Our Lady of La Salette

# Our Lady of La Salette

## Abstract

Our Lady of La Salette (French: Notre-Dame de La Salette) is a Marian apparition reported by two French children, Maximin Giraud and Mélanie Calvat, to have occurred at La Salette-Fallavaux, France, in 1846.

On 19 September 1851, the local bishop formally approved the public devotion and prayers to Our Lady of La Salette. On 21 August 1879, Pope Leo XIII granted a canonical coronation to the image now located within the Basilica of Our Lady of La Salette. A Russian-style tiara was granted to the image, instead of the solar-type tiara used in the traditional depictions of Our Lady during her apparitions.

Places dedicated to Our Lady of La Salette outside of France include a sanctuary in Oliveira de Azeméis, in Portugal, a chapel in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, in México, a shrine in Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India, as well as a national shrine in Attleboro, Massachusetts, and a shrine in Enfield, New Hampshire, in the United States, both known for their displays of Christmas lights.

## History

In 1846 the village of La Salette consisted of eight or nine scattered hamlets. The population was about 800, principally small farmers with their families and dependents.

## The apparition

On Saturday, September 19, 1846, around 3 p.m., two young shepherds, Mélanie Mathieu (or Mélanie Calvat), aged just under fifteen, and Maximin Giraud (sometimes called Mémin, and, by mistake, Germain), eleven years old, guarded their herds on a mountain near the village of La Salette-Fallavaux (department of Isère). On the evening, they said to their masters that they had seen a lady in tears who had spoken to them. Widow Pra (also known as widow Caron), mistress of Mélanie, thought that they had seen the Blessed Virgin and the children were urged to tell the priest of La Salette everything. They did it the next day, Sunday morning. The priest wept with emotion, took notes and, again in tears, described what had been told to him, in his sermon.

## The Pra report

On Sunday evening, in the presence of Mélanie but in the absence of Maximin, whom his master has taken back to his family in Corps, Baptiste Pra (Mélanie's master), Pierre Selme (Maximin's master) and a certain Jean Moussier collaborate to put in writing the words addressed by the Virgin to the children. The resulting document, which is called the "Pra report", is now only known from a copy made by an investigator, Abbé Lagier, in February 1847. Nevertheless, this copy agrees with earlier documents which surely derive from the original Pra report. Lagier's copy reads as follows:

Approach, my children, don't be afraid, I'm here to tell you great news. If my people won't submit, I'm forced to let go the hand of my son. It is so strong and so heavy that I can no longer maintain it, for the time I have suffered for you. If I don't want my son to abandon you, I have all the charge to pray to him unceasingly. For you, you don't care. No matter what you do, you will never be able to compensate for the trouble I have taken for you.

I gave you six days to work, I've reserved the seventh for myself and they don't want to give it to me, that's what weighs my son's hand down so much. And also those who drive the carts don't know how to swear without putting my son's name in the middle, these are the two things that make my son's hand so heavy.

If the harvest goes bad, it's only for you! I made you see it last year with the apples, but you didn't take it into account. On the contrary, when you found bad potatoes you would swear and put my son's name in the middle.

This will continue, to the point that this year, for Christmas there will be no more.

(you don't understand, my children, I'm going to tell you otherwise...)

If you have wheat you must not sow it, all that you will sow the beasts will eat it and what will remain that the animals will not have eaten, the year which comes it will crumble into dust when you will beat it.

There will come a great famine. Before the famine comes, children under seven will take a quake from which they will die at the hands of those who hold them.

The others will do their penance in starvation. The nuts will become spoiled and the grapes will rot, but if they convert the stones and rocks will become heaps of wheat, and the potatoes will be sown (for the coming year). In the summer, only a few older women go to mass on Sundays and the others work, and in the winter the boys, when they don't know what to do, only go to mass to make fun of religion. People don't make lent, they go to the butcher's like dogs. Are you praying well, my children? Not much, madam. You have to do it night and morning and say at least a pater and an ave when you can't do better.

Have you not seen spoiled wheat, my children? No, Madam. But my child, you must have seen it this time when you went with your father to the Coin and when there was a man who told your father to come and see his spoiled wheat. Then your father went there and he took some ears in his hand, he rubbed them and they fell into dust. Then, on returning, as they were still half an hour away from Corps, your father gave you a piece of bread and told you: "Well my child, still eat bread this year. We don't know who will eat it the coming year if it continues like this."

Come, my children, pass it well on to all my people.

According to later reports, the words "I will tell you otherwise" mean that the Virgin, who had first spoken in French, began to speak in the patois of Corps. From 12 October 1846 the documents mention that during the apparition, the lady confided a personal secret to each of the two children.

For Father Stern, the Pra report is of prime importance among the documents on the apparition.

## Process of harmonization between the testimonies of the two children

The Pra report was written in the presence of Mélanie and in the absence of Maximin. Father Stern, however, considers it possible that the writers of the report added to Mélanie's statements things that had been said by Maximin.

Each of the two seers had, in the first weeks, a part of the lady's message of which they were more sure than the other seer. The parish priest of La Salette noted on 16 October 1846: "All this story" (that is to say, essentially, what concerns the complaints, threats and promises of the Virgin) "is faithfully given by little Mélanie and although little Germain could not in principle give it with the same order, he always said, however, when hearing his little companion tell it, that it was indeed that. What follows" (that is to say, essentially, the account of the Coin incident, which features Maximin and his father) "was more particularly understood and remembered by little Germain, Mélanie admitting that it is certain that the lady spoke to the little boy without Mélanie being able to understand the lady."

However, in the words of Father Stern, a "process of harmonization" between the statements of the two children resulted in the fixation of the "Salettine vulgate": "The way he (Maximin) presents the words of the Lady in February–March 1847 certainly owes something to the stories he heard from Mélanie in the meantime. But an influence in the opposite direction, from Maximin to Mélanie, must also have existed."

## Episcopal inquiries

The story of Mélanie and Maximin was very well received by the population and, at least from November 1846, the bishop of Grenoble, Philibert de Bruillard, was convinced of the reality of the apparition, but, wishing to be able to support his judgment on indisputable evidence, he requested several reports from various commissions.

## The Ars incident

In September 1850, Maximin, who was advised by some to become a Marist, wanted to consult the Curé of Ars about his vocation. Brayer, benefactor of the two seers, and Verrier, one of the partisans of the " Baron de Richemont " who hoped that the secret of La Salette related to the destinies of this alleged Louis XVII, undertook to take Maximin to the famous priest. Maximin's guardian officially gave his consent, but the bishop of Grenoble opposed the trip. Maximin, stamping with vexation, refused to submit to this prohibition. Brayer and Verrier disregarded the will of the bishop and took Maximin to Ars accompanied by his sister Angélique, who was an adult.

The group arrived in Ars on 24 September in the evening. They were received by the Abbé Raymond, vicar of Ars, who expressed to Maximin a total incredulity with regard to the apparition of La Salette. The next morning, Maximin had a one-on-one interview with the Curé of Ars. After this interview, the priest, who until then had great confidence in the apparition of La Salette, declared to several people, in particular to ecclesiastics, that Maximin retracted his testimony. One of these ecclesiastics informed the episcopal commission in charge of investigating the apparition and Abbé Gerin, a member of the commission, came at the end of October to hear the Curé of Ars.

Maximin was questioned about the Ars incident at the minor seminary of Grenoble and at the bishopric. On 2 November, he attested in writing, at the minor seminary, that the Curé of Ars had not questioned him either about the apparition of La Salette or about his secret and that, for his part, in his answers to the parish priest and the vicar of Ars, he said nothing that was contrary to what he had said to thousands of others since the apparition. The same day, he declared before a special commission meeting at the bishopric that he had not retracted his testimony in Ars, but that, not hearing the priest distinctly, he sometimes said 'yes' and 'no' at random. "This is at least how Rousselot presents his explanations", adds Father Stern. (Canon Rousselot considered himself the postulator of the cause of La Salette.) On November 8, Father Mélin, parish priest of Corps, and Canon Rousselot went to Ars. The Curé of Ars told them that Maximin confessed to him "that he had seen nothing and had lied when making his known story and had persisted in this lie for three years as he saw the good effects of it". On November 21, Maximin wrote ("one made him write", says Father Stern) a letter to the Curé of Ars in which he gave the following explanation: "Allow me to tell you in all sincerity, that there has been a complete misunderstanding on your part. I did not want to tell you, Father, and I never said seriously to anyone, that I had seen nothing and had lied by making my known story and had persisted in this lie for three years, as I saw the good effects of it. I only told you, Father, when I left the sacristy and on the door, that I saw something and that I didn't know if it was the Blessed Virgin or another lady. At this moment you were advancing through the crowd and our conversation ceased." According to Father Stern, the least that can be said of Maximin's various explanations is that they lack coherence. (Later, in 1865, Maximin would give yet another explanation: the lie he had confessed to the Curé of Ars did not concern the apparition, but a theft of cherries he had committed in road to Ars. "As if", remarks Father Stern, "cherries grew in September!")

Bishop de Bruillard, however, tended to believe in the sincerity of Maximin's explanation by the misunderstanding. He supported this explanation in a letter he wrote to the Curé of Ars, as he forwarded to him that of Maximin: "During the recent visit to you by Canon Rousselot and M. Mélin, Pastor-Archpriest of Corps, you told these Gentlemen that Maximin had confessed to you 'that he had seen nothing and had lied in making his known story and had persisted in this lie for three years as he saw the good effects of it'. Finally, you said to MM. Rousselot and Mélin that as a result of this interview with Maximin, you could no longer believe in the apparition of La Salette as before, and that you no longer believed in it. MM. Mélin and Rousselot told me all these things with a common voice. Now, such a change of opinion on your part, M. le Curé, which is more and more known, (for the very sake of the salvation of souls,) would be a very serious fact if the apparition is real, as believed nine bishops whom I consulted. If you misheard Maximin, as he affirms with all appearances of sincerity, in the judgment of several people who have my confidence, affirmation written in the attached document that the child addresses you very resolutely, you cannot exempt you from examining again, and you will not refuse to inform me of the result of this examination and of the opinion to which it may lead you. You understand, M. le Curé, that having encouraged the belief of the people in the apparition of La Salette, by the approval I gave to the publication of the reports drawn up by my order on this affair, you cannot put yourself in a kind of public opposition with me, without having the kindness to inform me of your reasons, since I have the honor to request them from you insistently."

In his answer, the Curé of Ars did not adopt the explanation based on the misunderstanding that the Bishop of Grenoble suggested to him. On the question of fact, he stood by his statements to the parish priest of Corps and to Canon Rousselot, but he did not exclude that the apparition could be authentic despite Maximin's categorical retraction: "It is not necessary to repeat to Your Highness what I said to these Gentlemen. The boy having told me that he had not seen the Blessed Virgin, I was tired of it for a couple of days. After all, Monseigneur, the wound is not so great, and if this fact is the work of God, man will not destroy it." This response of the Curé of Ars did not trouble Bishop de Bruillard. For him, it was not possible that the children invented all the circumstances of the apparition, so either there was a misunderstanding between the Curé of Ars and Maximin, or it was not seriously that Maximin said he had seen nothing.

The Curé of Ars continued to maintain that Maximin had in fact retracted his testimoney. Abbé Alfred Monnin, who entered the entourage of the Curé of Ars as a missionary, reported as follows an interview he had with him in the presence of a few people:

– Father ("Monsieur le Curé"), what should we think of La Salette?

– My friend, you can think of it what you want: it is not an article of faith. For me, I think we have to love the Blessed Virgin.

– Would it be indiscreet to ask you to kindly tell us what happened between you and Maximin, in this interview about which so much noise is made? What impression did it leave to you?

– If Maximin did not deceive me, he did not see the Blessed Virgin.

– But, Father, it is said that Abbé Raymond had pushed this child to the limit and that it was to be delivered of this harassment that the boy said he had seen nothing.

– I don't know what Mr. Raymond did; but I know very well that I did not torment the boy. All I did was say to him, when he was brought to me: "So it was you, my friend, who saw the Blessed Virgin?"

– Maximin did not say that he had seen the Blessed Virgin; he only said that he had seen a great lady... There may be a misunderstanding there.

– No my friend, the boy told me that it was not true; that he hadn't seen anything.

– How come you didn't demand a public retraction from him?

– I told him: "My child, if you have lied, you must retract".

– It's not necessary, he replied, it's good for the people. There are many who convert. Then he added: "I would like to make a general confession and enter a religious house. When I am at the convent, I will say that I have said everything, and that I have nothing more to say." So I went on: 'My friend, it can't go like that; I must consult my Bishop".

– "Well! Father, consult. But it's not worth it. Thereupon, Maximin made his confession.

– Father, are you sure you heard well what Maximin said to you?

– Oh! very sure! There are indeed some who wanted to say that I was deaf!... What didn't they say?... It seems to me that this is not how one defends the truth.

This passage from the book of Abbé Alfred Monnin disappeared from some later editions, but there are other testimonies in the same sense.

Father Stern notes that the Curé of Ars had very good hearing and was neither stupid nor stubborn: "If there had been the possibility of a misunderstanding on his part, why would he have had difficulty to admit it, he who asked nothing better than to believe?" Therefore Father Stern adopts, with other authors favorable to the authenticity of the apparition, an explanation different from those that Maximin himself gave in 1850: Maximin would have voluntarily fooled the Curé of Ars. According to one of the partisans of this thesis of a hoax from Maximin, the vicar of Ars had affirmed before Maximin that the priest read consciences and Maximin would have liked to put the priest to the test. Father Stern, for his part, does not consider it necessary to make the vicar of Ars play an important role: Maximin was surrounded by naive people to whom he liked to tell balderdash and when these naive people spoke to him about the extraordinary priest of Ars, he behaved towards him as towards the others.

The Curé of Ars, whom the affair had plunged into desolation, confided to his auxiliary Catherine Lassagne, years after the recognition of the apparition by the bishop of Grenoble, that he was very annoyed not to believe in it. He ended up recovering his faith in La Salette for many reasons, one of which was purely subjective (deliverance from an inner pain) and the other of which (attribution of a miraculous cause to a help arriving during financial difficulties) was of a degree of objectivity that varied according to the witnesses.

## The 1851 episcopal letter and the persistence of the opposition

In an episcopal letter which is dated September 19, 1851 (fifth anniversary of the apparition), but which, at the bishopric, is classified among the November texts, Bishop de Bruillard declared the apparition authentic and authorized the cult of Our Lady of La Salette. This act weakened the opposition without making it disappear and its leaders, taking advantage in 1852 of the arrival of a new bishop (Mgr Ginoulhiac, replacing Mgr de Bruillard who had resigned), violently attacked the reality of the miracle of the Salette. Two ecclesiastics, Abbé Deléon and Cartellier, parish priest of the Saint-Joseph church in Grenoble, even claimed that the "beautiful lady" was in fact an old daughter called Mademoiselle de La Merlière, a former nun. This claim gave rise to a curious lawsuit for defamation which the plaintiff (La Merlière) lost twice, at first instance on May 2, 1855, and on appeal on May 6, 1857. despite an eloquent plea by Jules Favre.

Abbé Cartellier and Abbé Deléon continued thereafter to publish pamphlets against the apparition. The cardinal-archbishop of Lyon, Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald, was favorable to the two polemicists. The Papacy did not commit.

## The basilica and the missionaries

The first stone of a large church was solemnly laid on the mountain of La Salette, on 25 May 1852, in front of a large congregation of believers. This church, later promoted to the rank of basilica, was served by religious called missionaries of La Salette, who were replaced in 1891 by diocesan priests after their expulsion by exile laws.

## Similarities with the "letter of Jesus Christ on Sunday"

On 2 May 1847, the Censeur, an anticlerical newspaper from Lyon, attacked the apparition of La Salette and denounced those who "deceive the credulity of peasants by inventing miracles, such as the letters of Jesus Christ, the apparitions of angels and the Virgin".

These 'letters of Jesus Christ' are variants of the Carta dominica, a New Testament apocryphon whose first known mention dates from around 584.

In such a "letter", seized in 1818 from a pedlar in the department of Isère, Christ says in particular: "Attacks (sins) so worthy of the most cruel punishments, are stopped by the prayers of the divine Mary my very dear Mother. I have given you six days to work, and the seventh to rest but you make it a day to accomplish the works of the devil, such as gambling, drunkenness, blasphemy." A similar document, seized from the same peddler, begins with these words: "Here is the hand of Our Lord Jesus Christ, which is ready to punish sinners" and then makes the Virgin say: "I can no longer stop the anger of my Son".

The Censeur of Lyon, as seen above, had mentioned the apparition of La Salette and the Letters of Jesus Christ in the same article, but had not compared the message of the apparition and the content of the Letters. This comparison was made in 1855 by a Belgian anticlerical author who signed "François-Joseph". He reproduces (after Voltaire) a version of the Letter of Jesus Christ allegedly fallen from heaven at Paimpol in 1771, which contains in particular the following words: "I warn you that, if you continue to live in sin , I will make you feel the weight of my divine arm. If it weren't for my dear mother's prayers, I would have already destroyed the earth, for the sins you commit against one another. I have given you six days to work, and the seventh to rest, to sanctify my holy name, to hear holy mass, and to use the rest of the day in the service of God my father. On the contrary, we only see blasphemy and drunkenness". The Letter of Jesus Christ being considered as apocryphal by the Church, François-Joseph concludes, from the similarities between this Letter and the speech of Our Lady of La Salette, that there are there two related impostures.

Hippolyte Delehaye SJ, president of the Bollandist Society, expressed in 1928 an opinion similar to that of François-Joseph: "We will add that the famous question of the 'fact of La Salette' had could have been settled sooner and more easily if one had recognized in the words attributed to the Blessed Virgin one of the forms of the celestial letter, barely demarcated. One has not even taken the trouble to arrange a text originally placed in the mouth of the Saviour, but which, pronounced by the Virgin, no longer makes sense: 'I gave you six days to work, I reserved the seventh for myself, and they don't want to give it me.' Particularly significant is the title given to the first draft, written on September 20, 1846, the very day after the event: 'Letter dictated by the Blessed Virgin to two children on the mountain of La Salette-Fallavaux.' We won't add any comments."

## The secrets

No mention of secrets is made in the children's first accounts. The children later reported that the Blessed Virgin had confided a special secret to each of them. These two secrets, which neither Mélanie nor Maximin ever made known to each other, were sent by them in 1851 to Pope Pius IX on the advice of de Bruillard. It is assumed that these secrets were of a personal nature. Maximin advised the Marquise de Monteyard, "Ah, it is good fortune." In October 1999, Fr. Michel Corteville discovered the original Secrets given to Pope Pius IX in 1851, buried for more than one century in the Vatican archives.

### Maximin's secret

The text sent by Maximin to Pope Pius IX and discovered in the Vatican archives reads as follows:

On September 19, 1846, we saw a beautiful Lady. We never said that this lady was the Blessed Virgin but we always said that it was a beautiful Lady.

I do not know if it is the Blessed Virgin or another person. As for me, I believe today that it is the Blessed Virgin.

Here is what this Lady said to me:

"If my people continue, what I will say to you will arrive earlier, if it changes a little, it will be a little later.

France has corrupted the universe, one day it will be punished. The faith will die out in France: three quarters of France will not practice religion anymore, or almost no more, the other part will practice it without really practicing it. Then, after, nations will convert, the faith will be rekindled everywhere.

A great country in the north of Europe, now Protestant, will be converted; by the support of this country all the other nations of the world will be converted.

Before all that arrives, great disorders will arrive, in the Church, and everywhere. Then, after, our Holy Father the Pope will be persecuted. His successor will be a pontiff that nobody expects.

Then, after, a great peace will come, but it will not last a long time. A monster will come to disturb it.

All that I tell you here will arrive in the other century, at the latest in the year two thousand."

Maximin Giraud

(She told me to say it some time before.)

My Most Holy Father, your holy blessing to one of your sheep.

Grenoble, July 3, 1851.

### Melanie's secret

The text sent by Mélanie to Pope Pius IX and discovered in the Vatican archives reads as follows:

J.M.J.

secret which the Blessed Virgin gave me on the Mountain of La Salette on September 19, 1846

Secrt.

Mélanie, I will say something to you which you will not say to anybody:

The time of God's wrath has arrived!

If, when you say to the people what I have said to you so far, and what I will still ask you to say, if, after that, they do not convert, (if they do not do penance, and they do not cease working on Sunday, and if they continue to blaspheme the Holy Name of God), in a word, if the face of the earth does not change, God will be avenged against the people ungrateful and slave of the demon.

My Son will make his power manifest! Paris, this city soiled by all kinds of crimes, will perish infallibly. Marseilles will be destroyed in a little time. When these things arrive, the disorder will be complete on the earth, the world will be given up to its impious passions.

The pope will be persecuted from all sides, they will shoot at him, they will want to put him to death, but no one will be able to do it, the Vicar of God will triumph again this time.

The priests and the Sisters, and the true servants of my Son will be persecuted, and several will die for the faith of Jesus Christ.

A famine will reign at the same time.

After all these will have arrived, many will recognize the hand of God on them, they will convert, and do penance for their sins.

A great king will go up on the throne, and will reign a few years. Religion will re-flourish and spread all over the world, and there will be a great abundance, the world, glad not to be lacking nothing, will fall again in its disorders, will give up God, and will be prone to its criminal passions.

God's ministers, and the Spouses of Jesus-Christ, there will be some who will go astray, and that will be the most terrible.

Lastly, hell will reign on earth. It will be then that the Antichrist will be born of a Sister, but woe to her! Many will believe in him, because he will claim to have come from heaven, woe to those who will believe in him!

That time is not far away, twice 50 years will not go by.

My child, you will not say what I have just said to you. (You will not say it to anybody, you will not say if you must say it one day, you will not say what that it concerns), finally you will say nothing anymore until I tell you to say it!

I pray to Our Holy Father the Pope to give me his holy blessing.

Mélanie Mathieu, Shepherdess of La Salette, Grenoble, July 6, 1851.

J.M.J.+

### Subsequent version of Mélanie's secret

In 1879, Mélanie released a greatly expanded version of the secret, including new interpretations of the true secret as well as completely new revelations unmentioned in the 1851 version; such new version were published under the title of L'apparition de la très Sainte Vierge de la Salette and contained several apocalyptic claims, such as that Rome would lose its faith and become the See of the Antichrist. While the book initially received an imprimatur by Archbishop Salvatore Luigi Zola of Lecce, its content were later deemed to be false and in contrast with the Catholic faith by the Holy See and were subsequently put onto the Index Librorum Prohibitorum by decree of the Holy Office on 9 May 1923.

The Catholic Encyclopedia describes the new version of the secret as "a work of imagination", arguing that, over the years, Mélanie's mind had been disturbed by reading apocalyptic books and the lives of the Illuminati.

## Fate of the children

"Maximin Giraud, after an unhappy and wandering life, returned to Corps, his native village, and died there a holy death (1 March 1875). Mélanie Calvat ended a no less wandering life at Altamura, Italy (15 December 1904)."

Mélanie Calvat died as a Catholic nun at Altamura, Italy, on 15 December 1904.

## Legacy

The Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette were founded in 1852 by Philbert de Bruillard, Bishop of Grenoble, France, and presently serve in some 25 countries.

The U.S. National Shrine of Our Lady of La Salette is located in Attleboro, Massachusetts. Known simply as "La Salette" locally, it is famous for its Festival of Lights, held annually during the Christmas season, where the grounds are decorated with elaborate Christmas light displays. The shrine is visited by over 1 million people per year and hosts many pilgrimages and retreats throughout the year.


Marvin Harrison Jr.

# Marvin Harrison Jr.

## Abstract

Marvin Darnell Harrison Jr. (born August 11, 2002) is an American professional football wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, where he was a two-time unanimous All-American, one of only eleven players in Big Ten Conference history, and the Fred Biletnikoff Award winner in 2023. Harrison was selected fourth overall by the Cardinals in the 2024 NFL draft. He is the son of Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Marvin Harrison.

## Early life

Harrison was born on August 11, 2002, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father is Marvin Harrison, a Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver who played for the NFL's Indianapolis Colts from 1996 to 2008. Harrison grew up playing football and basketball, ultimately deciding to focus solely on football when he entered high school. He attended La Salle College High School as a freshman before transferring to St. Joseph's Preparatory School. At St. Joseph's Harrison would help lead the team to three consecutive state championships while setting Philadelphia Catholic League career records with 2,625 receiving yards and 37 receiving touchdowns. While at St. Joseph's, he played with future Ohio State teammate Kyle McCord.

Coming out of high school Harrison was a four-star prospect ranked as the nation's 14th best receiver recruit. He committed to play college football at Ohio State University over offers from Florida, Michigan, Penn State, LSU, Notre Dame, Texas A&M, and his father's alma mater Syracuse. Harrison cited wide receiver coach Brian Hartline as well as the school's atmosphere, facilities and his existing relationship with fellow Buckeyes commit Kyle McCord as being the reasons for his commitment to the school.

## College career

### 2021

Harrison enrolled at Ohio State in January 2021. As a freshman in 2021, he received limited playing time behind future first-round NFL draft picks Garrett Wilson, Chris Olave, and Jaxon Smith-Njigba. Having only had five receptions for 68 yards in the regular season, he would make his first career start in the 2022 Rose Bowl after Wilson and Olave declared for the 2022 NFL draft. In the Rose Bowl, he caught six passes for 71 yards and three touchdowns in a 48–45 victory over the Utah Utes.

### 2022

Harrison entered his sophomore season with high expectations following his breakout performance in the Rose Bowl. In the Buckeyes' season opener against Notre Dame, Harrison caught five passes for 76 yards. Following an injury to fellow receiver Smith-Njigba against Notre Dame, Harrison became the Buckeyes' #1 receiver for the remainder of the season. In his first game as the team's top receiver, Harrison caught seven passes for a then career-high 184 yards and three touchdowns in a victory over Arkansas State. The following week he had his second consecutive 100-yard game with 102 yards on 6 catches and two touchdowns in a blowout win over Toledo. Following a relatively unimpressive first two conference games, Harrison returned to form against Michigan State, catching 7 passes for 132 yards and three touchdowns. His three touchdowns against Michigan State marked his third career three-touchdown game, the most of any Ohio State receiver.

Harrison set career highs in receptions (10) and yards (185) in a 44–31 victory over Penn State. Two weeks later he would once again have a 100-yard game, this time against Indiana. Against rival Michigan Harrison recorded his sixth 100-yard performance of the season in a 45–23 loss, the Buckeyes first of the season. Despite the loss to Michigan, Ohio State earned a bid to the College Football Playoff where they would play the defending national champion Georgia Bulldogs in the Peach Bowl. Leading up to the game, Harrison's matchup against corner Kelee Ringo was viewed by many as the potential key to the game. Harrison shone in the first half of the contest, catching five passes for 106 yards and two touchdowns, helping Ohio State gain a 35–24 lead. In the third quarter he was forced to leave the game with a concussion following a hard hit from Javon Bullard. In Harrison's absence Georgia mounted a comeback to win the game 42–41, ending Ohio State's season. At the conclusion of the season, Harrison was voted a unanimous All-American and named the Richter–Howard Receiver of the Year after recording 1,263 yards and 14 touchdowns.

### 2023

At Ohio State's pro day for the 2023 NFL draft, Harrison ran routes for quarterback C.J. Stroud. Despite being ineligible for the draft until 2024, Harrison's performance garnered more coverage than draft eligible prospects. Entering the 2023 season, Harrison was widely considered to be the best receiver in college football. He won the 2023 Fred Biletnikoff Award after recording 1,211 yards for 14 touchdowns, the latter being tied for third most in the FBS. Harrison declared for the 2024 NFL draft following the season.

## Professional career

Harrison was selected by the Arizona Cardinals fourth overall in the 2024 NFL draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract, worth $35.3 million fully guaranteed, on May 23, 2024.

First career NFL game

Marvin Harrison Jr's first game as a Arizona Cardinal was not good. He had 1 catch for 4 yards and the cardinals lost that game to the Buffalo Bills 28 - 34.

Second career NFL game

His second career NFL game was incredible. Going for 130 yards, 4 receptions, and 2 touchdowns in the first quarter. Cardinals ended up winning that game against the Los Angeles Rams 41 - 10.

## Personal life

Harrison is a Christian. He is a partner of the Ronald McDonald House Charities of Central Ohio.


2020 in Guinea-Bissau

# 2020 in Guinea-Bissau

## Abstract

Events in the year 2020 in Guinea-Bissau.

## Incumbents

- President: José Mário Vaz (until 27 February) Umaro Sissoco Embaló (from 27 February)

- Prime Minister: Aristides Gomes (until 28 February) Nuno Gomes Nabiam (from 28 February)

## Events

### March

- 25 March – The country confirmed its first two COVID-19 cases, a Congolese U.N. employee and an Indian citizen.

- 28 March – A month-long state of emergency with night-time curfew was introduced in the country.

### April

- 26 April – The first COVID-19 death was recorded in the country. The state of emergency was extended until 11 May as a result.

- 29 April – Prime Minister Nuno Gomes Nabiam, Interior Minister Botche Candé, Secretary of State for Public Order Mario Fambé, and Secretary of State for Regional Integration Monica Buaro da Costa tested positive for COVID-19.

### May

- 1 May – The Minister of Public Health Antonio Deuna tested positive for COVID-19.

### June

- 16 June – It was reported by Reuters that 9% of health care workers have been infected with COVID-19. According to Joana Cortez, a WHO expert in the country, the three main Bissau hospitals are currently facing rooms filled with COVID-19 patients and a breakdown in essential medical services.

- 26 June – President Umaro Sissoco Embaló announced a one-month extension of the state of emergency, but lifted the curfew.


# Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives

## Abstract

Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (Thai: ลุงบุญมีระลึกชาติ; RTGS: Lung Bunmi Raluek Chat) is a 2010 Thai drama film written, produced, and directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul. The film, which explores themes of reincarnation, centers on the last days in the life of its title character, played by Thanapat Saisaymar. Together with his loved ones—including the spirit of his dead wife, Huay, and his lost son, Boonsong, who has returned in a non-human form —Boonmee explores his past lives as he contemplates the reasons for his illness.

The film was inspired by the 1983 book A Man Who Can Recall His Past Lives by Buddhist abbot Phra Sripariyattiweti. The film is the final installment in a multi-platform art project by Apichatpong called "Primitive". It premiered at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or, becoming the first Thai film to do so.

## Plot

In a grassy area, a water buffalo breaks free from a rope tethering it to a tree. It wanders into a forest, where it is spotted by a man holding a sickle. The man begins to lead it somewhere, while a silhouetted figure with red eyes watches.

Boonmee lives in a house on a farm with his sister-in-law Jen and his nephew Tong. Boonmee is suffering from a failing kidney; his Laotian assistant Jaai administers dialysis treatments to him. One night, while Boonmee, Jen and Tong are eating dinner together, the ghost of Boonmee's wife Huay appears. Huay, who died over a decade prior, says that she heard Jen and Boonmee's prayers for her, and is aware of Boonmee's poor health. A hairy, red-eyed figure ascends the stairs near the dinner table, and is revealed to be Boonmee's long-lost son Boonsong. Boonsong, who practiced photography, had disappeared some years after Huay died. Boonsong was searching for a creature—whom he calls a "Monkey Ghost"—that he had captured in one of his photos. He says that he mated with a Monkey Ghost, causing his hair to grow longer and his pupils to dilate, and that, after meeting his mate, he forgot "the old world".

During the day, on the farm with Jen, Boonmee asserts that his illness is a result of karma. He claims that it was caused by his killing of communists while serving in the military, and his killing of bugs on the farm.

A princess is carried through a forest in a litter. She walks near a waterfall, and gazes at her reflection in the water, which she perceives to be more youthful and beautiful than her real appearance. She is kissed by one of her servants, but insists that he imagined kissing her reflection. The servant departs, and she sits by the water and weeps. She is complimented by a catfish, prompting her to wade into the water. She makes offerings of her jewelry in return for being made to look like her reflection, and then has intercourse with the catfish.

Boonmee lies in bed near a sitting Huay. He hugs her, and asks about how he might be able to find her in the afterlife. She tells him that the spirits of the deceased are not attached to locations, but to people. Later, Boonmee, Huay, Jen and Tong venture out into the forest. Jen and Tong see shadowy figures running through the brush and leaping between the trees. Huay leads Boonmee, Jen and Tong into a cave. Boonmee believes that he was born in the cave, in a life that he cannot recall. He recounts a dream of a future civilisation in which authorities shine "a light" on "past people", causing them to disappear. Huay disconnects Boonmee's dialysis tube. By the next day, Boonmee is dead.

Following Boonmee's funeral, Jen sits on a bed, organising gifts of baht with her friend Roong. Tong, now a monk, arrives, saying that he has been having difficulty sleeping at the temple. He showers and changes from his robes to a T-shirt and jeans. While preparing to go out to eat with Jen, he is stunned to see himself, Jen and Roong on the bed, watching television. He and Jen leave for a restaurant, while he, Jen and Roong remain on the bed.

## Cast

- Thanapat Saisaymar as Uncle Boonmee

- Natthakarn Aphaiwong as Huay, Boonmee's wife

- Jeerasak Kulhong as Boonsong, Boonmee's son

- Jenjira Pongpas as Jen

- Sakda Kaewbuadee as Tong

- Kanokporn Thongaram as Roong, Jen's friend

- Samud Kugasang as Jai, Boonmee's chief worker

- Wallapa Mongkolprasert as the princess

- Sumit Suebsee as the soldier

- Vien Pimdee as the farmer

## Themes

Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives is the final installment in a multi-platform art project "Primitive". The project deals with the Isan region in Thailand's northeast, and in particular the village of Nabua in Nakhon Phanom, near the Laos border. Previous installments include a seven-part video installation and the two short films A Letter to Uncle Boonmee and Phantoms of Nabua, both of which premiered in 2009. The project explores themes of memories, transformation and extinction, and touches on a violent 1965 crackdown on communist sympathisers in Nabua by the Thai army. Regarding the feature film's place within the overarching project, Apichatpong has said that it "echoes other works in the 'Primitive' installation, which is about this land in Isan with a brutal history. But I'm not making a political film - it's more like a personal diary."

According to Weerasethakul, the film is primarily about "objects and people that transform or hybridise". A central theme is the transformation and possible extinction of cinema itself. The film consists of six reels each shot in a different cinematic style. The styles include, by the words of the director, "old cinema with stiff acting and classical staging", "documentary style", "costume drama" and "my kind of film when you see long takes of animals and people driving". Weerasethakul further explained in an interview with Bangkok Post: "When you make a film about recollection and death, you realise that cinema is also facing death. Uncle Boonmee is one of the last pictures shot on film - now everybody shoots digital. It's my own little lamentation".

## Production

Apichatpong Weerasethakul says that a man named Boonmee approached Phra Sripariyattiweti, the abbot of a Buddhist temple in his home town, claiming he could clearly remember his own previous lives while meditating. The abbot was so impressed with Boonmee's ability that he published a book called A Man Who Can Recall His Past Lives in 1983. By the time Apichatpong read the book, Boonmee had died. The original idea was to adapt the book into a biographical film about Boonmee. However, that was soon abandoned to make room for a more personal film, while still using the book's structure and content as inspiration. The stories and production designs were inspired by old television shows and Thai comic books, which often used simple plots and were filled with supernatural elements.

The film was an international co-production between Weerasethakul's company Kick the Machine, Britain's Illuminations Films, France's Anna Sanders Films, Germany's The Match Factory and Geissendörfer Film- und Fernsehproduktion and Spain's Eddie Saeta. It received 3.5 million baht in support from the Royal Thai Ministry of Culture.

Filming took place between October 2009 and February 2010, as the weather conditions allowed, both in Bangkok and the northeast of Thailand, Isan. The movie was shot with 16 mm film instead of digital video both for budgetary reasons and to give the film a look similar to that of classic Thai cinema.

I was old enough to catch the television shows that used to be shot on 16 mm film. They were done in studio with strong, direct lighting. The lines were whispered to the actors, who mechanically repeated them. The monsters were always in the dark to hide the cheaply made costumes. Their eyes were red lights so that the audience could spot them.

## Release

The film premiered in competition at the Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2010. Theatrical distribution in Thailand was at first uncertain. "Every time I release a movie, I lose money because of the advertising and promotion, so I'm not sure if it's worth it, even though I would love to show it at home", Apichatpong said in an interview. On 25 June, however, Kick the Machine released it in a month-long run, limited to one theater in Bangkok, similar with the release of Weerasethakul's previous films. It passed uncut by the Thai censorship board, despite featuring scenes similar to those cut from the director's past two feature films. Distribution rights for the United States were acquired by Strand Releasing and the film received a U.S. release on 2 March 2011. Cartoonist Chris Ware created the poster for the U.S. release.

## Reception

Uncle Boonmee has received near universal acclaim from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 7.92/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Languorous and deeply enigmatic, Palme d'Or winner Uncle Boonmee represents an original take on the ghosts that haunt us." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a score of five out of five stars in an early festival review. Sandhu wrote: "It's barely a film; more a floating world. To watch it is to feel many things – balmed, seduced, amused, mystified," and continued: "There are many elements of this film that remain elusive and secretive. But that's a large part of its appeal: Weerasethakul, without ever trading in stock images of Oriental inscrutability, successfully conveys the subtle but important other-worldliness of this part of Thailand". In Screen International, Mark Adams called the film "a beautifully assembled affair, with certain scenes staged with painterly composure, and also increasingly moving as the subtle story develops. Plus Apichatpong Weerasethakul is not afraid of adding in moments of surreal humour – often laugh-out-loud moments for that – which helps the pacing of the film." Willis Wong of Intermedias Review called the film "a slow, meditative and often baffling journey visually gorgeous and worth taking."

Cahiers du Cinéma featured Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives on the cover of the June 2010 issue and listed it first on their annual Top Ten of 2010.

The film received a score of 2.4/4 at the Screen International annual Cannes Jury Grid, which polls international film critics from publications such as Sight & Sound, The Australian, Positif, L'Unita and Der Tagesspiegel, among others. It was listed second on Film Comment ' s Best Films of 2011 list. In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll, eight critics voted for it as one of their ten greatest films ever made; this ranked it at #202 in the finished list. Five directors also voted, making the film ranked at #132 in the directors' poll. In the 2022 crtic's poll fifteen critics voted for the film, with it recieving place #196 in the ranking. In a 2016 BBC poll, critics voted the film the 37th greatest since 2000.

### Accolades

The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. It became the first Asian film to win the award since 1997. Apichatpong Weerasethakul became the first Thai director to receive the award. The film was selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist.


Oscar Neumann

# Oscar Neumann

## Abstract

Oscar Rudolph Neumann (3 September 1867 in Berlin – 17 May 1946 in Chicago) was a German ornithologist and naturalist who explored and collected specimens in Africa. He fled via Cuba and settled in the United States to escape Nazi persecution of Jews. Neumann's starling (Onychognathus neumanni) and several other species are named after him.

Neumann was born in wealthy Jewish family, the son of Maximilian and Anna née Meyer. A younger sister of his was Elsa Neumann (1872-1902) who became one of the first physics doctorates from Berlin University. Another sister Alice was a sculptor. He travelled to German East Africa across Tanganyika, Uganda and Kenya in 1892 and collected for the Berlin Museum publishing descriptions. In 1899 he accompanied Baron Carlo von Erlanger through Somaliland and southern Ethiopia, collecting birds that went to Lord Walter Rothschild 's bird collection in Tring. In 1915 he went to New Guinea and also made an expedition to Sulawesi in 1938 sponsored by the specimen collector and dealer J. J. Menden. In 1908 he lost much of his money and was hoping to work for Rothschild in Tring but this did not materialize as Rothschild himself ran into financial problems. Neumann then took to stock-broking in Berlin. In 1941, with the help of his friend Julius Riemer he fled Nazi Germany, traveling from Berlin to Cuba, then to Chicago, where he worked the final years of his life as a curator in the Field Museum of Natural History. He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Union in 1897 but resigned in 1910 due to financial reasons. He never married. Parts of his collections are now in the Julius Riemer Museum in Wittenberg.

## Eponyms

Numerous zoological species bear his name, a few being:

- Neumann's red-winged starling (Onychognathus neumanni)

- Neumann's warbler (Hemitesia neumanni)

- Neumann's orangetail lizard (Philochortus neumanni Matschie, 1893)

- Neumann's sand lizard (Heliobolus neumanni Tornier, 1905)

## Publications associated with Neumann

- Die Oligochäten Nordost-Afrikas, nach den Ausbeuten der Herren Oscar Neumann und Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger, W Michaelsen (1903) Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 18: 435-556 - Earthworms from Northeast Africa, according to the collections of Neumann and Erlanger.

- Scorpione und Solifugen Nordost-Afrikas, gesammelt 1900 und 1901 von Carlo Freiherrn von Erlanger und Oscar Neumann, Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 18: 557-578 (1903) - Scorpions and Solifugae collected in 1900/01 by Neumann and Erlanger.

- Ueber die von Herrn Dr Neumann in Abessinien gesammelten aulacopoden Nacktschnecken, (1904) Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik) 19: 673-726 - On data by Dr. Neumann in regards to Abyssinian aulacopod slugs.

- Homopteren aus Nordost-Afrika, gesammelt von Oscar Neumann, A Jacobi (1904) Zoologische Jahrbuecher 19: 761-782 - Hemiptera from Northeast Africa collected by Neumann.

- Schildkröten und Eidechsen aus Nord-Ost Afrika und Arabien. Aus Carlo v. Erlanger's und Oscar Neumann's Forschungsreise, G Tornier (1905) Zool. Jahrb Syst 22: 365-388 - Turtles and lizards from Northeast Africa and Arabia, in regards to Erlanger and Neumann's expedition.

- Über nordost-afrikanische und arabische Kriechtiere, by Oscar Rudolph Neumann (1905) - On Northeast African and Arabian reptiles.


Jamilud Din Ahsan

# Jamilud Din Ahsan

## Abstract

Jamilud Din Ahsan is a retired major general of Bangladesh Army and former ambassador of Bangladesh to Libya.

## Career

Ahsan fought in the Bangladesh Liberation War and was awarded Bir Protik, the fourth highest gallantry award of Bangladesh military. He was the Charlie Company Commander of the 4th East Bengal Regiment and fought in the Battle of Salda.

From 19 October 1991 to 26 July 1996, Ahsan was the Director General of Special Security Force. From 7 March 2000 to 13 October 2001, he was the director general of Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies.

Ahsan was the Master General of Ordnance of Bangladesh Army. On 11 September 2005, he was appointed ambassador of Bangladesh to Libya.

Ahsan was the coordinator of the Sector Commanders Forum-Muktijudda 71.


2010 in Guinea-Bissau

# 2010 in Guinea-Bissau

## Abstract

The following lists events that happened during 2010 in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.

## Incumbents

- President: Malam Bacai Sanhá

- Prime Minister: Carlos Gomes Júnior

## Events

### April

- April 1 - 2010 Guinea-Bissau military unrest

### November

- November 23 - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1949


Bill Shores

# Bill Shores

## Abstract

William David Shores (May 26, 1904 – February 19, 1984) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1928 to 1936 for the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, and New York Giants.

Shores was the first major league player to wear uniform number 13, while playing for the A's in 1931. The number 13 was not routinely issued to players, except by request.


Daly City, California

# Daly City, California

## Abstract

Daly City (/ ˈ d eɪ l i /) is the second most populous city in San Mateo County, California, United States. Located in the San Francisco Bay Area, and immediately south of San Francisco (sharing its northern border with almost all of San Francisco's southern border), it is named for businessman and landowner John Donald Daly.

The population was 104,901 at the 2020 census. The racial makeup of Daly City was 57.3% Asian, 11.7% non-Hispanic White and 23.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race in the 2020 census. Notably, 33.2% of the population of Daly City is Filipino.

## History

Archaeological evidence suggests the San Francisco Bay Area has been inhabited as early as 2700 BC. People of the Ohlone language group probably occupied Northern California from at least the year A.D. 500. Though their territory had been claimed by Spain since the early 16th century, they would have relatively little contact with Europeans until 1769, when, as part of an effort to colonize Alta California, an exploration party led by Don Gaspar de Portolá learned of the existence of San Francisco Bay. Seven years later, in 1776, an expedition led by Juan Bautista de Anza selected the site for the Presidio of San Francisco, which José Joaquín Moraga would soon establish. Later the same year, the Franciscan missionary Francisco Palóu founded the Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores). As part of the founding, the priests claimed the land south of the mission for sixteen miles for raising crops and for fodder for cattle and sheep. In 1778, the priests and soldiers marked out a trail to connect San Francisco to the rest of California. At the top of Mission Hill, the priests named the gap between San Bruno Mountain and the hills on the coast La Portezuela ("The Little Door"). La Portezuela was later referred to as Daly's Hill, the Center of Daly City, and is now called Top of the Hill.

During Spanish rule, the area between San Bruno Mountain and the Pacific remained uninhabited. Upon independence from Spain, prominent Mexican citizens were granted land parcels to establish large ranches, three of which covered areas now in Daly City and Colma. Rancho Buri Buri was granted to Jose Sanchez in 1835 and covered 14,639 acres (59.24 km) including parts of modern-day Colma, Burlingame, San Bruno, South San Francisco, and Millbrae. Rancho Laguna de la Merced was 2,219 acres (8.98 km) acres and covered the area around a lake of the same name. The third ranch covering parts of the Daly City–Colma area was named Rancho Cañada de Guadalupe la Visitación y Rodeo Viejo and stretched from the Visitacion Valley area in San Francisco, to the city of South San Francisco covering 5,473 acres (22.15 km).

Following the Mexican Cession of California at the end of the Mexican–American War the owners of Rancho Laguna de La Merced tried to claim land between San Bruno Mountain and Lake Merced. An 1853 US government survey declared that the contested area was in fact government property and could be acquired by private citizens. There was a brief land rush as settlers, mainly Irish established ranches and farms in parts of what is now the neighborhoods of Westlake, Serramonte, and the cities of Colma and Pacifica. A decade later, several families left as increase in the fog density killed grain and potato crops. The few remaining families switched to dairy and cattle farming as a more profitable enterprise. In the late 19th century as San Francisco grew and San Mateo County was established, Daly City also gradually grew including homes and schools along the lines for the Southern Pacific railroad. Daly City served as a location where San Franciscans would cross over county lines to gamble and fight. As tensions built in approach to the American Civil War, California was divided between pro- slavery, and Free Soil advocates. Two of the main figures in the debate were US Senator David C. Broderick, a Free Soil advocate, and David S. Terry, who was in favor of extension of slavery into California. Quarreling and political fighting between the two eventually led to a duel in the Lake Merced area at which Terry mortally wounded Broderick, who would die three days later. The site of the duel is marked with two granite shafts where the men stood, and is designated as California Historical Landmark number 19.

### 20th century

On the morning of April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck just off the coast of Daly City near Mussel Rock. After quake and subsequent fire destroyed many San Franciscans homes, they left to temporary housing on the ranches of the area to the south, including the large one owned by John Daly. Daly had come to the Bay Area in 1853 where he had worked on a dairy farm, and after several years married his bosses' daughter and acquired 250 acres (1.0 km) at the Top of the Hill area. Over the years Daly's business grew, as did his political clout. When a flood of refugees from the quake came, Daly and other local farmers donated milk and other food items. Daly later subdivided his property, from which several housing tracts emerged.

As some of the refugees established homes in the area, the need for city services grew. This, combined with the fear of annexation by San Francisco and being ignored by San Mateo County, whose seat far to the south left residents feeling ignored, created a demand for incorporation. The first such attempt was proposed in 1908 for incorporation as the city of Vista Grande. Vista Grande would have spanned from the Pacific to the Bay, with San Francisco as its northern border and South San Francisco and the old Rancho Buri Buri as its southern border. The proposal was rejected over the scope of the planned city, which was too broad for many residents. The initial proposal also revealed rifts in the community among the various regions, including the area around the cemeteries, who were excluded from further plans of incorporation. On January 16, 1911, an incorporation committee filed a petition with San Mateo County supervisors to incorporate the City of Daly City. The city would run from San Francisco along the San Bruno Hills until Price and School streets with San Francisco and west to the summit of the San Bruno Hills. The city would have an estimated population of 2,900. On March 18, 1911, a special election was held, with incorporation narrowly succeeding by a vote of 132 to 130.

It remained a relatively small community until the late 1940s, when developer Henry Doelger established Westlake, a major district of homes and businesses, including the Westlake Shopping Center. Beginning in the 1950s Filipino Americans began to purchase homes east of Junipero Serra Boulevard, as they were barred from the Westlake development due to racial covenants. On March 22, 1957, Daly City was again the epicenter of an earthquake, this one a 5.3 magnitude quake on the San Andreas Fault, which caused some structural damage in Westlake and closed State Route 1 along the Westlake Palisades. In 1963, Daly City annexed the city of Bayshore. The Cow Palace, located in Bayshore and now within the city limits of Daly City, was the site of the following year's Republican National Convention. The Daly City BART station opened on September 11, 1972, providing northern San Mateo County with rail service to downtown San Francisco and other parts of the Bay Area. The line was extended south to Colma in 1996 and then to Millbrae and the San Francisco International Airport in 2003.

In October 1984, Taiwanese American writer Henry Liu was assassinated in his garage in Daly City, allegedly by Kuomintang agents.

The Daly City History Museum opened in March 2009 and is located in the building that housed the John Daly Library, Daly City's first library. The museum houses exhibits related to Daly City's history and maintains an archive of photos and documents.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 square miles (20 km), all land.

Daly City is bordered by the cities of San Francisco, Brisbane, Pacifica, South San Francisco, and the town of Colma. The city borders several unincorporated areas of San Mateo County. It surrounds Broadmoor, and borders San Bruno Mountain State Park, the Olympic Club, Lake Merced, and unincorporated areas near Colma. Seismic faults in and near Daly City include the San Andreas Fault, Hillside Fault and Serra Fault.

### Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods of Daly City include Westlake, St. Francis Heights, Serramonte, Top of the Hill, Hillside, Crocker, Southern Hills, and Bayshore. Westlake is notable for its distinct architecture and for being among the earliest examples of a planned, large-tract suburb. It was the inspiration for Malvina Reynolds ' 1962 song " Little Boxes ", and later a coffee-table book and documentary Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb. Bayshore, the easternmost neighborhood of Daly City, was an incorporated city, Bayshore City, from 1932 to 1940; it was annexed to Daly City in 1963. Several Daly City neighborhoods, such as Crocker, Southern Hills, and Bayshore, share a street grid and similar characteristics with adjacent San Francisco neighborhoods, such as Crocker-Amazon and Visitacion Valley.

Several neighborhoods associated with Daly City lie outside of its city limits. Broadmoor is an unincorporated area completely surrounded by Daly City. Colma is an incorporated town sandwiched between Daly City, South San Francisco, and San Bruno Mountain. These enclaves are in charge of their own police and fire services, but also share some services with Daly City.

### Climate

Daly City's climate is similar to that of San Francisco's western areas such as the Richmond District and Sunset District areas, with fog occurring in the spring and early-to-late summer. Julys and Augusts, on rare occasions, peak over 75 F. Summers are cool and dry, whereas winters are mild and wet.

## Demographics

### 2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 104,901 people and 31,836 households residing in the city.

The racial makeup of Daly City was 57.3% Asian, 19.2% White, 3.5% African American, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 0.9% Native American, 10.2% from other races, and 8.2% from two or more races.

The population is 11.7% non-Hispanic White and 23.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 101,123 people. The population density was 13,195.0 inhabitants per square mile (5,094.6/km), placing it 291st in population, among the top 50 in density when smaller populations are included, and 9th in density amongst cities with over 100,000 people.

The racial makeup of Daly City was 56,267 (55.6%) Asian, 23,842 (23.6%) White, 3,600 (3.6%) African American, 805 (0.8%) Pacific Islander, 404 (0.4%) Native American, 11,236 (11.1%) from other races, and 4,969 (4.9%) from two or more races.

Among the total population of Daly City, 33.2% were Filipino, 15.4% Chinese, 1.8% Burmese, 1.0% Vietnamese, 0.6% Indian, 0.6% Korean, 0.6% Japanese, 0.2% Indonesian, and 0.2% were Thai. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23,929 persons (23.7%); 9.4% of Daly City's population is of Mexican origin; 4.9% is of Salvadoran, 2.7% Nicaraguan, 1.3% Guatemalan, 0.7% Peruvian, 0.7% Puerto Rican, and 0.5% Honduran heritage.

The Census reported that 100,442 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 273 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 408 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

There were 31,090 households, out of which 11,050 (35.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 15,883 (51.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,667 (15.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,238 (7.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,632 (5.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 293 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,855 households (18.8%) were made up of individuals, and 2,136 (6.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.23. There were 22,788 families (73.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.63.

The population was spread out, with 19,614 people (19.4%) under the age of 18, 10,506 people (10.4%) aged 18 to 24, 29,663 people (29.3%) aged 25 to 44, 27,717 people (27.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,623 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

There were 32,588 housing units at an average density of 4,252.2 per square mile (1,641.8/km), of which 17,565 (56.5%) were owner-occupied, and 13,525 (43.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.2%. 58,239 people (57.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42,203 people (41.7%) lived in rental housing units.

Daly City is home to the only Karaite synagogue in the United States, Congregation B'nai Israel.

As of 2010 census figures, 40.7% of Daly City residents are of Filipino descent, the highest concentration of Filipino/Filipino Americans of any mid-sized city in North America. This partly explains Daly City's place in the vernacular as the " Pinoy Capital". Benito M. Vergara Jr. details this history in his ethnography Pinoy Capital: The Filipino Nation in Daly City.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 101,514 people, 29,843 households, and 21,847 families residing in the city. The population density was 15,703.8 inhabitants per square mile (6,063.3/km), making it among the most densely populated cities in the country. There were 31,876 housing units at an average density of 5,140.9 per square mile (1,984.9/km).

There were 29,843 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. Of all households 22.1% were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.34 and the average family size was 4.78.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 25.5% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $60,310, and the median income for a family was $66,365. Males had a median income of $36,227 versus $34,147 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,900. About 5.2% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Culture

The Cow Palace arena grounds straddle the border with San Francisco and is the home for the annual Grand National Rodeo, Horse & Stock Show. It has hosted events such as concerts by the Beatles, the now- Golden State Warriors and their early appearances in the NBA Finals, the NHL San Jose Sharks hockey team, two short-lived minor league hockey teams (the IHL San Francisco Spiders and ECHL San Francisco Bulls), and two Republican National Conventions (in 1956 and 1964).

Century 20 Daly City is a modern megaplex movie theatre opened in 2002 as part of the Pacific Plaza business and retail development.

Several golf courses are located within or straddle the border with San Francisco. The Olympic Club has hosted the USGA U.S. Open five times, most recently in 2012, and will host both the 2028 PGA Championship and the 2032 Ryder Cup. The private San Francisco Golf Club and Lake Merced Golf Club have part or all of their course in Daly City. The Golden Gate National Recreation Area includes the city's Thornton Beach. The topography of this area (due to the San Andreas fault) is conducive to paragliding and hang gliding.

Daly City and neighboring Colma have emerged as shopping meccas for San Francisco residents. A combination of plentiful free parking space (compared to the constrained and expensive parking options in San Francisco) and San Mateo County's historically slightly lower state sales tax rate have contributed to this trend. Many big box retailers that are unable to operate in San Francisco due to real estate prices, space restrictions, or political / community opposition have opened stores in the Serramonte and Westlake neighborhoods. Daly City's shopping centers are Serramonte Center and Westlake Shopping Center.

## Government

In the California State Legislature, Daly City is in the 11th Senate District, represented by Democrat Scott Wiener, and in the 19th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Phil Ting. In the United States House of Representatives, Daly City is in California's 15th congressional district, represented by Democrat Kevin Mullin.

The city council of Daly City is a five-member body composed of Mayor Juslyn C. Manalo, Vice Mayor Roderick Daus-Magbual, and Council members Teresa G. Proaño, Pamela DiGiovanni, and Glenn R. Sylvester.

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Daly City has 46,684 registered voters. Of those, 24,175 (51.8%) are registered Democrats, 4,479 (9.6%) are registered Republicans, and 16,487 (35.3%) have declined to state a political party.

## Education

There are several public school districts in Daly City. The largest are the Jefferson Elementary School District and Jefferson Union High School District, both of which are headquartered in the city. In addition, there is the Bayshore Elementary School District (two schools), Brisbane School District (Panorama School in Daly City), and South San Francisco Unified School District (two schools in Daly City). Daly City has two high schools: Westmoor High School and Jefferson High School, plus a continuation school, Thornton High School and an adult school, Jefferson Adult Education. Daly City is also home to two Catholic parochial schools: Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Top-of-the-Hill and Our Lady of Mercy in Westlake. The city has four Peninsula Library System branches.

## Transportation

Daly City's highway infrastructure includes State Routes 1, 35, and 82, and Interstate 280. Interstate 280, which bisects Daly City, is a primary transportation corridor linking San Francisco with San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.

Daly City is a major hub for public transit. Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) serves Daly City at a namesake station as well as at Colma Station, which abuts the Daly City limits). In the 1980s planning was conducted for the BART extension south from San Francisco, the first step being the Daly City Tailtrack Project, upon which turnaround project the San Francisco Airport Extension would later build. Daly City station is the terminus of BART's Blue and Green lines, and the furthermost point in the BART network where every destination in the system can be reached without a transfer during normal hours.

In addition to BART, Daly City station serves as the northern terminus of SamTrans' ECR route and southern terminus of Muni's 14 Mission Rapid.

Since 2016, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency has expressed interest in extending the Muni Metro to Daly City by extending the M Ocean View line, presently terminating at Balboa Park station.

## Sister city

- Quezon City, Philippines, since October 1994

- Izumisano, Japan, since July 2024

## Notable people

- Mike Guingona, former mayor of Daly City

- John Madden, NFL player, Hall of Fame coach and sportscaster, graduated from Jefferson High School in 1954

- Dave Pelzer, author of several books, including the memoir A Child Called "It"

- John Robinson, national championship-winning coach at USC and for the Los Angeles Rams

- Sam Rockwell, Academy Award-winning actor, born at Seton Medical Center on November 5, 1968

- Vincent Rodriguez III, actor


1900 in Germany

# 1900 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1900 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst to 17 October, then Bernhard von Bülow

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Albert

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick I

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Frederick William

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Peter II to 13 June, then Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Charles Alexander

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – George, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Karl Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Alexander, Prince of Lippe (with Ernest II, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld as regent)

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Prince Albert of Prussia (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to 30 July, then Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Jesko von Puttkamer (6th term) to 17 January, then August Köhler to 31 July, then... Dehl, (acting governor) to 6 September, then... von Kamptz (acting governor) to 15 November, then again Jesko von Puttkamer (7th term)

- Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Otto Jäschke

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Eduard von Liebert

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Rudolf von Bennigsen

- German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) (from March 1) – Wilhelm Solf

- German South-West Africa – Theodor Leutwein

- Togoland – August Köhler

## Events

- 4 January – Riots break out as miners go on strike.

- 6 January – The German steamer Herzog is seized by the British warship HMS Thetis outside Delagoa Bay in East Africa, on suspicions that it was carrying supplies to Boer troops. The Portuguese colonial Governor of Zambesia is among the passengers. After no supplies are found, the ship and its crew are released on 22 January.

- 1 March – The German flag is formally hoisted at Apia, the capital of Samoa, and Wilhelm Solf becomes the colony's first governor. Chief Mata'afa, who had fought against the Germans, and Chief Tamasese, who had been the puppet ruler during German occupation, are reconciled. Mata'afa is named as the Paramount Chief of the Western Samoa colony, although Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II is designated as the Paramount King.

- 1 April – The 6th Royal Bavarian Division is raised as a new addition to the German Imperial Army.

- 13 June – When three Chinese Boxers come too close to the German legation, one of them, a young man, is captured by the German guards. Baron von Ketteler, the German minister, thrashes the Boxer with his cane, orders his guards to extend the beating, and warns the Chinese Foreign Ministry (the Zongli Yamen) that the boy will die. Over the next few days, the foreign diplomats begin shooting at Chinese nationals near the legation quarter. Von Ketteler himself would be killed on June 20. The same day, communication between the foreign embassies and the rest of the world is broken off as telegraph lines are severed.

- 14 June At 7:00 pm, German embassy guards, under the direction of Ambassador Ketteler, fire on Boxer rebels outside the legation quarter, killing 20. Lancelot Giles, of the British embassy, records the incident in his diary that night, noting the furious shouts from a crowd trying to get into the city. G.E. Morrison, correspondent for the London Times, noted another incident where 45 Chinese were killed in a raid by the Europeans on a temple. The Reichstag approves a second law that allows the expansion of the Imperial German Navy.

- At 7:00 pm, German embassy guards, under the direction of Ambassador Ketteler, fire on Boxer rebels outside the legation quarter, killing 20. Lancelot Giles, of the British embassy, records the incident in his diary that night, noting the furious shouts from a crowd trying to get into the city. G.E. Morrison, correspondent for the London Times, noted another incident where 45 Chinese were killed in a raid by the Europeans on a temple.

- The Reichstag approves a second law that allows the expansion of the Imperial German Navy.

- 20 June – Clemens von Ketteler, the German ambassador to China, was murdered as he and an aide went to the Chinese Foreign Ministry (Zongli Yamen) without their guards. With seven hours left until a 4 p.m. deadline for all foreigners to leave Beijing, Baron von Ketteler defied his fellow ambassadors and left the safety of the diplomatic quarter. Von Ketteler was shot and killed (by a Boxer later identified as En Hai) as he approached the Zongli Yamen. His interpreter, Heinrich Cordes, survived to return to the embassy, at which point evacuation was no longer an option. American ambassador Conger would later report that he had learned "that Prince Tuan had planned to have his soldiers massacre all the foreign ministers at the Tsungli Yamen on June 20. But...the impatient soldiers prematurely attacked and killed Baron von Kettler... we were not invited to the Tsungli Yamen, and so were saved. The directive to Mr. Conger stated, "The princes and ministers...beg that within twenty-four hours the minister of the United States, with his family... and taking his guards, keeping them under control, will leave for Tientsin, in order to avoid danger. An escort of troops has been dispatched to give protection en route, and the local officials have been also notified to allow the minister's party to pass." At 4:00 p.m., Chinese troops began their siege of the foreign legations quarter, where 900 foreigners, 523 defenders, and 3,000 Chinese Christians held out behind the walls. The siege would last 55 days.

- 21 June – China formally declares war on Germany.

- 14 July – In China, Tientsin (Tianjin) is captured by the Allied forces after a three-day battle. The Allies had 775 killed or wounded, mostly from Russian troops and Japanese troops under the command of the Japanese Colonel Kuriya. Parties of German and French soldiers destroyed the enemy's guns, while American, British, Japanese and Austrian troops, and the Welsh Fussillers captured the arsenal.

- 27 July – Kaiser Wilhelm II gives the infamous " Hun speech " at Bremerhaven as he dispatched troops to fight in China. The most inflammatory line was, "Wie vor tausend Jahren die Hunnen unter ihrem König Etzel sich einen Namen gemacht, der sie noch jetzt in Überlieferung und Märchen gewaltig erscheinen läßt, so möge der Name Deutscher in China auf 1000 Jahre durch euch in einer Weise bestätigt werden, daß es niemals wieder ein Chinese wagt, einen Deutschen scheel anzusehen!". "Just as the Huns under their King Atilla made a name for themselves a thousand years ago which still, in saga and tradition, makes them appear powerful, so may the name "German" be impressed by you for a thousand years, that no Chinese will ever dare again look askance at a German!" The Germans were, for a century thereafter, referred to as "Huns".

- 17 October – Bernhard von Bülow becomes the fourth Chancellor of the German Empire, appointed by Kaiser Wilhelm I. The former Foreign Secretary succeeded Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe, who resigned because of his age (81) and health.

- 16 November – During a parade in Breslau, (now Wroclaw, Poland), a woman throws a hatchet at the open carriage of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The "hand chopper" strikes the imperial carriage, and Selma Schnapke, later ruled to be insane, is arrested.

- 1 December – A census of the German Empire was taken. Provisional figures showed a population of 56,345,014.

- 31 December – At 3:00 in the afternoon in Beijing, Su-Hai, identified as the man who had killed Baron von Ketteler, Germany's minister to China, on June 20, became the last prominent person to die in the 19th century. Su-Hai was beheaded at the scene of the crime.

## Architecture

- The Salzgitter Bismarck Tower is completed.

## Commerce

- 3 June – A series of meat inspection laws, at the time the most comprehensive in the world, are introduced.

- 1 September – The German-American Telegraph Company opens the first direct line between Germany and the United States. At 7,917 kilometres or 4,919 miles, the line was the longest transatlantic cable to that time, running from Emden to New York City, via the Azores Islands.

### Undated

- The Adler automobile company is established.

## Diplomacy

- 14 January – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo -German treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan islands.

- 16 February – In Washington, British Ambassador Lord Pauncefote, and German Ambassador Baron Theodor von Holleben meet Secretary of State Hay at the State Department, and exchange ratifications of the Samoan Treaty signed by all three nations. "Secretary Hay retained for the United States the copy of the treaty which was ratified by the United States Senate. He handed to Lord Pauncefote and to Herr von Holleben copies of the treaty bearing the signatures of the President and himself", reported the New York Times. Similar proceedings take place in London and Berlin with the foreign ministers and ambassadors, completing the Tripartite Convention of 1899. Under the treaty, the Pacific islands of Samoa are divided between the U.S. (as American Samoa) and Germany (later the Independent State of Samoa).

- 16 October – Germany and the UK sign an agreement in London to they oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence. The "Yangtze Agreement", signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Hatzfeldt, was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy proposed by the United States for free trade in China.

- 5 December – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy sign a treaty providing that their navies will work together in the event of an attack on either nation by France or Russia.

## Education

- Women in Germany demand the right to participate in university entrance exams.

## Science

- 7 March – A new era in transportation safety began on reports of the first successful transmission of wireless signals from a passenger ship to a distant receiver. The German steamer SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, carrying 1,500 passengers, transmitted from on ship to Borkum, fifty miles away.

- 7 April – At Thomas Edison's laboratory, an agent of the Goldschmidt Chemische-Thermo Industrie of Essen, Germany, demonstrate a process to melt iron in five seconds. "Louis Dreyfus of Frankfort-on-Main...showed Mr. Edison his new process for attaining an enormous degree of heat in an incredibly short space of time by the combustion of a certain chemical compound which the inventor keeps a secret," the New York Times reported, "then placed a six-inch long iron wrench in a crucible and created a fire that reached 3,000 degrees centigrade."

- 16 August – A German excavation at the Tel Amran ibn Ali, near the Babylonian temple at Etemenanki (near modern Al Hillah, Iraq), German excavators unearth a glazed amphora with 10,000 coins dating from the 7th century BC.

- 15 October – Questionnaires are sent to every physician in Germany in the first attempt to make a study on the prevalence of cancer.

- 14 December – On a date now considered to be the birthday of quantum mechanics, Max Planck presents his paper Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspektrum (On the Theory of the Law of Energy Distribution in Normal Spectrum) at a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin.

## Sport

- 27 February – Foundation of Bayern Munich.

- 14 May – 28 October – The 1900 Summer Olympics takes place in Paris, France. Germany finishes seventh in the overall medal table with four gold medals, two silver and two bronze.

- 9 June – Olymp Berlin, German association football club is established.

- 1 August – Foundation of Borussia Mönchengladbach

- 4 November – The German Rugby Federation (Deutscher Rugby-Verband) is founded at Kassel.

- The inaugural BMW Open tennis event is held by the Münchner Tennis- und Turnierclub (MTTC) Iphitos club.

## Transport

- 10 January – The Deutschland, operated by the Hamburg-American Line and promising to be the fastest passenger ship to that time, is launched from the shipyards at Stettin, Germany (now Szczecin, Poland).

- 16 June – In Lübeck, Germany, the Elbe-Lübeck Canal, 41 miles (66 km) in length, is formally opened by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. The canal took five years to build at a cost of nearly six million dollars at the time, and joined the Elbe River to the Trave, which in turn provided ocean access at the Baltic Sea.

- 30 June – At Pier 8 in Hoboken, New Jersey, cotton bales and barrels of turpentine and oil catch fire around 4 o'clock in the afternoon. In less than 15 minutes, high winds spread the blaze a quarter of a mile along the port and on to the four German steamships moored there. The Saale and the Main, each with 150 crew on board, are destroyed, and the Bremen is heavily damaged. On the Saale, the portholes are too narrow for the men inside to escape, and most on board burned to death. The huge liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse is saved by being towed into the Hudson River. Despite the best efforts of the Hoboken and New York fire departments to save the piers and the ships, respectively, 326 people are killed.

- 2 July – Starting at 8:03 pm, the first rigid airship flies from a floating hangar on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen. Luftschiff Zeppelin 1 (or LZ1), with Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin and four others aboard, flew at an altitude of 1,300 feet (400 m), going 3.75 miles (6.04 km) in 18 minutes before being forced to land due to a broken part.

- 12 July – A German cruise liner, the SS Deutschland, wins the Blue Riband for the first time with an average speed of 22.42 knots (41.52 km/h).

- 16 December – The German training frigate Gneisenau, with 450 naval cadets on board, sinks in a storm during exercises off of the Spanish coast at Malaga, drowning 136.

## Publications

- 24 December – Iskra, a newspaper published by Vladimir Lenin in support of Bolshevik rebellion in Russia, is published for the first time, printed in Leipzig.

## Births

- 2 March – Kurt Weill, composer, in Dessau

- 10 March – Erich Kästner, last surviving German veteran of World War I

- 23 March – Erich Fromm, psychologist and philosopher

- 14 April – Hermann Bartels, architect

- 21 April – Hans Fritzsche, Nazi official

- 12 May – Helene Weigel, actress

- 15 May – Franz Ollendorff, German-born Israeli physicist

- 23 May – Hans Frank, Nazi military governor of Poland 1939–1945

- 3 June – Leo Picard, German-born Israeli geologist and an expert in the field of hydrology (died 1997)

- 17 June – Martin Bormann, Deputy Führer of Germany, 1941–1945

- 25 August – Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German Jewish (later British) physician and biochemist and Nobel laureate (died 1981)

- 26 August – Hellmuth Walter, rocket engineer

- 25 September – Fritz Kolbe, diplomat and spy

- 1 October – Bruno Klopfer, psychologist

- 7 October – Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS

- 19 October – Fritz Kranefuss, industrialist

- 3 November – Adolf "Adi" Dassler, founder of the Adidas shoe company

- 16 December – Rudolf Diels, founder of the Gestapo

## Deaths

- 15 January – Hermann Eschke, marine painter (born 1823)

- 6 March Carl Bechstein, piano maker (born 1826) Gottlieb Daimler, inventor and automotive pioneer (born 1834)

- Carl Bechstein, piano maker (born 1826)

- Gottlieb Daimler, inventor and automotive pioneer (born 1834)

- 13 June – Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (born 1827)

- 25 June – Louis Christian Klein, German-born businessman (born 1832)

- 27 June – Mary Krebs-Brenning, pianist (born 1851)

- 18 July – Karl Eggers, lyric poet (born 1826)

- 30 July – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born 1844)

- 7 August – Wilhelm Liebknecht, Social Democrat politician (born 1826)

- 25 August – Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher (born 1844)

- 27 September – Albert Bernhard Frank, botanist (born 1839)

- 28 October – Max Müller, philologist and Orientalist (born 1823)

- 12 December – Roderich von Erckert, ethnographer (born 1821)

- 20 December – Karl Becker, history painter (born 1820)


National Information Infrastructure

# National Information Infrastructure

## Abstract

The National Information Infrastructure (NII) was the product of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. It was a telecommunications policy buzzword, which was popularized during the Clinton Administration under the leadership of Vice-President Al Gore.

It proposed to build communications networks, interactive services, interoperable computer hardware and software, computers, databases, and consumer electronics in order to put vast amounts of information available to both public and private sectors. NII was to have included more than just the physical facilities (more than the cameras, scanners, keyboards, telephones, fax machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, optical fiber transmission lines, microwave nets, switches, televisions, monitors, and printers) used to transmit, store, process, and display voice, data, and images; it was also to encompass a wide range of interactive functions, user -tailored services, and multimedia databases that were interconnected in a technology-neutral manner that will favor no one industry over any other.


2024–25 Ferencvárosi TC season

# 2024–25 Ferencvárosi TC season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is Ferencvárosi Torna Club 's 121th competitive season, 16th consecutive season in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I, where they will be competing as six-time defending champions and 126th year in existence as a football club. In addition to the domestic league, Ferencváros participate in this season's editions of the Magyar Kupa, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

## Kits

Supplier: Macron / Sponsor: Magyar Telekom / Tippmix

### Kit usage

We indicate in parentheses the number of round.

## First team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Transfers

### Summer

Sources:

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Sources:

## Friendlies

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### Pre-season

### Mid-season

Source:

## Competitions

### Overall record

In italics, we indicate the Final position achieved in competition(s) that have not yet been completed.

Last updated: 15 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### Nemzeti Bajnokság I

#### League table

#### Results summary

Last updated: 1 September 2024. Source: Soccerway

#### Results by round

#### Matches

Win Draw Loss Postponed

Source:

#### Results overview

All results are indicated from the perspective of Ferencvárosi TC. We indicate in parentheses the number of round. Win Draw Loss Postponed

### Magyar Kupa

#### Round of 64

The draw for the Round of 64 was held on 26 August 2024. Budafok also started the Magyar Kupa competitions in this round.

#### Round of 32

The draw for the Round of 32 will hold on 16 September 2024.

### UEFA Champions League

#### Second qualifying round

Ferencváros won 7–1 on aggregate.

#### Third qualifying round

Midtjylland won 3–1 on aggregate.

### UEFA Europa League

#### Play-off round

1–1 on aggregate, Ferencváros won 3–2 on penalties.

#### League phase

The draw for the League phase was held on 30 August 2024. The team for League Phase: Goalkeepers: Dibusz, Á. Varga – Defenders: Botka, Cissé, Ćivić, Gartenmann, Gustavo, Kaján, Ramírez, Szalai – Midfielders: Abu Fani, Ben Romdhane, Kady, Maïga, Makreckis, Rommens, A. Tóth, Zachariassen – Forwards: Saldanha, Gruber, Misidjan, Pešić, Traoré, B. Varga

## Squad statistics

### Appearances

Includes all competitions for senior teams. We indicate the number of the player's appearances as substitute by the combination of a plus sign and a figure.

Notes: GK: goalkeeper; DF: defender; MF: midfielder; FW: forward

### Goal scorers

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total goals are equal. Players with no goals not included in the list. We indicate in parentheses how many of the goals scored by the player from penalties.

### Assists

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total assists are equal. Players with no assists not included in the list.

### Goalkeppers

#### Clean sheets

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total clean sheets are equal. Numbers in parentheses represent games where both goalkeepers participated and both kept a clean sheet; the number in parentheses is awarded to the goalkeeper who was substituted on, whilst a full clean sheet is awarded to the goalkeeper who was on the field at the start of play.

### Disciplinary record

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by red cards, then yellow cards (and by squad number when total cards are equal). Players with no cards not included in the list.

### Captains

Includes all competitions for senior teams. The list is sorted by squad number when season-total number of games where a player started as captain are equal. Players with no games started as captain not included in the list.

## Attendances

Home stadium: Groupama Arena, Budapest – Capacity: 23,700 (22,122 in international matches)

## Awards and nominations

### Weekly awards

#### Player of the Round

Player of the Week by Nemzeti Sport and Round Selection of Nemzeti Bajnokság by Nemzeti Sport and Csakfoci websites.

#### Goal of the Round

Goal of the Round of Nemzeti Bajnokság by the M4 Sport website.

- Score – The score at the time of the goal. Ferencvárosi TC's score listed first.

- Final score – The score at full time; Ferencvárosi TC's listed first.

### Monthly awards

#### Player of the Month

Player of the Month by Ferencvárosi TC (Sponsored: HSA Group).

### Yearly awards

## Milestones

Debuts

The following players made their competitive debuts for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

50th appearances

The following players made their 50th appearances for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

First goals

The following players scored their first goals for Ferencvárosi TC's first team during the campaign.

- Score – The score at the time of the goal. Ferencvárosi TC's score listed first.

- Final score – The score at full time; Ferencvárosi TC's listed first.


Hacketstown

# Hacketstown

## Abstract

Hacketstown (Irish: Baile Haicéid, IPA:), historically known as Ballydrohid (Irish: Baile an Droichead), is a small town and civil parish in County Carlow, Ireland, near the border with County Wicklow. The civil parish extends into County Wicklow.

It is located on the R747 road at its junction with the R727. The River Derreen flows westwards just north of the town and the River Derry rises just south of the town.

## History

In the early thirteenth century, an Anglo-Norman castle was built on the site where St Brigid's Church sits now.

In the seventeenth century the wealthy Chetham family from New Moston, Lancashire, England acquired lands here. Although they lived mainly in England, a Chetham daughter married into the powerful Irish Loftus family.

Hacketstown was the scene of two battles during the 1798 rebellion. On 25 May 1798, there were several skirmishes in the town. Later, on 25 June, several thousand rebels including Michael Dwyer and his followers, tried to capture the military barracks to take the firearms and ammunition. The fighting lasted for the better course of a day. Most of the houses in the village were destroyed and several hundred rebels were killed during the fighting. The military evacuated the barracks and retreated to Tullow, a nearby town.

Hacketstown has a national school and secondary school, Coláiste Eoin. There is a Roman Catholic church, St Bridget's, and a Church of Ireland chapel, St John's.

William Presley, an ancestor of Elvis Presley, was a resident of the town before emigrating to America over 200 years ago.

In 2011, the US town of Hackettstown, New Jersey, declared a sister city relationship with Hacketstown.