# List of White Pass and Yukon Route locomotives and cars

## Abstract

The White Pass and Yukon Route railroad has had a large variety of locomotives and railroad cars.

## White Pass steam locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass gasoline-mechanical locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass diesel-electric locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass passenger cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped, while cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass freight train cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped, while cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass work equipment

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass inspection track units

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Former White Pass flatcars now serving as underframes

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass car bodies detached from trucks

Car bodies with light grey have been either put on display or sold.

## Pre-1898-built White Pass Freight Cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped.

## Former White Pass off-rail equipment on display

The White Pass & Yukon Route had been a multi-modal transportation company that was dominant in the region throughout most of the 20th Century. Equipment with light grey have been either put on display or sold.

## Origins of White Pass station, passenger car, and preserved boat names

Aishihik is the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone metaphor a shè yi, which literally means its tail hanging down, and which figuratively refers to the shape of the bay at the north end of Aishihik Lake. Although Aishihik (a shè yi) is the English and Tlingit name for both the lake and the village at the north end of the lake, it is the Southern Tutchone name only for the village. The lake's name in Southern Tutchone had been Man Shӓw. Aishihik Lake located 28 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1546, via Aishihik Lake Road. Aishihik River located at Alaska Highway Kilometer 1547.5.

Alaska is the English adaptation of the Aleut idiom alaxsx-a, which figuratively refers to mainland Alaska. Literally, it means object to which the action of the sea is directed (alax + sx-a).

Alsek is the English adaptation of the Tlingit verb theme aa łsêxh, which means a person habitually rests. It was the name of a Nóogaa (Tlingit) village located on the pre-1891 Upper Alsek River (post-1891 Tatshenshini River), near the mouth of the O'Connor River. Alsek River flows into the Gulf of Alaska.

American Shed was named for a snow shed on the American side of White Pass, which existed until the 1980s. This name distinguished this shed from a snow shed on the Canadian side of White Pass.

Annie Lake was named for Annie Austin (1870–1950), widow of Charles "Dawson Charlie" Henderson (co-discoverer of gold in the Klondike). Lake located 19 kilometers southwest of Robinson, via Annie Lake Road.

Atlin is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase áa tlein, which means large lake. Atlin Lake located 96 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1342, via Atlin Road.

Bare Loon Lake was named for skinny dipping and wailing loons. 1970s Chilkoot Trail hikers sometimes skinny dipped and sometimes heard loons wail at this lake. This lake provided those hikers their last opportunity to bathe before boarding the train at Bennett. Un -officially named "Beaver Lake." This lake is at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 46.7 and to the west of WP&YR Mile Post 37.

Barry was named for Donald E. Barry (1944-2000), WP&YR conductor. Station renamed to Vista in 2007 or 2008.

"Beaver Lake" is the un -official name for Bare Loon Lake, which is at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 46.7 and to the west of WP&YR Mile Post 37. There are at least 14 other "Beaver Lake"s in British Columbia.

Bennett and Bennett Lake were named for James Gordon Bennett, Jr. (1841–1918), son of the founder of the New York Herald. The lake was originally one of at least four lakes which had borne the Tlingit name kusawa. Bennett also located at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 53.1.

Bernard Lake was named for James Bernard "Ben" Moore (1865-1919), who helped establish the White Pass Trail. Un -officially named "Fraser Lake." Lake located at Mile Post 27.7 and at Klondike Highway Kilometer 36.5, adjacent to the Fraser station.

Big Kalzas Lake was named for Kalzas (fl. 1859), a Northern Tutchone employee of the Hudson's Bay Co.

Big Salmon Lake was named for the Big Salmon River, which flows through the lake. Big Salmon River took its name from its Tagish, Tlingit, and Northern Tutchone names, which translate to water in which there is large chinook (king) salmon. Big Salmon Lake is 9 kilometers downstream from the river’s headwaters at Quiet Lake. Quiet Lake is at South Canol Road Kilometer 98.5.

Black Cross Rock is a large fallen rock with grave marker, which commemorates two construction workers who were accidentally crushed and buried by this rock on August 10, 1898. This accident occurred during blasting operations. One of the workers was Maurice Dunn (1861-1898), who had lived in Michigan and California. The other worker is "supposed to be", "A. Jeneaux," but there is little corroboration for that latter name.

Black Lake was named for the lake's dark appearance, which is caused by the presence of tannic acid and by the lake's not being fed by glacial runoff. Lake located on the Klondike Highway between Mile 4 and Mile 5.

Boulder was named for boulders located in the Skagway River at this location.

British Columbia was indirectly named for Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), by way of five iterations. Christopher Columbus was the eponym for the name Columbia, a reference to the New World. Columbia was the eponym for the Columbia Rediviva, a privately-owned ship built as Columbia in 1773, and rebuilt in 1787. The Columbia Rediviva was the eponym for the Columbia River, into which that ship entered in 1792. The Columbia River was the eponym for the Columbia District, a fur trading district named in 1810. Finally, the Columbia District was the eponym for British Columbia, which was the portion of the Columbia District that lay in Canada and was named in 1858.

Canyon is named for Miles Canyon, to which it is adjacent. Miles canyon is named for Lt. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, who sent 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka on his journey along the Yukon River in 1883.

Carcross was shortened from Caribou Crossing to Carcross in 1904, because of frequent confusion in mail services. Named Caribou Crossing from 1900 to 1904. Prior to 1900, the name Caribou Crossing had applied to where most caribou actually crossed – the narrows at Ten Mile Point, which is located three miles east of present-day Carcross, and which divides Nares Lake from Tagish Lake. The Tagish name for these narrows was Médzíh É’oł, and the Tlingit name for these narrows was Watsíx Naakwaaní Yé. The name Caribou Crossing was moved from Ten Mile Point to present-day Carcross in 1900, when the railroad arrived and appropriated the name. Prior to 1900, present-day Carcross had been Upper Caribou Crossing. The Tagish name for Upper Caribou Crossing (present-day Carcross) had been Todezáané. The Tlingit name for Upper Caribou Crossing had been Naadaashaa Héeni. Carcross also located at Klondike Highway Kilometer 105.6.

Carr-Glynn was named for Sir Sidney Carr Glynn (1835-1916), first chairman of the WP&YR. Site located at the south end of Carr-Glynn Lake, 12 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1428.3: three kilometers via Fish Lake Road, plus 9 kilometers via Copper Haul Road.

Chilkat is the English adaptation of a Tlingit name of unknown origin, but circumstantial evidence suggests that it was an abbreviation (or remnant) of a clause which means river that brings the storehouse(s) sockeye salmon. In 1882, the Chilkat River’s name was recorded as "Tschilkat-hīn," or Chíl Gaat Héen. Standing alone, Chíl Gaat Héen is not even a complete phrase, because it contains only three alienable nouns that are not grammatically linked. In addition, Chíl Gaat Héen does not appear to be an Eyak loanword, because the Eyak language was too far away, because héen is not an Eyak word, and because chíl was probably inherited from the ancestor language, common to both Tlingit and Eyak, instead of having been loaned from one offspring to the other. In fact, chíl gaat héen looks like a clause that is missing the verb. The three nouns, chíl gaat héen, are in the correct sequence, so that if the adverb yaa and the verb na-ø-tee-n were added at the end, then the resulting clause would accurately describe the Chilkat River. Chíl-de gaat héen yaa na-tee-n means river that brings the storehouse(s) sockeye salmon – which in fact describes the Chilkat River. (The constituent word order of a Tlingit clause is: indirect object equivalent, then direct object, then subject, followed by the verb.) In addition, the meaning of this clause would also explain why “Chilkat” had not been the Tlingit name for Chilkat Lake. Chilkat Lake’s Tlingit name had been Áa Ká. The name Chilkat was officially assigned to the lake in 1880 by the U.S. Navy. Chilkat River extends sinuously between Haines Highway Miles 4.3 and 23.8. Chilkat Lake located six miles south of Haines Highway Mile 26.2, four miles via the Chilkat Lake Road, and two miles via shallow rivers (on jetboat or snowmobile).

Chilkoot is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase chál-góot, which means without a storehouse. This name was a reference to the Chilkoot Indians' having stored fish packed in snow between alder or willow branches, instead of in storehouses. Chilkoot Lake located 10 miles north of Haines: 9 miles via Lutak Road and 1 mile via Chilkoot Lake Road.

Chilkoot Trail is a partial translation of the trail’s Tlingit name, namely Chilkoot Dei-yi \dāyee\, which means Chilkoot- owned Trail. The trail’s English name omits the reference to ownership. The trail extends 33.0 miles/53.1 kilometers, from Dyea Road Mile 7.2 to Bennett Station. The second word of Chilkoot Dei-yi sounds like the original pronunciation of the name of Dyea village (the English adaptation = \dīyee\ – note that Tlingit did not have the English long ī sound). Prior publications state that the name Dyea is the English adaptation of the words for “to pack” or “carrying place”. However, the presence of the initial \d\ sound in Dyea casts doubt on those latter possibilities, and suggests that the first syllable was in fact dei (as in dei-yi). Use of the name Dyea for its present location first occurred in 1886, when John J. Healy (1840-1908) and Edgar Wilson (1842-1895) opened a trading post there. This structure burned down in 1920. Its site, about 0.6 mile south of the Taiya River bridge, is now near a campground parking lot. (Note the distinction between the Tlingit possessed noun Dei-yi, and the Tlingit phrase Dei Yé. This distinction is reflected in the difference between the English names Dyea and Taiya (inlet name, river name). See, Taiya, below.)

Choutla was the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone idiom chu dläw, which figuratively refers to the waterfalls that feed Choutla Lake. Literally, it means laughing water. This name was coined in 1911 by Bishop Isaac O Stringer as the name for a nearby school. Choutla Lake located six kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 65.7, via Tagish Road.

Clifton was named for the rock ledge overhanging the tracks at this location.

Combo is an abbreviation for combined passenger and baggage car.

Copper River was named for abundant copper deposits along the upper river. River flows along portions of the Glenn Highway, Richardson Highway, Edgerton Highway, and Copper River Highway.

Cougar Lake was the name of Cowley Lake until sometime between 1941 & 1947. Lake located at former Mile Post 94.7.

Cowley and Cowley Lake were named for Isaac Cowley Lambert (1850–1909), chairman of the construction company which built the WP&YR railroad. Lake named Cougar Lake until sometime between 1941 & 1947. Cowley Station access road at Klondike Highway kilometer 148.1. Cowley Lake located at former Mile Post 94.7.

Crag Lake was named for the crag which overlooks the lake. Lake located 13 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 65.7, via Tagish Road.

Crater Lake was named for the lake's crater-like appearance. Lake extends between Chilkoot Trail Kilometers 26 and 28.

De Wette was named for Auguste C. R. de Wette (1845-1912), banker and early shareholder of the WP&YR. Station had been named Wette Lea until 1901.

Dease Lake was named for Peter Warren Dease (1788–1863), chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. Lake located 226 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1002, via Cassiar Highway.

Denver was named in 1904 for the four-mile distant Denver Glacier. Until that year, the station had been named Viaduct. The Denver Glacier had been named in 1899 or 1900 for Denver, Colorado, by two former Denver residents, WP&YR civil engineer Alfred Williams and company photographer Harry C. Barley.

Dewey Lake most likely named for Adm. George Dewey (1837–1917), U.S. Navy. Lake located 1 ⁄ 2 mile east of Skagway, via steep hiking trail.

Dezadeash is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase dáas’aa kayáash, which means snare platforms (for fishing). Dezadeash Lake extends between Haines Highway kilometers 193 and 210.

Divide is the loop track switch, just north of White Pass. May have been named for the drainage divide between the Skagway River and Yukon River drainage basins, the actual divide being about a mile south of this point.

Drury Lake was named for William S. Drury (1870–1953) of Taylor & Drury, Yukon merchants.

Dugdale was named for James Dugdale (1842-1903), an early White Pass shareholder. Dugdale not to be confused with Dundalk, below.

Dundalk most likely named by Michael J. Heney for the port city 57 miles east of Killeshandra, Ireland. Heney's parents had emigrated from Killeshandra to Canada in 1854, probably via Dundalk. The parents were Thomas Heney (1832-1892) and Mary Ann (McCourt) Heney (1834-1911). Dundalk not to be confused with Dugdale, above.

Ear Lake was named for the shape of the adjacent lake.

Emerald Lake was named for the blue and green light from the surrounding trees that is reflected by the lake's marl bed. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 117.6.

Fairweather Lake most likely named for the lake at Cape Fairweather, one mile from the Gulf of Alaska and at the foot of Fairweather Glacier. The Cape had been named Fairweather by Capt. James Cook for the good weather he had encountered there in 1778. The glacier and lake subsequently took their names from the cape. (There is a less likely Fairweather Lake at a remote location in eastern Yukon.)

Fantail Lake was named for the fantail hitch, which is a dogsled hitch in which there is a separate tug line connecting each dog to the sled. The dogs are thereby fanned out in front of the sled. Also known as a fan hitch. The fantail hitch is less common than the gangline (or tandem) hitch, in which a common tug line runs between two tandems of dogs, and each dog is connected to that common tug line. The ice on Fantail Lake constituted part of the Fantail Trail, the winter dogsled trail that extended between Log Cabin and Atlin, British Columbia. The lake extends from 20 to 29 miles east of Log Cabin, via the trail.

Finlayson Lake was named for Duncan Finlayson (1796–1862), chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. Lake located 231 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 980, via Campbell Highway.

Fortymile River was so named because it joins the Yukon River 40 miles below (west-northwest of) Old Fort Reliance. Fortymile River located 48 kilometers north of Top of the World Highway Kilometer 59.2, via Clinton Creek Road.

Fox Lake is presumably named for the red fox, which is found throughout the Yukon. Lake received the name Fox by 1940, when a landing field was built near the lake's location, but before a highway was there. The lake's previous Southern Tutchone name had been Kwätan'aya Mân. The lake now extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 238 and 248.

Foy was named for Hugh Foy (1842-1899), White Pass Superintendent of Construction.

Frances Lake was named for Lady Frances Simpson (1812–1853), wife of Hudson's Bay Co. governor, George Simpson. Lake located 171 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 980, via Campbell Highway.

Fraser was named for Duncan C. Fraser (1845-1910), a Member of Parliament from Nova Scotia. Fraser also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 36.5.

"Fraser Lake" is the un official name for Bernard Lake. Lake located at Mile Post 27.7 and at Klondike Highway kilometer 36.5, adjacent to the Fraser station. A larger and more famous lake in British Columbia is officially named Fraser Lake.

Gateway was probably named for the WP&YR slogan "Gateway to the Yukon," and for the fact that this location has the highest elevation on entire White Pass railroad, at 2940 feet.

Glacier was named for groundwater seepage and freezing at this location. In the early 1900s, this phenomenon was also referred to as a glacier.

Goat Lake is named for the high concentration of mountain goats in the area. Lake is 1921 feet above, and supplies the water for, Pitchfork Falls at Mile Post 9.5.

Gravel Pit was named for an adjacent gravel pit.

Graves and Samuel H. Graves were named for Samuel H. Graves (1852-1911), the first president of WP&YR. In 1885, Graves had become an associate of Close Brothers, the firm that later financed the WP&YR. Graves station renamed to Scheffler in 2016.

Guardrail Curve was named for the 24° curve, sharpest on the railroad, which until the 1970s, had a third, safety rail – a.k.a., a guardrail.

Gulch was named for the confluence of Dead Horse Gulch and Switchback Gulch. See, Skagway River Branches, below.

Hannan was named for Kenneth B. Hannan (1889-1976), White Pass General Manager in 1949, when the snow shed was erected. Shed removed in 1992. Site renamed to Hawkins in 2019.

Hawkins was named for Erastus C. Hawkins (1860-1912), chief engineer for construction of the White Pass railway. The two flatcars near the bottom of the hillside at this location are former WP&YR ##483 and 1015, carried down in a 1977 snowslide. Site named Hannan until 2019.

Heney and Michael J. Heney were named for Michael J. Heney (1864-1910), the labor contractor who built the WP&YR railroad. Heney station was eliminated in 2019.

Homan Lake was named for Charles A. Homan (1847–1918), U.S. Army topographer who accompanied 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka along the Yukon River in 1883.

Hutshi is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase hóoch’ áayi, which means last lake. Hutshi Lake was so named because it was the northern-most lake on three Chilkat trade routes, the Neskatahin Trail, the Goat Creek Trail, and the Big Glacier Trail. Hutshi Lake located 48 kilometers north of Champagne (Alaska Highway Kilometer 1513), via the Neskatahin Trail.

Inspiration Point was named for the vista seen from this location.

Jennings Lake was named for William T. Jennings (1846–1906), civil engineer who assessed various railroad and road routes to the Yukon.

Johns Lake was named for Johnnie Johns (1898-1988), Carcross-based outfitter and guide.

Kathleen Lake was named for a girl in Berwickshire County, Scotland, left behind by William "Scotty" Hume (1868–1952), a North-West Mounted Police constable (Reg. #2259) stationed on the Dalton Trail from 1898 to 1903. Lake located 2 ⁄ 3 kilometer west of Haines Highway Kilometer 219.7, via Kathleen Lake Turnoff.

Keno was ultimately derived from a French term which means five winning numbers; a game of chance. The boat was immediately named for the Keno (silver) claim, staked in 1919 by Alfred Kirk Schellinger. Keno claim located 110 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 535, via Silver Trail.

Klehini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase l’éiw héeni, which means gravel river. Gravel is abundant in the Klehini River and Valley. Furthermore, the water in the Klehini is clear enough, so as to eliminate l’éiw from meaning sand or silt. River extends sinuously between Haines Highway Mile 23.8 and Kilometer 87 (corresponding to Mile 50).

Klondike is the English adaptation of the Hän idiom Tr'o Ndek, which figuratively means Hammer River. Literally, it means Chinook (King) Salmon River. The reason for the figurative meaning is that hammers had been used to erect barriers in the Klondike River, in order to catch the Chinook salmon. Klondike River extends sinuously between Klondike Highway kilometers 664 and 715.

Kluahne was an early spelling of Kluane.

Kluane is the English adaptation of the hybrid phrase lhù aani, which means whitefish place. It was derived from the Southern Tutchone word for whitefish, plus the Tlingit word for place in which there are. Kluane Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1642 and 1701.

Klukshu is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase l’ook shù, which means end of coho salmon. Klukshu Lake located 2 ⁄ 3 kilometer east of Haines Highway Kilometer 183.2, via Klukshu Turnoff.

Kusawa is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase ká-woo-sáa-oo áa, which means narrow lake. Because retreating glaciers often leave long and narrow lakes, there are at least four lakes which had borne this Tlingit name, including Kusawa Lake, Yukon, for which the coach is named. Kusawa Lake, Yukon, located 24 kilometers south of Alaska Highway kilometer 1489.1, via Kusawa Lake Road.

LaBerge Lake was named for Michael Laberge (1837-1909), a Yukon River explorer who never actually saw the lake named for him. Lake located 3 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 225, via Deep Creek Road.

Lansdowne was named for Henry C. K. P. Fitz-Maurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845-1927), Governor-General of Canada, 1883-1888.

Laughton Glacier Moraine can be seen in the distance between Mile Posts 14.5 and 14.8, looking southeast. It appears as a gray area against green surroundings. The glacier itself once extended onto this moraine. The glacier had been named for Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton (1843-1899), who was killed in the Philippine–American War.

"LeBarge Lake" is a misspelling of Laberge Lake.

"Lewes Lake" misspells the surname of Alfred B. Lewis (1866-1928), chief locating engineer of the WP&YR, for whom the lake was named. Lake located at former Mile Post 83.

Liard is the French word for eastern cottonwood. Liard River extends sinuously between Alaska Highway kilometers 761 and 991.

Lindeman Lake was named for Dr. Moritz K. A. Lindeman (1823–1908), secretary to the Bremen Geographical Society. Lake extends between Chilkoot Trail kilometers 41 and 52.

Log Cabin was named for a structure which had been erected by the Tagish Indians. The name "Log Cabin," and an actual log cabin, predated any Canadian government structure at this location.

Lorne was named for John D. S. Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (1845-1914), Governor-General of Canada, 1878-1883.

Lynx Lake has an unknown eponym. Possibly, a fantasy name.

Mackenzie River was named for Sir Alexander Mackenzie (1764–1820), Arctic explorer. River located 607 kilometers north of Klondike Highway Kilometer 675, via Dempster Highway.

MacRae was named for Charles Colin MacRae (1843-1922), an early White Pass shareholder. MacRae also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1413.1.

Marsh Lake was named for Prof. Othniel C. Marsh (1831–1899), of Yale University. The Tagish name for Marsh Lake had been Taa-gish Áayi. Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1367 and 1379.

Mayo Lake was named for Alfred H. Mayo (1846–1923), a Yukon trader. Lake located 95 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 535, via Silver Trail.

McClintock Lake was named for Adm. Sir Francis L. McClintock (1819–1907), an Arctic explorer.

McConnell Lake was named for Charles McConnell (1871–1946), postmaster at Robinson. Lake located 3 kilometers west of Robinson, via Annie Lake Road.

McDonald Creek had been named for a person who allegedly staked a claim at this location in 1899. Twenty-one subsequent claims were filed for this same creek in the same year. No gold was found here. Apparently, a hoax.

McNeil Lake is named for the McNeil River, which flows through the lake. McNeil River was named in 1951. It looks like the river was named for James H. McNeil (1871-1951), Yukon Superintendent of Public Roads and Buildings, 1917-1945. He had been the most prominent Yukon official associated with construction of the Alaska Highway. In 1940, he was appointed to the U.S.-Canada Permanent Joint Board on Defense, relating to the then-proposed Alaska Highway. The river's previous Tlingit name had been Kéidladi Héeni. The head of the McNeil River is 12 miles upstream from the lake, and is technically the " source " of the Yukon River. The source of a river is the most distant point upstream from the mouth of the river, regardless of assigned name.

McQuesten Lake was named for LeRoy N. "Jack" McQuesten (1836–1909), Yukon trader. Lake located 15 kilometers north of Silver Trail Kilometer 63, via a side road.

Meadows was named for the meadows along the Tutshi River (a.k.a. "Thompson River") at this location. Presumably, the 1899 stable at the south (uphill) end of the Thompson River meadows was so located so that horses could feed on the grass of these meadows.

Minto was named for Gilbert J. Elliott-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1845-1914), Governor-General of Canada, 1898-1904.

Moose Lake is the name of multiple lakes in the Yukon and northwest British Columbia. All apparently named for the animal. The most prominent such lake is at Alaska Highway Kilometer 1828.5, across the road from an archeological site.

Morrow Lake was named for William Richard Morrow (1915–1968), Yukon corrections director, who proposed that convicts maintain the Chilkoot Trail. Lake located at Chilkoot Trail kilometer 30.7.

Muncho is the English adaptation of the Kaska phrase men cho, which means big lake. Muncho Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 698.5 and 710.

Munroe Lake was named for Alexander Munro (1857-1909), boundary survey axe man who broke his leg near this lake in 1901.

Nakina is the English adaptation of the Tlingit village name Naak'i Naa.áa, which means People Sitting Upstream.

Nares Lake was named for Adm. Sir George S. Nares (1831–1915), an Arctic explorer. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 105.2

Neecheah is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase neech yeil’, which means calm shoreline. This name looks like a Tlingit language description of the Yukon River just downstream of Whitehorse Rapids, which would have been correct, but does not pre-date 1900. Prior to October 1899, Whitehorse itself had not existed, and there had been no reason for the Indians to give its future location a name. Neecheah appears to be a short Tlingit language description of Whitehorse that was created in 1922 to name the boat.

Neskatahin is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase Nás’k Áa Tayee Héen, which means River Below Three Lakes. This name refers to a village once located at a bend in the present-day Tatshenshini River, which is about 500 feet below, and about 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles from, three nearby lakes – now known as Pringle Lake, Stella Lake, and Neskatahin Lake. These three lakes lie on plateaus which overlook the river bend. Neskatahin was also 114 miles from Haines, via the Neskatahin Trail.

Nisutlin was a loanword used by the Tagish Indians. Its origin had been neither Tagish nor Tlingit. (The original Tlingit name for the Nisutlin River had been Héen Tlein.) The name Nisutlin was borrowed from a Southern Tutchone phrase which means strong flow. Nisutlin Bay located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1243.

Norcom was named for the Northern Commercial Co., an affiliate of the Northern Navigation Co.

"Norse River" was a misspelling of Nourse River, which had been named for Prof. Joseph E. Nourse (1819-1889), U.S. Navy. River mouth located at Chilkoot Trail Mile 7.2.

Octopus Lake is a metaphoric name, which refers to the lake’s "many arms." Circumstantial evidence suggests that it was the translation of a Tlingit metaphoric name. Octopus Lake is just east of Summit Lake at White Pass. Its surface elevation is 15 feet above Summit Lake's. Octopus Lake extends between Mile Post 21.2 (Divide) and Mile Post 22.5.

Partridge Lake was named for Otto H. “Swampy” Partridge (1855-1930), who constructed three small steamboats near this lake in 1898 (Flora, Ora, and Nora).

Pavey was named for Francis Pavy (1837-1902), an associate of Charles Colin MacRae, both investors in the WP&YR.

Peace River was named for the peace treaty made in 1781 along the shores of this river, near its mouth (near Peace Point, Alberta). This treaty settled a territorial war between the Cree and Dane-zaa (Beaver) Indians. River located at Alaska Highway kilometer 55.4.

Peel River was named for Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850), prime minister of Great Britain. River located 539 kilometers north of Klondike Highway Kilometer 675, via Dempster Highway.

Pelly Lake was named for Sir John H. Pelly (1777–1852), governor of the Hudson's Bay Co.

Pelly River was named for Sir John H. Pelly (1777–1852), governor of the Hudson's Bay Co. River located at Klondike Highway kilometer 463.6.

Pennington was named for Frederick Pennington (1819-1914), an early shareholder of the WP&YR.

Pit. See, Gravel Pit, above.

Porcupine River is presumably named for the North American porcupine, which is found in the region. River received the name Porcupine by 1898. River located at Klondike Highway Mile 6, and across the Skagway River from WP&YR Mile Post 7.3.

"Portage Lake" is the un -official name for the lake at WP&YR Mile Post 30.5, just north (downstream) of Shallow Lake and just south (uphill) of Maud Lake. Originally, Áak'u Sáani (Little Lakes in Tlingit). Then, un -officially "Shallow Lake," until 1899, when Shallow became the official name for the lake just to the south (upstream). Lake also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 41.1.

Primrose Lake was named for Supt. Philip C. H. Primrose (1864–1937), North-West Mounted Police (Reg. #O.56).

Ptarmigan Point was named for the Alaska state bird. (Or, co -state bird, if you count the mosquito. 😁) Ptarmigan is the English adaptation of the Scottish Gaelic tārmachan. The "p" was added in 1684 to make the word appear to be Greek !! 😁 😁

Pueblo was so named by Hibbard E. Porter (1860-1916), who staked a copper claim at this site in 1899. Site located at intersection of Fish Lake Road and Copper Haul Road, 3 kilometers southwest of Alaska Highway kilometer 1428.3, via Fish Lake Road.

Racine Lake was named for Cariste Racine (1851-1926), owner of a sawmill on Tagish Lake, and owner of the White Pass Hotel in Whitehorse.

Rapid Spur was named for the adjacent White Horse Rapids. On March 27, 1900, ten weeks before the railroad reached this point, Mr. Cornelius Curtin (1855-1900) had died of pneumonia at White Horse Rapids. His attending physician had been Dr. Leonard S. E. Sugden. Dr. Sugden then transported Mr. Curtin's body to Tagish, where he cremated it in the firebox of the steamer Olive May. Dr. Sugden's subsequent recount of this peculiar event to Robert W. Service led to the fanciful poem The Cremation of Sam McGee.

Red Line was named for the stage and boat line which operated between White Pass, British Columbia, and Carcross, Yukon, from 1898 to 1901.

Robinson was named for William C. "Stikine Bill" Robinson (1857-1926), general foreman of construction of the White Pass railroad. Robinson also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 139.6.

Rocky Point was named for the large rock outcropping at this location, through which the railroad cut had been made.

Scheffler was named for Willi Scheffler, White Pass Roadmaster. Station was named Graves until 2016.

Schwatka Lake was named for 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka (1849–1892), 3rd U.S. Cavalry, Yukon explorer. In 1876, Lt. Schwatka had led the initial cavalry charge at the Battle of Slim Buttes. Schwatka Lake was created by a dam in 1958 and is located at former Mile Post 107.7.

Sibilla had been the name of the yacht on which the financier of the White Pass, namely William B. Close, spent much of his youth.

Skagway and Skagway River is the English adaptation of sha-ka-ԍéi, a Tlingit idiom which figuratively refers to rough seas in the Taiya Inlet, that are caused by strong north winds. Literally, skagway is a verbal noun which means pretty woman. The story behind the name is that Skagway was the nickname of Kanagoo, a mythical woman who transformed herself into stone at Skagway bay and who (according to the story) now causes the strong, channeled winds which blow toward Haines, Alaska. The rough seas caused by these winds have therefore been referred to by using Kanagoo's nickname, Skagway. The Kanagoo stone formation is now known as Face Mountain, which is seen from Skagway bay. The Tlingit name for Face Mountain is Kanagoo Yahaayí. (North winds prevail at Skagway from November to March. South winds prevail from April to October.) Skagway also located at Klondike Highway Mile 0. Skagway River bridges at Yakutania Point Trail Mile 0, Klondike Highway Mile 1.8, and WP&YR Mile Post 14.2.

Skagway River Branches:

- East Fork: The East Fork branches off the Skagway River, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 4.8. From there, the railroad follows the East Fork to Mile Post 5.8, where it makes a U-turn, crosses the East Fork, and loops back to follow the main river.

- White Pass Fork: The Skagway River turns to the east, and White Pass Fork branches off to the north, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 12. From there, the railroad follows the Skagway River to Mile Post 14.2, where it makes a U-turn, crosses the Skagway River, and loops back to follow White Pass Fork.

- Switchback Gulch: Switchback Gulch branches to the northeast, and Dead Horse Gulch branches to the north, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 18. From there, the railroad follows Switchback Gulch to Mile Post 18.6, where it makes a left turn and crosses Switchback Gulch.

- Dead Horse Gulch: After crossing Switchback Gulch, the railroad goes through a tunnel which comes out at WP&YR Mile Post 18.8, along Dead Horse Gulch. From there, the railroad follows Dead Horse Gulch to its head at Pump House Lake, at Mile Post 20.

Slippery Rock was named for the 50° to 60° rock slope adjacent to the track, from which snow and ice slide onto the tracks during the winter and spring.

Spirit Lake was named for the spirit of the Yukon, by U.S. Army troops during construction of the Alaska Highway in 1942. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 116.

Squanga is the English adaptation of dasgwaanga, the Tagish and Tlingit name for "humpback" or lake whitefish. Ironically, Squanga Lake also contains whitefish now known as " Squanga whitefish," which are a different species from the lake whitefish which gave this lake its name. Squanga Lake located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1315.9.

Stewart River was named for James G. Stewart (1825–1881), who discovered this river in 1849. River extends sinuously between Klondike Highway kilometers 535 and 594.

Stikine is the English adaptation of the Tlingit idiom sh táax’ héen, which figuratively refers to whirlpools and eddies found in the Stikine River. Literally, it means river water biting itself. River located 286 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1002, via Cassiar Highway.

Summit Lake was named for the White Pass summit. Lake located at Mile Post 21, just north of the White Pass summit.

Surprise Lake so named in 1898 by prospectors Kenneth C. McLaren and Frederick "Fritz" Miller. Previously, it had been one of at least four lakes which had borne the Tlingit name kusawa. Surprise Lake located 18 kilometers east of Atlin, via Surprise Lake Road.

Switchback was named for the railroad switchback on the original, 1898-1901 alignment across Switchback Gulch (see, Skagway River Branches, above). The original alignment also included the first Bridge 18-A on the lower switchback leg, and Bridge 18-B crossing the Gulch on the upper switchback leg, both bridges being close to the switchback switch. From 1901 to 1969, the second Bridge 18-A ("Steel Bridge") crossed Switchback Gulch at Mile Post 18.3 and bypassed both legs and bridges of the original switchback. Since 1969, most of the south leg of the original switchback, plus the third Bridge 18-A across Switchback Gulch (at Mile Post 18.6), plus a tunnel have, in turn, bypassed the second Bridge 18-A.

Tagish is the English adaptation of the Tagish phrase taa-gish, which means breakup of ice. This name refers to the sound that the Tagish River ice makes during spring breakup. The Tagish Indians adopted this name to identify themselves because, prior to 1898, they spent their winters along the Tagish River. The Tagish name for present-day Tagish Lake was Taku because the lake provided access to the Taku Tlingit people. Conversely, the Tlingit (and consequently English) name for present-day Tagish Lake is Tagish because the lake provided access to the Tagish people. Tagish Lake extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 78 and 95.

Taiya \tīye\ is the English adaptation of the Tlingit name Dei Yé \dā ye\. (Tlingit did not have the English long ī sound.) As used, Dei Yé meant Way to the Trail. Specifically, Dei Yé – standing alone – was the Tlingit name for the combination of the present-day Taiya Inlet – plus the eight-mile, canoe-navigable portion of the present-day Taiya River, which begins at the mouth of the Nourse River. Other than Yé, there was no word in the original name which would correspond to an inlet or to a river. Thus, the name Dei Yé referred to the Waterway to the Chilkoot Trail, from the south end of the Taiya Inlet, to the north end of canoe navigation on the Taiya River. A 1973 publication states that Taiya “purportedly” is the English adaptation of the words for “carrying place”. However, the presence of the initial \t\ or \d\ sound in Taiya or \Deyah\ or \Dayay\ casts doubt on the yaa yé possibility, and suggests that the first syllable was in fact dei (as in dei yé). North of the Nourse River, the present-day Taiya River was named Sít’ Yayík. (Note the distinction between the Tlingit possessed noun Dei-yi, and the Tlingit phrase Dei Yé. This distinction is reflected in the difference between the English names Dyea (village name) and Taiya. See, Chilkoot Trail, above.) Taiya River located at Dyea Road Mile 7.3.

Takhini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit metaphor téix héeni, which literally means broth, and figuratively refers to Takhini Hot Springs. Takhini River located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1468.9, and at Klondike Highway kilometer 195.5.

Taku is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase t’aawák galakú, which means a flood of Canada geese. Taku River flows into the Taku Inlet, 18 miles northeast of Juneau.

"Tarahne" was directly derived from Tarahini, which was the name of a little creek at Atlin. The name Tarahini was suggested to the ship's carpenter by Chief Taku Jack (John Taku, Sr.). Tarahini was the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase té yaa.aa hini, which means stream sitting along rock. Tarahini had been derived by eliminating yaa and by substituting the English \ra\ sound for the Tlingit aspirated \.aa\ sound. Thus, all vocal sounds in Tarahini occur in English. The reason for the subsequent alteration from Tarahini to "Tarahne" is not known.

Tatshenshini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase t’á chaan sha-héeni, which means river with stinking chinook (king) salmon at its headwaters. This name refers to the dead, spawned-out salmon at the headwaters of the pre-1891 Tatshenshini River (subsequently the Blanchard River). These headwaters are along the Goat Creek Trail (X’wáat’heeni Dei-yi, one of the three Chilkat trails between Haines and Hutshi Lake, Yukon), 100 trail-miles from Haines. In 1891, the name Tatshenshini was re-assigned to a different river. Pre-1891 Tatshenshini River (subsequently the Blanchard River) located at Haines Highway Kilometer 144.8. Post-1891 Tatshenshini River located 5 kilometers west of Haines Highway Kilometer 164, via Dalton Post Road.

Taye is the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone word tàłe, which means northern pike. Northern pike are abundant in Taye Lake. Actually, the Southern Tutchone themselves had a separate name for the lake itself. The Southern Tutchone name for the lake itself sounds something like “Chin K’üa,” and the meaning of whatever this name may be, is unknown. The Tlingit name for the lake is Té-xáat, which literally means “Rock-fish”. “Rock-fish” does not actually describe the lake, and does not describe northern pike. Té-xáat might be an obscure, local Tlingit name for northern pike and, consequently, the Tlingit name for the lake itself. Taye Lake located 18 kilometers north of Champagne (Alaska Highway Kilometer 1513), along the Neskatahin Trail.

Teslin is the English adaptation of the Northern Tutchone phrase dé-lin, which means flowing out. Teslin Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1244 and 1290.

"Thompson River" is the un -official name of the stream flowing from Meadows (Mile Post 25.4 Station) to Bernard Lake (at Mile Post 28.3). Received the name "Thompson River" by 1899. Most likely, named for Livingston Thompson (1851-1904), surveyor and Secretary of the Bennett Lake & Klondyke Navigation Co. Thompson was also a friend of William J. Rant, the British Columbia agent, magistrate, and assistant land commissioner for Bennett in 1898. The official name of this stream is Tutshi River.

Tincup Lake most likely a fantasy name for the unnamed lake on Montana Mountain, from which Tincup Creek flows. Lake located 0.9 kilometer west of Montana Mountain Access Road Kilometer 4.7, via a trail. Tincup Creek bridge at WP&YR Mile Post 66.1 – 2½ miles downstream from the lake. (There is a less likely Tincup Lake at a remote location north of Kluane Lake.)

Tutshi is the English adaptation of the Tlingit metaphor t’ooch’ áayi, which literally means charcoal lake, and figuratively means dark lake. Tutshi Lake is darker than most lakes in the region because it is not fed by glacial runoff. Lake extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 57 and 70.

Utah was the site of a camp of the Utah Construction Co. during construction of the Alaska Highway. Utah also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1415.7.

Viaduct had been named for the East Fork Bridge, now Bridge 5-A. Station renamed to Denver in 1904.

Vista was named for the view from this location. Station had been named Barry until 2007 or 2008.

Wasson Lake was named for Everett L. Wasson (1910–1958), first bush pilot in the Yukon.

Watson was named for Thomas J. Watson (1861-1926) of Watson & Church, Skagway real estate agents during 1898-1899.

Watson Lake was named for Francis G. "Frank" Watson (1883–1939), a Klondike stampeder. Lake located at Alaska Highway kilometer 980.

Wette Lea was named for Auguste C. R. de Wette (1845-1912), banker and early shareholder of the WP&YR. Station renamed to De Wette in 1901.

White Pass was named for the Hon. Thomas W. White (1830-1888), Canadian Interior Minister, 1885-1888.

Whitehorse was named for the appearance of rapids in the Yukon River, about two miles upstream from the railroad station. Since 1958, these rapids have been covered by Schwatka Lake. Until 1957, the city's name was spelled as two words: "White Horse." Whitehorse also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1429.

Whiting River was named for U.S. Navy Surgeon Robert Whiting (1847–1897). River flows into Gilbert Bay, 33 nautical miles southeast of Juneau, via Stephens Passage.

Wigan was named for Edward A. Wigan (1868-1942), early shareholder of the WP&YR.

Wolf Lake is a translation of the lake’s Tlingit name Gooch Áayi.

Yukon, or Ųųg Han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which mean white water river and which refer to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River. The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the \ųų\ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization. In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon. In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant "big river." However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river. Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river. White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon. Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich'ins and the Yup'iks, the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak, which is the Yup'ik name for the same river. For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak. Yukon River begins at the foot of Marsh Lake, 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1383.


Clotilde Apponyi

# Clotilde Apponyi

## Abstract

Clotilde "Klotild" Apponyi (née Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein; 23 December 1867 – 1 September 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian noblewoman, women's rights activist, politician and a diplomat.

## Early life and ancestry

Countess Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta was born as a third daughter and youngest child of the Austrian politician Prince Alexander von Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg and his wife, Countess Alexandrine Aline von Dietrichstein-Proskau-Leslie (1824-1906), second daughter and one of the heiresses of Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein. By birth, she was member of the Lotharingian House of Mensdorff-Pouilly and through Saxe-Coburg-Gotha blood was related to the British Royal Family, German Imperial family, Russian Imperial family, as well as to almost all other European Royal families.

## Career

Apponyi was president of the Klotild association for the selling of women's work from 1908, president for the alliance of Hungarian women's associations (MNSz) from 1910, board member of the Catholic protection society for women from 1913, president for the Maria Dorotea association for women teachers from 1930, as well as for numerous other charitable associations. As president of the MNSz, she addressed the Hungarian parliament in favor of women's suffrage in 1912, and supported this reform in public in 1918. After World War I, she, as president of the MNSz, became the spokesperson of the non-socialist women's associations of Hungary in oppose to the leftist MANSz under Cécile Tormay. In 1929, she protested against the suggestion to abolish women's right to run for office, and in 1939, she did the same against the suggestion to ban married women from holding office as civil servants.

During World War I, she was an informal diplomat for the Kingdom of Hungary in Switzerland, and she served as a sub-delegate to the League of Nations in Geneva in 1928-34, and as a delegate for Hungary in 1935-37.

## Personal life

On 1 March 1897 in Vienna, she married Hungarian politician Count Albert Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi, second child and only son of Count György Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi and his wife, Countess Júliane Sztáray de Nagymihály et Sztára (1820-1871). Albert was a leading member of the powerful Hungarian Apponyi family. Together, they were the parents of three children, one son and two daughters:

- Count György II Alexander Mária Antal Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1898–1970), a politician, member of the Parliament, journalist, married in 1923 to Princess Margarete Odescalchi and had issue.

- Countess Mária Alexandrina Angela Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1899–1967), who married Prince Karl of Rohan in 1933 and had issue.

- Countess Julianna Maria Georgina Antonia Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1903–1994), who married Count Ferenc Pálffy of Erdöd in 1924 and had issue. They divorced in 1934 and she married Hungarian nobleman Elemér Klobusiczky de Klobusicz et Zetény in 1943, and had issue. They divorced in 1947.

## Death

Countess Clotilde Apponyi died on 1 September 1942, at the age of 74 in Budapest, Hungary. At first, she was buried in Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, but later, her grave and a grave of her husband were moved to Éberhárd (today Slovakia), part of the Komárom County, where Apponyi family owned a country estate with a castle.


List of Spotify streaming records

# List of Spotify streaming records

## Abstract

The following lists contain the most streamed songs and albums as well as chart records on the audio streaming platform Spotify.

As of September 2024, " Blinding Lights " (2019) by Canadian singer the Weeknd is the most streamed song on Spotify. Three artists tie for having the most songs (including features) in the top 100; The Weeknd, English and Albanian singer Dua Lipa, and American musician Bruno Mars each have five. The newest song in the top 100 is " Flowers " by Miley Cyrus (2023), while the oldest song in the top 100 is Queen 's " Bohemian Rhapsody " (1975).

Ten songs are known to have claimed the top of the ranking, beginning with " Viva la Vida " by the British band Coldplay in 2008. Spotify's most streamed song for the longest period of time was " Shape of You " (2017) by the English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran.

Currently, 733 songs have surpassed one billion Spotify streams, 101 have surpassed two billion, 14 have surpassed three billion, and two have surpassed four billion Spotify streams.

## Most-streamed songs

On this chart, songs are ranked by cumulative streams since their release.

## Historical most-streamed songs

## Milestones and achievements for songs

### Annual top five most-streamed songs

The following table lists the five songs that Spotify reported as most-played in each calendar year.

The following table lists the top song that Spotify reported as most-played in each calendar year, for the years 2008 to 2011.

### Most-streamed songs in a single day

#### Non-seasonal songs

The following table lists the 20 non-seasonal songs to receive the most streams in a single day, as registered on the Spotify Global Daily chart.

#### Christmas season songs

The following table lists the 20 songs associated with the Christmas season to receive the most streams in a single day, as registered on the Spotify Global Daily chart. Historically, these songs have performed well yearly on December 24, and often reach new peaks with each season.

† - Version featuring The B. Swason Quartet.

### Historical number one most-streamed non-seasonal songs in a single day

The following table lists the progression by date of number one ranked most-streamed songs in a single day, as registered on the Spotify Global Weekly chart.

### Most-streamed songs in a single week

The following table lists the top 20 most-streamed in a single week, as registered on the Spotify Global Weekly chart.

### Historical number one most-streamed songs in a single week

The following table lists the progression by date of number one ranked most-streamed songs in a single week, as registered on the Spotify Global Weekly chart.

### Longest-running number-one songs by days

The following table lists the songs with more than 60 days in the number 1 position on the Global Spotify Chart.

## 10 most-streamed albums

As of September 2024, Un Verano Sin Ti (2022) by Puerto Rican rapper Bad Bunny is the most-streamed album of all time on Spotify, while Sour (2021) by American singer Olivia Rodrigo is the most-streamed album by a female artist. Canadian singer The Weeknd and American rapper Post Malone are the only men with multiple albums in the top 10, while Albanian-British singer Dua Lipa is the only woman with multiple albums in the top 10.

The following table lists the top 10 most-streamed albums on Spotify, with streams rounded to the nearest million, as well as the number of tracks, the artist and the date it was released.

## Milestones and achievements for albums

### Annual top five most-streamed albums

The following table lists the five albums most-played on Spotify in each calendar year.

### Most streamed albums in a single day

The following table lists the most streamed albums in a single day, registering the total of obtained streams, the artist, the publication of the album and the date in which these streams were reached.

### Historical number one most-streamed album in a single day

The following table lists the progression by date of number one ranked most-streamed albums in a single week, as registered on the Spotify Global Weekly chart.

### Most streamed albums in a single week

The following table lists the most streamed albums in a single week, registering the total of obtained streams, the artist, the publication of the album and the date in which these streams were reached.

### Historical number one most-streamed album in a single week

The following table lists the progression by date of number one ranked most-streamed albums in a single week, as registered on the Spotify Global Weekly chart.


The Brides of Sodom

# The Brides of Sodom

## Abstract

The Brides of Sodom is an American horror film that was written and directed by Creep Creepersin. The film starred Domiziano Arcangeli, David Taylor and Rachel Zeskind. The Brides of Sodom was produced by Empire Films and Sterling Entertainment and features gay-for-pay porn idol, David Taylor in his first main role in a feature film.

## Plot

After the world has ended, a group of vampires feed on the last remaining humans left on the planet. Confusion arises when one of the lead vampires falls in love with a human that is meant for food.

## Cast

- Domiziano Arcangeli

- David Taylor

- Rachel Zeskind

- Dylan Vox

- Beverly Lynne

- Peter Stickles

- Quentin Elias

- Robin Bain

- Jacqui Holland

- Tara Alexis

- Jess Allen

- Esther Canata

- Elina Madison

- Shon Lange

- Brad Potts

- Dahlia Dark

- Marta Zolynska

- Jeffrey James Lippold

- Krista Jacobson


# Middleton railway station, Wellington Region

## Abstract

Middleton railway station was a short-lived rural flag station in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand ’s North Island. It was located on the Wairarapa Line between the stations of Clareville (to the south) and Waingawa (to the north) near what was known as West Taratahi Road (now Wiltons Road). It opened in 1880 but was closed just over a decade later in 1891.

## History

Following the opening of the Greytown Branch in May 1880, construction of the line northwards steadily progressed towards Masterton. The first train was able to cross the Waingawa River in late July and a station had been erected at Middleton by the end of August. The station opened to all traffic along with the Woodside – Masterton section of the line on 1 November 1880.

Facilities at Middleton were few and consisted of a platform and passenger shelter. The Working Timetable also lists a loading bank and up to two private sidings were also listed though not after 1884.

Freight traffic didn't officially begin until 1881 by which time the station had been receiving passenger trains for several months. The station was last listed in the October 1889 Working Timetable and was closed to all traffic from 1 July 1891. See NZR notice of 3 June 1881

The station was located inbetween the rural settlements of East and West Taratahi however, the station does not seem to ever have been referred to as Taratahi, rather it was Waingawa which bore the name Taratahi until 1921. There is some evidence to the contrary however, such as a modern list of Wairarapa stations that lists a Taratahi station 1.23 km south of Middleton that had been closed.

## Footnotes


# List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets

## Abstract

Indian films have been released in overseas markets since the latter half of the 1940s. Some of these have had significant commercial success and been nominated for awards.

The first Indian film to have a worldwide release was from 1952 (Aan, directed by Mehboob Khan). In the 1950s, Indian films saw success in a handful of regions. At the time, the most significant market for Indian films was the Soviet Union, gaining considerable success and occasionally leading to Indian-Soviet co-productions. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Indian film industry also expanded in China and East Africa, which, after the Soviet Union, accounted for some of the largest shares of overseas revenues. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the most significant market has been the South Asian diaspora. China, India's geographic neighbour and the world's second largest film market (after the United States), has seen growing success for Indian films since the beginning of the 21st century.

## History

The first Indian film to have a commercial release in an overseas territory was Dharti Ke Lal (1946), directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and based on the Bengal famine of 1943. It was released in the Soviet Union in 1949. The first Indian film to have a worldwide release in many countries was Aan (1952), directed by Mehboob Khan, and starring Dilip Kumar and Nimmi. It was subtitled in 17 languages and released in 28 countries, including the United Kingdom, United States, France, and Japan, earning a considerable profit from overseas. Mehboob Khan's Academy Award -nominated Mother India (1957) was an unprecedented success in overseas markets, including Europe, Russia, the Eastern Bloc, French territories, and Latin America.

In the 1950s, Hindi and Egyptian films were generally more popular than Hollywood films in East Africa. By the 1960s, the region was one of the largest overseas export markets for Indian films, accounting for about 20-50% of global earnings for many Indian films.

### Soviet Union

Up until the 1980s, the largest overseas market for Indian films was the Soviet Union. After Dharti Ke Lal, the first Indian film to become a blockbuster at the Soviet box office was Awaara (1951), directed by Raj Kapoor and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, released in the Soviet Union in 1954. Indian films had the strongest presence in the Soviet foreign blockbuster charts for four decades. 300 Indian films were released in the Soviet Union, most of which were Hindi films. Among the foreign films that sold more than 20 million tickets in the Soviet Union, 50 were Indian films, the highest from any nation, compared to 41 Hollywood films. Indian films were routinely released with hundreds of prints in the Soviet Union, with the most popular Indian films releasing with more than a thousand prints there.

The highest-grossing Indian film in the Soviet Union was Disco Dancer (1982), written by Rahi Masoom Raza and starring actor Mithun Chakraborty. In terms of footfalls, the only Indian films estimated to have sold 100 million tickets overseas were Awaara and Disco Dancer in the Soviet Union. Indian films were very popular in Russia at the time, routinely opening to packed houses. However, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, bringing an end to Indian cinema 's largest overseas market at the time. The decline of Russian cinema in the post-Soviet era led to Indian films largely disappearing from Russian cinemas by the mid-1990s.

### China

In China, some of the Indian films to gain commercial success there during the 1970s–1980s included Awaara, Tahir Hussain 's Caravan (1971), Noorie (1979), and Disco Dancer.

After Indian films declined in the country, it took decades before Tahir Hussain's son Aamir Khan opened up the Chinese market for Indian films in the early 21st century. His Academy Award nominated Lagaan (2001) became the first Indian film to have a nationwide release there. When 3 Idiots released in China, the country was only the 15th largest film market, partly due to China's widespread pirate DVD distribution at the time. However, it was the pirate market that introduced 3 Idiots to most Chinese audiences, becoming a cult hit in the country. It became China's 12th favourite film of all time, according to ratings on Chinese film review site Douban, with only one domestic Chinese film (Farewell My Concubine) ranked higher. Aamir Khan gained a large growing Chinese fanbase as a result. By 2013, China grew to become the world's second largest film market (after the United States), paving the way for Aamir Khan's Chinese box office success, starting with Dhoom 3 (2013).

PK (2014) was the first Indian film to collect ₹ 2 billion overseas, and Dangal (2016) is the first Indian film to exceed ₹ 10 billion and $100 million overseas, including ¥ 1.299 billion ($196.89 million) from China. Dangal became the 16th highest-grossing film in China, the fifth highest-grossing non-English language film worldwide, and the highest-grossing non-English foreign film in any market. His next film, the Zaira Wasim starrer Secret Superstar (2017), broke Dangal ' s record for the highest-grossing opening weekend by an Indian film, cementing Aamir Khan's status as a superstar in China, and as "a king of the Chinese box office". Salman Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan and Irrfan Khan 's Hindi Medium also became blockbusters in China during early 2018.

### South Asian diaspora

Since the 1990s, the largest overseas market for Indian cinema has been the South Asian diaspora. South Asians in the United Kingdom were the first major diaspora market, with Indian film releases in the United Kingdom dating back to the 1950s.

The diaspora market grew significantly in the early 1990s, with the popularity of Shah Rukh Khan largely credited for popularizing the trend of Indian films targeting overseas NRI audiences. After substantial overseas success from the Shah Rukh Khan-starrer Darr (1993) and the Madhuri Dixit - Salman Khan -starrer Hum Aapke Hain Koun (1994), the biggest overseas breakthrough came with Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol as NRIs in love. Afterwards, Indian films followed a trend of releasing worldwide with an increasing number of screens. The Shah Rukh Khan-starrer Dil Se.. (1998) was the first Indian film to enter the United Kingdom's top 10 box office charts. Diaspora audiences in the United States and United Kingdom accounted for 55% of overseas ticket sales for films such as Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and Taal (1999). In 2000, the overseas export market for Indian films was worth $100 million annually. The Naseeruddin Shah -starrer Monsoon Wedding (2001) crossed ₹100 crore overseas, followed by the Shah Rukh Khan-starrer My Name Is Khan (2010) and then the Aamir Khan -starrer 3 Idiots (2009) in 2011. Shah Rukh Khan also holds the record for having starred in the annual highest-grossing Hindi film in overseas markets for 15 individual years, the highest for any actor, with the latest being Pathaan (2023).

## Highest-grossing films

The following list of films is sorted in terms of US dollars (not adjusted for inflation), the standard currency used to measure box office performance for overseas markets.

## Highest-grossing films by country

## Highest-grossing international co-productions

The following films are international co-productions between Indian and non-Indian film studios. Films shot primarily in Indian languages are included on the lists above, as well as listed below. Films shot primarily in non-Indian languages are excluded from most of the lists above, but included on the list below.


Nic Naitanui

# Nic Naitanui

## Abstract

Nicholas Naitanui (/ ˌ n æ ɪ t ə ˈ n uː i /; born 4 May 1990) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was born in Sydney to Fijian parents, and his family moved to Perth, Western Australia after his father's death. Growing up in Midvale, Naitanui attended Governor Stirling Senior High School, and played football for the Midvale Junior Football Club. After representing Western Australia in the 2007 and 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships, he debuted in 2008 for the Swan Districts Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). Naitanui was drafted by West Coast with the second pick in the 2008 National Draft.

Naitanui made his AFL debut for West Coast in round 12 of the 2009 season, against Richmond. He played ten games in his debut season, and received one Brownlow Medal vote for a three-goal game against Hawthorn. In his second season, Naitanui played every game, primarily as a back-up ruckman to Dean Cox, taking over the position of Mark Seaby, who was traded the previous season. Having started the season as the favourite for the AFL Rising Star, Naitanui finished 5th overall. In the 2011 season, he played 23 games, including his first finals matches, and was also nominated for Mark of the Year. He was named in the All-Australian team the following season, as the first-choice ruckman and was the first Fijian to ever be named in the All-Australian team.

## Early life

Naitanui was born to Bola and Atetha Naitanui on 4 May 1990 in Penrith, New South Wales along with his twin brother, Mark. His parents, originally from Suvavou, a small village near Suva, had emigrated to Australia from Fiji the previous year, with his two elder siblings, Georgie and Laisani, remaining in Fiji. His father died from cancer the year after Naitanui and his brother were born. After his father's death, his mother moved the family to Perth, Western Australia, where her brother lived. His mother began working at Homeswest, a public housing authority, and also volunteered at a homeless shelter. Naitanui grew up in Midvale, near Midland, and attended Midvale Primary School. He took up playing football at the age of nine, when he began playing for the Midvale Junior Football Club. As a child, he lived on Bushby Street in Midvale, along with Shane Yarran, Michael Walters and Chris Yarran, who would all go on to play AFL football. Two other AFL players, David Ellard and Jeff Garlett, also played with Naitanui, Walters, Chris Yarran and Shane Yarran at the Midvale Junior Football Club.

Naitanui attended Governor Stirling Senior High School and played football there, as well as for the Swan Districts Colts (underage) side in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). During his time in junior and colts football, he played predominantly in the ruck, however he also was used on the wing or at full-back. Naitanui also excelled at basketball and track and field events, particularly high jump, and was asked by recruiters to trial with American universities, but declined to do so.

In the 2007 Under-18 AFL National Championships, Naitanui was dominant in the ruck for Western Australia, and was named Best on Ground in the final. Following his performance, he was hotly pursued by several AFL clubs. However, he was born a few days too late to qualify for the 2007 AFL draft. He was named in the Under-18 All-Australian Team in both 2007 and 2008, and was awarded a scholarship with the Australian Institute of Sport to become a member of the AIS/AFL Academy Squad.

A much-hyped Naitanui was invited to the 2008 AFL Draft Camp and his results were impressive. He managed to equal the running vertical jump record previously set by Jared Brennan, but fell short of Trent Croad 's standing jump record. His sprint, agility and endurance tests were also impressive.

Many media commentators believed that Naitanui was in contention to be taken as the number 1 pick in the 2008 AFL Draft. The Melbourne Football Club, who retained that pick, had looked at Naitanui, but instead selected Victorian Jack Watts.

## AFL career

### 2009–2015: Early career

HiguysNaitanui was taken at pick No. 2 overall in the 2008 AFL Draft by the West Coast Eagles. As a highly rated future player by John Worsfold, Naitanui was given the number 9 guernsey, becoming the first West Coast Eagles player to wear the number since Brownlow Medalist and former captain Ben Cousins left the club at the end of the 2007 season. His first game at the senior level was on 13 June 2009 when he was named to play against Richmond in game 12 of the 2009 season.

His career suffered a setback, however, during pre-season training when he experienced knee soreness and had precautionary surgery.

Naitanui impressed enough in the WAFL in a game where he accumulated 15 possessions, 21 hit-outs, 4 goals and a spectacular mark, to earn his selection in the round 12 against Richmond at Etihad Stadium.

His debut game impressed many, demonstrating his athletic ability with another spectacular mark as well as 3 kicks, 8 handballs, 3 marks and 7 hitouts. In his second game against premiers Hawthorn at Subiaco, Naitanui was quiet for the first three-quarters but dazzled in the fourth, kicking three goals and leading his team to a come-from-behind win.

Naitanui was honoured with a nomination for the AFL Rising Star in round 4, 2010 in the West Coast Eagles win over the Essendon Bombers, a match where Naitanui dominated with 13 disposals, 5 tackles and 17 hitouts. Naitanui took out the West Coast's Rookie of the Year Award for the 2010 Season and finished fifth in the 2010 Club Champion Award.

In March 2012, a viral video of Naitanui performing a slam dunk at a Perth Wildcats basketball game received over 100,000 views on YouTube.

On 17 September 2012 Naitanui earned his first All Australian Team nomination being named as the starting Ruckman.

On the Friday Night game against North Melbourne in round 8, 2013, Naitanui took a memorable pack mark 30m out with seconds left on the clock. He proceeded to kick a goal after the siren to win the game by 2 points, becoming the 35th AFL player to do so.

Naitanui played his 100th AFL game in round 13, 2014, against the Gold Coast Suns. West Coast won by three points.

In 2015 - after a strong season - Naitanui was named in the initial All Australian squad of 40.

### 2016–2018: ACL ruptures

In round 21, during the 2016 season, Naitanui kicked a goal with 4 seconds remaining against the GWS Giants, winning the game for the Eagles. He ruptured his ACL in the following game, and missed the rest of the 2016 season.

Naitanui missed the entire 2017 season. Naitanui was in contention to play his first game for the season in the first semi-final against Greater Western Sydney, but did not play.

During the 2018 season, Naitanui was suspended for a week following a tackle on Port Adelaide's Karl Amon. The decision was heavily criticised by the AFL media and past players where it was believed he was punished for being the stronger player in the tackle.

In round 17 of the 2018 season, after 15 games back from an injury to his left anterior cruciate ligament, Naitanui landed awkwardly in a contest just before half time of the match against the Collingwood Magpies, suffering the same injury to his right anterior cruciate ligament. He was expected to miss 10–12 months of football after a reconstruction. West Coast went on to win the 2018 AFL premiership in his absence.

### 2019 Comeback

After nearly a year out of the game, Naitanui returned to AFL football in round 15 against Hawthorn, after playing just one game with limited match time for the WAFL Eagles team.

### 2020–2021

Since the COVID-19 pandemic put a hold at the start of the season, Naitanui had his first full season in 4 years and received all-Australian honours as starting ruckman. On 19 October 2020, Naitanui received his first John Worsfold medal as the clubs best and fairest. At the end of 2021 he won the John Worsfold medal for best and fairest. He also made the All-Australian team on the bench.

### Retirement

In August 2023, Naitanui announced his retirement from the AFL. He had not played in any games in the 2023 season and had played in just 8 games in the 2022 season.

## Personal life

In August 2022, Naitanui became engaged to partner Brittany Bown. In October that year, the couple welcomed their first child, a son. The couple were expecting a daughter in November 2023.

## In the media

Naitanui features in the 2021 fly-on-the-wall documentary TV series Making Their Mark, which showed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on several AFL clubs, players, and staff. He and Eddie Betts were filmed almost continuously, with other players featured including Stephen Coniglio and Rory Sloane, along with several coaches and other staff associated with the clubs.

## Statistics


Morality, Unity, Honour

# Morality, Unity, Honour

## Abstract

Morale, Unity, Honour (Bulgarian: Морал, Единство, Чест), also known simply as MECh (Bulgarian: МЕЧ, lit. ' Sword ') is a Bulgarian political party formed in February 2024 by former Minister of Youth and Sports and then-MP Radostin Vasilev. The party stands on a hard anti-establishment and anti-corruption platform, promising to fight organised crime and restore the rule of law in the country. It also advocates for traditional family values, while opposing the LGBT community, a eurosceptic approach to Bulgaria’s membership in the European Union, and a neutral stance towards the Russia-Ukraine War.

## History

### Background and foundation

Morale, Unity, Honour was officially registered as a political party on 9 February 2024, after its founder, Radostin Vasilev, launched its platform in the fall of 2023. Vasilev, formerly a member of the ITN and We Continue the Change parties, had left the latter in May 2023 following a wiretapping scandal involving him. On 21 May the party held a national video conference with about 50 people participating where it discussed the opportunity of forming a government in a coalition with GERB—SDS. As the conference was running late at night, Vasilev proceeded to record it and, to his words, go to bed. The following day he leaked the recording to the press, claiming he has lost confidence in party leaders Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev, who, unaware of being recorded, can be heard making controversial statements on multiple occasions in the tape. While the scandal stalled government talks, they concluded in the formation of the Denkov Government. As a result, Vasilev declared his independence from the PP-DB group in the National Assembly and served as MP until the dissolution of the 49th National Assembly, where he would actively criticize the government and use his position to increase the popularity of his newly formed party.


The Brood

# The Brood

## Abstract

The Brood is a 1979 Canadian psychological body horror film written and directed by David Cronenberg and starring Oliver Reed, Samantha Eggar, and Art Hindle. Its plot follows a man and his mentally ill ex-wife, who has been sequestered by a psychiatrist known for his controversial therapy techniques. A series of brutal unsolved murders serves as the backdrop for the central narrative.

Written by Cronenberg after his own acrimonious divorce, he intended the screenplay as a meditation on a fractured relationship between a husband and wife who share a child, and cast Eggar and Hindle as loose facsimiles of himself and his ex-wife. He would later state that, despite its incorporation of science fiction elements, he considered it his sole feature that most embodied a "classic horror film". Principal photography of The Brood took place in late 1978 in Toronto on a budget of $1.5 million. The film's score was composed by Howard Shore, in his film composing debut.

Released in the spring of 1979 by New World Pictures, The Brood proved profitable for the studio, grossing over $5 million. Though it initially received positive reviews from critics, it would establish itself as a cult film in the following decades. It has attracted scholarly interest from academics in the areas of film theory for its themes regarding mental illness and parenthood. In 2006, the Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 88th scariest film of all time. In 2013, it was selected for restoration by the Criterion Collection, which subsequently released it on Blu-ray.

## Plot

Dr. Hal Raglan, a psychotherapist, encourages patients with mental disturbances to let go of their suppressed emotions through physiological changes to their bodies in a technique he calls "psychoplasmics". One of his patients is Nola Carveth, a severely disturbed woman who is legally embattled with her husband Frank for custody of their five-year-old daughter Candice. When Frank discovers bruises and scratches on Candice following a visit with Nola, he informs Raglan of his intent to stop visitation rights. Wanting to protect his patient, Raglan begins to intensify the sessions with Nola to resolve the issue quickly. During the therapy sessions, he discovers that Nola was physically and verbally abused by her alcoholic mother, Juliana, while neglected by her co-dependent alcoholic father, Barton, who refused to protect Nola out of shame and denial.

Frank, intending to invalidate Raglan's methods, questions Jan Hartog, a former patient who is dying of psychoplasmic-induced lymphoma. He leaves Candice with Juliana and the two spend the evening viewing old photographs. Juliana tells Candice that Nola was frequently hospitalized as a child and often exhibited strange unexplained wheals on her skin that doctors were unable to diagnose. While in the kitchen, Juliana is attacked and bludgeoned to death by a small, dwarf -like child. Candice is traumatized, but physically unharmed.

Juliana's ex-husband Barton returns for the funeral and attempts to contact Nola, but Raglan turns him away. Frank invites Candice's teacher, Ruth Mayer, home for dinner to discuss his daughter's performance in school. Barton interrupts with a drunken phone call from Juliana's home, demanding that Frank and he go to Raglan's institute to see Nola. Frank leaves to calm Barton, leaving Candice in Ruth's care. While he's away, Ruth answers a phone call from Nola, who, recognizing her voice and believing her to be having an affair with Frank, insults her and angrily warns Ruth to stay away from her family. Meanwhile, Frank arrives to find Barton murdered by the same deformed dwarf-child, who dies after attempting to kill Frank.

An autopsy of the dwarf-child reveals a multitude of bizarre anatomical anomalies: the creature is asexual, supposedly colorblind, naturally toothless and devoid of a navel, indicating no known means of natural human birth. After the murders catch the attention of newspapers, Raglan reluctantly acknowledges that the deaths coincided with his sessions with Nola relating to their respective topics. He closes his institute and sends his patients to municipal care with the exception of Nola. Frank is alerted about the closure of the institute by Hartog.

Mike Trellan, one of Raglan's other patients, tells Frank that Nola is now Raglan's "queen bee" and in charge of some "disturbed children" in an attic. When Candice returns to school, two dwarf-children attack and kill Ruth in front of her class before absconding with Candice to the institute, with Frank in pursuit. Upon arrival, Raglan tells Frank the truth about the dwarf-children: they are the accidental product of Nola's psychoplasmic sessions; her rage about her abuse was so strong that she parthenogenetically bore a brood of creatures resembling children who psychically respond and act on the targets of her rage, with Nola completely unaware of their actions. Realizing the brood are too dangerous to keep anymore, Raglan plans to venture into their quarters and rescue Candice, provided that Frank can keep Nola calm to avoid provoking the children.

Frank attempts a feigned rapprochement long enough for Raglan to collect Candice, but when he witnesses Nola give birth to another child through a psychoplasmically-induced external womb, she notices his disgust when she licks the child clean. The brood awakens and kills Raglan. Nola then threatens to kill Candice rather than lose her. The brood goes after Candice, who hides in a closet, but they begin to break through the door and try to grab her. In desperation, Frank strangles Nola to death, and the brood dies without its mother's psychic connection. Frank carries a visibly traumatized Candice back to his car and the two depart. As the pair sit in silence, two small lesions—a germinal stage of the phenomenon experienced by Nola—appear on Candice's arm.

## Cast

- Oliver Reed as Dr. Hal Raglan

- Samantha Eggar as Nola Carveth

- Art Hindle as Frank Carveth

- Henry Beckman as Barton Kelly

- Nuala Fitzgerald as Juliana Kelly

- Susan Hogan as Ruth Mayer

- Cindy Hinds as Candice Carveth

- Gary McKeehan as Mike Trellan

- Michael Magee as Inspector

- Robert A. Silverman as Jan Hartog

- Larry Solway as Lawyer

- Nicholas Campbell as Chris

## Production

### Screenplay

" The Brood is my version of Kramer vs. Kramer, but more realistic."

—Cronenberg commenting on his concept of the film

In retrospect, Cronenberg stated that he felt The Brood was "the most classic horror film I've done" in terms of structure. He conceived the screenplay in the aftermath of an acrimonious divorce from his wife, which resulted in a bitter custody battle over their daughter. During his divorce, Cronenberg became aware of the drama Kramer vs. Kramer (also released in 1979), and was disillusioned by its optimistic depiction of a familial breakdown after a couple's separation. In response, he began writing the screenplay for The Brood, aspiring to depict the strife between a divorced couple battling over their child.

### Casting

In casting the roles of Frank and Nola Carveth, Cronenberg sought actors who were "vague facsimiles" of himself and his wife. Canadian actor Art Hindle was cast in the role of Frank. There was difficulty in casting Nola Carveth and Samantha Eggar, who Cronenberg stated "looked a little like my ex-wife" and had a husband that looked like him, was selected. Cronenberg met Eggar ten years later at the Sitges Film Festival where she told him that " The Brood was the strangest and most repulsive film I've ever done".

Oliver Reed was cast in the role of Hal Raglan, the psychologist who has kept Nola sequestered after her divorce from Frank. He accepted a reduced salary for the role. This marked the second time Eggar and Reed had starred in a film together, having previously co-starred in The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun (1970). Additionally, Eggar and Reed had known one another personally, having grown up together in Bledlow, England. Eggar was impressed by Cronenberg's screenplay, and agreed to appear in the film as she felt the role of Nola was "almost Shakespearean... How could you turn this part down?"

### Filming

Les Productions Mutuelles Ltée and Elgin International Productions produced the film as The Brood Films. The film was shot in Toronto from 14 November to 21 December 1978, on a budget of $1,400,000 (equivalent to $6,009,290 in 2023) with $200,000 coming from the Canadian Film Development Corporation. The Kortright Centre for Conservation, just north of Toronto, was used as the location of the Somafree Institute. Additional photography was done in Mississauga.

Eggar recalled the production crew being very small, with only around seven crew members in total while she was filming her sequences, many of them "academics and PhDs, standing there holding lights". Her scenes were shot over a period of three days. To portray the brood of children, Cronenberg cast a group of child gymnasts from Toronto.

This was the first film scored by composer Howard Shore. Shore's work consists in a composition for chamber orchestra strongly reminiscent of the Second Viennese School 's Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg and Anton Webern. The technically difficult score by Shore is performed by professional players. It was the first Cronenberg film to have an original soundtrack. Shore has written the music for most of Cronenberg's subsequent films.

## Release

### Censorship

The Brood had cuts demanded for an R-rating for its theatrical release in the United States. Eggar conceived the idea of licking the new fetuses that her character Nola Carveth has spawned. "I just thought that when cats have their kittens or dogs have puppies (and I think at that time I had about 8 dogs), they lick them as soon as they’re born. Lick, lick, lick, lick, lick…," Eggar said.

However, when the climactic scene was censored, Cronenberg responded: "I had a long and loving close-up of Samantha licking the fetus when the censors, those animals, cut it out, the result was that a lot of people thought she was eating her baby. That's much worse than I was suggesting."

### Box office

The Brood was released as Chromosome 3 in France and La Clinique De La Terreur in Quebec. The film was distributed by New World Pictures and opened in the United States on 25 May 1979, Canada on 1 June, France on 10 October, and the United Kingdom on 13 March 1980. The French dub was released in Montreal on 14 March 1980. After its screenings in Toronto and Chicago, The Brood grossed $685,000 over only a period of ten days between the two cities. By 1981, the film had grossed over $5 million. Cronenberg was able to purchase a home using his earnings from the film.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Brood holds an 81% approval rating based on 31 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus reads: " The Brood is a grotesque, squirming, hilariously shrill exploration of the bizarre and deadly side of motherhood.”

While Variety called it "an extremely well made, if essentially unpleasant shocker", Leonard Maltin reviewed the film in two sentences: "Eggar eats her own afterbirth while midget clones beat grandparents and lovely young schoolteachers to death with mallets. It's a big, wide, wonderful world we live in!" and rated it an outright "BOMB". Roger Ebert called it "a bore" and "disgusting in ways that are not entertaining; as opposed, for example, to the great disgusting moments in Alien or Dawn of the Dead ", and even went as far as asking, "Are there really people who want to see reprehensible trash like this?" concluding with "I guess so. It's in its second week." Writing for the Vancouver Sun, Vaughn Palmer lambasted the film, referring to it as "mean, foul and witless... The people who made The Brood do not like people. They do not even appear to like themselves. They just like money." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times praised the film as "well-made" and "expertly acted," but criticized its depictions of violence, stating: "Perhaps Cronenberg means to make an extreme comment upon the irresponsibility of psychiatrists and parents, but The Brood is so totally sickening it's an irresponsible work itself."

In Cult Movies, Danny Peary, who openly disapproves of Shivers and Rabid, calls The Brood "Cronenberg's best film" because "we care about the characters", and, although he dislikes the ending, "an hour and a half of absorbing, solid cinema". In his An Introduction to the American Horror Film, critic Robin Wood views The Brood as a reactionary work portraying feminine power as irrational and horrifying, and the dangerous attempts of Oliver Reed's character's psychoanalysis as an analogue to the dangers of trying to undo repression in society.

The Brood was listed #88 on the " Chicago Film Critics Association 's 100 Scariest Movies of All-Time". In 2004, one of its sequences was voted #78 among the " 100 Scariest Movie Moments " by the Bravo Channel.

### Home media

The film was released on VHS in 1982, and on DVD in its original uncensored version by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on August 26, 2003. Anchor Bay Entertainment subsequently released the film on DVD in the United Kingdom 2005.

In mid-2013, the Criterion Collection added The Brood, as well as Scanners, to their selection of films available to Hulu and iTunes customers. The film was subsequently issued on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection on October 13, 2015, featuring a new 2K scan of the original film elements.

## Related works

A novelization by Richard Starks was published to coincide with the film's initial release. In 2009, Spyglass Entertainment announced a remake from a script by Cory Goodman, to be directed by Breck Eisner. Eisner left the project in 2010.

## Analysis

Cronenberg stated that it was his only film without humor. Child characters rarely appear in his films, with Cronenberg stating that having a child made it unbearable, but child characters are present in The Brood as "it was cathartic, I had to do it, but I have never done it since" according to Cronenberg.

Written in the aftermath of writer-director Cronenberg's divorce from his wife, The Brood has been noted by critics and film scholars for its prominent themes surrounding fears of parenthood, as well as corollary preoccupations with repression and the treatment of mental illness in women.

Film theorist Barbara Creed notes that Nola's parthenogenetic births are thematically "used to demonstrate the horrors of unbridled maternal power" in which a woman gives birth to "deformed manifestations of herself". Scholar Sarah Arnold similarly suggests that, despite Nola's apparent representation as a "bad mother" epitomizing " the monstrous feminine ", The Brood "does not disseminate such images unproblematically, instead questions these already (culturally and socially) pre-existing notions of the maternal and motherhood... the film fuses the concerns of the woman's film with that of the body horror film."

Feminist critic Carrie Rickey notes that, like many of Cronenberg's films, The Brood has been accused of presenting a misogynistic representation of women. However, Rickey argues against this assertion, writing: "For me, Cronenberg’s gynophobia is a nonissue. It’s blaming the victim. After all, aren’t we talking about movies where male scientists use women as guinea pigs and then are shocked, shocked when the test subjects become monstrous, voracious, etc.? Let me invoke the Jessica Rabbit defense: The women are not bad, they’re just drawn that way. It’s the male scientists who have inadvertently transformed them into men’s worst nightmares."

## Works cited


UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments

# UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments

## Abstract

The UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments is the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) volleyball tournaments for the 2024–25 school year.

The high school boys' and girls' tournaments began on September 14, 2024.

## Teams

All eight member universities of the UAAP fielded teams in the collegiate division while 8 universities fielded teams in the boys' and girls' division, respectively.

## Boys' tournament

### Team line-up

### Elimination round

#### Team standings

#### Match-up results

#### Game results

Results on top and to the right of the solid cells are for first-round games; those to the bottom and to the left of it are second-round games.

## Girls' tournament

### Team line-up

### Elimination round

#### Team standings

#### Match-up results

#### Game results

Results on top and to the right of the solid cells are for first-round games; those to the bottom and to the left of it are second-round games.

## Overall championship points

In case of a tie, the team with the higher position in any tournament is ranked higher. If both are still tied, they are listed by alphabetical order.

How rankings are determined:

- Ranks 5th to 8th determined by elimination round rankings.

- Semifinals losers ranked by elimination round rankings

- Loser of the finals is ranked 2nd

- Champion is ranked 1st


UAAP Season 87 volleyball tournaments


The Bumblebee Flies Anyway

# The Bumblebee Flies Anyway

## Abstract

The Bumblebee Flies Anyway is a 1999 drama film starring Elijah Wood and directed by Martin Duffy. It is based on the novel of the same name by Robert Cormier.

The film premiered at the Deauville American Film Festival in September 1999 and was given a limited release in the United States on January 1, 2000.

## Plot

Barney Snow wakes up in a hospital with no memory of why he is there. All he has is his name and some vague recollections of a car crash. He assumes that he is in the hospital for his amnesia and settles in to try to recover. He quickly realizes that all of the other residents of the youth clinic are suffering from terminal illnesses.

Another patient, Mazzo, asks Barney to play host for his visiting twin sister Cassie. Barney immediately falls for Cassie and strives to get better, if only to be able to see her in a setting outside the hospital. He is determined to learn about his past so that he can make her a part of his future.

In his explorations, both inside his shattered memories and through the physical rooms of the hospital, Barney starts to realize that there was no car crash. Doctor Harriman induced amnesia in Barney to make him forget everything in his past. Barney demands to know why, and Harriman tells him he has cancer. The experimental procedure that Barney is undergoing is attempting to test the power of the mind in fighting cancer. Barney had volunteered for the treatment, hoping for a miracle cure.

The theory was that if Barney did not know he had cancer, the body might stop creating the cancer cells. The explanation Harriman gives comes from an old myth that, based on weight ratios to wing power and wind resistance, the bumblebees should be aerodynamically incapable of flight — yet the bumblebee doesn’t know that, so it flies anyway.

Torn between his hope for a cure and his desire to continue his budding relationship with Cassie, Barney is forced to choose whether to go through the amnesia procedure again or remain with the memories and knowledge he has thus far acquired.

## Cast

- Elijah Wood as Barney Snow

- Janeane Garofalo as Dr. Harriman/Handyman

- Rachael Leigh Cook as Cassie

- George O. Gore II as Billy

- Joseph Perrino as Mazzo/Berto

- Roger Rees as Dr. Croft

- Oni Faida Lampley as Nurse Bascam

- Jeffrey Force as Allie Roon

- Christopher Mark Petrizzo as Chris Ronson

- Samuel Haft as Samuel Ronson

- John E. Mack as Willy/Orderly

## Critical reception

Lisa Nesselson of Variety praised the acting and called it "A meticulously made film that raises haunting questions about personal identity and the role of mind over matter in treating serious illness." TV Guide gave a more mixed review, commenting the film cannot decide if it is "a lighthearted teen coming-of-age story, or an eerie science-fiction nightmare about wayward medical ethics".