Crosby High School (Texas)

# Crosby High School (Texas)

## Abstract

Crosby High School is a public high school in Crosby, a community in unincorporated Harris County, Texas. Approximately 1,600 students are enrolled in grades 9 through 12.

Crosby High School is located off FM 2100, approximately 35 miles northeast of Downtown Houston. It serves the Crosby Independent School District. Crosby ISD built a new high school campus that opened fall of 2016. Current administration includes Principal Terry Perkins.

The school serves the census-designated places of Crosby and Barrett.

## History

On September 18, 1991, 17-year-old Arthur Jermel Jack was killed by 15-year-old LaKeeta Cadoree, in the cafeteria. Cadoree, still holding the gun, went to the school's office, called her mother, and asked to be taken home. Cadoree then "broke down", according to the Associated Press. The school's assistant principal was able to calm her down and convince her to surrender her weapon. She was arrested, tried, and convicted for Jack's murder and was released after serving 22 years in prison. In 2000 Rudolph Thomas, the principal, resigned from his position. Deborah Frank, an assistant principal, became the new principal.

Football is high on the list of priorities at Crosby High School. This is evidenced by the fact that the head football coach, Jeff Riordan, is paid more than the principal. Jeff Riordan's salary was $117,896, while the principal's (Terry Perkins) salary was only $113,000.

## Academics

2011 School Accountability Rating: Met standard. Although Crosby High School met the existing 2016 standard, under the new Texas Education Agency letter grade rankings set to debut in 2018, Crosby High School received 3 - D's and 1 - F in the following areas, Student Achievement (D), Student Progress (D), Closing Performance Gaps (D) and Postsecondary Readiness (F).

### Dual credit classes

Dual credit classes with San Jacinto College North and Lee College.

Dual credit programs: CTE (Career and Technology Education), MECA (Modified Early College Academy), professional certifications.

## Sports

- District 5A

- Baseball

- Basketball

- Cross-country

- Football

- Golf

- swimming

- Powerlifting

- Soccer

- Softball

- Tennis

- Track

- Volleyball

- Bass Fishing

- Marching Band

## Notable alumni

- J. R. Towles: Houston Astros catcher

- Leo Rucka: played as center and linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers in 1956. Drafted in the second round in the 1954 NFL draft


Carleton Ravens football

# Carleton Ravens football

## Abstract

The Carleton Ravens football team represents Carleton University, which is based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Ravens play U Sports football in the Ontario University Athletics conference. The Ravens football program started in 1945 and was continuously in operation until 1998 when the program was disbanded. The football program was brought back to the university in 2011 and began play in 2013. The football team has won one conference championship, winning the Dunsmore Cup in 1985 while playing in the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference.

## History

Historically, the Ravens football team first began play just after the Second World War in 1945 and was in continuous operation until the program was dropped in 1998. While the team had some success in the mid-1980s, poor performances and a plan by the Carleton Athletic department to invest more funds in other sports led to the sport being cut after the 1998 season. In their history, the Ravens won one Dunsmore Cup conference championship in 1985, but lost in the following Western Bowl to the Calgary Dinos 56 to 14.

### Beginnings (1945-1949)

The Originals, the first Carleton College football team, played its first organized game on a rainy October day in 1945. The Second World War had just ended and 36 war veterans, turned students, lined up to face their opponents Macdonald College in Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. Though the Carleton College team was bigger and more experienced, Macdonald took home the win (15-0). Carleton College, established in 1942, did not have the facilities or finances for academics, let alone a football team. Citizens of Ottawa rallied to help out the newborn squad. W.D.T. Atkinson allowed the team to practice at Glebe Collegiate, the school where he was principal. Charlie Kerr, one of the players, found the team matching brown and orange hockey jerseys to wear and the Strathcona junior team donated equipment. Tiny Hermann, a former Rough Rider star, agreed to volunteer his time as head coach. Joe Scanlon, author of History of Football at Carleton, lists these fine gentlemen as the members of the Originals:

Bob Forbes, Frank MacIntyre, Mel Carson, Bill O'Neill, Johnny Urquhart, Bill Rankin, Charlie Kerr, Don Sim, Johnny Moore, Charlie Charlebois, Donald McGregor, Merton Keith Salisbury, Wayne Dunphy, Ross Cavey, Al Holtby, Johnny Chown, Jim McNee, Lyall Graham, Bernard Garand, Harold Barnhart, Jim McKnight, Chuck Winters, Peter Ayearst, Russ Brown, Rock Robillard, Ted Graves, Robert Forbes, John Bell, Bill Morgan, Doug Good, Dave Morgan, Al Holley, J W York, Ted Ricker, Peter McDougal and Johnny Shore. The two managers were Jim Hanna and Don Anderson.

The Originals ended their first season with one win, two losses and a tie. The "Ravens" name came from the Carleton College student newspaper staff in 1948, when they started using that moniker with no explanation. It may have had something to do with the team's raven-like black uniform. By 1946, Carleton College was located on First Avenue, with the Ravens occupying a 12'x15' locker room in the basement. The dressing room was in the attic and practices were held in a small, poorly-lit yard behind the school. In 1947, the team entered the intermediate league with St. Patrick's College, the University of Ottawa and Queen's University. It was in this newly-formed league that the long rivalry between the University of Ottawa and Carleton College began, and the Ravens became an integral part of university life. Fans would rally and march from First Avenue to Lansdowne Park for home games and pile onto buses for the away games. The first decade of Ravens football history endured hardships such as under-funding, changes in leadership and, as veterans graduated, depleting numbers.

### Trying times and turnaround (1950-1959*)

The early 1950s were trying years for the Ravens. The low enrolment and roster numbers left Coach Arnie McWatters with a "patchwork" team. High scoring losses against teams in the newly formed Ottawa-St. Lawrence Conference left the Ravens low on morale. Ravens football came to a grinding halt, with no inter-varsity team in the 1951 season after the loss of college grant money. The seemingly bleak future of the Ravens was brightened when the college revived the program in 1952. Norm Fenn, assistant coach and full-time director of Athletics, provided the first link between the college administration and the football team, and would prove vital in the years to come. The new team entered a league with Macdonald College, Bishop's University and St. Patrick's College. There was little carryover of players from the previous decade, but the new players were ready and willing pupils.

The Ravens were on their way to a significant turnaround in 1953, with their first winning season. The new head coach, Bill Stanton, led the team to winning games against Loyola (now Concordia University) and McGill. For the first time, in 1954, Carleton was in the running for a league title. They ended the season in a tie for second place with the Royal Military College (RMC), and won the first Panda game in 1955. This season was one of the best in Ravens' history, with Carleton holding first in the league until a final game with the University of Ottawa (U of 0). However, the success would be shortlived1955 to 1959 were not to be as successful as the years before. The competition grew with the establishment of the Ontario Intercollegiate Football League, with the inclusion of the University of Ottawa, RMC, McMaster University, University of Waterloo and the Ontario Agricultural and Veterinary College at Guelph (now University of Guelph).

(*)Carleton football suspended operations for one year in 1951 due to financial constraints and began play again in 1952.

### Keith Harris era begins (1960-1969)

Coach Keith Harris arrived for the start of the 1959 season, bringing needed leadership and routine to the Ravens squad. He began the Monday night "horror movie" tradition where films of previous games were picked apart and analyzed. Primitive but effective recruitment strategies picked young men from the registration lines in September. The 1960s also saw the first football training camps, where tactical knowledge and skills, along with kinship, were developed. The players did odd jobs on campus to earn room and board in the new campus fieldhouse at the newly opened Rideau Campus. Harris was also the assistant director of Athletics while Norm Fenn, assistant coach, filled the position of director.

The results of these changes began to surface as early as the 1960 season, when the Ravens beat RMC twice in a row and non-winning games had small point spreads. For the first time in five years, no team shut the Ravens out, and player retention from year-to-year was on the rise. In 1962, Carleton fought its way to the top of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence conference, ready to take the conference title. Carleton challenged the first-place team in the conference: the McMaster Marauders. Although both morale and skill were at an all-time high, the McMaster team won, putting Carleton in second place. The 1963 season was also very successful, and 1964 brought Pedro the Panda back to Carleton after an eight-year stay with the Gee-Gees. Players like Bob Amer, Dave Dalton and Gord Pranschke set league records. These three players, along with Murray Thrift, Larry Matheson and Earl Hammond, made the 1965 league all-star game. A unique challenge was presented to Carleton's football Ravens in 1967, when St. Patrick's College, one of Carleton's frequent opponents, was incorporated into Carleton University. The two very separate football teams were to become one squad. By 1968, the integrated Ravens team earned a second-place finish and sixth-place nationally. The 1960s were truly the Ravens' first Golden Age.

### Tougher competition (1970-1979)

The Ravens football club moved from the mediocre Central Canada Intercollegiate Conference (CCIC) into the highly-competitive Ontario University Athletic Association (OUAA) in 1971. This league contained the nationally ranked University of Toronto Varsity Blues and the Queen's University Golden Gaels. Carleton's first game in the OUAA was against the Varsity Blues. Though they were the underdogs, the Ravens upset the Blues with an impressive 12-3 win. One of the highlights of the 1971 season was the Panda Game, when the number one team in the nation, the Gee-Gees, was upset by the Ravens 28-14. All in all, the 1971 season was an impressive debut in the OUAA.

The 1972 highlights included a phenomenal game against Waterloo, where the offence finally proved themselves with a 35-6 score. The Ravens seemed to score every time they touched the ball. After shattering 21 team records, the Ravens were proud going into the 1974 season. The Ravens struggled, but secured a 10th-place national ranking, obtaining a playoff spot in the OUAA eastern division. Though the Ravens didn't take the Panda game or the playoff semi-final with Toronto, 1974 was a season where the Ravens commanded the respect of the OUAA.

1975 and 1976 were rough years for the team. Coach Kim McCuaig left to work full time with the Athletics Department and was replaced by Brian Kealey. These two seasons were, in fact, winless, but the 1977, 1978 and 1979 seasons got the attention of the league and eventually the entire nation! Pat Stoqua, a Ravens basketball star, joined the team in 1977 and was a key contributor to the defence strategy. A whopping 61-0 exhibition win against Royal Military College gave the Ravens the spirit and confidence needed to win against the Gee-Gees, in a tremendous show of defensive skills. This was the first time in six years that the Ravens had won against their eternal foe. The Ravens were legitimate contenders in the league and the 1977 Panda game was won 36-16 by Carleton.

The 1978 team won a title at the Ontario-Quebec pre-season jamboree, and was ready for anything. When Coach Kealey joined the team in 1975, he vowed that the team would reach the College Bowl by 1980, and this dream was finally looking attainable. The Panda Game was, yet again, the deciding game for a playoff spot. The Ravens repeated their stellar performance from the previous year and won 24-13.

1979 was being called the Year of the Ravens. University football forecasters predicted that the team would finish first or second in the eastern division. The dream team went on to win three consecutive games, making them the only undefeated team in the conference and third in the country, the highest ranking ever obtained by a Ravens football team. The club began to receive media attention as the newest legitimate national contender on the block. Queen's Golden Gaels became the team to beat to solidify the conference title. The Ravens lost the semifinal against the Gaels. The last season of the decade was like a roller-coaster that ended in disappointment, yet the Ravens had much to be happy about. The club went from division doormat to well-respected national contenders and a team to be reckoned with.

### Successful years (1980-1989)

The Ravens entered 1980 with a positive outlook and the determination to take it one game at a time, with Coach Kealey being backed by a completely new team of assistant coaches. Though the Birds lost the first three games of the year, the season was redeemed when the Ravens brought "Pedro the Panda" home with a 30-21 win over the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees.

1982 brought a new head coach, Wayne (Ace) Powell Jr., as well as some reforms. Training camp had the Ravens practicing two or three times a day, with a largely veteran team that was hungry for a taste of success. Highlights of the season included the first win against Queen's Golden Gaels since 1974. Things were definitely starting to look up for the team, with a 28-17 win over Bishop's that placed the Ravens in second place in the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference (O-QIFC). However, the next loss (19-7) against the Gee-Gees, ended the season.

Cam Collins, Clark Oliver, Dan Petschenig, Steve Hamlin and Tom Timlin formed the nucleus of the 1983 team. An exciting see-saw battle between the Ravens and fIfth-ranked Bishop's team gave the Ravens their first win of the season. A three-game winning streak followed and wide receiver John Dawley helped to turn around the Panda Game, which the Ravens snagged 33-28. After just one season of heading up the coaching staff, Ace Powell managed to bring the Ravens to the O-QIFC playoffs.

The 1984 team was stacked with many potential CFL drafts. A 10-9 win over Queen's, which was in the midst of negotiating the establishment of an elite league with Western, Toronto and McGill, was the highlight of the season. The Ravens bulldozed over Bishop's, the third-ranked team in Canada at the time. After this game, the Bishop's coach stated, "I said at the season's start that I felt Carleton had the best team in the conference and today they went out and proved it." The Ravens were ninth in the country going into the 1984 Panda game. Predictions from NFL executives to local radio personalities pointed to a Ravens'victory. As expected, Pedro went to the Ravens. The 1984 season was the best year the Ravens had had for years. Yet no one was prepared for 1985 and 1986, the two most successful seasons in Ravens history.

The 1985 team began the season with a very balanced attack against its opponents, using the new Cam Collins-Mark Brown quarterback-wide receiver combination to fuel the offence. Fan support was at an all-time high and the Ravens took home their third Panda game in a row, a first in Ravens' history. After a 40-20 win over Bishop's in play-offs, the Birds found themselves heading to the Ontario-Quebec-conference final to meet the Concordia Stingers for the first time since the days of Coach Harris (1962). Fullback, Mark Skidmore, in his first start for Ravens scored 4 touchdowns (tied record CIS most touchdowns in a playoff game) to lead to Carleton to victory 46-21.

Everyone in Ottawa and the surrounding areas had Ravens fever as the Carleton team headed to Calgary to face the Dinosaurs in the Western Bowl (Vanier Cup semi-final). In -32C weather, the Ravens season came to an end with a 56-14 win for the Calgary Dinosaurs. However, all was not lost - the Ravens enjoyed the best season in the history of the club. They were the first to win a playoff game as well as a league championship, and the first to enter the Final Four.

The 1986 team fed off the fire of the 1985 squad. Many chose the Ravens to repeat their O-QIFC title. Mark Brown and Mark Skidmore in the backfield on fire for Five consecutive wins over Bishop's, Ottawa U., Queen's and McGill made it seem as if the Ravens were surely on their way to the Western Bowl once again. The 30-29 Panda game loss that followed was felt to be perhaps the biggest upset of the year. But the Ravens didn't let it stop them. Their 6- 1-0 record sent them to the conference semi-finals, where sweet revenge for the Panda game loss was obtained with a win over the Gee-Gees. The Ravens, the defending championship team, lost in a heartbreaking game against the Bishop's Gaiters. In 1987, the Panda came back to Carleton, but 1988 and 1989 proved to be years of famine in the land of the Ravens. Would the 1990s bring years of plenty?

### End of an era (1990-1998)

1990 marked the 45th year of football at Carleton University. Gary Shaver, a former Raven and assistant coach to Ace Powell, took over leadership in the 1989 season. Shaver began his second season with a very young and inexperienced team, as only two players were in their fourth year with the squad. The team experienced difficulties establishing an effective offence, a problem that would continue throughout the decade. However, two Ravens players, Phil Schnepf and Mark Whitton, were named to the 1990 O-QIFC all-star team.

1991 brought another win against the Ravens' cross-town rivals, and 1992 brought four new assistant coaches. Gary Shaver decided to step down as head coach in 1993. Over his four-year tenure, Shaver encouraged both the academic standards and performance of the players through individual counselling and assistance.

New coach Donn Smith had experience with championship teams and brought an air of success to the demoralized Ravens. A group of 11 Ottawa Sooners followed their former coach to Carleton, adding a new energy to the squad. These members knew what it was like to play for a winning team and their enthusiasm was contagious. Spirits began to rise after a respectable loss to McGill and a close 19-18 win over Ottawa University. During Smith's first season with the team, they beat the defending Vanier Cup champions the Queen's Golden Gaels. This win, after a 12-game losing streak, put the Ravens in a three-way tie for second place in the O-QIFC. Although the Ravens missed the playoffs that year, they were the most improved team in the conference. They doubled their offensive output from the previous season and trimmed points allowed by 71.

Expectations were high for the team going into the 1994 season. Veteran starting quarterback Sean O'Neil and Harry Van Hofwegan on defence were expected to help bring the team new success. After a longawaited Panda game win, the Ravens went on to win a match against the Gaels, however, they continued to struggle throughout 1995. Dave Bosveld, Harry Van Hofwegan (the O-QIFC outstanding lineman of the year) and Sean O'Neil (the TSN Russ Jackson Award winner) had individual successes that shed a positive light on the team.

The 1996 season was truly the high point of the decade as the Ravens started out well with wins against Laval, Ottawa, and Bishop's. This gave them the best start to a season since 1986. While sitting in first place in the conference and eighth nationally, a rainy day in Kingston brought a bitter loss against Queen's. A playoff spot was secured after winning against Laval, McGill and Concordia. For the third time that year, the Ravens would meet the Gee-Gees; this time in the O-QIFC semi-final. For the first time in almost a decade, the Ravens entered the realm of post-season play. Losing this playoff game was painful, but the Ravens could bask in the success of their first winning season in years. As a part of the restructuring of the Carleton University Department of Physical Recreation and Athletics, and the University Administration, the Ravens football team played its final game on October 31, 1998. From the small group of war veterans in 1945 to its 78-member squad in 1998, Ravens football made a memorable contribution to the rich heritage of Carleton University and to sports in the Ottawa area.

### The Old Crow Society

The Old Crow Society, established in 1963, is a group of Carleton University football alumni. With the encouragement of coach Keith Harris, Ravens veterans Jim Sevigny, Norm Jamison, Jeff White and Kim McCuaig established this group to further football at Carleton and nurture lasting team kinship. Over the years, the Old Crows have provided support through fundraising, contests and selling concessions at the home games, like Crow Burgers. The Old Crow Society held an annual dinner to honour Ravens, young and old, and to present the O-QIFC Frank Tindall Trophy for Coach of the Year, an award the Crows inaugurated in 1969. The Old Crow Society serves as the living testimony of Carleton's football legacy.

### Historical regular season results (1953–1998)

## Revival

For a number of years, there had been movements to revive the team, but there was no real interest from the university. However, on June 25, 2009, an announcement was made that the Lansdowne Live group, which owns the Ottawa Redblacks, the new Canadian Football League team, was in negotiations with the university to bring back the football program and play at a rebuilt Frank Clair Stadium to be shared with the CFL team and the Ottawa Gee-Gees. Lansdowne Live partner and Ravens alumnus John Ruddy has pledged $2.5 million to provide funding for the program and it would follow the private partnership model that has proved successful both financially and on the field with the Regina Rams and Laval Rouge et Or teams. The program needed to raise a minimum of $5 million in pledge commitments in order to secure final approvals, and establish Old Crows Football Inc. by May 2011 for the team to start play in time for the 2012 season.

While the group closely missed the May deadline, Old Crows Football Inc. and Carleton University announced on July 6, 2011 that the program would return in 2013. The $5 million was raised and the team operates independently by Old Crows Football Inc. as a non-profit corporate entity that will fund and market the program. Renovations to the locker rooms, coaches' offices and Keith Harris Stadium will be paid for by the Old Crows. On January 16, 2012, Steve Sumarah was named the team's head coach.

The 2013 team began the new era of Ravens football on September 2 against the Western Mustangs in London, Ontario with a 71-4 loss. They would finish the season with eight losses in eight games as was expected for a program in its first year. In 2014, the Ravens earned the revived program's first win with an away victory against the Waterloo Warriors. Overall, the team finished with a 4-4 record that year, including a memorable Hail Mary Panda Game victory over the Ottawa Gee-Gees. In 2015, the Ravens qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the 1996 season with a 5-3 record. They defeated the Queen's Golden Gaels in the first round, but lost to the Guelph Gryphons in the semi-finals. In 2016, the team hosted their first playoff game since 1986, with both games featuring wins over the Ottawa Gee-Gees. The team suffered a setback in 2017 as they finished with a 3-5 record and out of the playoffs. Three of their five losses were by five points or less. In 2018, the team went on to finish the regular season with a 5-3 record. This was enough to put them into the playoffs, where they lost in the semi-finals to the Western Mustangs. The 2019 season saw the Ravens go 2-4 through six games, making the last two regular season games must wins to keep their playoff hopes alive. The Ravens went on to upset the second place McMaster Marauders, and beat the Laurier Golden Hawks in the final two games of the season to secure a playoff spot at a 4-4 record on the season. In the quarter-final game, the Ravens lead the Guelph Gryphons 17-16 with under two minutes to play. A blocked punt by the Gryphons lead to a touchdown and a last-minute heartbreaker to end Carleton’s season.

## Traditions and rivalries

### Panda Game

In 1955, Bryan McNulty, a University of Ottawa student and associate editor for the Fulcrum, decided to promote the rivalry between his school and Carleton University. He asked a local jeweller, Jack Snow, to donate a stuffed panda that would be named "Pedro" to be used as a Gee-Gee mascot (as they had not adopted the Gee-Gee horse mascot yet). McNulty later convinced Snow to display the panda in his front window and then organized the first "Pandanapping", a ritual in which Pedro would be stolen from each campus in various ways. "Pandanapping" would progress over the years to the point where major vandalism was involved and almost jeopardized the game's future.

In a short matter of time, both Pedro and the Panda Game itself became national icons. In 1958, after a 25-0 Gee-Gee victory, Pedro went on a world tour. He made visits to McGill University in Montréal, Dalhousie University in Halifax, the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, UCLA in Los Angeles, and Alabama State University in Montgomery. It is said that Pedro was even sent to Peru, Mexico and Europe.

The game quickly became the most well-known football game in Canada behind the Grey Cup and the Vanier Cup. The attendance at the Panda Game often was higher than that of the Vanier Cup that same season.

In 1998, it was decided that Carleton University would be cancelling their football program at the end of the season after numerous years of sustained losses. This decision rendered the Panda Game tradition dead and left the Gee-Gees as the lone collegiate football team in the city for the first time in 53 years.

In 2013, the Panda Game returned to a great success. Approximately 4,000 fans packed into the brand-new Gee-Gees Field, the game resulted in the Gee-Gees getting their hands on a Pedro trophy after a dominant 35-10 win.

In 2014 the game moved back to Lansdowne, being played for the first time at TD Place.

In 2016, the Panda Game was nationally televised and had a game day attendance of 23,329 fans at the sold out TD Place, which is the highest attendance total in modern history to watch a regular season U Sports football game.

## Ravens season-by-season record

Team records since the program was revived in 2013:

## Ravens in the CFL

As of the start of the 2024 CFL season, forty-three former Ravens players have played in the CFL, seven of whom are currently on CFL teams' rosters:

- Patrick Lavoie, Edmonton (2024)

- Cedrick Lavigne, Winnipeg (2022)

- Keaton Bruggeling, Ottawa (2022–24)

- Jack Cassar, Toronto (2021–24)

- Trevor Hoyte, Toronto, Hamilton (2021–24)

- Kwabena Asare, Edmonton, Calgary, Montréal (2019–21)

- Kene Onyeka, Ottawa (2019–24)

- Michael Domagala, Hamilton, Edmonton, Ottawa (2019–23)

- Jay Dearborn, Saskatchewan (2019–21)

- Zack Annen, Montréal (2018)

- Malcolm Carter, Montréal (2018–19)

- Justin Howell, Ottawa (2018–24)

- Tunde Adeleke, Calgary, Hamilton, Toronto (2017–24)

- Emmanuel Adusei, Saskatchewan (2017–18)

- Nate Behar, Edmonton, Ottawa (2017–23)

- Nate Hamlin, BC, Edmonton (2017–18, 2022)

- Mike Homewood, Saskatchewan, Calgary (2002–04)

- Jason Kralt, BC Lions, Ottawa (1999-2005)

- Cameron Legault, Winnipeg, Calgary, BC Lions, Ottawa (1998-2006)

- Harry Van Hofwegen, Winnipeg, BC Lions, Edmonton (1996–98)

- Jason Mallett, Saskatchewan, Hamilton (1995-2003)

- Carl Coulter, BC Lions, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan, Hamilton (1990-2004)

- Mike Philbrick, Ottawa, Hamilton (1990, 1994-2001)

- Moustafa Ali, Winnipeg, Calgary (1989–90)

- Bob Forest, Ottawa (1989)

- Michael Allen, Winnipeg, Ottawa, BC Lions (1988–94)

- Andrew Murray, BC Lions, Toronto, Ottawa (1988–94)

- Dan Petschenig, Toronto (1985–88)

- Lance Thompson, Hamilton (1985)

- Jim DeSilva, Ottawa (1984–85)

- Kevin Dalliday, Ottawa (1983–84)

- Gary Cook, Ottawa (1980–82)

- David Green, Toronto (1979)

- Malcolm Inglis, Ottawa (1979–81)

- Pat Stoqua, Ottawa (1979–84)

- Joe Colvey, Ottawa, Montréal, Calgary (1975–77)

- Brian Hedges, Ottawa (1976–79)

- Peter Stenerson, Ottawa (1975–82)

- Dave Montagano, Winnipeg, Saskatchewan, Hamilton, Edmonton (1974–78)

- John Kennedy, Montréal, Ottawa, BC Lions, Toronto (1971–76)

- Stu Kennedy, Ottawa (1952–53)

- Johnny Shore, Toronto (1949–54)

- Matt Robillard, Montréal, Ottawa (1952–54)*

- Benny MacDonnell, Ottawa (1949–54)*

- Frank Dunlap, Ottawa, Toronto (1945–51)*

- Jake Dunlap, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton (1945–54)*

- Don Grimes, Ottawa (1945–47)*

- Orville Burke, Ottawa, (1936–46)*

- Tony McCarthy, Ottawa (1934–47)*

(*)denotes played college football at St. Patrick’s College pre-merger with Carleton.

## National award winners

- J. P. Metras Trophy: Jim DeSilva (1983), Harry Van Hofwegen (1995)

- Presidents' Trophy: Tom Timlin (1983)

- Peter Gorman Trophy: Mark Brown (1985)

- Russ Jackson Award: Sean O'Neill (1996)

## Carleton Ravens football records

All records are as of the conclusion of the 2019 season.

### Scoring records

Most points, game

- 24 – Ross Reid, Carleton vs. York, October 27, 1969; Joe Barnabe, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, November 9, 1985; Mark Skidmore, November 16, 1985.

- 18 – Clem Chappell, Carleton vs. Laurentian, October 1, 1966; Scott Alexander, Carleton vs. Waterloo, October 13, 1973; John Dawley, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 22, 1983; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, September 28, 1985; Leo Benvenuti, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986, David Bosveld, Carleton vs. Queens 1993, Ed Joseph, Carleton vs. Laval, October 5, 1996, Nate Behar, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014, Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018.

Most points, season

(Note, up until 1994, the Ravens played a 7-game schedule. From 1995 to present, they play an 8-game schedule.)

- 82 – Michael Domagala, 2015; Michael Domagala, 2016

- 76 – Michael Domagala, 2018

- 68 – Jeff Morris, 1985

- 63 – Michael Domagala, 2017

- 62 – Scott Alexander, 1973

- 61 – Michael Domagala 2014

- 57 – Jeff Morris, 1986

- 54 – Nathaniel Behar, 2016; Jayde Rowe, 2016

Most points, career

- 367 – Michael Domagala

- 228 – Jeff Morris

- 165 – Mario Arnone

- 134 – Scott Alexander

- 132 – Nathaniel Behar, Joe Barnabe

- 114 – Nathan Carter

- 96 – Gary Cook, Kyle Van Wynsberghe

- 90 – Mark Brown

Most touchdowns, game

- 4 - Ross Reid, Carleton vs. York, October 27, 1969; Joe Barnabe, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, November 9, 1985; Mark Skidmore, November 16, 1985.

- 3 – Clem Chappell, Carleton vs. Laurentian, October 1, 1966; Scott Alexander, Carleton vs. Waterloo, October 13, 1973; John Dawley, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 22, 1983; Leo Benvenuti, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986, David Bosveld, Carleton vs Queens 1993, Nate Behar, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014.

Most touchdowns, season

- 10 – Scott Alexander, 1973

- 9 – Nathaniel Behar, 2016; Jayde Rowe, 2016

- 8 – Bruno Dinardo, 1982; Nathaniel Behar, 2014

- 7 – Con Poulin, 1956; Tommy Mann, 1957; John Dever, 1962; Ross Reid, 1969; Gary Cook, 1977; Mark Brown, 1986; Nathaniel Behar, 2015; Nathan Carter, 2018

- 6 –Jim Sevigny, 1963; Gord Pranschke, 1965; Don Gormley, 1971; Joe Barnabe, 1983; Nathan Carter, 2017

Most touchdowns, career

- 22 – Scott Alexander; Nathaniel Behar, Joe Barnabe

- 19 – Nathan Carter

- 16 – Gary Cook; Kyle Van Wynsberghe

- 15 – Mark Brown

- 14 – Bruno Dinardo; Ross Reid, Phil Iloki

Most field goals, game

- 5 – Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, September 28, 1985; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018

- 4 – Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. McGill, 1976, Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 7, 1997, Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Laval, September 27, 1998; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 19, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 3, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 1, 2017

- 3 – Don “Duke” Hayes, Carleton vs. McGill, October 23, 1954; Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 10, 1977; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, 1986; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, October 4, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Waterloo, September 16, 2017; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Western, August 26, 2018.

Most field goals, season

- 16 – Michael Domagala, 2015; Michael Domagala, 2018

- 14 – Michael Domagala, 2016; Michael Domagala, 2017;

- 13 – Jeff Morris, 1985; Michael Domagala, 2014

- 10 – Roy Gallo, 1979

Most field goals, career

- 70 – Michael Domagala

- 38 – Jeff Morris

- 26 – Mario Arnone

Longest field goal

- 50 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Western, August 26, 2018

- 48 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 10, 2016; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. York, October 12, 2018.

- 47 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Guelph, October 21, 2017

- 45 – Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 12, 1998

- 44 – Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Waterloo, September 8, 1984; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018.

- 43 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 3, 2015; Michael Domagala, October 7, 2016

Most points after touchdown, game

- 8 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Windsor, September 12, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 10, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, 2016

- 7 – Don McGregor, Carleton vs. Ontario Agricultural College (Guelph), October 27, 1962; Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. RMC, 1977; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986.

Most points after touchdown, season

- 35 – Michael Domagala, 2016

- 30 – Michael Domagala, 2015

- 26 – Don McGregor, 1961; Michael Domagala, 2018

- 25 – Jeff Morris, 1985; Jeff Morris, 1986

- 24 – Mario Arnone – 1974

- 22 – Michael Domagala, 2018

Most points after touchdown, career

- 132 – Michael Domagala

- 78 – Jeff Morris

- 66 – Mario Arnone

- 41 – Mike Sharp

- 26 – Don McGregor

## Notable alumni

- Carl Coulter: Played in the Canadian Football League for 15 seasons as a centre, including one-year stints with the Ottawa Rough Riders and Ottawa Renegades. He was a CFL Eastern All-star twice and a CFL All-star once. He was a member of the 87th Grey Cup champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

- Michael Allen: Played in the CFL for seven seasons as a defensive back and played with the Ottawa Rough Riders for two seasons. He was a three-time Grey Cup champion.

- Joe Colvey: Played in the CFL for three seasons as a defensive back and was a member of the 64th Grey Cup champion Ottawa Rough Riders.

- Frank Graves: Pollster. Played for Carleton as a lineman in 1971.

- Jason Kralt: Played in the CFL for seven seasons as a linebacker including four spent with the Ottawa Renegades. He was a member of the 88th Grey Cup champion BC Lions, but did not play in the championship game due to injury.

- Cameron Legault: Played in the CFL for eight seasons as a defensive tackle, including one year with the Ottawa Renegades. He won the 88th Grey Cup championship as a member of the BC Lions. He also won the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy as the most outstanding Canadian player in the West Division.

- Michael Philbrick: Played in the CFL for nine seasons as a defensive lineman and played one game for the Ottawa Rough Riders after being drafted by the team in 1990. He was named an East Division All-star three times and was a member of the 87th Grey Cup championship team with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

- Frank McGee: Played for Carleton in the late 1940s. He went on to become a Member of Parliament and a Cabinet Minister, then a nationally-known journalist and host of a CBC news show.

- Mark Lee: Quarterback of the Ravens in the mid-to-late 1970s. Became one of Canada’s prominent sports broadcasters with Rogers Sportsnet and formerly with CBC Sports.

- Hugh Fraser: Olympic sprinter who skipped the 1978 Commonwealth Games in order to play for Carleton. He would serve on the Ontario Court of Justice and the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal.


Destructive fishing practices

# Destructive fishing practices

## Abstract

Destructive fishing practices are fishing practices which easily result in irreversible damage to habitats and the sustainability of the fishery ecosystems. Such damages can be caused by direct physical destruction of the underwater landform and vegetation, overfishing (especially of keystone species), indiscriminate killing/maiming of aquatic life, disruption of vital reproductive cycles, and lingering water pollution.

Many fishing techniques can be destructive if used inappropriately, but some practices (such as blasting, electrocution and poisoning) are particularly likely to result in irreversible damage to the ecosystem. These practices are mostly, though not always, illegal (see also illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing), and even where they are illegal, regulations are often inadequately enforced.

## Overview

The narrowest definition of destructive fishing practices refers principally to bottom trawling over vulnerable habitats (shallow corals, deep sea corals, or seagrass, for example), as well as practices such as shark finning, blast fishing, poison fishing, muro-ami, and push netting. These latter practices are not significant within the fishing zones of most developed nations, being generally outlawed.

A wider and more useful definition would include:

- overfishing beyond reasonable recovery limits, including serial overfishing;

- excessive or damaging levels of bycatch ;

- the fishing of spawning aggregations without precautionary justification ;

- intensive fishing over vulnerable habitats, including for example spawning and nursery areas; and

- high grading–the practice of discarding the lower-quality portion of the target catch.

This definition could be extended to cover activities such as:

- ghost fishing by lost or discarded gear,

- shark netting of popular swimming beaches (with high incidental catch),

- amateur use of fish aggregating devices or traps where they increase the likelihood of locally unsustainable catch levels,

- spearfishing at night or with SCUBA, as well as 'industrial' spearfishing,

- use of stainless steel hooks or traps;

- commercial and recreational use of gill nets and traps with high incidental kill, and

- deliberate (and sometimes illegal) destruction of marine life perceived as “getting in the way” of fishing operations.

## History

The term "destructive fishing practices" (or DFPs) has been featured in international fisheries literature since about the 1980s. No widely accepted definition of the phrase exists, and this will almost certainly remain the situation, given very different national and industry perspectives.

The Outcomes and Implementation Statements of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg in 2002, contain a commitment to phasing out destructive fishing practices in the marine environment by the year 2012. All nations attending the summit supported this statement.

Many nations had made commitments to end destructive fishing practices much earlier. In 1999, 124 nations explicitly gave their support to the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995 through the Rome Declaration on Responsible Fisheries. The list of these nations includes most of the major fishing nations of the world. However, while the Code of Conduct contains a commitment to end destructive fishing practices, the Code contains no timelines.

## Methods

### Blast fishing

Dynamite or blast fishing is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs. Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world.

### Bottom trawling

Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the sea floor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing a net just above the benthic zone. Bottom trawling targets both bottom-living fish (groundfish) and semi-pelagic species such as cod, squid, shrimp, and rockfish.

Bottom fishing has operated for over a century on heavily fished grounds such as the North Sea and Grand Banks. While overfishing has long been recognised as causing major ecological changes to the fish community on the Grand Banks, concern has been raised more recently about the damage which benthic trawling inflicts upon seabed communities. A species of particular concern is the slow growing, deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa. This species is home to a diverse community of deep-sea organisms, but is easily damaged by fishing gear. On 17 November 2004, the United Nations General Assembly urged nations to consider temporary bans on high-seas bottom trawling.

Bottom trawling over vulnerable habitats, however, will continue within the Exclusive Fishing Zones of most nations until governments have mapped the location of vulnerable habitats, and taken steps to exclude all bottom trawling activities from these areas.

### Cyanide fishing

Cyanide fishing is a method of collecting live fish mainly for use in aquariums, which involves spraying a sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to stun the fish. The practice hurts not only the target population, but also many other marine organisms, including coral and thus coral reefs.

Recent studies have shown that the combination of cyanide use and stress of post capture handling results in mortality of up to 75% of the organisms within less than 48 hours of capture. With such high mortality numbers, a greater number of fish must be caught in order to offset post catch death.

### Muro-ami

Muro-ami is a destructive artisan fishing method employed on coral reefs in Southeast Asia. An encircling net is used with pounding devices, such as large stones fitted on ropes that are pounded onto the coral reefs. They can also consist of large heavy blocks of cement suspended above the sea by a crane fitted to the vessel. The pounding devices are repeatedly lowered into the area encircled by the net, smashing the coral into small fragments in order to scare the fish out of their coral refuges. The "crushing" effect on the coral heads has been described as having long-lasting and practically totally destructive effects.

The Catholic Bishops of the Philippines were critical of muro-ami in their 1988 declaration, "What is Happening to Our Beautiful Land?".


Desara Muriqi

# Desara Muriqi

## Abstract

Desara Muriqi (27 May 1985) is an Albanian rally driver born in Shkodër. She moved to Sansepolcro, Italy in 2002, and in 2011 she took a degree in Foreign languages and literatures at the University of Siena.

In the 2011 FIA Alternative Energies Cup season, with the sixth place obtained in the Ecorally San Marino - Città del Vaticano (together with the Ukrainian co-driver Yulia Lutsyk on Gonow GA200), she reached the best result for a female team in the history of the FIA Alternative Energies Cup. She was also the first Albanian driver to gain points in an official FIA world championship.


Equisetum telmateia

# Equisetum telmateia

## Abstract

Equisetum telmateia, the great horsetail or northern giant horsetail, is a species of Equisetum (horsetail) with an unusual distribution, with one subspecies native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa, and a second subspecies native to western North America. The North American subspecies is often simply but ambiguously called "giant horsetail", but that name may just as well refer to the Latin American Equisetum giganteum and Equisetum myriochaetum.

## Description

It is an herbaceous perennial plant, with separate green photosynthetic sterile stems, and pale yellowish non-photosynthetic spore -bearing fertile stems. The sterile stems, produced in late spring and dying down in late autumn, are 30–150 cm (12–59 in) (rarely to 240 cm (94 in)) tall (the tallest species of horsetail outside of tropical regions) and 1 cm (0.39 in) diameter, heavily branched, with whorls of 14–40 branches, these up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long, 1–2 mm (3 ⁄ 64 – 5 ⁄ 64 in) diameter and unbranched, emerging from the axils of a ring of bracts. The fertile stems are produced in early spring before the sterile shoots, growing to 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) tall with an apical spore-bearing strobilus 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) broad, and no side branches. The spores disperse in mid spring, with the fertile stems dying immediately after spore release. It also spreads by means of rhizomes that have been observed to penetrate 4 meters (13 ft) into wet clay soil, spreading laterally in multiple layers. Occasionally plants produce stems that are both fertile and photosynthetic.

## Subspecies

There are two subspecies:

- Equisetum telmateia subsp. telmateia. Great horsetail. Europe, western Asia, northwest Africa. Main stem between branch whorls pale greenish white.

- Equisetum telmateia subsp. braunii (Milde) Hauke (syn. Equisetum braunii Milde). Northern giant horsetail. Western North America, from southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia south to California. Main stem between branch whorls green.

## Habitat

It is found in damp shady places, spring fens and seepage lines, usually in open woodlands, commonly forming large clonal colonies.


Besnik Musaj

# Besnik Musaj

## Abstract

Besnik Musaj (born 29 December 1973) is an Albanian former cyclist who represented his country in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He competed in the men's road race, but he failed to finish the race. He won the Tour of Albania for seven consecutive years from 1995 to 2001, and the Albanian National Road Race Championships in 1998, 1999 and 2002.


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Early life and education

Stefan Mross was born on November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria.

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

## Career

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.

Mross was married to production assistant Susanne Schmidt from 2013 to 2016. The marriage produced a daughter in 2013 and a son in 2015. The couple lived in Unterwössen, a municipality in the Traunstein district of Upper Bavaria, until their separation in autumn 2016.

Since December 2016, he has been in a relationship with singer Anna-Carina Woitschack, whom he met on his show Immer wieder sonntags in the summer of 2016. In the show Das Adventsfest der 100.000 Lichter he proposed to her on November 30, 2019. On June 6, 2020, the two got married live on television in the music show Schlagerlovestory.2020 with presenter Florian Silbereisen as witnesses. The couple lived in Windorf near Passau. In November 2022, they announced their separation. Mross has been in a relationship with Eva Luginger since March 2023.


Egg incubation

# Egg incubation

## Abstract

Egg incubation is the process by which an egg, of oviparous (egg-laying) animals, develops an embryo within the egg, after the egg's formation and ovipositional release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.

Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg -laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.

## Avian incubation

A wide range of incubation habits is displayed among birds. In warm-blooded species such as bird species generally, body heat from the brooding patch of the brooding parent provides the constant temperature. Several groups, notably the megapodes, instead use heat generated from rotting vegetable material, effectively creating a giant compost heap, while crab plovers make partial use of heat from the sun. The Namaqua sandgrouse of the deserts of southern Africa, needing to keep its eggs cool during the heat of the day, stands over them drooping its wings to shade them. The humidity is also critical, because if the air is too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which can make hatching difficult or impossible. As incubation proceeds, an egg will normally become lighter, and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg. During incubation, the inner layers of the shell are dissolved by their acidic environment and the calcium carbonate that had been part of the shell is incorporated into the skeleton of the foetus.

Experiments with great tits show that females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.

In the species that incubate, the work is divided differently between the sexes. Possibly the most common pattern is that the female does all the incubation, as in the Atlantic canary and the Indian robin, or most of it, as is typical of falcons. In some species, such as the whooping crane, the male and the female take turns incubating the egg. In others, such as the cassowaries, only the male incubates. The male mountain plover incubates the female's first clutch, but if she lays a second, she incubates it herself. In hoatzins, some birds (mostly males) help their parents incubate later broods.

The incubation period, the time from the start of uninterrupted incubation to the emergence of the young, varies from 11 days (some small passerines and the black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos) to 85 days (the wandering albatross and the brown kiwi). In these latter, the incubation is interrupted; the longest uninterrupted period is 64 to 67 days in the emperor penguin. In general smaller birds tend to hatch faster, but there are exceptions, and cavity nesting birds tend to have longer incubation periods. It can be an energetically demanding process, with adult albatrosses losing as much as 83 g of body weight a day. Megapode eggs take from 49 to 90 days depending on the mound and ambient temperature. Even in other birds, ambient temperatures can lead to variation in incubation period. Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the shell, leading to internal wounds that killed the mother hen.

Embryo development remains suspended until the onset of incubation. The freshly laid eggs of domestic fowl, ostrich, and several other species can be stored for about two weeks when maintained under 5 °C. Extended periods of suspension have been observed in some marine birds. Some species begin incubation with the first egg, causing the young to hatch at different times; others begin after laying the second egg, so that the third chick will be smaller and more vulnerable to food shortages. Some start to incubate after the last egg of the clutch, causing the young to hatch simultaneously.

Incubation periods for birds:

## Mammalian incubation

The only living mammals that lay eggs are echidnas and platypuses. In the latter, the eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally). After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. During the second phase, the digits develop. In the last phase, the egg tooth appears.

## Reptilian incubation

Methods of incubation vary widely among the many different kinds of reptiles.

Various species of sea turtles bury their eggs on beaches under a layer of sand that provides both protection from predators and a constant temperature for the nest.

Snakes may lay eggs in communal burrows, where a large number of adults combine to keep the eggs warm. Some species coil their torsos around the eggs to provide heat for incubation.

Alligators and crocodiles either lay their eggs in mounds of decomposing vegetation or lay them in holes they dig in the ground.

## Incubation by other vertebrates

Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species mouthbrood their eggs, not eating until they hatch.

Some amphibians brood their eggs. The female salamander Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii) curls around the clutch of eggs and massages individual eggs with her pulsating throat. Some aquatic frogs such as the Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) have pouches in their skin into which the eggs are inserted. Other neotropical frogs in the family Hemiphractidae also have pouches in which the eggs develop, in some species directly into juvenile frogs and in others into tadpoles that are later deposited in small water bodies to continue their development. The male Darwin's frog carries the eggs around in his mouth until metamorphosis, and the female stomach-brooding frog of Australia swallows the eggs, which develop in her stomach.

## Incubation by invertebrates

Brooding occurs in some invertebrates when the fertilised eggs are retained inside or on the surface of the parent, usually the mother. This happens in some cnidarians (sea anemones and corals), a few chitons, some gastropod molluscs, some cephalopods, some bivalve molluscs, many arthropods, some entoproctans, some brachiopods, some bryozoans, and some starfish.


1937 in Germany

# 1937 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1937 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

Head of State and Chancellor

- Adolf Hitler (the Führer) (Nazi Party)

## Events

- 10 March — The Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge of Pope Pius XI is published in Nazi Germany.

- 6 May — Hindenburg disaster: In the United States, the German airship Hindenburg bursts into flame when mooring to a mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey. Thirteen passengers, 22 crew and one member of the ground crew were killed.

- 7 May — Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion Fighter Group, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist Francisco Franco 's forces.

- 28 May — Volkswagen, state-owned carmaker, is formed to produce the new people's car.

- 8 June — Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana premieres in Frankfurt, Germany.

- 15 July Buchenwald Concentration Camp opened

- 18 July - Haus der Kunst in Munich opened

- 20 July — The Geibeltbad Pirna is opened in Dresden, Germany.

- 6 - 13 September — The 9th Nazi Party Congress is held and titled the "Rally of Labour" (Reichsparteitag der Arbeit) to highlight the reduction of unemployment in Germany since the Nazi rise to power.

- 13 October — Germany, in a note to Brussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany

- 5 November — In the Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the German people (recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum)

- 16 November — Sabena OO-AUB Ostend crash

- Date unknown — Otto Bayer and his coworkers at IG Farben in Leverkusen first made polyurethanes.

- Date unknown — The opioid Methadone is synthesized in Germany by scientists Max Bockmühl and Gustav Ehrhart.

- Date unknown — Konrad Zuse submits patents in Germany based on his Z1 computer design anticipating von Neumann architecture.

## Births

- 2 January — Martin Lauer, German sprinter (died 2019)

- 15 January — Walter Stöhrer, German painter (died 2000)

- 31 January — Hans Dresig, Professor for Applied mechanics and Theory of Mechanisms and Machines (died 2018)

- 2 February — Lea Ackermann, German nun and activist (died 2023)

- 8 February — Manfred Krug, German actor (died 2016)

- 13 February — Sigmund Jähn, German cosmonaut and pilot (died 2019)

- 17 February — Rita Süssmuth, German politician (CDU)

- 20 February — Robert Huber, German biochemist and Nobel laureate

- 22 February — Rolf Schafstall, German footballer (died 2018)

- 18 March — Rudi Altig, German cyclist (died 2016)

- 19 March — Egon Krenz, German politician

- 20 March — Helmut Recknagel, German ski jumper

- 22 March Armin Hary, German sprinter Peter Vogel, German film actor (died 1978 in Austria)

- Armin Hary, German sprinter

- Peter Vogel, German film actor (died 1978 in Austria)

- 2 April — Alexandra Kluge, German actress (died 2017)

- 3 April — Annekathrin Bürger, German actress

- 25 April — Wolfgang Zapf, German sociologe (died 2018)

- 24 April — Otmar Gutmann, German TV producer, animator and director (died 1993)

- 2 May – Gisela Elsner, German writer (died 1992)

- 3 May – Hans Cieslarczyk, German football player (died 2020)

- 23 May — Rupert Scholz, German politician

- 29 May — Alwin Schockemöhle, German equestrian

- 14 June — Hans-Ulrich Klose, German politician

- 24 June — Hans Tiedge, German spy (died 2011)

- 25 June — Karin Grasshof, German judge

- 1 July – Claus-Wilhelm Canaris, German jurist (died 2021)

- 4 July – Wolf von Lojewski, German television journalist

- 5 July — Anke Fuchs, German politician (died 2019)

- 7 July — Konrad Wirnhier, German sport shooter (died 2002)

- 12 July - Helga Mees, German fencer (died 2014)

- 16 August — Gerhard Pohl, German politician (died 2012)

- 20 August — Georg Thoma, German skier

- 7 September - Birgit Breuel, German politician

- 1 October — Everhardt Franßen, German judge

- 13 October — Rudolf Seiters, German politician

- 27 October — Peter Lustig, German television presenter and author of children's books (died 2016)

- 26 July – Peter Fleischmann, German film director (died 2021)

- 29 October — Michael Ponti, German pianist (died 2022)

- 1 November Jürgen Echternach, German politician (died 2006) Witta Pohl, German actress (died 2011)

- Jürgen Echternach, German politician (died 2006)

- Witta Pohl, German actress (died 2011)

- 3 November — Rolf-Ernst Breuer, German businessman (died 2024)

- 11 November – Marlene Schmidt, German actress and beauty queen

- 16 November – Lothar Späth, German politician (died 2016)

- 20 November - René Kollo, German tenor

- 23 November - Karl Mildenberger, German boxer (died 2018)

- 26 November - Bruno Steinhoff, German businessman

- 29 November - Jo Brauner, German journalist

- 20 December - Manfred Lahnstein, German politician

- 29 December — Dieter Thomas Heck, German actor (died 2018)

- 31 December - Paul Spiegel, President of Central Council of Jews in Germany (died 2006)

## Deaths

- 4 January – Paul Behncke, German admiral (born 1869)

- 11 February – Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, German ophthalmologist (born 1852)

- 12 March — Julius Geppert, German pharmacologist (born 1856)

- 18 March — Felix Graf von Bothmer, German general (born 1852)

- 18 April – Max von Gallwitz, German general (born 1852)

- 4 May – Selma Lohse, German politician (born 1883)

- 7 May – Ernst A. Lehmann, German captain of the Hindenburg (b. 1886)

- 14 July – Walter Simons, German diplomat (born 1861)

- 30 July - Hans von Rosenberg, German diplomat and politician (born 1874)

- 29 September – Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer (born 1878)

- 7 October - Renate Müller, German actress and singer (born 1906)

- 9 October - Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (born 1868)

- 10 October – Walter Gronostay, German composer (born 1906)

- 27 November — Wilhelm Weinberg, German physician and geneticist (born 1862)

- 12 December - Alfred Abel, German actor (born 1879)

- 20 December - Erich Ludendorff, German general (born 1865)


Madeleine Dring

# Madeleine Dring

## Abstract

Madeleine Winefride Isabelle Dring (7 September 1923 – 26 March 1977) was an English composer, pianist, singer and actress.

## Life

Madeleine Dring spent the first four years of her life at Raleigh Road, Harringay, before the family moved to Streatham. She showed talent at an early age and was accepted into the junior department of the Royal College of Music where she began on her tenth birthday. She was offered scholarships for violin and piano and chose violin. She studied piano as a secondary instrument, with RCM students guiding her studies for the first several years.

As part of their training, all of the students performed in the children's theatre under the guidance of Angela Bull. Dring formally began composition studies at the junior department with Stanley Drummond Wolff in 1937, in 1938 with Leslie Fly, and worked with Sir Percy Buck for the next two years. Near the end of her studies, she was assigned to Lilian Gaskell for piano studies. She continued at the Royal College for senior-level studies where her composition teacher was Herbert Howells. She had occasional lessons with Ralph Vaughan Williams (an official substitute for Howells). She dropped the violin study after the death of her instructor, W.H. Reed, at the end of the first year. She focused on piano and composition and studied mime, drama, and singing. Dring's love of theatre and music co-mingled happily; many of her earliest professional creations were for the stage, radio, and television.

In 1947, she married Roger Lord who served as Principal Oboist with London Symphony Orchestra for over thirty years. She composed several works for Roger, including the highly regarded Dances for solo oboe. Soon after her marriage, her first pieces were published with Lengnick and with Oxford (1948). The Lords had one son in 1950.

Dring died in 1977 of a cerebral hemorrhage (brain aneurysm). Dring's tombstone was recently uncovered (in situ) at Lambeth Cemetery in Streatham. Both Roger and their son, Jeremy, died in 2014. Roger died at age 90 and Jeremy died of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A book, Madeleine Dring: Her Music, Her Life, by Ro Hancock-Child, was published in 2000 (2nd edition 2009), and included cartoon illustrations from Dring's own notebooks interpreted by Ro Hancock-Child. The biography was partially funded by Dring's husband, Roger Lord, in order to disseminate information about his late wife's compositions. Several articles, compact disc recordings, and inclusions of Dring's biographical information in books about composers in the last decade have secured her name a place in the modern lexicon.

Another book, Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer by Wanda Brister and Jay Rosenblatt was published in 2020 by Clemson University Press and Liverpool University Press and is distributed by OUP. Over 100 pages of footnotes and references are included in this volume as well as complete works lists and document performances by Dring. It has received positive press from journals on singing, women in music, double reeds, and light music.

Both of these authors have also worked diligently to record and publish works by Dring.

Dring's most recent posthumous honor was to have the Streatham & Clapham High School Dining Hall named after her. It is indeed an honour, since she did not attend this high school, but attended La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School in Clapham Park. It is geographically located in the middle of the neighborhood in which Dring spent most of her life.

## Music

Dring's favourite composer in her youth was Rachmaninov and she owned much piano and vocal sheet music by Rachmaninov, which is now in the possession of Ro Hancock-Child. Dring studied with Herbert Howells but her own work shows no debt to his musical style. Occasionally she was taught by Ralph Vaughan Williams but again there is little obvious influence, and her music does not reflect the English folk song tradition, although she studied this genre as a singer. She sometimes set a text she had encountered in a solo or choral work, leaving her mark on it. She looked further afield.

Dring particularly enjoyed (and imitated) the mannerisms of Poulenc, for instance in the accompaniment to her song I Feed A Flame. As observed by Ro Hancock-Child, Dring preferred jazzy idioms, Gershwin, Cole Porter and the sunny style of Arthur Benjamin. Having heard the calypso in London, she responded with her own Caribbean Dance and West Indian Dance, for piano.

Dring deliberately did not repeat her musical material from piece to piece, always finding a fresh approach to harmony and rhythm. If her vocal music has ever been compared to Roger Quilter (possibly because of similar text choices) it is a mistaken comparison. Quilter was solidly Victorian in outlook, and his songs are deeply melodic and contrapuntal. By contrast, Dring looked to the future, and thrived on novelty and surprise, hoping that what she wrote might gently shock or make you smile. Her vocal melodies arise from the underlying harmonies and can be difficult to pitch: the chords come first, as Ro Hancock-Child observes. Dring wrote most of her songs for her own use: she had a soprano voice with a wide range, and perfect pitch. Several informal and informative recordings exist of Dring singing and playing her own compositions.

Dring's cabaret songs and West End Revue material sometimes featured her own lyrics and are full of clever writing, both musically and textually. They have recently been recorded and published by several dedicated artists.

Dring chose not to compose large-scale works, therefore most of her output was in shorter forms. She wrote pieces for solo piano, piano duets, songs with piano, and some chamber music, including pieces for piano duo, flute, oboe, harmonica, recorder, and clarinet, a small number of which are pedagogical works. Her works for television and radio are all within a 45-minute time frame or shorter. She completed a one-act opera, Cupboard Love with her friend D.F. Aitken (never performed during her lifetime, but it was published in 2017 and received its stage premiere in the United States in April 2018 at Florida State University and its European premiere in Scotland in June 2019). A dance drama entitled The Fair Queen of Wu which was broadcast on BBC Television in 1951. The ballet called for a full company of soloists who were off camera. She was commissioned to write music for "The Real Princess," a ballet and for several stage plays in London given from 1946 to 1971. She often collaborated with Felicity Gray, choreographer, and D.F. Aitken, librettist.

## Works

Dring rarely provided dates for her compositions; many dates come from Alistair Fisher's treatise on her songs. Publication dates have been provided, many of which are posthumously published by her husband, Roger Lord. Some dates have more recently been re-established using dates of first performances and other information as confirmed in Dring's personal papers as well as in archival newspaper reviews. In 2018 three volumes of songs were engraved and published as well as four volumes of cabaret and musical revue numbers. Duets and ensembles were also published.

### Instrumental

- Italian Dance (1960) Oboe and Piano

- Fantasy Sonata in one Movement (1938, published 1948), solo piano

- Three Fantastic Variations on Lilliburlero for Two Pianos (1948), two pianos

- Jig (1948), piano

- Prelude and Toccata (1948), piano

- Tarantelle (1948), piano duet

- Festival Scherzo (1951), piano and string orchestra;

- Sonata for two pianos (1951)

- March: for the New Year (1954), piano

- Caribbean Dance (Tempo Tobago) (1959), piano duet or solo

- Dance Suite (1961), piano

- Polka (1962), oboe and piano

- Colour Suite (1963), piano

- Danza Gaya (1965), two pianos or oboe and piano (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Three Dances (1968; Josef Weinberger), piano

- Trio for Flute, Oboe, and Piano (1968)

- Valse française (1980), solo or duo piano * (original scores housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Three Pieces: WIB Waltz, Sarabande, Tango (1983), flute and piano*

- Waltz (1983), oboe and piano*

- Suite (1984), harmonica and piano (later arranged by Roger Lord for oboe)*

- Trio for oboe, bassoon, and harpsichord (1986)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Idyll for oboe (viola) and piano (The composer's husband Roger Lord, disappointed that the piece remained unplayed and unpublished for many years, perhaps because of its chromaticism, decided to transcribe the solo part for oboe, his own instrument, to which it is well suited. Idyll was first recorded in 2007 by Thierry Cammaert, oboist of the Quartz Ensemble, a Belgian winds ensemble. The ensemble has also performed the work as a trio for flute, oboe and piano.)

### Vocal

- Three Shakespeare Songs (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London), (1949) (Published by Legnick 1949, republished with 4 additional Shakespeare songs, Thames 1992, published as Dring Volume 1)* First performance 10 May 1944 with Ifor Evans, Baritone, Madeleine Dring, Accompanist, performed at the RCM

- Thank you, Lord (1953), vocal, text L. Kyme (not published as composed - Dring did not approve of this edition)

- An additional four songs with texts by L. Kyme were written in 1953. They have now been published.

- The Pigtail (1963) vocal duet, text A. von Chamisso.

- Dedications: Five poems by R. Herrick (1967), vocal suite (published 1992 by Thames as Dring Volume 2)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Love and time: Four Songs (1970s) (published in 1994 by Thames as Dring Volume 5)*

- Four Night Songs: texts of Michael Armstrong (1976), (published 1985 Cambria (US) 1992 Thames as Dring Volume 3)*

- Five Betjeman Songs (1976) (published in 1980 by Weinberger)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Seven Songs for Medium Voice (various compositional dates, compiled and published by Thames in 1993 as Dring Volume 4)*

- Six Songs for High Voice (various compositional dates, compiled and published by Thames in 1999 as Dring Volume 6)* Includes: My true-love hath my heart, Echoes, The Cherry Blooming, The Parting, The Enchantment, Love is a Sickness

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 1: Art Songs and Arrangements: Lyrics of Shakespeare, Herrick, Rossetti, Ellison, Anon, and Arrangements of Horn, Pinsuti, Kjerulf, and Pattison. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 2: Cabaret Songs: All Music and Lyrics of Madeleine Dring. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 3: More Art Songs: Lyrics of Cibber, Marlowe, Goldsmith, Blake, Dring, Longfellow, and Tynan. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 4: More Cabaret Songs: Lyrics of Madeleine Dring and Charlotte Mitchell. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 5: Still More Art Songs, Arrangements, and Love Songs: Lyrics of Herrick, Campbell, Lord, Dring, and Kyme. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 6: Still More Cabaret and Theatre Songs: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, Vanbrugh, and Bridie. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 7: Cabaret Duets: Lyrics of Aitken, Breton, Dring, Howitt, Lear, Mitchell, and Rafferty. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 8: Cabaret Ensembles of 3 or More Voices: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, and Aitken. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 9: Songs from West End Revues: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, and Rafferty. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

### Theatre, drama, and television

#### Incidental music

- The Emperor and the Nightingale (1941) Performed at the RCM 20 December 1941. No score is available at this time.

- Tobias and the Angel (1946) Incidental music and two songs published 2018

- Somebody’s Murdered Uncle (1947) for BBC radio; Duets: "I should have trusted you darling" and "There's nothing to stop us now" There are also two quartets: "There's no such thing as a perfect crime" and "Bloggins, Birch, and Frome," as well as a solo entitled, "J. Allington Slade." Songs published 2018

- The Buskers (1959), for which she provided music for the Wedding Song, not located at this time.

- Little Laura Cartoons (1960–61), Dring provided and played music for six episodes. Four episodes were broadcast in New Zealand in 1976.

- The Jackpot Question (1961), for Associated TV, repeated in 1962 with another cast.

- The Whisperers (1961), for ITV Season 7, Episode 7.

- The Provok’d Wife (1963), texts by Vanbrugh: Four pieces typeset by Alistair Fisher. Published in 2018

- The Lady and the Clerk (1964), for Associated TV

- I Can Walk Where I Like, Can’t I? (1964), for Associated TV

- When the Wind Blows (1965), for Associated TV

- Helen and Edward and Henry (1966), for Associated TV

- Variation on a Theme (1966), for Associated TV

#### Musical revues

- Airs on a Shoestring (1953) Songs: "Model Models," Films on the Cheap Side at Cheapside" "Strained Relations," and "Snowman" (all lyrics by Charlotte Mitchell), "Sing High, Sing Low" (Lyrics by Madeleine Dring). Songs published 2018

- Pay the Piper (1954) "Pay the Piper" (Lyrics at BL) Location of song scores unknown at this time).

- From Here and There (1955) "Resolutions" and "Life Sentence" (Lyrics Charlotte Mitchell) (Lyrics at BL) (Location of song scores unknown at this time)

- Fresh Airs (1955) "Mother knows," Sketch "Witchery," and "Miss Spenser," (Lyricist Madeleine Dring) (Lyrics at BL, but location of song score for Miss Spenser unknown at this time). Mother knows published 2018

- Child’s Play (1958) Overture, "High in the Pines," "Love Song," and "Hearts and Arrows" have been recovered. (Location of scores for four other songs missing this time)) (Lyricist Sean Rafferty) These are not at the BL because Players' Theatre is a private club and was not censored.

- Four to the Bar (1961) "Diedre" was included in this, also known as "Mother knows" from "Fresh Airs"(Lyricist Madeleine Dring.) An LP was produced by Philips of this music. Published 2018.

#### Ballet

- Waiting for ITMA (1947), for BBC TV

- The Real Princess (1971), scored for 2 pianos

#### Opera

- Cupboard Love (performed posthumously December 19, 1983, at St John's Smith Square by Intimate Opera Company). Published in 2017 by Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR, American staged Premiere in April 2018, Florida State University. European staged premiere Byre Opera, St Andrews University scheduled for June 2019. London staged premiere by The Operatists, Tête à Tête Opera Festival 6 September 2023.

#### Other compositions

- The Wild Swans (1950), children's play, Cygnet Company

- The Fair Queen of Wu (1951), dance-drama for BBC TV, Score at RCM

- The Marsh Kings’s Daughter (1951), children’s play, Cygnet Company

- The Scarlet Crabapple, Cygnet Company

## Sources

- Banfield, Stephen, "Madeleine Dring". Grove Music online. (subscription access)

- Barnett, Rob, "Madeleine Dring: her life and Music by Ro Hancock-Child" (review of 2000 edition), MusicWeb International, April 2000

- Berg, Gregory,"The Listeners Gallery: Songs of Madeleine Dring" Journal of Singing, Sept/Oct 2014, Vol 71, No 1, pp. 128–131.

- Berg, Gregory,"The Listeners Gallery: Cabaret Songs of Madeleine Dring" Journal of Singing, May/June 2019, Vol 75, No 5, pp. 621–625.

- Brister, Wanda, CD: Courtney Kenny, Nuala Willis, Matt Cooksey, "Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer," Cambria Music, 2022 liner notes. 30 vocal selections. Selections from stage, revues, radio, and song.

- Brister, Wanda and Jay Rosenblatt, "Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer," Clemson University Press 2020 (full academic biography) 356 pages.

- Brister, Wanda, The Songs of Madeleine Dring: Organizing a Posthumous Legacy, DMA dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2004. (Biography, overview of works, examination of art songs.)

- Brister, Wanda, "The Songs of Madeleine Dring," Journal of Singing: The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing Vol 64 No 5, pp. 565–578. (Biographical sketch and discussion of all published art songs by 2004.)

- Brister, Wanda, CD: "The Songs of Madeleine Dring," Cambria Music, 2013 liner notes. 40 vocal selections.

- Brister, Wanda, CD: Courtney Kenny, Nuala Willis, "The Cabaret Songs of Madeleine Dring," Cambria Music, 2018 liner notes. 17 vocal selections.

- Brister, Wanda,"Madeleine Dring" (biographical notes), inside each volume of Previously Unpublished Vocal Works, Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. (c) Wanda Brister.

- Davis, Richard, "The Published Songs of Madeleine Dring. Journal of Singing. March/April 2007. Vol.63. Nr. 4. pp. 393-403.

- Fisher, Alistair, The Songs of Madeleine Dring and the Evolution of Her Compositional Style", Bachelor's thesis, University of Hull, 2000

- Hancock-Child, Ro, Madeleine Dring: Her Music, Her Life 2nd edition, Micropress 2009 (biography and full catalogue of works)

- Kimball, Carol, "Madeleine Dring," article in Song: A Guide to Art Song Style and Literature, Rev ed, Hal Leonard 2006, pp 401–403. (biographical sketch, short look at vocal works, includes bibliography.)

- Lord, Roger, biographical notes, Thames/Elkins volumes of songs.

- Roland-Silverstein, Kathleen, "Past Treasures and New Discoveries," Journal of Singing, Nov/Dec 2018, Vol 75, No. 2, pp. 227–230. Review of newly published works.


# List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Lithuania

## Abstract

This article contains a list of Michelin-starred restaurants in Lithuania.

The Guide originally launched in 2024, funded in partnership with Lithuania Travel and reviewing restaurants across the country.

As of the 2024 guide, there are 4 restaurants in Lithuania with a Michelin-star rating, a rating system used by the Michelin Guide to grade restaurants based on their quality.


Leonard Whibley

# Leonard Whibley

## Abstract

Leonard Whibley (20 April 1864 – 8 November 1941) was a British scholar who edited A Companion to Greek Studies from 1905 to 1931.

## Life

Leonard Whibley was born 20 April 1864 at Gravesend, Kent, England. His parents were Ambrose Whibley, silk mercer, and his second wife, Mary Jean Davy. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge, and elected to a fellowship at Pembroke in 1889. His elder brother was Charles Whibley who was also educated at Bristol Grammar School and then Jesus College, Cambridge, where Charles took a first in classics in 1883.

Whibley was a half-brother of Fred Whibley, a copra trader on Niutao, Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu); and his half-sister was Eliza Eleanor (Lillie), wife of John T. Arundel. Arundel owned of J. T. Arundel and Company which evolved into the Pacific Islands Company, and later the Pacific Phosphate Company, which commenced phosphate mining in Nauru and Banaba Island (Ocean Island).

For a short time Whibley worked in publishing at Methuen and shared a house with his brother Charles, William Ernest Henley and George Warrington Steevens. He returned to academia with a lectureship in Classics (Ancient History) at Cambridge from 1899 to 1910. Whibley surprised his family and friends, when in 1920 at age 57, he married Henriette Leiningen, daughter of Major-General William Brown Barwell and Lise, Countess of Leiningen Westerburg, a descendant of the Alt-Leiningen-Westerburg branch of the aristocratic House of Leiningen. He died on 8 November 1941 at Frensham, Surrey.

## Publications

- Political parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian war. Prince Consort Dissertation, Cambridge University Press, 1888.

- Livy, Book V. Edited for the Syndics of the University Press. by L. Whibley, M.A., Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Cambridge, at the University Press, (1890).

- Greek Oligarchies. Their Character and Organisation. London: Metheun & Chicago: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1896. A full-length work on oligarchic government in Classical Greece.

- (ed.) A Companion to Greek Studies, Cambridge University Press, 1905–1931.

- (ed. with Paget Toynbee) Correspondence of Thomas Gray (1716–1771), 3 vols., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935. Repr. 1971 with corrections by H. W. Starr (ed.).