Argyle International Airport

# Argyle International Airport

## Abstract

Argyle International Airport (IATA: SVD, ICAO: TVSA) (often referred to as Argyle Airport or simply AIA) is an international airport on the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean nation of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in Argyle, about 5.17 miles (8.32 km) from the capital Kingstown.

The airport is one of St. Vincent and the Grenadines' most important infrastructure assets and the country's first international airport. It is the largest international gateway into the country and connects St. Vincent and the Grenadines to major airports, such as Miami International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, London Heathrow Airport as well as other airports in the Caribbean.

It is the largest of five airports in the multi-island nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the others being J. F. Mitchell Airport in Bequia, Canouan Airport, Mustique Airport and Union Island Airport, all in the Grenadines. Argyle International Airport serves as a major gateway to the Grenadines, with several airlines operating an extensive network of direct domestic flights from AIA to all destinations in the Grenadines.

The airport is the second solar powered airport in the Caribbean, following V. C. Bird International Airport in Antigua.

## History

The project broke ground on 13 August 2008, with a work team of Vincentians and Cubans (nicknamed the " Chatoyer - Che Contingent" by Vincentian Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves), and the airport officially opened on 14 February 2017 when a Dynamic Airways charter flight became the first international aircraft to touch down at Argyle. The Argyle International Airport replaced the much smaller E.T. Joshua Airport as St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ principal airport. During the construction of the new airport, the International Airport Development Company (IADC) faced numerous challenges and controversies, causing major delays in the construction process. This resulted in the airport being completed five years after the originally forecasted completion date.

Argyle International Airport (AIA) was built on expropriated land in a rural part of St. Vincent's southeast coast, in response to the growing airport traffic needs that the E.T. Joshua Airport could not accommodate and also, because the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth. The new airport is able to handle 1.5 million passengers per year, more than four times the capacity at E.T. Joshua and offers 23 commercial spaces, three restaurants and several spots for kiosks. The airport is expected to increase the accessibility to this multi-island destination and be a key economic driver for the country, attracting direct flights from Canada, the US, the UK and more, fueling investments.

The airport commenced full operations on 14 February 2017, replacing the decommissioned E.T. Joshua Airport. Argyle International Airport is the only airport in St. Vincent and the Grenadines that offers international scheduled flights and is also served by scheduled, low-fare, business and charter carriers, with many services operated to the U.S. and Canada. It also supports corporate and general aviation. Argyle International Airport is the largest capital project in the history of the country, with an estimated cost of construction of XCD $700 million (USD $259 million) and an actual estimated value in excess of XCD$1 billion.

## Operations

The airport is a primary hub for SVG Air, a national airline of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, along with Mustique Airways. SVG Air and Mustique Airways have combined to form SVG Air -Grenadine Air Alliance, operating 17 aircraft, with bases in St. Vincent, Antigua and Grenada, offering visitors and residents a wider choice of international gateways in and out of St. Vincent & the Grenadines. Numerous inter-island flights are available daily.

Air Canada Rouge, American Airlines, Caribbean Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, InterCaribbean Airways, LIAT, SVG Air, Mustique Airways and One Caribbean currently provide regularly scheduled passenger services at Argyle International Airport. EasySky, which began flying to St. Vincent from Havana, Cuba in June 2017, is currently in negotiations with authorities to recommence its twice weekly service. Argyle International Airport has non-stop flights to Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The airport receives many international charter flights and is also an important freight airport, which provides cold storage and standard cargo transport. Amerijet International, increased their airlift capacity, using larger aircraft, such as the Boeing 767-300, to move more cargo into and out of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

The busiest international routes are Toronto and New York, while the busiest regional routes remain Barbados and Trinidad. One Caribbean has filed an application for a Foreign Air Carrier Permit with the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) ahead of plans to offer ad hoc charter flights to any point(s) in the United States from St. Vincent & the Grenadines and other OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States) countries.

The following airlines operate regular scheduled, charter flights, domestic and international flights to and from Argyle International Airport:

## Airlines and destinations

## Incidents and accidents

- 29 August 2018 – Caribbean Airlines Boeing 737-85P (WL) flight BW552 suffered a suspected bird strike and subsequent engine vibrations after takeoff from Argyle International Airport (AIA), St. Vincent and the Grenadines on a flight to John F Kennedy International Airport, New York City. The flight crew decided to divert to the home base at Piarco International Airport, Trinidad and Tobago. A safe landing was made at Piarco International Airport at 14:35 UTC, 65 minutes after takeoff, where it was taken out of service for maintenance by the airline's engineers. The airline says passengers on flight BW552 were re-accommodated on a later service to JFK International Airport.

- 26 August 2019 – A Saab 340 aircraft belonging to One Caribbean, apparently developed issues while departing from Argyle International Airport for Piarco International Airport in Trinidad and Tobago and skidded off the runway. The aircraft was not damaged and there were no injuries to the passengers.

- 5 June 2021 - American Airlines flight 1427 to Miami had to return to Argyle because of a bird strike. No one was reported injured in the aircraft, a Boeing 737-800. The incident was caught live by an aircraft spotter on video.

## Controversy

Some observers have questioned whether St. Vincent and the Grenadines needs an international airport. If it does, they ask, can the country afford to build – and maintain – an international airport while running an EC$151 million deficit as of February 2016. All of this was with public sector expenses increasing (Prime Minister Gonsalves announced in parliament in January 2016 that wages and salaries for central government employees would experience a "huge increase" in 2016 by 7.3 million EC dollars), taking the total to EC $281.8 million. The government also owes the private sector nearly 100 million East Caribbean dollars.

The new airport was originally scheduled to open in 2011. As of February 2016 the project has cost in excess of EC $729 million with increases in costs expected and has suffered from many delays. Paving on the runway was still incomplete as of February 2016.

In a "historic" address on 8 August 2005, Prime Minister Gonsalves stated, "Foreign investors often shy away from St. Vincent and the Grenadines when the limitations of air access arise due to the absence of an international airport." Critics have responded saying that the prime minister's statement is invalid and incorrect: on the contrary, many foreign concerns have invested in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from as early as the 1960s, after the Arnos Vale airport was constructed (and later renamed in memory of E.T. Joshua).


Evan Dobelle

# Evan Dobelle

## Abstract

Evan Samuel Dobelle (born April 22, 1945) is a former public official and higher-education administrator, is known for promoting higher-education investment in the Creative Economy, public-private partnerships and the "College Ready" model that helps students graduate from high school and college.

## Early life

Dobelle was born in Washington, D.C., on April 22, 1945. Dobelle's father was prominent American surgeon Martin Dobelle; his older brother was medical researcher William H. Dobelle. Dobelle grew up between Pittsfield, Massachusetts and Cocoa Beach, Florida, where his father served on the medical staff for Project Mercury.

Dobelle began his undergraduate education at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, where he was named a Distinguished Alumnus.

## Education and career

Dobelle holds bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in Education Administration from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and a master's degree in public administration from Harvard University. Elected mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1973 and 1975, Dobelle was later Massachusetts State Commissioner of Environmental Management and Natural Resources. He was U.S. Chief of Protocol for the White House in the Carter administration with the rank of Ambassador. His wife, Edith H. J. Dobelle, served as Chief of Protocol and Chief of Staff to First Lady Rosalynn Carter.He was the treasurer and deputy chair of the Democratic National Committee and National Chairman of the Carter-Mondale Presidential Committee.

Long before the 1980 presidential race, Dobelle worked as a Research Associate for Governor Ronald Reagan 's commission for educational reform.

Dobelle was President of Middlesex Community College in Lowell, Massachusetts from 1987 to 1990.

Dobelle was subsequently President and Chancellor of City College of San Francisco from 1990 to 1995. While in San Francisco, Dobelle decentralized administrative functions - a managerial model the College celebrated and maintained until it went into state receivership in 2012 nearly losing its accreditation. While issues were identified by FCMAT, the report was issued seventeen years and three presidents after the end of Dobelle's tenure and none of the findings were attributed to Dobelle.

While president of Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut (1995–2001), neighborhood renewal reversed declining enrollments.

As president of the University of Hawaiʻi from 2001 to 2004, he backed unifying the system's campuses, established the Academy of Creative Media, built a new medical school, reformed financial and building practices and strengthened Native Hawaiian programs. He was also criticized for politicizing the university by endorsing Democrat Mazie Hirono for governor and for paying unusually high salaries to administrators (though typical by mainland standards). On June 15, 2004 Dobelle was fired by the Board of Regents, but this firing was deemed illegal and void. Turnover on the Board of Regents meant that there were no Regents left who had selected him as President. A few weeks later, Dobelle and the university reached a mediated settlement. Dobelle agreed to resign from the presidency and not to apply for any other University of Hawaiʻi positions, and the university agreed to a two-year non-tenured research position and a settlement of $1.6 million in cash, a state pension for life, and a fully paid $2 million life insurance policy, and assumed all legal costs of $1.2 million, with no finding of wrongdoing on the part of either Dobelle or the board.

The ensuing controversy caused a statewide referendum to be passed by 63% that changed the way Regents were appointed by the Governor and was upheld unanimously by the Hawaii Supreme Court. The gubernatorial advisor and Regent who had initiated the process against Dobelle was subsequently rejected for reconfirmation by the state senate.

In 2004, he became president of the New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE). A few weeks later he was unanimously chosen to be President of NEBHE by the 48 delegates representing the six New England governors. Dobelle reorganized and focused the organization on core issues of access and affordability, significantly heightening NEBHE’s visibility and increasing external funding. Dobelle also energized participation of the six states in the region for the College Ready initiative and engaged all New England Governors, SHEEOS, and K–12 Education Commissioners in a single cooperative effort to address high school graduation rates and college access.

In December 2007 Dobelle was appointed president of Westfield State College in Westfield, Massachusetts. During his tenure the school's name was changed from "college" to "university."

In August, 2013, an audit directed by the executive committee of the university's board of trustees found that Dobelle mixed personal and institutional expenses submitted for reimbursement; Dobelle countered that he had self-reported the accounting issue to the Chair and the university General Counsel, and that the issue had arisen due to the existing system. Auditors also questioned other expenses, including tickets to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and a wire transfer to Vietnam, one of several expenses from a 2008 twelve-person academic delegation to Asia meant to raise Westfield's international profile and to raise funds. Reaction to the controversy includes an investigation by the state Attorney General's office and the withdrawal of a $100,000 gift; Dobelle countered that the pledge had been made years before and was not authentic. Dobelle called the audit and its release illegal and defaming. On November 8, 2013, Dobelle announced his resignation from Westfield State University and his retirement from public service. However, he was still both suing the university and billing it for over 90 thousand dollars in his legal fees. On July 31, 2014, the Massachusetts Inspector General's Office published the results of its investigation of Dobelle's spending while at Westfield State. On April 30, 2015, Dobelle and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts settled. The settlement required Dobelle to pay the Commonwealth $185,000 in legal fees. The settlement agreement also prevents Dobelle from serving in any role at a Massachusetts public institution of higher learning, but with no admission of wrongdoing on the part of Dobelle.

He currently works as a consultant and board member in the nonprofit and private sectors.

## Research and recognition

He has researched and compiled the Saviors of Our Cities list, which spotlights the top 25 universities and colleges that are exemplary examples of community revitalization and cultural renewal, economic drivers of the local economy, advocates of community service and urban developers, both commercially as well as in housing.

Dobelle serves on the Executive Boards of the Consortium of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU), the Commission on Effective Leadership of the American Council on Education (ACE), and the Council on International Education (CIEE).

Dobelle has received accolades during his career for success in community outreach as well as management of colleges inclusive of faculty issues, athletic teams, student engagement and being an agent for change.

## Family

Dobelle's father was orthopedic surgeon Martin Dobelle, and his brother was scientist William H. Dobelle. He resides with his long-time wife, Kit. They have one son.


Evan Dobelle


Jiří Strach

# Jiří Strach

## Abstract

Jiří Strach (born 29 September 1973) is a Czech film director and actor. He directed the film Operace Silver A in 2007. In 2016, Strach directed Angel of the Lord 2, a sequel to Angel of the Lord (2005).

Strach is a practising Catholic and a member of the Order of Saint Dominic.


Women's Table

# Women's Table

## Abstract

The Women's Table is a 1993 sculpture by Maya Lin in front of Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University.


Scream (Tony Martin album)

# Scream (Tony Martin album)

## Abstract

Scream is the second solo album by English rock and roll vocalist Tony Martin, after his second and final stint with Black Sabbath. It was released on 8 November 2005. The song "Raising Hell" features former Black Sabbath drummer Cozy Powell and keyboardist Geoff Nicholls. On most songs, Martin's son Joe Harford plays guitar. Nearly all other instruments are played by Martin himself (including a violin solo on "Scream").

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Tony Martin except where noted

## Band members

- Tony Martin: lead vocals, guitar, bass, violin, drums

- Joe Harford: guitar

- Geoff Nicholls: keyboards

- Cozy Powell: drums on "Raising Hell"


IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack

# IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack

## Abstract

IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack is a 2024 Indian Hindi -language crime thriller drama television mini series about the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999. It is directed by Anubhav Sinha and written by Adrian Levy and Trishant Srivastava. Produced by Sarita Patil and Sanjay Routray under Matchbox Shots and Benaras Mediaworks, it stars an ensemble cast led by Vijay Varma, Naseeruddin Shah, Pankaj Kapur, Dia Mirza and Arvind Swamy.

The series premiered globally on Netflix on 29 August 2024. It has become the most watched show on Netflix for the week 2-8 September.

## Cast

- Vijay Varma as Captain Sharan Dev, head pilot of IC 814 (based on Captain Devi Sharan)

- Naseeruddin Shah as Cabinet Secretary Vinay Kaul, IAS (based on Prabhat Kumar)

- Pankaj Kapur as Vijaybhan Singh, Minister of External Affairs (based on Jaswant Singh)

- Arvind Swamy as DRS, Secretary of MEA

- Dia Mirza as Shalini "Sha" Chandra, Editor of India Headlines

- Kumud Mishra as Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary of RAW

- Manoj Pahwa as Mukul Mohan, Additional Director of IB

- Aditya Srivastava as V K Agarwal, Head of RAW

- Additi Gupta as Air Hostess Chhaya

- Patralekha Paul as Air Hostess Indrani

- Amrita Puri as Nandini Martin, Reporter of India Headlines newspaper

- Dibyendu Bhattacharya as Abhijeet Kumar, senior officer in the MEA

- Pooja Gor as Simar Dev, Sharan's wife

- Kanwaljit Singh as J P Kohli, Director of IB

- Anupam Tripathi as Ram Chandra Yadav, RAW agent in Kathmandu

- Yashpal Sharma as Sanjay Mehta (cameo appearance)

- Sushant Singh as Lt. General Ravi Shankar, Director General of NSG (cameo appearance)

- Karan Desai as First Officer Sunil Sachdeva, secondary pilot of IC 814

- Girish Dhaneja as Flight Engineer Rajendra Nangia, IC 814

- Mu'azzam Bhat as Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil, Foreign Minister of Afghanistan

- Asif Ali as Usmani

- Meer Sadhwani as Nabibullah Barkazai

- Harminder Singh as Shahid Akhtar Sayeed alias "Doctor" (hijacker)

- Diljhon as Sunny Ahmed Qazi alias "Burger" (hijacker)

- Rajiv Thakur as Ibrahim Akhtar alias "Chief" (hijacker)

- Kunal Chopra as Zahoor Mistry (hijacker)

- Kamal Batra as Sakir (hijacker)

## Production

It is adapted from the book Flight Into Fear by Devi Sharan and Srinjoy Chowdhury. In December 2023, A series on Amazon Prime Video was canceled due to Tandav controversy.

In February 2024, The series was announced on Netflix. The trailer of this series was released on 19 August 2024.

## Reception

### Critical response

Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Authentic and to the point, Vijay Varma starrer is as good a web series as any we have seen this year" Shubham Kulkarni of OTT Play gave the series 4/5 stars and stated " IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack doesn't forcefully create a hero and Anubhav Sinha wins exactly there when he honours each being who managed to save even themselves." Divya Raje Bhonsale of Mathrubhumi rated the series 4/5 stars and states "A gripping Netflix series based on the 1999 Kandahar hijack, 'IC 814' features an impressive ensemble cast and a razor-sharp script. Must-watch for fans of historical dramas." A critic for Bollywood Hungama rated the web series 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "On the whole, IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack sees the coming together of some of the most talented names of Indian cinema and also throws light on the shocking aspects of the 1999 hijack episode. Due to the taut execution, strong script and of course the ensemble cast, the show is sure to get a huge viewership."

Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com rated the series 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and notes " IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack begins by asking why the hijack lasted seven days and ends in wondering if the good guys fought the bad ones hard enough." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the series 3/5 stars and notes "The Vijay Varma-Naseeruddin Shah-Pankaj Kapur show keeps it grounded, even when it’s in the air, and manages to distribute the tension evenly throughout." Shreyas Pande from Cinema Express rated the series 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and states "It’s a new leap here, as he (Anubhav Sinha) makes his web series debut and largely creates an engaging experience by showing nearly all that transpired during the dreadful hijack. Yet, something seems amiss. As the credits roll, you know certain information and it is just about enough to leave you curious. Nothing more, nothing less." Devansh Sharma of Hindustan Times notes "But in his (Anubhav Sinha) debut web series, he pulls off the Herculean task of telling a historical hijack story through a holistic, accurate, and non-judgemental lens." Anuj Kumar of The Hindu notes "Anubhav Sinha recreates the story of the longest hijack in Indian aviation history with precision, fairness and a touch of humanity."

Vir Sanghvi, a veteran journalist, slammed the filmmakers for being naive and misleading, suggesting that the series offers a whitewashed portrayal of an ISI operation while failing to accurately represent the threat posed by the hijackers.

## Inaccuracies

Several experts, high-ranking officers, senior journalists and the crew of the flight, including the former RAW chief A.S. Dulat and Former Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan, have criticized the series for its historical inaccuracies and not showing the passengers' perspective correctly.

AS Dulat, then chief of RAW, told India Today TV "There’s no doubt that the ISI had a role in this. It wasn’t just based on our intelligence reports; a well-known Pakistani journalist was in Kandahar at the time. He reported that it was obvious the ISI was orchestrating and controlling the entire operation". G Parthasarathy, India's high commissioner to Pakistan at the time of the IC 814 hijacking, calls Sinha's portrayal of al-Qaida and Taliban role "ridiculous". He said in an interview, "It was totally Pakistani involvement. The persons concerned were Pakistanis. The people they wanted released were Pakistanis. So there is no question of al-Qaida, that's the farthest thing to say".

The series also shows intelligence from the Kathmandu RAW team on a possible hijacking of an Indian aircraft reaching the agency's headquarters in Delhi, which has been denied by multiple officers of RAW, including the former RAW chief, AS Dulat.

The series is also criticized for its gentle portrayal of the hijackers, with hijackers being empathetic towards the injured crew and passengers on board, while in reality, the hijackers had killed a person onboard and stabbed a German citizen Satnam Singh.

The series also failed to show the hijackers' attempts to religiously convert the passengers on board. Ipseeta Menon, one of the survivors of the hijack, recalled how the hijackers tried to convert them. She said "The Netflix series has missed the long speeches by 'Doctor'". She also said "The high tension among the passengers hasn't been captured well".

### Names of terrorists

The series has been criticized for changing the Pakistani terrorists real names to code names and Hindu names. The identities of the five hijackers were determined to be Ibrahim Akhtar (from Bahawalpur), Shahid Akhtar Sayeed, Sunny Ahmed Qaz i, Zahoor Mistry (all three from Karachi) and Shakir (from Sukkur). However, the series used their code names like Bhola, Shankar, Doctor, Burger, and Chief. This decision has led to accusations that the series downplays the identities of the terrorists, which some viewers argue dilutes the historical context and impact of the real events. Historian and Journalist Hindol Sengupta called the film “pathetic” for what he sees as its glorification of terrorists. He added that the series doesn't acknowledge the long-term impact of the terrorists released during the hijacking, diminishing the severity of the real-life events.

Journalist Neelesh Mishra, who has written a book on the hijacking, said "All the hijackers assumed false names. That is how they referred to each other and how the passengers referred to them throughout the hijacking". He also clarified that he hasn't seen the series

Pooja Kataria, one of the survivors of IC814 hijack who was returning from her honeymoon in Kathmandu, said that the controversy over the show is unnecessary. She said "I have seen it. The controversy which is going on is needless. There is nothing like this, true event has been depicted and they (hijackers) had code names and they used to call each other using those names." She recalled that one of the hijacker with code name Burger gave her a shawl for her birthday, had conversations with the passengers and played Antakshari game during the hijacking.

Following the public uproar, India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting directed the content chief of Netflix India to appear before it and offer an explanation about the allegedly contentious aspects of the web series. Netflix responded by saying it would add new opening disclaimers to include the real and code names of the hijackers. However, some viewers outside India reported that this disclaimer was missing in version shown outside of India and was only present in the Indian version of it.


Elizabeth Rankin

# Elizabeth Rankin

## Abstract

Elizabeth Deane Rankin is a South African–New Zealand fine arts academic, and is an emeritus professor at the University of Auckland, specialising in neglected South African artists, and printmaking and sculpture.

## Academic career

Rankin completed a PhD titled Englishmen on the Acropolis: an historiography of the Parthenon, c. 1750-1850 at the University of Witwatersrand in 1978. It was the first PhD in art history awarded by the university. Rankin was appointed as Chair of the History of Art at Witwatersrand in 1982, and later served three years as Dean of Arts.

Rankin was Chair of the South African Association of Art Historians starting in 1985.

Rankin joined the faculty of the University of Auckland in 1998 as professor of art history. She was head of the department, and chair of the exhibitions committee for the university's Gus Fisher Gallery. Rankin's research focuses on neglected South African artists, and sculpture and print-making. Rankin has written a biography of South African artist Peter Clarke, published in 2012, along with retrospective exhibitions at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town, in collaboration with Phillipa Hobbs, and in Johannesburg. Rankin has also written about photographer Fiona Pardington, and artist Neil Pardington.

In 2012 Rankin was a visiting fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, where she worked with Prof. Dr. Rolf Schneider on the design of the frieze of the Voortrekker Monument. Rankin retired in 2016 and was appointed Professor Emeritus at Auckland.

## Selected works

### Books

### Other works

- {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


Detroit Department of Transportation

# Detroit Department of Transportation

## Abstract

The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) (pronounced DEE -dot) is the primary public transportation operator serving Detroit, Michigan. In existence since 1922, DDOT is a division of the city government, headed by a director appointed by the mayor. Primarily serving Detroit and its enclaves, DDOT is supplemented by suburban service from the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART). In 2023, the system had a ridership of 11,048,700, or about 41,300 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024.

## History

### Department of Street Railways

The DDOT began its life as the Department of Street Railways (DSR) in 1922 after the municipalization of the privately-owned Detroit United Railway (DUR), which had controlled much of Detroit's mass transit operations since its incorporation in 1901. The DSR added bus service when it created the Motorbus Division in 1925. At the height of its operation in 1941, the DSR operated 20 streetcar lines with 910 streetcars. By 1952, only four streetcar lines remained: Woodward, Gratiot, Michigan and Jefferson. Streetcar services was discontinued in April 1956 with the decommissioning of the Woodward line. The DSR formally became the DDOT in 1974 under the Detroit City Charter.

### 2000s-2020s

Between 2009 and 2012, the system's seven remaining limited and express bus routes (70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, and 78) were discontinued.

Starting January 1, 2012, management of DDOT was contracted out to Parsons Brinckerhoff, an engineering and management firm. The firm subsequently subcontracted the management of the system to Envisurage, LLC a consultancy run by the former CEO of the Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority. On March 3, 2012, 24-hour service was discontinued, and other weekday and weekend routes and services were pared down, or eliminated entirely, in an attempt to produce savings for the department. In August 2013, management of DDOT was contracted out to MV Transportation under the direction of Paul Toliver until September 2014. Dan Dirks was appointed director of the department by mayor Mike Duggan on January 9, 2014, for the duration of MV Transportation's contract. MV Transportation's contract was extended for another two years on August 12, 2014.

On January 23, 2016, DDOT reintroduced 24-hour service on three principal routes along with other smaller service changes.

On September 1, 2018, the system's ten most popular routes were branded as "ConnectTen" and renumbered as routes 1-10, and received 24/7 service among other changes. The existing routes numbered 7, 9, and 10 were given higher route numbers to avoid conflict.

### 2020s

In November 2021, the Detroit City Council approved plans to construct a new State Fair Transit Center, housed inside the disused Dairy Cattle Building, one of the last remaining structures from the State Fairgrounds. The Council rejected a prior plan, which called for the historic building's demolition. The original State Fair Transit Center, dating back to the streetcar era, closed permanently on November 6, 2022, and was promptly demolished; a temporary transit center was constructed in the former State Fair parking lot, 500 feet to the north, entering service the next day. Construction began on the new permanent transit center in May 2023, with completion expected in summer 2024.

#### "Reimagined" network overhaul

In the summer of 2022, DDOT announced DDOT Reimagined, a project to redesign the agency's route network and upgrade its infrastructure for better reliability, better coverage, more efficient travel, and reduced environmental impact. The plan's first phase, conducted that summer, consisted of public outreach to gather riders' input, through in-person and virtual meetings, workshops and pop-ups at popular bus stops.

In Spring 2023, DDOT launched the second phase of Reimagined, which included a draft of the planned redesign. The draft plan called for every route in the system to run at least every 30 minutes (where many currently run hourly), with more popular routes operating at 15-minute headways. Six routes – 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, & 10 – were slated for service every ten minutes (with route 4 running every 7½), and upgrades resembling bus rapid transit. These six, plus four other routes, would run 24/7 under this plan, with all other routes in the system running from 4 a.m. to 1 a.m., seven days a week.

To achieve this plan, three of the system's least-used routes – 12, 40, & 46 – were recommended for discontinuation, while four others – 23 & 39, 29 & 42 – would be combined into two resulting routes. Other routes would be rerouted, with some seeing extensions: of note was a proposed extension of route 17 into Livonia, a neighboring community which opts out of the suburban SMART system. A new route (70) was also proposed, planned to run near the Detroit Riverfront, connecting Belle Isle with the Gordie Howe International Bridge.

DDOT states that the planned redesign would mean 99% of regular riders would live within walking distance of a DDOT route, though the planned rerouting eliminates service on a number of streets. The agency conducted another series of outreach events to gauge riders' opinion, with a mobile exhibit, inside a converted bus, making a two-month tour of the system's major hubs.

In August 2023, DDOT's director, C. Mikel Oglesby, resigned. G. Michael Staley, then DDOT's paratransit manager, was appointed by Mayor Mike Duggan to replace Oglesby in an interim capacity. Staley previously served as a regional vice president at Veolia Transport, now known as Transdev.

DDOT published the final version of the Reimagined plan in February 2024. Most of the draft plan was kept, though public input influenced a couple of major changes: route 2 was added to the routes slated for service every 10 minutes, route 12 is no longer slated for discontinuation, and the extension of route 17 into Livonia was cancelled. Throughout the spring of 2024, DDOT will conduct further public outreach to gather feedback on the plan.

## Services

### Fixed-route buses

DDOT's primary service is fixed-route buses, mostly serving the city of Detroit and its enclaves, Hamtramck and Highland Park. Some routes service neighboring suburban communities, including Dearborn, Harper Woods, Livonia, Redford, River Rouge, and Southfield.

Bus service generally operates between 5 a.m. and 12:30 a.m. Monday through Saturday, while Sunday service starts approximately 7 a.m. and ends between 8 and 9 p.m. Routes 3-8, 10, 16 and 17 have 24/7 service.

#### Current routes

All termini are in Detroit unless otherwise noted.

### Paratransit

Along with fixed-route bus service, DDOT also offers MetroLift, an on-demand paratransit service. MetroLift service is operated by four private contractors: Moe Transportation, Big Star Transit, Checker Cab Company, and Delray United Action Council.

### Detroit Downtown Trolley

The Detroit Downtown Trolley (originally the Detroit Citizens' Railway) was a heritage trolley built in 1976 as a U.S. Bicentennial project. The trolley ran over a one-mile L-shaped route from Grand Circus Park to near the Renaissance Center, via Washington Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue, using narrow-gauge trams acquired from municipal rail services outside the U.S. Most of the Detroit cars that saw service from 1976 to 2003 had been acquired from Lisbon, Portugal. Many Detroiters old enough to remember streetcar service from before 1956 were delighted with the nod to nostalgia that the service represented, but lack of business activity in downtown Detroit meant that ridership of the Downtown Trolley never became more than a novelty and declined to only about 3000 per year in the late 1990s; service was suspended in June 2003.

## Fares

Since 2019, DDOT, SMART, and the QLine have had a unified fare payment system, Dart. Dart passes are available as digital passes through the Token Transit app, or as physical passes, which can be purchased from SMART's ticket offices in downtown Detroit and Royal Oak, the Rosa Parks Transit Center, SMART's online store, and select local businesses. 4-hour and 24-hour passes can be purchased with cash onboard buses.

### Standard Fares

^To receive discounted fares, seniors (age 65+) and disabled passengers must present either DDOT Special Fares ID card or state ID with visual impairment designation.

^^Medicare cardholders pay same rates as children 6–17, seniors at least 65 & disabled.

## Fleet

### Retired fleet

## Labor relations

DDOT's bus operators are represented by Amalgamated Transit Union Local 26, and mechanics are represented by AFSCME Local 312.


# 2024 Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship

## Abstract

The 2024 Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship is the second staging of the Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board. The draws for the group stage pairings was made on 29 January 2024. The championship is scheduled to run from 7 September to October 2024.

## Team changes

### To Championship

Relegated from the Waterford Senior Football Championship

- Portlaw

- Stradbally

Promoted from the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship

- De La Salle

### From Championship

Promoted to the Waterford Senior Football Championship

- Roanmore

Relegated to the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship

- Kilmacthomas

## Group A

### Group A fixtures and results

## Group B

### Group B fixtures and results

## Knockout stage

### Quarter-finals

### Relegation playoffs

### Semi-finals

### Final


2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B

# 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B

## Abstract

The 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (officially the Brasileirão Série B Betnacional 2024 for sponsorship reasons) is a football competition held in Brazil, equivalent to the second division. The competition began on 19 April and will end on 26 November.

Twenty teams compete in the tournament, twelve returning from the 2023 season, four promoted from the 2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C (Amazonas, Brusque, Operário Ferroviário and Paysandu), and four relegated from the 2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (América Mineiro, Coritiba, Goiás and Santos). This was the first Série B played by Santos in their history.

The top four teams will be promoted to the 2025 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

## Teams

Twenty teams will compete in the league – twelve teams from the previous season, as well as four teams promoted from the Série C, and four teams relegated from the Série A.

### Number of teams by state

## Personnel and kits

### Foreign players

The clubs can have a maximum of nine foreign players in their Campeonato Brasileiro squads per match, but there is no limit of foreigners in the clubs' squads.

#### Players holding Brazilian dual nationality

They do not take foreign slot.

- Enzo Monteiro (Santos)

## League table

### Positions by round

The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches were not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.

## Results

## Top goalscorers

Source: CBF


Snoras

# Snoras

## Abstract

Bankas Snoras AB or simply SNORAS (Nasdaq Baltic: SRS1L, Nasdaq Baltic: SRS2L) was a commercial bank, founded in Lithuania operating in all three Baltic states. It was a member of the financial group Konversbank and was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Vilnius stock exchange. On November 16, 2011, 100% of the bank shares were nationalized by the Lithuanian government and the bank was placed into temporary administration. On November 24, the bank was declared bankrupt. It had 4 billion litas (€1.16 billion) in debt.

## History

Bankas Snoras AB was founded 1992 as a regional bank of Šiauliai and renamed to its current name in 1993. It was recognised as the best bank in Lithuania in 2006 by financial publisher The Banker. However, an inspection at the bank in November 2011, revealed poor asset quality, weak risk management and lack of proper operating data. The check also revealed that the bank has ignored the central bank's recommendation to reduce operating risks.

## Shareholders

Snoras was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Vilnius stock exchange. Major shareholders, holding more than 5% of the shares of the company were:

- Vladimir Antonov – 67%

- Raimondas Baranauskas – 25%

## Notable subsidiaries

Snoras has invested in a variety of business, most notable are:

- Investment bank Finasta

- Latvian bank Latvijas Krājbanka

## Bankruptcy

In 2011, November 16, by the decision of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, the bank's activities were suspended, its managers were dismissed due to the possible default of the bank's credit obligations, and due to suspicions of non-transparent financial activities of the bank's managers. All the bank's shares were taken over by the state, the Bank of Lithuania temporarily appointed administrator Simon Freakley to coordinate the bank's activities.

In 2011, November 24, the Bank of Lithuania applied to the court regarding the bankruptcy of AB bankas Snoras, on December 7. Bankruptcy proceedings have been filed against the bank. Neil Hunter Cooper took over as receiver.

In 2014, Snoro's bankruptcy administrator will complete the sale of Finasto. The loan portfolio, the bank's and real estate assets taken over from borrowers, both in Lithuania and abroad, are being sold. February 1, employment contracts with 134 bank employees were extended, another 4 employees were on paternity or pregnancy leave.

## Investment in car industry

Snoras, in 2008, purchased 29.8% of shares of Dutch sports car manufacturer Spyker Cars. In the same year, Snoras sold the stake in Spyker Cars. In 2010, Snoras became sponsor of Renault F1 team.


Erika Alexander

# Erika Alexander

## Abstract

Erika Rose Alexander (born November 19, 1969) is an American actress, writer, producer, entrepreneur and activist best known for her roles as Pam Tucker on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1990–1992), and Maxine Shaw on the Fox sitcom Living Single (1993–1998). She has won numerous awards for her work on Living Single, including two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series. Her film credits include The Long Walk Home (1990), 30 Years to Life (2001), Déjà Vu (2006), Get Out (2017), American Refugee (2021), Earth Mama (2023) and American Fiction (2023), for which she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance.

## Early life

Alexander was born in Winslow, Arizona and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona until age eleven, when she and her family moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is one of six children born to Robert and Sammie Alexander, a schoolteacher and a children's book author, respectively. She graduated from Philadelphia High School for Girls.

## Acting career

Alexander was discovered at 14 by independent film company Merchant Ivory when she was attending the fifth week of a six-week summer acting class at the New Freedom Theatre. Her first major film role was that of Joan in 1986's My Little Girl. In 1989, she played Madri / Hidimbaa in Peter Brook 's nine-hour epic play adaptation of The Mahabharata. She was also cast in Bill Gunn 's The Forbidden City, the last play directed by Public Theater impresario Joseph Papp. The play also starred Gloria Foster, Frankie Faison and Akili Prince.

In 1990, Alexander starred opposite Whoopi Goldberg in the civil rights epic drama film The Long Walk Home. She was then cast as Pam Tucker on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show, starring on the vastly popular series from 1990 until the show's finale in 1992. That same year, Alexander starred in the ABC comedy-drama series Going to Extremes, which centered on a group of American students at a medical school on a fictitious Caribbean island named Jantique. The series was canceled after one season in early 1993.

Later in 1993, Alexander began starring as fan-favorite, super attorney Maxine Shaw in the Fox sitcom Living Single, a role she played for five years until 1998. For this role, Alexander won two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series in 1996 and 1998. In 1996, she also made a cameo appearance in Toni Braxton 's music video for her song " You're Makin' Me High ".

In 1998, Alexander starred as "Young Flora", acting along with Cicely Tyson and her former Living Single co-star Queen Latifah, in the CBS miniseries Mama Flora's Family, based on a novel by Alex Haley. She also appeared in the 1998 drama film 54. In 2001, Alexander starred in the comedy film 30 Years to Life, receiving a Black Reel Award for Best Independent Actress for her performance.

In 2002, Alexander played as probation officer Dee Mulhern in the Showtime drama series Street Time, which ran for two seasons. She had recurring roles in Judging Amy, In Plain Sight, Low Winter Sun and Let's Stay Together. Alexander also guest-starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Half & Half, ER, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Criminal Minds, House, Suits and Grey's Anatomy. Additionally, she appeared in a number of films during the 2000s and 2010s. In 2006, Alexander played the role of Shanti, a technical science engineer in the science fiction action film Deja Vu opposite Denzel Washington. She later starred opposite Benjamin Bratt and Jeremy Ray Valdez in the 2009 drama film La Mission.

From 2012 to 2015, Alexander had a recurring role as Carol Larabee, Mike and Vanessa's neighbor, in the ABC comedy series Last Man Standing. Tisha Campbell-Martin replaced her in this role during the show's seventh season. In 2014, Alexander had a supporting role in the comedy-drama Elsa & Fred starring Shirley MacLaine and Christopher Plummer. In 2017, she played Detective Latoya in the critically acclaimed horror film Get Out.

From 2016 to 2017, Alexander starred as Constance Irving in the Amazon original drama, Bosch. She had recurring roles in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series Queen Sugar in 2016 and Freeform fantasy drama Beyond from 2017 to 2018. In 2018, she was cast in a recurring role as Perenna in the CW superhero series Black Lightning. She received a NAACP Image Award nomination in 2019 for Outstanding Guest Performance in a Comedy or Drama Series. Also in 2019, Alexander began starring in the Hulu drama series, Wu-Tang: An American Saga. In 2021, she began appearing in a recurring role in the Starz comedy series, Run the World. The following year, she starred in The Roku Channel drama series, Swimming with Sharks.

Alexander appeared in the 2019 horror-thriller film I See You and played the lead in the Blumhouse horror-thriller American Refugee (2021). She later appeared in the comedy-drama film, Wildflower, and the drama film Earth Mama. In 2023, she starred opposite Jeffrey Wright in the drama film, American Fiction. She received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance nomination for her performance.

## Writing and publishing

In 2012, Alexander co-created and co-wrote a science-fiction graphic novel, Concrete Park, with then-husband Tony Puryear. In 2018, she penned season eleven of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer comic Giles with Buffy creator Joss Whedon. In 2023, she created and co-wrote the Dupont Columbia Award-winning Audible true-crime series Finding Tamika.

Alexander is a co-founder (with Ben Arnon) of Color Farm Media, an entertainment, innovation, and social impact company; in 2020, they released John Lewis: Good Trouble, a documentary focusing on civil rights leader John Lewis.

## Political activity

Alexander actively campaigned for Hillary Clinton and toured college campuses with Chelsea Clinton during the 2008 Democratic Party primary.

## Personal life

From 1997 to 2017, Alexander was married to artist and screenwriter Tony Puryear.

## Filmography


Chiranjeevi filmography

# Chiranjeevi filmography

## Abstract

Chiranjeevi is an Indian actor, politician, philanthropist and television host who predominantly works in Telugu cinema. He has also appeared in Hindi cinema, Tamil cinema and Kannada cinema films.

## Overview

Chiranjeevi made his acting debut in 1978, with the film Punadhirallu. However, Pranam Khareedu was released earlier at the box office. Known for his break dancing skills, Chiranjeevi has starred in more than 150 feature films. He rose to stardom after playing the lead in the action film Khaidi (1983). His 1987 film Swayamkrushi premiered at the Moscow International Film Festival. He co-produced Rudraveena (1988), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. In a film career spanning forty-five years, he has won four state Nandi Awards and nine Filmfare Awards South.

In 2006, Chiranjeevi was honoured with the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, for his contributions to Indian cinema, and was presented with an honorary doctorate from Andhra University. In 2013, he inaugurated the Incredible India Exhibition, a joint participation of the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting at the 66th Cannes Film Festival. He also represented Incredible India at the 14th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony held in Macau. In 2013, IBN LIVE named him as one of "the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema".

Chiranjeevi's 1992 film Gharana Mogudu is the first Telugu film to gross over ₹ 10 crore at the box office. The film made Chiranjeevi the highest-paid actor in India at the time, catapulting him to the cover pages of noted national weekly magazines in India. The entertainment magazines Filmfare and India Today named him "Bigger than Bachchan", a reference to Bollywood's Amitabh Bachchan. News magazine The Week hailed him as "The new money machine". He was paid a remuneration of ₹ 1.25 crores for the 1992 film Aapadbandhavudu, the highest for any Indian actor then. In 2002, Chiranjeevi was given the Samman Award for the Highest Income Tax Payer for the assessment year 1999-2000 by the Minister of State for Finance, Government of India. A poll conducted by CNN-IBN in 2006 named Chiranjeevi the most popular star of the Telugu Film Industry. In 2023, he starred in Waltair Veerayya alongside Ravi Teja, Shruti Haasan and Prakash Raj.

## As an actor


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen was a NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

### Race statistics

- Lead changes: 11 among 9 different drivers

- Cautions/Laps: 7 for 21 laps

- Red flags: 0

- Time of race: 2 hours, 38 minutes, and 41 seconds

- Average speed: 80.226 miles per hour (129.111 km/h)

## Media

### Television

USA will cover the race on the television side. as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte will call the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley will call the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch will have the call from Turn 5 to Turn 9, and Jeff Burton will call the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network will have the radio call for the race, which will also be simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon will cover the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody will call the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey will cover the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy will cover the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake will call the action from the pits for MRN.

## Standings after the race


Fred E. Inbau

# Fred E. Inbau

## Abstract

Fred E. Inbau (1909 to 1998) was an American lawyer and criminologist who helped develop the Reid technique of interrogation. He was director of the Scientific Crime Detection Lab. He coauthored the influential textbook Criminal Interrogation and Confessions.

Inbau was from New Orleans. After a law degree from Tulane University, he moved to Chicago. He studied at the Northwestern University School of Law and, after a few years as a trial lawyer, become a teacher there for 32 years. He was president of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. He founded Americans for Effective Law Enforcement.


Nathaniel Coe

# Nathaniel Coe

## Abstract

Nathaniel Coe (September 6, 1788 – October 17, 1868) was an American pioneer, Whig politician, War of 1812 veteran, and frontier agriculturist who founded Hood River, Oregon. He was considered a radical for his strong opposition to slavery and support for progressive legislation for women's rights. Coe served in municipal, every level of state, and executive government offices, both through appointment and election. He was elected to serve four terms in the New York State Assembly. In 1850, Coe declined a nomination to serve on the United States Senate to instead accept President Millard Fillmore 's appointment as the Special Postal Agent for the Pacific Northwest.

After settling in Oregon Territory, he developed the Hood River Valley 's thriving fruit industry and served as the first chair of the Hood River County School District.

## Early life and family

Coe was born on September 6, 1788, in Morristown, New Jersey, to Joel and Huldah Coe (née Horton). Coe is the fourth great-grandson of public official Robert Coe, the colonial public official, and the fifth great-grandson of Barnabas Horton, another colonist who built the first buildings on Long Island and the progenitor of the family that founded Tim Hortons. Mount Coe and Coe Glacier are named for his son, Henry, who platted the town. Coe is the great-grandfather of Sidney Howard, the screen writer of Gone with the Wind. Their genealogy was featured in an episode of Who Do You Think You Are? on TLC starring his third great-grandson, actor Tony Goldwyn.

In 1795, his family relocated to Scipio in rural Upstate New York, where he grew up. Coe was well educated, studying at Aurora Academy in Aurora, Erie County, New York, and receiving the title of esquire with a law degree. He served in the military, rising to the rank of captain, and fought in the War of 1812. In 1818, he returned to his family who had relocated to Nunda, New York.

Originally intent on becoming a lawyer, Coe instead joined the Baptist ministry and traveled through the south working as a surveyor and in sawmills. He worked as a penmanship teacher using the Lancasterian System in New Orleans for eight years.

In 1828, Coe returned to settle in Nunda, where he was later appointed the clerk of the village. There he met and married Mary White, a poet and literature scholar. They had four sons and two daughters. Both daughters died in childhood in Nunda. Coe founded one of the first churches there in 1819, which was converted into the Nunda Literary Institute in the 1840s.

## Political career

Coe became a politician serving Allegany County, New York, with an appointment as justice of the peace, and three successful elections to the New York State Assembly in 1843, 1844, and 1845. He also represented Livingston County, New York, for one term in the state legislature in 1847. His politics were extremely progressive for the time period. He was a member of the Whig Party and strongly anti-slavery and fought for the equal rights of women. He was considered by many of his peers to be a radical, but was esteemed and well-respected.

In the 1830s, the Coes hosted a gathering for a "female society supporting moral purity"—the American Female Moral Reform Society (FMR)—an early women's rights advocacy group against rape culture and misogyny billed as "anti-seduction" to protect women. They then formed the Nunda chapter of FMR. At the time, men who raped women were not charged with a crime and the victims were deemed unfit for marriage and often had no choice but to enter the sex industry as prostitutes. During the 71st session of the Assembly, Coe introduced the first-of-its-kind anti-rape bill "An act to punish seduction", which passed into law on March 22, 1848. The Married Women's Property Act was passed into law the following month, and in Seneca, New York, a few months later, women demanded the right to vote for the first time.

Coe was appointed to state auditor of New York. In 1850, he was nominated to represent New York in the United States Senate, but he declined. Instead, he accepted the nomination to serve as the Special Postal Agent for the Pacific Northwest from President Millard Fillmore. Coe first arrived in Oregon in Portland to survey the Umpqua and Rogue River for the Post Office Department a year prior to his family's settlement in the Hood River Valley. There were very few roads and travel was mostly along waterways. The federal government invested heavily into the development of the Post Office Department in the area for the potential for growing businesses in Oregon and California and the importance of timely delivery of correspondence. His work stretched across all of Washington and Oregon territories to just east of the Rocky Mountains by waterway on the steamer Canemah and horseback. The Canemah had a fatal accident when a flue exploded on August 8, 1853, killing a passenger. It sank the following September, was decommissioned and taken to Vancouver. Coe established the first post office at The Dalles.

## Founding of Hood River

In 1853, upon Democrat Franklin Pierce 's presidential election, a Democratic postal agent was appointed and Coe and his family platted and cultivated the Hood River, donating their government land grant for the establishment of Hood River. They planted the first orchards filled with 300 trees and bushes of apples, pears, apricots, strawberries, peaches, and plums. The first year of harvesting bore 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of peaches.

His wife Mary led an initiative to change the name of the Dog River in Oregon to its current name, Hood River, for nearby Mount Hood, which she thought was more respectable. The name had come from the Lewis and Clark Expedition who had named it "La Biche", which had been misinterpreted to be the Old English word "bicce", a vulgar slur for female dog. Another story was of an early group of explorers who had been so starved for food that they began to eat dogs while they camped there. It was officially changed in 1858. The rest of the valley took on a similar name and the success of fruit growing led to the formation of the Hood River Fruit Growers Union, the first agricultural cooperative in the Pacific Northwest. The area became an agricultural cradle when the first commercial orchard was planted in the 1880s.

The first building in the town was the school, now the site of the Mt. Hood Hotel. In 1865, Coe served as the Hood River County School District 's first chair and held the first meeting in his home.

## Tensions with the Klickitats

In the early 1800s, following the Lewis and Clark encounters, the Klickitat people used their power in numbers to levy a tax on settlers passing through Wishram village eventually opening depots for collecting furs. The Klickitat were skilled and by 1843 had developed working relationships with the settlers, hiring out farmhands and scouting in the war for hostile tribes.

In 1850, the Donation Land Claim Act was passed as an incentive for settlers to move west and homestead with a guaranteed donation of 640 acres (260 ha) per family. Natives were dispossessed of their lands and pushed onto reservations to make room for settlers. In some cases, the Klickitat fought for their land rights in court and won. The Tututni tribe from Rogue River grew increasingly hostile. In 1853, a group of Klickitat, their Chief Quatley, and Joseph Lane held a conference with the Tututni in which arms were called and Quatley and Lane held the Tututni chief hostage while they signed a peace agreement. The native rights to land, including those won in court, were not upheld by the government. In 1855, the Klickitat were ordered north of the Columbia River and east of the Cascade Range into Eastern Washington. Later that year, the Walla Walla Council was called to make peace between the settlers and the tribes. The Klickitat refused to attend, but Chief Kamiakin 's signature on the treaty forfeited their rights to their lands.

The implications of the council ignited the high tensions between natives and settlers in the area into the Rogue River Wars and the Yakima War. Coe fled the area with his family and joined the other settlers and some of the Klickitat at Fort Dalles, where they stayed until it was safe to return to the area around 1859. Coe died on October 17, 1868.


Denis Biševac

# Denis Biševac

## Abstract

Denis Biševac (Serbian Cyrillic: Денис Бишевац; born 22 September 1996) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a right-back.

## Club career

### Novi Pazar

Biševac joined the first team of FK Novi Pazar during the 2014–15 season, and also stayed with youth team until the end of same season.

After the end of his youth career, Biševac stayed with the first team under a scholarship contract until the end of 2015. He also spent some period during 2015 with FK Jošanica at dual registration.

Biševac made his senior debut for Novi Pazar in the 30th fixture match of 2015–16 Serbian SuperLiga against FK Radnik Surdulica on 3 May 2016, replacing Irfan Vusljanin in the 86th minute of that match.

He left Novi Pazar in the summer of 2018.

### Velež Mostar

On 18 June 2018, Biševac signed with First League of FBiH club FK Velež Mostar. He made his debut for Velež on 25 August 2018, in a 1–3 away win against NK Jedinstvo Bihać.

On 25 May 2019, Biševac won the First League of FBiH with Velež after the club beat NK Bosna Visoko 0–2 away and got promoted to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

### Return to Novi Pazar

In July 2019, Biševac left Velež after his contract got expired and decided to return to Novi Pazar.

## Career statistics

### Club

## Honours

### Club

Velež Mostar

- First League of FBiH: 2018–19


Care Bears: Unlock the Magic

# Care Bears: Unlock the Magic

## Abstract

Care Bears: Unlock the Magic is an animated children's television series and the sixth television series based on the Care Bears franchise, following Care Bears and Cousins.

The series follows the adventures of Good Luck, Funshine, Cheer, Grumpy, and Share Bear as they go on a mission to protect the land of the Silver Lining. The series premiered on Boomerang 's streaming service on February 1, 2019, the television channel on March 30, 2019, and on Cartoon Network on April 16, 2019. On May 20, 2022, it was announced six new specials were ordered and will air on Cartoonito and Max, where it had been airing since 2021.

## Plot

Care Bears: Unlock the Magic follows the adventures of good friends Good Luck, Funshine, Cheer, Grumpy, and Share Bear, as they embark from their life in Care-A-Lot on a new adventure through the Silver Lining, a strange world neighbored by the Whiffles, who are a group of innocently happy creatures that plant seeds to keep the magical land of Care-A-Lot and the neighboring Silver Lining growing. The Care Bears spread caring and sharing throughout the land as they learn to rely on their friendship, courage, and use a bit of their belly badge power.

However, the ego-driven nemesis of the Care Bears, Bluster and his Bad Crowd, try to stop them from succeeding at their mission, as his goal is to turn the Silver Lining into Blusterland. The Care Bears also retrieve help through the Caring Tower from their friends Bedtime, Tenderheart, and Wish Bear. Dibble the Whiffle accompanies the Care Bears along the way.

The Care Bears are sent on the road for the first time in this series, as they explore wonderful and never-before-seen areas that surround Care-A-Lot called the Silver Lining. Due to this, they meet new creatures and employ their powers and wits.

## Characters

### Main

- Cheer Bear (voiced by Debi Derryberry, under the pseudonym Alex Hall) is the leader of the group and the pilot of the Cloudseeker. She is a positive go-getter and is always up for a challenge.

- Grumpy Bear (voiced by Nick Shakoour in the TV series, and Justin Michael in the specials) is the team mechanic and resident worrywart. He is flippant and smart-alecky, but deep inside is a kind-hearted Care Bear who is tone deaf to his own words.

- Funshine Bear (voiced by Justin Michael) is the co-pilot of the Cloudseeker. He is blindly optimistic.

- Share Bear (voiced by Brenna Larsen) is the team communicator. She talks to animals, loves to bake, and also loves connecting with everyone.

- Good Luck Bear (voiced by Patrick Pedraza) is the mission's navigator. He tackles every task with determination and is determined to succeed by himself with no luck involved.

- Dibble (voiced by Brenna Larsen) is the team's pet and companion. She communicates through limited words, coos, and sounds. While it is difficult to understand what she is saying, it is apparent what she is feeling. She is as eager as a puppy and curious as a kitten.

### The Bad Crowd

The Bad Crowd consists of many members, although only four are named. They are led by Bluster to plant the Bad Seeds, and are junior league yes-men toadying up to Bluster and his plans to expand Blusterland.

- Bluster (voiced by Jason LaShea), the ego-driven, annoying, narcissistic leader of the Bad Crowd and the main antagonist of the series. He is an adolescent prankster and irredeemably mischievous. His plan is to change the Silver Lining into a land of his own, Blusterland.

- Robbie (Voiced by Debi Derryberry, under the pseudonym Alex Hall), Bluster's assistant.

- Malcom (voiced by Justin Michael), a member of the Bad Crowd who dreams of taking over Bluster as the leader.

- Bob (no one is voiced him), a big 1-eyed Bad Crowd member. He appeared in "The Beginning", "Nobody's Perfect", "Mixed Signals", "The Grumpy Effect", and "Neon Beach Party".

### Recurring

- Tenderheart Bear (voiced by Nick Shakoour in the TV series and Jason LaShea in the specials) is the anchor. He supports the crew from afar through the Caring Tower. He is kind, wise, and fatherly.

- Wish Bear (voiced by Valarie Rae Miller) is the mission's "mom". She is practical, supportive, and full of wisdom.

- Bedtime Bear (voiced by Harry Chaskin) is the night watch. He is a night owl who loves to read books, and is the enthusiastic scholar and the team's "search engine".

- The Whiffles (Voiced by Brenna Larsen and Patrick Pedraza), magical creatures who serve the Silver Lining by planting Seeds of Caring. Dibble is one of these creatures.

### Semi-recurring

- Love-a-Lot Bear (voiced by Debi Derryberry, under the pseudonym Alex Hall), a member of the Care Bears.

- Harmony Bear, another member of the Care Bears.

- Gus and Garth (voiced by Justin Michael and Harry Chaskin respectively), two gnomes who used to be greedy and hogged things, but learned to be nice and share things together, much to their uncle's dismay.

- Plunk (voiced by Harry Chaskin) a former member of the Bad Crowd who was kicked out of the group by Bluster for being too nice, and now wants to do as much good as possible.

- Togetherness Bear (voiced by Valarie Rae Miller), a new member of the Care Bears. She first appeared in the Unlock the Music video "Togetherness" and debuted in the special The Quest for the Rainbow Stone.

- No Heart (voiced by Justin Michael), an old foe of the Care Bears from the past and the overarching antagonist of the series. He will appear in the special The No Heart Games as the main antagonist.

- Do-Your-Best Bear, another member of the Care Bears who makes a cameo in the special The Quest for the Rainbow Stone.

### Unlock the Music

- Wonderheart Bear, a magenta Care Bear cub, who first appeared in the music video "Best Wishes", since her first appearance in " Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot ".

- Secret Bear, a Care Bear who first appeared in the music video "Best Friends". She also makes a cameo in the special The Quest for the Rainbow Stone.

- Best Friend Bear, a Care Bear who also first appeared in the music video "Best Friends". She also makes a cameo in the special The Quest for the Rainbow Stone.

- Birthday Bear, a Care Bear who first appeared in the music video "Suprise Birthday Party". He also makes a cameo in the special The Quest for the Rainbow Stone.

- Hopeful Heart Bear

- I Care Bear

- Dare to Care Bear

## Production

Care Bears: Unlock the Magic is co-produced for Boomerang by Cloudco Entertainment and Copernicus Studios. The president of the former, Sean Gorman, has said that " swung for the fences to give the Care Bears the best and most compelling storytelling, animation and broadcaster home."

## Episodes

## Shorts

### Cloudco Shorts (2019)

20 shorts were produced for the Care Bears YouTube channel. These are used during the end credits when Unlock the Magic is broadcast on Boomerang.

### Care Bears: Unlock the Music

Care Bears: Unlock the Music is a series of original music videos uploaded onto the official Care Bears YouTube channel, which uses clips from Unlock the Magic. The series co-owned and globally distributed by Moonbug Entertainment, a YouTube management company for children.

On February 26, 2021, Cloudco released Care Bears Kids Hits: Vol. 1 on digital download, which contains 10 of the songs featured in Unlock the Music. On March 12, 2021, Cloudco released another digital download album featuring the complete first wave of Unlock the Music songs. Many of the songs have also been released as singles as well.

On May 8, 2021, the second wave of songs from Unlock the Music began to be uploaded on the channel. Season 2 will feature 20 brand new songs, with all-new Care Bears featured.

On August 5, 2022, Cloudco released Care Bears Dance Party on digital download, which contains 10 of the songs featured in the second season of Unlock the Music. On September 2, 2022, Cloudco released another digital download album featuring the complete first wave of Unlock the Music songs titled Unlock the Music, Season 2. As with Season 1, many of the songs have also been released as singles as well.

## Broadcast

### Original broadcasters

Care Bears: Unlock the Magic was co-commissioned by Turner and Tiny Pop, and so the series was first broadcast in the United States and the United Kingdom.

In the United States, the 10 episodes of Care Bears: Unlock the Magic were released to Boomerang 's mobile app service on February 1, 2019. A sneak peek release of the first episode was added early to the app on January 28, 2019. The series premiered on the main TV network on March 30, and premiered on Cartoon Network on April 16, 2019. On August 16, 2021, it was announced that the series would air on the Cartoonito block as a weekend programme beginning on September 19, 2021.

### International

In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on Tiny Pop on April 6, 2019. Unlock the Music premiered on Sky Kids on February 13, 2023.

On September 30, 2019, Cloudco Entertainment announced they had sold the series on to many broadcasters including WildBrain 's Family Jr. in Canada. On the same day, Cloudco also announced that Bomanbridge Media would be the content agent for the series in Southeast Asia, with the two selling the show to TVB in Hong Kong and ABS-CBN 's Yey! in The Philippines.

Later foreign deals that would go into 2020 would include StarzPlay in Arabia, among others.

In Latin America, the series was released on Paramount 's mobile app service, Noggin on April 1, 2020. It later aired on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. channels on July 6, 2020.

In Brazil, the series first began airing on Globo 's streaming service, Globoplay on September 18, 2020. It was later shown on Gloob and Gloobinho channels on September 20, 2021.

The series was planned to premiere on Boomerang in Central and Eastern Europe on September 12, 2022, but it was pulled from the schedule and replaced with a rerun of Mush-Mush and the Mushables. In March 2023, Boomerang was renamed to Cartoonito in CEE, and it finally premiered on July 1, 2024,and only aired the six specials.

## Merchandise

A comic book based on the series was announced by IDW Publishing in March 2019. It was released in July 2019.

In May 2019, Toy company Basic Fun announced they had acquired the master toy rights to the Care Bears franchise, with the toys being based on this series. FiGPiNs were released in March 2020.

### Home Media

The show's first DVD release in North America - "Share Your Care" was released on August 6, 2024, by NCircle Entertainment.


Ohrid

# Ohrid

## Abstract

It became capital of the First Bulgarian Empire in the early medieval period, and was often referred to by Byzantine writers as Achrida (Ἄχριδα, Ὄχριδα, or Ἄχρις). By 879 AD, the town was no longer called Lychnidos but was referred to as Ohrid.

In Macedonian and the other South Slavic languages, the name of the city is Ohrid (Охрид). In Albanian, the city is known as Ohër or Ohri and in modern Greek Ochrida (Οχρίδα, Ωχρίδα) and Achrida (Αχρίδα). The name of the city in Aromanian is Ohãrda.

## History

Illyrians (Enchele, Dassaretii) –3rd century BC Kingdom of Macedonia 210 BC-208 BC Kingdom of Dardania 208 BC-170 BC Kingdom of Macedonia 170 BC-148 BC Roman Republic 148 BC - 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 Byzantine Empire 395–842 First Bulgarian Empire 842–1018 Byzantine Empire 1018–1083 Bohemond I 1083–1085 Byzantine Empire 1085–1203 Second Bulgarian Empire 1203–1208 Strez 1208–1214 Epirus and Thessalonica 1214–1230 Second Bulgarian Empire 1230–1263 Byzantine Empire ~1250–1334 Serbian Empire 1334 - ~1336 Gropa family ~1336 – ??? Lordship of Prilep ??? – ~1373 Gropa family ~1373–1395 Ottoman Empire 1395–1464 League of Lezhë 1464-1466 Ottoman Empire 1466–1912 Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1915–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1991 Macedonia / North Macedonia 1991–present

### Antiquity

The earliest inhabitants of the widest Lake Ohrid region were the Illyrian tribes of Enchele and Dassaretii. According to a tradition the town was founded by Cadmus, the Phoenician king of Thebes, who fled to Enchele after being banished from Boeotia. In addition to Ohrid, called Lychnidos (Ancient Greek: Λυχνιδός) in classical antiquity, he is said to have founded Budva in Montenegro. Lychnidos was the capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii.

According to recent excavations, this was a town as early as of the era of king Philip II of Macedon. They conclude that Samuil's Fortress was built on the site of an earlier fortification, dated to the 4th century BC. In 210 BCE, Philip V of Macedon raided a number of southern Illyrian communities. He maintained a garrison at Lychnidos but lost control of the settlement in 208 BCE, when its commander joined local leader Aeropus and invited the Dardani in the region.

During the Roman conquests, towards the end of 3rd and the beginning of 2nd century BC, Lychnidus is mentioned as a town near or within Dassaretia. In Roman times, it was located along the Via Egnatia, which connected the Adriatic port Dyrrachion (present-day Durrës) with Byzantium. Archaeological excavations (e.g., the Polyconch Basilica from the 5th century) prove an early adoption of Christianity in the area. Bishops from Lychnidos participated in multiple ecumenical councils.

### Middle Ages

The South Slavs began to arrive in the area during the 6th century AD. By the early 7th century, it was colonized by a Slavic tribe known as the Berziti. Bulgaria conquered the city around 840.

The name Ohrid first appeared in 879. The Ohrid Literary School, established in 886 by Clement of Ohrid, became one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire. Between 990 and 1015, Ohrid was the empire's capital and stronghold.

From 990 to 1018, Ohrid was also the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. After the Byzantine reconquest of the city in 1018 by Basil II, the Bulgarian Patriarchate was downgraded to an Archbishopric of Ohrid, and placed under the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

The higher clergy after 1018 was almost invariably Greek, including during the period of Ottoman domination, until the abolition of the archbishopric in 1767. At the beginning of the 16th century, the archbishopric reached its peak, subordinating the Sofia, Vidin, Vlach and Moldavian eparchies, part of the former medieval Serbian Patriarchate of Peć, (including Patriarchal Monastery of Peć itself), and even the Orthodox districts of Italy (Apulia, Calabria and Sicily), Venice and Dalmatia.

As an episcopal city, Ohrid was a cultural center of great importance for the Balkans. Almost all surviving churches were built by the Byzantines and by the Bulgarians, with the rest dating back to the short time of Serbian rule during the late Middle Ages.

Bohemond, leading a Norman army from southern Italy, took the city in 1083. The Byzantines regained it in 1085. In the 13th and 14th century, the city changed hands between the Despotate of Epirus, the Bulgarian, Byzantine and Serbian Empires, and Albanian rulers. In the mid-13th century, Ohrid was one of the cities ruled by Pal Gropa, a member of the Albanian noble Gropa family. In a text by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, there is mention of nomadic Albanians present in the vicinity of Ohrid at around 1328. The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81.

In 1334, the city was captured by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and incorporated in the Serbian Empire. After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of Andrea Gropa. After his death, Prince Marko incorporated it in the Kingdom of Prilep.

In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with Ottoman assistance.

In 1395, the Ottomans under Bayezid I captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established Sanjak of Ohrid. Some time after Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg had liberated Krujë to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with Gjergj Arianiti and Zahari Gropa (of the local Albanian Gropa noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of Svetigrad.

From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of the League of Lezhë and 1,000 of the Republic of Venice defeated a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the Battle of Ohrid. When Mehmed II returned from Albania after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight.

### Ottoman period

During the 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529-1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements. In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were Bulgarians and Vlachs and the rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 Slavophone Greek families. The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major trade route. At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants.

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the Pashalik of Scutari, ruled by the Bushati family.

After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Bulgarian Exarchate (97%), the Exarchate became in control of the area. In 1889, Gustav Weigand discovered in Ohrid the important Codex Dimonie, a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani. The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.

The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on the Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each.

Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in the Kaza of Ohrid. There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 Albanian Muslim households, 150 Albanian Christian households, 900 Bulgarian households, 300 Vlach households, 210 Serb households and 39 Greek households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that the number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the Kaza of Ohrid had 5,336 Albanian households, 4,347 Slavic households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 Vlach households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of Ottoman rule, the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised the exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities.

### Modern

Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to Monastir sanjak in Manastir Vilayet (present-day Bitola). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the Balkan Wars and later made it the capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and 500 people consisting of Albanians and Turks. In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leaders rebelled against the Kingdom of Serbia. It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918 during World War I.

Bulgarian ethnographer Yordan Ivanov, professor at the University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue.

During Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ohrid continued to be as an independent district (Охридски округ) (1918-1922), then it became a part of Bitola Oblast (1920-1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the Vardar Banovina. It was occupied again by Bulgaria between 1941 and 1944 during World War II. Since the days of SFR Yugoslavia Ohrid has been the municipal seat of Municipality of Ohrid (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia).

On 20 November 1993, Avioimpex Flight 110 crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia.

## Geography and climate

Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of Lake Ohrid, at an elevation of 695 meters above sea level.

Ohrid has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) moderated by its elevation, as the mean temperature of the warmest month is just above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and every summer month receives less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) or in a range between 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and −1.5 °C (29.3 °F). The warmest month is August with average range of 27.7 °C (82 °F) - 14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The rainiest month is November, which sees on average 90.5 mm (3.6 in) of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around 30 mm (1.2 in). The absolute minimum temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) and the maximum 38.5 °C (101.3 °F).

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup:

- Macedonians, 28,920 (74.5%)

- Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources, 3,421 (8.8%)

- others, 2,728 (7.0%)

- Albanians, 1,924 (5.0%)

- Turks, 1,825 (4.7%)

As of the 2002 census, the city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:

- Macedonians, 33,791 (80.4%)

- Albanians, 2,959 (7.0%)

- Turks, 2,256 (5.4%)

- others, 3,027 (7.2%)

The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following:

- Macedonian, 34,910 (83.1%)

- Albanian, 3,957 (9.4%)

- Turkish, 2,226 (5.3%)

- others, 1,017 (2.4%)

The religious composition of the city was the following:

- Orthodox Christians, 33,987 (80.9%)

- Muslims, 7,599 (18.1%)

- others, 447 (1.1%)

The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood. Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, Malesija and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia. Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on the western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid. There is a sizeable amount of Turkified Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of Elbasan, Durrës and Ulcinj. The local Romani population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern Tosk Albanian dialect.

The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from Moscopole, others from Kavajë (late 18th century), from the Myzeqe region, Elbasan, Llëngë and Mokër region (mid. 19th century) and also from Gorna Belica and Malovišta (late 19th century). A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to Trieste, Odessa and Bucharest. Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from Pogradec, Lin, Çërravë and Peshkëpi.

All Turks from the village of Peštani after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as Peştanlı. In 1949, additional families from Aegean Macedonia settled in Ohrid.

In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians. As tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights, Romani identity became politicized and contested from the 1990s onward. Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as Albanians seeing it as a result of Albanisation (or to be called Gypsies) and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as Egyptians whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago. The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue. Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during the Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks, while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians. In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of Krani and Nakolec have migrated to Ohrid.

## Cultural Heritage sites

Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within the city of Ohrid.

- Ancient Theatre of Ohrid from Hellenistic and Roman time

- Vidobišta Roman-era tombs

- Kozluk, Roman-era settlement

- Mančevci site with early Christian basilica

- Hermeleja, Roman-era settlement

- Saint Erasmus

- Karagjulevci tombs from Ancient Macedonian era

- Samuel's Fortress and remaining portions of the city walls

- Plaošnik

- Studenčišta basilica

- Saint 40 Holy Martyrs early Christian basilica

There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller.

- Grave of Grigor Prličev

- Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Čelnica

- Little Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan)

- Church of Saint Demetrius

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Bolnička

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Bolnički

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Perivleptos

- Little Church of Saint Clement

- Church of Saint John the Baptist - Kaneo

- Church of Saint Sophia

- Church of Saints Constantine and Elena

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Kamensko

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Gerakomija

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Arbanaški

- Church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker

- Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan), with frescos from the 14th century. A 14th-century icon from the church is depicted on the obverse of the 1000 denars banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.

- Church of Saint George

- Church of Saint Nicholas

Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. The restored Monastery at Plaošnik was actually one of the oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the Monastery of Saint Naum lie in its surrounding villages.

- Voska Hamam

- Eski Hamam

- Zejnel Abedin Pasha Tekke

- Sinan Çelebi Türbe

- Ali Pasha Mosque

- Hajdar Pasha Mosque

- Hadži Durgut Mosque

- Hadži Hamza Mosque

- Memorial mound on Slavej Planina

- Common grave of fallen National Liberation War soldiers

- Memorial plaque of fallen professors and students of the Ohrid Gymnasium in the National Liberation War

Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the Robevi family house and the Prličev family home, the Uzunov family home, function as museums today. Also included are the Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower, and the Icon Gallery.

## Transportation

There is a nearby international airport, Ohrid Airport (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport").

Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to Skopje by the Ohrid line, a 167 kilometres (104 mi) long 600 mm narrow-gauge railway.

## Sports

GFK Ohrid Lihnidos is a football team playing at the SRC Biljanini Izvori stadium in the city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system.

FK Voska Sport is also a football team in Ohrid that competes in the Macedonian First League as of the 2023-24 season.

RK Ohrid is a handball team playing at Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the Macedonian Handball Super League, which is the top tier.

The Ohrid Swimming Marathon is an international open water swimming competition, always taking place in the waters of Lake Ohrid. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30 km (19 mi) from the monastery of Saint Naum to the Ohrid harbor.

## Recurring events

- Ohrid Summer Festival, annual theater and music festival from July to August

- Ohrid Choir Festival, annual international choir festival at the end of August

- Balkan Folklore Festival, annual folklore music and dance festival at the beginning of July

- Balkan music square festival, music festival in August in which ethnic musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate

- Ohrid Fest (Охридски Трубадури), music festival in August in which musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate. This festival is held for four days which are divided into Debutant Night, Folk Night, Pop Night and International Night.

- Debutant Night,

- Folk Night,

- Pop Night and

- International Night.

- World Prized of Humanism in the Ohrid Academy of Humanism, created by Jordan Plevnes

- Ohrid art and scientific meetings (Охридска научна и уметничка визита), held in House of Uranija-MANU, Ohrid by Macedonian academy of science and arts

## Twin towns – sister cities

Ohrid is twinned with:

- Budva, Montenegro

- Caen, France

- Givatayim, Israel

- Inđija, Serbia

- Kragujevac, Serbia

- Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Pogradec, Albania

- Piran, Slovenia

- Safranbolu, Turkey

- Stari Grad (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Vidovec, Croatia

- Vinkovci, Croatia

- Windsor, Canada

- Wollongong, Australia

- Yalova, Turkey

## Sources


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen