Beetlejuice Beetlejuice

# Beetlejuice Beetlejuice

## Abstract

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice is a 2024 American dark fantasy comedy horror film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. A sequel to Beetlejuice (1988) and the second film of the Beetlejuice franchise, the film stars Michael Keaton, Winona Ryder, and Catherine O'Hara reprising their roles alongside new cast members Justin Theroux, Monica Bellucci, Jenna Ortega, and Willem Dafoe. Set over three decades after the first Beetlejuice, it follows Lydia Deetz, now a mother, struggling to keep her family together in the wake of a loss as the specter Betelgeuse returns to haunt her.

After the success of Beetlejuice, plans for a sequel were announced by The Geffen Film Company, its original producers, but did not materialize until 2011 when Warner Bros. Pictures hired Seth Grahame-Smith to pitch a story and went through numerous revisions before being shelved in late 2019 and eventually got revived three years later. Burton co-produced the film with Brad Pitt 's studio Plan B Entertainment, and the casting process continued till early 2023. Principal photography, supervised by cinematographer Haris Zambarloukos, took place at parts of England and United States from May to November 2023, despite being suspended for four months due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. The official title was revealed in February 2024. During post-production, editing was handled by Jay Prychidny and the musical score was composed by longtime collaborator Danny Elfman.

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice opened the 81st Venice International Film Festival on August 28, 2024, and was theatrically released overseas on September 4, 2024, and in the United States by Warner Bros. Pictures two days later. The film has received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $264 million worldwide on a $99–100 million budget.

## Plot

In 2024, Lydia Deetz is the host of a supernatural talk show called Ghost House, produced by her boyfriend Rory. During the taping of a segment, she sees visions of the ghost Betelgeuse, who haunted her family thirty-six years earlier, in the audience.

Lydia runs off set to meet with her stepmother, Delia, who shares the news about the death of her father, Charles. En route to Winter River for the funeral services, the surviving Deetz family pick up Lydia's estranged daughter, Astrid, from boarding school. Following the funeral services, Rory proposes to Lydia in front of the attendees, which she reluctantly accepts, causing Astrid to flee and meet Jeremy Frazier, who invites her over prior to the wedding on Halloween.

At Jeremy's house, Astrid learns that Jeremy is actually a ghost seeking her help to restore his life. The two enter the afterlife after he has her recite an incantation from the Handbook for the Recently Deceased. Discovering Jeremy's past as a murderer, Lydia reluctantly calls upon Betelgeuse to help retrieve Astrid. He agrees but demands that Lydia marry him, allowing him to stay in the mortal world and escape Delores, his vengeful ex-wife and murderer, in the afterlife. While this is happening, Delia conducts a ceremony at Charles' grave using two live asps she believes were defanged, which bite and kill her.

Lydia consents to the marriage, and she and Betelgeuse are transported into the afterlife train station in an attempt to stop Astrid from boarding the "Soul Train", which transports souls into the beyond. By reciting the incantation, Astrid was tricked into switching places with Jeremy in order for him to regain his life. She recognizes one of the station's employees as her deceased father, Richard, who rescues her and Lydia while Betelgeuse sends Jeremy to Hell.

Hunted by ghost detective Wolf Jackson for bringing Lydia into the afterlife, Betelgeuse agrees to help Delia find Charles if she helps him find Lydia, who along with Astrid was ushered away and returned to Winter River by Richard. At a church in the mortal world, Lydia and Astrid arrive as Rory waits at the altar. Betelgeuse, with Delia's assistance, hijacks the wedding, injecting Rory with truth serum to reveal that he never loved Lydia and only intended to marry her for her money. Enraged, she calls off the relationship and punches him unconscious. As Betelgeuse prepares to marry Lydia, Delores arrives to confront him, as does Wolf with his team. Using the handbook as a guide, Astrid unleashes a sandworm into the church that eats Delores and Rory, while Betelgeuse subdues Wolf by freezing him and his men in place.

Astrid reveals that Betelgeuse violated the rules of the handbook by bringing Lydia into the afterlife, thwarting the wedding and allowing Lydia to return him to the afterlife. Afterward, Lydia and Astrid reassure Delia of their love for her as she is escorted to the afterlife by Wolf. She soon reunites with Charles before boarding the Soul Train for Heaven.

Sometime later, Lydia completes the final episode of Ghost House, opting to spend time with Astrid. Despite this, she continues to have nightmares about Betelgeuse, including one in which Astrid gives birth to a child Betelgeuse. After a false awakening within a lucid nightmare, wherein Betelgeuse lies beside her, Lydia looks at the side of the bed, realizing that he has not given up on pursuing her.

## Cast

- Michael Keaton as Betelgeuse (pronounced "Beetlejuice"), an afterlife ghost and "bio-exorcist" who wants to marry someone from the realm of the living. Despite political correctness being a commonality in modern films, both Keaton and director Tim Burton opted to keep the character as politically incorrect as he was in the original film due to their love for that character trait, with Burton deeming Betelgeuse as a character whose whole point is that he does not undergo any character arc or development, never evolving.

- Winona Ryder as Lydia Deetz, the former gothic teenager who was almost forced to marry Betelgeuse, now mother of Astrid Deetz and hostess of the Ghost House with Lydia Deetz show. Ryder initially imagined her character would live as a spinster in the Maitland residence's attic, but appreciated the development of her character, particularly around her relationship with daughter Astrid.

- Catherine O'Hara as Delia Deetz, Lydia's stepmother, Astrid's stepgrandmother and Charles Deetz's widow, now the hostess of a real art show located in a Soho gallery.

- Jenna Ortega as Astrid Deetz, Lydia's teenage daughter and Delia's step-granddaughter.

- Justin Theroux as Rory, Lydia's current boyfriend and a television producer. Rory was inspired by Otho, Delia Deetz's interior design and exorcist friend played by Glenn Shadix in the original film. Writers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar devised him as a character who everyone wanted to see getting his comeuppance like Otho, and enjoying the idea of Lydia being in a weird codependent relationship which everyone sees that way, herself included. Gough and Millar wanted the audience to understand why Rory is with Lydia and that he was a "schmuck," but they felt that they needed to find Rory's humanity without him being a mere punchline. Once Theroux was cast and connected with the writers over Zoom, he provided Gough and Millar with ideas they incorporated.

- Monica Bellucci as Delores, Betelgeuse's ex-wife who, in life, was a mysterious soul-sucking witch who poisoned Betelgeuse several centuries earlier during the Black Plague before he killed her with an axe in retaliation.

- Willem Dafoe as Wolf Jackson, a ghost detective who, in life, was a B movie action star.

- Arthur Conti as Jeremy Frazier, a teenage murderer who is Astrid's brief love interest.

- Burn Gorman as Father Damien, a reverend in Winter River.

- Amy Nuttall as local real estate agent Jane Butterfield Jr., the daughter of the first film's Jane Butterfield Sr., portrayed in the previous film by Rachel Mittelman.

- Santiago Cabrera as Richard, Astrid's father and Lydia's former husband who disappeared in South America.

- Danny DeVito as an afterlife janitor who died at the hands of Delores.

- Nick Kellington as Bob, a zombie considered a "shrinker" who resides in the Neitherland.

- Mark Heenhan (physical) and Charlie Hopkinson (voice) as Charles Deetz, Lydia's father and Delia's deceased husband who was decapitated by a shark, hence why he goes to the afterlife without his upper half. The character is depicted with the likeness of original actor Jeffrey Jones through various means, including archival photos, paintings and an animated stop-motion sequence that describes the character's death. The character's death was inspired by a nightmare of Burton's about his own death.

Jane Leaney and David Ayres portray Mrs. and Mr. Frazier, Jeremy's murdered parents. Georgina Beedle portrays Janet, Wolf Jackson's secretary who "keeps him real," while Filipe Cates portrays Vlad, a young man dressed as a vampire who marries Astrid in Lydia's dream.

## Production

### Development

After the success of Beetlejuice (1988), a sequel was fast-tracked by The Geffen Film Company. Two Beetlejuice sequel scripts were commissioned in 1990: the first, Beetlejuice in Love, was penned by screenwriter Warren Skaaren, who did a heavy re-write on the first film's script. In Skaaren's sequel, Betelgeuse meets Leo, who tragically plummets to his death while proposing to his girlfriend, Julia, on the Eiffel Tower. When Leo enters the afterlife, Betelgeuse escapes to the world of the living and pursues Julia. Skaaren died shortly after turning in his first draft of the In Love script. That same year, Tim Burton hired Jonathan Gems to write a potential Beetlejuice sequel titled Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian. "Tim thought it would be funny to match the surfing backdrop of a beach movie with some sort of German Expressionism, because they're totally wrong together," Gems said. The story followed the Deetz family moving to Hawaii, where Charles is developing a resort. They soon discover that his company is building on the burial ground of an ancient Hawaiian Kahuna. The spirit comes back from the afterlife to cause trouble, and Betelgeuse becomes a hero by winning a surf contest with magic. Michael Keaton and Winona Ryder agreed to do the film, on the condition that Burton directed, but both he and Keaton became occupied with Batman Returns (1992).

Burton was still interested in Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian in early 1991. Impressed with Daniel Waters ' work on Heathers (1989), which also stars Winona Ryder, Burton approached him for a rewrite. However, he eventually signed Waters to write the script for Batman Returns. By August 1993, producer David Geffen hired Pamela Norris (Troop Beverly Hills, Saturday Night Live) to rewrite. Warner Bros. approached Kevin Smith in 1996 to rewrite the script, though Smith turned down the offer in favor of Superman Lives. Smith later joked that his response was "Didn't we say all we needed to say in the first Beetlejuice? Must we go tropical?" In March 1997, Gems released a statement saying "The Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian script is still owned by The Geffen Company and it will likely never get made. You really couldn't do it now anyway. Winona is too old for the role, and the only way they could make it would be to totally recast it." Burton had considered several other sequel ideas as well over the years, saying in 2024, "We talked about lots of different things. That was early on when we were going, Beetlejuice and the Haunted Mansion, Beetlejuice Goes West, whatever. Lots of things came up," but all those initial scenarios set in Hawaii, the Wild West or Paris, France were all scrapped.

In September 2011, Warner Bros. hired Seth Grahame-Smith, who collaborated with Burton on Dark Shadows and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (both 2012), to write and produce a sequel to Beetlejuice. Grahame-Smith signed on with the intention of doing "a story that is worthy of us actually doing this for real, something that is not just about cashing in, is not just about forcing a remake or a reboot down someone's throat." He was also adamant that Keaton would return and that Warner Bros. would not recast the role. Burton and Keaton had not officially signed on but would return if the script was good enough. Grahame-Smith met with Keaton in February 2012, "We talked for a couple of hours and talked about big picture stuff. It's a priority for Warner Bros. It's a priority for Tim. been wanting to do it for 20 years and he'll talk to anybody about it who will listen."

I don't wanna be the guy that destroys the legacy and the memory of the first film, I would rather die. I would rather just not make it, I'd rather just throw the whole thing away than make something that pays no respect and doesn't live up even close to the legacy of the first film. The story would be set in a real time frame from 1988. This will be a true 26 or 27 years later sequel. What's great is that for Beetlejuice, time means nothing in the afterlife, but the world outside is a different story.

—Seth Grahame-Smith (writer)

In November 2013, Ryder hinted at a possible return for the sequel as well by saying, "I'm kind of sworn to secrecy but it sounds like it might be happening. It's 27 years later. And I have to say, I love Lydia Deetz so much. She was such a huge part of me. I would be really interested in what she is doing 27 years later." Ryder confirmed that she would only consider making a sequel if Burton and Keaton were involved. In December 2014, Burton stated, "It's a character that I love and I miss actually working with Michael. There's only one Betelgeuse. We're working on a script and I think it's probably closer than ever and I'd love to work with him again." In January 2015, writer Grahame-Smith told Entertainment Weekly that the script was finished and that he and Burton intended to start filming Beetlejuice 2 by the end of the year, and that both Keaton and Ryder would return in their respective roles. While negotiating to join the Netflix show Stranger Things as Joyce Byers in mid-2015, Ryder accepted that role under the sole request to the Duffer Brothers that if a Beetlejuice sequel ever got greenlighted, they would let her take a break from the series to film it, as she and Burton had been having conversations about the project since 2000; the Duffers agreed. In August 2015, on Late Night with Seth Meyers, Ryder confirmed she would be reprising her role in the sequel. In May 2016, Burton stated, "It's something that I really would like to do in the right circumstances, but it's one of those films where it has to be right. It's not a kind of a movie that cries out, it's not the Beetlejuice trilogy. So it's something that if the elements are right—because I do love the character and Michael's amazing as that character, so yeah we'll see. But there's nothing concrete yet." In October 2017, Mike Vukadinovich was hired to re-write the script. In April 2019, Warner Bros. stated the sequel had been shelved.

### Pre-production

In February 2022, a sequel was announced again, this time produced by Brad Pitt 's studio Plan B Entertainment, alongside Warner Bros. Burton stated in October 2022 that he was not involved in the project, but backtracked days later, saying "nothing is out of the question." Burton ultimately returned as the film's director and tried to strip everything from the story to go to the basics of working with "good people, actors and puppets," feeling that the project made him reflect why he liked making movies. Burton came up with the film's story upon thinking about Lydia Deetz, a character of his with whom he connected as a teenager, wondering what could have been of her life after the first film's events and how her family life could have developed, turning from a "cool teenager" into a "f—ed-up adult" who hosts a popular medium-related show titled Ghost House with Lydia Deetz whose daughter hates her, Burton credited the years of his life since the original film's release as the reason he couldn't do Beetlejuice Beetlejuice until then, having experienced many of those things himself, finding the project a very personal movie starring a weird family in a family-friendly and emotional story of three generations experiencing basic things everyone feels in life when growing up. Burton and Keaton agreed to not use excessive amounts of technology, and sought to make the film feel "handmade". With a plot likened to Willy Wonka 's psychedelic boat ride in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) that takes "very big swings" like unhinged and uncontrollable phantasmagoria and Burton's head being "dumped out" onto the screen, Keaton felt the film's story to be stronger than its predecessor's, with "more of a connection" to the audience in terms of characters, finding "beyond delightful" things he wasn't ready for while Ryder confidently expressed her belief that the film exceeded her high expectations and expected every generation to find something they can appreciate from the film.

In March 2023, it was reported by Variety that Jenna Ortega, who previously worked with Burton on the 2022 Netflix series Wednesday, was in talks to play Astrid Deetz, Lydia's daughter, while Burton was now expected to direct the film. Ortega and Ryder formed an "insane" and "intense" bond as they worked together, with the latter seeing a younger but a thousand times cooler version of herself in the former, while sharing hobbies like both being cinephiles and regarding the experience of working with each other special, resulting in Ortega developing her own performance for Astrid. In May, Danny Elfman announced he was returning to compose the score for the sequel, while it was also revealed Ortega was confirmed to star, and Wednesday creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar wrote the script. Justin Theroux, Burn Gorman, Arthur Conti, Filipe Cates, and Willem Dafoe would also be added to the cast, in undisclosed roles, with Dafoe's being described as an afterlife officer. Dafoe later explained to Variety at the Marrakesh Film Festival that his character is an afterlife police officer who used to be a B movie action star in life before dying in an accident, with his skills leading him to become a detective within the realm. He later regretted sharing those details about his character, fearing that Burton may get angry with him for revealing a few spoilers from the film. Conti auditioned for the role over a Zoom call with Burton and a chemistry test with Ortega, receiving the news that he got the part on April Fools' Day, leading him to initially dismiss it as a practical joke. Catherine O'Hara reprises her role as Delia Deetz, as well as Monica Bellucci joining the cast as Betelgeuse's wife Delores. Gough didn't originally write Delores' first victim, a deceased janitor, with an actor in mind, so Burton called his frequent collaborator Danny DeVito for the role and DeVito accepted it.

Colleen Atwood, a frequent collaborator of Burton, was announced to be working on the costume design for the film. Atwood disclosed that Betelgeuse's striped suit would return in the film, as it is trademark to the character's quintessential appearance in the same way the titular character of Lewis Carroll 's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) sports an iconic blue dress, though Keaton disagreed and preferred Betelgeuse's burgundy tuxedo. O'Hara later confirmed that the film would include Harry Belafonte 's 1955 song " Day-O (The Banana Boat Song) ", which was featured in the first film. The writers decided that the wedding sequence would feature a musical number with Betelgeuse "being the crazy ringleader of that whole situation" but were unsure of what song to use, and Burton suggested " MacArthur Park ", which Gough found to be "the crazy, weird, insane thing you need at the end of this movie". Keaton insisted that Betelgeuse had limited screen time in the film like the first movie, saying, "The idea was, no, no, no, you can't load it up with Beetlejuice, that'll kill it, the Beetlejuice character doesn't drive the story as much as he did in the first one. He's more part of the storyline in this one as opposed to the first one, which is a case of, this thing comes in and drives the movie a little bit."

### Filming

Filming was originally scheduled to begin in mid-2022. Later, it was delayed to an expected start date of May 10, 2023, taking place in London if the 2023 WGA strike did not lead to another delay in production. Production was officially confirmed to have begun the following day, with Haris Zambarloukos serving as cinematographer and Jay Prychidny serving as editor. On May 18, 2023, it was reported that filming was taking place around the Princess Helena College in Preston, Hertfordshire, England. Exterior filming took place in East Corinth, Vermont (the location of the original movie's outdoor scenes), in mid-2023. Filming was suspended in July due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Burton described the film, which he enjoyed making, as being "99% done." It had two days of production left, which was interrupted, with Ortega being contacted to continue filming four days after the strike had ended. Filming resumed on November 16, 2023, in Melrose, Massachusetts, and wrapped in Vermont on November 30, 2023.

### Post-production

By March 2024, Keaton had seen a completed rough cut of the film and stated that further editing would occur thereafter. Later that month, it was stated in The Hollywood Reporter that Jeffrey Jones would not reprise his role as Charles Deetz in the film, his character being revealed in the trailers to have been killed off. In April, Geena Davis stated she would not be returning as Barbara Maitland due to her age, saying: "Our characters were stuck the way they looked when they died forever, so it's been a while, it's been a minute." In August, Burton would confirm via People that Davis and Alec Baldwin didn't return for Beetlejuice Beetlejuice as the Maitlands weren't needed for the story he wanted to tell, which he admitted that he personally couldn't have done in 1989 due to it focusing on three generations within the Deetz family. To explain their absence, Burton stated that the film would reveal the Maitlands used a loophole to leave their former house during the interim between this film and the original. Gough told Entertainment Weekly that an early draft for the film had the Maitlands making a cameo appearance at the end, he and Millar discussing the idea with Burton, but all three moved on from the concept as they felt no de-aging technology would be convincing enough to make the audience believe that Davis and Baldwin hadn't aged since 1988. Also, they felt that the Maitland couple's story had been told and their appearance would clash with Burton's decision to not make any fan service. Production VFX supervisor is Angus Bickerton, working with VFX producer Alex Bicknell, supported by visual effects studios Framestore, One of Us and BUF.

## Music

Danny Elfman, who scored Beetlejuice, returned for the sequel. The soundtrack to the film featured licensed music being incorporated in the film as well as two cues from Elfman's score being included. A cover of " Day-O (The Banana Boat Song) " is performed by Alfie Davis and the Sylvia Young Theatre School Choir and was released on May 23, 2024. The 11-song soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on August 30, 2024 and a vinyl edition is set to be released by Waxwork Records.

## Release

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice opened the 81st Venice International Film Festival on August 28, 2024, at the Sala Grande in a non-competitive slot. The film was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 6, 2024, including IMAX, 4DX and ScreenX engagements. Initially, the film was supposed to be delayed to 2025, because of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, despite most of the production had been completed. However, in February 2024, the producers reiterated the release date as well as revealing the official title. At their 2024 CineEurope presentation, Warner Bros. announced that the film would be released overseas on September 4, 2024, two days before its domestic premiere.

## Reception

### Box office

As of September 14, 2024, Beetlejuice Beetlejuice has grossed $188 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $264.3 million.

In the United States and Canada, Beetlejuice Beetlejuice was released alongside The Front Room and was projected to gross $100–110 million from 4,200 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $42 million on its first day, including $13 million from Thursday night previews. The film went on to debut with $111 million, registering the second biggest opening of September (behind It), the second biggest for Burton's career (behind Alice in Wonderland), and the third biggest opening of the year (behind Deadpool & Wolverine and Inside Out 2). Around 7.7 million admissions, 73% of the total weekend's box office earnings, came from the film alone. The opening weekend gross surpassed the entire $74 million run of the original film, unadjusted for inflation. In its second weekend, the film grossed $51 million, a drop of 54%.

Internationally, the film debuted with $36.2 million from 69 markets. It had the biggest openings in the UK ($9.6 million), Mexico ($6.5 million), Australia ($2.6 million), Spain ($2.5 million) and Italy ($1.7 million).

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 77% of 300 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Michael Keaton's devious poltergeist still has plenty of juice left in this madcap return to form for Tim Burton, marrying charming practical effects and ghoulish gags to provide a fun fun time." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 62 out of 100, based on 61 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, up from the "B" earned by the first film, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it an 81% overall positive score, with 68% saying they would definitely recommend it.

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film a "fun but less edgy sequel". Xan Brooks, writing for The Guardian, stated, "Burton's game attempt to bring the 1980s horror-comedy back from the spirit world is full of gaudy set-pieces but fails to add much to the original". Margaret Roarty of The Film Magazine stated that "the filmmaker manages to create something just as wacky and weird and meaningful as the original film".

## Future

When asked about a potential third film, Burton said, "Let's do the math...it took 35 years to do this, so I'll be over 100. But I guess it's possible with the advent of science these days, but I don't think so."


Simpsonville Mill

# Simpsonville Mill

## Abstract

The Simpsonville Mill is a historic pre-colonial mill complex in Simpsonville, Maryland, part of the Columbia, Maryland land development.

Part of the stone mill ruins are located under the Cedar Lane bridge spanning the Middle Patuxent River adjacent to the James and Anne Robinson Nature Center.

## History

The Mill has been known as Joshua Warfield's mill, Richard Owing's Mill, and Simpsonville Mill. Annapolis-raised John Hobbs Jr. purchased property along the Middle Patuxent River Valley in 1741, selling it to Joshua Dorsey in 1749. In 1768, Joshua Dorsey listed the stone mill in his will. The property was acquired by Vachel Worthington in 1789. Richard Owings purchased 11 acres surrounding the mill in 1796 and expanded the property to 1000 acres. The Owings brothers operated several local mills when Napoleonic Wars caused a brief surge in flour prices, making operations very profitable at $11.00 or more a barrel, but declined shortly afterward. In 1852, Charles Ridgley Simpson bought 215 acres surrounding the mill. Production shifted to wool cloth with six employees manning six spindles, four looms, and two carders. William Simpson inherited the mill after his brother's death in 1854. After the conclusion of the Civil War, William Bradshaw operated the mill from 1865 until his death in 1877. The mill was auctioned off and the Ellicott City Times described the mill at this time as

A large three story woolen factory driven by a new turbine wheel of 25 horsepower. Grist Mill, and Saw Mill, Blacksmith and Wheelwright Shop. A Store Building with eight dwelling houses, A large switzer barn with stabling for twelve horses with all necessary farm buildings 215 acres under cultivation and good fencing

James Simpson brought the mill back to the Simpson family in 1878 who subsequently sold off a small parcel of the property and converted from wool production back to milling. Justice of the Peace Charles R. and Mary Wilson owned the mill from 1904 to 1909. From 1909 to 1934 former Howard County Commissioner William Welling Iglehart purchased the property with his brother John Iglehart. Iglehart operated the building as a sawmill, grist mill and pre-prohibition basement cider mill with production decreasing rapidly by 1915. In 1917, John Iglehart took over. In 1920, a mill fire gutted the building, leaving the stone walls mostly intact. As the Great Depression hit, the Eueka-Maryland Assurance Company took over in 1934 after the Igleharts defaulted on a mortgage. In 1963, Howard Research and Development purchased the property.

Howard Research and Development (Rouse Corporation) purchased the 58.5 acre site during the formation of the Columbia, Maryland development, changing the land to "New Town" zoning which was later changed to R-ED (Residential - Environmental). In 1977, a new bridge was proposed across the Middle Patuxent River at a raised height of 14 feet above water level. A historic inventory was performed in 1979 with little mention of the building's history, noting that it was up to the developer if they chose to submit the property to the national register. In 1993, a state highway project realigned a bridge across the Middle Patuxent to span the mill site. A $350,000 archeological dig was performed, finding a dozen homes, a blacksmith and wheelwright shop including evidence of a post office and other shops. A portion of the land forms the Middle Patuxent Environmental Area. In 1994, the Maryland State Highway Administration announced it would build a bridge over the historic mill with matching stone arches. Project engineer John Murphy said, "It really will be something. It's going to be beautiful".

In 2014, the millsite was placed on the Preserve Howard top ten most endangered list due to delays transferring the property from the State Highway Administration. In 2015, the site ownership was transferred to Howard County, remaining on the endangered list.

## Simpson Mill Historical District

The Mill stood at the center of a small milling district that was deemed eligible for three out of four categories for the National Register of Historic Places.

- The heavily modified Hatfield residence is built on a 1755 stone foundation, still resides next to the mill site and stood as the residence of several mill owners including the Igleharts.

- The Johnson site – Eight stone foundations relating to the mill.

- The Robinson House and barn adjacent to the mill was demolished in 2004 to build the James and Anne Robinson Nature Center.

- The Owings-Myerly House – 1847 Granite faced building with 1917 addition. The 142-acre tract was purchased by land developers Richard H. Vogel, William A. Vogel, Frederick D. Vogel and Mary L. Farley, who formed the Vogel Farm Partnership in 1978. The house was acquired by eminent domain in 1982, determined not eligible for historic status. The slave quarters were demolished in 1984 for a new intersection and the main house was demolished in 1992.

- Rock Quarries – Two rock quarries are onsite.

- Owings Cemetery – A half dozen tombs of the Owings Family located on an overgrown portion of a private Cedar Lane residence.

- Water Control – Headrace, floodgate, overflow dam, water gate, overflow channel, wheelpit, wheelpit walls, tailrace, headgate walls.

- Wheelwright Shop – Pre-1860 log cabin structure. Basement filled and cabin moved in 1984 for the Cedar Lane Re-alignment.


Amin Rahmani

# Amin Rahmani

## Abstract

Amin Rahmani (Born: 15 November 2006 - Balochistan) is a football player from United Arab Emirates and a talent of Balochistan Football Academy.


Selective Repeat ARQ

# Selective Repeat ARQ

## Abstract

Selective Repeat ARQ or Selective Reject ARQ is a specific instance of the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol used to manage sequence numbers and retransmissions in reliable communications.

## Summary

Selective Repeat is part of the automatic repeat request (ARQ). With selective repeat, the sender sends a number of frames specified by a window size even without the need to wait for individual ACK from the receiver as in Go-Back-N ARQ. The receiver may selectively reject a single frame, which may be retransmitted alone; this contrasts with other forms of ARQ, which must send every frame from that point again. The receiver accepts out-of-order frames and buffers them. The sender individually retransmits frames that have timed out.

## Concept

It may be used as a protocol for the delivery and acknowledgement of message units, or it may be used as a protocol for the delivery of subdivided message sub-units.

When used as the protocol for the delivery of messages, the sending process continues to send a number of frames specified by a window size even after a frame loss. Unlike Go-Back-N ARQ, the receiving process will continue to accept and acknowledge frames sent after an initial error; this is the general case of the sliding window protocol with both transmit and receive window sizes greater than 1.

The receiver process keeps track of the sequence number of the earliest frame it has not received, and sends that number with every acknowledgement (ACK) it sends. If a frame from the sender does not reach the receiver, the sender continues to send subsequent frames until it has emptied its window. The receiver continues to fill its receiving window with the subsequent frames, replying each time with an ACK containing the sequence number of the earliest missing frame. Once the sender has sent all the frames in its window, it re-sends the frame number given by the ACKs, and then continues where it left off.

The size of the sending and receiving windows must be equal, and half the maximum sequence number (assuming that sequence numbers are numbered from 0 to n −1) to avoid miscommunication in all cases of packets being dropped. To understand this, consider the case when all ACKs are destroyed. If the receiving window is larger than half the maximum sequence number, some, possibly even all, of the packets that are present after timeouts are duplicates that are not recognized as such. The sender moves its window for every packet that is acknowledged.

When used as the protocol for the delivery of subdivided messages it works somewhat differently. In non-continuous channels where messages may be variable in length, standard ARQ or Hybrid ARQ protocols may treat the message as a single unit. Alternately selective retransmission may be employed in conjunction with the basic ARQ mechanism where the message is first subdivided into sub-blocks (typically of fixed length) in a process called packet segmentation. The original variable length message is thus represented as a concatenation of a variable number of sub-blocks. While in standard ARQ the message as a whole is either acknowledged (ACKed) or negatively acknowledged (NAKed), in ARQ with selective transmission the ACK response would additionally carry a bit flag indicating the identity of each sub-block successfully received. In ARQ with selective retransmission of sub-divided messages each retransmission diminishes in length, needing to only contain the sub-blocks that were linked.

In most channel models with variable length messages, the probability of error-free reception diminishes in inverse proportion with increasing message length. In other words, it's easier to receive a short message than a longer message. Therefore, standard ARQ techniques involving variable length messages have increased difficulty delivering longer messages, as each repeat is the full length. Selective re-transmission applied to variable length messages completely eliminates the difficulty in delivering longer messages, as successfully delivered sub-blocks are retained after each transmission, and the number of outstanding sub-blocks in following transmissions diminishes. Selective Repeat is implemented in UDP transmission.

## Pseudocode

These examples assume an infinite number of sequence and request numbers.

## Choosing a window size (N)

There are a few things to keep in mind when choosing a value for N in Selective Repeat ARQ:

- The sender must not transmit faster than the receiver can handle. N should be bounded by the receiver’s capacity to process and buffer out-of-order packets.

- N must be less than half the total number of sequence numbers (if they are numbered from zero to the maximum value of the sequence number space) to avoid ambiguity in detecting duplicate packets and dropped acknowledgments.

- Considering the constraints in (1) and (2), choose N to be as large as possible to maximize throughput.

## Examples

The Transmission Control Protocol uses a variant of Go-Back-N ARQ to ensure reliable transmission of data over the Internet Protocol, which does not provide guaranteed delivery of packets; with Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) extension, it may also use Selective Repeat ARQ.

The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) Local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), uses Selective Repeat ARQ to ensure reliable transmission over noisy media. G.hn employs packet segmentation to sub-divide messages into smaller units, to increase the probability that each one is received correctly.

The STANAG 5066 Profile for High Frequency (HF) Radio Data Communication uses selective repeat ARQ, with a maximum window size of 128 protocol-data units (PDUs).


Hank Jones

# Hank Jones

## Abstract

Henry Jones Jr. (July 31, 1918 – May 16, 2010) was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer. Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent, lyrical, and impeccable. In 1989, The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award. He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) Jazz Living Legend Award. In 2008, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. On April 13, 2009, the University of Hartford presented Jones with an honorary Doctorate of Music for his musical accomplishments.

Jones recorded more than 60 albums under his own name, and countless others as a sideman, including Cannonball Adderley 's celebrated album Somethin' Else. On May 19, 1962, he played piano as actress Marilyn Monroe sang her famous " Happy Birthday, Mr. President " song to then U.S. president John F. Kennedy.

## Biography

Born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, Henry "Hank" Jones moved to Pontiac, Michigan, where his father, Henry Jones Sr., a Baptist deacon and lumber inspector, bought a three-story brick home. One of seven children, Jones was raised in a musical family. His mother Olivia Jones sang; his two older sisters studied piano; and his two younger brothers— Thad, a trumpeter, and Elvin, a drummer—also became prominent jazz musicians. He studied piano at an early age and came under the influence of Earl Hines, Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson, and Art Tatum. By the age of 13, Jones was performing locally in Michigan and Ohio. While playing with territory bands in Grand Rapids and Lansing in 1944, he met Lucky Thompson, who invited Jones to work in New York City at the Onyx Club with Hot Lips Page.

In New York City, Jones regularly listened to leading bop musicians, and was inspired to master the new style. While practicing and studying the music he worked with John Kirby, Howard McGhee, Coleman Hawkins, Andy Kirk, and Billy Eckstine. In autumn 1947, he began touring in Norman Granz 's Jazz at the Philharmonic package, and from 1948 to 1953 he was accompanist for Ella Fitzgerald, and accompanying her in England in the fall of 1948, developed a harmonic facility of extraordinary taste and sophistication. During this period he also made several historically important recordings with Charlie Parker, which included " The Song Is You ", from the Now's the Time album, recorded in December 1952, with Teddy Kotick on bass and Max Roach on drums.

Engagements with Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman followed, and recordings with artists such as Lester Young, Cannonball Adderley, and Wes Montgomery, in addition to being for a time, "house pianist" on the Savoy label. From 1959 through 1975 Jones was staff pianist for CBS studios. This included backing guests such as Frank Sinatra on The Ed Sullivan Show. He played the piano accompaniment to Marilyn Monroe as she sang "Happy Birthday Mr. President" to John F. Kennedy on May 19, 1962. By the late 1970s, his involvement as pianist and conductor with the Broadway musical Ain't Misbehavin' (based on the music of Fats Waller) had informed a wider audience of his unique qualities as a musician.

During the late 1970s and the 1980s, Jones continued to record prolifically, as an unaccompanied soloist, in duos with other pianists (including John Lewis and Tommy Flanagan), and with various small ensembles, most notably the Great Jazz Trio. The group took this name in 1976, by which time Jones had already begun working at the Village Vanguard with its original members, Ron Carter and Tony Williams (it was Buster Williams rather than Carter, however, who took part in the trio's first recording session in 1976); by 1980 Jones' sidemen were Eddie Gómez and Al Foster, and in 1982 Jimmy Cobb replaced Foster. The trio also recorded with other all-star personnel, such as Art Farmer, Benny Golson, and Nancy Wilson. In the early 1980s Jones held a residency as a solo pianist at the Cafe Ziegfeld and made a tour of Japan, where he performed and recorded with George Duvivier and Sonny Stitt. Jones' versatility was more in evidence with the passage of time. He collaborated on recordings of Afro-pop with an ensemble from Mali and on an album of spirituals, hymns and folksongs with Charlie Haden called Steal Away (1995).

Among his later recordings are For My Father (2005), with bassist George Mraz and drummer Dennis Mackrel, a solo piano recording issued in Japan under the title Round Midnight (2006), and as a side man on Joe Lovano 's Joyous Encounter (2005). Jones made his debut on Lineage Records, recording with Frank Wess and with the guitarist Eddie Diehl, but also appeared on West of 5th (2006) with Jimmy Cobb and Christian McBride on Chesky Records. He also accompanied Diana Krall for "Dream a Little Dream of Me" on the album compilation, We all Love Ella (Verve 2007). He is one of the musicians who test and talk about the piano in the documentary Note by Note: The Making of Steinway L1037, released in November 2007.

In early 2000, the Hank Jones Quartet accompanied jazz singer Salena Jones at the Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival in Idaho, and in 2006 at the Monterey Jazz Festival with both jazz singer Roberta Gambarini and the Oscar Peterson Trio.

In June 2005, Jones was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music at 20th anniversary of jazz education at the Umbria Jazz Festival, in Perugia, Italy.

Hank Jones lived in Cresskill, NJ, upstate New York and in Manhattan. He died at a Calvary Hospital Hospice in The Bronx, New York, on May 16, 2010, survived by his wife Theodosia.

## Awards and recognitions

- Career Wins: 2009: Lifetime Achievement Grammy

- Career Nominations: 5


Hartford Area Roller Derby

# Hartford Area Roller Derby

## Abstract

Hartford Area Roller Derby or H.A.R.D., is a women's flat-track roller derby league based in the Hartford, Connecticut area. Founded in 2011, the league is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

## History and structure

Hartford Area Roller Derby was founded as the third modern-day roller derby league in Connecticut in 2011 by Danielle "Diesel N’ Gin" Paine, who had previously played roller derby with Pioneer Valley Roller Derby and Central Mass Roller Derby. H.A.R.D. held its first public games in May 2012 at Nomads Adventure Quest in South Windsor, where they still play as of 2021. By July 2012 H.A.R.D. was drawing hundreds of fans to its home games.

In January 2013 H.A.R.D. became a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) Apprentice Program, graduating to full membership in the WFTDA in December of the same year. In January 2016 H.A.R.D. was granted 501 (3)(c) status.

H.A.R.D. is represented at the WFTDA level by their A team, the Hartford Wailers, named after the former local National Hockey League team, and the league's B team is the Hartford Banshees (formerly known as the Beat City Bedrockers). League members pay dues towards membership, with new members partaking in a "fresh meat" training program.

## WFTDA rankings

Even though H.A.R.D. gained WFTDA membership in December 2013, they did not earn their first WFTDA ranking until 2015, debuting at #200 overall.

## In the community

As a non-profit organization, Hartford Area Roller Derby holds regular community fundraising events and offers an annual scholarship to graduating high-school seniors. H.A.R.D. is dedicated to building roller skating skills, creating a local roller derby community, establishing positive relationships within the community, and promoting teamwork, respect, and empowerment of women and nonbinary individuals. Some charitable efforts include an annual "Polar Run and Pub Crawl " from 2013–2019 to benefit the local women's shelters Interval House in Hartford and Prudence Crandall Center in New Britain. H.A.R.D. has also designated the Prudence Crandall Center as its beneficiary should the league ever need to dissolve. Members of H.A.R.D. also took part in fundraising scrimmages in 2013 to benefit the Sandy Hook School Fund. H.A.R.D has participated in Red Cross blood drives, "Rebuilding Together - Manchester" events, Ellington's 1st Annual PRIDE, among other things.


Deaths in 2024

# Deaths in 2024

## Abstract

The following notable deaths occurred in 2024. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

- Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference.

## September

### 15

- Kostas Karousakis, 81, Greek folk singer.

- Elias Khoury, 76, Lebanese novelist and public intellectual.

- Basil H. Losten, 94, American Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia (1971–1977) and bishop of Stamford (1977–2006).

- Roli Mosimann, 68, Swiss-born American musician and record producer, lung cancer.

- Valentin Samungi, 82, Romanian handballer, Olympic bronze medallist (1972).

### 14

- Berit Ås, 96, Norwegian politician, MP (1973–1977).

- Toshen Bora, 74, Indian footballer (national team).

- Jean-Michel Dupuis, 69, French actor (Little Marcel, Dossier 51, La Boum).

- Brenda Fajardo, 84, Filipino artist and printmaker.

- Sadreddin Hejazi, 76, Iranian actor (The Gun Loaded, Santouri, Doubt).

- Fred Nall Hollis, 76, American artist.

- Zubair Khan, 61, Indian politician, Rajasthan MLA (1990–1998, 2003–2008, since 2023).

- Glenis Levestam, 87, New Zealand actress (Close to Home, City Life, Black Sheep).

- Gheorghe Mulțescu, 72, Romanian football player (Jiul Petroșani, national team) and manager (Dinamo București).

- Kamel Ouejdide, 44, French-Moroccan footballer (Sète 34, Clermont, Boussu Dour Borinage).

- Fernando Puche, 78, Spanish businessman, president of Málaga CF (1997–2001).

- Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, 82, Kuwaiti royal, prime minister (2011–2019) and minister of defense (2001–2011).

- Luca Salvadori, 35, Italian motorcycle racer, traffic collision.

- Arie van der Veer, 82, Dutch televangelist, chairman of Evangelische Omroep, prostate cancer.

### 13

- Franca Bettoia, 88, Italian actress (A Man of Straw, The Last Man on Earth, Sandokan Against the Leopard of Sarawak).

- Moisés Canelo, 74, Honduran singer-songwriter, stroke.

- Tommy Cash, 84, American country musician (" Six White Horses ").

- Chalmers Davis, 73, American keyboardist (Little Richard, Johnny Cash, The Shooters).

- Wolfgang Gerhardt, 80, German politician, MP (1994–2013).

- Pravin Gordhan, 75, South African politician and anti-apartheid activist, minister of public enterprises (2018–2024) and finance (2009–2014, 2015–2017), twice MNA, cancer.

- Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz, 80, Polish psychiatrist and psychotherapist.

- Lex Marinos, 75, Australian actor (Kingswood Country) and radio presenter (Triple J).

- Mary McFadden, 85, American designer.

- Chalong Pakdeevijit, 93, Thai film director and actor, pulmonary edema.

- Sir George Radda, 88, Hungarian-British chemist, chief executive of MRC (1996–2004).

- Nicola Rotolo, 99, Italian politician, president of Apulia (1975–1978). (death announced on this date)

- Edward James Slattery, 84, American Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Tulsa (1993–2016).

- Milda Vainiutė, 61, Lithuanian legal scholar and politician, minister of justice (2016–2018). (death announced on this date)

- Lois Wilson, 97, Canadian politician and academic administrator, senator (1998–2002), chancellor of Lakehead University (1990–2000).

### 12

- Julius Ansah, 74, Ghanaian jurist, justice of the Supreme Court (2004–2020). (death announced on this date)

- Safeya Binzagr, 84, Saudi painter and museum owner.

- Erasmito Bultrón, 49, Panamanian folk musician, cancer.

- Santi Coch, 64, Spanish football player (Gimnàstic) and manager (Pobla Mafumet).

- Robin Guy, 54, British drummer (Sham 69, All About Eve), cancer.

- Hank, 12–13, American sports mascot dog (Milwaukee Brewers).

- Greg Harden, 75, American life coach and motivational speaker, complications from surgery.

- María Daniela Icaza, Ecuadorian prison director (Litoral Penitentiary), shot.

- Aussie Malcolm, 83, Australian-born New Zealand politician, MP (1975–1984), minister of immigration (1981–1984) and health (1981–1984).

- Graham McNeice, 76, Australian sports broadcaster and documentary filmmaker.

- Wasyl Medwit, 75, Polish-born Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Lviv (1994–1996) and Donetsk-Kharkiv (2009–2013).

- Karl Moline, 51, American comic book artist (Fray, Route 666, Loners). (death announced on this date)

- Charles W. Moore, 84, American football player (Tennessee State Tigers) and coach (Bethune–Cookman Wildcats, Langston University).

- Papa Kojak, 68, Jamaican musician.

- Stephen Peat, 44, Canadian ice hockey player (Washington Capitals), injuries sustained in traffic collision.

- Avelino Porto, 88, Argentine lawyer, minister of health (1991) and founder of the University of Belgrano.

- Sitaram Yechury, 72, Indian politician, MP (2005–2017), pneumonia.

### 11

- Gabriel Adekunle Aromolaran, 86, Nigerian traditional ruler, Owa Obokun of Ijesha (since 1982).

- Senaka Batagoda, 66, Sri Lankan singer.

- Kenneth Cope, 93, English actor (Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), Coronation Street, The Damned).

- Alberto Fujimori, 86, Peruvian politician and convicted criminal, president (1990–2000), tongue cancer.

- Ehab Galal, 57, Egyptian football player (Ismaily) and manager (ENPPI, Zamalek), stroke.

- Luca Giurato, 84, Italian journalist and television presenter (Domenica in, Unomattina), heart attack.

- Steve Gregg, 68, American swimmer, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Josef Helbling, 89, Swiss Olympic cyclist (1960).

- Jeong Jae-mun, 87, South Korean political scientist and politician, MP (1985–2004).

- Peter Klashorst, 67, Dutch painter, sculptor, and photographer, lymphoma.

- Galius Kličius, 74, Lithuanian painter, cinematographer, and theatrical designer.

- Kong Xianjing, 72, Chinese engineer and academic administrator, vice president of DLUT (1999–2002) and member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

- Ibsen Martínez, 72, Venezuelan journalist (El Nacional, El Nuevo Herald) and screenwriter (Por Estas Calles), heart attack.

- Graciela Maturo, 96, Argentine poet and academic.

- Chad McQueen, 63, American actor (The Karate Kid, Martial Law, Red Line) and racing driver, organ failure.

- Jean-Henri Meunier, 74, French film director and screenwriter.

- Frank Misson, 85, Australian cricketer (New South Wales, national team).

- Sebastiano Sandro Ravagnani, 67, Italian television author.

- Didier Roustan, 66, French sports journalist (Téléfoot), liver cancer.

- Joe Schmidt, 92, American Hall of Fame football player and coach (Detroit Lions).

- Nikolai Svanidze, 69, Russian television and radio host, brain ischemia.

- Malick Touré, 28, Malian footballer (Club Africain, US Biskra, MO Béjaïa), heart attack.

- Illia Yefimchyk, 36, Belarusian bodybuilder, cardiac arrest.

### 10

- Brian Aldridge, 47, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (2004–2016).

- Tina McElroy Ansa, 74, American novelist and journalist.

- Frankie Beverly, 77, American singer (Maze) and songwriter (" Before I Let Go ", " Back in Stride ").

- Clio Maria Bittoni, 89, Italian lawyer, companion of the president (2006–2015).

- Patrick Bolger, 76, Canadian Olympic wrestler (1968, 1972) and judoka.

- Roberto Chale, 77, Peruvian football player (Universitario, national team) and manager (Universitario).

- Michaela DePrince, 29, Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer.

- Karl Gouder, 45, Maltese politician, MP (2010–2013, 2015–2022).

- Doug Hood, 70, New Zealand record producer (" Pink Frost ", Boodle Boodle Boodle), cancer.

- Anne-José Lemonnier, 66, French poet. (death announced on this date)

- Kevin Long, 69, American football player (South Carolina Gamecocks, New York Jets, Arizona Wranglers).

- Francisco Lopera, 73, Colombian neurologist.

- Abbas Mahfouzi, 96, Iranian Twelver Shi'a marja'.

- Eligio Martínez, 69, Bolivian footballer (The Strongest, national team).

- László Mészáros, 47, Hungarian footballer (Fortuna Sittard). (death announced on this date)

- Maria Politseymako, 86, Russian actress (Success, 100 Days Before the Command, The Parrot Speaking Yiddish).

- Pari Saberi, 92, Iranian theatre director.

- Jim Sasser, 87, American politician, U.S. senator (1977–1995) and ambassador to China (1996–1999).

- Billy Sherrill, 77, American sound engineer (Kenny Rogers, Kenny Chesney).

- Valeriy Slatenko, 77, Ukrainian football coach (Krystal Kherson).

### 9

- Dilli Babu, 50, Indian film producer (Urumeen, Maragadha Naanayam, Ratsasan).

- Jean-Claude Berejnoï, 85, French rugby union player (national team).

- John Cassaday, 52, American comic book artist (Planetary, Astonishing X-Men, Captain America).

- Lila Christoforidou, 84–85, Greek lawyer and politician, MP (1981–1985).

- Shomie Das, 89, Indian educationist.

- Carroll Dawson, 86, American basketball coach and executive (Baylor Bears, Houston Rockets).

- Marcello De Dorigo, 87, Italian Olympic cross-country skier (1960, 1964).

- Jenaro García-Arreciado, 77, Spanish engineer and politician, deputy (1982–1998).

- Cecília Gáspár, 39, Hungarian footballer (TSV Crailsheim, SGS Essen, national team). (death announced on this date)

- James Earl Jones, 93, American actor (Star Wars, Fences, The Lion King), Tony winner (1969, 1987).

- Raja Petra Kamarudin, 73, Malaysian blogger (Malaysia Today).

- Kuniaki Kobayashi, 68, Japanese professional wrestler (NJPW, NWA Hollywood, AJPW), pancreatic cancer.

- Robert Kościelny, 63, Polish engineer and politician, MP (1993–1997).

- Lee Hoi-sang, 83, Hong Kong actor (The 36th Chamber of Shaolin, The Incredible Kung Fu Master, Shaolin and Wu Tang) and martial artist.

- Xavier Oriach, 96, Spanish-French painter and engraver.

- Jacek Rybicki, 65, Polish politician, MP (1997–2001).

- Friedrich Schorlemmer, 80, German theologian and activist (Peaceful Revolution).

- Robert Smoktunowicz, 62, Polish politician, senator (2001–2007).

- Karen Swassjan, 76, Armenian philosopher.

- Jeffrey Titford, 90, British politician, MEP (1999–2009), cancer.

- Caterina Valente, 93, French-Italian singer (" Bongo cha cha cha ").

- Mitchell Wiggins, 64, American basketball player (Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers).

- Ivo Winkler, 84, Czech ice hockey player (HC Slezan Opava, TJ ZKL Brno).

- Alexander Yevstifeyev, 66, Russian politician, senator (2002–2004) and head of Mari El (2017–2022).

### 8

- Allen Aldridge, 52, American football player (Denver Broncos, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans).

- Mauricio Arriaza Chicas, 59, Salvadoran police officer, director of the National Civil Police (since 2019), helicopter crash.

- Valeriy Bassel, 85, Ukrainian actor (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, Fiery Roads, The Trust That Went Bust).

- Toni d'Antonio, 51, Belgian actor (The Barons, Houba! On the Trail of the Marsupilami, Night Call).

- David Dumville, 75, British medievalist and Celtic scholar.

- Ian Froman, 87, South African-born Israeli tennis player.

- Ana Gervasi, 57, Peruvian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs (2022–2023). (body discovered on this date)

- Tarek Ali Hassan, 86, Egyptian composer and endocrinologist.

- Morriss Henry, 92, American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1967–1970) and Senate (1971–1974).

- İlkan Karaman, 34, Turkish basketball player (Fenerbahçe, Tofaş Bursa, national team), traffic collision.

- Ed Kranepool, 79, American baseball player (New York Mets), cardiac arrest.

- Viktor Lyadov, 58, Russian pianist.

- Mara Malavenda, 79, Italian trade unionist and politician, deputy (1996–2001).

- Robert Marcy, 104, French actor.

- Tatsuro Matsumae, 97, Japanese academic and politician, member of the House of Councillors (1977–2001), pneumonia.

- Alexander Maslyakov, 82, Russian television game show host (KVN), lung cancer.

- Henny Moan, 88, Norwegian actress (Nine Lives, Lake of the Dead, O' Horten).

- Zoot Money, 82, English singer and keyboardist (The Animals, Zoot Money's Big Roll Band).

- Puput Novel, 50, Indonesian singer, actress, and presenter, breast cancer.

- Harley Refsal, 79, American woodcarver.

- Peter Renaday, 89, American voice actor (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Transformers, Assassin's Creed).

- Vikas Sethi, 48, Indian actor (Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahiin to Hoga, Kasautii Zindagii Kay), heart attack.

- Emi Shinohara, 61, Japanese voice actress (Sailor Moon, Naruto, Perfect Blue).

- Yves Simoens, 82, Belgian Jesuit priest, Biblist, and academic.

- Chuck Simon, 57, American horse racing trainer and stable owner, cancer.

- Michel Soufflet, 94, French industrialist, chairman of The Soufflet Group (1957–2000).

- Snežana Stameska, 78, Macedonian actress (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, To the Hilt, The Liberation of Skopje).

- Ben Thapa, 42, English opera singer (G4).

- Tie Liu, 91, Chinese writer and political dissident.

- Robert F. Titus, 97, American air force brigadier general.

- Wu Chien-pao, 73, Taiwanese politician and convicted game fixer, member (1998–2011) and speaker (2002–2010) of the Tainan City Council, esophageal cancer.

### 7

- Fabio Arruda, 54, Brazilian etiquette consultant and television personality (A Fazenda, A Fazenda 9), heart attack.

- James Byrne, 76, Irish fraudster.

- Pierre Consigny, 94, French government official and politician, president of the French Red Cross (1994–1997).

- Darcy, 69, Brazilian footballer (Guarani, Sport Recife, Portuguesa), cancer.

- Max Dauphin, 47, Luxembourgish painter.

- Alan Feinstein, 93, American philanthropist.

- Alfredo Garrido, 91, Spanish music producer and lyricist.

- Jimmy Gilmer, 83, American singer (The Fireballs) and music publisher.

- Michael Guider, 73, Australian convicted paedophile and child killer.

- James Hollcroft, 26, Mexican actor (Como dice el dicho).

- Slavo Kukić, 70, Bosnian sociologist, member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

- Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi, 50, Ugandan politician, MP (since 2021), heart attack.

- James Matthews, 95, South African poet, writer and publisher.

- Ioan Moldovan, 72, Romanian poet and essayist.

- Dan Morgenstern, 94, German-born American music journalist (Jazz Journal, DownBeat) and archivist, eight-time Grammy winner, heart failure.

- Diondre Overton, 26, American football player (Clemson Tigers, Philadelphia Stars, Memphis Showboats), shot.

- Cesare Poli, 79, Italian footballer (Lanerossi Vicenza, Inter Milan, Cagliari).

- Helmi al-Touni, 90, Egyptian visual artist.

- Juozas Žilys, 82, Lithuanian lawyer and judge, member of the constitutional court (1993–1999).

### 6

- Kelly Alexander, 75, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2009).

- Lorenzo Ceresoli, 93, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of Awasa (1993–2009).

- Robert Deslandes, 96, French actor (Family Business).

- Walter G. Ehmer, 58, American businessman, CEO of Waffle House (since 2012).

- Ayşenur Ezgi Eygi, 26, Turkish-born American human rights activist and protester, shot.

- Armand de Fluvià, 92, Spanish genealogist, heraldist and LGBT rights activist, respiratory failure.

- Melina Furman, 49, Argentine educator, popularizer and researcher (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), colon cancer.

- Gustavo García de Paredes, 85, Panamanian educator and politician, rector of the University of Panama (1997–2016), manager of the Colón Free Trade Zone (1981–1982).

- Paul Goldsmith, 98, American racing driver.

- Rebecca Horn, 80, German visual artist and film director (Buster's Bedroom).

- Neil Inall, 91, Australian agronomist, journalist, and television presenter (Always on Sunday).

- Sonia Iovan, 88, Romanian gymnast, Olympic bronze medallist (1956, 1960).

- Will Jennings, 80, American Hall of Fame lyricist (" My Heart Will Go On ", " Tears in Heaven ", " Up Where We Belong "), Oscar winner (1983, 1998), Grammy winner (1993, 1999).

- Alfredo Karam, 99, Brazilian military officer and politician, commander of the navy (1984–1985).

- Charles F. McMillan, 69, American nuclear physicist, director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (2011–2017), traffic collision.

- Cathy Merrick, 62, Canadian First Nations leader, grand chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs (since 2022).

- Mark Moffatt, 74, Australian musician (The Monitors) and record producer (" (I'm) Stranded ", " Treaty "), pancreatic cancer.

- Renato Molinari, 78, Italian powerboat racer.

- Marty Morton, 82, Australian entertainer, cancer.

- Pim de la Parra, 84, Surinamese-Dutch film director (Wan Pipel, Frank en Eva) and film producer (Blue Movie).

- Anatoliy Petritskiy, 92, Russian cinematographer (War and Peace, Mimino, Time and the Conways).

- Alan Rees, 86, British racing driver.

- Gaetano Salvemini, 82, Italian football player and manager (Genoa, Palermo, Empoli).

- Screamin' Scott Simon, 75, American pianist and singer (Sha Na Na), sinus cancer.

- Marie Michele St. Louis, 55, Mauritian Olympic judoka (1996).

- Vladas Terleckas, 84, Lithuanian politician.

- Horst Weigang, 83, German footballer (Lokomotive Leipzig, Rot-Weiß Erfurt), Olympic bronze medallist (1964).

- Ron Yeats, 86, Scottish football player (Liverpool, national team) and manager (Tranmere Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.

### 5

- Manuel Antín, 98, Argentine film director (Don Segundo Sombra, Circe, The Venerable Ones).

- Faisal Basri, 64, Indonesian economist and politician, heart disease.

- Derek Boshier, 87, English pop artist.

- Roy Cape, 82, Trinidadian calypso saxophonist, stroke.

- Rebecca Cheptegei, 33, Ugandan Olympic long-distance runner (2024), burned.

- Peter Eschberg, 88, Austrian actor (Iron Gustav) and theater manager.

- Herbie Flowers, 86, English musician (Blue Mink, T. Rex, Sky).

- Elio Fontana, 83, Italian politician, deputy (1979–1983), senator (1983–1994).

- Martin France, 60, British jazz drummer.

- Radha Charan Gupta, 89, Indian mathematics historian.

- Davy Kiprotich Koech, 73, Kenyan immunologist, founder of KEMRI.

- Mapaputsi, 45, South African musician.

- Sérgio Mendes, 83, Brazilian bossa nova musician (" The Look of Love ", " The Fool on the Hill ", " Never Gonna Let You Go "), Grammy winner (1993), complications from long COVID.

- Werner Nachtigall, 90, German zoologist and biologist.

- Óscar Ponzanelli, 58, Mexican sculptor (Bench of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara).

- Helge Rasche, 33, German football coach, traffic collision.

- Oleksandr Rezanov, 75, Ukrainian handball player, Olympic champion (1976).

- Rich Homie Quan, 33, American rapper (" Type of Way ", " Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh) ", " Ride Out ").

- Jorge Rivera López, 90, Argentine actor (Pobres habrá siempre, La Mary, Proceso a la infamia).

- Earline S. Rogers, 89, American politician, member of the Indiana House of Representatives (1982–1990) and Senate (1990–2016).

- Augusto M. Seabra, 69, Portuguese music and film critic.

- Władysław Słowiński, 94, Polish composer and conductor.

- Laurent Tirard, 57, French film director (Little Nicholas, Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia, Return of the Hero).

- Tsai Kuan-yu, 91, Taiwanese activist and political prisoner.

- Aruna Vasudev, 87, Indian film scholar and critic.

### 4

- Luis Ayala, 91, Chilean tennis player.

- Oswald d'Andréa, 90, French pianist and film composer (Life and Nothing But, Captain Conan).

- Bora Đorđević, 71, Serbian singer-songwriter (Riblja Čorba), pneumonia.

- Colin Fournier, 79, British architect.

- Olavi Heinonen, 85, Finnish judge, president of the Supreme Court (1989–2001).

- Sergey Ivanenko, 65, Russian economist and politician, deputy (1993–2003).

- Céline Orgelle Kentsop, 54, Cameroonian actress, hemorrhagic stroke.

- Mark Loveday, 80, British stockbroker.

- Michael McDonald, 61, American costume designer (Hair).

- Hermes Ramírez, 76, Cuban sprinter, Olympic silver medallist (1968).

- David Rose, 81, English football club secretary (Ipswich Town).

- Jacques Rouchouse, 78, French radio producer and music critic.

- Larry Trader, 61, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues, Montreal Canadiens).

- Marc Van den Hoof, 78, Belgian radio presenter, poet and saxophonist.

- Yang Jen-fu, 82, Taiwanese politician, member of the Legislative Yuan (1999–2012).

### 3

- Selva Alemán, 80, Argentine actress (Asesinato en el Senado de la Nación, Count to Ten, Malparida), heart attack.

- María Benítez, 82, American dancer and choreographer.

- Miguel Bermúdez, 80, Argentine actor (Buenos Aires, Summer 1912, The Desire to Live).

- Vladimir Bure, 73, Russian swimmer and ice hockey fitness consultant, Olympic silver medallist (1972), complications from a heart attack.

- Guillermina Cesco, 75, Argentine psychologist.

- John Allen Clements, 101, American physician.

- Kazimierz Działocha, 92, Polish judge and politician, judge of the constitutional tribunal (1985–1993), senator (1995–1997), MP (1997–2001).

- Clive Freeman, 61, English footballer (Swansea City, Altrincham, Doncaster Rovers).

- Göran Fristorp, 76, Swedish singer and songwriter (Malta).

- Ivan Garelov, 81, Bulgarian journalist and television presenter (Nova TV, BTV), complications from traumatic brain injury.

- Guido Carlo Gatti, 86, Italian Olympic basketball player (1968).

- Wayne Graham, 88, American Hall of Fame baseball coach (Rice Owls) and player (Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets).

- Stephan Harding, 70–71, Venezuelan-born British zoologist and ecologist.

- Charley Johnson, 85, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos).

- Alberto Jorge, 74, Argentine football player (Racing Club, León) and manager (Toluca).

- Georg Meiring, 84, South African military officer, chief of the Army (1990–1993) and SANDF (1993–1998).

- Mohan Natrajan, 71, Indian actor (Kottai Vaasal, Mahanadhi) and film producer (Kannukkul Nilavu).

- Zdeněk Rylich, 93, Czech basketball player (Czechoslovakia national team).

- Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, 93, Scottish peer, member of the House of Lords (1979–2014).

- Beverley Shore Bennett, 95, New Zealand portrait and stained-glass artist.

- Igor Spassky, 98, Russian nuclear engineer (Delta III, Typhoon and Oscar submarines).

- Gottfried Teubner, 79, German politician, member of the Landtag of Saxony (1990–2009).

- Mike Torode, 83, Guernsey politician, chief minister (2007–2008).

- Jacqueline Winsor, 82, Canadian-born American sculptor, stroke.

- Robert C. Wise, 99, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1965–1974).

### 2

- James B. Allen, 97, American historian.

- Mick Cullen, 93, Scottish footballer (Luton Town, Grimsby Town, national team).

- James Darren, 88, American singer (" Goodbye Cruel World ") and actor (Gidget, T. J. Hooker).

- Wayne Duke, 69, Australian rules footballer (Fitzroy).

- Rodolfo Hernández Suárez, 79, Colombian civil engineer and politician, senator (2022) and mayor of Bucaramanga (2016–2019), complications from cancer surgery.

- H. Jeff Kimble, 75, American physicist and academic.

- Kong Sam Ol, 94, Cambodian politician, MP (since 1993), minister of agriculture (1986–1989) and the Royal Palace (since 1998).

- Zdravko Krstanović, 74, Serbian poet, prose writer, and critic (Slobodna Dalmacija).

- Peter Kubik, 49, Austrian guitarist (Abigor), suicide. (death announced on this date)

- Mihály Kupa, 83, Hungarian politician, minister of finance (1990–1993). (death announced on this date)

- Pat Lewis, 76, American soul singer.

- Sante Marsili, 73, Italian water polo player, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Raul Martirez, 86, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of San Jose de Antique (1983–2002), stroke.

- Aleksandr Medved, 86, Belarusian freestyle wrestler, Olympic champion (1964, 1968, 1972).

- Fadhil al-Milani, 80, Iraqi-Iranian academic, author and community leader.

- Bernie Mireault, 63, French-born Canadian comic book artist (The Jam), suicide.

- Pádraic Monaghan, 65, Irish Gaelic footballer (Garrymore, St Jude's, Mayo).

- Manuel Montoya, 64, Spanish handball coach (Romania national team, Iran national team).

- Dumezweni Mthimkhulu, Botswanan politician, MP (since 2019).

- Edgardo Luis Paruzzo, 70, Argentine footballer (Quilmes, Tigre, Almirante Brown).

- Rashad Abu Sakhila, 23, Palestinian actor (Fist of the Free) and poet, airstrike.

- Irina Schabanova, 85, Russian physicist.

- Vladimir Turiyansky, 89, Russian poet and composer.

### 1

- Abel Alonso, 89, Spanish-Chilean shoemaker and football executive (Unión Española), president of the ANFP (1979–1982).

- K. J. Baby, 70, Indian writer. (body discovered on this date)

- Mike Billard, 60, Canadian jazz drummer (Jeff Johnston Trio).

- Bob Blaylock, 89, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals).

- Tim Bowden, 87, Australian historian and television presenter.

- Teresa Bright, 64, American guitarist and ukulele player.

- Tom C. Brown, 91, American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1980–1986).

- Denis Browne, 86, New Zealand Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Rarotonga (1977–1983), Auckland (1983–1994) and Hamilton (1994–2014).

- Jorge Canda, 70–71, Spanish politician, mayor of A Lama (1995–2023), member of the Provincial Deputation of Pontevedra (2015–2017).

- Norman Chui, 73, Hong Kong actor (Vengeful Beauty, Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Hong Kong Godfather), esophageal cancer.

- Linda Deutsch, 80, American journalist (Associated Press), pancreatic cancer.

- Eric Gilliland, 62, American television producer and writer (Roseanne, That '70s Show, My Boys), colon cancer.

- Naftali Hershtik, 77, Hungarian-born Israeli hazzan.

- Danis Katranidis, 75, Greek actor (Vera sto Dexi).

- Budimir Lončar, 100, Croatian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs of Yugoslavia (1987–1991).

- Àngels Martínez Castells, 76, Spanish economist, academic and politician, member of the Parliament of Catalonia (2015–2017).

- Makrand Mehta, 93, Indian historian, dengue.

- Abd al-Rahman al-Milad, Libyan human trafficker, shot.

- Simon "Spike" Mullings, British bass guitarist (The Snapdragons).

- Sergio Rivero, 60, Bolivian footballer (Real Santa Cruz, Oriente Petrolero, national team).

- Irene Ryder, 75, Hong Kong singer.

- Franz Sauerzopf, 92, Austrian judge and politician, member of the Landtag Burgenland (1972–1986).

- John Schultz, 85, Australian Hall of Fame footballer (Footscray).

- Romárico Sotomayor García, 85, Cuban soldier and politician, deputy (2008–2013).

- Evert Svensson, 99, Swedish sociologist and politician, MP (1957–1991).

- Brian Trueman, 92, English broadcaster (Screen Test), writer (Danger Mouse) and voice actor (Count Duckula).

- Ahu Tuğba, 69, Turkish actress (Şeytan, Banker Bilo, Beyaz Ölüm).

- Umesh Upadhyay, 66, Indian media executive (Reliance Industries Limited, Network 18) and writer, fall.

- Dan Voicilă, 85, Romanian sports journalist.

## Previous months

- Deaths in January 2024

- Deaths in February 2024

- Deaths in March 2024

- Deaths in April 2024

- Deaths in May 2024

- Deaths in June 2024

- Deaths in July 2024

- Deaths in August 2024


2024 Cincinnati Bengals season

# 2024 Cincinnati Bengals season

## Abstract

The 2024 season is the Cincinnati Bengals ' 55th season in the National Football League (NFL), their 57th overall and their sixth under head coach Zac Taylor. They will attempt to improve on their 9–8 record from last year and make the playoffs after a one-year absence.

## Offseason

### Free agents

### Trades

- March 12 – Running back Joe Mixon was traded to the Houston Texans for a seventh-round pick (No. 224 overall).

## Draft

Notes

- Pick 97 and 214 were compensatory draft picks.

- Pick 224 was acquired as part of Joe Mixon trade from Houston Texans.

## Preseason

### Game summaries

#### Preseason Week 1: vs Tampa Bay Buccaneers

at Paycor Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

- Date: August 10

- Game time: 7:00 p.m. EDT

- TV announcers (WXIX): Mike Watts (play-by-play), Anthony Munoz (color analyst), and Marisa Contipelli (sideline reporter)

## Regular season

### Schedule

Notes

- Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

- Networks and times from Weeks 5–16 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling.

- The date, time and network for Week 17 will be finalized at a later date.

- The date, time and network for Week 18 will be finalized at the end of Week 17.

### Game summaries

#### Week 1: vs. New England Patriots

at Paycor Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

- Date: September 8

- Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT

- Game weather: Sunny, 66 °F (19 °C)

- Game attendance: 66,214

- Referee: Land Clark

- TV announcers (CBS): Ian Eagle, Charles Davis, and Evan Washburn

- Recap, Game Book

#### Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs

at Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri

- Date: September 15

- Game time: 4:25 p.m. EDT/3:25 p.m. CDT

- Game weather: Mostly sunny, 88 °F (31 °C)

- Referee: Alex Kemp

- TV announcers (CBS): Jim Nantz, Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson

- Preview

### Standings


Goniastrea favulus

# Goniastrea favulus

## Abstract

Goniastrea favulus, also known as the lesser star coral, is a species of stony coral in the family Merulinidae. It occurs in shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region. This is an uncommon species of coral and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being " near threatened ".

## Description

Colonies of Goniastrea favulus usually form greenish or brownish massive boulder-like structures. The polyps are either arranged in groups within a common corallite wall, or are in meandroid valleys. The walls of the corallites are thin, the septa bear large paliform lobes and there is a small central collumella.

## Distribution and habitat

Goniastrea favulus is native to theIndo-Pacific region. Its range extends from northern Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa to the Maldive Islands, southeastern Asia, Japan, Australia and island groups in the Pacific Ocean. It is found in the intertidal and subtidal zones on fore and hind reef slopes, and in lagoons. It is generally uncommon and is seldom found deeper than 15 metres (50 ft).

## Ecology

Goniastrea favulus is a zooxanthellate species of coral, containing in its tissues many microscopic symbiotic dinoflagellates which during the day provide the coral with the products of photosynthesis. During the night, the polyps expand and extend their tentacles to catch zooplankton.

Colonies of Goniastrea favulus are simultaneous hermaphrodites and spawn once a year. Spawning is a synchronised event with all the colonies in a locality releasing their gametes into the sea at much the same time. The sperm is released in a jet while the eggs are negatively buoyant and surrounded by mucus and adhere to the colony. Although a majority of the eggs are cross-fertilised, a large number are self-fertilised. This is in contrast to the closely related Goniastrea aspera, in which species both eggs and sperm are released in discrete buoyant packets which float to the surface. The clusters soon break apart and fertilisation then occurs, resulting in a much higher percentage of cross-fertilised eggs.


Stanford Cardinal

# Stanford Cardinal

## Abstract

The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University. Stanford's program has won 136 NCAA team championships, the most of any university. Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 48 consecutive years, starting in 1976–77 and continuing through 2023–24. Through June 2024, Stanford athletes have won 554 individual NCAA titles.

Stanford has won 26 of the 30 NACDA Directors' Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation, including 25 consecutive Cups from 1994–95 through 2018–19. 177 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 296 Summer Olympic medals (150 gold, 79 silver, 67 bronze), including 26 medals at the 2020 Tokyo games.

Stanford's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) level as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).

## Nickname and mascot history

A brighter Cardinal red was chosen as Stanford's official color by an assembly of the university's first students in 1891. White was adopted as a secondary color in the 1940s.

Following Stanford's win over California in the first-ever Big Game on March 19, 1892, the team was metonymically referred to as the "Cardinal" by sportswriters in the next day's San Francisco Chronicle. The university's athletic teams continued to be referred to as the "Cardinal" or "Cardinals" even after the adoption of the "Indians" name.

On November 25, 1930, following a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot "Indian".

On March 3, 1972, a few months after the football team's second straight win in the Rose Bowl, the Indian symbol and name were dropped by Stanford president Richard Lyman after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate.

From 1972 to 1981, the official nickname returned to "Cardinals," a reference to the color, not the bird. During the 1970s, a number of suggestions were put forth as possible nicknames: Robber Barons (a sly reference to Leland Stanford 's history), Sequoias, Trees, Railroaders, Spikes, Huns and Griffins. The last suggestion gained enough momentum to prompt the athletics department to move two griffin statues from the site of the former Stanford Home for Convalescent Children to near the athletic facilities.

On November 17, 1981, school president Donald Kennedy declared that the athletic teams be represented by the color cardinal in its singular form.

Stanford has no official mascot, but the Stanford Tree, a member of the Stanford Band wearing a self-designed tree costume, appears at major Stanford sports events. The Tree is based on El Palo Alto, a redwood tree in neighboring Palo Alto that appears in the Stanford seal and athletics logo.

## Sports sponsored

Stanford University sponsors 36 varsity sports teams — 15 men's, 19 women's, and two coed sports — competing primarily in the NCAA Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), with the primary affiliation recently changed from the Pac-12 Conference.

Among sports not sponsored by the ACC, men's rowing and women's lightweight rowing compete in the Intercollegiate Rowing Association; men's gymnastics, men's volleyball, beach volleyball, and men's and women's water polo all compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF); sailing in the Intercollegiate Sailing Association; squash in the College Squash Association; and artistic swimming under the sport's US governing body of USA Synchro.

In July 2020, due to increased financial constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Stanford Athletics announced they will be eliminating 11 varsity teams after the conclusion of the 2020–2021 academic year: men's and women's fencing, field hockey, lightweight rowing, men's rowing, co-ed and women's sailing, squash, artistic swimming, men's volleyball and wrestling. These planned cuts were canceled in May 2021.

### Baseball

The Cardinal have appeared in the NCAA Division I baseball tournament 35 times, and have appeared in the College World Series 19 times. They have won two National Championships, in 1987 and 1988.

### Men's golf

The men's golf team has won nine NCAA Championships: 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942 (co-champions), 1946, 1953, 1994, 2007, 2019. They have crowned three individual national champions: Sandy Tatum (1942), Tiger Woods (1996), and Cameron Wilson (2014). They have won 12 Pac-12 Conference championships: 1960, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1977 (south), 1992, 1994, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, and 2023. Other notable players include Tom Watson, Bob Rosburg, NFL quarterback John Brodie, and Notah Begay III.

### Women's golf

Stanford golfers have won individual golf championships four times. In 1971, Shelley Hamlin won the women's national intercollegiate individual golf championship (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports, which evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship). More recently, Stanford golfers won individual NCAA titles three years in a row: Rachel Heck in 2021, Rose Zhang in 2022, and Rose Zhang again in 2023. Zhang is the only woman who has ever won two NCAA individual titles.

Stanford has won the NCAA team championship three times: in 2015, 2022, and 2024. From 2015 to the present, the championship has been determined by match play. Stanford is the only team to reach the match play portion of the championship every year it has been offered.

### Sailing

Stanford Sailing has won the following Intercollegiate Sailing Association championship events:

- the ICSA Open Fleet Race Championship in 2023

- the ICSA Open Team Race Championship in 1997

- the ICSA Women's Fleet Race Championship in 2023 and 2024

- the ICSA Women's Team Race Championship in 2024

- the ICSA Men's Singlehanded Championship in 1963, 2006, and 2022

- the ICSA Women's Singlehanded Championship in 2000 and 2018

In 2023, Stanford Sailing won the Leonard M. Fowle Trophy, which the ICSA awards annually to the best overall college team.

In March 2019, John Vandemoer, Stanford University's head sailing coach for 11 years, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit racketeering for accepting bribes in the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal, to hold open admission spots at the university for three applicants falsely portrayed as competitive sailors, in exchange for $770,000 in payments to the sailing program. Unlike others indicted in the scheme, he did not personally benefit financially. The university fired Vandemoer. Clinton Hayes was appointed interim head coach.

### Men's soccer

The Cardinal have appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament 20 times, including in 8 consecutive years from 2013 through 2020. They have seven appearances in the College Cup, winning the national championship in 2015, 2016, and 2017.

### Women's soccer

The Cardinal won the NCAA women's soccer championship in 2011, 2017, and 2019.

### Softball

The Cardinal softball team has appeared in four Women's College World Series, in 2001, 2004, 2023, and 2024. The Cardinal program was the co-champions of the PAC-10 conference in 2005, which is their only conference championship. The current head softball coach of the Stanford program is Jessica Allister.

### Men's tennis

The Cardinal have won 17 NCAA Men's tennis championships: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988 through 1990, 1992, 1995 through 1998, and 2000.

### Women's tennis

The Cardinal have won 20 of the 42 NCAA women's tennis team championships that have taken place, winning in 1982, 1984, 1986 through 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004 through 2006, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Stanford also won the 1978 women's tennis championship, awarded by the AIAW. 2023 was the first year in which Stanford held fewer than half of the NCAA team championships ever awarded.

Stanford tennis players have won the individual singles championship many times:

Stanford tennis players have also won the doubles championship many times:

### Men's volleyball

The Stanford Cardinal men's volleyball team represents Stanford in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. They are currently led by head coach John Kosty, who took the job in 2007, and play their home games at Maples Pavilion. The team has won two NCAA National Championships (1997 and 2010), plus earned NCAA Runner-up twice, as well.

#### Notable players

- Barry Brown (volleyball)

- Canyon Ceman

- Scott Fortune

- Matt Fuerbringer

- Gabriel Gardner

- Kevin Hansen (volleyball)

- Adam Keefe (basketball)

- Michael Lambert (volleyball)

- Jon Root

- James Shaw (volleyball)

- Erik Shoji

- Kawika Shoji

- John Taylor (volleyball)

- Andy Witt

### Women's volleyball

The Cardinal have won 9 NCAA Women's volleyball national championships: in 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Stanford has appeared in 17 championship games, more than any other team. Stanford has qualified for 41 of the 42 NCAA tournaments, missing the postseason only during the COVID-shortened 2020–21 season. Only Penn State has appeared in all 42 tournaments.

### Women's water polo

The Cardinal have won 9 NCAA Women's volleyball national championships, more than any other university: in 2002, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, and 2023. Stanford is the only program that has participated in every NCAA Championship since the event began in 2001. Stanford has advanced to the title match in 12 of the last 14 championships.

### Wrestling

The Stanford wrestling team is coached by Rob Koll, replacing Jason Borelli after he took the head coaching job at American University in 2021. In his 13 years as head coach, Borelli led the Cardinal to 122 dual wins, making him Stanford's winningest coach. The Cardinal wrestlers practice in the Weintz Family Wrestling Room, and compete on campus at Burnham Pavilion, with a capacity of about 1,400.

The Cardinal wrestling team won the Pac-12 championship once, in 2019. They have placed in the top 19 at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships eight times: in 1967 (13th), 2004 (19th), 2008 (19th), 2011 (11th), 2012 (16th), 2016 (19th), 2021 (17th), and 2022 (19th). Stanford has had two individual wrestling national champions in its history: Matt Gentry at 157 pounds in 2004 and Shane Griffith at 165 pounds in 2021.

Stanford's wrestling program was one of the eleven the school planned on eliminating after the 2020–21 season. In response, the team wore solid black singlets without the school logo. Wrestling fans also led a movement to keep the program afloat, before the school ultimately reversed its decision.

## Notable non-varsity sports

### Rugby

Stanford has fielded a college rugby team since 1906, and replaced football entirely until 1917. Stanford achieved one of the most surprising victories of American rugby's early history by beating a touring Australian club team in 1912. Rugby remained a varsity sport at Stanford until 1977. Despite the loss of varsity status, the Stanford Rugby Foundation covers many of the team's expenses from an endowment fund. Rugby is one of the largest sports programs on campus with over 100 players. Stanford Rugby is led by Director of Rugby Matt Sherman, who has served as an assistant coach for the U.S. men's national team.

From 1996 to 1998 Stanford reached the national semifinals in three consecutive years, finishing second in 1998. During the 2010–11 season, Stanford was champion of the Northern California conference, reached the national quarterfinals, and finished the season ranked 4th in D1-AA rugby. Following the 2011–12 season, Stanford were promoted to Division 1-A and played in the California conference, but have since returned to Division 1-AA and now play in the Pacific Western conference. Stanford won the Pacific Western conference in 2014, earning a berth in the D1-AA national playoffs, where they defeated Oregon 24–12 at home in front of a strong crowd, before losing to Arizona 27–24 in the quarterfinals.

## Championships

### NCAA team championships

Stanford has won 136 NCAA team national championships, the most of any NCAA Division I school. Stanford has won these NCAA team championships in 20 different sports.

- Men's (71) Baseball (2): 1987, 1988 Basketball (1): 1942 Cross country (4): 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003 Golf (9): 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1994, 2007, 2019 Gymnastics (10): 1992, 1993, 1995, 2009, 2011, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Outdoor track & field (4): 1925 (unofficial), 1928, 1934, 2000 Soccer (3): 2015, 2016, 2017 Swimming (8): 1967, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998 Tennis (17): 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 Volleyball (2): 1997, 2010 Water polo (11): 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2019

- Baseball (2): 1987, 1988

- Basketball (1): 1942

- Cross country (4): 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003

- Golf (9): 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1994, 2007, 2019

- Gymnastics (10): 1992, 1993, 1995, 2009, 2011, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

- Outdoor track & field (4): 1925 (unofficial), 1928, 1934, 2000

- Soccer (3): 2015, 2016, 2017

- Swimming (8): 1967, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998

- Tennis (17): 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000

- Volleyball (2): 1997, 2010

- Water polo (11): 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2019

- Women's (65) Basketball (3): 1990, 1992, 2021 Cross country (5): 1996, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 Golf (3): 2015, 2022, 2024 Rowing (2): 2009, 2023 Soccer (3): 2011, 2017, 2019 Swimming (11): 1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2017, 2018, 2019 Tennis (20): 1982, 1984, 1986 through 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019 Volleyball (9): 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016, 2018, 2019 Water polo (9): 2002, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023

- Basketball (3): 1990, 1992, 2021

- Cross country (5): 1996, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007

- Golf (3): 2015, 2022, 2024

- Rowing (2): 2009, 2023

- Soccer (3): 2011, 2017, 2019

- Swimming (11): 1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2017, 2018, 2019

- Tennis (20): 1982, 1984, 1986 through 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019

- Volleyball (9): 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016, 2018, 2019

- Water polo (9): 2002, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023

### Other national team championships

Below are 39 national team titles in NCAA sports that were not bestowed by the NCAA:

- Men's (17) Basketball (1): 1937 (retroactive Helms and Premo-Porretta selectors) Football (2): 1926, 1940 Tennis (1): 1942 Tennis (12) (indoor): 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002 (ITA) Water polo (1): 1963 (coaches' poll)

- Basketball (1): 1937 (retroactive Helms and Premo-Porretta selectors)

- Football (2): 1926, 1940

- Tennis (1): 1942

- Tennis (12) (indoor): 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002 (ITA)

- Water polo (1): 1963 (coaches' poll)

- Women's (22) Rowing (9) (lightweight): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 (IRA) Swimming (1): 1980 (AIAW) Tennis (1): 1978 (AIAW) Tennis (10) (indoor): 1989, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 (ITA) Water polo (1): 1985 (USA Water Polo)

- Rowing (9) (lightweight): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 (IRA)

- Swimming (1): 1980 (AIAW)

- Tennis (1): 1978 (AIAW)

- Tennis (10) (indoor): 1989, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 (ITA)

- Water polo (1): 1985 (USA Water Polo)

Below are 42 national team titles won by Stanford varsity and club sports teams at the highest collegiate levels in non-NCAA sports:

- Men's (5) Rugby (1) (Div. II): 2002 Sailing, offshore large boats (2): 1967, 1968 Ultimate (2): 1984, 2002

- Rugby (1) (Div. II): 2002

- Sailing, offshore large boats (2): 1967, 1968

- Ultimate (2): 1984, 2002

- Women's (24) Archery (2) (recurve): 2006, 2007 Rugby (4): 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008 Artistic swimming (9): 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2016, 2021 (USA Synchro collegiate championships) Table tennis (1): 2006 Ultimate (8): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016

- Archery (2) (recurve): 2006, 2007

- Rugby (4): 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008

- Artistic swimming (9): 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2016, 2021 (USA Synchro collegiate championships)

- Table tennis (1): 2006

- Ultimate (8): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016

- Combined (13) Badminton (3): 1997, 1998, 1999 Canoe/Kayak (4) (flatwater): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Cycling (4) (road): 1995, 1996, 1997, 2007 Sailing (1) (team race): 1997 (ICSA) Taekwondo (1): 2013

- Badminton (3): 1997, 1998, 1999

- Canoe/Kayak (4) (flatwater): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

- Cycling (4) (road): 1995, 1996, 1997, 2007

- Sailing (1) (team race): 1997 (ICSA)

- Taekwondo (1): 2013

### Consecutive years winning NCAA team championships

Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 48 consecutive years, starting in 1976–77 and continuing through 2023–24. This is the longest such streak in NCAA history. The second-longest NCAA championship streak ever was 19 years, achieved by USC from 1959–60 through 1977-78. As of the end of the 2023-24 academic year, the second-longest active streak was six years, held by North Carolina.

The most NCAA team championships Stanford has won in a single year is six in 1996–97 (men's and women's cross-country, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's volleyball) and again in 2018–19 (men's golf and gymnastics and women's volleyball, swimming, tennis and water polo). Stanford has won five NCAA team championships in a year three times (1991–92, 1994–95, and 1997–98). Stanford won three of the seven NCAA team championships awarded in the 2019-2020 academic year, when, due to COVID, only the fall sports were contested.

Stanford has won two NCAA team championships in a single day three times: in men's and women's cross-country on November 25, 1996; in men's and women's cross-country on November 24, 2003; and in men's water polo and women's soccer on December 8, 2019.

### NCAA individual championships

Stanford athletes have won 554 NCAA individual championships as of June, 2024.

Stanford's 554 individual championships are the most individual championships won by any school in NCAA Division I. No other Division I school is within 100 of Stanford's total.

## Directors' Cups

Stanford won the NACDA Directors' Cup in 25 consecutive academic years, from 1994–95 through 2018–19, and won again in 2022–2023. Stanford was the runner-up the other years the Directors'Cup has been awarded: 1993–94, 2020–21, 2021–22, and 2023–24.

The Directors' Cup recognizes the most successful overall sports program in NCAA Division I. It is awarded annually by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA). The Directors' Cup rewards broad-based success in both men's and women's college sports. Points are awarded based on post-season success in NCAA-sponsored sports.

Stanford finished second in the first Directors' Cup competition in 1993–94, behind North Carolina. Stanford won its first Directors' Cup the following year, 1994–95. From 1994–95 through 2018–19, Stanford won 25 Directors' Cups in a row. When the Directors' Cup was next awarded, in 2020–21, Stanford finished second, behind Texas.

## Athletic facilities

- Arrillaga Center for Sports and Recreation — Fencing, squash

- Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center — Men's and women's rowing, Women's lightweight rowing, sailing

- Avery Aquatic Center — Men's and women's swimming and diving, women's artistic swimming, men's and women's water polo

- Burnham Pavilion — Men's and women's gymnastics, wrestling

- Cobb Track and Angell Field — Men's and women's track and field

- Klein Field at Sunken Diamond — Baseball

- Maloney Field at Laird Q. Cagan Stadium — Men's and women's soccer, women's lacrosse

- Maples Pavilion — Men's and women's basketball, men's and women's volleyball

- Red Barn — Equestrian

- Smith Family Stadium — Softball

- Stanford Beach Volleyball Stadium — Beach volleyball

- Stanford Golf Course — Men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf

- Stanford Stadium — Football

- Taube Tennis Center — Men's and women's tennis

- Varsity Field Hockey Turf — Women's field hockey

## Rivals

The Cardinal's rivals consist of California, Notre Dame, San Jose State, and USC, which all primarily evolved from American football.

## Olympics representation

Stanford athletes have traditionally been very well represented at the Summer Olympics. 196 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 335 Summer Olympic medals: 162 gold, 93 silver, 80 bronze. The table below lists the number of medals won by Stanford-affiliated athletes in recent Olympic Games.

Stanford does not compete at the varsity level in any events contested at the Winter Olympics. Stanford students and alums who have won Winter Olympic medals include John Coyle, Eileen Gu, Eric Heiden, Sami Jo Small, and Debi Thomas.

## Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame

The Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame was established on December 21, 1954. Envisioned by Walt Gamage, sports editor of the now-defunct Palo Alto Times, the first class of inductees consisted of 34 Stanford sports greats. New members are inducted annually and are recognized during halftime of a home Stanford football game. The Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame Room is located on the first floor of the Arrillaga Family Sports Center on the Stanford campus.