Riftia

# Riftia

## Abstract

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

Its common name "giant tube worm" is, however, also applied to the largest living species of shipworm, Kuphus polythalamius, which despite the name "worm", is a bivalve mollusc rather than an annelid.

## Discovery

R. pachyptila was discovered in 1977 on an expedition of the American bathyscaphe DSV Alvin to the Galápagos Rift led by geologist Jack Corliss. The discovery was unexpected, as the team was studying hydrothermal vents and no biologists were included in the expedition. Many of the species found living near hydrothermal vents during this expedition had never been seen before.

At the time, the presence of thermal springs near the midoceanic ridges was known. Further research uncovered aquatic life in the area, despite the high temperature (around 350–380 °C).

Many samples were collected, including bivalves, polychaetes, large crabs, and R. pachyptila. It was the first time that species was observed.

## Development

R. pachyptila develops from a free-swimming, pelagic, nonsymbiotic trochophore larva, which enters juvenile (metatrochophore) development, becoming sessile, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the trophosome, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.

## Body structure

Isolating the vermiform body from white chitinous tube, a small difference exists from the classic three subdivisions typical of phylum Pogonophora: the prosoma, the mesosoma, and the metasoma.

The first body region is the vascularized branchial plume, which is bright red due to the presence of hemoglobin that contain up to 144 globin chains (each presumably including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for carrying oxygen in the presence of sulfide, without being inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are. The plume provides essential nutrients to bacteria living inside the trophosome. If the animal perceives a threat or is touched, it retracts the plume and the tube is closed due to the obturaculum, a particular operculum that protects and isolates the animal from the external environment.

The second body region is the vestimentum, formed by muscle bands, having a winged shape, and it presents the two genital openings at the end. The heart, extended portion of dorsal vessel, enclose the vestimentum.

In the middle part, the trunk or third body region, is full of vascularized solid tissue, and includes body wall, gonads, and the coelomic cavity. Here is located also the trophosome, spongy tissue where a billion symbiotic, thioautotrophic bacteria and sulfur granules are found. Since the mouth, digestive system, and anus are missing, the survival of R. pachyptila is dependent on this mutualistic symbiosis. This process, known as chemosynthesis, was recognized within the trophosome by Colleen Cavanaugh.

The soluble hemoglobins, present in the tentacles, are able to bind O and H S, which are necessary for chemosynthetic bacteria. Due to the capillaries, these compounds are absorbed by bacteria. During the chemosynthesis, the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanase catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of the thiosulfate anion S O to sulfur S and sulfite SO. The R. pachyptila ’s bloodstream is responsible for absorption of the O and nutrients such as carbohydrates.

Nitrate and nitrite are toxic, but are required for biosynthetic processes. The chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome convert nitrate to ammonium ions, which then are available for production of amino acids in the bacteria, which are in turn released to the tube worm. To transport nitrate to the bacteria, R. pachyptila concentrates nitrate in its blood, to a concentration 100 times more concentrated than the surrounding water. The exact mechanism of R. pachyptila ’s ability to withstand and concentrate nitrate is still unknown.

In the posterior part, the fourth body region, is the opistosome, which anchors the animal to the tube and is used for the storage of waste from bacterial reactions.

## Symbiosis

The discovery of bacterial invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbiosis, particularly in vestimentiferan tubeworms R. pachyptila and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels revealed the chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm. Scientists discovered a remarkable source of nutrition that helps to sustain the conspicuous biomass of invertebrates at vents. Many studies focusing on this type of symbiosis revealed the presence of chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria mainly in R. pachyptila, which inhabits extreme environments and is adapted to the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters. This special environment is filled with inorganic metabolites, essentially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In its adult phase, R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the trophosome, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The trophosome is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom. It retains a large number of bacteria on the order of 10 bacteria per gram of fresh weight. Bacteria in the trophosome are retained inside bacteriocytes, thereby having no contact with the external environment. Thus, they rely on R. pachyptila for the assimilation of nutrients needed for the array of metabolic reactions they employ and for the excretion of waste products of carbon fixation pathways. At the same time, the tube worm depends completely on the microorganisms for the byproducts of their carbon fixation cycles that are needed for its growth.

Initial evidence for a chemoautotrophic symbiosis in R. pachyptila came from microscopic and biochemical analyses showing Gram-negative bacteria packed within a highly vascularized organ in the tubeworm trunk called the trophosome. Additional analyses involving stable isotope, enzymatic, and physiological characterizations confirmed that the end symbionts of R. pachyptila oxidize reduced-sulfur compounds to synthesize ATP for use in autotrophic carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle. The host tubeworm enables the uptake and transport of the substrates required for thioautotrophy, which are HS, O, and CO, receiving back a portion of the organic matter synthesized by the symbiont population. The adult tubeworm, given its inability to feed on particulate matter and its entire dependency on its symbionts for nutrition, the bacterial population is then the primary source of carbon acquisition for the symbiosis. Discovery of bacterial–invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbioses, initially in vestimentiferan tubeworms and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels, pointed to an even more remarkable source of nutrition sustaining the invertebrates at vents.

## Endosymbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria

A wide range of bacterial diversity is associated with symbiotic relationships with R. pachyptila. Many bacteria belong to the phylum Campylobacterota (formerly class Epsilonproteobacteria) as supported by the recent discovery in 2016 of the new species Sulfurovum riftiae belonging to the phylum Campylobacterota, family Helicobacteraceae isolated from R. pachyptila collected from the East Pacific Rise. Other symbionts belong to the class Delta -, Alpha - and Gammaproteobacteria. The Candidatus Endoriftia persephone (Gammaproteobacteria) is a facultative R. pachyptila symbiont and has been shown to be a mixotroph, thereby exploiting both Calvin Benson cycle and reverse TCA cycle (with an unusual ATP citrate lyase) according to availability of carbon resources and whether it is free living in the environment or inside a eukaryotic host. The bacteria apparently prefer a heterotrophic lifestyle when carbon sources are available.

Evidence based on 16S rRNA analysis affirms that R. pachyptila chemoautotrophic bacteria belong to two different clades: Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota (e.g. Sulfurovum riftiae) that get energy from the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H S, HS, S) to synthesize ATP for carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle. Unfortunately, most of these bacteria are still uncultivable. Symbiosis works so that R. pachyptila provides nutrients such as HS, O, CO to bacteria, and in turn it receives organic matter from them. Thus, because of lack of a digestive system, R. pachyptila depends entirely on its bacterial symbiont to survive.

In the first step of sulfide-oxidation, reduced sulfur (HS) passes from the external environment into R. pachyptila blood, where, together with O, it is bound by hemoglobin, forming the complex Hb-O -HS and then it is transported to the trophosome, where bacterial symbionts reside. Here, HS is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S) or to sulfite (SO).

In the second step, the symbionts make sulfite-oxidation by the "APS pathway", to get ATP. In this biochemical pathway, AMP reacts with sulfite in the presence of the enzyme APS reductase, giving APS (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). Then, APS reacts with the enzyme ATP sulfurylase in presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) giving ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and sulfate (SO) as end products. In formulas:

- AMP + SO 3 2 − → A P S r e d u c t a s e APS {\displaystyle {\ce {AMP + SO3^2- -> APS}}}

- APS + PPi → A T P s u l f u r y l a s e ATP + SO 4 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {APS + PPi -> ATP + SO4^2-}}}

The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO fixation in Calvin cycle, whose presence has been demonstrated by the presence of two key enzymes of this pathway: phosphoribulokinase and RubisCO.

To support this unusual metabolism, R. pachyptila has to absorb all the substances necessary for both sulfide-oxidation and carbon fixation, that is: HS, O and CO and other fundamental bacterial nutrients such as N and P. This means that the tubeworm must be able to access both oxic and anoxic areas.

Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds requires the presence of oxidized reagents such as oxygen and nitrate. Hydrothermal vents are characterized by conditions of high hypoxia. In hypoxic conditions, sulfur -storing organisms start producing hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the production of in H S in anaerobic conditions is common among thiotrophic symbiosis. H S can be damaging for some physiological processes as it inhibits the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, consequentially impairing oxidative phosphorylation. In R. pachyptila the production of hydrogen sulfide starts after 24h of hypoxia. In order to avoid physiological damage some animals, including Riftia pachyptila are able to bind H S to haemoglobin in the blood to eventually expel it in the surrounding environment.

## Carbon fixation and organic carbon assimilation

Unlike metazoans, which respire carbon dioxide as a waste product, R. pachyptila -symbiont association has a demand for a net uptake of CO instead, as a cnidarian -symbiont associations. Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of bicarbonate HCO, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater alkaline pH and the high solubility of CO, yet the pCO of the blood of R. pachyptila may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO of deep-sea water.

CO partial pressures are transferred to the vicinity of vent fluids due to the enriched inorganic carbon content of vent fluids and their lower pH. CO uptake in the worm is enhanced by the higher pH of its blood (7.3–7.4), which favors the bicarbonate ion and thus promotes a steep gradient across which CO diffuses into the vascular blood of the plume. The facilitation of CO uptake by high environmental pCO was first inferred based on measures of elevated blood and coelomic fluid pCO in tubeworms, and was subsequently demonstrated through incubations of intact animals under various pCO conditions.

Once CO is fixed by the symbionts, it must be assimilated by the host tissues. The supply of fixed carbon to the host is transported via organic molecules from the trophosome in the hemolymph, but the relative importance of translocation and symbiont digestion is not yet known. Studies proved that within 15 min, the label first appears in symbiont-free host tissues, and that indicates a significant amount of release of organic carbon immediately after fixation. After 24 h, labeled carbon is clearly evident in the epidermal tissues of the body wall. Results of the pulse-chase autoradiographic experiments were also evident with ultrastructural evidence for digestion of symbionts in the peripheral regions of the trophosome lobules.

## Sulfide acquisition

In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide and oxygen are present in different areas. Indeed, the reducing fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, or totally, oxidized sulfur compounds like thiosulfate (S O) and ultimately sulfate (SO), respectively less, or no longer, usable for microbial oxidation metabolism. This causes the substrates to be less available for microbial activity, thus bacteria are constricted to compete with oxygen to get their nutrients. In order to avoid this issue, several microbes have evolved to make symbiosis with eukaryotic hosts. In fact, R. pachyptila is able to cover the oxic and anoxic areas to get both sulfide and oxygen thanks to its hemoglobin that can bind sulfide reversibly and apart from oxygen by functional binding sites determined to be zinc ions embedded in the A2 chains of the hemoglobins. and then transport it to the trophosome, where bacterial metabolism can occur. It has also been suggested that cysteine residues are involved in this process.

## Symbiont acquisition

The acquisition of a symbiont by a host can occur in these ways:

- Environmental transfer (symbiont acquired from a free-living population in the environment)

- Vertical transfer (parents transfer symbiont to offspring via eggs)

- Horizontal transfer (hosts that share the same environment)

Evidence suggests that R. pachyptila acquires its symbionts through its environment. In fact, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that vestimentiferan tubeworms belonging to three different genera: Riftia, Oasisia, and Tevnia, share the same bacterial symbiont phylotype.

This proves that R. pachyptila takes its symbionts from a free-living bacterial population in the environment. Other studies also support this thesis, because analyzing R. pachyptila eggs, 16S rRNA belonging to the symbiont was not found, showing that the bacterial symbiont is not transmitted by vertical transfer.

Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a R. pachyptila symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the fliC gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (flagellin) required for flagellum synthesis. Analysis showed that R. pachyptila symbiont has at least one gene needed for flagellum synthesis. Hence, the question arose as to the purpose of the flagellum. Flagellar motility would be useless for a bacterial symbiont transmitted vertically, but if the symbiont came from the external environment, then a flagellum would be essential to reach the host organism and to colonize it. Indeed, several symbionts use this method to colonize eukaryotic hosts.

Thus, these results confirm the environmental transfer of R. pachyptila symbiont.

## Reproduction

R. pachyptila is a dioecious vestimentiferan. Individuals of this species are sessile and are found clustered together around deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift. The size of a patch of individuals surrounding a vent is within the scale of tens of metres.

The male's spermatozoa are thread-shaped and are composed of three distinct regions: the acrosome (6 μm), the nucleus (26 μm) and the tail (98 μm). Thus, the single spermatozoa is about 130 μm long overall, with a diameter of 0.7 μm, which becomes narrower near the tail area, reaching 0.2 μm. The sperm is arranged into an agglomeration of around 340-350 individual spermatozoa that create a torch-like shape. The cup part is made up of acrosomes and nucleus, while the handle is made up by the tails. The spermatozoa in the package are held together by fibrils. Fibrils also coat the package itself to ensure cohesion.

The large ovaries of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as: oogonia, oocytes, and follicular cells. When the oocytes mature, they acquire protein and lipid yolk granules.

Males release their sperm into sea water. While the released agglomerations of spermatozoa, referred to as spermatozeugmata, do not remain intact for more than 30 seconds in laboratory conditions, they may maintain integrity for longer periods of time in specific hydrothermal vent conditions. Usually, the spermatozeugmata swim into the female's tube. Movement of the cluster is conferred by the collective action of each spermatozoon moving independently. Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally, fertilization in R. pachyptila is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the oviducts, it should be defined as internal-external.

R. pachyptila is completely dependent on the production of volcanic gases and the presence of sulfide -oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, its metapopulation distribution is profoundly linked to volcanic and tectonic activity that create active hydrothermal vent sites with a patchy and ephemeral distribution. The distance between active sites along a rift or adjacent segments can be very high, reaching hundreds of km. This raises the question regarding larval dispersal. R. pachytpila is capable of larval dispersal across distances of 100 to 200 km and cultured larvae show to be viable for 38 days. Though dispersal is considered to be effective, the genetic variability observed in R. pachyptila metapopulation is low compared to other vent species. This may be due to high extinction events and colonization events, as R. pachyptila is one of the first species to colonize a new active site.

The endosymbionts of R. pachyptila are not passed to the fertilized eggs during spawning, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm. R. pachyptila planktonic larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trophocores. The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a ciliated opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are phaghocytized by epithelial cells found in the midgut are then retained. Bacteria that do not represent possible endosymbionts are digested. This raises questions as to how R. pachyptila manages to discern between essential and nonessential bacterial strains. The worm's ability to recognise a beneficial strain, as well as preferential host-specific infection by bacteria have been both suggested as being the drivers of this phenomenon.

## Growth rate and age

R. pachyptila has the fastest growth rate of any known marine invertebrate. These organisms have been known to colonize a new site, grow to sexual maturity, and increase in length to 4.9 feet (1.5 m) in less than two years.

Because of the peculiar environment in which R. pachyptila thrives, this species differs greatly from other deep-sea species that do not inhabit hydrothermal vents sites; the activity of diagnostic enzymes for glycolysis, citric acid cycle and transport of electrons in the tissues of R. pachyptila is very similar to the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of shallow-living animals. This contrasts with the fact that deep-sea species usually show very low metabolic rates, which in turn suggests that low water temperature and high pressure in the deep sea do not necessarily limit the metabolic rate of animals and that hydrothermal vents sites display characteristics that are completely different from the surrounding environment, thereby shaping the physiology and biological interactions of the organisms living in these sites.


2024–25 Gibraltar Football League

# 2024–25 Gibraltar Football League

## Abstract

The 2024–25 Gibraltar Football League season is the sixth season of the Gibraltar Football League in Gibraltar (and third under its current name), and the 126th season of football on the territory overall. Lincoln Red Imps are the reigning champions, winning their fourth successive title on the final day of the season with a late draw against title rivals St Joseph's. Due to the league's fall down the UEFA coefficient rankings, this season only 2 teams qualified for the UEFA Conference League.

The winners will qualify for the 2025–26 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. The runners-up and Rock Cup winners will qualify for the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League first qualifying round.

## Format

The 2024–25 season is set to continue with the same format used the previous season. Instead of playing one round of fixtures before splitting, teams will instead play each other twice for a total of 20 games this season. After the second round of games, the top 6 enter the GFL Championship Group, where each team plays each other once to decide the league champion. However, the Challenge Group has been scrapped.

Due to the reconstruction of Victoria Stadium, games will be played at the Europa Sports Park this season.

## Teams

On 13 May, the Gibraltar FA released the licensing awards for the 2024–25 season, following changes to their licensing criteria. Receiving the UEFA Club License were Lincoln Red Imps, St Joseph's, FCB Magpies and Lions Gibraltar. The GFA Gold License was awarded to Europa Point, Lynx, Europa and Mons Calpe. College 1975, Glacis United and Manchester 62 all received the GFA Silver License.

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Regular season

During the regular season, each team faced each other twice (once at home at once away), before the league is split into two (with only the top six teams advancing to the GFL Championship Group).

### Results

## GFL Championship Group

The top six teams from the regular season contest the GFL Championship Group to decide the league champion. Results from the regular season were carried over into this round.

## Season statistics

### Scoring

#### Top scorers

As of 14 September 2024.


Burgruine Karlsberg

# Burgruine Karlsberg

## Abstract

Burgruine Karlsberg is a castle in Carinthia, Austria.


Mark Sundeen

# Mark Sundeen

## Abstract

Mark Sundeen (born 1970) is an American author. His book Car Camping was published by HarperCollins in 2000. His book The Making of Toro was published by Simon & Schuster in 2003. North by Northwestern: A Seafaring Family on Deadly Alaskan Waters (ISBN 978-0312591144) was released in early 2010. His nonfiction articles have appeared in The New York Times Magazine, The Believer, Outside Magazine and McSweeney's. His book The Man Who Quit Money (2012) tells the story of Suelo, currently living part-time in a cave near Moab, Utah when he is not wandering the country, who has practiced his form of simple living since 2000.

Sundeen was born in Harbor City, California, in 1970 and grew up in the Los Angeles suburbs of Manhattan Beach and Hermosa Beach. He graduated from Stanford University in 1992 with a degree in English and later moved to Moab, Utah. He later earned a master's degree in creative writing from the University of Southern California. In 2004, Sundeen worked as a blogger for Howard Dean's presidential campaign. Currently living in Montana and Utah, Sundeen instructs Outward Bound programs and teaches college-level creative writing courses in addition to writing his books.


Uzeyir Hajibeyov

# Uzeyir Hajibeyov

## Abstract

Uzeyir bey Abdulhuseyn bey oghlu Hajibeyov (18 September 1885 – 23 November 1948) was an Azerbaijani composer, musicologist and teacher. He is recognized as the father of Azerbaijani classical music.

Hajibeyov composed the music of the national anthem of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (which was re-adopted after Azerbaijan regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991). He also composed the anthem used by Azerbaijan during the Soviet period. He was the first composer of an opera in the Islamic world. He composed the first oriental opera Leyli and Majnun in 1908 and since then he is revered for adapting the written masterpiece to the theatre.

## Early life

Uzeyir Hajibeyov was born in Aghjabadi, near Shusha of Azerbaijan, on 18 September 1885. His father, Abdulhuseyn bey Hajibeyli, was the secretary to Khurshidbanu Natavan for many years, and his mother, Shirin, grew up in the Natavan household. Growing up, Hajibeyov was strongly influenced by Natavan's work.

Shusha, often dubbed as the cradle of Azerbaijani music and culture, had a reputation for its musical heritage. The town was also referred to as "the Music Conservatory of the Caucasus" because of its many talented musicians and singers. And the fact that Hajibeyov grew up in Shusha explains how at 22, in 1908, with very little formal musical education, he was capable of writing a full-length opera.

Hajibeyov received his early education in a religious school (madrasah), where he perfected his Arabic and Persian. Later he studied at a two-year Russian-Azerbaijani school. Here, with the help of his favorite teacher Mirza Mehdi Hasanzadeh, he familiarized himself with the heritage of the famous classic writers of the East and the West. The richness of the musical performance tradition of Shusha greatly influenced the musical education of Hajibeyov. He would later reflect on his experiences: "The first musical education I got as a child in Shusha came from the best singers and saz -players. At that time I sang mughams and tasnifs. The singers liked my voice. They would make me sing and teach me at the same time." Uzeyir Hajibeyov's first teacher was his uncle Aghalar Aliverdibeyov, an excellent connoisseur of Azeri folk music. In 1897–1898, when Azerbaijani playwright Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev and singer Jabbar Garyaghdioglu staged the episode Majnun on Leyli's grave from Leyli and Majnun, 13-year-old Uzeyir sang in the choir. From 1899 to 1904 Uzeyir Hajibeyov studied at the Gori Pedagogical Seminary. There, along with general education, he also acquired music. In this school, Hajibeyov learned to play the violin, the violoncello and the brass instrument. After his graduation from the Pedagogical Seminary, Uzeyir Hajibeyov was appointed a teacher to the village of Hadrut in Upper Karabakh. Having worked there for a year, Hajibeyov permanently settled in Baku, where he carried on his career in teaching mathematics, geography, history, Azerbaijani and Russian languages, and music. He wrote the Turkic-Russian and Russian-Turkic Dictionary of Political, Legal, Economic and Military Terms, Used in Press in 1907 and the textbook Arithmetic Problems in 1908, and had them published by the Orujov Brothers Publishing House in Baku.

Hajibeyov was no stranger to the tragic chaos of war; he lived through the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917, the fall of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan in 1920, and both World Wars. The political repercussions of these military conquests often manifested in other forms of chaos. For example, between 1920 and 1940, the alphabet systems for writing Azerbaijani were changed three times — from Arabic to Latin, and from Latin to Cyrillic — a process which greatly hindered and interrupted the educational and cultural process, and may well have been one of the factors influencing Uzeyir Hajibeyov to present his ideas verbally on the musical stage.

## Merging traditional and Western styles

Throughout all the tumultuous change in Azerbaijan that took place between 1900 and 1940, one characteristic consistently reflects the character of Uzeyir Hajibeyov. He always searched for ways to merge and integrate the past with the present, rather than to discard either form. Rather curiously, even files at the Gori Pedagogical Seminary have shown his persistence in holding on to his own roots even under pressure. On 3 December 1900, when he was 15, it is noted that "the student, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, was rebuked because he was talking in his native language." Conversely, when Russian-influenced musicians tried to ban traditional Azerbaijani instruments like the tar, zurna and kamancha, Hajibeyov and his colleagues pushed to incorporate them into the Western orchestra, thereby, giving them an even higher status and ultimately a chance to survive. The great composer U.Hacıbeyov had the opportunity to open music schools that combined various educational systems. In these schools, national cadres who could integrate into the world music culture were trained. The history and music theory of Azerbaijani music were researched, and education classes were written. Uzeyir Hajibeyov in the field of music education combined and created in Azerbaijan Western and East traditions.

## Music

In 1908, Hajibeyov wrote his first opera, Leyli and Majnun, based on the tragic love story by the 15th century poet Fuzûlî. This would be the first of 7 operas and 3 musical comedies that Hajibeyov would compose throughout his life. In Leyli and Majnun, the uniqueness of the traditional modal music of mugham was incorporated into a Western genre with the use of instruments indigenous to both traditions.

Hajibeyov's second opera Sheikh Sanan was written in 1909 in a form that was entirely opposite to the first. This time Hajibeyov employed a purely European style. Sheikh Sanan received raves as a musical composition, but the content was too progressive for the period. In this opera, Hajibeyov advocated that marriage should not be bound by nationality or religion - in essence, it was another form of integration. But this time, it backfired. The story line follows a religious sheikh on his way to Mecca who meets a very beautiful Georgian lady. To his horror, the lovely creature's father turns out to be a swineherd, caring for what, to him, was a forbidden animal. In the end, the sheikh denounces his religion to win the woman. It is said that when the opera was performed, many people were offended and walked out, leaving Hajibeyov with the realization that he had outpaced his generation too much this time. As a result, he made a drastic decision and burned the score. When asked by Ramazan Khalilov, his assistant, how he could do that, Hajibeyov replied: "I didn't destroy my opera. It's my own creation, so it's always in my head." Khalilov said that Hajibeyov went on to use this same magnificent music 27 years later to create Koroghlu, an opera that many acclaim to be his finest.

In contrast to Sheikh Sanan, Hajibeyov's operas Rustam and Sohrab (1910), Asli and Karam (1912), Shah Abbas and Khurshid Banu (1912), and Harun and Leyli (1915) were entirely based on Azerbaijani folk music elements, primarily mugham.

In October 2006, the musical comedy Arshin Mal Alan ("The Cloth Peddler") by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, written in 1914, was announced to be performed on western stages for the first time.

One of Hajibeyov's greatest legacies was bringing forward the idea of establishing a professional music school. Hence, the Baku Academy of Music (known then as the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire), was founded in 1920 and named after Hajibeyov after his death. The school has trained Azerbaijan's finest composers such as Gara Garayev, Fikrat Amirov, Jovdat Hajiyev, Soltan Hajibeyov, Tofig Guliyev, and Vagif Mustafazade. His statue sits in front of this grand building that is still devoted to the synthesizing Eastern and Western musical traditions.

In 1931, Hajibeyov helped in establishing the Azeri Folk Instruments Orchestra affiliated with the Radio Committee. This orchestra performed European classical pieces, such as those by Mikhail Glinka, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Georges Bizet and others. Hajibeyov thus was the first musician to adapt the note system to traditional Azerbaijani musical instruments.

In 1936, Hajibeyov assisted in the founding of the Azerbaijani State Choir within the Azerbaijan Philharmonic Society. One of the most serious problems he faced was the mono-voiced repertoire of Azerbaijani folk songs, which allowed harmonization to distort style of the song and, on occasion, even alter the melody line when it changed modes. Hajibeyov resolved this problem by using contrapuntal polyphony and unison -doubling rather than four-part singing in the problematic sections.

Hajibeyov devoted much energy to the idea of integrating woman's role and status into the male-dominated world. The concept of women's emancipation runs through many of his works, often in the form of comedy or satirization, as in the case when he makes fun of the process of selecting marriage partners, a process hindered by the fact that women were still wearing veils until the 1920s when the Soviet regime prohibited them.

### Operas

#### “Leyli and Majnun”

The opera art was established art not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the entire Muslim East by means of Hacibeyov's opera "Leyli and Majnun" which premiered on 12 January 1908, at the theatre of Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. Hajibeyov wrote with his brother Jeyhun Hajibeyli this libretto of the opera based on a poem of the same name written by Fuzuli. The first performance was made by actor and director Huseyn Arablinski. The band-master was the writer-dramatist Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev. Huseynqulu Sarabski was in the role of “Majnun” and Abdurrahim Farajov in the role of “Leyli”.In next performances, Hajibeyov himself and his close friend and colleague, composer Muslim Magomayev, performed as band-master.

This role was acted for the first time by Huseyinqulu Sarablinski. Then, these people - Sidghi Ruhulla, Khanlar Hakhverdiev, Aliovsat Sadigov, Shirzad Huseynov, Gulagha Mammadov, Mais Salmanov, Gulu Asgerov, Bakir Hashimov, Ali Mehdiyev, Arif Babayev, Baba Mirzaev, Janali Akbarov, Safa Gahramanov, Alim Gasimov and Mansum Ibrahimov performed in a role of Majnun at the next performance.

#### “Koroghlu”

“Koroghlu opera” premiered firstly on 30 April 1937, at the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theatre. This is the first classical opera that based on the motives of heroic epic in Azerbaijan.

In this opera, Hajibeyov created arias, mass choral scenes, various ensembles, ballet numbers and recitatives.

In the next years of his life, he worked on "Firuza" opera.

### Musical comedies

#### “Husband and wife”

The first musical comedy of Hajibeyov is “Husband and wife” which consists of three scenes. This is the first example of Azerbaijani musical comedy. The first premiere of it was in 1910. H.Sarabski and A.Aghdamski performed in the roles of Marjan and Minnat. Hajibeyov wrote the sketch of the comedy himself.

#### “ If Not That One, Then This One ”

After “Husband and wife” opera, he began to write the second operetta of him. The first premiere of it was at the theatre of Mailovs brothers in Baku in 1911. “Mən nə qədər qoca olsam da” song and “Uzundere” national folk music are sounded in this opera with some changes on it.

Later, this opera was translated into various languages, performed in Caucasian countries, Turkey, Bulgaria and other countries.

#### "Arshin Mal Alan"

The first feature film based on “Arshin Mal Alan” Musical comedy was shot in 1916. This film was the silent film.

For the next time it was screened at "Baku movie studio" in 1945 with some changes on it. The main role of the film belonged to Rashid Behbudov.

This comedy again was screened in Baku, in 1965. The director of the film was Tofiq Taghizade and Fikrat Amirov performed as a music redactor. It was translated into many languages such as English, German, Chinese, Arabic, Persian, Polish etc.

## Publications

From 1919 to 1920 Hajibeyov served as editor-in-chief for the newspaper Azerbaijan, the main governmental media body of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan.

In 1927, Hajibeyov published Collection of Azerbaijani Folk Songs along with composer Muslim Magomayev. For the first time, more than 300 pieces of Azeri folk music were documented by notation. In 1945, he published the book entitled Principles of Azerbaijan Folk Music, which has been translated into several languages including English in 1985 devoted to the centenary of his birth.

## Legacy

In 2013, Google celebrated Hajibeyov's 128th Birthday with Google Doodle on its Azerbaijani version.

### Official honours

Hajibeyov was the creator of the first operas and operettas in the Orient. In 1938, he was awarded with the title of People's Artist of the USSR. He was also honored with the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize which he won twice, once in 1941 for the opera Koroghlu (1936), and the other time in 1946 for the 1945 film based on his opera Arshin Mal Alan.

Hajibeyov was a professor at the Baku Academy of Music (of which he was also head in 1928–1929 and 1939–1948) and Active Member of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. For the last 10 years of his life, he was Chairman of the Composers Union of Azerbaijan.

Hajibeyov joined the Communist Party in 1938. He served twice as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the highest legislative institution in the Union.

Hajibeyov died of diabetes at the age of 63, and was buried at the Alley of Honor in Baku.

On 18 September 1995, the 110th anniversary of Hajibeyov's birth has been celebrated. No one in the history of modern music in Azerbaijan is recognized for having done more to lay the foundation for Azerbaijani music as it exists today, especially with its unique synthesis of Eastern and Western traditional musical instruments and musical forms.

In 2008, the National Bank of Azerbaijan minted a 100 manat gold commemorative coin dedicated to Hajibeyov's memory.

In June 2011 President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and President of Serbia Tadic unveiled a monument of Hajibeyov on the Dunavski kej in Novi Sad, Serbia.

On the occasion of the 130th birthday anniversary of the composer, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti proclaimed 18 September 2015 as the "Uzeyir Hajibeyli Memorial Day" in the City of Los Angeles and called on all residents to join this celebration. Also U.S. Congressman Paul Gosar from Arizona extended a Congressional Record recognizing Hajibeyov's achievements.

### Uzeyir Music Day

18 September is celebrated as "Uzeyir Music Day" after national leader Heydar Aliyev's decree in 1995. Different events and celebrations are usually held on this day with participation of world-famous musicians.

## Stage works

- Leyli and Majnun, opera, 1908.

- Sheikh Sanan, opera, 1909. Destroyed by the composer.

- Husband and Wife, operetta, 1910.

- O olmasın, bu olsun (" If Not That One, Then This One "). Musical comedy (operetta) in four acts, 1910

- Rustam and Zohrab, mugham opera, 1910.

- Asli and Kerem, mugham opera in four acts and six scenes, 1912.

- Shah Abbas and Khurshid Banu, mugham opera, 1912.

- Arshin Mal Alan ("The Cloth Peddler"). Musical comedy (operetta), 1913.

- Harun and Leyli, mugham opera, 1915

- Koroghlu ("The Blind Man's Son"), opera. Written 1936, premiered 1937.

- Chirpynirdi gara deniz (“The Black Sea raged”), song. Written 1918.

- Yaxşı yol ("Farewell"), Soviet march.


Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory

# Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory

## Abstract

The Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), was a research institute created in 1926, at first specializing in aeronautics research. In 1930, Hungarian scientist Theodore von Kármán accepted the directorship of the lab and emigrated to the United States. Under his leadership, work on rockets began there in 1936. GALCIT was the first—and from 1936 to 1940 the only—university-based rocket research center. Based on GALCIT's JATO project at the time, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was established under a contract with the United States Army in November 1943.

In 1961 the GALCIT acronym was retained while the name changed to Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories at the California Institute of Technology. In 2006, during the directorship of Ares Rosakis, GALCIT was once again renamed, taking on the new name Graduate Aerospace Laboratories of the California Institute of Technology (while continuing to maintain the acronym GALCIT) in order to reflect its vigorous re-engagement with space engineering and with JPL.

## Founding

Daniel Guggenheim and his son, Harry Guggenheim (an aviator), established the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics on June 16, 1926. Between 1926 and 1930 the fund disbursed $3 million, making grants that established schools or research centers at New York University, Stanford University, the University of Michigan, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Washington, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Syracuse University, Northwestern University, the University of Akron, and the California Institute of Technology. It was the Guggenheims who, along with Caltech president Robert Andrews Millikan, convinced von Kármán to emigrate to the United States and become director of GALCIT. Eventually, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) became so concerned about GALCIT's growing influence over West coast aviation, it erected the Ames Laboratory in Sunnyvale, California in part to deter an ever-widening aeronautical gap that had formed between NACA and GALCIT.

## Rocket Research Project

Frank J. Malina began part-time work at the GALCIT ten-foot wind tunnel, the Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel. In 1935 he became a Graduate Assistant in the lab. In early 1936, with the aid of a graduate assistant to von Kármán, William Bollay, Malina and two rocket enthusiasts -- Jack Parsons and Edward S. Forman —began the GALCIT Rocket Research Project. They were soon joined by two GALCIT graduate students, Tsien Hsue-shen and A.M.O. Smith. In October they tested for the first time their gaseous oxygen - methyl alcohol rocket motor. They used an area of the Arroyo Seco on the western edge of Pasadena, "a stone’s throw from the present-day Jet Propulsion Laboratory." After a series of tests, they tested the motor in that location for the last time in January 1937; it ran for 44 seconds at a chamber pressure of 75 psi. In March, Weld Arnold, then an assistant in the Astrophysical Laboratory at Caltech, joined the group as a photographer. Tests of a motor that used nitrogen dioxide as the oxidizer were conducted in the GALCIT lab. A misfire of that motor gained the project the nickname, "The Suicide Squad." During 1938 Smith went to work for Douglas Aircraft. Arnold left Caltech for New York. Tsien devoted more of his time to completing his doctorate. Malina, Parsons and Forman continued with the project.

In early 1939, the National Academy of Sciences provided $1,000 to von Kármán and the Rocket Research Group to research rocket-assisted take-off of aircraft. This JATO research was the first rocket research to receive financial support from the U.S. government. In 1942, Rolf Sabersky was hired to work in mechanical design on the Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel under Mark Serrurier and Hap Richards.

## U.S. Army missiles

In 1943 the Army Air Forces asked GALCIT to study the possible use of rockets to propel long-range missiles. In response, Malina and Tsien wrote a report dated 20 November 1943, which was the first document to use the Jet Propulsion Laboratory name. Von Kármán added a cover memorandum, signing it as "Director, Jet Propulsion Laboratory," but as far as Caltech was concerned JPL did not yet formally exist. In early 1944 the United States Army asked GALCIT to develop missiles for field use, which led to the development of the Private, Corporal, and Sergeant missiles. The Army Ordnance Corps established the ORDCIT Project, and JPL/GALCIT was formally organized to carry out this work. Later, in a history of early rocketry Malina wrote that the work of the JPL was "considered to include" the research carried out by the GALCIT Rocket Research Group from 1936 on.

## Directors

- 1930-1949, Theodore von Kármán

- 1949-1966, Clark Blanchard Millikan

- 1972-1985, Hans Wolfgang Liepmann

- 1987–2003, Hans G. Hornung

- 2004-2009, Ares J. Rosakis

- 2009–2015, Guruswami Ravichandran

- 2015–present, Morteza Gharib


Veuve Perrin

# Veuve Perrin

## Abstract

Veuve Perrin (Widow Perrin) was a factory in Marseille, France, that manufactured Faïence wares between 1748 and 1803.

## History

Claude Perrin, born in Nevers on 20 April 1696, settled in Marseille in 1733 where he died on 25 March 1748.

Pierette Candelot, widow of Claude Perrin, took over the factory after her husband's death.It became known as Veuve Perrin. She entered into a partnership agreement with Honoré Savy, who was a member of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Marseille. This cooperation lasted from 1760 to 1770, but was less active after 1764, where Savy founded his own company. In 1774 the widow Perrin formed a second association with his son and Antoine Abellard, grandson of Antoine Clérissy. This continued to operate until her death in 1794. Her son Joseph and daughter Anne took over until the final closure in 1803.

## Products

The factory used the petit feu technique of decorating, with successive firings, which let it obtain a variety of colors that rivaled those of porcelain.

This factory became well known for its naturalistic polychrome decorations of flowers and insects. Around 1764 the factory introduced a turquoise enamel. Some of the wares were decorated with fish and shells, seaside scenes and views of the port of Marseille. Production was characterized by a wide variety of shapes and designs, often extravagant in molding and decoration. Types of decoration are very varied: polychrome on a yellow enamel, imitation Chinese decoration, decoration with fish, landscapes, animals, flowers, decor with green shades. The factory is known for its large soup tureens, which often were decorated with paintings of fish.Statuettes and fancy goods were also produced.

## Gallery

The Musée de la Faïence de Marseille has an important collection of Veuve Perrin works.


Martin Munnelly

# Martin Munnelly

## Abstract

Martin Munnelly (born November 11, 1969) is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in Major League Soccer and the USISL.

## Youth

Munnelly graduated from Chaminade High School. He then attended the Columbia University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1988 to 1991.

## Professional

In 1994, Munnelly signed with the Long Island Rough Riders of the USISL. In 1995, Munnelly and his teammates won the USISL championship. On June 26, 1996, he went on loan to the MetroStars of Major League Soccer for one game. The Rough Riders released Munnelly on July 10, 1997.

Now he works as a Sophomore World History Teacher and Junior American History Teacher at his old High School, Chaminade.

## International

In 1989, Munnelly was a member of the United States men's national under-20 soccer team which placed fourth at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.


Soilwork

# Soilwork

## Abstract

Soilwork is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Helsingborg. They are signed to Nuclear Blast. Formed in late 1995 by Björn Strid and Peter Wichers, originally under the name Inferior Breed, the band changed their name in late 1996 to Soilwork (meaning "working from the ground up").

## History

### Early years (1995–2000)

The band was formed in late 1995, originally under the name Inferior Breed. Their sound, as explained by "Speed" was influenced by such bands as Pantera, Meshuggah, and Carcass. Upon changing their band name in late 1996 to Soilwork, they began to make more melodic music. Soilwork began work on a demo entitled In Dreams We Fall into the Eternal Lake. Before the recording ever took place, bassist Carl-Gustav Döös left the group, leaving guitarist Peter Wichers to handle the bass tracks on the demo. In a chance encounter, Soilwork met Michael Amott of Arch Enemy fame, who owned a record store in Helsingborg, and gave him a copy of their demo. This ultimately led to the band signing with Listenable Records. The band had huge changes which saw them change dramatically, giving rise to the guitar mastery of David Andersson.

In 1998, Soilwork added keyboardist Carlos Holmberg and bassist Ola Flink. The band recorded and released their debut album Steelbath Suicide in May of that year. Soon after, guitarist Ludvig Svartz and drummer Jimmy Persson left, citing "different musical opinions". Persson (now guitar and vocals in Faithful Darkness) was replaced by Henry Ranta, while Svartz was replaced by Peter Wichers' uncle, Ola Frenning. The band toured throughout Europe in support of the album with bands such as Darkane, Naglfar, and Krisiun.

In 1999, Soilwork recorded their second full-length album, The Chainheart Machine but it was released in 2000. The album received critical acclaim and eventually landed them a recording contract with label Nuclear Blast, allowing the band to tour with acts such as Defleshed, Cannibal Corpse, and even, briefly, with fellow melodic death metallers Dark Tranquillity.

### Rise to popularity (2000–2006)

In 2000, after exhausting themselves with touring, Soilwork returned to the studio to record their third full-length album, A Predator's Portrait. The release was well received and brought Soilwork to the forefront of the melodic death metal scene, alongside label mates In Flames. The band played at Wacken Open Air that year, and toured extensively with Annihilator and Nevermore.

Following up on their success, Soilwork entered the studio again in late 2001 to record the follow-up to A Predator's Portrait with Devin Townsend and Fredrik Nordström. Natural Born Chaos was released in early 2002, to much acclaim as well. Soilwork toured throughout Europe to support the album, and, for the first time, throughout the United States, first with bands Hypocrisy, Scar Culture, Chimaira, Unearth and Killswitch Engage during the summer, then alongside label mates In Flames during the fall. After touring, they started writing and recording their fifth album.

In December 2002, Soilwork entered the studio to begin recording their fifth album. After recording, the band began a European tour with Children of Bodom and Shadows Fall throughout April and May. That same month, Figure Number Five was released. In early June, drummer Henry Ranta left the band, to focus more on his personal life, and was replaced a week later by Richard Evensand. The band then embarked on another North American tour with In Flames, Chimaira, and Unearth. In September, Soilwork toured Japan with Children of Bodom. Merely days after a short mini-trek tour through Japan, Soilwork also toured Australia briefly. Later that year, they again toured North America with Chimaira, As I Lay Dying and Bleeding Through. After the tour, Richard Evensand left the band to replace drummer Andols Herrick who had recently left Chimaira. Soilwork initially announced his temporary replacement as Dirk Verbeuren of Scarve. Verbeuren would later become the full-time replacement. In early 2004, singer Björn "Speed" Strid laid down tracks with Italian melodic death metal band Disarmonia Mundi. During April, the band announced that it had extended its contract with record label Nuclear Blast Records. That same month the band again toured Australia alongside Anthrax, Embodiment 12:14, and Killswitch Engage. In mid-2004, Soilwork toured Japan for a second time alongside Dark Tranquillity.

Soilwork entered Dug Out Studios on 14 September 2004 to begin recording their sixth full-length album, Stabbing the Drama. A week later the band changed venues and recorded at Fascination Street Studios. Stabbing the Drama was released in early March 2005. The album entered the Finnish charts at number 19, and in Sweden at number 14. The band also began to gain minor commercial success in the United States. Stabbing the Drama reached No. 12 and No. 21 on the Billboard Heatseeker and Independent album charts, respectively. The band partook in the 2005 Ozzfest, performing on the second stage. In November the band toured stateside with Fear Factory. In late 2005, guitarist Peter Wichers left the band due to tour exhaustion and other personal issues. The same month, Strid announced he was working on a second album with Disarmomia Mundi. In May 2006, Daniel Antonsson was announced as the replacement for Peter Wichers. Soilwork spent the summer appearing at festivals throughout Europe. In September they toured throughout the UK and Turkey. The band later pulled out of the Turkish dates, due to terrorist attacks and bombings that had recently occurred to tourists there. In October the band trekked North America, this time with Darkest Hour, Mnemic and Threat Signal.

### Transitional period and continued popularity (2007–2015)

In early March 2007, Soilwork began laying down the tracks for their seventh album, Sworn to a Great Divide Late in June, Ola Frenning announced that the album was finished. Soilwork toured in the fall alongside Caliban, Sonic Syndicate, and Dark Tranquillity in a tour dubbed, ' Eastpak Antidote' tour. The album was released on 19 October 2007 through Nuclear Blast. The album sports a sound closer to thrash than their previous albums, though still backed by their trademark synth elements. The band took part on an American tour with co-headliners Lamb of God and Killswitch Engage, as well as DevilDriver. The tour began on 28 November 2007 at the Tsongas Arena in Lowell, Massachusetts, and ended at the Santa Ana Star Center in Rio Rancho, New Mexico on 17 December 2007. The tour, dubbed The Clash of the Titans Tour 2007, appeared in Grand Prairie, TX at the Nokia Live Theatre on 8 December 2007 to play for the entire Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex. On 12 February 2008, an official statement was posted on Soilwork's official website that Ola Frenning and Soilwork had decided to part ways, his replacement came in the form of Sylvain Coudret. In another statement on 18 September 2008, it was revealed that guitarist Daniel Antonsson would be replaced with the return of former guitarist and founding member Peter Wichers and also that Sylvain Coudret from the band Scarve who has been doing session work as second guitarist during 2008 Summer festivals became permanent guitar player for the band.

The band returned to the studio in early 2010 to write and record their eighth album, later on with Strid announcing on 22 January 2010 in a MySpace bulletin that the new album would be entitled The Panic Broadcast. On 30 June 2010, The Sledgehammer Files: The Best of Soilwork 1998–2008 greatest hits comlilation album was released, followed shortly by the band's new album The Panic Broadcast on 2 July in Europe, and 13 July in North America.

Soilwork announced on 26 June 2012 that Peter Wichers has left Soilwork for the second time. Following the departure, Peter was replaced by David Andersson.

Strid began to think of the band's next album as a double album during a 2011 tour. He wanted to challenge himself, instead of releasing a single album after Wicher's departure. He also wanted to show that the band could release a great album with one of their main composers gone. He wrote two songs by the end of the year, and began writing with the band in March 2012. Soilwork announced they would begin recording 23 August 2012.

The album, titled The Living Infinite, was released on 27 February 2013 in Asia, 1 March in Europe, 4 March in the UK and 5 March in North America.

On 24 September 2014, Soilwork released an EP, Beyond the Infinite only in Asia. The EP consists of 5 unreleased tracks from the band's The Living Infinite album sessions.

On 5 December 2014, Soilwork frontman Strid confirmed that work had begun on a new album when he posted a picture on Facebook of him listening to new demos. Strid also stated that Soilwork are sounding "better than ever". It was also confirmed that Soilwork had teamed up with Testament frontman Chuck Billy 's Breaking Bands LLC management company for the album.

In June 2015, Soilwork announced that longtime bassist Ola Flink and the band had parted ways and that he would be replaced by new bassist Markus Wibom.

Soilwork supported Soulfly on their 2015 We Sold Our Souls To Metal Tour. Decapitated and Shattered Sun also joins the tour, scheduled for a 27 concert trek starting on 30 September and ending in Albuquerque, NM on 30 October. Then, Soilwork goes on a European tour as headliner with HateSphere and French band T.A.N.K.

### Departure of Dirk Verbeuren, death of David Andersson and more albums (2016–present)

On 15 July 2016, it was announced that long time drummer Dirk Verbeuren had left the band to join Megadeth.

On 19 August 2016, Soilwork released a compilation album, Death Resonance, which featured a number of B-sides and rarities from five of their previous albums in addition to two new songs.

On 11 January 2019, Soilwork released Verkligheten, their first album with new drummer Bastian Thusgaard, and their first album in nearly four years. On 14 June 2019, the band officially released the Underworld EP, which consists of bonus tracks originally previously only available on physical editions of the band's recent Verkligheten album.

On 4 December 2020, Soilwork released an EP A Whisp of the Atlantic, which is composed of songs the band recorded and released from late 2019 to mid 2020, along with the ambitious 16-minute title-piece that opens the EP.

Soilwork announced in early 2022 that bassist Rasmus Ehrnborn had joined the band officially and contributed to the band's twelfth studio album, Övergivenheten, which was released on 19 August 2022.

On 14 September 2022, it was announced that guitarist and songwriter David Andersson, who had been in the band for 10 years, died at the age of 47. Touring guitarist Simon Johansson who had been touring with the band since 2019 was made a permanent member on 13 March 2023.

## Band members

Current members

- Björn "Speed" Strid – vocals (1995–present)

- Sven Karlsson – keyboards (2001–present)

- Sylvain Coudret – guitars (2008–present)

- Bastian Thusgaard – drums (2016–present)

- Rasmus Ehrnborn – bass (2022–present; touring 2019–2022)

- Simon Johansson – guitars (2023–present; touring 2019–2023)

## Discography

Studio albums

- Steelbath Suicide (1998)

- The Chainheart Machine (2000)

- A Predator's Portrait (2001)

- Natural Born Chaos (2002)

- Figure Number Five (2003)

- Stabbing the Drama (2005)

- Sworn to a Great Divide (2007)

- The Panic Broadcast (2010)

- The Living Infinite (2013)

- The Ride Majestic (2015)

- Verkligheten (2019)

- Övergivenheten (2022)


Marcato

# Marcato

## Abstract

Marcato (short form: Marc.; Italian for marked) is a musical instruction indicating a note, chord, or passage is to be played louder or more forcefully than the surrounding music. The instruction may involve the word marcato itself written above or below the staff or it may take the form of the symbol ∧, an open vertical wedge. The marcato is essentially a louder and often shorter version of the regular accent > (an open horizontal wedge).

Like the regular accent, however, the marcato is often interpreted to suggest a sharp attack tapering to the original dynamic, an interpretation which applies only to instruments capable of altering the dynamic level of a single sustained pitch. According to author James Mark Jordan, "the marcato sound is characterized by a rhythmic thrust followed by a decay of the sound."

In jazz big-band scores, the marcato symbol usually indicates a note is to be shortened to approximately 2 ⁄ 3 its normal duration, and given a moderate accent.

The instruction marcato or marcatissimo (extreme marcato), among various other instructions, symbols, and expression marks may prompt a string player to use martelé bowing, depending on the musical context. An example is the Gavotte in D major from J. S. Bach (Suzuki Book Volume 3) page 19, Bar 39.


The Heart of the Matter (song)

# The Heart of the Matter (song)

## Abstract

" The Heart of the Matter " is a song recorded by American rock singer Don Henley from his third solo studio album, The End of the Innocence (1989). Written by Henley, Mike Campbell, and JD Souther and produced by Henley, Campbell, and Danny Kortchmar, the song was released as the album's third single, reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks in early 1990.

The shorter radio edit version omits the "I'm learning to live without you now, but I miss you baby," and skips directly to "I've been trying to get down to the heart of the matter."

In 1994 Henley, along with the Eagles, played an acoustic version of the song at their reunion concert; the performance was omitted from the Hell Freezes Over live CD, but was included in the concert DVD.

The song was covered by American soul singer India.Arie in 2006 on her third studio album, Testimony: Vol. 1, Life & Relationship. Her version of the song is used in the second episode of Brothers & Sisters, entitled "An Act of Will", and in the theatrical trailer for the 2008 film adaptation of Sex and the City. It is also played briefly in a scene of the film.

Stage and television actress Megan Hilty recorded a cover on her 2013 debut solo album It Happens All the Time.

Canadian singer Nikki Yanofsky recorded a live acoustic cover for her 2010 DVD Live in Montreal.

## Composition

In a November 2003 interview with Songfacts, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers guitarist and songwriter Mike Campbell explained the song's origins:

I cut the track at home and played it for him (Don Henley). He wrote some words, I think he got some help from JD Souther on some of the lyrics. He changed the key to fit his voice, then we went in and basically recreated the demo. I know he was especially proud of that one. He told me that lyric was something he had been trying to write for a long time and it finally came out the way he liked it, something he really wanted to sing. A lot of people like that song. A lot of girls like it.

## Personnel

- Don Henley – lead vocals

- Mike Campbell – keyboards, guitars

- Larry Klein – bass

- Stan Lynch – drums, percussion

- Carmen Twillie – backing vocals

- Julia Waters – backing vocals

- Maxine Waters – backing vocals

## Charts

### Don Henley version


Arton Zekaj

# Arton Zekaj

## Abstract

Arton Din Zekaj (Serbian Cyrillic: Артон Дин Зекај; born 16 April 2000) is a professional footballer who last played as a defensive midfielder for Serbian League Vojvodina club Tisa Adorjan. Born in Serbia, he represents Kosovo at under-21 international level.

## Club career

### Early career

Zekaj started playing football with Spartak Subotica. In 2015, he joined the youth system of Partizan. During the 2016–17 season, he was loaned to OFK Bačka, and although placed on the senior team, he failed to make a debut in the Serbian SuperLiga. On 14 February 2018, Zekaj joined Serbian League Belgrade side Sopot.

### Lille

On 4 July 2018, Zekaj signed a three-year contract with Ligue 1 club Lille. On 11 August 2018, he made his debut as professional footballer in a 3–1 home win against Rennes after coming on as a substitute at last minutes in place of Lebo Mothiba. Seven day later, Zekaj made another debut with Lille, but with second team in a Championnat National 2 match against Épinal after being named in the starting line-up.

### Tisa Adorjan

During the summer transfer window, Zekaj joined Serbian League Vojvodina side Tisa Adorjan. On 5 November 2022, he made his debut in a 3–0 away win against Radnički Zrenjanin after coming on as a substitute at 46th minute in place of Dragan Svitić.

## International career

### Serbia

Zekaj was a member of Serbia U15 from 2014 until 2016, when he was promoted to Serbia U16. In 2017, he became part of Serbia U17 and in some matches played with the Serbia national youth teams was squad captain.

### Kosovo

"Zekaj expected be invited to one of the upcoming gatherings of Kosovo U21 and guessed this is very big talent due to an Albanian would had it impossible to play for Partizan or Serbia national teams."

—Kosovo U15 coach Isa Sadriu shares his first impression for Zekaj.

On 3 April 2017, Zekaj visited Pristina together with his father, a consultant and a representative of Partizan and met with the leaders of the Football Federation of Kosovo. The meeting was held to clarify procedures to enable him to play for Kosovo national team.

#### Under-21

"For me, it is great pride that I have chosen Kosovo and that I will wear this jersey, as in this way I will make them proud as my parents, my family and all the people of Kosovo and also a great man who is no longer among us – the legend, Fadil Vokrri."

—Zekaj shares his first impression after the permitting to play for Kosovo.

On 27 April 2019, The Football Federation of Kosovo confirmed through a communiqué that Zekaj is obtained with the Kosovan passport and is ready to play for Kosovo national under-21 team in the next 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches in September 2019.

Zekaj was planned to be called up from Kosovo U21 in June 2019 for 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches against Andorra U21 and Turkey U21, but due to injury, could not be part of the national team.

On 2 September 2019, he received a call-up from Kosovo U21 for the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against England U21 and made his debut after being named in the starting line-up.

## Personal life

Zekaj was born in Subotica, Serbia to Kosovo Albanian parents from Has of Prizren.


Adam Lundkvist

# Adam Lundkvist

## Abstract

Adam Lundqvist (born 20 March 1994), sometimes spelled Adam Lundkvist, is a Swedish footballer as a left back. He previously played for in the Allsvenska for IF Elfsborg, where they won the Svenska Cupen, and in MLS for the Houston Dynamo, helping the club win the U.S. Open Cup. He has twice been capped by the Sweden national team and represented Sweden at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## Club career

### Nyköpings BIS

Lundqvist began his career with local club Nyköpings BIS. After joining the youth ranks in 2006, Lundqvist joined the first team in 2010. He made one appearance in the preliminary round of the Svenska Cupen before making his professional debut on 27 March 2010, coming on as a sub in Nyköpings BIS's 5–2 defeat to BK Forward in round 1 of the Svenska Cupen. Lundqvist made his league debut on 16 May 2010 when he came on as a sub against Örebro SK Ungdomsklubb

### IF Elfsborg

In 2011, Lundqvist joined Allsvenskan club IF Elfsborg. He would spend time with the Elfsborg youth teams before making his first team debut on 25 September 2013, coming on as a sub in a league match with IF Brommapojkarna. On 7 November 2013, Lundqvist made his Europa League debut, getting the start against Danish side Esbjerg. Lundqvist helped Elfsborg when their 3rd ever Svenska Cupen by featuring 6 times during the 2013-14 version of the competition, however he didn't appear in the final. 2014 also saw Lundqvist convert from a midfielder to a left back. He scored his first goal for Elfsborg in a 2-0 Allsvenskan win over Kalmar FF on 17 August 2014.

### Houston Dynamo

On 26 April 2018, Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo signed Lundqvist on a full transfer using targeted allocation money. He played one game on loan with the Dynamo's USL affiliate club Rio Grande Valley FC to regain match fitness. He made his Dynamo debut on 30 May against Real Salt Lake. In his debut as well as in many games in his first year with the Dynamo, Lundqvist played right back instead of his natural left back position due to starter AJ DeLaGarza being injured and veteran DaMarcus Beasley occupying the starting left back spot. He helped the Dynamo win the 2018 US Open Cup, their first ever, by making 2 appearances and picking up 2 assists in the competition, including a game winning assist on 18 June against Minnesota United. It was a poor season in the league however, with Houston finishing 9th in the Western Conference and missing out on the playoffs, with Lundqvist making 16 appearances and recording 1 assist.

On 2 March 2019, with DaMarcus Beasley resting for their CONCACAF Champions League match, Lundqvist got the start for the Dynamo's first league game of the 2019 season. Head coach Wilmer Cabrera 's decision paid off in the 60th minute when Lundqvist sent in a cross that Mauro Manotas hit past goalkeeper Nick Rimando to give Houston a 1–1 draw with Real Salt Lake. Lundqvist would get the start in the Dynamo's next MLS match, a 2–1 win over the Montreal Impact, while Beasley again was rested for the CCL matches. On 12 March, Lundqvist was subbed on in the 19th minute of Houston's 2nd leg Champions League fixture with Tigres UANL when Beasley suffered an injury. Beasley was ruled out for 4–6 weeks, allowing Lundqvist to become the starting left back for the first significant stretch since he arrived in Houston. Once Beasley had recovered from his injury, Lundqvist still featured prominently at left back and filled in at right back at the end of the season after DeLaGarza was injured. He ended the season with 28 appearances and 4 assists in MLS play, but Houston struggled as a team, missing out on the playoffs again.

2020 saw Lundqvist become the first choice left back for new head coach Tab Ramos following Beasley's retirement after the 2019 season. In a shortened season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Lundqvist started 21 of Houston's 23 games, with the only 2 he missed being the result of a suspension for a violent tackle. The season was poor for the Dynamo as a whole, finishing last in the Western Conference and missing out on the playoffs for the 3rd straight season.

On 25 March 2021, Lundqvist signed a contract extension through the 2022 season, with team options for 2023 and 2024. After starting the first 8 matches of the season, Lundqvist only started 4 of the next 11 games, with one of those starts being as a winger rather than as a fullback, as Lundqvist competed with Sam Junqua for the starting left back spot. Lundqvist reclaimed his starting spot by matchday 20, starting the next 7 games before suffering a knee injury on 18 September during a 3–2 win over Texas Derby rivals FC Dallas. After missing a month, he returned to action on 20 October, coming on as a halftime substitute in a 3–0 loss to the LA Galaxy before playing the full 90 minutes for Houston's final 3 matches. Lundqvist ended the season with 25 appearances and 2 assists as the Dynamo finished last in the Conference for the second straight season and missed the playoffs for the 4th straight year.

The 2022 season saw Lundqvist record 5 assists in 31 appearances, 30 of them starts. He tied with Darwin Quintero for the team lead in assists in MLS play. Despite a strong season from Lundqvist, Houston missed the playoffs for the 5th consecutive season, finishing 13th in the West.

### Austin FC

On 10 January 2023, Lundqvist was traded to Copa Tejas rivals Austin FC in exchange for $500,000 in General Allocation Money. In 2023, Lundqvist had 23 appearances, starting in eight games and tallying 2 assists. His appearances were limited later in the season as he dealt with injuries sustained on the field. Austin ended the 2023 season missing the playoffs, finishing 12th in the Western Conference. On November 17, 2023, Austin FC announced they would not exercise the 2024 option for Lundqvist.

### BK Häcken

On December 28, 2023 Lundqvist signed with BK Häcken as a free agent.

## International career

Lundqvist has represented Sweden at various youth levels as well as at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where he started all 3 of the group stage matches. He made his senior team debut on 6 January in a friendly against Estonia.

## Personal life

Lundqvist played ice hockey as a kid. He has said that former Sweden international Klas Ingesson, who was his coach at Elfsborg, was his favorite player and served as a father figure when Lundqvist moved to Elfsborg. Lundqvist and his father are fans of English Premier League club Liverpool.

## Honors

IF Elfsborg

- Svenska Cupen: 2013-14

Houston Dynamo

- US Open Cup: 2018


Fruitvale Road railway station

# Fruitvale Road railway station

## Abstract

Fruitvale Road railway station is on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network. It is near local schools, including two major high schools.

The station was opened on 28 September 1953.

In 2006–2007, the station was closed over summer to be upgraded, and lengthened for 6-car trains.

The station is known as the final confirmed place of missing French teenager Eloi Rolland, who went missing from Piha on 7 March 2020.

## Station name

It is named after a nearby road. The road is not very well known, thus new passengers will most likely have no idea which suburb this station serves. It has been proposed to rename it ' Kelston ' since it is in that suburb. It is quite close to Kelston Shopping Centre, Kelston Girls' College and Kelston Deaf Education Centre.


Steve Provan

# Steve Provan

## Abstract

Steve Provan is an American soccer coach and former player who is the current head coach of FC Milwaukee Torrent. Provan played professionally in the National Professional Soccer League and USL A-League.

Provan, brother of Josh Provan, graduated from Cudahy High School. He attended Marquette University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1989 to 1992. In 1993, Provan graduated with a bachelor's degree in engineering. That summer, he played for the Milwaukee Rampage which was an independent amateur team at the time. In 1993, the Canton Invaders selected him in the second round of the National Professional Soccer League draft. In addition to playing for the Invaders, Provan also played outdoor soccer with the Milwaukee Rampage in 1994 and 1995. On November 29, 1995, the Invaders traded Provan to the Cincinnati Silverbacks in exchange for Chris Pfau. In the summer of 1996, Provan joined the Hampton Roads Mariners of the USISL Select League, but spent most of the season injured. In July 1996, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Provan in the NPSL expansion draft. On August 26, 1996, the KiXX traded Provan to the Milwaukee Wave in exchange for Don D'Ambra. Injuries limited Provan to three games and he did not play again until 1998 when he joined the Wisconsin Rebels of the USL Premier Development League. In July 1999, the Milwaukee Rampage called Provan up from the Rebels and he finished the season with them. In 2000, he played his last professional season with the Rampage. Provan continued to play high level amateur soccer with the Milwaukee Bavarians.

In 2012, Provan became the head coach of the Sussex Hamilton High School boys' team.

On March 3, 2022, FC Milwaukee Torrent named Provan as head coach for the NPSL squad ahead of the 2022 season.


World's Edge

# World's Edge

## Abstract

World's Edge is an American video game developer and a studio of Xbox Game Studios based in Redmond, Washington. They were established in June 2019 to oversee the Age of Empires franchise. The studio works with external studios such as Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media and Relic Entertainment to bring back the franchise.

## History

At E3 2019 Xbox announced that they are establishing a new internal studio which later named World's Edge. The studio was established in 2019 by Shannon Loftis, former Head of Publishing at Xbox Game Studios Publishing, to work on the Age of Empires franchise.

The studio's first title was Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition for which they partnered with Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media and Wicked Witch Software. They worked as an overseer to make sure the title was in the right direction.

Shannon Loftis, founder and head of the studio retired in 2022 and Michael Mann the executive producer of Age of Empires IV took her place.

On the 25th anniversary of Age of Empires, World's Edge announced Xbox console ports of Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition and Age of Empires IV along with a remaster of Age of Mythology and the global version of Age of Empires Mobile.


Devil's Doorway (Wisconsin)

# Devil's Doorway (Wisconsin)

## Abstract

Devil's Doorway is a rock formation which is found in Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin). It is the signature feature of Devil's Lake State Park and a popular spot for climbing and photographs. The rocks are quartzite; they form a doorway-shaped natural rock arch.

## Description

Devil's Doorway is a main attraction in Devil's Lake State Park in Wisconsin. The park is 9,217 acres (3,730 ha) and Devil's Lake is 360 acres (150 ha). The formation got it's name because it looks much like a doorway or a stone arch, with two separate columns of rock and other rocks atop the formation. The formation is more than 30 ft (9.1 m) high. From the vantage point at the formation Devil's lake is visible.

Devil's Doorway is made up of quartzite, which is grains of sand tightly packed together. The geological formation in the area are estimated at 1.6 billion years old. The geological formations of Devil’s Doorway was created by many years of water both freezing and expanding. Cracks in the rocks allowed the water to help create the formation.

## History

Devil's Doorway is located at the southeast corner of Devil's Lake in Devil's Lake State Park. It is found on The East Bluff Trail. Between 1909 and 1910 The State Park Board acquired 740 acres (300 ha) for the park and by 1911 the board had secured a total of 1,100 acres (450 ha). When the park was established in 1911, there was much graffiti painted on the rocks of the formation.

The Devil's Doorway is just one of the many rock formations which is in Devil's Lake State Park. The Milwaukee Journal referred to the rock formation as one of "Wisconsin's natural wonders" and a "Wisconsin treasure". World Atlas has said the formation is the signature feature of Devil's Lake State Park. Visitors often climb on the rocks that make up the formation and take photographs. It is the most photographed rock formation in the park. The formation stays in position because of the weight of quartzite which is 165 lb (75 kg) per square foot. People occasionally climb the formation without safety gear and some visitors have been seriously injured or killed after falling in the area.


2024 Los Angeles Rams season

# 2024 Los Angeles Rams season

## Abstract

The 2024 season is the Los Angeles Rams ' 87th in the National Football League (NFL), their 88th overall, 58th in the Greater Los Angeles Area, fifth playing their home games at SoFi Stadium and eighth under head coach Sean McVay. This will be their first season since 2013 without Aaron Donald, who announced his retirement on March 15. The Rams will be searching to improve on their 10–7 record and to advance in the playoffs after being defeated in the Wild Card Round in 2023. After holding training camp for the first time at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, the Rams conducted the remainder of preseason practices at Cal Lutheran University in Thousand Oaks, where the team had operated its temporary training facility since 2016 when the franchise relocated from St. Louis. This was necessitated due to delays in the construction of the Kroenke Warner Center complex in Woodland Hills. Following the end of the preseason, the Rams began conducting practices at their new permanent facility.

## Offseason

### Coaching changes

- Eric Henderson, who had served as defensive line coach and run game coordinator, departed the Rams to join the USC Trojans football staff to serve as co-defensive coordinator, run game coordinator, and defensive line coach.

- Raheem Morris, the Rams' defensive coordinator since 2021, was hired by the Atlanta Falcons as head coach. He is the sixth former Rams assistant to be hired as a head coach after serving on Sean McVay 's staff.

- Zac Robinson, who had spent the previous five seasons on the Rams' coaching staff in various positions, most recently as pass game coordinator/quarterbacks coach, followed Raheem Morris to the Atlanta Falcons to become the team's new offensive coordinator.

- Jimmy Lake, the Rams' assistant head coach in 2023, joined Morris in Atlanta to serve as defensive coordinator.

- Jeremy Springer, a special teams assistant for the Rams the previous two seasons, was hired by the New England Patriots as special teams coordinator.

- Chris Shula, who served in a variety of roles on the Rams coaching staff for the previous seven seasons as an assistant, most recently as pass rush coordinator & linebackers coach in 2023, was elevated to defensive coordinator, succeeding Raheem Morris.

- Giff Smith, most recently the interim head coach of the Los Angeles Chargers, was hired by the Rams to take on dual responsibilities as defensive line coach and run game coordinator, succeeding Eric Henderson in both roles.

- The Rams hired Chili Davis, former Kansas State Wildcats special teams quality control coach and a veteran college assistant, to serve as assistant special teams coach. However, the team parted ways with Peete prior to the season.

- Jake Peetz, who had spent the previous two seasons as an offensive assistant with the Rams (including last season as pass game specialist), was hired by the Seattle Seahawks as their new pass game coordinator.

- John Streicher, previously the director of football administration with the Tennessee Titans, joined the Rams staff with a new title of coordinator of football strategy.

- Dave Ragone, who had served as offensive coordinator with the Atlanta Falcons for the last three seasons, was hired as the Rams quarterback coach. The Rams also brought on board Nathan Scheelhaase, a longtime offensive assistant at Iowa State, as pass game specialist. Both positions had been previously held by Zac Robinson.

- Greg Williams joined the Rams coaching staff as inside linebackers coach.

- Sean Desai, previously a defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and the Philadelphia Eagles, was hired by the Rams as a senior defensive assistant.

- On March 8, 2024, the Rams announced they had hired Jerry Schuplinski to serve as a senior offensive assistant.

- On September 2, 2024, the Rams announced the hiring of former Nebraska and UCF head coach Scott Frost as a senior football analyst, helping with offense, defense, and special teams.

## Preseason

The Rams' preseason opponents and preliminary schedule was announced on May 15, in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule.

### Game summaries

#### Preseason Week 1: vs Dallas Cowboys

at SoFi Stadium, Inglewood, California

- Date: August 11

- Game time: 1:25 p.m. PDT

- Game weather: Sunny, 88 °F (31 °C) (fixed roof)

- Game attendance: 73,023

- Referee: Land Clark

- TV announcers (KABC): Andrew Siciliano (play-by-play), Andrew Whitworth (color analyst), Mina Kimes (commentary), and Curt Sandoval (sideline reporter)

#### Preseason Week 2: at Los Angeles Chargers

at SoFi Stadium, Inglewood, California

- Date: August 17

- Game time: 4:05 p.m. PDT

- Game weather: Sunny, 77 °F (25 °C) (fixed roof)

- Game attendance: 66,112

- Referee: John Hussey

- TV announcers (KABC): Andrew Siciliano (play-by-play), Andrew Whitworth (color analyst), Mina Kimes (commentary), and Curt Sandoval (sideline reporter)

For this game, assistant head coach/pass game coordinator Aubrey Pleasant served as Rams head coach, calling plays and making decisions from the sideline while Sean McVay watched the game from the coach's booth.

#### Preseason Week 3: at Houston Texans

at NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas

- Date: August 24

- Game time: 10:00 a.m. PDT

- Game attendance: 68,829

- Referee: Scott Novak

- TV announcers (KABC): Andrew Siciliano (play-by-play), Maurice Jones-Drew (color analyst), Mina Kimes (commentary), and Curt Sandoval (sideline reporter)

## Regular season

### Schedule

Notes

- Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

- Networks and times from Weeks 5–16 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling.

- The date, time and network for Week 17 will be finalized at a later date.

- The date, time and network for Week 18 will be finalized at the end of Week 17.

### Game summaries

#### Week 1: at Detroit Lions

at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan

- Date: September 8

- Game time: 8:20 p.m. EDT /5:20 p.m. PDT

- Game weather: None (indoor stadium)

- Game attendance: 66,530

- Referee: Adrian Hill

- TV announcers (NBC): Mike Tirico, Cris Collinsworth and Melissa Stark

- Recap, Game Book

In a rematch of a 2023 Wild Card Round game, the Rams overcame a rash of injuries to rally for a 20-17 lead late in the fourth quarter before falling to the host Lions in overtime on Sunday Night Football at Ford Field. Wide receiver Cooper Kupp tied a single game career-high with 14 receptions for 110 yards, including a 9-yard touchdown from quarterback Matthew Stafford with 4:30 remaining that put Los Angeles in the lead for the first time on the night. Stafford completed 34 of 49 passes for 317 yards while wide receiver Tyler Johnson caught five passes for 79 yards. However, second-year wide receiver Puka Nacua left the game in the second quarter after catching four passes for 35 yards and did not return. Offensively, running back Kyren Williams had 18 carries for 50 yards with a 1-yard TD run but the Rams offensive line, already down two starters prior to the game, lost two more when left guard Steve Avila and left tackle Joe Noteboom were both injured and knocked out of the game. On defense, Rams safety Quentin Lake led the Rams with 10 tackles while fellow safety John Johnson had an interception. Linebackers Byron Young and Jared Verse (a rookie) each had four tackles and a sack in the loss.

#### Week 2: at Arizona Cardinals

at State Farm Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

- Date: September 15

- Game time: 1:05 p.m. MST & PDT

- Game weather: None (retractable roof closed)

- Referee: John Hussey

- TV announcers (Fox): Adam Amin, Mark Sanchez and Kristina Pink

- Preview

#### Week 3: vs. San Francisco 49ers

at SoFi Stadium, Inglewood, California

- Date: September 22

- Game time: 1:25 p.m. PDT

- Game weather: TBD (fixed roof)

- TV announcers (Fox): Adam Amin, Mark Sanchez, and Kristina Pink

- Preview

### Standings


List of clarinetists

# List of clarinetists

## Abstract

This article lists notable musicians who have played the clarinet.

## Classical clarinetists

- Laver Bariu

- Ernest Ačkun

- Luís Afonso

- Cristiano Alves

- Michel Arrignon

- Dimitri Ashkenazy

- Kinan Azmeh

- Alexander Bader

- Carl Baermann

- Heinrich Baermann

- József Balogh

- Cristo Barrios

- Luigi Bassi

- Simeon Bellison

- Kalman Berkes

- Friedrich Berr

- Julian Bliss

- Kalman Bloch

- Walter Boeykens

- Henri Bok

- Daniel Bonade

- Tara Bouman

- Naftule Brandwein

- Shirley Brill

- Bruno Brun

- Jack Brymer

- Lars Kristian Brynildsen

- Nicola Bulfone

- Ovanir Buosi

- Sérgio Burgani

- Louis Cahuzac

- David Campbell

- James Campbell

- Alessandro Carbonare

- Ernesto Cavallini

- Florent Charpentier

- Jonathan Cohler

- Larry Combs

- Jean-Noël Crocq

- Gervase de Peyer

- Hans Deinzer

- Guy Deplus

- Charles Draper

- Stanley Drucker

- Eli Eban

- Anton Eberst

- Julian Egerton

- Fredrik Fors

- Alan Frank

- Rupert Fankhauser

- Thomas Friedli

- Mariano Frogioni

- Martin Fröst

- Wenzel Fuchs

- Peter Geisler

- Anthony Gigliotti

- Bruno di Girolamo

- Johannes Gmeinder

- Jose Gonzalez Granero

- Ante Grgin

- Alan Hacker

- Chen Halevi

- Burt Hara

- Russell Harlow

- David Hattner

- Richard Haynes

- Johann Simon Hermstedt

- Janet Hilton

- Johann Hindler

- Helmut Hödl

- Emma Johnson

- Sharon Kam

- Reginald Kell

- Murray Khouri

- Thea King

- Dieter Klöcker

- Howard Klug

- Béla Kovács

- Wolfgang Kornberger

- Kari Kriikku

- Alison Lambert

- Andrey Laukhin

- Colin Lawson

- Andreas Lehnert

- Karl Leister

- Michel Lethiec

- Lorin Levee

- Robert Lindemann

- Elsa Ludewig-Verdehr

- John Mahon

- Jon Manasse

- Sebastian Manz

- Robert Marcellus

- Michele Marelli

- Andrew Marriner

- Pascual Martínez-Forteza

- Lawrence Maxey

- Marco Antonio Mazzini

- William McColl

- Anthony McGill

- Ralph McLane

- Jacques Meertens

- Douglas Metcalf

- Paul Meyer

- Sabine Meyer

- Wolfgang Meyer

- Lev Mikhailov

- Pascal Moraguès

- Ricardo Morales

- Ivan Mozgovenko

- Richard Mühlfeld

- Charles Neidich

- Tale Ognenovski

- Sean Osborn

- Andreas Ottensamer

- Ernst Ottensamer

- Karen Palacios

- Edward Palanker

- Antony Pay

- Nicolai Pfeffer

- Thomas Piercy

- Frank Pilato

- George Pieterson

- Viktor Polatschek

- Manfred Preis

- Alfred Prinz

- Simon Reitmaier

- Håkan Rosengren

- Luis Rossi

- Sergei Rozanov

- Hubert Salmhofer

- Louis Sclavis

- Peter Schmidl

- Michael Seaver

- Raphaël Sévère

- David Shifrin

- Mark Simpson

- Vladimir Sokolov

- Nikola Srdić

- Anton Stadler

- Milenko Stefanović

- Karl-Heinz Steffens

- Suzanne Stephens

- Richard Stoltzman

- Peter Sunman

- Jens Thoben

- Frederick Thurston

- Alison Turriff

- Annelien Van Wauwe

- Jean-François Verdier

- Richard Sidney Walthew

- Bernard Walton

- David Weber

- Pamela Weston

- Michael Whight

- Jörg Widmann

- Leopold Wlach

- Harold Wright

- John Bruce Yeh

- Michele Zukovsky

## Jazz and pop clarinetists

- Muhal Richard Abrams (1930–2017)

- George Adams (1940–1992)

- Sophie Alour (born 1974)

- Lloyd Arntzen (born 1927)

- Georgie Auld (1919–1990)

- Nailor Azevedo (also known as Proveta)

- Paulo Moura (1932–2010)

- Buster Bailey (1902–1967)

- Craig Ball

- Eddie Barefield (1909–1991)

- Alan Barnes (born 1959)

- Emile Barnes (1892–1970)

- John Barnes (1932–2022)

- Gary Bartz (born 1940)

- Alvin Batiste (1932–2007)

- Heinie Beau (1911–1987)

- Sidney Bechet (1897–1959)

- Shloimke (Sam) Beckerman (1883–1974)

- Sidney Beckerman (1919–2007)

- Han Bennink (born 1942)

- Derek Bermel (born 1967)

- Barney Bigard (1906–1980)

- Acker Bilk (1929–2014)

- Chris Biscoe (born 1947)

- Andy Biskin

- Dan Block

- Hamiet Bluiett (1940–2018)

- Anthony Braxton (born 1945)

- Peter Brötzmann (1941–2023)

- Pud Brown (1917–1996)

- Sandy Brown (1929–1975)

- Albert Burbank (1902–1976)

- Don Byron (born 1958)

- Ernie Caceres (1911–1971)

- Happy Caldwell (1903–1978)

- Harry Carney (1910–1974)

- Benny Carter (1907–2003)

- Daniel Carter (born 1945)

- James Carter (born 1969)

- John Carter (1929–1991)

- John Casimir (1898–1963)

- Evan Christopher (born 1969)

- Rod Cless (1907–1944)

- Tony Coe (1934–2023)

- Anat Cohen (born 1975)

- Randolph Colville (1942–2004)

- Louis Cottrell Jr. (1911–1978)

- Hank D'Amico (1915–1965)

- Eddie Daniels (born 1941)

- John Dankworth (1927–2010)

- Joe Darensbourg (1906–1985)

- Kenny Davern (1935–2006)

- Paul Dean (clarinetist) (born 1966)

- Buddy DeFranco (1923–2014)

- Tobias Delius (born 1964)

- Big Eye Louis Nelson Deslile (1885–1949)

- Simon Flem Devold (1929–2015)

- Johnny Dodds (1892–1940)

- Klaus Doldinger (born 1936)

- Eric Dolphy (1928–1964)

- Arne Domnérus (1924–2008)

- Jimmy Dorsey (1904–1957)

- Tommy Douglas (clarinetist) (1911–1965)

- Paquito D'Rivera (born 1948)

- Gerd Dudek (1938–2022)

- Paul Dunmall (born 1953)

- Kai Fagaschinski (born 1974)

- Wally Fawkes (1924–2023)

- Irving Fazola (1912–1949)

- Buddy Featherstonhaugh (1909–1976)

- Giora Feidman (born 1936)

- John Fernandes

- Pete Fountain (1930–2016)

- Bud Freeman (1906–1991)

- Chico Freeman (born 1949)

- Victor Goines (born 1961)

- Jimmy Giuffre (1921–2008)

- German Goldenshtayn (Klezmer) (1934–2006)

- Benny Goodman (1909–1986)

- Edmond Hall (1901–1967)

- Jimmy Hamilton (1917–1994)

- Arville Harris (1904–1954)

- Bob Helm (1914–2003)

- Woody Herman (1913–1987)

- Peanuts Hucko (1918–2003)

- Dink Johnson (1892–1954)

- Theo Jörgensmann (born 1948)

- David Krakauer (born 1956)

- Mustafa Kandirali (1930–2020)

- Doreen Ketchens (born 1966)

- John LaPorta (1920–2004)

- Prince Lasha (1929–2008)

- Margot Leverett

- Walt Levinsky (1929–1999)

- George Lewis (1900–1969)

- Ted Lewis (1891–1971)

- Matt Lavelle (bass clarinet) (born 1970)

- Joe Maneri (1927–2009)

- Michael Marcus (born 1952)

- Joe Marsala (1907–1978)

- Stan McDonald (born 1935)

- Hal McKusick (1924–2012)

- Mezz Mezzrow (1899–1972)

- Jean-Christian Michel (born 1938)

- Marcus Miller (born 1959)

- Gabriele Mirabassi (born 1967)

- Gussie Mueller (1890–1965)

- David Murray (born 1955)

- Don Murray (1904–1929)

- Phil Nimmons (born 1923)

- Jimmie Noone (1895–1944)

- Alcide Nunez (1884–1934)

- Sean O'Boyle (born 1963)

- Tale Ognenovski (1922–2012)

- Ivo Papazov (born 1952)

- Art Pepper (1925–1982)

- Ken Peplowski (born 1959)

- Sid Phillips (1907–1973)

- Michel Portal (born 1935)

- Doug Richford (1920–1987)

- Sammy Rimington (born 1942)

- Perry Robinson (1938–2018)

- Leon Roppolo (1902–1943)

- Ned Rothenberg (born 1956)

- Harold Rubin (1932–2020)

- Pee Wee Russell (1906–1969)

- Dan St. Marseille (born 1962)

- Tom Sancton (born 1949)

- Louis Sclavis (born 1953)

- Tony Scott (1921–2007)

- Artie Shaw (1910–2004)

- Harry Shields (1899–1971)

- Larry Shields (1893–1953)

- Omer Simeon (1902–1959)

- Bill Smith (1926–2020)

- Chris Speed (born 1967)

- S. Frederick Starr (born 1940)

- Milenko Stefanović (1930–2022)

- Richard Stoltzman (born 1942)

- Wilbur Sweatman (1882–1961)

- Antti Sarpila (born 1964)

- Monty Sunshine (1928–2010)

- Dave Tarras (1897–1989)

- Frank Teschemacher (1906–1932)

- Theo Travis (born 1964)

- Shankar Tucker (born 1987)

- Allan Vache (born 1953)

- Ken Vandermark (born 1964)

- Oliver Weindling (born 1955)

- Michael White (born 1954)

- Hans Olof (Putte) Wickman (1924–2006)

- Bob Wilber (1928–2019)

- Lester Young (1900–1959)

- Evan Ziporyn (born 1959)


List of films with post-credits scenes

# List of films with post-credits scenes

## Abstract

Many films since the 1980s and earlier have featured mid- and post-credits scenes, also known as credit cookies. Such scenes often include comedic gags, plot revelations, outtakes, and/or hints about sequels.