# Linda McMahon 2010 United States Senate campaign

## Abstract

Linda McMahon, formerly CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment, ran for U.S. Senator from Connecticut from September 16, 2009, to November 4, 2010. On May 21, 2010, she won a majority of support from the Connecticut Republican Party. She ran as a Republican, promising lower taxes, fiscal conservatism, and job creation. McMahon spent $50 million of her own money on the campaign, allowing her to refuse campaign donations from special interest groups. She gained name recognition and popularity over her Republican opponents, including Rob Simmons, the prior frontrunner.

Simmons, who forced an August primary election, had suspended his campaign shortly after the State Republican convention, but resumed campaigning in late July, participating in debates, and advertising on television. Peter Schiff gained placement on the primary ballot by collecting signatures. McMahon won the August 10 primary, but lost the general election to Richard Blumenthal, then Attorney General of Connecticut, her Democratic opponent.

## Background

In August 2009, McMahon's spokesperson said that she had considered running as a Republican candidate in the Connecticut Senate race for the seat then held by Democrat Christopher Dodd. McMahon announced her candidacy on the morning of September 16, 2009. Her husband assumed her duties as CEO at WWE effective immediately. Wrestling fans and political observers initially were incredulous, some thinking the announcement was an " on-screen publicity stunt ". As McMahon began airing television and radio advertisements touting her business credentials, it became clear that the campaign was a serious effort.

McMahon began her campaign encouraged by news of slumping approval ratings for Dodd. Her Republican opponents had directly attacked him, leveraging popular sentiment against his "insider status" and "fiscal irresponsibility". Connecticut voters stated that the economy and healthcare were their most pressing issues. A November poll showed Rob Simmons as the favorite in the Republican field with a 30–40-point lead over other candidates.

## Campaign for the nomination

### 2009

McMahon opened her campaign with a media blitz. She advertised on television across the state. McMahon also hired high-profile campaign staff. Her campaign spokesman, Ed Patru, had worked on John McCain's 2000 presidential campaign. Her campaign manager, former State Senator David Cappiello, received a salary of roughly $280,000.

McMahon ran as an outsider, criticizing the Senate for its connection to Wall Street and federal banking bailouts. Her campaign ads emphasized her distance from politics, stressing she was "not a career politician". She criticized the current Senate for passing large bills in a perfunctory manner, particularly the $800 billion stimulus package. Her first televised political ad, "Perseverance", touted her experience as a business leader, stating, "Thirty years ago, my husband and I started our business. It wasn't always easy but we grew it into a publicly traded company that's creating jobs here in Connecticut today."

#### YouTube incident

In October 2009, Democratic political operatives used YouTube videos of WWE for political ads. On October 16, Colleen Flanagan, a spokeswoman for Chris Dodd, posted controversial videos that showed the unsavory side of WWE on Talking Points Memo, a political news website. She said the programming showed "simulated rape, public sex and necrophilia" and McMahon should not be Senator because she "condones this type of behavior". Hours later, YouTube removed the videos after contact from WWE. WWE had informed YouTube that the material was copyright under US law.

The Connecticut Democratic Party filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission asking for an investigation into what happened with the controversial videos. The complaint claimed that of the "almost 500,000" videos of WWE on YouTube, the three were removed selectively to help McMahon's campaign.

#### Republican outsider

In October 2009, McMahon was viewed as a political outsider in the Republican Party (GOP). She faced competition from Sam Caligiuri and Rob Simmons, both established politicians among Connecticut Republicans. She lost some credibility among Republicans because of revelations about her voting record and past donations to Democrats, prompting speculation that she would run as an Independent candidate should she lose the Republican Primary.

As CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment, McMahon donated to Republicans and Democratic Leadership Council -affiliated Democrats, including Sen. Joe Lieberman in 2006 and Rahm Emanuel from the period of 2002 to 2008. McMahon donated $10,000 to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee on September 26, 2006, a contribution that helped Joe Courtney weeks before his win against Rob Simmons for the Second Congressional District. Since 1980, McMahon contributed twice as much to Republicans as to Democrats—($70,700 to Republicans, $35,100 to Democrats, and $1,000 to independents). McMahon also donated to the Republican Majority for Choice in 2006, a political action committee favoring abortion and the " big tent " political strategy of the GOP. This record led conservative activists to label McMahon a RINO.

Connecticut Republican voters were displeased to learn of McMahon's donations to Emanuel, a highly partisan figure who helped orchestrate the Democratic shift in the House in 2006 and Barack Obama 's presidential win. McMahon explained to voters that her donations to Emanuel were on behalf of Rahm's brother, Ari Emanuel, who had represented WWE in Hollywood since 1992. According to McMahon, in 2002, "He (Ari) called me one day and he said, my brother is running for Congress in Illinois. It happened to be Rahm. I didn't know Rahm." McMahon made more donations over the course of the next several years, including one check she wrote when Rahm Emanuel came to WWE headquarters to meet her. McMahon's spokesperson clarified that McMahon didn't know who Rahm Emanuel was in '02, but was aware of his partisan status in '06.

#### Wrestling in the spotlight

In November 2009, former wrestler Superstar Billy Graham became an outspoken critic of McMahon's campaign. He said the McMahons were hypocrites for "toning down" the violence and sexuality in pro wrestling after many years of showing adult themes. He launched Internet videos on WrestleView saying the WWE's switch to PG was politically motivated: "...they (Linda and Vince) are doing it strictly to get Linda McMahon elected to Senator of Connecticut", he stated in one video. Billy Graham contracted Hepatitis C from another wrestler's blood during his time in WWE and required a life-saving liver transplant as a result. When speaking about Linda, he said, "She may look like a Sunday school teacher. Linda McMahon's hands are as bloody as her husband's because she is aware of every move in the ring. She has had no problem with grown men—myself included—cutting their head with a razor blade. All of a sudden, why aren't these guys bleeding anymore? Because Linda is running for the Senate." Graham told reporters that he was furious about having no pension and no health care after his wrestling career with WWE.

McMahon's campaign responded directly to Graham's accusations, saying he was a "self-confessed liar". On November 12, The campaign sent a letter directly to WrestleView, where Billy Graham had posted videos, attacking his credibility. The campaign circulated an apology letter Graham had written to the company in 1996, saying "he has a habit of making false statements when he's not on WWE's payroll". In the letter, Graham had admitted to making unjustified verbal attacks following his termination in 1989. Graham later reached out to apologize to McMahon for his comments, even offering to be a representative for her campaign.

#### McMahon-Simmons rivalry

McMahon and Simmons engaged in negative campaigning in November 2009. In one political mailing, McMahon portrayed Simmons to the Tea Party movement as a fraud. (Simmons had courted Tea Party conservatives, and even carried a tea bag in his pocket) In December, an article in The Washington Times suggested that Simmons' appeals to conservatives were insincere, pointing to his past support for " cap and trade " and " card check ", two hot button issues for the Tea Party. McMahon's campaign savaged this apparent flip-flop, sending mailings to Connecticut voters highlighting the issue. This hurt Simmons' standing among conservatives and labor unions.

Simmons focused later advertising on criticizing McMahon and the WWE. Many times, Simmons accused McMahon of trying to "buy the election". In January, he circulated YouTube videos of wrestler Eugene being humiliated on-screen, claiming the WWE was insensitive to the mentally challenged. The McMahon campaign countered, saying Eugene, rather than being ridiculed, was an inspirational character who ultimately became "a hero".

Simmons launched negative ads attacking WWE's history of steroid abuse, its record of premature wrestler deaths, and circulated some of WWE's most politically incorrect segments. By March 2010, the Simmons campaign had gone so negative that some established Connecticut Republicans began to denounce his attacks.

### 2010

#### Blumenthal replaces Dodd

On January 7, just hours after Chris Dodd announced his retirement, the Connecticut Democratic Party launched Richard Blumenthal, the Attorney General, as its new candidate. Blumenthal, who had a job approval rating over 80%, enjoyed near-unanimous support from Democrats and was considered a formidable opponent for any statewide office.

Although Connecticut is considered a solid Democratic-voting state, McMahon and Simmons sought to capitalize on the anti-establishment and anti-Democratic tide that had become a factor in the 2010 campaign season. In particular, Scott Brown 's win in Massachusetts was seen as a good omen for Republicans nationally, as it showed that a Republican could win in a "deep blue" state. A key factor in Brown's win had been his demand for fiscal responsibility, which McMahon made her centerpiece issue, attacking Simmons for his voting record as U.S. Representative. In new mailings, she pointed to Simmons' D-rating from the National Taxpayers Union.

In March 2010, while Blumenthal continued to lead all Republican contenders by 20–30 points, McMahon took frontrunner status from Simmons. Her rise in the polls was attributed largely to her heavy media presence, as a polling researcher pointed out, "You can't miss her television ads. They're everywhere. She's the only candidate for Senate that's on TV right now." Political research showed that McMahon had gained strong popularity with female voters, social conservatives, and residents in Fairfield County.

#### April controversies

In articles published by the New London Day and Politico.com, McMahon's controversial "tip-off" memo resurfaced, raising new questions regarding her ethical judgment. The 1989 memo asked a WWE executive to "clue in" a company doctor to possible legal action he might face from the Federal government. At the time, the FBI was investigating the doctor for selling steroids to WWF wrestlers, including Vince McMahon which led to a court case where Vince was found not guilty.

The timing of her memo was suspicious, as the investigation did not become public knowledge until May 27, 1990, the day of the doctor's arrest. When the articles were published, Linda did not respond, but WWE did, telling reporters that McMahon only wanted the doctor "clued in" so he would know why he was fired. WWE said McMahon learned of the investigation through a company lawyer who had heard the Federal prosecutor involved, James West, carelessly talking about the case at a fundraising event. West said the WWE's story was a lie, denying ever discussing the case or attending the event in question. Although West and WWE continued to point fingers, McMahon and her campaign did not publicly discuss the story and its ongoing controversy. The news hurt McMahon's public image and, according to her critics, it provided evidence she had tried to "undermine a criminal investigation."

An article published in the Stamford Advocate raised attention to McMahon's voter registration drive at the University of Connecticut, where college students were to be paid a $5 bonus for each voter they registered as a Republican. The potential moral hazard in such a program created negative associations to ACORN 's 2008 controversy regarding invalid voter applications. Although the practice was not illegal, the bonus structure was removed from the drive.

#### The New York Times Vietnam story

McMahon focused her attention towards the presumptive Democratic challenger in the few weeks before the convention. On May 12, she launched political TV ads on Blumenthal's apparent flip-flop on PAC contributions. On May 17, a story in The New York Times revealed that Blumenthal had made false claims about his military service during the War in Vietnam.

On May 19, McMahon said that she played a role in The New York Times story and confirmed that her campaign helped uncover the facts. Her campaign sent a video of Blumenthal's questionable speech to the newspaper. Days later, McMahon's campaign posted a full version of that speech on YouTube, which showed Blumenthal clearly explaining his "Vietnam era" service early in his speech, clearing the discrepancy. The full version was a godsend for the Blumenthal campaign, and it softened the blow dealt by his later "in Vietnam" gaffe.

McMahon's campaign spokesman, Ed Patru, later told reporters that the campaign strategically "put its fingerprints" on the story to impress Republican delegates before the convention.

#### Republican convention

McMahon, Schiff, and Simmons competed for the nomination at the convention on May 21, 2010. Prior to the Convention, McMahon had urged supporters to register for the Republican primary, suggesting that she would run even if she had not won the Republican nomination. Schiff similarly had indicated that he would run regardless of the convention's results.

Simmons, the ostensible Party favorite, staked his campaign on the convention and said repeatedly he would not "force a primary" if he lost the convention. However, when Simmons lost many of his pledged delegates to McMahon, his viability was doubted by the media and state GOP. Pundits revealed that Simmons was under pressure to drop out and run for his former Congressional seat. When Simmons was asked about the possibility, he did not explicitly "rule out" a change in races. Simmons was visibly frustrated by the negative media publicity he received as a result. Simmons then claimed that he had more delegates than McMahon by a wide margin. McMahon heavily outspent Simmons, maintaining a steady lead over both her rivals. Simmons could not fund TV ads after a drop in fundraising. In the weeks prior to the convention, Simmons failed to regain in the polls.

* Denotes candidate met the minimum threshold of 15 percent to appear on the primary ballot

* 708 delegates were required to win endorsement from the Republican Party

Schiff was polling at roughly 10% days before the convention and told many of his pledged delegates at the convention to switch to Simmons "because I didn't think McMahon was playing fair." Schiff told his supporters that McMahon's campaign had about 40 members on the convention floor attempting to garner more support while votes were being cast, breaking convention rules.

Simmons was deeply disappointed to lose on the first round of voting. Despite his promise to the contrary, Simmons then decided to force a primary with McMahon. Four days later, on May 25, Simmons reversed himself again, and suspended his campaign, saying he could not compete financially with McMahon's deep pockets. Although Simmons was no longer campaigning, he often disparaged McMahon to the press. He told The National Review that he did not think McMahon "can win at all". He also said that if she were to ask for his help, he would say he was "preoccupied". Simmons said he did McMahon a favor by stopping his campaign, but he did not endorse her. He said he would not call off the August primary because "voters deserve another choice." Many of Simmons' hardcore backers also refused to back McMahon.

In late July, Simmons re-entered the race by airing ads on TV reminding Republican primary goers that he was still on the ballot, as well as by participating in debates and editorial board discussions.

#### Republican primary

In the weeks after her victory at the Republican Convention, McMahon fared poorly in political polls and suffered from high unfavorability ratings among both Democrats and Republicans. The Cook Political Report attributed much of the damage in her public image to months of criticism from Simmons and the media. On June 8, McMahon released her own internal polling to assure Republicans she was competitive with Blumenthal.

Nonetheless, negative sentiment towards McMahon fueled some momentum for both Simmons and Schiff. Some Republican voters who had supported Simmons turned to Schiff, who shared their resentment towards McMahon and the convention. Schiff fared poorly in the convention, but collected over 10,000 signatures from Connecticut residents was placing him on the primary ballot.

McMahon spent the remainder of June and July attempting to control the wrestling element of her public image, which repeatedly received negative media attention. On June 22, McMahon's campaign gained unwanted attention from a lawsuit filed by Martha Hart, the wife of deceased wrestler Owen Hart, in regard to a wrestling DVD featuring her husband. The WWE said her lawsuit was "meritless", nothing more than a "political hit job." McMahon launched TV ads embracing her career in WWE, downplaying negative opinion of wrestling as a form of "soap opera" entertainment. In July 2010, five women from West Hartford attacked her wrestling career, saying WWE encouraged profane and violent treatment of women. The McMahon campaign dismissed their group, Mothers Opposing McMahon, as a group of Democratic operatives, arguing that their press conference was organized and paid for by the Connecticut Democratic Party. Nonetheless, McMahon's campaign continued to fend off attacks, such as the Tom Cole affair and when she pretended to kick Jim Ross before firing him as part of a WWE storyline.

##### Primary results

McMahon won the Republican nomination on August 10 with 49% of the vote. Her win received a great deal of national attention, plenty of media coverage, and congratulatory calls from national Republicans Mitt Romney and John Cornyn. McMahon also received calls from Schiff and Simmons offering their support. McMahon's lack of a majority was derided by critics as a sign that Republicans were not fully satisfied with her candidacy. Simmons said it was possible that Schiff was a spoiler in the campaign, siphoning off support that could have helped him defeat McMahon.

## General election

During the general election, McMahon campaigned in small towns and appeared with local Republicans, positioning herself as a populist candidate against "establishment" figure Blumenthal.

### Lance Cade's death

In August 2010, former WWE wrestler Lance Cade died from heart failure at the age of 29, renewing controversy over WWE. Cade had abused painkillers and steroids during his career in WWE. When a reporter asked her about Cade, McMahon replied the WWE had no more ability to prevent his death "than a studio could have prevented Heath Ledger 's death". She also told the Connecticut Post "I may have met him once". Cade's father disputed McMahon's assertion of so distant a connection, and her remarks prompted former WWE wrestler Christopher Nowinski to speak out against McMahon and the WWE. He alleged that the abuse of steroids and painkillers was encouraged and rewarded by the company, saying McMahon was "just kicking dirt on the guy's grave." He also related a conversation he'd had with Cade in which Cade expressed a desire to stop using steroids, but said, "the pressure is to use them, because the WWE rewards the guys who use them."

WWE quickly responded to Nowinski's accusations, saying, "It is very dubious that he ever had a conversation with Lance Cade much less Lance Cade confiding to a total stranger that he used painkillers and steroids." The company also sought to discredit Nowinski by claiming that he had failed to disclose that he'd suffered previous concussions before signing his contract with WWE, as was required. They further disputed his claims as to the number of days wrestlers worked, on average, and observed that despite Nowinski's renown in the area of CTE, a form of brain injury resulting from repeated concussions, he is not an expert in matters relating to steroids or pain killers. The charge that Nowinski was a "stranger" to Cade was refuted by Nowinski: He and Lance Cade had been tag team partners during 2002–2003, and co-workers until 2007.

### Attacks on Blumenthal's credibility

I've never taken PAC money, and I have rejected all special interest money because I have stood strong and taken legal action against many of those special interests

In August 2010, McMahon damaged Blumenthal's credibility by publicizing an apparent flip-flop he made on PAC donations. She used both TV ads and mailers to portray him as "dishonest" for accepting over $480,000 in PAC money in 2010, following $17,000 during the 1980s.

In October, McMahon aired TV ads comparing Blumenthal to departing Senator Chris Dodd and the corruption of the Countrywide scandal. During a debate on October 7, McMahon criticized his vote as a state Senator in 1989 for a $850 million tax increase. Blumenthal fired back, referencing her memo to Pat Patterson, saying that while he was a state Senator in 1989, "she was tipping off the doctor who worked for her about a federal investigation, a criminal investigation."

### Scott Brown endorsement

On October 9, Linda McMahon received the endorsement of Massachusetts U.S. Senator Scott Brown, a Republican who had been elected to the Senate in a January 2010 special election to the seat long-held by Democrat Ted Kennedy. The rally was held in front of Milford City Hall and was attended by around 250 people. Brown had also faced a Democratic state attorney general in his bid for U.S. Senate, Martha Coakley.

## Political positions

McMahon campaigned on a platform of fiscal conservatism, lower taxes, and job creation. She opposed the 2009 stimulus act, saying the money from the stimulus "went into government agencies, not the hands of small businesses that are going to create 70% of jobs." McMahon also denounced deficit spending, expressing support for a Constitutional balanced budget amendment. McMahon blamed Democrats for not reclaiming unspent money from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and the bailout package, saying the money should be used to repay government debts. She also accused the Executive Branch of evading the system of checks and balances through the use of " policy czars " and executive orders.

McMahon attacked the Federal Reserve for " micromanaging " small banks through the stimulus programs and called for an end to bank bailouts. McMahon alleged that the 2007–2008 financial crisis could be attributed in part to the repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act in 1999, and advocated that Congress revisit the issue. She stated that small business creates most new jobs, and that government created many obstacles to economic recovery. She pushed for greater credit availability to help businesses invest.

On April 7, 2010, McMahon's campaign unveiled a jobs plan to "put Connecticut back to work." The plan was modeled on Reaganomics, crediting Dr. John Rutledge, who wrote many of Reagan's policies in 1980–81, as Chief Economic Adviser to the McMahon campaign. Proposals in the plan included:

- lower tax rates for capital gains and dividends

- abolition of the estate tax and the gift tax

- greater tax deductions to encourage savings for IRAs and higher education

- passage of pending free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea

- government deregulation, rejecting cap and trade and card check legislation

McMahon supported offshore drilling. After the BP Oil Spill, a McMahon spokesman said she desired stronger penalties for such incidents, but believed a moratorium on new drilling would devastate economies in Gulf states, and make America "more dependent on foreign oil". She supported expanded drilling, naming the Outer Continental Shelf, ANWR, the Green River Formation, and the Bakken Shale Deposits as attractive sites for energy exploration. McMahon also supported alternative energy, including fuel-cell, solar, wind and geothermal technology.

McMahon claimed to be socially moderate. She was pro-choice, and donated to Republican Majority for Choice. She did not support partial birth abortions and favored parental notification laws. McMahon opposed amnesty for illegal immigrants and supported border security. She supported fixing the visa application process to encourage legal immigration. She generally supported gay rights, including the repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell. She personally felt that marriage should be between a man and a woman, but favored state authority on the issue of same-sex marriage. McMahon voiced displeasure with federal statutes on same-sex marriage, such as the Defense of Marriage Act.

On foreign policy, McMahon expressed interest in joining a defense-related committee in the Senate. Concerning the war in Afghanistan, McMahon said she was "apprehensive about the economic repercussions of a protracted war", but said "It is my hope that we bring our troops home safely as soon as possible, but we should bring them home responsibly and in victory, not defeat." During a Republican debate, she took a "hawkish" stance on Iran, saying all options should be on the table, including the military one. She said that the U.S. military should be "second to none", and promised more representation to defense contractors from Connecticut, including Sikorsky.

## Analysis

### Campaign scrutiny

The McMahon campaign was criticized for limiting direct access to the candidate. McMahon was accompanied by staff at all public events. She limited her press availability to pre-scheduled interviews, avoiding traditional press conferences and impromptu questions. Staff highly controlled her photo opportunities, Twitter postings, and public events, and often did not notify the press in advance of public appearances.

McMahon did not disclose her positions on Social Security, Medicaid and Medicare in the weeks before the Republican primary, leading to accusations she was avoiding controversial issues. "She claims she wants to cut federal spending, yet refuses to discuss her position on Medicare and Social Security, two of the most costly entitlement programs."

### McMahon family campaign presence

McMahon's husband, Vince McMahon, did not actively campaign for his spouse, causing speculation that Linda McMahon was distancing herself from him during the early stages of the campaign. In February 2010, Linda said Vince was too busy "running the company" as both chairman and CEO to campaign, but said he may be involved "down the road". Several speculators predicted that if he campaigned with her, his direct association with controversial wrestling skits would be a "major liability".

McMahon's son-in-law, WWE wrestler Triple H, gave an interview to The Wall Street Journal on March 12, 2010, where he said he had purposely kept an "arms length away from Linda" during her campaign to avoid giving her bad publicity. On March 14, 2010, a news story in the Stamford Advocate revealed that her husband, Vince McMahon, owned a 47-foot sports yacht called The Sexy Bitch. Linda's absence from the wrestling industry was also noted on April 20, when an article by the Greenwich Time reported that she was courting voters in Westport, Connecticut while her husband was running a live wrestling event at the Mohegan Sun Arena.

Vince McMahon appeared together with Linda for the first time on April 21, 2010, at a charity function at Sacred Heart University. At one point during the event, he reportedly grabbed a microphone and said to Richard Blumenthal, "My name is Vince McMahon and my wife is the one who's going to beat you this fall".

#### Vince McMahon's activities

Through October and November 2010, Vince McMahon took increasing action to support fans and the company image which he believed was being damaged by Linda's campaign. On several occasions, Connecticut Secretary of State Susan Bysiewicz stated that poll workers had the right to bar voters wearing WWE merchandise to the polls, claiming they were "political items". WWE filed a federal lawsuit against Bysiewicz to prevent this. He also launched a "Stand up for WWE" campaign on the Internet and gave away company T-shirts and merchandise.

On October 30, 2010, WWE held a "Fan Appreciation Day" in Hartford, Connecticut. Vince acknowledged that the event was held to counter the negative publicity from the Senate race. During the wrestling show, McMahon distanced himself from his wife's political campaign, saying, "Some people may think I was going to talk about politics today. Nothing could be further from the truth. I do encourage you to vote this Tuesday, and while you're voting, feel free to wear a WWE T-shirt. I came out here to simply say thank you. That's what this day is all about. It's about fan appreciation. No one appreciates the fans more than World Wrestling Entertainment." The Connecticut Democratic Party filed an FEC complaint against Linda McMahon's campaign in October, claiming the WWE's "Fan Appreciation Day" was an "illegal campaign contribution". The complaint also cited the taping of "Smackdown in Bridgeport Harbor Yard" on Election Day, claiming it intended to suppress voter turnout in a Democratic-leaning community.

### 2012 candidacy

McMahon ran in the United States Senate election in Connecticut, 2012, and lost to Chris Murphy.


# Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

## Abstract

Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was Duchess of Parma from 1695 to 1727 by marriage to Francesco, Duke of Parma. She served as Regent of the Duchy of Parma for her grandson Charles of Spain between 1731 and 1735.

## Biography

### Early life

Born at the Neuburg Palace, as the fourteenth of seventeen children and the sixth daughter of the Elector Palatine, Philip William of Neuburg, and Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt.

On 17 September 1690, she married Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma, heir to the throne of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. The festivities for their wedding were the most splendid that had ever taken place in Parma. In their three years of marriage, they had two children, a son who died in infancy and a daughter, Elisabeth, future Queen of Spain.

### Duchess of Parma

Her husband died on 6 September 1693, only a month after the death of their son. On 7 December 1696, Dorothea married Odoardo's half-brother, Francesco Farnese, who had become Duke of Parma when his father died in 1694.

This marriage was decided by Francesco himself, because he did not want to give up Dorothea's dowry should she marry someone else. Nevertheless, this marriage remained childless.

Francesco died in 1727 and was succeeded by his only remaining brother Antonio.

### Regent

Antonio died on 20 January 1731. The previous day, he had announced that his wife, Enrichetta d'Este, was pregnant; after his death, a regency council for the potential heir was formed, consisting of Enrichetta, a bishop, the first secretary of state and two gentlemen of the court.

It was decided that, should the child be female, the duchy of Parma would pass to Charles of Spain (then aged 12), eldest of the three sons of Dorothea Sophie's daughter Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Enrichetta was thus invested as regent of Parma, supported by Imperial troops.

Enrichetta's pregnancy was questioned by the queen of Spain though her mother, Dorothea Sophie, who wished to defend the right of Charles, as well as the pope, who wished to annex the duchy to the Papal State. However, Enrichetta was supported by the Emperor, who opposed Spanish influence in Parma. Of the request of Spain, Enrichetta was examined in May 1731 by doctors confirming her pregnancy. The news was reported around Parma and then around the European courts. Her regency could thus continue, with support by the emperor.

On 22 July however, the Second Treaty of Vienna officially recognised the right of Charles as the duke of Parma and Piacenza, pursuant to the Treaty of London (1718). When Spain demanded that the delivery of Enrichetta should be a public affair, the emperor retracted his support to Enrichetta and discontinued the original plan to arranged a simulated birth.

Queen Elisabeth in Spain convinced her mother to have Enrichetta examined again on 13 September 1731; it was then reported that there was in fact no child, and the House of Farnese was extinct. Charles of Spain was thus recognised as duke, deposing the regency of Enrichetta d'Este. Since Charles was still a minor, his maternal grandmother Dorothea Sophie, was named regent.

Dorothea ruled as regent until 1735, when the duchy was ceded to Austria after the War of the Polish Succession.

She died in Parma in 1748 and was buried at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata.

## Issue

Both of her children were with her first husband Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Duke of Parma.

- Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 – 5 August 1693) died in infancy.

- Elisabeth Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

## Ancestry


Hamilton City, California

# Hamilton City, California

## Abstract

Hamilton City (formerly, Hamilton) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Glenn County, California, United States. The population was 1,759 at the 2010 census, down from 1,903 at the 2000 census. Hamilton City is located 9.5 miles (15 km) east of Orland, and 10 miles west of Chico at an elevation of 151 feet (46 m). The community is inside area code 530. The default prefix used for wired telephones in the Hamilton City area is 826. The postal ZIP Code is 95951.

## Signature features

The community is located along the Sacramento River near Mile 199. Hamilton Union High School is well known locally because of its sports and agricultural program as well as being recognized as a California Distinguished School. The large silos of the former Holly Sugar Plant (formerly served by California Northern Railroad) are visible from all over town. "La Palmas" (Palm Drive) is well known to locals and is 2.1 miles (3.4 km) long.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km), all of it land.

### Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hamilton City has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

## History

The town began in 1905 with the founding of a large sugar beet processing plant later belonging to Holly Sugar Corporation. What is known today as the Holly Sugar Plant was built in 1906 by James Hamilton and the Alta California Sugar Beet Company. The name of the company was changed in 1908 to Sacramento Valley Sugar Company. It was sold in 1936 to Spreckels Sugar Company, which is the parent company of Holly Sugar. Spreckels was later purchased by Imperial Sugar The first post office at Hamilton City opened in 1906. As the population of the town grew, to make room for development the local cemetery was moved to a new location about 10 miles north of Artois, California.

The sugar plant closed in 2006.

## Demographics

### 2010

At the 2010 census Hamilton City had a population of 1,759. The population density was 5,642.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,178.7/km). The racial makeup of Hamilton City was 834 (47.4%) White, 18 (1.0%) African American, 23 (1.3%) Native American, 15 (0.9%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 804 (45.7%) from other races, and 65 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,489 persons (84.7%).

The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.

There were 510 households, 269 (52.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 304 (59.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 79 (15.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 48 (9.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 40 (7.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 54 households (10.6%) were one person and 24 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.45. There were 431 families (84.5% of households); the average family size was 3.66.

The age distribution was 530 people (30.1%) under the age of 18, 203 people (11.5%) aged 18 to 24, 493 people (28.0%) aged 25 to 44, 359 people (20.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 174 people (9.9%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 29.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

There were 539 housing units at an average density of 1,729.1 per square mile (667.6/km),of which 510 were occupied, 289 (56.7%) by the owners and 221 (43.3%) by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.1%. 947 people (53.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 812 people (46.2%) lived in rental housing units.

### 2000

At the 2000 census there were 1,903 people, 513 households, and 431 families in the CDP. The population density was 6,043.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,333.6/km). There were 543 housing units at an average density of 1,724.6 per square mile (665.9/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 38.10% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 1.21% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 56.38% from other races, and 3.63% from two or more races. 80.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 513 households 52.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 10.5% of households were one person and 4.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.71 and the average family size was 4.00.

The age distribution was 33.4% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median household income was $33,169 and the median family income was $34,167. Males had a median income of $20,405 versus $14,191 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,047. About 17.5% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

In the state legislature Hamilton is in the 4th Senate District, represented by Republican Marie Alvarado-Gil, and in the 3rd Assembly District, represented by Republican James Gallagher.

Federally, Hamilton is in California's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Kevin Kiley.

## Education

The Hamilton Union High School District and Hamilton Union Elementary School Districts unified in 2009 to become the Hamilton Unified School District. Longtime Hamilton Union High School Principal/Superintendent Ray Odom served as the first Superintendent of the new Hamilton Unified School District. Mr. Odom retired in 2011. The current Superintendent is Charles Tracy and the current High School Principal is Cris Oseguera. Hamilton Unified School District includes Hamilton High School, Hamilton Elementary School, Ella Barkley High School, Hamilton Adult School, Hamilton High Community Day School, and Hamilton Elementary Community Day School.

## Emergency services

Law enforcement is provided by the Glenn County Sheriff 's Department.

Fire services are provided by the Hamilton City Fire Protection District which covers the town as well as the surrounding area, including a mutual aid agreement with Butte County Fire, the Capay Volunteer Fire Department and Ord Bend Volunteer Fire Department, eight miles south.

The Fire District consists of a full-time fire chief, a part-time division chief, and volunteer firefighters. Dispatch services for HCFPD are provided by the Tehama-Glenn Unit Headquarters of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection in Red Bluff.

## Notable people

- Kyle Lohse - Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers; attended Hamilton Union High School.

- Rigoberto Sanchez - National Football League (NFL) punter for the Indianapolis Colts; attended Hamilton Union High School.


Garifuna in Peril

# Garifuna in Peril

## Abstract

Garifuna in Peril is a low-budget independent fiction docufiction feature film directed, written, and produced by Alí Allié and Rubén Reyes. The film depicts historical and contemporary issues within the Garinagu (plural of Garifuna) Afro-Honduran indigenous community and features a cast of actors from Honduras and Belize.

The film was shot in Garifuna, English and Spanish, and is notable for being one of the first, if only, contemporary feature films shot in the Garifuna language. The Garifuna language and culture depicted in the film is also noteworthy as it was proclaimed by UNESCO in 2001 as a Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, under threat of extinction as at that time there was almost no surviving record of the language and it was not formally taught outside of the countries of Honduras and Belize. The language and this film features music that is an oral tradition of storytelling of song and dance that is a unique blend of African and Amerindian cultures that are often quite satirical in nature.

## Plot

The movie follows the journey of a Garifuna language teacher Ricardo, played by co-director Rubén Reyes, in Los Angeles as he struggles to be a good father, husband, and brother while taking responsibility to preserve his native language, traditional culture and community lands against the expansion of tourism. Ricardo's plans to build a Garifuna language school on the north coast of Honduras become complicated by the expansion plans of a tourist resort in the area. Personal betrayal pushes him to travel to Honduras and directly confront land issues in tandem with his educational mission.

Meanwhile, Ricardo's son Elijah, played by E.J. Mejia Jr., rehearses a theater play dramatizing an episode from the life of Garifuna Paramount Chief Joseph Chatoyer / Satuyé and his last stand against the British on the island of St. Vincent, the same historical events dramatized in William A. Brown ’s now-lost play The Drama of King Shotaway, a play that is credited as being the first Black play in the United States. Ricardo's daughter Helena, a teenager also must deal with her parents' disapproval of her relations with a man considerably older than her.

## Cast

- Rubén Reyes as Ricardo, a Garifuna language teacher who lives in Los Angeles

- Julián Castillo as Miguel, Ricardo's brother who has business dealings in Honduras, where the brothers are trying to build a school to teach Garifuna

- Gloria Garnett as Becky, Ricardo's wife

- Etsil Arnold as Jimmy

- E.J. Mejía Jr. as Elijah / Elías, Ricardo's son who portrays Garifuna Paramount Chief Joseph Satuye, also known as Joseph Chatoyer, in the play-within-the-play featured in the film

- Yessica Álvarez as Helena, Becky and Ricardo's daughter, who is dating Gabriel

- Luisito Martínez as Gabriel, Helena's boyfriend, of whom her parents do not approve

- Arleny Escobar as Vera

- Aubrey Wakeling as Richard

- Bill Flores as Hillbuck, who writes the play-within-the-play, Garinagu in Peril, that is featured in the film

- Araceli Núñez as Yanisi

- Saira Amaya as Wendy

## Production and development

Originally part of a trilogy called the Garifuna Film Trilogy, the film was shot in Los Angeles, California, and Triunfo de la Cruz, Honduras after being in development for over 10 years. The project began after Alí Allié and Rubén Reyes met at the 1999 Pan-African Film Festival in Los Angeles.

Co-director, co-writer, co-producer, and cinematographer Alí Allié is an American filmmaker who is known for his work directing the 1999 independent film, Spirit of My Mother (El Espíritu de mi Mamá), a Spanish-language film distributed by Vanguard Cinema about a Garifuna woman from Honduras. Co-director, co-writer, co-producer, and actor Rubén Reyes is a linguist and expert on the history and culture of the Garifuna people, who created the world's first tri-lingual dictionary of Garifuna, Garudia: Garifuna Trilingual Dictionary (Garifuna-English-Spanish). Bill Flores, a co-writer of the film, wrote the initial play of the same name upon which the film was based and is a member of the Garifuna Writers Group that is based in Los Angeles. The traditional Garifuna dance was choreographed by Georgette Lambey.

The film had both a grassroots base of investors as well as 11 private investors, many from the Garifuna community in Los Angeles, with the Garifuna Coalition USA Inc in New York City providing assistance and guidance with publicity and marketing while the Garifuna American Heritage Foundation United (GAHFU) organization of Los Angeles helped outreach for casting of the film. All members of the cast and crew had jobs, so the film was scheduled around their jobs and was dependent upon funding streams.

As the filmmakers began to cast the film, they faced the realities of a language in decline. Co-director Alí Allié said that they were "shocked that there was almost no one under 18 years old who spoke the language, and that was something we were kind of in denial about. And that’s when the film took on more urgency, and that’s when we came up with the title, Garifuna in Peril. " All of the cast members were of Garifuna descent from Honduras and Belize, with the film being their first time performing for the majority of the cast.

The film is unique in that it is one of the first narrative fictional films to tell the story of a little known ethnic group with Caribbean origins with the filmmakers attempting to use film to preserve and rescue what was a critically fast-fading culture. The film dramatizes and highlights the challenges indigenous people across the world face as they fight "to keep their lands against larger economic interests while struggling to preserve their culture amid globalization and migration."

## Critical reception

Response to the film was positive. Film critic Mark Bell of Film Threat noted that Garifuna in Peril has a "unique and distinct vibe." When writing about the strength of the film's characterizations, performances and film-making he explains that, "there’s something matter-of-fact about the movie that makes it feel natural...the scenes play out as if they would in real life, if we were suddenly interrupting a moment." Journalist Steve Furay of the Michigan Citizen called Garifuna in Peril provocative.

Co-director Alí Allié described audience responses during screenings: "It's related to indigenous cultures. At different screenings we’ve had people stand up and make comments. We’ve had a Native American woman stand up and say ‘thank you for telling this story; this is my story.’ Mayan women in Honduras said ‘this is also our story.’ It's specific to Garifuna in one sense, but these are the issues — the cultural loss, the economic problems and the land grab — really relevant to all indigenous peoples." According to co-director (and lead of the film) Rubén Reyes the film speaks to a matter that is timely, the Garifuna people, "are now facing imminent danger. We could eventually lose our land, our culture, our identity and just become simple workers."

## Awards

- 2013: Arizona International Film Festival – Best Narrative Feature

- 2013: Boston International Film Festival – Indie Spirit Special Recognition Award

- 2013: WorldFest Houston – Golden Remi for Docu-Drama

- 2013: Festival de Cinema Latino American di Trieste – Audience Choice

## Release and distribution

After the film's premier at the London Latin American Film Festival on November 25, 2012, the film was self-distributed, and was mostly shown at many international film festivals that had themes and focus on the African diaspora and Afro-Caribbean and Latin American culture, which highlighted the difficulty of distributing an independent film about Garifuna history. The film was further screened as part of a film tour of Central America focusing on villages and towns with Garifuna populations in Belize (as part of the Belize International Film Festival), Guatemala, and Honduras. It was also screened in universities in both the United States and Central America. An American on-demand theatrical distribution platform called TUGG was used to screen the film in select U.S. cities.

- London Latin American Film Festival in London, England (November 25, 2012)

- New York African Diaspora Film Festival in New York, New York (December 2 and 5, 2012)

- Santa Fe Film Festival (December 8, 2012) in Santa Fe, New Mexico

- African Diaspora International Film Festival in New York, New York (January 18, 2013)

- San Diego Black Film Festival in San Diego, California (February 3, 2013)

- Los Angeles Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles, California (February 16, 2013)

- Arizona International Film Festival in Tucson, Arizona (April 13, 2013 and April 28, 2013)

- Athens International Film + Video Festival in Athens, Ohio (April 14, 2013)

- Chicago Latino Film Festival in Chicago, Illinois (April 14, 2013 and April 16, 2013)

- Festival International du Film Panafricain in Cannes, France (April 19, 2013)

- Langston Hughes African American Film Festival in Seattle, Washington (April 19, 2013)

- Boston International Film Festival in Boston, Massachusetts (April 20, 2013)

- Worldfest Houston (April 21, 2013)

- Berlin Black Cinema International in Berlin, Germany (May 11, 2013)

- Garifuna Film Festival International in Los Angeles, California (May 25 and 26, 2013)

- Zanzibar International Film Festival (July 4, 2013)

- Caribbean Tales Toronto Showcase in Toronto, Canada (September 11, 2013)

- Capital City Black Film Festival in Austin, Texas (September 27, 2013)

- Cine+Mas San Francisco Latino Film Festival in San Francisco, California (September 27, 2013)

- New England Festival of Ibero American Cinema in New England (October 3, 2013)

- Festival de Cine de Bogotá in Bogotá, Colombia (October 16, 2013 through October 24, 2013)

- Festival de Cinema Latino American di Trieste in Trieste, Italy (October 25, 2013)

- Englewood International Film Festival in Chicago, Illinois (October 26, 2013)

- Uptown Film Festival in Birmingham, Michigan (November 9, 2013)

- BronzeLens Film Festival in Atlanta, Georgia (November 9, 2013)

- Festival Cine//B in Santiago, Chile (November 28, 2013)

- Bahamas International Film Festival in Nassau, Bahamas (December 5, 2013 and December 6, 2013)


Sinosaurichthys

# Sinosaurichthys

## Abstract

Sinosaurichthys is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in south-western China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Yangjuan of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, and Dawazi of Luoping, Yunnan Province, China.

It was first named by Wu Feixiang, Sun Yuanlin, Xu Guanghui, Hao Weicheng, Jiang Dayong and Sun Zuoyu in 2010. The type species is Sinosaurichthys longipectoralis. There are two additional species, S. longimedialis and S. minuta. The species Saurichthys spinosa from the Middle Triassic of China may be closely related with Sinosaurichthys.

Sinosaurichthys is often treated as a subgenus of Saurichthys, rather than a genus.


2006 in the Gambia

# 2006 in the Gambia

## Abstract

The following lists events that happened during 2006 in the Gambia.

## Incumbents

- President: Yahya Jammeh

- Chief Justice: Stephen Alan Brobbey (until February 6) Abdou Kareem Savage (starting February 22)

## Events

### June

- June 15 - Hundreds are wounded in fighting between rival factions of the Movement of the Democratic Forces of Casamance led by Salif Sadio, who supports the continuation of the Casamance conflict, and Magne Dieme, who supports reconciliation with the government of Senegal. The fighting has spread to the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau may intervene.


Synapturanus zombie

# Synapturanus zombie

## Abstract

Synapturanus zombie is a South American species of frog in the family Microhylidae.

## Taxonomy

Synapturanus zombie was discovered by Raffael Ernst, a German herpetologist. He named the frog "zombie" because he thought other researchers looked like zombies after digging the frogs out of the ground. It was described in 2021 by Antoine Fouquet.

S. zombie is part of an eastern clade of Synapturanus, which also includes S. salseri, S. mirandaribeiroi, S. ajuricaba, and S. mesomorphus, as well as some undescribed but suspected species. This eastern clade typically has a more robust humerus and a broader snout than species in the western clade.

## Description

Synapturanus zombie has an average snout-vent length of 39 mm in males (range 37–41 mm (1.5–1.6 in)). Females are slightly larger, with a 40 mm average SVL (range 39–42 mm (1.5–1.7 in)). This makes it the largest known species of Synapturanus frogs. It has a pointed nose and a narrow mouth.

The frog is medium brown on the top, and light brown on the bottom. Many orange spots are found on the skin of the frog. The glandular supra carpal pad, present in males only, is a translucent white. Yellow ovaries are able to be seen through the translucent skin of female specimens. Males emit advertisement calls from underground tunnels during and after heavy rainfall. These tunnels, also called galleries, are spaced a few meters apart from each other. The mode of reproduction of the species are unknown, but likely similar to those of other Synapturanus frogs.

## Habitat

Synapturanus zombie live in well-drained soil in forests in French Guiana. They are nocturnal, as well as fossorial.

## Conservation

S. zombie has not been assessed by the IUCN. It is only known to live in six groups of populations in French Guiana, and one additional group in Amapá, northern Brazil. Some of these groups are in protected areas. The study in which the species was first described recommended the species be given the rating of " data deficient ", because of "the uncertainties regarding its distribution and population status".


1989–90 in Swiss football

# 1989–90 in Swiss football

## Abstract

The following is a summary of the 1989–90 season of competitive football in Switzerland.

## Nationalliga A

### Qualification phase

### Championship group

The first eight teams of the qualification phase competed in the Championship round. The teams took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the qualification as bonus with them.

## Nationalliga B

### Qualification phase

### Promotion/relegation round

### Relegation round NLB/1. Liga

The last six teams in each of the two qualification phase groups competed in two relegation groups against relegation to the 1. Liga 1991–92. The teams received ranking bonus points from their qualifying groups (7th place 6 pts; 8th place 5 pts; 9th place 4 pts; etc). There was to be one direct relegation in each group, plus a play-out against relegation between both second last placed teams.

### Relegation play-out

FC Montreux-Sports won 7–1 on aggregate and FC Zug were relegated to 1990–91 1. Liga.

## 1. Liga

### Group 1

### Group 2

### Group 3

### Group 4

### Promotion play-off

Urania Genève Sport win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 4–1 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Kriens win 3–2 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 6–3 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

Urania Genève Sport win 7–4 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the third promotion place was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win, but refused promotion, so SC Kriens are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the 1. Liga championship was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Urania Genève Sport ' win and become 1. Liga champions. '

### Relegation play-out

FC Raron continue to the final.

FC Vaduz continue to the final.

FC Raron win 4–3 on aggregate and remain in the division. FC Vaduz are relegated to 2. Liga.

## Swiss Cup

### Early rounds

The routes of the finalists to the final, played on 4 June 1990 at the Wankdorf in Bern:

### Final

## Swiss Clubs in Europe

- Luzern as 1988–89 Nationalliga A champions: 1989–90 European Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Grasshopper Club as 1988–89 Swiss Cup winners: 1989–90 Cup Winners' Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Sion as league third placed team: 1989–90 UEFA Cup

- Wettingen as league fourth placed team: 1989–90 UEFA Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Bellinzona: entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

### Luzern

#### European Cup

##### First round

PSV Eindhoven won 5–0 on aggregate.

#### Intertoto Cup

##### Group 1

### Grasshopper Club

#### Cup Winners' Cup

##### First round

Grasshopper Club won 4–3 on aggregate.

##### Second round

Grasshopper Club won 4–1 on aggregate.

##### Quarter-finals

Sampdoria won 4–1 on aggregate.

#### Intertoto Cup

##### Group 4

### Sion

#### UEFA Cup

##### First round

Sion won 2–1 on aggregate.

##### Second round

Karl-Marx-Stadt won 5–3 on aggregate.

## Sources

- Switzerland 1989–90 at RSSSF

- Cup finals at Fussball-Schweiz

- Intertoto history at Pawel Mogielnicki's Page

{ { 1989–90 in Swiss football } }


SN 2007uy

# SN 2007uy

## Abstract

SN 2007uy was a supernova that occurred in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770. It was discovered by Yoji Hirose on December 31, 2007 from Chigasaki city in Japan, approximately four days after the explosion. The position of the supernova was offset 20.6 ″ east and 15.5″ south of the galaxy's nucleus, near a star-forming region. It was identified as a Type Ib supernova from its spectrum a week before reaching maximum, and appeared the most similar to SN 2004gq.

Emissions from SN 2007uy were detected from the X-ray to the radio band. The light from this event was heavily reddened due to intervening dust in the host galaxy. This energetic explosion released ~1.5 × 10 erg in energy and ejected a mass of 4.4 M. The progenitor was likely a massive star that had been stripped of its hydrogen envelope by a binary companion. There is no radio evidence of a relativistic jet of the type that would be associated with a gamma-ray burst.

While interesting in its own right, SN 2007uy was overshadowed by SN 2008D, a supernova whose burst was observed serendipitously while SN 2007uy was being studied by Swift, something unprecedented in astronomy. This second supernova occurred within ten days of the first.


James McRae (disambiguation)

# James McRae (disambiguation)

## Abstract

James McRae (born 1987) was an Australian rower.

James McRae or MacRae may also refer to:

- James McRae (United States Army officer) (1862–1940), U.S. general

- James W. McRae (1910–1960), American engineer

- James Macrae (botanist) (died 1830), Scottish botanist

- James C. MacRae (1838–1909), justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court

- Jimmy McRae (born 1943), British rally driver

- Jim MacRae (American football) (1878–1957), American football player and mayor

- Jim MacRae (Canadian football) (1926–?), Canadian football player and lawyer


The Hearse

# The Hearse

## Abstract

The Hearse is a 1980 American supernatural horror film directed by George Bowers and starring Trish Van Devere and Joseph Cotten. It follows a schoolteacher from San Francisco who relocates to a small town in northern California to spend the summer in a house she inherited from her deceased aunt, only to uncover her aunt's past as a devil worshipper, which seems to trigger a series of supernatural occurrences.

## Plot

Jane Hardy, a schoolteacher in San Francisco, suffers a nervous breakdown following a divorce and the simultaneous death of her mother. To emotionally recover, she decides to spend the summer in the rural town of Blackford in a home left to her by her late aunt, Rebecca. Upon arriving, she is given keys to the house by Walter Pritchard, a local attorney who claims Jane's mother once promised to bestow him the property. Shortly after moving in, Jane begins experiencing supernatural occurrences, including witnessing apparitions of Rebecca, and a ghostly black hearse driven by a mysterious man that pulls into the driveway before vanishing. Furthermore, she is unsettled by the locals' passive-aggressive reactions to her presence in the town, including from Pritchard, who is deliberately unhurried to place the house in her name.

Jane hires Paul, the son of the local hardware store owner, to help her make repairs on the home. She finds a trunk in the attic full of her aunt's personal mementos, including a diary in which she wrote of her life as a minister 's wife. Late one night, Jane crashes her car on the way home and is given a ride by Tom Sullivan, a mysterious but kind man passing by in a vintage black car. Tom pays for a tow truck for Jane and returns the following night with her car. Jane accepts his invitation to go boating on a nearby lake.

Later that night, Jane uncovers more details from Rebecca's diary that reveal she was indoctrinated by her boyfriend Robert, a devil worshipper, and was convinced to join him in a pact with Satan. Shortly after, she has a vivid nightmare in which she is taken away by the hearse as her aunt watches from the house, and Jane observes her own funeral. Jane's mental stability is further challenged by other odd goings-on in the home, including the sounds of what she believes are people breaking in at night. She later sees a woman from one of her nightmares at the local church, but her fears are assuaged by the Reverend Winston.

Once the house is finally probated to Jane, Pritchard confirms to her that Rebecca worshipped Satan, and that upon her death, the hearse carrying her body crashed on the nearby road; the driver of the hearse, along with Rebecca's body and her coffin, inexplicably disappeared. Since this event, locals have been haunted by the image of the hearse. Meanwhile, Jane continues her romance with Tom, and after a date, invites him into her home, where they have sex. Jane's romance with Tom upsets Paul, who expresses that he too is attracted to her.

One night, after Tom fails to arrive for a date, a drunken Pritchard begins vandalizing the home, causing Jane to flee in terror. Paul arrives shortly after to leave flowers for Jane, only to be attacked by an unseen assailant. Meanwhile, Jane arrives at Tom's house, but finds it inexplicably abandoned and dilapidated; she finds a framed antique photo of a young Rebecca with Tom. Behind the home, Jane finds a gravestone inscribed "Robert Thomas Sullivan". Terrified, Jane returns to her home to pack her belongings, intending to leave. In the bathroom, she finds Pritchard's corpse hanging in the shower, along with Paul's body.

Jane is confronted by Tom, who professes his love for her and explains that Rebecca was "too weak" and did not fulfill her pact with Satan. Promising Jane eternal life, he begins to cast a spell on her, but is interrupted by the Reverend Winston, who begins an exorcism to save Jane. She flees in her car, followed by Tom driving the hearse. The chase ends in a collision that causes the hearse to topple off a cliff and explode. Back at the home, an apparition of Rebecca appears in the window as the house goes dark.

## Cast

- Trish Van Devere as Jane Hardy

- Joseph Cotten as Walter Pritchard

- David Gautreaux as Tom Sullivan

- Donald Hotton as Reverend Winston

- Med Flory as Sheriff Denton

- Donald Petrie as Luke

- Christopher McDonald as Pete

- Perry Lang as Paul Gordon

- Fred Franklyn as Mr. Gordon

- Al Hansen as Bo Rehnquist

- Dominic Barto as The Driver

- Nicholas Shields as Dr. Greenwalt

- Chuck Mitchell as Counterman

- Allison Balson as Alice

- Jim Gatherum as Boy #1

- Victoria Eubank as Lois

- Tanya Bowers as Schoolgirl

- Dennis Quaid as Repairman (uncredited)

## Production

Principal photography took place in San Francisco and Bradbury, California, beginning October 29, 1979. Filming was completed by January 1980.

Two 1952 Packard Funeral Coaches, converted by Henney Motor Company, were used in the film. One of them is prominently featured on the film's poster.

## Release

The Hearse premiered in New York City on June 6, 1980, and had its Los Angeles premiere on September 12 of that year.

### Critical response

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, " The Hearse qualifies as this summer's garage sale of horror movies. It contains all the best clichés from recent, more successful horror movies (especially Amityville and even The Changeling, which came out last April and starred Van Devere, her husband George C. Scott and, of course, the obligatory self-banging doors and self-playing musical instruments)."

Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, " The Hearse was directed by George Bowers, and shot either in a very stylized fashion or without benefit of a light meter – many of the film's outdoor scenes feature brilliant blue skies and actors with dim, shadowy faces. As far as the horror goes, Mr. Bowers makes his film moderately scary and pretty unpleasant, too. No one gets a hatchet in the forehead, though, the way one of the actors does in Friday the 13th. Isn't that nice to know?"

### Home media

Rhino Entertainment released The Hearse on DVD on February 12, 2002. In May 2017, Vinegar Syndrome released the film in a Blu-ray /DVD combination pack, featuring a newly restored 2K scan of the original film elements.


Amelia Peláez

# Amelia Peláez

## Abstract

Amelia Peláez del Casal (January 5, 1897 – April 8, 1968) was an important Cuban painter of the Avant-garde generation.

## Biography

Amelia Peláez (born-1897) Yaguajay, Cuba, in the former Cuban province of Las Villas (now Sancti Spíritus Province). She was the fifth born of eleven siblings in a family that was part of the Cuban-Creole middle class. Her father was a doctor, Manuel Pelaez y Laredo, and her mother, Maria del Carmen del Casal y Lastra, stayed at home with her children. Amelia's uncle was Julian del Casal, who was a poet and included her family in Cuba's intellectual circles.

In 1917, her family moved to Havana, to the La Víbora district, and this gave her the opportunity to enter the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro" at the rather late age of 20 years (students at this academy usually start at 12–13 years of age). She was among Leopoldo Romañach 's favorite students. In 1924 she graduated from San Alejandro, and exhibited her paintings for the first time, along with another Cuban female painter, María Pepa Lamarque, at the Association of Painters and Sculptors in Havana. Receiving a small government grant, she travelled to New York City in the summer of 1924 and began six months of study at the Art Students' League. In 1927, after being awarded a larger grant, she began studying in France, while paying short visits to Spain, Italy, and other countries.

## Student life in Paris

Pelaez moved to Paris, accompanied by Cuban writer Lydia Cabrera, after she received a grant from the government in order to pursue art. Both took painting and art history courses at École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. She also took drawing and art history courses at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the École du Louvre. In 1931 Pelaez enrolled, along with Cabrera, in Fernand Léger 's Academie Contemporaine. She then began studying with Russian painter Alexandra Exter, whose friendship and classes in color theory and design were an important influence.

Galerie Zak hosted a solo-exhibition of her paintings in 1933, where she exhibited thirty-eight works. In that same year, she participated in the eleventh Salon des Tuileries and “was also included in an exhibition of illustrated manuscripts by the calligrapher Guido at the Galerie Myrbor”, in which she illustrated Sept Poemes of Leon Paul Fargue. In her years in Paris, her work was highly praised by French critics.

## Life in Havana

In 1934, following a showing at the Salon des Independants, Pelaez returned to live in her mother’s colonial-style house in Cuba. The Cuba Pelaez returned to was in a state of economic uncertainty and political unrest. Beginning in the late 1920s, Cuba was searching for a new art that would reflect the national identity. In response, Pelaez departed from earlier vanguard strategies and turned to new approaches that involved depictions of Afro-Cuban and guajiro (peasant) subjects, while representing them in the adoption of European modernism. According to Ingrid Williams Elliot, Pelaez’s vibrant colors as well as thick lines are derived from Spanish-colonial architecture “integrating domestic objects with architectural decorations”. Peláez uses "Baroque ornamentation in her use of domestic colonial interiors to engage and merge multiple histories and assorted styles -- past and present -- to arrive at a contemporary Cuban idiom.”

In 1935, Pelaez had a solo exhibition at a women’s club in Havana called the Lyceum, which helped gain exposure of her new modernist Cuban style.

During this time, in the mid-thirties, Peláez was experimenting with "patterns, shapes and geometric relationships of tablecloths and fruit dishes, laying the groundwork for the geometric constructions and rhythmic patterns that have been associated with her architectural ornamentation in her work in the forties”, it also shows her awareness of Cubism. Her signature still life paintings were praised for the use of native fruits and flora referencing her Cuban roots.

In 1935-1936, Pelaez focused much of her paintings and drawings to the use of ink and pencil. The treatment of these drawings differs than her previous oil works, by distorting and exaggerating the figure with "sinuous line and light shading" that reference Cubism and European Modernism.

Peláez received a prize in the National Exposition of Painters and Sculptors in 1938, and collaborated on several art magazines in Cuba, such as Orígenes, Nadie Parecía, and Espuela de Plata. In 1950 she opened a workshop at San Antonio de los Baños, a small city near Havana, where she dedicated herself, until 1962, to her favourite pastime of pottery. She sent her paintings to the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1951 and 1957, and participated in 1952's Venice Biennale. In 1958 she was a guest of honour and jury member at the First Inter-American Biennial of Painting and Printmaking in Mexico City, although she pulled out of the raucous and controversial jury discussions based on what she reported to be “an openly Communist bias in the decisions.” Aside from painting and pottery, she dedicated time to murals, located mainly at different schools in Cuba. Her most important works of this type are a ceramic mural at the Tribunal de Cuentas in Havana (1953) and the facade of the Habana Hilton hotel (1957). She had a hard time selling her paintings as a living artists—she and her paintings, later named Amelias, achieved fame much later in life.

Peláez died in Havana in 1968.

## Estrada Palma 261

Amelia lived in her mother's house, which was a mix between a neoclassical design and a more traditional Cuban Creole architectural style house, for the rest of her years after her return to Havana, Cuba. Her house was a main source of inspiration after returning to a reclusive domestic lifestyle. The house was built in 1912, filled with colonial furniture of the baroque style. The house contained marble, crystal, wood, and ceramics in its interior. Amelia would also hang her paintings as decor.

## Exhibitions

- 1924 Amelia Pelaez y Maria Pepa Lamarque, Asociacion de Pintores y Escultores, Havana.

- 1933 Amelia Pelaez Del Casal, Galerie Zak, Paris.

- 1935 Amelia Pelaez Del Casal, Lyceum, Havana.

- 1941 Amelia Pelaez, Norte Gallery, New York.

- 1943 Amelia Pelaez: Retrospectiva, Institucion Hispano—Cubana de Cultura, Havana.

- 1956 Amelia Pelaez, Nuestro Tiempo, Havana.

- 1957 Amelia Pelaez, Lyceum, Havana.

- 1959 Pintura de Amelia Pelaez, Instituto Municipal de Cultura, Marianao, Havana.

- 1960 Amelia Pelaez.

- 1964 Oleos y Temperas de Amelia Pelaez, Galeria de la Habana, Havana.

- 1967 Dibujos de Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno Bogota. Amelia Pelaez; Goaches y Ceramicas, Lyceum, Havana.

- 1968 Amelia Pelaez: Exposicion Retrospectiva, Museo Nacional, Havana.

- 1977 Amelia Pelaez, Metropolitan Museum & Art Center, Miami.

- 1979 La Gran Pintora Cubana Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City.

- 1980 Amelia Pelaez, Museo de Arte Moderno, Bogota.

- 1987 Amelia Pelaez, Nineteenth Sao Paulo Biennial, Sao Paolo.

- 1988 Amelia Pelaez; A Retrospective, Cuban Museum of Arts & Culture, Miami.

- 2013 Amelia Peláez: The Craft of Modernity, Pérez Art Museum Miami

## Collections (selection)

The works of Peláez are held in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Moderna Museet in Stockholm, and the Museum of Modern Art, New York.


Central Cee

# Central Cee

## Abstract

Oakley Neil Caesar-Su (born 4 June 1998), known professionally as Central Cee, is a British rapper and songwriter from Shepherd's Bush, London. He rose to prominence in 2020 with the release of the singles "Day in the Life" and "Loading". His first mixtape Wild West was released on 12 March 2021, which debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart. His second mixtape 23 was released on 25 February 2022 and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart.

Central Cee achieved further success with his single " Doja " in July 2022, which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and eventually became the most streamed UK rap song on Spotify. He released his first major-label EP No More Leaks in October 2022. In June 2023, he released the single " Sprinter " with Dave, which became his first UK number-one single and preceded their collaborative EP Split Decision. The single also became the longest-running number-one rap song in the UK, holding the position for 10 weeks.

## Early life

Oakley Neil Caesar-Su was born on 4 June 1998, in Ladbroke Grove, London to an English mother and a father of Chinese and Guyanese origin. His mother Rachel Caesar met his father at age 15, and began dating him against her parents' wishes, subsequently getting cut off financially. When Caesar-Su was seven, his parents separated and he began living with his mother and two younger brothers in Shepherd's Bush. He has an additional half-brother. One of his brothers is Juke Caesar, who appeared on the 23 mixtape under the name "Lil Bro". As a child, Caesar-Su would write poetry and raps, which he would then show to his mother and social worker.

When Caesar-Su visited his father, he would be shown American hip-hop. He would also be exposed to reggae and dancehall when he attended Notting Hill Carnival. Caesar-Su has stated that he kept to himself in school, but would occasionally misbehave and lose his temper. He went to the same school as rapper Digga D, being 2 years his senior. Caesar-Su left school at age 16.

At age 14, he was kicked out of his mother's home and temporarily moved in with his girlfriend's family. Caesar-Su began recording music around this time after being inspired by a friend who took him to a recording studio. He worked at a shoe store for three weeks before finding out his wage and quitting. Caesar-Su eventually turned to selling drugs to earn money, stating, "When you're coming from where I'm coming from, everybody from all walks of life, nine times out of 10, they had to do that. It's like learning to ride a bike."

## Career

### 2014–2019: Career beginnings

Caesar-Su made an early public appearance on a now-deleted episode of Charlie Sloth 's Fire in the Streets series in 2014, where he adopted the rapper name "Central Cee" (first listed as Central C). His first song appearance was on the "Ain't On Nuttin Remix" alongside J Hus and more in January 2015. He released his "StreetHeat Freestyle" in February of the same year. In 2015, Central Cee appeared on music platform BL@CKBOX and performed verses to Tupac instrumentals alongside MoWest. In February 2016, Central Cee was featured alongside Dave and others on the remix to the song "Spirit Bomb" by AJ Tracey. He later released the single "Pull Up" in August 2016. Central Cee released his first projects, the EP 17, and the now-deleted EPs Nostalgia and CS Vol. 1 in 2017. His "Next Up?" freestyle was released in October 2019, following a number of singles that released that year.

### 2020–2023: Wild West, 23, and Split Decison

Central Cee met his future manager YBeeez in 2019, who encouraged him to pursue music further. After switching from auto-tuned hip hop to a style similar to UK drill, Central Cee released his breakout single "Day in the Life" on 14 June 2020. He followed it up with "Molly" in July, and achieved further success with the single "Loading", released on 22 October 2020. The music videos for the three tracks were released by GRM Daily. "Loading" and February 2021's "Commitment Issues" both reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart. Central Cee self-released his debut mixtape Wild West in March 2021, which debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the UK R&B Albums Chart.

In September 2021, the single " Obsessed with You " reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart, and would become the lead single to his second mixtape, 23, announced in November 2021. Central Cee's Daily Duppy was released on Christmas of 2021. The second and third singles from the mixtape, "Retail Therapy" and "Cold Shoulder", were released on 6 and 27 January 2022. On 25 February 2022, 23 was released and became his first number one on the UK Albums Chart.

Following previews at concerts and on social media, his single " Doja " released on 21 July 2022 alongside a music video directed by Cole Bennett. It became his highest charting song of his career, debuting at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number 12 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. On 14 October 2022, Central Cee surprise released his EP No More Leaks, which was supported by the single " One Up " which released the day before. On 16 December 2022, he released the single " Let Go ", which samples the Passenger single " Let Her Go " and peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart. In 2022, Central Cee became the first UK rapper to achieve 1 billion Spotify streams in a single year. On 9 February 2023, he released the single "Me & You".

On 1 June 2023, Central Cee and Dave released the joint single " Sprinter ". It was the lead single to their collaborative EP Split Decision, which was surprise-released on 4 June. "Sprinter" became Central Cee's first number-one single, and broke the record for the biggest streaming week for a rap song in UK history. The single also broke the record for the longest running number-one rap single in the UK. In late June, Central Cee appeared on XXL magazine's 2023 Freshman Class. Days later, it was announced that he had signed to Columbia Records. On 21 July, Central Cee released his " On the Radar Freestyle " with Drake. The track debuted at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his first song to reach the chart. On 20 October, Central Cee was featured on a song alongside Australian rapper The Kid LAROI and Korean pop star Jungkook called " Too Much ". On 21 December 2023, Central Cee released the single "Entrapaneur".

### 2024–present: Can't Rush Greatness

On 11 February 2024, he released the single "I Will". On 5 April 2024, he appeared on J. Cole 's surprise mixtape Might Delete Later on the track "H.Y.B" alongside Bas. In May 2024, he released a grime song on YouTube titled "CC Freestyle". On 23 May, he released the track " Band4Band " alongside Lil Baby. The track debuted at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his highest entry on the latter. Two weeks later, the track reached number 18 on the Hot 100. On 20 June 2024, he appeared on the joint track "Wave" with Nigerian singer Asake. On 11 July 2024, Central Cee featured on Ice Spice ’s single " Did It First ". The track’s rollout sparked controversy and unsound dating rumors between the two. Central Cee followed this up with the single “Gen Z Luv” on 26 July. In the song’s music video, his forthcoming album Can’t Rush Greatness was announced.

## Fashion

Central Cee is known for his style of fashion which usually features tracksuits, puffer jackets, and skull caps, items commonly associated with British streetwear culture.

In 2023, Central Cee launched the streetwear brand Syna World. The brand's guerrilla marketing techniques have been compared to fellow UK brands such as Corteiz and Trapstar.

Central Cee made his modeling debut for Drake 's Nike X Nocta collection on 6 April 2021. He fronted Jaquemus ' "Neve World" campaign in November 2022. He has also done work for JD Sports, a sport clothing shop in the UK.

## Artistry

Beginning his career performing British hip-hop, Central Cee switched to the trapwave genre in 2016, a style of British hip hop which utilizes auto-tuned singing. In 2020, Central Cee moved to a style similar to UK drill with the release of the single "Day in the Life", and has mostly stuck to that style since then, stating that the auto-tune style was oversaturated. His current style of music has been described as a melodic and upbeat approach to UK drill. Central Cee studied rappers such as Kendrick Lamar, J. Cole, and Jay-Z as a young adult and named YoungBoy Never Broke Again as one of his influences, comparing his approach to the rapper.

"There’s a lot of people that will testify that he’s shit because there’s no science to his thing, musically. What I think sells is his personality and his vulnerability in the music. Actually, that probably influenced me a lot."

## Personal life

Central Cee dated Madeline Argy, a TikTok creator and host of the Pretty Lonesome podcast, for over two years. Their relationship ended in July 2024.

## Discography

Albums

- Can't Rush Greatness (2024)

Mixtapes

- Wild West (2021)

- 23 (2022)

## Tours

### Headlining

- Still Loading World Tour (2022)

## Awards and nominations


Whatever You Want (album)

# Whatever You Want (album)

## Abstract

Whatever You Want is the twelfth studio album by the British rock band Status Quo.

This was the band's third album to be produced by Pip Williams. Recording began in December 1978 at Wisseloord Studios in Hilversum, the Netherlands, with the final mixes being completed in London in March 1979. The album was released on 12 October 1979 and entered the chart on 20 October 1979, reaching number three in the UK Albums Chart. The first single from the album – " Whatever You Want " – was released on 14 September, with "Hard Ride" as the B-side, and reached a peak position of number four in the UK Singles Chart. The second single from the album was " Living on an Island ", with the B-side "Runaway". This was released on 16 November 1979 and reached number 16 in the UK chart.

The album was remixed for the US market and this version was released in the US with the title Now Hear This in 1980. It was finally released on CD as part of the 2016 deluxe remaster. However this omitted two songs, "Shady Lady" and "Your Smiling Face". These are therefore only available on the original vinyl/cassette/8-track releases. The tracks "Whatever You Want" and "Living on an Island" were also swapped in the running order of the US remixed version.

## Track listing

- " Whatever You Want " (Rick Parfitt, Andy Bown) – 4:04

- "Shady Lady" (Francis Rossi, Bob Young) – 3:00

- "Who Asked You" (Alan Lancaster) – 4:00

- "Your Smiling Face" (Parfitt, Bown) – 4:25

- " Living on an Island " (Parfitt, Young) – 4:48

- "Come Rock with Me" (Rossi, Bernie Frost) – 3:15

- "Rockin' On" (Rossi, Frost) – 3:25

- "Runaway" (Rossi, Frost) – 4:39

- "High Flyer" (Lancaster, Young) – 3:47

- "Breaking Away" (Rossi, Parfitt, Bown) – 6:44

### 2005 reissue bonus tracks

- "Hard Ride" (Lancaster, Mick Green)

- "Bad Company" (Pip Williams, Peter Hutchins)

- "Another Game in Town" (demo) (Rossi, Frost)

- "Shady Lady" (demo) (Rossi, Young)

- "Rearrange" (demo) (Rossi, Frost)

- "Living on an Island" (single version) (Parfitt, Young)

## Re-releases

The album was first released in CD format in 1991, on a CD also containing Just Supposin'. To make the two albums fit the single disc, the track "High Flyer" was omitted, while the song "The Wild Ones" was omitted from Just Supposin'.

The album was digitally remastered and released in CD format in 2005. The first release was on 7 March 2005 by Mercury Records in the UK; the second on 12 July 2005 by Universal Records International in the US and elsewhere.

A 'Deluxe Edition' was released in 2016. This contained two discs; the first being the original album and the second containing a total of 15 tracks: 5 demos, an edited version, a non-album B-side and 8 remixes of tracks from the album which had been part of the 'Now Hear This' US album released in 1980.

## Personnel

- Francis Rossi – guitar, vocals

- Rick Parfitt – guitar, vocals

- Alan Lancaster – bass, vocals

- John Coghlan – drums

- Andy Bown – keyboards

- Bob Young – harmonica

## Charts