The Case for Christ

# The Case for Christ

## Abstract

The Case for Christ is a 2017 American Christian drama film directed by Jon Gunn and written by Brian Bird, based on a true story and inspired by the 1998 book of the same name by Lee Strobel. The film stars Mike Vogel, Erika Christensen, Faye Dunaway and Robert Forster, and follows an atheist journalist who looks to disprove his wife's Christian faith. The film was released on April 7, 2017, by Pure Flix Entertainment. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $17.6 million against a $3 million budget.

## Plot

In 1980, Lee Strobel was an atheist journalist and investigative reporter for the Chicago Tribune. He and his wife Leslie have a daughter named Alison and are expecting their second child. After getting a very special recognition, Lee and his family went out for dinner to celebrate, and Alison choked on a piece of candy. One of the patrons, a nurse named Alfie, intervenes and saves Alison. She credits the event to God's will, which Leslie takes to heart.

Leslie and Alfie became friends and started attending a Christian church together. Irritated, Lee unsuccessfully tries to dissuade Leslie. Due to advice from his mentor, Lee sets out to find evidence that the resurrection of Jesus did not happen. Meanwhile, Leslie gives birth to a son, Kyle.

Lee starts gathering information and evidence. Next, he tries to prove that the witnesses were hypnotized, but a psychologist proves him wrong. Lee then tries to gather evidence that Jesus may have not actually died on the Cross, or was taken off, but again, a physician proves him wrong, saying Jesus had to have died on the Cross.

Meanwhile, Lee's estranged father tries to reconcile with him, but Lee brushes him off. His father dies soon after, and then Lee learns that his father truly loved him, which surprises Lee.

Simultaneously with Lee's pursuit to disprove the resurrection of Jesus, he is also investigating a case of the shooting of a police officer. At first, it looks like the convicted man is guilty and an informant for a gang, but Lee proves that the cop shot himself with a secret gun disguised as a pen, and the convict is freed.

Lee tries to get more evidence for his religious investigation, but his mentor explains that whether he chooses to believe or not believe, the last part of proving Jesus' real existence is faith. When a colleague gives him a speech, Lee decides to take the leap of faith and believe. When he tells Leslie about it, they have a happy reconciliation and pray together.

## Cast

- Mike Vogel as Lee Strobel Michael Provost as young Lee Strobel

- Michael Provost as young Lee Strobel

- Erika Christensen as Leslie Strobel Kelly Lamor Wilson as young Leslie Strobel

- Kelly Lamor Wilson as young Leslie Strobel

- Faye Dunaway as Dr. Roberta Waters

- Robert Forster as Walter Strobel

- Frankie Faison as Joe Dubois

- L. Scott Caldwell as Alfie Davis

- Mike Pniewski as Kenny London

- Tom Nowicki as Dr. Alexander Metherell

- Kevin Sizemore as Dr. Gary Habermas

- Rus Blackwell as Dr. William Lane Craig

- Jordan Cox as Bill Hybels

- Renell Gibbs as James Hicks

- Haley Rosenwasser as Alison Strobel

- Brett Rice as Ray Nelson

- Grant Goodeve as Mr. Cook

## Release

In the United States and Canada, The Case for Christ was released on April 7, 2017, alongside Going in Style and Smurfs: The Lost Village, and was projected to gross $5 million in its opening weekend from 1,174 theaters. It ended up debuting to $3.9 million, finishing 10th at the box office. In its second weekend the film grossed $2.8 million, dropping 30.5% and finishing 9th at the box office. It grossed over $17 million on a $3 million budget.

## Critical response

According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 61% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 28 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, " The Case for Christ shouldn't be dismissed, but like many faith-based productions, it's better at preaching to the choir than reaching the unconverted." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 based on six critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.

Kevin McLenithan of Christianity Today gave the film a "fresh" rating and wrote, "The film may be only intermittently successful, but when it takes its own story seriously rather than treating it as a means to an end, it stands among the best films yet produced by the Christian film industry." Jackie K. Cooper of The Huffington Post gave the film 6 out of 10 stars and called it "Well made and well acted; the perfect movie for the Easter season." Michael Foust of the Southern Baptist Texan gave it 4 out of 5 stars and acknowledged he was "skeptical that The Case for Christ could be turned into an enjoyable film but was pleasantly surprised with the on-screen product." Foust added, "It is one of the best films I've seen this year, masterfully weaving a spoonful of apologetics into an engaging plot that will leave moviegoers entertained, educated, and perhaps even inspired." In a negative review, Roger Moore of Movie Nation gave it only 1.5 out of 4 stars, calling it "unemotional, uninspiring and unconvincing."

Influx Magazine film critic Steve Pulaski said, " The Case for Christ bears a lot of thematic similarities to its brother in Christ God's Not Dead in the way that it attempts to ignite stirring intellectual debate rather than settling for predictable melodrama. The result is a film with certain appeal, but also certain issues when it comes to its prolific condescension to nonbelievers and skeptics and unnaturally written moments where proselytizing overpowers plot."


Mary Zophres

# Mary Zophres

## Abstract

Mary Zophres is an American costume designer who has worked in the film industry since 1994. She has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design four times for True Grit (2010), La La Land (2016), The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018), and Babylon (2022). She has also been nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design five times for Catch Me If You Can (2002), True Grit, La La Land, The Ballad of Buster Scruggs, and Babylon.

## Background

Zophres was born in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. She has Greek roots, with her father having been born in Ioannina. She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, and she graduated with degrees in art history and studio art. Zophres worked in the fashion industry for Norma Kamali and Esprit.

She was hired as the extras wardrobe supervisor for Oliver Stone 's 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July, working under costume designer Judy Ruskin. She subsequently worked as associate costume designer for Ruskin for three more films, including the 1991 film City Slickers. Zophres moved to Los Angeles and worked for designer Richard Hornung on three films, including the 1994 film The Hudsucker Proxy by the Coen brothers. When Hornung was too sick to work on the Coens' 1996 film Fargo, Zophres took over. She subsequently had a creative partnership with the Coen brothers on all of their subsequent films and has also worked on a variety of other films.

## Awards and nominations

### Major associations

Academy Awards

BAFTA Awards


Jack and the Witch

# Jack and the Witch

## Abstract

Jack and the Witch (少年ジャックと魔法使い, Shōnen Jakku to Mahōtsukai, lit. ' The Boy Jack and the Witch ') is a Japanese animated fantasy adventure feature film, the 10th cinema feature produced by Tōei Animation (then Tōei Dōga), released in Japan in 1967. It was developed by Jirō Sekimasa, Seiichi Moro and Takeshi Ariga, written by Shin'ichi Sekizawa and Susumu Takaku and directed by Taiji Yabushita and has an essentially original story, though one which alludes in structure and character names to the Jack tales and Beowulf, both of English folklore. A working title for the film was Fushigina Sekai no Daibōken (ふしぎな世界の大冒険, "Great Adventure in a Strange Land"). The animation director is Akira Daikuhara.

It is one of a number of Tōei Dōga features licensed by the television division of American International Pictures and localised by Titan Productions, Jack' s English- dubbed version being directed by Peter Solmo and made available for syndication starting in 1969. Corinne Orr, of Speed Racer fame, is the voice of Allegra in the English-language version.

## Plot

The film opens with a retelling of Beowulf, narrated over pans of paintings imitative of stained glass, then cuts to Jack, a boy who lives with his animal friends Barnaby Bear, Dinah Dog, Squeeker Mouse and Phineas Fox and drives a car resembling a Ford Model T, even inside the house. One day while out driving Jack sees a girl named Allegra in a flying machine and challenges her to race. After he loses Allegra offers him a ride and he accepts, along with Squeeker Mouse who sneaks aboard. Allegra is actually a witch, and takes Jack to the castle of the evil queen Auriana, who changes children into harpies to be her slaves. Squeeker is sucked into a machine that changes him into a harpy but Jack escapes. When Allegra and another harpy named Harvey Harpy pursue Jack he leads them away from the castle. Harvey Harpy ends up lassoing Jack's animal friends and they get tangled together in the rope.

Barnaby Bear starts laughing at the predicament, and soon all are laughing. They take Harvey Harpy back to the house, where they sing and dance together. Spying on them through a window Allegra seems to soften a little as she watches the fun. However, when Jack returns to the house she tries to capture him with a magic rope that has a claw on the end, but the animals drive her away by pelting her with dishes. In some fan copies of the English version about 8 minutes is cut out here, including scenes where Allegra returns to the castle and a battle between Allegra and Jack where she pulls his house off the ground and drops it into a lake. Allegra is injured when she crash lands her flying machine, and Jack takes her back to his house to let her recover. When she comes to she sees Jack, and smiles for a moment, but then flees back to the castle, knocking Jack over as she goes. Jack and friends go back to the castle to rescue Squeeker Mouse, and they encounter Allegra again. She promises to help them since they were so kind to her when she was injured, but instead she leads them into a trap that drops them into a land where the plants try to eat everybody.

At the end giant mushrooms drop Jack and friends into a pit with the machine that changes children into harpies. The wind starts to suck Jack into the machine, while the Harpies chant 'Into the Machine!'. Barnaby Bear remembers that a giant windmill powers the machine, so he runs off and stops it. With the windmill immobilized other harpies jump into the pit to take Jack prisoner, but Barnaby Bear finally lets go of the windmill and the harpies are sucked into the machine, which overloads and explodes, with Jack and friends escaping. Queen Auriana punishes Allegra for her failure to capture Jack by exiling her to the ice caves beneath the castle. Harvey Harpy is sad to see Allegra punished, even opposing the queen for her harshness, so when he runs into Jack he explains what happened to Allegra, and leads him to the ice caves to rescue her. Meanwhile, Barnaby Bear, Phineas Fox and Dinah Dog are captured by the queen, who imprisons them in magic bottles and leaves them to watch what happens to Jack in a crystal ball. When Jack rescues Allegra from the ice caves, the queen transports them back to the pit, where she battles them with a golden chain she uses as a whip.

When Squeeker Mouse tries to cover up the crystal ball with his cape so no one can see what is happening to Jack he knocks the crystal ball to the ground and it cracks. This breaks the spell imprisoning the animals, and they realize that the crystal is the source of the queen's power. Barnaby Bear throws the crystal ball out the window, and when it shatters the queen loses her powers and is transformed into a large goblin-like creature. Jack and friends pursue the queen, who has a large air-ship ready for her escape. She sets a time bomb to explode after she leaves, but Harvey Harpy ties the bomb to her air-ship as it takes off. As the queen tries to remove the bomb she crashes into the castle and explodes. This destroys the castle and breaks the spell cast by the evil queen, and one by one all the harpies turn back into children, including Allegra and Harvey, who celebrate with Jack.

## Voice cast

- Boy Jack (少年ジャック, Shōnen Jakku)

- Devil girl Kiky (悪魔の少女キキー, Akuma no shōjo Kikī), Allegra (English)

- Kiky's younger brother Shibari (キキーの弟シバリ, Kikī no otōto Shibari), Harvey Harpy (English)

- Mouse (ネズミ, Nezumi), Squeaker Mouse (English)

- Bear cub (子熊, Kokuma), Barnaby Bear (English)

- Fox (キツネ, Kitsune), Phineas Fox (English)

- Puppy (子犬, Koinu), Dinah Dog (English)

- Witch Grendel (魔女グレンデル, Majo Gurenderu), Auriana (English)

- Little devils (小悪魔, Shō akuma), harpies (English)

- Additional voices

## Release

Jack and the Witch is currently available as a region 2 DVD from Toei Video. The audio is Japanese, without an option for English audio or subtitles. Amazon Prime Video has the English version for sale or rent. Fan copies of the English version can sometimes be found on EBay or on fan sites.

## Reception

Starting at KTLA in Los Angeles, Jack and the Witch became an annual tradition to show on Halloween on stations across North America during the 1970's.


Croatian Democratic Union

# Croatian Democratic Union

## Abstract

The Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, lit. ' Croatian Democratic Community ', HDZ) is a major conservative, centre-right political party in Croatia. Since 2016, it has been the ruling political party in Croatia under the incumbent Prime Minister Andrej Plenković. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 55 seats. The HDZ governed Croatia from 1990 before the country gained independence from Yugoslavia until 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011, and since 2016.

HDZ is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, International Democracy Union, and the European People's Party, and sits in the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament.

## History

### Origins

The HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990. The HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia had just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia and scheduled elections for the Croatian Parliament.

The HDZ began as a nationalist party but also included former partisans and members of the Communist establishment, such as Josip Manolić and Josip Boljkovac. President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. At the beginning of democracy the communists called HDZ "the party of dangerous intentions". The HDZ won a majority in the Croatian Parliament, and Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia) became one of the few socialist countries where Communist single party rule was replaced by anti-Communist single party rule. 30 May 1990, the day the HDZ formally took power, was celebrated as Statehood Day.

### 1990–2000

A presidential election was held in 1992, and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president.

The party governed Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent (1991), was internationally recognized (1992), and consolidated all of its pre-war territory (by 1998). During that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections.

As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority and others who preferred to see Croatia remain inside the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. The role of the HDZ in those events is matter of controversy, even in Croatia, where some tend to view HDZ policy in the early stages of the conflict as extremist and a contributing factor in the escalation of violence while others (such as Marko Veselica 's Croatian Democratic Party) see the HDZ as having appeased Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army, therefore being responsible for Croatia's unpreparedness for defense. However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances.

### Transition to capitalism

The HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward a political and economic transition from socialism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, and at times possibly illegal, due to the selective nature of the privatizations (see Croatian privatization controversy). According to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post-World War II communist nationalizations. It was the HDZ in 1992 which enacted into law the right of corporations (the vast majority of which were under state ownership) the right to finally formally register themselves as the owners of nationalized property, thus completing their version of a process of quasi-nationalization started by the communist regime after WWII, in different targeted areas for their gain. Property returned included possessions nationalized from the Catholic Church or widely known individuals such as Gavrilović, the owner of a major meat-producing factory in Petrinja, south of Zagreb.

### HDZ after Tuđman's death

The 2000 parliamentary elections were held 3 January, weeks after Tuđman's death. The HDZ was defeated by a centre-left coalition of six opposition parties, led by Ivica Račan 's Social Democratic Party (SDP) and Dražen Budiša 's Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS). The election was seen as a referendum on the HDZ with a poor economy, corruption and crony capitalism being major factors in their ouster.

At the subsequent presidential election, HDZ candidate Mate Granić who was favored to win in the weeks prior to the parliamentary elections, finished third and therefore failed to enter the second round of voting, won by Stipe Mesić.

In the period from 2000 and 2003, several businessmen who became tycoons under the initial HDZ rule were tried and convicted for abuses, though in general the privatization process implemented by the HDZ remained unaltered. This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ; many thought the party could not recover. These people included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre (DC).

When the International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, this provoked a major backlash among the Croatian public. As the opposition party, the HDZ supported this popular discontent and actively resisted the transfers of generals to the ICTY. This gradually changed as the HDZ and its new leader Ivo Sanader began to distance themselves from the more extreme rhetoric, becoming perceived as moderates. This tendency continued when the HSLS shifted rightwards, making Sanader's HDZ and HSLS appear as like-oriented parties. This process was completed in 2002 when Ivić Pašalić, leader of the HDZ hardliners and perceived to be associated with the worst excesses of Tuđman's era, challenged Sanader for the party leadership, accusing him of betraying Tuđman's nationalist legacy. At first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention. Pašalić then left the HDZ to form the Croatian Bloc party.

### First Sanader government (2003–2008)

At the 2003 Croatian parliamentary election, the party won 33.9% of the popular vote and 66 out of 152 seats. Although it failed to win a clear majority in the Croatian Parliament, even with the help of the allied DC and HSLS, it formed a government with the nominally left-wing Independent Democratic Serb Party and the Croatian Party of Pensioners.

With such a broad and diverse mandate, the Sanader-led government vigorously pursued policies that amounted to the implementation of the basic criteria for joining the European Union, such as the return of refugees to their homes, rebuilding houses damaged in the war, improving minority rights, cooperating with the ICTY, and continuing to consolidate the Croatian economy. Despite this, the EU's Council of Ministers postponed Croatia's membership negotiations with the union on the grounds of its non-cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia over the case of indicted general Ante Gotovina.

This setback brought an increase in Eurosceptic views among the Croatian public, which also affected support for the HDZ. Since accession to the EU was a key part of Sanader's reformist course, opposition to his leadership within and outside the HDZ was on the rise. This opposition manifested itself at the 2005 local elections and the defection of Glavaš, who not only successfully challenged Sanader's authority but also managed to nominally deprive Sanader of his parliamentary majority.

### Second Sanader government (2008–2009)

Despite this defeat, the first Sanader-led government was able to survive until the end of the legislature. The subsequent parliamentary election in late November 2007 saw the HDZ hard-pressed both by the SDP -led leftist coalition and by the extreme right-wing Croatian Party of Rights and Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja.

During the electoral campaign a vigorous and sometimes ruthless reaction from the party and Sanader himself, together with some capital errors from SDP, convinced part of the far-right electorate to support the HDZ to prevent what they perceived as the heirs of the former communist party to return to power. The party won a majority of both seats and votes in the election, and the first session of the newly elected parliament was called for 11 January 2008. However, the SDP repeatedly refused to acknowledge defeat, claiming that they had the most votes if the diaspora ballot was not taken into account. The HDZ gained the support of the "yellow–green coalition" (HSS-HSLS) and of the HSU and national minorities representatives; Sanader formed a second government.

Although that government had a larger majority than the former one, its existence remained troubled because of the worsening of the previously good economic situation and a weariness of Croatian public opinion about what was felt to be an overly long HDZ rule. Another major drawback was the Slovenian blocking of several chapters of Croatia's EU accession terms until border disputes between the two countries had been settled. Although this ultimately led to an indefinite suspension of the Croatian EU accession negotiations, it did not affect the government's popularity. In this case, as would be expected, considering Croatian staunch patriotism and national self-consciousness, all parties and nearly every Croatian citizen were absolutely adamant in refusing at any cost any concessions over matters of national interest.

In the local elections held in May 2009, the HDZ, against all expectations, managed to grow again, coming ahead of the SDP. However, HDZ support did weaken in the larger cities.

On 1 July 2009, Ivo Sanader abruptly announced his resignation from politics and appointed Jadranka Kosor as his successor. She was confirmed as the new leader of the party on 3 July and was appointed by president Stipe Mesić as the prime minister-designate. Two days later the Sabor confirmed Kosor as the new prime minister, the first woman to hold the position.

In the same resignation speech, Sanader also appointed Andrija Hebrang, who had formerly held the posts of defence minister and health minister, as HDZ candidate for the incoming presidential election, decreasing any speculation about his own ambitions for that position.

The "Fimi media" was a corruption scandal which resulted from former Prime Minister Ivo Sanader stealing money from the state budget. USKOK has charged former Prime Minister Ivo Sanader, Fimi media CEO Nevenka Jurak, former treasurer of the Croatian Democratic Union Mladen Barišić, former spokesperson of the Croatian Democratic Union Ratko Maček and former chief accountant Branka Pavošević with damaging the state budget by 70 million kuna or approximately 9 million euros.

### Government of Jadranka Kosor

The HDZ was faced with bad poll ratings and a large clean-up task that was still underway when Sanader left. The officials used the 2009 convention to elect Jadranka Kosor party president by acclamation. Andrija Hebrang accepted his designation as the presidential candidate only at the end of July, after he underwent a thorough medical examination, to exclude any remaining trace of a previous carcinoma.

The Kosor government remained mostly unchanged from the previous Sanader government, but the HDZ suffered some internal turmoil as ministers Berislav Rončević and Damir Polančec left their posts after allegations of corruption. Along with several anti-corruption investigations, the party had to deal with an economic crisis. It began tackling the issue in April 2010 with a recovery program.

In the next presidential elections, Croatia was looking for a replacement for Stipe Mesić who had held the position for ten years. But Hebrang finished third, failing to reach the second stage in which SDP candidate Ivo Josipović overwhelmingly defeated former SDP member Milan Bandić.

However, many Croatian people were dissatisfied with the government and protested on the streets against the HDZ government, demanding that new elections be held as soon as possible. The police placed a guard on St. Mark's Square to prevent civilians from entering.

From 26 October 2011 USKOK expanded its investigation about "Slush Funds" on the HDZ as a legal entity. Previously, the investigation had included only Ivo Sanader, treasurers Milan Barišić and Branka Pavošević, general secretaries Branko Vukelić and Ivan Jarnjak and spokesman Ratko Maček. Party president Jadranka Kosor stated that this was one of the most critical moments of the HDZ. The HDZ became the first political party in Croatia to be charged with corruption.

### In the opposition

After the 2011 parliamentary elections, the HDZ become the opposition after 8 years in government. The HDZ won its smallest number of votes since its founding, 563,215.

On 20 May 2012, HDZ held a presidential election in which, a day later, Tomislav Karamarko become the winner and thus replaced Kosor as leader of the opposition. Karamarko announced that he would reestablish connections between Croatia and the Croatian diaspora.

Karamarko earlier announced that, after a process of the detudjmanization of the HDZ, he would return to the policies of Franjo Tuđman. He also stated that he could be "neither for Ante Pavelić nor Josip Broz Tito ", as both of them represented totalitarian systems. On 1 July 2013, HDZ received full member status of the European People's Party (EPP). On 11 March 2014, the HDZ and Ivo Sanader were found guilty of corruption.

### Plenković government (2016–present)

Following the collapse of the Tihomir Orešković government in June 2016, Tomislav Karamarko resigned as HDZ leader. The party elected former diplomat and member of the European Parliament Andrej Plenković as the new president, who won on a policy platform "devoid of extremes and populism". Plenković won the 2016 parliamentary election, in which he campaigned on a pro-European and moderate agenda. Plenković was appointed prime minister in October.

## Ideology

In terms of ideology, the HDZ statute, as well as its President Andrej Plenković and Secretary Gordan Jandroković, define the political position of the party as centre-right. However, there have significant shifts in HDZ's ideological and political positions, and there are both moderate and right-wing factions within the party with different interpretations of its basic positions.

The HDZ leaders during the 1990s described their party as centrist and Christian-democratic, although in practice they pursued ultranationalistic policies. However, the party was at the time mostly characterized as further to the right than in recent years.

At its beginning, the HDZ was an ethnically exclusive party that emphasized Croatian identity. Slogans such as "God and Croats" and "Croats get together" were common, which were incidentally also used by the leaders of the Ustaše -led Independent State of Croatia. Its discourse had a strong emotional appeal, evoking "fears, desires, material and symbolic benefits" to win over those who sought Croatian sovereignty over communism and drawing upon Croatian nationalist traditions. It did not recognize the plurality of identities when addressing its citizens, viewing them as "Catholic Croats" with anti-Serbian sentiments regularly appearing during its assemblies.

The HDZ's position regarding the European Union was soft Eurosceptic: there was no explicit opposition to the accession of Croatia to the EU, but the HDZ opposed some EU policies. Following the election of Ivo Sanader as the party president in 2000, the HDZ adopted a moderate centre-right position. Under Sanader, the party strongly pursued a pro-European policy, which continued under the leadership of Jadranka Kosor. Many observers considered the leadership of Tomislav Karamarko from 2012 to 2016 as a return of nationalism in the party. After Andrej Plenković, viewed as a moderate, came to power in 2016, the party moved back to a centre-right position. The HDZ has been described as Christian-democratic and pro-European.

In economic terms, the party advocates for a social market economy and expressed its opposition to economic liberalism in the 2002 programme.

## Election results

### Legislative

The following is a summary of the party's results in legislative elections for the Croatian Parliament. The "Total votes" and "Percentage" columns include sums of votes won by pre-election coalitions HDZ had been part of. After the preferential votes were included in the election system, the votes column also includes the sum of votes for HDZ's candidates on the coalition lists. The "Total seats" column includes sums of seats won by HDZ in election constituencies plus representatives of ethnic minorities affiliated with HDZ.

### Presidential

The following is a list of presidential candidates endorsed by HDZ in elections for President of Croatia.

## Party presidents since 1989

The chart below shows a timeline of the Croatian Democratic Union presidents and the Prime Ministers of Croatia. The left bar shows all the president of the HDZ, and the right bar shows the corresponding make-up of the Croatian government at that time. The blue (HDZ) and red (SDP) colours correspond to which party led the government. The last names of the respective prime ministers are shown, the Roman numeral stands for the cabinets.


National Geomagnetism Program

# National Geomagnetism Program

## Abstract

The U.S. National Geomagnetism Program is a program directed by the USGS that monitors the Earth's magnetic field.

## History

- 1840–1845 Magnetic observatories at Harvard and Girard College

- 1860 Coast Survey begins regular magnetic observations at Maine's Fort Sullivan, Tift's Observatory in Florida and others

- 1882–1883 First International Polar Year

- 1901–1956 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey operates Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory in Maryland

- 1905–1918 USC&GS Explorer performs magnetic surveys

- 1909 Carnegie wooden survey ship built for Carnegie Institution for Science begins seven cruises to measure the Earth's magnetic field

- 1932–1933 Second International Polar Year

- 1956 Fredericksburg Magnetic Observatory in Virginia replaces Cheltenham

- 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year

- 1961 Boulder Geomagnetic Observatory, Colorado

- 1973 NOAA/USC&GS geomagnetism program transferred to the USGS

- 1979–1980 Magsat satellite survey from orbit

- 1994 U.S. National Space Weather Program (NSWP), an interagency collaboration


Discalced Carmelites

# Discalced Carmelites

## Abstract

The Discalced Carmelites, known officially as the Order of the Discalced Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Carmelitarum Discalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo) or the Order of Discalced Carmelites (Latin: Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum; abbrev.: OCD; sometimes called in earlier times, Latin: Ordo Carmelitarum Excalceatorum), is a Catholic mendicant order with roots in the eremitic tradition of the Desert Fathers. The order was established in the 16th century, pursuant to the reform of the Carmelite Order by two Spanish saints, Teresa of Ávila (foundress) and John of the Cross (co-founder). Discalced is derived from Latin, meaning "without shoes".

The Carmelite Order, from which the Discalced Carmelites branched off, is also referred to as the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance to distinguish them from their discalced offshoot. The third order affiliated to the Discalced Carmelites is the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites.

## Background

The Discalced Carmelites are friars and nuns who dedicate themselves to a life of prayer. The Carmelite nuns live in cloistered (enclosed) monasteries and follow a completely contemplative life. The Carmelite friars, while following a contemplative life, also engage in the promotion of spirituality through their retreat centres, parishes and churches. Lay people, known as the Secular Order, follow their contemplative call in their everyday activities. Devotion to the Virgin Mary is a characteristic of Carmelites and is symbolised by wearing the brown scapular.

Carmelites trace their roots and their name to Mount Carmel in the Holy Land. There, in the 13th century, a band of European men gathered together to live a simple life of prayer. Their first chapel was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and they called themselves the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel.

The Muhraka monastery on the top of Mount Carmel near Haifa in Israel is a historic Carmelite monastery. The monastery stands on the place where the prophet Elijah is said to have lived and fought the prophets of Baal.

The first Carmelites were pilgrims to Mount Carmel who settled there in solitude. These early hermits were mostly laity, who lived a life of poverty, penance and prayer. Between 1206 and 1214, Albert Avogadro, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, brought the hermits on Mount Carmel together into community. At their request he wrote them a rule, which expressed their own intention and reflected the spirit of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land and of the early community of Jerusalem. They were also inspired by the prophet Elijah, who had been associated with Mount Carmel. The words of Elijah, "With zeal have I been zealous for the Lord God of hosts" (IKg 19:10) appear on the Carmelite crest. Around 1238, within fifty years of receiving their rule, the Carmelite hermits were forced by the Saracens to leave Mount Carmel and to settle in Europe.

## Founding

A combination of political and social conditions that prevailed in Europe in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries – the Hundred Years' War, Black Plague, the Reformation and the Humanist revival – adversely affected the Order. Many Carmelites and even whole communities succumbed to contemporary attitudes and conditions diametrically opposed to their original vocation. To meet this situation the rule was "mitigated" several times. Consequently, the Carmelites bore less and less resemblance to the first hermits of Mount Carmel.

Teresa of Avila considered the surest way to prayer to be a return to Carmel's authentic vocation. A group of nuns assembled in her cell one September evening in 1560, taking their inspiration from the primitive tradition of Carmel and the discalced reform of Peter of Alcantara, a controversial movement within Spanish Franciscanism, proposed to found a monastery of an eremitical kind.

With few resources and often bitter opposition, Teresa succeeded in 1562 in establishing a small monastery with the austerity of desert solitude within the heart of the city of Ávila, Spain, combining eremitical and community life. On 24 August 1562, the new Convent of St. Joseph was founded. Teresa's rule, which retained a distinctively Marian character, contained exacting prescriptions for a life of continual prayer, safeguarded by strict enclosure and sustained by the asceticism of solitude, manual labor, perpetual abstinence, fasting, and fraternal charity. In addition to this, Teresa envisioned an order fully dedicated to poverty.

Working in close collaboration with Teresa was John of the Cross, who with Anthony of Jesus founded the first convent of Discalced Carmelite friars in Duruelo, Spain on 28 November 1568.

The Discalced Carmelites were established as a separate province of the Carmelite Order by the decree Pia consideratione of Pope Gregory XIII on 22 June 1580. By this decree the Discalced Carmelites were still subject to the Prior General of the Carmelite Order in Rome, but were otherwise distinct from the Carmelites in that they could elect their own superiors and author their own constitutions for their common life. The following Discalced Carmelite Chapter at Alcala de Henares, Spain in March 1581 established the constitutions of the Discalced Carmelites and elected the first provincial of the Discalced Carmelites, Jerome Gratian. This office was later translated into that of Superior General of the Discalced Carmelites.

## The Carmelite charism

The heart of the Carmelite charism is prayer and contemplation. The quality of prayer determines the quality of the community life and the quality of the service which is offered to others. Prayer and contemplation for the Carmelite are not private matters between the individual and God but are to be shared with others since the charism is given for the whole world. Therefore, there is an emphasis in the order on the ministry of teaching prayer and giving spiritual direction.

For a Carmelite, prayer is guided by the teachings and experience of Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross, as well as the saints who have followed in their steps, such as Thérèse of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face, Elizabeth of the Trinity, Teresa of Jesus of Los Andes, and martyrs such as Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, Père Jacques and the sixteen Martyrs of Compiegne. Fraternity, service, and contemplation are essential values for all Carmelites.

When the Carmelites were forced to leave Mount Carmel, they changed their practice from being hermits to friars. The major difference is that friars are called to serve the People of God in some active apostolate. Some congregations were founded for a specific work, but the Carmelite Order tries to respond to what it sees as the needs of the church and the world - which differ according to time and place. Many friars work in such institutions as parishes, schools, universities, retreat centres, prisons and hospitals. Each individual friar will serve in roles depending on the perceived needs of the people with whom he lives and his own particular talents.

Each day is marked by silence for prayer. In addition to the daily celebration of the full Liturgy of the Hours, two hours (one in the morning, one in the evening) are set aside for silent prayer. Communities should not have more than 21 members. The friars practice a broadly-based discipline of study.

## Bishops

## Communities of Discalced Carmelite tradition

- Byzantine Discalced Carmelites

- Carmelites of Mary Immaculate

- Monks of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel

- Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites

- Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel

- Episcopal Carmel of Saint Teresa


1989–90 in Swiss football

# 1989–90 in Swiss football

## Abstract

The following is a summary of the 1989–90 season of competitive football in Switzerland.

## Nationalliga A

### Qualification phase

### Championship group

The first eight teams of the qualification phase competed in the Championship round. The teams took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the qualification as bonus with them.

## Nationalliga B

### Qualification phase

### Promotion/relegation round

### Relegation round NLB/1. Liga

The last six teams in each of the two qualification phase groups competed in two relegation groups against relegation to the 1. Liga 1991–92. The teams received ranking bonus points from their qualifying groups (7th place 6 pts; 8th place 5 pts; 9th place 4 pts; etc). There was to be one direct relegation in each group, plus a play-out against relegation between both second last placed teams.

### Relegation play-out

FC Montreux-Sports won 7–1 on aggregate and FC Zug were relegated to 1990–91 1. Liga.

## 1. Liga

### Group 1

### Group 2

### Group 3

### Group 4

### Promotion play-off

Urania Genève Sport win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 4–1 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Kriens win 3–2 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 6–3 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

Urania Genève Sport win 7–4 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the third promotion place was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win, but refused promotion, so SC Kriens are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the 1. Liga championship was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Urania Genève Sport ' win and become 1. Liga champions. '

### Relegation play-out

FC Raron continue to the final.

FC Vaduz continue to the final.

FC Raron win 4–3 on aggregate and remain in the division. FC Vaduz are relegated to 2. Liga.

## Sources

- Switzerland 1989–90 at RSSSF

- Cup finals at Fussball-Schweiz

- Intertoto history at Pawel Mogielnicki's Page

{ { 1989–90 in Swiss football } }


Canaveral National Seashore

# Canaveral National Seashore

## Abstract

The Canaveral National Seashore (CANA) is a National Seashore located between New Smyrna Beach and Titusville, Florida, in Volusia and Brevard Counties. The park, located on a barrier island, was created on January 3, 1975, by an act of Congress. The park is split between Brevard and Volusia counties, with 9 miles of the seashore in Brevard County, and 15 miles of the seashore in Volusia County. CANA consists of 24 miles of beaches, dunes, mangrove wetlands, and a large portion of the Mosquito Lagoon. The Canaveral National Seashore is also the longest expanse of undeveloped land along the East Coast of Florida. The Canaveral National Seashore is home to more than 1,000 plant species and 310 bird species. CANA occupies 57,662 acres (23,335 ha) (including lagoons). There are 3 major beach sections in the seashore. The southern section is Playalinda Beach, the middle section is Klondike Beach, and the northern section is Apollo Beach.

## History

The National Park Service has documented 120 archaeological sites within the seashore. Their analysis shows Paleo-Indians began hunting and gathering and later cultivating in the area as early as 2000 B.C.E. Mounds and middens remain today as evidence of from this era. Snyder’s Mound at Seminole Rest dates to their earliest period. Castle Windy is a 17 foot tall midden located on the barrier island, which dates from 1200 CE and continued for another 300 years. Turtle Mound, at 35 feet in height, is the largest midden. It dates to the historical period, called Surruque by early Spanish mapmakers, named for native people residing in the area. Later it became known as Turtle Mound as an obvious navigational landmark for sailors along the Florida Coast.

The names Canaveral and Los Moquitos, now Cape Canaveral and Mosquito Lagoon, noted by Spanish explorers in the sixteenth century are among the oldest place names in North America. Turtle Mound was documented by early naturalists William Bartram in 1774, and Andre Michaux in 1788.

As early as 1934, the National Park Service began investigating areas suitable for “national beach parks,” leading to the establishment of Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 1937. In 1955, the National Park Service published Our Vanishing Shoreline (1955), which made the case for protecting undeveloped coastal areas for conservation and recreation. Following its publication, 126 undeveloped areas were identified with sixteen as a priority. One of those sites was Mosquito Lagoon and the undeveloped portions of the barrier island associated with it.

In 1961 NASA selected Cape Canaveral as the primary launch location for space exploration. Soon afterwards, NASA undertook acquisition of over 100 square miles of lands along the barrier island, Mosquito Lagoon, and mainland areas as a launch buffer. In 1963 NASA and the Department of Interior reached agreement to dedicate 25,000 acres as Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. Over the next decade the refuge was expanded to 140,000 acres. That same year Florida passed a bond issue to acquire lands for state parks and began purchasing lands along the barrier island south of Turtle Mound which had previously been acquired a state historical site.

By 1968 there was growing community support for establishment of a national seashore. During this time artist-environmentalist Doris Leeper led efforts to stop proposed developments on the barrier island. On April 26, 1968, the Volusia County Board of Commissioners passed Resolution No. 68-51 requesting the Department of the Interior to establish a National Seashore on the east coast of Volusia County, Florida. In 1968, William "Bill" Chappell and Lou Frey were elected to Congress and introduced legislation to establish the seashore. On April 5 and 6, 1974, Congressman Roy Taylor, chairman of the house subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation, brought a congressional party to review the proposed site. A second group, including chairman of the Senate National Parks and Recreation Committee, Senator Alan Bible, visited on April 19. Things then began to progress quickly. Florida State Parks committed to transfer approximately 4,000 acres of lands it had already acquired to the proposed seashore. On the other hand, the Department of Interior raised questions about possible conflicts with rocket launches at Cape Canaveral. The House passed the Seashore Act on December 3, with the Senate following suit on December 17. Still objecting, Department of Interior urged a veto of the bill, but on January 3, 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the bill into law. For many years Rep. Frey credited Doris Leeper as “the driving force behind establishment of Canaveral National Seashore.”

## Recreation

The Canaveral National Seashore is a popular place for boaters, kayakers, fishers, sun-bathers, and hunters with many opportunities for recreation. It features numerous boat ramps and locations for launching kayaks, along with miles of beaches popular with locals and tourists.

The John F. Kennedy Space Center is located at the southern end of the barrier island occupied by Canaveral National Seashore, so access to the seashore is often restricted during launch-related activities at the space center. The Playalinda Beach has 13 parking lots numbered from the south. NASA's Launch Complex 39B and SpaceX's Launch Complex 39A are easily visible from the approach of the Parking Lot 1 as well as most of the beach. Playalinda is usually a popular location for the public to get a close viewing of launches from Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Although space is limited and viewing areas are pushed back depending on the launch.

The seashore also is home to 2 nude beaches. Nudists frequent Apollo beach between parking lot 5 on the New Smyrna side, and parking lot 13 for Playalinda Beach on the Titusville side. Nudity is legal in the seashore's Volusia County sections past parking lot 5, but is illegal in the Brevard County sections. Those who wish to sunbathe or swim nude on Playalinda are supposed to walk about a mile North on the beach to enter the Volusia County section of Playalinda, though the law is sporadically enforced, and Playalinda has a reputation of being a clothing-optional beach.

Fishing and hunting are extremely popular in the seashore. On the beaches, anglers target species such as pompano, whiting, bluefish, and sharks. On the Mosquito Lagoon side of the seashore, there are a few fishing piers accessible from the roads. Shoreline anglers target species such as speckled trout, redfish, sheepshead, black drum and mangrove snapper. Over 2/3 of the entire seashore consists of the Mosquito Lagoon, and there are several kayak and motorboat launches that are located within the seashore. Hunters often launch from the seashore to enter the neighboring Merritt Island Wildlife Refuge during hunting season, as hunters are allowed to hunt waterfowl, deer, and wild pigs on specific days of the week in portions of the seashore and the refuge during hunting season. A few popular waterfowl targets are Canada goose, teal duck, and wood duck.


Jamie Chadwick

# Jamie Chadwick

## Abstract

Jamie Laura Chadwick (born 20 May 1998) is a British racing driver who races for Andretti Global in Indy NXT. She won the inaugural W Series season in 2019, before retaining her title in 2021 and 2022. She holds the records for the most wins, podiums, pole positions and points in the W Series. She has also competed in the Race of Champions for Great Britain alongside David Coulthard, as well as racing in Extreme E. She is a development driver for the Williams Formula One team.

## Personal life

Chadwick was born on 20 May 1998 in Bath and grew up on the Isle of Man. Her father Michael is a property developer, and her mother Jasmine is an Indian-born businesswoman. Chadwick was educated at Cheltenham College, Gloucestershire. She currently resides in London and is in a relationship with racing driver Struan Moore.

## Career

### Early career

Chadwick started her motorsports career in kart racing at the age of 11, following her brother Oliver into the sport. She started car racing in 2013 when she turned down a trial with the England under-18 hockey team to compete at the Ginetta Junior scholarship weekend, where she triumphed to win a scholarship for the 2013 Ginetta Junior Championship season. Chadwick raced alongside her brother for the JHR Developments team, finishing tenth in the championship, second-last of all full-time competitors and behind her teammate and brother Oliver. She remained in the series for 2014, taking five podium finishes during the year to finish eighth overall in the championship.

In March 2015, Chadwick was announced as one of the drivers for Beechdean Motorsport in the 2015 British GT Championship, competing in the GT4 class. Chadwick and her co-driver, Ross Gunn, an Aston Martin factory driver, took two wins and five podiums during the season in their Aston Martin V8 Vantage, including a win in the Silverstone 24-Hour race. This made Chadwick the first female and youngest ever champion of the British GT Championship.

Going into 2016, Chadwick stayed in British GT Championship, driving in the GT4 pro class with Generation AMR SuperRacing for the first, second and sixth rounds, before returning to Beechdean Motorsport to race in the pro-am class with Paul Hollywood for the final three races of the season. Chadwick ultimately finished fifteenth in the championship.

Chadwick also competed in race 9 of the 2016 VLN season, driving the Nexcel AMR Aston Martin GT8 and finishing third in the SP8 class.

### Transition to single-seater racing

Chadwick moved into single-seater racing in 2017, joining Double R Racing to compete in the 2017 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship. She achieved her first and only podium of the season with a third place finish at Rockingham in the fifth round of the championship, ultimately finishing ninth overall for the season. For the 2018 season, Chadwick remained in the BRDC British Formula 3 Championship, moving to Douglas Motorsport. In August, she became the first ever woman to win a British F3 race by claiming victory in the reversed-grid race at Brands Hatch, and finished the season in eighth place.

Chadwick also entered the 2018 24 Hours of Nürburgring, driving the Aston Martin Vantage V8 GT4 in the SP8 class alongside Jonathan Adam, Alex Lynn and Pete Cate. The team finished fifth in class and sixty-third overall.

Chadwick proceeded to sign on for the 2018-19 MRF Challenge season in November 2018, and topped both initial practice sessions. Chadwick had success in the early rounds of the championship, finishing second in three of the five races in the opening weekend in Dubai. She followed this up with wins in six of the remaining ten races at Bahrain and Chennai to take the title, becoming the first ever woman to win the MRF Challenge. Chadwick also participated in two test drives with the NIO Formula E team in Riyadh and Marrakesh.

### W Series

In March 2019, Chadwick was announced as one of the entrants for the inaugural season of the W Series. Chadwick was also announced as an official junior driver for Aston Martin Racing, extending an existing unofficial relationship that dated back to 2014. At the first W Series race at Hockenheim, Chadwick put in a dominant performance, leading both practice sessions and qualifying on pole. Despite briefly giving up the race lead to Alice Powell, Chadwick came from behind to take the first win in W Series history. Two weeks later at Zolder, Chadwick again started on pole, however lost the lead to Beitske Visser from the start, and had to fight off Powell after locking up and running wide later in the race, ultimately holding onto second place.

In the next W Series race at Misano the following month, Chadwick qualified second behind Fabienne Wohlwend, but passed her on the start and held off pressure from Visser to take her second W Series win. Chadwick then finished in third place behind Marta García and Visser at Norisring, after a long battle with the latter that saw her lose second place on the start and make a late lunge in an attempt to regain the place towards the end of the race.

At Assen, Chadwick started and finished in third, holding off late pressure from Visser. In the non-championship reverse grid race the following day, Chadwick fought through the field to finish eighth after starting from the back of the grid. Chadwick entered the W Series championship decider at Brands Hatch with a 13 point lead on second placed Visser, and proceeded to start on pole for the third time. Despite defending the lead initially, she lacked race pace and lost positions to Powell, Emma Kimiläinen and finally Visser, however her eventual fourth placed finish was enough to hold off Visser and win the inaugural W Series title. She was then nominated for the 2019 BRDC Young Driver of the Year Award.

The 2020 W Series season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 Chadwick would retain her W Series title after a close, season-long battle with Alice Powell —thus adding 15 points to her Super Licence points tally and making her available for future free practice sessions in Formula One.

On 22 February 2022, Chadwick was confirmed to stay in W Series for a 3rd season, driving for Jenner Racing. She qualified on pole position for the second race of the 2022 season, which was part of the double header at the Miami International Autodrome, as the drivers' second best qualifying times set the grid for the second race. She won the first race, overtaking Emma Kimiläinen on the final lap. She won the second race the next day, as well as the one at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, meaning she had won five consecutive W Series races, four of which were in America. Following the early termination of the 2022 W Series championship for financial reasons, Chadwick was declared series champion for the third time, ahead of second-placed Beitske Visser. She was once again a finalist for the BRDC Young Driver of the Year Award.

### Other racing series

Chadwick participated in the opening three races of the 2019 F3 Asian Championship, as preparation for the inaugural season of the W Series. She also entered the 2019 24 Hours of Nürburgring with Aston Martin, racing alongside Alex Brundle and Peter Cate in the Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT4, finishing first in the SP8 class and twenty-seventh overall.

In September 2019, Chadwick joined Double R Racing to test drive their Euroformula Open car in Silverstone, with a view towards a competitive drive in the series in the future.

In 2020, Chadwick was awarded her first 10 of the 40 points (25 points for free practice) needed to qualify for an FIA Super Licence, after finishing fourth overall in the 2019–20 F3 Asian Championship.

On 16 June 2020, it was announced that she had joined Italian outfit Prema Powerteam, to be one of the team's four drivers in the 2020 Formula Regional European Championship. Despite being the most experienced driver in the field, she only managed 9th in the standings, 263 points behind her nearest teammate and third-last of all drivers to complete the whole season.

Chadwick was one of the first drivers announced to compete in the inaugural season of Extreme E in 2021. She ended up running a partial campaign due to clashes with the W Series, taking part in three races with Veloce Racing. The team had to withdraw from the first race due to damage to the car, but placed 2nd in the second round and 6th in the final round. Chadwick then drove the car in a shootout at the 2022 Goodwood Festival of Speed, partnering with Max Fewtrell.

### Williams F1

On May 20, 2019, Chadwick became the second driver to join the Williams Driver Academy, signing on as a development driver for the team. In March 2021, Williams announced that Chadwick would continue as a development driver for the season.

Chadwick remained with the Williams Driver Academy for 2023. She drove Keke Rosberg’s FW08C at the 2023 Goodwood Festival of Speed, marking her first time in a Formula 1 car. In 2024, Chadwick's title changed to became a "Williams Racing Driver", as well as becoming the F1 Academy Advisor for fellow Williams driver Lia Block.

### Indy NXT

In August 2022, Andretti Autosport announced that they planned to test Chadwick in one of the team's Dallara IL-15 Indy Lights cars at Sebring International Raceway in September 2022. The test took place on 21 September and Chadwick covered over 120 laps of the circuit. Subsequently, it was announced on 1 December 2022 that Andretti Autosport had signed Chadwick to drive in the 2023 Indy NXT season. Inexperience with both the car and the tracks meant Chadwick struggled to get up to speed, but she improved in the second half of the season, earning five top-10 finishes over the final 8 races.

In October 2023, it was announced that Chadwick would return to Andretti Global (formerly Andretti Autosport) for the 2024 Indy NXT season. She showed immediate improvement from the previous season, qualifying 10th for the first race, and inside the top 6 in the next 4 races. Chadwick fought in the front of the pack for the first races, but contact and mechanical issues meant she didn't have results representative of her pace. Chadwick scored her best result to date in race 3 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, finishing on the podium in third place. She became the first woman to finish on the podium in Indy NXT since Pippa Mann in 2010. In race 6 at Road America she took a lights to flag victory, to convert her maiden pole position to a maiden win, becoming the first women to win in Indy NXT/Indy Lights since Ana Beatriz in 2009. She also became the first woman in series history to claim a road course pole and road course win.

On July 31, 2024, it was announced that Chadwick would be taking part in an official IndyCar test with Andretti Global at Barber Motosports Park on September 30.

## Racing record

### Career summary

* Season still in progress.

### Complete British GT Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position in class) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap in class)

### Complete W Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula Regional European Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

### Complete Extreme E results

(key)

### American open-wheel racing results

#### Indy NXT

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (Races with indicate a race lap led) (Races with * indicate most race laps led)


Aco Vasiljević

# Aco Vasiljević

## Abstract

Aleksandar Vasiljević (born 25 September 1973), commonly known as Aco Vasiljević, is a retired Serbian football striker.