCartney. It was the only release by Wings under that name. Linda said that the "Suzy and the Red Stripes" pseudonym came about because she had been called "Suzi" in Jamaica because of "a fantastic reggae version of 'Suzi Q'", and Red Stripe is Jamaica's leading brand of beer.

### Partial reunions

In March 1997, Denny Laine, Laurence Juber and Steve Holley did an impromptu "Wings" reunion at a Beatlefest convention in East Rutherford, New Jersey. This was not a planned event, and no further reunions were intended. However, ten years later, in July 2007, Laine, Juber and Denny Seiwell reunited for one show at a Beatlefest (renamed Fest for Beatles Fans) convention in Las Vegas. Among other songs, they performed "Band on the Run", "Mull of Kintyre" and "Go Now". Laine and Seiwell appeared again at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Secaucus, New Jersey, in March 2010 and were joined by Juber at the Fest in Chicago in August 2010.

Laine, Juber and Seiwell performed together at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Los Angeles, California, in October 2014; the setlist included "Hi, Hi, Hi", "Live and Let Die" and "Rockestra Theme". In August 2017, the trio performed at the festival once again, this time joined by drummer Steve Holley.

Laine, Juber, Seiwell and Holley performed together in January 2018 at Grand Oak Live, a music venue in Upland, California, headlining an event called Imagine Something Yesterday.

Laine, Juber and Holley performed again in March 2019 at the Fest for Beatles Fans in Jersey City, New Jersey performing songs from the band's final album Back to the Egg.

## Legacy

Wings had twelve top-10 singles (including one number one) in the UK and fourteen top 10 singles (including six number ones) in the US. All 23 singles released by Wings reached the US top 40, and one two-sided hit, "Junior's Farm"/"Sally G", reached the top 40 with each side. Of the nine albums released by Wings, all went top 10 in either the UK or the US, with five consecutive albums topping the US charts. Paul McCartney was unquestionably Wings' leader and dominant creative force, but Denny Laine, Jimmy McCulloch, and Linda McCartney all contributed a little in songwriting, and Laine, McCulloch, Joe English, and Linda McCartney all performed a few lead vocals.

The success of Wings was a vindication for McCartney. His first few post-Beatles albums were highly criticized and often dismissed by critics as "lightweight" next to the more serious nature of his former bandmates' solo output. But by the mid-1970s, the solo careers of the other three former Beatles were in varying degrees of decline, with John Lennon putting his career on hold in 1975 for the first five years of his son Sean 's life. A year later, George Harrison had all but retired from live performances, with his new releases failing to match the success of his initial solo output. Ringo Starr was living in Los Angeles and was writing and recording, but as a solo artist had not been performing onstage other than rare guest appearances. Meanwhile, Wings continued to tour regularly and enjoy much commercial success. According to author Robert Rosen, by 1980, Lennon was envious enough of McCartney's continuing success to make his re-emergence on the music scene.

One of the criticisms of Wings was that the other members were little more than sidemen backing up a solo McCartney. Guitarist Henry McCullough quit the band because he grew tired of being told by McCartney exactly what to play, and said that Wings were never a "real band." On the other hand, other former members of Wings such as Joe English and Laurence Juber have said that they were allowed a degree of creative freedom. In an interview, Juber, Wings' third lead guitarist, said, "I was a sideman, but the job assignment very much included considering myself a part of the band... In all its incarnations Wings sounded like a band, not like a solo McCartney project and I think that reflects well not only on Paul's ability to share in the creative process, but also on the importance of Denny and Linda's contributions, too. The other players brought their own personalities to the scene."

In addition to its own output, Wings recorded several songs that were released through various outlets both before and after the band's break-up. Denny Laine's 1977 solo album Holly Days was a joint effort by Laine with Paul and Linda McCartney; three songs on Laine's 1980 solo album Japanese Tears were performed by Wings with Laine on lead vocals; Laine also contributed to several songs on Paul McCartney's 1982 and 1983 solo albums Tug of War and Pipes of Peace, respectively. Juber's instrumental "Maisie"—which was backed by members of Wings—appeared on his solo album Standard Time. The McCartneys and Laine contributed backing vocals to George Harrison's 1981 tribute to John Lennon, " All Those Years Ago ". Linda McCartney continued to tour and record with her husband up until her death in 1998, after which a compilation of her songs entitled Wide Prairie was released that featured seven Wings songs written or co-written by her. Wings also backed Paul's brother Mike McGear on the McGear album, as well as McGear's band the Scaffold on the single "Liverpool Lou" and its B-side "Ten Years After on Strawberry Jam". Paul McCartney also used three unreleased Wings songs as B-sides of his solo singles several years after Wings' break-up.

Wings' 1977 single "Mull of Kintyre"/"Girls School" is still the biggest-selling non-charity single in the UK (although Queen 's " Bohemian Rhapsody " sold more, its sales include a reissue in aid of the Terrence Higgins Trust), and it ranked fourth in the official list of all-time best-selling singles in the UK issued in 2002.

In 2001, Wingspan: Hits and History was released, a project spanning an album and a television special retrospective.

Founding member Denny Laine died on 5 December 2023, at the age of 79.

Live in the studio album from 1974, One Hand Clapping, finally saw the release in 2024.

## Personnel

During its ten-year lifespan, Wings underwent numerous personnel changes, including twice being reduced to its core McCartney–McCartney–Laine trio.

### Members

- Paul McCartney – lead vocals, bass, guitars, piano, keyboards, drums (1971–1981)

- Linda McCartney – vocals, keyboards, piano, percussion (1971–1981; died 1998)

- Denny Laine – vocals, guitars, bass, piano, harmonica (1971–1981; died 2023)

- Denny Seiwell – drums, percussion, trumpet (1971–1973)

- Henry McCullough – guitar, drums, backing vocals (1972–1973; died 2016)

- Jimmy McCulloch – guitar, vocals, bass (1974–1977; died 1979)

- Geoff Britton – drums, percussion (1974–1975)

- Joe English – drums, percussion, vocals (1975–1977)

- Laurence Juber – guitar, backing vocals (1978–1981)

- Steve Holley – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1978–1981)

#### Timeline

Line-ups

## Discography

- Wild Life (1971)

- Red Rose Speedway (1973)

- Band on the Run (1973)

- Venus and Mars (1975)

- Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976)

- London Town (1978)

- Back to the Egg (1979)

Collaborations

- McGear (credited to Mike McGear) (1974)

- Holly Days (credited to Denny Laine) (1977)

Live

- Wings over America (1976)

- Wings over Europe (2018)

- One Hand Clapping (2024)

## Tours

Wings played five concert tours during their ten-year existence:

- Wings University Tour – 11 shows in the UK, 1972

- Wings Over Europe Tour – 25 shows, 1972

- Wings 1973 United Kingdom Tour – 21 shows, 1973

- Wings Over the World Tour – 66 shows, 1975–1976

- Wings 1979 United Kingdom Tour – 20 shows, 1979

## Awards


Michel Qissi

# Michel Qissi

## Abstract

Michel Qissi (Arabic: ميشيل قيسي; born Mohammed Qissi on 12 September 1962) is a Moroccan Belgian actor and filmmaker best known for his action films. Qissi is the co-founder of The World Cinema Combat Federation (WCCF), an organization he formed with Grand Master Beom Jhoo Lee which teaches fight choreography in filmmaking.

Qissi is trained in Shotokan, Muay Thai, and kickboxing, and competed as an amateur boxer. In 1982, he emigrated to Hollywood together with childhood friend Jean-Claude Van Damme in search of becoming an action star. Bloodsport (1988) was their first major film. The two previously collaborated on Breakin' (1984), and went on to appear in Kickboxer (1989), in which Qissi portrayed the Thai villain Tong Po, Lionheart (1990), and Kickboxer: Vengeance (2016). Qissi also had the role of a fight trainer for Van Damme in the film Cyborg (1989) and served as choreographer on Kickboxer.

He starred in his directorial debut film Terminator Woman (1993), opposite Karen Sheperd and Jerry Trimble. He directed, co-wrote, and starred in Extreme Force (2001), which became a vehicle for Argentinian martial arts star Héctor Echavarría. Aside from his American films, he has also worked in Moroccan films and television series. In 2014, he directed and starred in the well-received action adventure film Bara, which was shot in Tata, Morocco.

## Early life

Qissi was born in Oujda, Morocco, and moved to Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 2. He commenced training in boxing at seven years old, and became an amateur champion in his weight class at 17. He also went on to study Shotokan Karate, Muay Thai and Kickboxing. He befriended Jean-Claude Van Damme at an early age and they grew up together with the same love for action films and training in martial arts. Growing up, he was inspired by Bruce Lee and Muhammad Ali.

## Film career

In 1982, Qissi and Van Damme moved to the United States in the hope of becoming action stars. In 1984 they both were cast as extras in the film Breakin', before landing their big break in 1986. After obtaining an interview with Menahem Golan of Cannon Films, they secured a three-picture deal, the first of which was the highly successful Bloodsport, in which Van Damme starred and Qissi had a small role as a tournament fighter named Suan Paredes. In 1989, Qissi and Van Damme teamed up again for the film Kickboxer, in which Van Damme was the protagonist once more and Qissi the film's main villain, Tong Po. Qissi was also a choreographer on the film. His role as Tong Po provided visual inspiration for the Mortal Kombat character Goro.

Qissi had the role of a fight trainer for Van Damme in the sci-fi film Cyborg (1989).

1990 saw Qissi and Van Damme make the film Lionheart, in which Qissi's brother, Abdel, played the villain. This was to be the last film Van Damme and Qissi made together for 26 years. They briefly appeared together in Kickboxer: Vengeance (2016).

In 1991, Qissi reprised his role as Tong Po in Kickboxer 2 (1991). He also appeared in Bloodmatch, alongside Thom Mathews, Hope Marie Carlton, Marianne Taylor, Vincent Klyn, and Benny Urquidez. In 1993, he starred in his directorial debut film Terminator Woman, opposite Karen Sheperd and Jerry Trimble. He directed, co-wrote, and starred in Extreme Force (2001), which became a vehicle for Argentinian martial arts star Héctor Echavarría.

Aside from his American films, Qissi has also worked in Moroccan films and television series. He has said regarding Moroccan cinema, "Moroccan cinema remains a school where management is done with very modest and simple resources." He has praised Moroccan filmmakers such as Ibrahim Shukri, Yassin Fannan, Mohamed Nasrat, and Said Naciri.

In 2014, Qissi directed and starred in the action adventure movie Bara with Salar Zarza. The film, which was shot in the Sahara, in Tata, Morocco, was shown in theaters in major Moroccan cities and was extremely well received by audiences.

## Influence

His role as Tong Po provided visual inspiration for the Mortal Kombat character Goro.

## Personal life

His brother is Abdel Qissi, also an actor.

After a long career in Hollywood, Qissi returned to Belgium, where he participated in social projects for disadvantaged youth and in 2002, he returned to Morocco, his native country, where he works in Moroccan cinema.


Hominidae

# Hominidae

## Abstract

The Hominidae (/ h ɒ ˈ m ɪ n ɪ d iː /), whose members are known as the great apes or hominids (/ ˈ h ɒ m ɪ n ɪ d z /), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.

Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans and other apes were considered to be "hominids".

The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.

Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

## Evolution

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of tree-adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.

At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non- cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age— Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.

Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.

## Taxonomy

### Terminology

The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term " hominin ". The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.

A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:

- A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.

- A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

- A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).

- A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.

- A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.

- A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.

A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):

### Extant and fossil relatives of humans

Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the sub family Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.

Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.) But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.

Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.

However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.

## Description

The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.

## Behavior

Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use. They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.

All species are omnivorous, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic Revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.

Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.

Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.

This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.

## Legal status

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal. On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.

## Conservation

The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.

## Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram with extinct species. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

### Extant

There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:

- Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus

- Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio

- Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii

- Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla

- Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei

- Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes

- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus

- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti

- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

### Fossil

In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.

Family Hominidae

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Lufengpithecus lufengensis

- Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis

- Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai

- Ankarapithecus meteai

- Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus

- Sivapithecus brevirostris

- Sivapithecus punjabicus

- Sivapithecus parvada

- Sivapithecus sivalensis

- Sivapithecus indicus

- Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis

- Gigantopithecus blacki

- Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis

- Khoratpithecus piriyai

- Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Pongo hooijeri †

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi

- Danuvius guggenmosi

- Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi

- Morotopithecus bishopi

- Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii

- Oreopithecus bambolii

- Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Hispanopithecus laietanus

- Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani

- Dryopithecus fontani

- Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Graecopithecus freybergi

- Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Subtribe Panina

- Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens

- Orrorin tugenensis

- Orrorin praegens

- Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba

- Ardipithecus ramidus

- Ardipithecus kadabba

- Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops

- Kenyanthropus platyops

- Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Australopithecus bahrelghazali

- Australopithecus anamensis

- Australopithecus afarensis

- Australopithecus africanus

- Australopithecus garhi

- Australopithecus sediba

- Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei

- Paranthropus aethiopicus

- Paranthropus robustus

- Paranthropus boisei

- Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens)

- Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus)

- Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus)

- Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis †

- Java Man, Homo erectus erectus †

- Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis †

- Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis †

- Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis †

- Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species)

- Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis †

- Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo antecessor †

- Homo heidelbergensis †

- Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens)

- Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species)

- Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) †

- Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis †

- Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo sapiens idaltu †

- Archaic Homo sapiens †