The American Friend

# The American Friend

## Abstract

The American Friend (German: Der amerikanische Freund) is a 1977 neo-noir film written and directed by Wim Wenders, adapted from the 1974 novel Ripley's Game by Patricia Highsmith. It stars Dennis Hopper as career-criminal Tom Ripley and Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Zimmermann, a terminally ill picture framer whom Ripley coaxes into becoming an assassin. The film uses an unusual "natural" language concept: Zimmermann speaks German with his family and his doctor, but English with Ripley and while visiting Paris.

## Plot

Tom Ripley is a wealthy American living in Hamburg, Germany. He is involved in an artwork forgery scheme, in which he drives up auction prices of supposedly newly-found—but really newly-produced—paintings by an artist who has faked his own death. At an auction he is introduced to Jonathan Zimmermann, a picture framer who is dying of leukemia. Zimmermann refuses to shake Ripley's hand when introduced, coldly saying, "I've heard of you,” before walking away.

Raoul Minot, a French criminal, asks Ripley to murder an American gangster. Ripley declines, but, to get even for Zimmermann's slight, suggests Minot use Zimmermann for the job. Ripley spreads rumors that Zimmermann's illness has suddenly worsened, and Minot offers Zimmermann a great deal of money to kill the gangster. Zimmermann initially turns Minot down, but fearing that he might not have long to live, he joins Minot on a trip to France to get a second medical opinion. Minot has the results falsified to make Zimmermann expect the worst, and Zimmermann agrees to shoot the gangster in a Paris Métro station to provide for his wife Marianne and his son Daniel. Ripley visits Zimmermann in his shop before and after the shooting, ostensibly to get a picture framed. Zimmermann is unaware of Ripley's involvement in the murder plot, and the two begin to form a bond, after Zimmermann apologizes for being rude to Ripley when they first met.

Minot visits Ripley to report his satisfaction with Zimmermann's performance. Ripley, who has grown to like Zimmermann, is appalled when Minot wants Zimmermann to kill another American gangster in order to trigger a gang war among his rivals. This time, however, he will be on an international express train, using a garrote. This gangster gets the jump on Zimmermann, but Ripley appears out of the shadows and overpowers the man. Zimmermann and Ripley jointly execute the target and his bodyguard and throw the bodies from the train. Back in Hamburg, Ripley confesses to suggesting Zimmermann to Minot. When Zimmermann offers him the money for the second hit, he declines and asks Zimmermann not to divulge his involvement.

Leading a double life causes tension in Zimmermann's marriage, as Marianne does not believe his cover stories of traveling and getting paid for experimental treatments. Marianne eventually leaves with Daniel, causing him to collapse. Minot arrives to find out if Zimmermann knows why his flat was recently bombed. When Zimmermann mentions that "we" killed the man on the train, he suspects Ripley has turned on him.

Zimmermann calls Ripley, who takes Zimmermann to his mansion to wait for the assassins that he expects will soon appear. He and Zimmermann ambush and kill the American gangsters that arrive. Minot, who has been captured and beaten by the Americans, escapes in the chaos. Ripley piles the bodies into the ambulance the gangsters brought, but before he and Zimmermann can leave to dispose of them, Marianne arrives and tells Zimmermann that the French medical reports are fake. Ripley says there will be plenty of time to settle everything later, but he and Zimmermann could use her help with their current situation. The trio head to the sea, Ripley in the ambulance, and Marianne driving her exhausted husband in their car. On an isolated beach, Ripley douses the ambulance with gasoline and sets it on fire. Zimmermann gets in the driver's seat of his car and speeds away with Marianne, abandoning Ripley. Moments later, he dies at the wheel and the car goes out of control, but Marianne pulls the emergency brake and survives. At the beach, Ripley says to himself, "Oh well. We made it anyway, Jonathan. Be careful."

## Cast

- Dennis Hopper as Tom Ripley

- Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Zimmermann

- Lisa Kreuzer as Marianne Zimmermann, Jonathan's wife

- Gérard Blain as Raoul Minot, a French gangster

- Nicholas Ray as "Derwatt", an artist

- Samuel Fuller as The American, a gangster

- Peter Lilienthal as Marcangelo, the gangster killed on the train

- Daniel Schmid as Igraham, the gangster killed in the subway

- Sandy Whitelaw as Doctor in Paris

- Jean Eustache as Friendly Man, who bandages Jonathan's head

- Lou Castel as Rodolphe, Minot's henchman

- Andreas Dedecke as Daniel Zimmermann, Jonathan and Marianne's son

- David Blue as Allan Winter, who buys the painting at the auction

- Stefan Lennert as Auctioneer

- Rudolf Schündler as Gantner, Marianne's boss at the auction house

- Gerty Molzen as Old Lady, a customer of Jonathan's framing business

- Heinz Joachim Klein as Dr. Gabriel

- Heinrich Marmann as Man on the Train with a dog

- Satya De La Manitou as Angie, The American's henchman

- Axel Schiessler as Lippo, Marcangelo's bodyguard

- Adolf Hansen as Conductor

- Rosemarie Heinikel as Mona, a woman involved with The American

## Production

Wenders was a fan of Patricia Highsmith and wanted to make a film based on one of her novels, especially The Cry of the Owl or The Tremor of Forgery. When he learned that the rights to these novels, and Highsmith's others, had been sold, he met with the author, and she offered him the unpublished manuscript of Ripley's Game, which was published in 1974. Although he did not have the rights to do so, Wenders also incorporated elements from the previous Ripley novel, Ripley Under Ground, in the film.

Disliking the title Ripley's Game, Wenders shot the film under the title Framed. Another title considered was Rule Without Exception. Wenders credits Hopper's performance and onscreen relationship with Ganz with inspiring the title The American Friend.

Initially, Wenders wanted to cast John Cassavetes as Ripley, but he declined, suggesting Hopper for the part. After casting Hopper, an experienced director, Wenders decided to cast all of the gangster roles with directors, including Gérard Blain, Samuel Fuller, Peter Lilienthal, and Daniel Schmid. Additionally, Nicholas Ray was cast as the artist, and Jean Eustache was cast as a friendly Frenchman.

American popular music is heard or referenced at several points in the film. Ripley quotes the song " Ballad of Easy Rider " from Easy Rider (1969), a film Hopper directed and starred in, and Bob Dylan 's " One More Cup of Coffee " and " I Pity the Poor Immigrant ". Zimmermann plays or sings the songs "Too Much on My Mind" and "Nothin' in the World Can Stop Me Worryin' 'Bout That Girl", both by the Kinks, in his shop; Summer in the City (1970), Wenders's first full-length feature film, was dedicated to the Kinks. Also, Ripley tells Zimmermann that he is "bringing the Beatles back to Hamburg," and Zimmermann quotes the band's song " Drive My Car " later in the film.

## Reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 25 critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average score of 7.3/10; the site's "critics consensus: reads: " The American Friend is a slow burning existential thriller that does justice to the Patricia Highsmith source novel." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, writing: " challenges us to admit that we watch (and read) thrillers as much for atmosphere as for plot. And then he gives us so much atmosphere we're almost swimming in it." David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews had a more mixed reaction, calling the film "occasionally thrilling" and praising "Ganz's subtle, thoroughly compelling performance", but criticizing what he called a "disastrous final half hour."

In A Girl and a Gun: The Complete Guide to Film Noir, David N. Meyer says of the film: "Though the plot may not make a whole lot of sense the first time around—and the thick European accents of a couple of the major actors doesn't help— The American Friend is worth the effort. Few movies from any era or genre offer such rich characters, realistic human relationships, gripping action sequences, or sly humor." In Out of the Past: Adventures in Film Noir, Barry Gifford writes: "Of all the 'homage' films made since the 1940s and '50s meant to evoke noir, The American Friend succeeds more than most because of the spaces, the sputters, and sudden shifts of energy that allow the characters to achieve veracity."

Highsmith initially disliked the film, but later changed her mind. Joan Schenkar's biography of the author, The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith, quotes Wenders as saying: "I was really happy with the picture and couldn't wait to have Patricia see it. But then, to my great disappointment, she was quite disturbed by it, didn't conceal that either and didn't have anything good to say about it after the screening. I left utterly frustrated. Months later, I got a letter from her. She said she had seen the film a second time, this time in a public screening on the Champs-Élysées during a visit in Paris. And she had much better feelings about it now.... And she was full of praise for Dennis Hopper, too, whom she had flat-out rejected the first time. She now wrote that my film had captured the essence of that Ripley character better than any other films. You can guess how relieved I was!" In an interview in 1988, Highsmith praised the film's "stylishness" and said the scenes on the train were "terrific."

The film was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival. It was selected as the West German entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 50th Academy Awards, but was not chosen as one of the five final nominees. The film was also nominated for Best Foreign Language Film by the U.S. National Board of Review.

## Other Ripley films

The American Friend is the second big-screen adaptation of one of Highsmith's Ripley novels, after Purple Noon (1960). It was followed by The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, Ripley's Game in 2002, and Ripley Under Ground in 2005. These films (all written and directed by different people) do not form an official series, and none were made with the intention of explicitly preceding or following the others.


1945 in Germany

# 1945 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1945 in Germany.

Many events took place in 1945, including the change of the geographical map of Germany.

## Incumbents

### Pre-surrender

Head of State:

- Adolf Hitler (the Führer) (Nazi Party) until 30 April, then Karl Dönitz (President) (Nazi Party) to 23 May, then none

Chancellor

- Adolf Hitler (Nazi Party) until 30 April, then Joseph Goebbels (Nazi Party) until 1 May, then from 2 May Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (leading minister) (non-partisan conservative) to 23 May, then none

### Post-surrender

- Marshal Georgy Zhukov (Red Army), General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower (United States Army), Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery (British Army), and Army General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (French Army), commanders of the Allied Control Council

## Events

### January

- January — American troops cross the Siegfried Line into Belgium.

- 6 January — More than 80,000 Jews held captive by the Nazis are freed in Budapest, Hungary, by Russian soldiers.

- 12 January — World War II: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula-Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe against the Nazis

- 14 January — Eastern Germany is invaded by Russian troops.

- 18 January — 66,000 Jewish prisoners are evacuated from Auschwitz by the Nazis.

- 20 January — World War II: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw.

- 20 January — The Holocaust: The evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp begins.

- 27 January — The Holocaust: The Red Army liberates the Auschwitz and Birkenau death camps.

- 30 January — The Wilhelm Gustloff, with over 10,000 mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in the Gdansk Bay, is sunk by three torpedoes from the Soviet submarine S-13 in the Baltic Sea; up to 9,400 are thought to have died – the greatest loss of life in a single ship sinking in war action in history.

### February

- 3 February — World War II: Largest-ever USAAF daylight bombing raid on Berlin carried out by one thousand bombers and nearly 600 escort fighters of the Eighth Air Force

- 8 February — World War II: A combined British and Canadian front, consisting of 50,000 soldiers with 500 tanks and 1,034 guns, enters Reichswald, southeast of Nijmegen.

- 9 February — World War II: " Black Friday ": A force of Allied Bristol Beaufighter aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful attack on German destroyer Z33 and escorting vessels sheltering in Førde Fjord, Norway.

- 10 February — World War II: The SS General von Steuben is sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.

- 12 February — World War II: The British/Canadian front captures Cleve, in western Germany.

- 13 February — World War II: Soviet forces capture Budapest from the Nazis.

- 13 February — World War II: Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces begin bombing of Dresden, Germany. Over the next three days, more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices are dropped on the city. The resulting firestorm destroys fifteen square miles (39 square kilometres) of the city center. Between 22,000 and 25,000 people are killed in a controversial attack.

- 14 February — World War II: The British/Canadian front reaches the Rhine.

- 21 February — The last V-2 -rocket is launched from Peenemünde.

### March

- March — Anne Frank, dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, located in Lower Saxony, Germany, due to typhus. Her sister, Margot, had died not long before.

- 2 March — The Bachem Ba 349 Natter is launched from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter is the first manned rocket, developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch fails and the pilot dies.

- 3 March — World War II: A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area.

- 3 March — World War II: Units of the Canadian First Army capture Xanten

- 7 March — World War II: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.

- 19 March — World War II: Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.

- 24 March — World War II: Operation Varsity: Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the Rhine River to aid the Allied advance.

### April

- 4 April — World War II: American troops liberate their first Nazi concentration camp, Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.

- 6 April — World War II: Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia by the Yugoslav Partisans.

- 7 April — World War II: The only flight of the German ramming unit known as the Sonderkommando Elbe takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24 B-17s and B-24s of the United States Eighth Air Force.

- 10 April — World War II: The Allied Forces liberate the Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.

- 15 April — The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated by British forces.

- 22 April — Heinrich Himmler, through Count Bernadotte, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies, but not the Soviet Union.

- 23 April — Russian troops reach Berlin.

- 24 April — Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historical Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.

- 25 April — World War II: Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two.

- 26 April — Battle of Bautzen (World War II): The last "successful" German panzer-offensive in Bautzen ends with the city recaptured.

- 27 April — The Western Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional on all fronts.

- 29 April — Adolf Hitler marries his longtime mistress Eva Braun in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin Führerbunker, on the same day that American forces liberate Dachau.

- 30 April — Hitler and Braun commit suicide as the Red Army approaches the Führerbunker in Berlin. Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany; Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. On the same day, some 33,000 Jews are freed from concentration camps by American troops.

### May

- 1 May — World War II: Hamburg Radio announces that Hitler has died in battle, "fighting up to his last breath against Bolshevism."

- 1 May — Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their six children. Karl Dönitz appoints Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.

- 1 May — Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt is captured by US troops

- 1 May — Mass suicide in Demmin after Soviet troops capture the town and commit atrocities (murders, mass rapes, etc.) on the civilians in retaliation for the killing of some Soviet soldiers there. More than 700 German civilians hang, poison, cut, or drown themselves and loved ones in a panic.

- 2 May — World War II: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the Red flag over the Reich Chancellery.

- 3 May — World War II: The prison ships Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland are sunk by the RAF in Lübeck Bay.

- 3 May — Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help to start the U.S. space program).

- 3 May — German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany.

- 4 May — World War II: The concentration camp Neuengamme near Hamburg is liberated by the British Army.

- 4 May — World War II: The North German army surrenders to Marshal Bernard Montgomery.

- 4 May — World War II: Holland is liberated by British and Canadian troops. German forces officially surrender one day later.

- 5 May — World War II: Denmark is liberated. German forces officially surrender one day later.

- 5 May — World War II: Prague rises up against the Nazis.

- 5 May — World War II: The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal.

- 5 May — World War II: Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.

- 5 May — World War II: Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.

- 7 May — World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document takes effect the next day.

- 8 May — World War II: V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of World War II in Europe, with the final surrender being to the Soviets in Berlin, attended by representatives of the Western Powers.

- 9 May — World War II: Hermann Göring is captured by the United States Army.

- 9 May — World War II: General Alexander Löhr, Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.

- 9 May — World War II: The German occupation of the Channel Islands ends with the liberation by British troops.

- 16 May — World War II: Alderney camps, an annex of the concentration camp Neuengamme, is liberated.

- 23 May — President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.

- 23 May — Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody.

- 24 May — Field marshal Robert Ritter von Greim commander of the Luftwaffe in the last days of the Third Reich, commits suicide.

- 29 May — German communists, led by Walther Ulbricht, arrive in Berlin.

### June

- 5 June — The Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.

### July

- 1 July — World War II: Germany is divided between the Allied occupation forces.

- 16 July — A train collision near Munich kills 102 war prisoners.

- 17 July — The Potsdam Conference started.

### September

- 18 September - Stuttgarter Zeitung is first published.

- 27 September - Der Tagesspiegel is first published.

### October

- 6 October - German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung was founded.

### November

- 16 November — Cold War: The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.

- 20 November — The Nuremberg Trials begin: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals of World War II start at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.

### December

- 23 December - German broadcaster Radio Bremen started.

- 30 December - Hitler's will is found, confirming his intention of committing suicide.

## Births

- 1 January — Rüdiger Safranski, German philosopher and author

- 11 January — Christine Kaufmann, German actress (died 2017)

- 19 January — Maria Jepsen, German bishop of Hamburg in the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church

- 21 January Peter Konwitschny, German opera and theatre director Kristian Schultze, German musician (died 2011)

- Peter Konwitschny, German opera and theatre director

- Kristian Schultze, German musician (died 2011)

- 2 February — Robert Atzorn, German actor

- 12 February - Thilo Sarrazin, German politician

- 21 February — Walter Momper, German politician

- 22 February — Antje-Katrin Kühnemann, German doctor and television presenter

- 23 February — Georg Milbradt, German politician

- 8 March — Anselm Kiefer, German painter

- 9 March — Katja Ebstein, German singer

- 22 March — Paul Schockemöhle, German equestrian

- 27 March — Harry Rowohlt, German writer and translator (died 2015)

- 2 April — Jürgen Drews, German singer

- 7 April — Werner Schroeter, German film director (died 2010)

- 11 April — Christian Quadflieg, German actor and television director (died 2023)

- 14 April — Eva Wagner-Pasquier, German opera manager

- 26 April — Winfried Glatzeder, German actor

- 1 May — Peter Kiesewetter, German composer (died 2012)

- 9 May — Jupp Heynckes, German football player and football trainer

- 17 May - Renate Krößner, German actress

- 21 May — Ernst Messerschmid, German physicist and astronaut

- 24 May — Baerbel Bohley, German opposition figure & artist (died 2010)

- 31 May — Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German film director (died 1982)

- 9 June — Nike Wagner, German dramaturge, arts administrator and author

- 14 June — Jörg Immendorff, German painter (died 2007)

- 22 June — Rainer Brüderle, German politician

- 6 July — Horst Metz, German politician (died 2022)

- 15 July — Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (died 2003)

- 14 August — Wim Wenders, German film director and producer

- 30 August — Siegfried Lorenz, German baritone (died 2024)

- 11 September — Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer and coach (died 2024)

- 3 November — Gerd Müller, German footballer (died 2021)

- 2 December — Lisa Kreuzer, German actress

## Deaths

- 22 January — Else Lasker-Schüler, German poet (born 1869), died in Palestine

- 23 January Erwin Planck, German politician (born 1893) Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, German jurist (born 1907)

- Erwin Planck, German politician (born 1893)

- Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, German jurist (born 1907)

- 2 February — Adolf Brand, German writer (born 1874)

- 3 February — Roland Freisler, Nazi German judge (born 1893)

- 23 January —

- 7 February — Halfdan Jønsson, Norwegian trade unionist (born 1891 in Norway)

- 13 February — Dorothea Köring, German tennis player (born 1880)

- 14 February — Georg Kelling, German surgeon (born 1866)

- 15 February — Helmut Möckel, youth leader and politician (born 1909)

- 21 February — Adolf Brand, German writer (born 1874)

- 3 February — Roland Freisler, Nazi German judge (born 1893)

- February / March — Margot Frank, Anne Frank's old sister (born 1926)

- March — Anne Frank, German-born Jewish diarist (typhus) (born 1929)

- 7 March — Albrecht Penck, German geographer and geologist (born 1858)

- 14 March – Mary Helen Young, Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (born 1883 in Scotland)

- 16 March — Börries von Münchhausen, German poet (born 1874)

- 19 March — Friedrich Fromm, German Nazi official (born 1888)

- 29 March — Karl Sapper, German explorer, antiquarian and linguist (born 1866)

- 31 March: Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1881) Hans Riegel Sr., German inventor and entrepreneur (born 1893)

- Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1881)

- Hans Riegel Sr., German inventor and entrepreneur (born 1893)

- April — Auguste van Pels, German-Jewish housemate of Anne Frank (born 1900)

- 9 April: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (hanged by Nazis) (born 1906) Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral of the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine and head of the German Abwehr (born 1887)

- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (hanged by Nazis) (born 1906)

- Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral of the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine and head of the German Abwehr (born 1887)

- 13 April — Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (born 1874)

- 14 April — Albert Vögler, German politician, industrialist and entrepreneur (born 1877)

- 15 April — Curt Joël, German jurist (born 1865)

- 18 April Fred Neufeld, German physician (born 1869) Conrad Weygand, German chemist (born 1890)

- Fred Neufeld, German physician (born 1869)

- Conrad Weygand, German chemist (born 1890)

- 20 April — Erwin Bumke, German judge (born 1874)

- 20 April — Hans Steinhoff, German film director (born 1882)

- 21 April — Walter Model, German field marshal (born 1891)

- 22 April — Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (born 1867)

- 23 April — Klaus Bonhoeffer, German jurist (born 1901)

- 24 April — Ernst-Robert Grawitz, German Reichsphysician (S.S. and Police) in the Third Reich (born 1899)

- 28 April – Franz Brantzky, German painter, sculptor and architect (born 1871)

- 29 April – Franz Breithaupt, German SS general (killed) (born 1880)

- 30 April — Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born German Nazi dictator (suicide) (born 1889)

- 30 April — Eva Braun, German wife of Adolf Hitler (suicide) (born 1912)

- 30 April — Friedrich Kayßler, German actor (born 1874)

- 1 May — Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (suicide) (born 1897)

- 1 May — Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (born 1901)

- 2 May - Wilhelm Burgdorf, German general (born 1895)

- 2 May — Martin Bormann, German Nazi leader (suicide) (born 1900)

- 2 May — Hans Krebs, German general (born 1898)

- 2 May — Max de Crinis, German psychiatrist (suicide) (born 1889)

- 4 May — Fedor von Bock, German field marshal (born 1880)

- 4 May — Karl Dannemann, German actor (born 1896)

- 5 May — Peter van Pels, German-Jewish love interest of diarist Anne Frank (born 1926)

- 8 May — Paul Giesler, German politician (born 1895)

- 8 May — Ernst-Günther Baade, German general (gangrene) (born 1897)

- 8 May — Wilhelm Rediess, SS and Police Leader of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (born 1900)

- 8 May — Josef Terboven, Reichskommissar of Nazi-occupied Norway (suicide) (born 1898)

- 8 May — Bernhard Rust, Education Minister of Nazi Germany (suicide) (born 1883)

- 19 May — Philipp Bouhler, German Nazi leader (suicide) (born 1899)

- 20 May — Otto von Feldmann, German Imperial Army officer (born 1873)

- 23 May — Heinrich Himmler, German head of the SS (suicide) (born 1900)

- 27 May — Rudolf Querner, Waffen-SS general (born 1893)

- 25 June — Friedrich von Lindequist, German colonial administrator (born 1862)

- 6 July — Adolf Bertram, German cardinal of Roman Catholic Church (born 1859)

- 12 July — Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, German field marshal (born 1895)

- 29 August — Fritz Pfleumer, German engineer (born 1881)

- 31 August — Friedrich Syrup, German politician (born 1881)

- 10 September — Karl Kimmich, German banker (born 1880)

- 15 September — Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer, German physician (born 1858)

- 20 September — Eduard Wirths, German doctor, chief SS doctor at Auschwitz concentration camp (suicide) (born 1909)

- 24 September — Hans Geiger, German physicist (born 1882)

- 9 October — Gottlieb Hering, German Nazi concentration camp commandant (born 1887)

- 25 October — Robert Ley, German Nazi politician (suicide) (born 1890)

- 7 November — Wilhelm von Gayl, German politician (born 1879)

- 8 November — August von Mackensen, German field marshal (born 1849)

- 17 November — Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (born 1882)

- 22 November — Hans Winkler, German botanist (born 1877)

- 3 December — Adam Stegerwald, German politician (born 1874)

- 28 December — Hermann Oncken, German historian (born 1869)

- Date unknown — Hasso von Wedel, World War I German flying ace (born 1893)


2017 in Greece

# 2017 in Greece

## Abstract

Events in the year 2017 in Greece.

## Incumbents

- President: Prokopis Pavlopoulos

- Prime Minister: Alexis Tsipras

## Events

- Michael Skibbe is manager of the Greece National Football team.

### January

- Greece is given a rating of 35/40 regarding political rights, and a rating of 49/60 regarding civil liberties, by Freedom House.

### May

- 13 May – A train derailment in Adendro killed three people and hits a house.

- 13 May - "This Is Love", performed by Demy, represents Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest.

### June

- 12 June – The 6.3 M Lesbos earthquake shook the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing one and injuring ten.

### July

- 21 July – The 6.6 M Aegean Sea earthquake shook the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), killing two and injuring 480.

### September

- 9 September - The Greek FIBA team reaches the quarterfinals of the FIBA EuroBasket 2017, losing to Russia 69-74 in the process.

### November

- The Greek association football team reaches the playoffs of FIFA World Cup qualification, losing to Croatia 4-1 on aggregate in the process.

- 15 November – In one of the greatest disasters in the area in decades, flash floods hit Western Attica, particularly the Athens suburb of Mandra, killing twenty-three.

### December

- December – Rebetiko, a Greek music genre, is added to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

## Deaths

- 13 January – Magic Alex, or Yanni Alexis Mardas, electronics engineer (b. 1942).

- 7 February – Konstantinos Despotopoulos, philosopher and politician, MP (b. 1913)

- 17 February – Evangelos Basiakos, politician, MP (b. 1954).

- 29 May – Konstantinos Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (b. 1918).

- 5 June – Georgios Masadis, footballer (b. 1944)

- 13 November – Yannis Kapsis, journalist and politician, former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1929).

- 16 December – Angela Kokkola, politician, former MEP (b. 1932).


1930 in Germany

# 1930 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1930 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- President - Paul von Hindenburg

- Chancellor - Hermann Müller (to 27 March), Heinrich Brüning (from 30 March)

### State level

- Minister-President of Anhalt - Heinrich Deist

- President of the Republic of Baden - Franz Josef Wittemann

- Minister-President of Bavaria - Heinrich Held

- Minister-President of the Republic of Brunswick - Heinrich Jasper then Werner Küchenthal

- President of Hesse - Bernhard Adelung

- Chairman of Lippe - Heinrich Drake

- Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Karl Eschenburg

- Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Strelitz - Karl Gustav Hans Otto Freiherr von Reibnitz

- Prime Minister of the Republic of Oldenburg - Eugen von Finckh then Friedrich Cassebohm

- Minister-President of the Free State of Prussia - Otto Braun

- Minister-President of Saxony - Wilhelm Bünger (to 18 February) then Walther Schieck (from 6 May)

- State Councillor of Schaumburg-Lippe - Heinrich Lorenz

- Minister-President of Thuringia - Erwin Baum

- President of the Free People's State of Württemberg - Eugen Bolz

### Cities

- Mayor of Berlin - Arthur Scholtz

- Mayor of Bremen - Martin Donandt

- Mayor of Hamburg - Rudolf Adolf Wilhelm Roß

- Mayor of Lübeck - Paul Löwigt

## Events

- 23 January - The Nazi Party gains its first minister as Wilhelm Frick becomes Minister of the Interior and Education in Thuringia as part of a right-wing coalition administration.

- 27 March - The government of Hermann Müller collapses.

- 30 March - A right of centre minority government takes office under Heinrich Brüning.

- 22 June - The growth of the Nazi Party continues as they become the second biggest party in the Landtag of Saxony

- 30 June - The French Army withdraws its troops from the Rhineland.

- 16 July - The government invokes Presidential Decree in order to force through its economic reforms.

- 18 July - The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) force through a vote against the rule by decree resulting in the dissolution of the Reichstag and new elections.

- July - The German State Party is formed by a merger of the German Democratic Party and the Young German Order.

- 13 August - The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin is established.

- 14 September - The federal election sees the SPD remain as the biggest party but with the Nazis jumping into second place. Smaller gains are enjoyed by the Communist Party of Germany, the Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party and the Centre Party whilst the main losers are the German National People's Party and the German People's Party.

## Arts

- 23 February - Erich Maria Remarque 's anti-war classic All Quiet on the Western Front is banned in all Thuringian schools by Education Minister Wilhelm Frick.

- Operas debuting in Germany include Kurt Weill 's Der Jasager, Ernst Krenek 's Leben des Orest and Arnold Schoenberg 's Von heute auf morgen.

- Fritz Reck-Malleczewen 's comedy novel Bomben auf Monte Carlo is published.

- Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, a cultural journal of the Nazi Party edited by Alfred Rosenberg, publishes its first issue.

## Communications

- 12 September - Sound newsreels appear for the first time in German cinemas.

## Science

- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is won by Hans Fischer.

- The IG Farben Building, the headquarters of the chemical company IG Farben, is completed in Frankfurt.

## Sport

- 4 – 8 June - Albert Leidmann takes silver in the Light-Heavyweight division at the 1930 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

- 12 June - Max Schmeling defeats Jack Sharkey by disqualification in The Bronx to win the vacant New York State Athletic Commission and National Boxing Association World Heavyweight Championships. Schmeling is the first German World Heavyweight Champion under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules.

- 13 – 27 July - The 3rd Chess Olympiad is held in Hamburg with the hosts finishing third.

- Hertha BSC are crowned German football champions after defeating Holstein Kiel in the final.

- The 1930 European Figure Skating Championships are held in Berlin.

## Transport

- 22 January - Monte Cervantes struck a rock off Ushuia, Chile and sank with the loss of her captain.

- 26 July - The cargo schooner Nobiskrug is launched from Rendsburg harbour.

- 5 October - The Junkers Ju 52 makes its maiden flight.

- The airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes its first crossing of the South Atlantic.

- The luxury car Mercedes-Benz 770 begins production.

## Births

- 2 January - Gerhard Geise, mathematician (died 2010)

- 4 January - Christoph Albrecht, organist (died 2016)

- 9 January Ernst-Dieter Lueg, journalist (died 2000) Carl-Ludwig Wagner, CDU politician (died 2012)

- Ernst-Dieter Lueg, journalist (died 2000)

- Carl-Ludwig Wagner, CDU politician (died 2012)

- 11 January - Hartmut Gründler, protester who committed self-immolation (died 1977)

- 12 January - Klaus Scholder, ecclesiastical historian (died 1985)

- 21 January - Günter Lamprecht, German actor (died 2022)

- 26 January - Reinhart Hummel, theologian (died 2007)

- 28 January - Kurt Biedenkopf, CDU politician

- 30 January Alfred Herrhausen, banker (died 1989) Egon Klepsch, German politician (died 2010)

- Alfred Herrhausen, banker (died 1989)

- Egon Klepsch, German politician (died 2010)

- 31 January - Evelyn Richter, German art photographer (died 2021)

- 8 February Erich Böhme, journalist and broadcaster (died 2009) Hans Grauert, mathematician (died 2011)

- Erich Böhme, journalist and broadcaster (died 2009)

- Hans Grauert, mathematician (died 2011)

- 18 February - Gerd Aretz, artist (died 2009)

- 21 February - Gerhard Scherhorn, economist

- 23 February - Ignaz Kiechle, CSU politician (died 2003)

- 3 March Heiner Geißler, CDU politician (died 2017) Hans Häckermann, German actor (died 1995)

- Heiner Geißler, CDU politician (died 2017)

- Hans Häckermann, German actor (died 1995)

- 8 March - Almuth Lütkenhaus, sculptor (died 1996)

- 10 March - Fritz Schenk, broadcast journalist (died 2006)

- 11 March - August von Finck Jr., banker

- 14 March Helga Feddersen, entertainer (died 1990) Dieter Schnebel, composer

- Helga Feddersen, entertainer (died 1990)

- Dieter Schnebel, composer

- 3 April - Helmut Kohl, CDU politician and Chancellor of Germany (died 2017)

- 7 April - Andrew Sachs, German-born British actor (died 2016 in the United Kingdom)

- 11 April - Walter Krüger, athlete

- 12 April - Gustav Scholz, German boxer (died 2000)

- 14 April - Martin Adolf Bormann (died 2013), priest, son of Martin Bormann and godson of Adolf Hitler

- 21 April - Eva Probst, actress

- 25 April - Peter Schulz, SPD politician (died 2013)

- 28 April - Jürgen Ahrend, organ builder (died 2024)

- 29 April - Claus Ogerman, arranger and orchestrator (died 2016)

- 6 May - Karl-Heinz Kammerling, academic teacher of pianists (died 2012)

- 7 May - Horst Bienek, novelist (died 1990)

- 17 May - Alfons Lütke-Westhues, equestrian (died 2004)

- 29 May Burkhard Hirsch, FDP politician Ekkehard Schall, actor/director

- Burkhard Hirsch, FDP politician

- Ekkehard Schall, actor/director

- 3 June - Wulff-Dieter Heintz, astronomer (died 2006)

- 5 June Ursula Lehr, politician (died 2022) Carl Otto Lenz, lawyer and CDU politician

- Ursula Lehr, politician (died 2022)

- Carl Otto Lenz, lawyer and CDU politician

- 8 June - Robert Aumann, German-born Israeli-American mathematician, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics laureate

- 10 June - Theo Sommer, newspaper editor (died 2022)

- 13 June - Gotthard Graubner, painter (died 2013)

- 22 June - Reinhold Remmert, mathematician (died 2016)

- 26 June - Wolfgang Schwanitz, head of the Stasi (died 2022)

- 27 June - Volker Vogeler, film director (died 2005)

- 30 June - Karl-Heinz Holze, footballer (died 2000)

- 6 July - Herbert Erhardt, footballer (died 2010)

- 14 July - Horst Rittel, design theorist (died 1990)

- 16 July - Horst Rittner, chess player (died 2021)

- 18 July - Siegfried Kurz, conductor and composer (died 2023)

- 20 July - Heinz Kubsch, footballer (died 1993)

- 23 July - Ingrid Hartmann, sprint canoer (died 2006)

- 28 July - Hans Schröder, sculptor and painter (died 2010)

- 30 July - Helmut Kirchmeyer, musicologist

- 4 August - Götz Friedrich, opera and theatre director (died 2000)

- 11 August - Heinz Werner Zimmermann, composer (died 2022)

- 16 August - Wolfgang Völz, actor (died 2018)

- 25 August - Rainer Zepperitz, double bassist (died 2009)

- 8 September - Mario Adorf, actor

- 19 September - Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, judge

- 20 September - Adolf Endler, author

- 21 September — Fred Herzog, German photographer

- 24 September - Horst Sachtleben, actor (died 2022)

- 26 September - Fritz Wunderlich, opera singer (died 1966)

- 5 October - Reinhard Selten, German economist (died 2016)

- 11 October - Harry Glaß, German ski jumper (died 1997)

- 17 October Freimut Börngen, German astronomer Karl-Wilhelm Welwei, German historian (died 2013)

- Freimut Börngen, German astronomer

- Karl-Wilhelm Welwei, German historian (died 2013)

- 25 October - John Sprinzel, racing driver

- 1 November - Edgar Basel, German boxer (died 1977)

- 5 November - Hans Mommsen (died 2015) and Wolfgang Mommsen (died 2004), German historians and twin brothers

- 20 November - Rudi Felgenheier, German motorcycle racer (died 2005)

- 22 November - Ferdinand von Bismarck, Fürst von Bismarck

- 26 November - Berthold Leibinger, engineer and entrepreneur (died 2018)

- 27 November - Reinhard Glemnitz, actor

- 30 November - Eberhard Eimler, general

- 1 December - Joachim Hoffmann, historian (died 2002)

- 4 December - Paul-Heinz Dittrich, composer (died 2020)

- 6 December - Rolf Hoppe, film actor (died 2018)

- 9 December - Carl-August Fleischhauer, judge (died 2005)

- 10 December - Avraham Ahituv, German-born Israeli intelligence chief (died 2009)

- 13 December - Nathan Zach, German-born Israeli poet

- 15 December - Günter Siebert, German football player, executive (d. 2017)

- 17 December Erhard Geißler, biologist Armin Mueller-Stahl, film actor

- Erhard Geißler, biologist

- Armin Mueller-Stahl, film actor

- 19 December - Georg Stollenwerk, footballer (died 2014)

- 21 December - Wolfgang Pietzsch, chess grand master (died 1996)

- 26 December - Wilferd Madelung, scholar of Islam (died 2023)

- 28 December - Franzl Lang, yodeller (died 2015)

## Deaths

- 3 January - Guglielmo Plüschow, photographer (born 1852)

- 14 January - Hermann von Hatzfeldt, civil servant (born 1848)

- 24 January - Adolf Kneser, mathematician (born 1862)

- 5 February - Friedrich von Duhn, classical scholar (born 1851)

- 9 February - Augustinus Bludau, Bishop of Ermland (born 1862)

- 11 February - Franz Winter, German archaeologist (born 1861)

- 18 February - Adolf Köster, German diplomat and politician (born 1883)

- 23 February - Horst Wessel, Sturmabteilung member and Nazi Party "martyr" (born 1907)

- 24 February - Hermann von Ihering, zoologist (born 1859)

- 6 March - Alfred von Tirpitz, Admiral and founder of the German Imperial Navy (born 1849)

- 10 March - Paul von Breitenbach, railway planner (born 1850)

- 31 March Emil Krebs, sinologist (born 1867) Ludwig Schüler, Mayor of Marburg (born 1836)

- Emil Krebs, sinologist (born 1867)

- Ludwig Schüler, Mayor of Marburg (born 1836)

- 1 April - Cosima Wagner, founder of the Bayreuth Festival (born 1837)

- 19 April - Ernst Georg Ferdinand Küster, surgeon (born 1839)

- 30 April - Max Maurenbrecher, SPD and Fatherland Party politician (born 1874)

- 29 May - Ludwig Rehn, surgeon (born 1849)

- 7 June - Julius Smend, theologian (born 1857)

- 10 June - Adolf von Harnack, theologian (born 1851)

- 8 July - Gustav Weigand, linguist (born 1860)

- 29 July Theodor Axenfeld, ophthalmologist (born 1867) Alexander von Fielitz, composer (born 1860)

- Theodor Axenfeld, ophthalmologist (born 1867)

- Alexander von Fielitz, composer (born 1860)

- 4 August - Siegfried Wagner, composer and conductor (born 1869)

- 8 August - Walther Reinhardt, Army officer (born 1872)

- 10 September - Eugen Diederichs, publisher (born 1867)

- 20 September - Moritz Pasch, mathematician (born 1843)

- 24 September - Otto Mueller, painter (born 1874)

- 28 September - Prince Leopold of Bavaria, nobleman and Field Marshal (born 1846)

- 10 October - Adolf Engler, botanist (born 1844)

- 27 October - Alexander Baerwald, architect (born 1877)

- 11 November - Paul Hensel, philosopher (born 1860)

- 17 November - Hans Kniep, botanist (born 1881)

- 11 December - Friedrich von Bernhardi, Prussian Army general (born 1849)

- 30 November - Max Skladanowsky, German German inventor and early filmmaker (born 1863)

- 15 December - Johannes Hoffmann, SPD Minister-President of Bavaria (born 1867)

- 16 December - Carl August Heinrich Ferdinand Oesterley, painter (born 1839)

- 19 December - Conrad Willgerodt, chemist (born 1841)

- 24 December - Eduard David, politician (born 1863)

- 25 December - Eugen Goldstein, physicist (born 1850)


The American Friend


# List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Taiwan

## Abstract

This is a list of Michelin-starred restaurants in Taiwan since 2018.

The 2018 edition was the inaugural edition of the Michelin Guide to Taipei to be published. Taipei was the eighth Asian city/region to have a dedicated Red Guide, after Tokyo, Hong Kong & Macau, Osaka & Kyoto, Singapore, Shanghai, Seoul, and Bangkok. Michelin began reviewing restaurants in Taichung in 2020.


Patrik Štefan

# Patrik Štefan

## Abstract

Patrik Štefan (born 16 September 1980) is a Czech former professional ice hockey player who was drafted as the first overall pick by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft.

## Playing career

Prior to being drafted by the Thrashers, Štefan played for Sparta Praha in the Czech Republic, and the Long Beach Ice Dogs of the IHL.

Štefan played six seasons for the Atlanta Thrashers scoring 177 points. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Štefan played for Ilves Tampere in the SM-liiga. In 37 games, Štefan collected a total of 41 points including 28 assists. In the playoffs, Štefan had six assists and a goal in seven games.

On 24 June 2006, Štefan was traded to the Dallas Stars along with Jaroslav Modrý for Niko Kapanen and a 7th round draft pick in 2006.

Patrik’s son James Stefan is a prospect to the Edmonton Oilers

### Empty net blunder

Štefan earned significant notoriety on 4 January 2007 for a blunder during a game against the Edmonton Oilers. With seconds left in the game, and Dallas already ahead by a goal, Štefan gained possession of the puck and found himself on a breakaway towards an empty net. Štefan continued skating towards the crease rather than immediately shooting, then attempted a casual backhand into the net from close quarters. The puck hit bad ice and bounced up and over his stick, causing him to miss the goal, trip, and fall against the ice. To compound the error, he then cleared the puck in the direction of the Oilers. This allowed a play to develop where fellow Czech Aleš Hemský scored with two seconds remaining to tie the game 5-5; ultimately, Dallas won in a shootout.

After Štefan's contract expired in 2007, the Stars chose not to re-sign him. Štefan signed with SC Bern of the Nationalliga A, but he only played three games for them before retiring in October 2007, largely due to a serious hip injury, the latest of several chronic injuries that plagued his career. He is currently a player agent in the Detroit area, and a youth coach with 15U Little Caesars Hockey.

## Career statistics

## Honours and achievements

- Silver medal at 2006 IIHF World Championship


1936 in Germany

# 1936 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1936 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

Head of State and Chancellor

- Adolf Hitler (the Führer) (Nazi Party)

## Events

- 6 February — The IV Olympic Winter Games open in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.

- 7 March — In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.

- 29 March — German election and referendum, 1936

- 26 June — Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical, functional helicopter, first flown.

- 1 August — The 1936 Summer Olympics open in Berlin, Germany, at the end of the first ever Olympic torch relay. It is also the first occasion in world history when a sporting event is given television coverage.

- The first German volunteers on the nationalist side of the Spanish civil war leave for Spain.

- 30 August — Ernest Nash flees Germany for Rome.

- 8 – 14 September — The 8th Nazi Party Congress is held and called the "Rally of Honour" (Reichsparteitag der Ehre) in reference to the remilitarization of the Rhineland in March.

- 26 November — The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan.

## Births

- 10 January — Walter Bodmer, German-English geneticist and academic

- 14 January — Reiner Klimke, German equestrian (died 1999)

- 27 January — Wolfgang Böhmer, German politician

- 9 February — Georg Sterzinsky, German cardinal (died 2011)

- 4 March — Aribert Reimann, German composer (died 2023)

- 9 March — Wittekind, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, head of house of Waldeck and Pyrmont

- 11 March — Harald zur Hausen, German virologist (died 2023)

- 13 March — Lothar Ahrendt, German politician

- 16 March — Elisabeth Volkmann, German actress (died 2006)

- 30 March — Erwin J. Haeberle, German physician (died 2021)

- 8 April — Klaus Löwitsch, German actor (died 2002)

- 13 April – Dieter Klöcker, German clarinetist (died 2011)

- 22 April — Dieter Kronzucker, German journalist

- 9 May — Ulrich Kienzle, German journalist (died 2020)

- 12 May — Klaus Doldinger, German saxophonist

- 16 May Karl Lehmann, German Roman Catholic Cardinal prelate, Bishop of Mainz (died 2018) Manfred Stolpe, German politician (died 2019)

- Karl Lehmann, German Roman Catholic Cardinal prelate, Bishop of Mainz (died 2018)

- Manfred Stolpe, German politician (died 2019)

- 21 May — Günter Blobel, German biologist (died 2018)

- 26 May — Franz Magnis-Suseno, German-born Indonesian Jesuit priest

- 29 May Wyn Hoop, German singer Klaus Winter, German judge (died 2000)

- Wyn Hoop, German singer

- Klaus Winter, German judge (died 2000)

- 1 June — Peter Sodann, German actor (died 2024)

- 9 June — Jürgen Schmude, German politician

- 10 June — Thomas Hoepker, German photographer (died 2024 in Chile)

- 14 June — Wolfgang Behrendt, German boxer

- 21 June — Hans Köhler, German swimmer

- 22 July — Klaus Bresser, German journalist and television presenter

- 25 June — Bert Hölldobler, German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist

- 28 June — Walter Köstner, German fencer

- 1 July — Lea Rosh, German television journalist, publicist, entrepreneur and political activist

- 2 July — Rex Gildo, German singer (died 1999)

- 7 July — Egbert Brieskorn, German mathematician (died 2013)

- 22 July — Klaus Bresser, German journalist

- 1 August — Carl, Duke of Württemberg, German nobleman (died 2022)

- 5 August — Hans Hugo Klein, German judge

- 20 August — Kessler Twins, German singers

- 29 September — Hans D. Ochs, German immunologist

- 1 October — Lea Rosh, German television journalist

- 10 October — Gerhard Ertl, German physicist

- 12 October — Inge Brück, German singer

- 13 October — Hans Joachim Meyer, German linguist and politician (died 2024)

- 5 November — Uwe Seeler, German footballer (died 2022)

- 15 November — Wolf Biermann, German singer and songwriter

- 2 December — Peter Duesberg, German molecular biologist

- 3 December — Lothar Gall, German historian (died 2024)

- 8 December — Helmut Markwort, German journalist and magazine founder

- 17 December — Klaus Kinkel, German politician (died 2019)

## Deaths

- 16 January - Oskar Barnack, German inventor and German photographer (born 1879)

- 6 February - Wilhelm Solf, German diplomat (born 1862)

- 20 February — Max Schreck, German actor (born 1879)

- 9 April - Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist (born 1855)

- 18 April - Richard Lipinski, German politician (born 1867)

- 4 May - Ludwig von Falkenhausen, German general (born 1844)

- 8 May - Oswald Spengler, German historian (born 1880)

- 22 May - Joseph Koeth, German politician (born 1870)

- 3 June – Walther Wever, German general, pre-World War II Luftwaffe commander (born 1887)

- 22 June – Moritz Schlick, German philosopher and physicist (born 1882)

- 24 July - Georg Michaelis, German politician, former chancellor of Germany (born 1857)

- 20 August - Heinrich Cunow, German politician (born 1862)

- 1 September - Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf, German general (born 1860)

- 7 September — Erich Büttner, German painter (born 1889)

- 9 October — Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski, German writer (born 1873)

- 19 December - Theodor Wiegand, German archaeologist (born 1864)

- 27 December Hans von Seeckt, German chief of staff (born 1866)


Carl Sagan Memorial Award

# Carl Sagan Memorial Award

## Abstract

The Carl Sagan Memorial Award is an award presented jointly by the American Astronautical Society and The Planetary Society to an individual or group "who has demonstrated leadership in research or policies advancing exploration of the Cosmos." The annual award, first presented in 1997, was created in honor of American astronomer, astrobiologist and science popularizer, Carl Sagan (1934–1996).

## Recipients

Source: American Astronautical Society

- 1997 Bruce Murray

- 1998 Wesley Huntress

- 1999 Ed Stone

- 2000 Arnauld Nicogossian

- 2001 Edward Weiler

- 2002 California and Carnegie Planet Search Team

- 2003 Roald Sagdeev

- 2004 Steve Squyres and the Athena Team

- 2005 Michael Malin

- 2006 Scott Hubbard

- 2007 Maria Zuber

- 2008 Lennard A. Fisk

- 2009 Award not offered

- 2010 Award not offered

- 2011 Charles Elachi

- 2012 Riccardo Giacconi

- 2013 Eileen K. Stansbery

- 2014 William J. Borucki

- 2015 Frank Cepollina

- 2016 Alan Stern

- 2017 AURA "HST & Beyond" Committee

- 2018 no award

- 2019 Michael W. Werner

- 2020 Leslie Livesay

- 2021 Nicola Fox


# Flint Glass Makers' Sick and Friendly Society

## Abstract

The Flint Glass Makers' Sick and Friendly Society, often known as the Flint Glass Makers' Friendly Society (FGMFS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in 1844 as the United Flint Glass Makers Society. This union was bankrupted by an unsuccessful strike at the Five Ways Flint Glass Works in 1848, and it was therefore reorganised as the FGMFS at a meeting in Manchester the following year. Initially, it included members from Lancashire, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, Edinburgh and Dublin. By 1850, the union had nearly 1,000 members.

The union's Central Secretary had considerable power, including the ability to appoint the entire Central Committee. However, they were initially subject to election every three years, and only one Secretary was ever re-elected: T. J. Wilkinson in 1870. The union also published the monthly Flint Glass Makers' Magazine, and was supportive of George Potter and the early Trades Union Congress (TUC), Wilkinson serving as its President in 1869.

The FGMFS was the richest union of its day, and was able to pay pensions and ill health benefits to its members. It campaigned for the repeal the Master and Servant Act, but the revised 1867 Act met most of its demands, and it ceased political intervention.

In 1899, the union was renamed as the National Flint Glass Makers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland. A group of members in Leeds left in 1903 to form the rival National Glass Bottle Makers' Society. The remaining union against changed its name in 1935, becoming the National Flint Glass Makers' Friendly Society of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1948, it merged with the National Union of Glass Cutters and Decorators, and changed its name to the National Union of Flint Glass Workers.

The new union did not affiliate to the Trades Union Congress or any other trade union organisations. Although it had members across the UK, its small membership was concentrated in Stourbridge, where it had its headquarters. Its long-term secretary died in 2005, and with only 149 members and a weak financial position, it dissolved in 2006.


Open systems architecture

# Open systems architecture

## Abstract

Open systems architecture is a system design approach which aims to produce systems that are inherently interoperable and connectable without recourse to retrofit and redesign.

## Concept

Systems design is a process of defining and engineering the architecture, methods, and interfaces necessary to accomplish a goal or fulfill a set of requirements. In open systems architecture, the design includes intentional provisions to make it possible to expand or modify the system at a later stage after initial operation. There is no one specific universal OSA, but it is essential the specific OSA applicable to a system is rigorously defined and documented. For example, in information technology and telecommunication, such design principles lead to open systems.

## Telecommunications

In telecommunications, open systems architecture (OSA) is a standard that describes the layered hierarchical structure, configuration, or model of a communications or distributed data processing system. It enables system description, design, development, installation, operation, improvement, and maintenance to be performed at the abstraction layers in the hierarchical structure. Each layer provides a set of accessible functions that can be controlled and used by the functions in the layer above it. Each layer can be implemented without affecting the implementation of other layers. The alteration of system performance by the modification of one or more layers may be accomplished without altering the existing equipment, procedures, and protocols at the remaining layers.

Examples of independent alterations include the conversion from wire to optical fiber at a physical layer without affecting the data link layer or the network layer, except to provide more traffic capacity, and the altering of the operational protocols at the network level without altering the physical layer.