Red giant

# Red giant

## Abstract

A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses (M)) in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K (4,700 °C; 8,500 °F) or lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow-white to reddish-orange, including the spectral types K and M, sometimes G, but also class S stars and most carbon stars.

Red giants vary in the way by which they generate energy:

- most common red giants are stars on the red-giant branch (RGB) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core

- red-clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch, fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple-alpha process

- asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon–oxygen core, and a hydrogen-burning shell just beyond that.

Many of the well-known bright stars are red giants because they are luminous and moderately common. The K0 RGB star Arcturus is 36 light-years away, and Gacrux is the nearest M-class giant at 88 light-years' distance.

A red giant will usually produce a planetary nebula and become a white dwarf at the end of its life.

## Characteristics

A red giant is a star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen in its core and has begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a yellowish-orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red-giant-branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (L), spectral types of K or M, have surface temperatures of 3,000–4,000 K, and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (R). Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around 75 L. Asymptotic-giant-branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red-giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase.

Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge-up. The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars.

The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well-defined photosphere, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a ' corona '. The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with molecular lines, emission features, and sometimes masers, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars. Observations have also provided evidence of a hot chromosphere above the photosphere of red giants, where investigating the heating mechanisms for the chromospheres to form requires 3D simulations of red giants.

Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.

## Evolution

Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M to around 8 M. When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of " metals " (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.

When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue at the core and so the core begins to contract due to the diminishing force of the fusion, which used to push against gravity, and results in the core heating up. The increased temperature of the core causes hydrogen in a shell around the core to be burned and the star to expand. The hydrogen-burning shell results in a situation that has been described as the mirror principle; when the core within the shell contracts, the layers of the star outside the shell must expand. The detailed physical processes that cause this are complex. Still, the behavior is necessary to satisfy simultaneous conservation of gravitational and thermal energy in a star with the shell structure. The core contracts and heats up due to the lack of fusion, and so the outer layers of the star expand greatly, absorbing most of the extra energy from shell fusion. This process of cooling and expanding is the subgiant star. When the envelope of the star cools sufficiently it becomes convective, the star stops expanding, its luminosity starts to increase, and the star is ascending the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.

The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red-giant branch depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 M the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is degenerate, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 10 K, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple-alpha process. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so-called helium flash. In more-massive stars, the collapsing core will reach 10 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash. The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the horizontal branch in metal-poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called red clump in the H–R diagram.

An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time, hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch, a second red-giant phase. The helium fusion results in the build-up of a carbon–oxygen core. A star below about 8 M will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon–oxygen core. Instead, at the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a white dwarf. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red-giant phase of the star's evolution. The red-giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red-giant branch. The horizontal-branch and asymptotic-giant-branch phases proceed tens of times faster.

If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 M, it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium. These "intermediate" stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red-giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red-giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic-giant-branch star and then become a white dwarf.

### Stars that do not become red giants

Very-low-mass stars are fully convective and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more-massive main-sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50% and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.

Very-high-mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the H–R diagram, at the right end constituting red supergiants. These usually end their life as a type II supernova. The most massive stars can become Wolf–Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all.

## Planets

### Prospects for habitability

Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a 1 M star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several billion years at 2 astronomical units (AU) out to around 100 million years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional one billion years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a 1 M star the habitable zone lasts from 100 million years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars to 210 million years for one that orbits at Saturn 's distance to the Sun, the maximum time (370 million years) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, planets orbiting a 0.5 M star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn would be in the habitable zone for 5.8 billion years and 2.1 billion years, respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

### Enlargement of planets

As of 2023, several hundred giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However, the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars; therefore, the planets could be growing in mass during the stars' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind, although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass-transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.

## Examples

Many of the well-known bright stars are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common. The red-giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M-class giant star at 88 light-years. The K1.5 red-giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light-years away.

### Red-giant branch

- Aldebaran (α Tauri)

- Arcturus (α Bootis)

- μ Leonis

- Gacrux (γ Crucis)

### Red-clump giants

- Pollux (β Geminorum)

- Capella Aa (α Aurigae)

- Schedar (α Cas)

- δ Andromedae

### Asymptotic giant branch

- Gorgonea Tertia (ρ Persei)

- Mira (ο Ceti)

- χ Cygni

- Rasalgethi (α Herculis)

## The Sun as a red giant

The Sun will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant. As a red giant, the Sun will grow so large (over 200 times its present-day radius) (~215 R☉) (~1 AU) that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and likely Earth. It will lose 38% of its mass growing, then will die into a white dwarf.


Michael Sprott

# Michael Sprott

## Abstract

Michael Sprott (born 16 January 1975) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2018. At regional level, he held multiple heavyweight championships, including the British and Commonwealth titles in 2004, and challenged three times for the European title in 2005, 2010 and 2011. He was the winner of the 14th Prizefighter series.

## Career

After a quiet amateur career, Sprott turned pro in November 1996 under the old Frank Bruno trainer, Terry Lawless. He won 11 fights, including a points win over veteran Michael Murray before taking on Harry Senior in September 1998 for the Southern Area Heavyweight title. Senior, a respected sparring partner, had recently dedicated himself to being a full-time professional, and took Sprott out in 6 rounds with body shots. Sprott came back with 3 wins before falling apart in 3 rounds versus British contender Wayne Llewelyn in October 2000.

Seemingly relegated to journeyman status, In February 2001 in London, Sprott scored an upset when he outpointed the once-beaten German Timo Hoffmann, who had lost only to Vitali Klitschko. He travelled to Germany for the rematch, controversially outpointed by Hoffmann in a result that was jeered loudly by the German crowd.

In November 2001, he travelled to South Africa to face hard hitting fringe contender Corrie Sanders. In a brief and entertaining fight, Sprott rocked the southpaw before being decked himself, and suffering a controversial stoppage by the referee, with even the South African commentators deploring the stoppage.

In February 2002, Keith Long pulled out from a British and Commonwealth title fight with Danny Williams, and Sprott flew in from a holiday in Jamaica on only a few days notice. After a few rounds he ran out of gas and was stopped in the seventh round, but showed he could compete at national level. It was around this time that Sprott brought in trainer John Bloomfield, who spent six years with Frank Bruno.

After this challenge, Sprott went on a successful run of form, winning 8 fights, including knockouts of Pele Reid (KO7), ex-British champ Michael Holden (KO4), Mark Potter (KO3), and Colin Kenna (KO1), setting up a rematch with Williams.

In September 2003, Sprott qualified for another shot at Williams and his titles, but after a far more competitive fight, Sprott was the victim of several low blows. When he complained to the referee he was controversially knocked out by a Williams left hook.

In January 2004, Sprott narrowly outpointed Williams in their third and final fight (115-114), lifting the British and Commonwealth titles. A few months later Williams would knockout Mike Tyson, however Sprott would lose his titles in his first defense, matched with fast undefeated Matt Skelton (12-0), Sprott was mauled and stopped in the 12th. His last fight of 2004 was a win against Czech heavyweight champ Robert Šulgan in Bethnal Green.

In 2005, Sprott would take the first of many trips abroad fighting top prospects, usually at short notice. In April he beat the German amateur star Cengiz Koc, but in October was beaten on points by Olympian Paolo Vidoz in a European title fight, both fights in Germany. In December he fought future European champ Vladimir Virchis in Austria, but was once-again the victim of a controversial decision loss.

In February 2006, he outboxed veteran Antoine Palatis in Scotland, but in a WBA Eliminator in July was hammered in 8 one-sided rounds by undefeated Ruslan Chagaev. Despite the loss he went back to Germany and beat a third German prospect when he upset undefeated southpaw Rene Dettweiller in November.

During his travels in Germany, Sprott had picked up the second-tier European Heavyweight title, the "EU" title, which he defended against 2000 Olympic Gold medallist Audley Harrison in London, February 2007. Harrison had demolished Danny Williams in his last fight and was on course to face Matt Skelton in a world title eliminator. A 9/2 underdog with most bookies, Sprott came off the floor in the 1st round to score a rare stoppage win by knocking Harrison clean out in the 3rd with a left hook; and seemingly ending his career.

On 14 July 2007, Sprott lost to Matt Skelton in a 12-round contest. The fight was of a very poor standard with Skelton winning on points.

On 31 May 2008, Sprott travelled to Germany to face hot prospect, and the WBA's #4 ranked contender Taras Bidenko. Sprott was outpointed in a 10-round unanimous decision, with 2 judges scoring the bout 97–93, and the other seeing it 97–94.

On 14 March 2009, Sprott fought former WBO heavyweight champion Lamon Brewster and lost a unanimous decision.

He fought Alexander Ustinov on 20 June 2009, but lost by unanimous decision after ten rounds. However he beat German Werner Kreiskott by round 1 TKO in March 2010 and this earned him a shot at the vacant European Boxing Union title against old foe Audley Harrison at Alexandra Palace in April 2010. Sprott was leading the bout on all three scorecards before Harrison knocked out Sprott with seconds remaining of round 12.

On 9 October 2010, a 35-year-old Sprott competed in Sky's 'PrizeFighter' series (Heavyweights), reaching the final where he fought Matt Skelton. It was third time lucky for Sprott, who had lost his previous 2 contests with the 43-year-old Skelton, Winning on a split decision (29-28 Skelton 29-28 sprott 29-28 sprott) after the 3 round contest and winning £32,000 in 'winner take all' prize money. In September 2011, he suffered a third defeat in a European heavyweight title bout when he lost a unanimous points decision to Ukrainian Alexander Dimitrenko in Hamburg.

## Outside the ring

Michael Sprott has a son called Darnell born around 2001. Darnell's name is stitched on the shorts Sprott wears for his professional contests. In recent contests Sprott's shorts have also displayed the name of his late sister Ginette, who took her own life in September 2009 after a long battle with depression.

He lists his hobbies as weights, travelling and meeting new people. Outside boxing, Sprott enjoys rugby and the Wimbledon Championships. His favourite football teams are Reading FC and Arsenal F.C.


Lotus Cars

# Lotus Cars

## Abstract

Lotus Group (also known as Lotus Cars, and trading as Lotus NYO in China) is a British multinational automotive manufacturer of luxury sports cars and electric vehicles.

Lotus Group is composed of three primary entities. Lotus Cars, a high-performance sports car company, is based in Hethel, Norfolk. Lotus Tech, an all-electric lifestyle vehicle company, headquartered in Wuhan, China, and operates regional facilities in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany. Additionally, Lotus Engineering, an engineering consultancy firm, is headquartered at the Lotus Advanced Technology Centre (LATC) located at the University of Warwick's Wellesbourne Campus.

Lotus was founded and owned for many years by Colin Chapman. After his death and a period of financial instability, it was bought by General Motors, then Romano Artioli and then DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton, which owned Lotus from 1996 to 2017. Lotus is currently majority-owned by Chinese multinational Geely.

Lotus was previously involved in Formula One racing, via Team Lotus, winning the Formula One World Championship seven times. Notable Lotus cars include the Lotus Seven, the Elan, the Esprit and the Elise.

## History

### Early years

The company was formed in 1952 as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by Colin Chapman but had earlier origins in 1948 when Chapman built his first trials car in a garage. The four letters in the middle of the logo represent Chapman's full name, Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman. When the logo was created, Chapman's original partners Michael and Nigel Allen were allegedly told that that the letters stood for Colin Chapman and the Allen Brothers.

The first factory was situated in old stables behind the Railway Hotel in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus, which was split from Lotus Engineering in 1954, was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994. The Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. This was composed of Lotus Cars Limited and Lotus Components Limited, which focused on road cars and customer competition-car production, respectively. Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971, but the newly renamed entity ceased operation that same year.

The company moved to a purpose-built factory at Cheshunt in 1959, and since 1966 it has occupied a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel, near Wymondham in Norfolk. The site is a former World War II airfield, RAF Hethel, and the test track uses sections of the old runway.

In its early days, Lotus sold cars aimed at private racers and trialists. Its early road cars could be bought as kits in order to save on purchase tax. The kit car era ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the Lotus Elan Plus Two as the first Lotus road car not offered in kit form, and the Lotus Eclat and Lotus Elite of the mid-1970s were offered only in factory-built versions.

After the Lotus Elite of the 1950s, which featured a complete fibreglass monocoque fitted with built-in steel pickup points for mounting major components, Lotus found critical and sales success in the 1960s with the Lotus Elan. This two-seater was later developed to two-plus-two form (Elan +2S). Lotus was notable for its use of fibreglass bodies, backbone chassis and overhead camshaft engines, initially supplied by Coventry Climax but later replaced by Lotus-Ford units (Ford block, Lotus head and twin-cam valve gear). Lotus also worked with Ford on the Lotus Cortina, a successful sports saloon.

Another Lotus of the late 1960s and early 1970s was the two-seater Lotus Europa, initially intended only for the European market, which paired a backbone chassis and lightweight body with a mid-mounted Renault engine, later upgraded to the Lotus-Ford twin-cam unit as used in the Elan.

The Lotus Seven, originating in the 1950s as a simple, lightweight open two-seater. continued in production into the early 1970s. Lotus sold the rights to produce the Seven to Caterham, which has continued to produce the car since then.

By the mid-1970s, Lotus sought to move upmarket with the launch of the Elite and Eclat models, four-seaters aimed at prosperous buyers, with features such as optional air conditioning and automatic transmissions. The mid-engine line continued with the Lotus Esprit, which became one of the company's longest-lived and most iconic models. Lotus developed its own series of four-cylinder DOHC engines, the Lotus 900 series, and later a V8, and turbocharged versions of the engines appeared in the Esprit.

Variants of the 900-series engine were supplied for the Jensen Healey sports car and the Sunbeam Lotus "hot hatchback". In the 1980s, Lotus collaborated with Vauxhall Motors to produce the Lotus Carlton, the fastest roadgoing Vauxhall car.

### Financial troubles, death of Chapman

By 1980, Group Lotus was in serious financial trouble. Production had dropped from 1,200 units per year to a mere 383. This situation resulted from the worldwide economic recession combined with the virtual collapse of sales in the American market and limited development of the model range.

In early 1982, Chapman forged an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. As a result, Lotus Engineering helped develop the Mk2 Toyota Supra, also known as the Toyota Celica XX. The partnership also allowed Lotus to launch the new Lotus Excel to replace the ageing Lotus Eclat. Using drivetrain and other components build by Toyota enabled Lotus to sell the Excel for £1,109 less than the outgoing Eclat.

Looking to reenter the North American market, Chapman was approached by young law professor and investment banking consultant Joe Bianco, who proposed a new and separate American sales company for Lotus. By creating an unprecedented tax-incentivised mechanism by which each investor received a personalised Lotus Turbo Esprit, the new American company, Lotus Performance Cars Inc. (LPCI), was able to provide fresh capital to Group Lotus in the United Kingdom. Former Ferrari North America general manager John Spiech was recruited to run LPCI, which imported the remarkable Giugiaro -designed Turbo Esprit for the first time. American sales began to quickly jump into six figures annually.

Chapman died of a heart attack on 16 December 1982 at the age of 54. At the time, both Chapman and Lotus were linked to the DeLorean Motor Company scandal regarding the use of UK Government subsidies for the production of the DMC DeLorean, for which Lotus had designed the chassis. Chasing large sums of money that had disappeared from the DeLorean company, Lotus was besieged by Inland Revenue inspectors, who imposed an £84 million legal "protective assessment" on the company. At the trial of Lotus accountant Fred Bushell, the judge insisted that had Chapman lived, he would have received a sentence "of at least 10 years."

With Group Lotus near bankruptcy in 1983, David Wickins, the founder of British Car Auctions, agreed to become the new company chairman through an introduction by his friend Mark Thatcher. Taking a combined 29% BCA/personal stake in Group Lotus, Wickins negotiated with Inland Revenue and recruited new investors: merchant bank Schroeder-Wagg (14%), Michael Ashcroft 's Bermudian operating company Benor (14%) and Sir Anthony Bamford of JCB (12%). Wickins oversaw a complete turnaround in the company's fortunes, for which he was dubbed "the saviour of Lotus."

### International ownership

Despite having employed designer Peter Stevens to revamp the range and design two new concept cars, by 1985 the British investors recognised that they lacked the capital to fund production and sought to find a buyer. In January 1986, Wickins oversaw the majority sale of the Group Lotus companies and 100% of North American–based LPCI to General Motors. After four months, Toyota sold GM its stake. By October 1986, GM had acquired a 91% stake in Group Lotus for £22.7 million, which allowed GM to legally force the company buyout.

On 27 August 1993, GM sold the company for £30 million, to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. In 1996, a majority share in Lotus was sold to Malaysian car company Proton.

Lotus Cars was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise for contribution to international trade, one of 85 companies receiving the recognition in that category in 2002. Lotus cars wore the badge of the award for several years.

On 24 May 2017, Chinese multinational Geely announced that it was taking a 51% controlling stake in Lotus. The remaining 49% was acquired by Etika Automotive, a holding company of Proton's major shareholder Syed Mokhtar Albukhary.

In January 2021, Geely announced a joint venture with Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance and its Alpine division to develop a range of electric performance cars sharing some of their future platforms. In April 2021, Lotus announced plans to produce only electric cars by 2028 and increase production numbers from around 1,500 per annum to tens of thousands. Geely and Etika Automotive provided two billion pounds (US$2.8 billion) to fund the changes.

Lotus Technology, the electric-vehicle division of Lotus. which has a different ownership structure (30% by Etika and the rest by Geely and Nio Capital), was listed on Nasdaq in February 2024, following the completion of a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company affiliated with L Catterton.. After the listing, 10.3% of shares are held by the public.

## Operations

Currently organised as Group Lotus Limited, the business is divided into Lotus Cars and Lotus Engineering.

In addition to manufacturing sportscars, the company also acts as an engineering consultancy, providing engineering development—particularly of suspensions —for other car manufacturers. Lotus's powertrain department is responsible for the design and development of the four-cylinder Ecotec engine found in many of GM's Vauxhall, Opel, Saab, Chevrolet and Saturn cars. The American Elise and Exige models used the 1.8L VVTL-i I4 from Toyota's late Celica GT-S and the Matrix XRS.

Michael Kimberley, who had been a guiding figure at Lotus in the 1970s, returned as acting chief executive officer in May 2006. He chaired the executive committee of Lotus Group International Limited (LGIL), established in February 2006 with Syed Zainal Abidin (managing director of Proton Holdings Berhad) and Badrul Feisal (non-executive director of Proton Holdings Berhad). LGIL is the holding company of Lotus Group Plc.

Kimberley retired as CEO on 17 July 2009, replaced on 1 October 2009 by former Ferrari executive Dany Bahar. Bahar intended to drive the brand into the expanding global luxury-goods sector and away from the company's traditional lightweight simplicity and pure driving-experience focus. Bahar was suspended on 25 May 2012 while an investigation into his conduct was undertaken. On 7 June 2012, Lotus announced the termination of Bahar and the appointment of Aslam Farikullah as the new chief operating officer. The ambitious plans for several new models were cancelled following Bahar's departure. Jean Marc Gales became CEO in 2014, and in 2017, he enabled the company to achieve its first profit in decades. Gales left the company in June 2018 for personal reasons and was replaced by Feng Qingfeng from Lotus Group's parent company, Geely.

October 2018 saw further senior personnel changes as Phil Popham was named CEO of Lotus Cars, with Qingfeng remaining in charge of Group Lotus.

In January 2021, Matt Windle was appointed managing director of Lotus Cars after Phil Popham resigned.

## Formula One and motorsport

In its early days, the company encouraged its customers to race its cars, and it first entered Formula One through its sister company Team Lotus in 1958. A Lotus Formula One car driven by Stirling Moss won the marque's first Grand Prix in 1960 at Monaco. Moss drove a Lotus 18 entered by privateer Rob Walker. Major success came in 1963 with the Lotus 25, which, with Jim Clark driving, won Team Lotus its first F1 World Constructors' Championship. Clark was killed in April 1968 when the rear tyre of his Formula Two Lotus 48 failed while making a turn at a race in Hockenheim. His death was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One, as he had been the dominant driver of Lotus's early years. That year's championship was won by Clark's teammate Graham Hill.

Team Lotus is credited with making the mid-engine layout popular for IndyCars, developing the first monocoque Formula One chassis and integrating the engine and transaxle as chassis components. Team Lotus was among the pioneers in Formula One in adding wings and shaping the undersurface of the car to create downforce. It invented active suspension and was the first to move radiators to the sides of the car to improve aerodynamic performance.

Formula One Drivers' Championship winners for Lotus were Jim Clark in 1963 and 1965, Graham Hill in 1968, Jochen Rindt in 1970, Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and Mario Andretti in 1978. In 1973, Lotus won the constructors' championship only; the drivers' title went to Jackie Stewart of Tyrrell. Chapman saw Lotus beat Ferrari as the first marque to achieve 50 Grand Prix victories, even though Ferrari had won its first nine years sooner.

Until the late 1980s, Team Lotus continued to be a major player in Formula One. Ayrton Senna drove for the team from 1985 to 1987, winning twice in each year and achieving 17 pole positions.

Team Lotus established Classic Team Lotus in 1992, which continues to maintain Lotus F1 cars and run them in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. It also preserves the Team Lotus archive and Works Collection of cars, under the management of Colin Chapman's son Clive.

Team Lotus's participation in Formula One ended after the 1994 season, when the team's cars were no longer competitive. Cars constructed by the team won a total of 79 Grand Prix races.

Former racing driver David Hunt (brother of F1 world champion James Hunt) purchased the name Team Lotus and licensed it to the Formula One team Pacific Racing, which was rebranded Pacific Team Lotus. The Pacific Team folded at the end of the 1995 season.

The Lotus name returned to Formula One for the 2010 season, when a new Malaysian team called Lotus Racing was awarded an entry. The new team used the Lotus name under licence from Group Lotus and was unrelated to the original Team Lotus. In September 2010 Group Lotus, with agreement from its parent company Proton, terminated the licence for future seasons as a result of what it called "flagrant and persistent breaches of the licence by the team." Lotus Racing then announced that it had acquired Team Lotus Ventures Ltd, the company led by David Hunt, and with it full ownership of the rights to the Team Lotus brand and heritage. The team confirmed that it would be known as Team Lotus from 2011 onward.

In December 2010, Group Lotus announced the creation of Lotus Renault GP, the successor to the Renault F1 team. This team contested the 2011 season having purchased a title sponsorship deal with the team, with the option to buy shares in the future. The team's car for that season, the R31, was badged as a Renault, while Team Lotus's car, the T128, was badged as a Lotus. In May 2011, the British High Court of Justice ruled that Team Lotus could continue to use the Team Lotus name, but Group Lotus had sole right to use the Lotus name. As a consequence, for 2012 Lotus Renault GP was rebranded as Lotus F1 Team and its entries were badged as Lotus cars, while Team Lotus was renamed Caterham F1 Team (after the sportscar manufacturer owned by team principal Tony Fernandes) and its cars were badged as Caterhams.

Group Lotus was also involved in several other categories of motorsport. It sponsored the KV team in the IndyCar Series and the ART team in the GP2 and GP3 Series in 2011 and 2012. After fielding underpowered and uncompetitive engines in the 2012 Indianapolis 500, in which drivers Jean Alesi and Simona de Silvestro were black-flagged after ten laps for failing to maintain a competitive pace, Lotus was released from its contract and did not participate in future seasons.

## Lotus car models

### Current

Current Lotus models include:

- Lotus Evija: The Lotus Evija is a limited production electric sports car; it is the first electric vehicle to be introduced and manufactured by the company. Codenamed "Type 130", production of the Evija will be limited to 130 units. Production is set to begin early-mid 2021 with delivery in early 2023. The Evija is powered by a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering, with electric motors supplied by Integral Powertrain. The four individual motors are placed at the wheels and each is rated at 375 kW (510 PS; 503 hp), for a combined total output of 1,500 kW (2,039 PS; 2,011 hp) and 1,704 N⋅m (1,257 lb⋅ft) of torque. Lotus claims that the Evija will be able to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in under 3 seconds, from 0 to 300 km/h (186 mph) in 9.1 seconds, and achieve a limited top speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).

- Lotus Emira: This model was unveiled in July 2021, and production began in March 2022. The Emira will be Lotus’ final vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.

- Lotus Eletre: The first electric SUV by Lotus, the Eletre is powered by a 112 kWh battery pack and an 800V high voltage system, achieving a maximum range of 600 km and 400 km of range after 20 minutes of charging. The 2024 model offers 603 horsepower for the base and S models, and 905 horsepower the R model and a top speed of 260 km/h. It is the first Lotus to offer features such as lidar. Delivery began on 29 March 2023 and was expected to launch in Europe in the summer or fall of 2023 and in the United States in 2024.

- Lotus Emeya

### Previous

- Lotus Mark I (1948): Austin 7–based sports car

- Lotus Mark II (1949–1950): Ford-powered trials car

- Lotus Mark III (1951): 750 cc formula car

- Lotus Mark IV (1952): Trials car

- Lotus Mark V (1952): 750 cc formula car, never built

- Lotus Mark VI (1953–1955): The first "production" racer, about 100 built

- Lotus Seven (1957–1972): A minimalist open sports car designed to manoeuvre a racing circuit.

- Lotus Mark VIII (1954): sports racer, MG 1.5 L

- Lotus Mark IX (1955): sports racer, shorter and improved Eight

- Lotus Mark X (1955): sports racer for larger displacement, Bristol / BMW 2 L

- Lotus Eleven (1956–1957): small displacement sports racer (750 – 1500 cc)

- Lotus 12 (1956–1957): Formula Two and Formula One racecar

- Lotus 13: Designation not used

- Lotus 14 (1957–1963): Lotus Elite, the first production street car

- Lotus 15 (1958–1960): Sports racer, update of the Mk.X, Climax 1.5 – 2.5 L

- Lotus 16 (1958–1959): F1/F2 car, "Miniature Vanwall"

- Lotus 17 (1959): Lighter sports racer update of the 11 in response to Lola Mk.I

- Lotus 18 (1960–1961): First mid-engined Lotus single seater—Formula Junior/F2/F1

- Lotus 19 (1960–1962): Mid-engined larger displacement sports racer, "Monte Carlo"

- Lotus 20 (1961): Formula Junior

- Lotus 21 (1961): Formula One

- Lotus 22 (1962–1965): Formula Junior/F3

- Lotus 23 (1962–1966): Small displacement mid-engined sports racer

- Lotus 24 (1962): Formula One

- Lotus 25 (1962–1964): Formula One World Champion

- Lotus 26 (1962–1971): Lotus Elan, production street sports car

- Lotus 26R (1962–1966): Racing version of Elan

- Lotus 27 (1963): Formula Junior

- Lotus 28 (1963–1966): Lotus version of the Ford Cortina street/racer

- Lotus 29 (1963): Indy car, Ford all-aluminium OHV small block V8

- Lotus 30 (1964): Large displacement sports racer (Ford small block V8)

- Lotus 31 (1964–1966): Formula Three space frame racer

- Lotus 32 (1964–1965): Monocoque F2 and Tasman Cup racer

- Lotus 33 (1964–1965): Formula One World Champion

- Lotus 34 (1964): Indy car, DOHC Ford V8

- Lotus 35 (1965): F2/F3/FB

- Lotus 36 (1965–1968): Elan Fixed Head Coupe (Type 26 could be fitted with a removable hard top)

- Lotus 38 (1965): Indy winning mid-engined car

- Lotus 39 (1965–1966): Tasman Cup formula car

- Lotus 40 (1965): Sports racer, a development of the 30

- Lotus 41 (1965–1968): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B

- Lotus 42 (1967): Indy car, Ford V8

- Lotus 43 (1966): Formula One

- Lotus 44 (1967): Formula Two

- Lotus 45 (1966–1974): Convertible (Drop Head Coupe) Elan with permanent side window frames.

- Lotus 46 (1966–1968): Original Renault-engined Europa

- Lotus 47 (1966–1970): Racing version of Europa

- Lotus 48 (1967): Formula Two

- Lotus 49 (1967–1969): Formula One World Champion

- Lotus 50 (1967–1974): Lotus Elan +2, four-seat production car

- Lotus 51 (1967–1969): Formula Ford

- Lotus 52 (1968): Prototype Europa Twin Cam

- Lotus 53 (1968): Small displacement sports racer, never built

- Lotus 54 (1968–1970): Series 2 'Europa' production car.

- Lotus 55 (1968): F3

- Lotus 56 (1968–1969): Indy turbine wedge

- Lotus 56B (1971): F1 turbine wedge

- Lotus 57 (1968): F2 design study

- Lotus 58 (1968): F1 design study

- Lotus 59 (1969–1970): F2/F3/Formula Ford

- Lotus LX (1960): Lotus Elite built to win at Le Mans with a 2.0 L FPF engine.

- Lotus 60 (1970–1973): Lotus Seven S4, Greatly modified version of the Seven

- Lotus 61 (1969): Formula Ford, "the wedge"

- Lotus 62 (1969): prototype Europa racer

- Lotus 63 (1969): 4-wheel drive F1

- Lotus 64 (1969): 4-wheel drive Indy car, did not compete

- Lotus 65 (1969–1971): Federalized Europa S2

- Lotus 66 (2024): track day car based on a 1969 Can-Am study

- Lotus 67 (1970): Proposed Tasman Cup car, never built

- Lotus 68 (1969): F5000 prototype

- Lotus 69 (1970): F2/F3/Formula Ford

- Lotus 70 (1970): F5000/Formula A

- Lotus 71: Undisclosed design study

- Lotus 72 (1970–1972): Formula One World Champion

- Lotus 73 (1972–1973): F3

- Lotus 74 - Texaco Star (1973): F2

- Lotus 74 (1971–1975): Europa Twin Cam production car

- Lotus 75 (1974–1982): Elite II, Luxury 4-seat GT

- Lotus 76 (1974): F1, redundant designation

- Lotus 76 (1975–1982): Éclat S1, fastback version of Elite II, redundant designation

- Lotus 77 (1976): F1

- Lotus 78 (1977–1978): F1 ground effects car

- Lotus 79 (1975–1980) Lotus Esprit, street GT, redundant designation

- Lotus 79 (1978–1979): Formula One World Champion, redundant designation

- Lotus 80 (1979): F1

- Lotus 81 (1979–1980): Sunbeam Talbot Lotus, redundant designation

- Lotus 81 (1980–1981): F1, redundant designation

- Lotus 82 (1982–1987): Turbo Esprit, street GT car

- Lotus 83 (1980): Elite series 2

- Lotus 84 (1980–1982): Éclat series 2

- Lotus 85 (1980–1987): Esprit series 3

- Lotus 86 (1980–1983): F1 dual chassis, never raced

- Lotus 87 (1980–1982): F1

- Lotus 88 (1981): F1 dual chassis car, banned

- Lotus 89 (1982–1992): Lotus Excel GT, re-engineered Éclat

- Lotus M90 /X100: Toyota-based "new Elan", abandoned in favour of the Elan M100

- Lotus 91 (1982): F1

- Lotus 92 (1983): F1

- Lotus 93T (1983): F1 Turbo

- Lotus 94T (1983): F1 Turbo

- Lotus 95T (1984): F1 Turbo

- Lotus 96T (1984): Indy car project, abandoned

- Lotus 97T (1985–1986): F1 Turbo

- Lotus 98T (1986–1987): F1 Turbo

- Lotus 99T (1987): F1 Turbo, last original Team Lotus F1 winner

- Lotus 100T (1988): F1 Turbo

- Lotus Elan (Type M100) (1989–1995): Front-drive convertible Elan.

- Lotus 101 (1989): F1

- Lotus 102 (1990–1991): F1

- Lotus 103 (1990): F1, not produced

- Lotus 104 (1990–1992): Lotus Carlton/Omega, tuned version of the Opel/Vauxhall saloon.

- Lotus 105 (1990): Racing X180R, IMSA Supercars Drivers Champ (Doc Bundy)

- Lotus 106 (1991): X180R, roadgoing homologation special

- Lotus 107 (1992–1994): F1

- Lotus 108 (1992): a track only bike ridden by Chris Boardman to win a gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, also known as the "LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle".

- Lotus 109 (1994): F1, Last original Team Lotus F1 car.

- Lotus 110 : Road and TT bike. Often mistaken for the Lotus 108 but completely different bikes.

- Lotus 111 (1996–2022): Lotus Elise

- Lotus 112: Partial F1 design, reached as far as the monocoque buck

- Lotus 113: Number not allocated

- Lotus 114 (1996): Lotus Esprit GT1 race car

- Lotus 115 (1997–1998): Lotus Elise GT1

- Lotus 116: Opel Speedster/Vauxhall VX220, a collaboration with Opel

- Lotus 117: Elise S2 with Rover engines

- Lotus 118: Lotus M250, two-seat mid-range sports car concept unveiled in Autumn of 1999, project cancelled in 2001

- Lotus 119 (2002): Soapbox Derby car made of carbon and aluminium, disc brakes, no engine, for Goodwood Festival of Speed

- Lotus 120 (2004-2022): Elise S2 with Toyota engines

- Lotus 121 (2000–2022): Exige S2

- Lotus 121 (2006): Europa S

- Lotus 122 (2007–2011): Lotus 2-Eleven, 0-door speedster

- Lotus 123 (2010–2022): Lotus Evora

- Lotus 124: Lotus Evora, race car

- Lotus T125 (2010): Lotus Exos

- Lotus 126: Number not allocated

- Lotus T127 (2010): Team Lotus F1 car, made for 2010 season

- Lotus T128 (Formula One car) (2011): Team Lotus F1 car, made for 2011 season

- Lotus T128 (Le Mans Prototype) (2013): race car built for 24 Hours of LeMans

- Lotus 129 (2016–2022): Lotus 3-Eleven, 0-door speedster

- Lotus E20 (2012): Lotus F1 Team F1 car, made for 2012 season

- Lotus E21 (2013): Lotus F1 Team F1 car, made for 2013 season

- Lotus E22 (2014): Lotus F1 Team F1 car, made for 2014 season

- Lotus E23 (2015): Lotus F1 Team F1 car, made for 2015 season

### Announcements of future cars

At the 2010 Paris Motorshow, Lotus announced five new models to be introduced over the next five years: Their intention was to replace the Elise with an entirely different model, as well as to introduce two entirely new sports coupes, which would have been known as the Elite and the Elan, a new sports saloon, the Eterne, to rival the Aston Martin Rapide and Maserati Quattroporte, and a modern interpretation of the Esprit supercar.

It became apparent in July 2012 that the firm's financial difficulties had made this plan impossible to implement, and initially all but the Esprit project were cancelled. Subsequently, the Esprit project was also cancelled.

Lotus also showed an unnamed city car concept using its 1.2L range-extender engine. In 2011, Lotus revealed this as the Lotus Ethos, a plug-in hybrid car based on the EMAS concept from its parent company Proton, and likely to be primarily built by Proton in Malaysia. This car has also been cancelled.

Lotus CEO at the time Jean Marc Gales confirmed in 2017 that development of an SUV is currently under way, after the company was acquired by the Chinese automotive manufacturer, Geely.

In July 2019 Lotus revealed the Evija, a 1,470 kW (2,000 PS; 1,970 hp) and 1,700 N⋅m (1,254 lb⋅ft) electric supercar.

In January 2021, Lotus teased that the Elise, Exige, and Evora would be discontinued and be replaced by the Type 131 which had yet to be released at the time of announcement. In July 2021, Lotus revealed that this new model is called Emira.

In November 2021, Lotus teased the future introduction of the future Type 132 SUV, later named as Eletre.

In September 2023, Lotus announced the Emeya, the company's first electric GT car.

The Lotus Theory 1 is a sports car concept set to be revealed on 16 September 2024.

## Lotus engines

- Lotus-Ford Twin Cam

- Lotus 900 series Lotus 907 Lotus 910 Lotus 911 Lotus 912 Lotus 920 Lotus 918

- Lotus 907

- Lotus 910

- Lotus 911

- Lotus 912

- Lotus 920

- Lotus 918

- Range Extender Engine. This all-aluminium, monoblock, 1200 cc, three-cylinder, 47 horsepower, four-stroke engine is specifically designed to directly drive an alternator for electricity generation for series-hybrid cars. The engine is small and light at 56 kg (123 lb), having three cylinders and no detachable cylinder head. The cylinder head and engine block are all one casting to reduce size, weight and production costs. As the engine does not turn belt driven ancillaries such as alternator, power-steering pump or an air conditioning compressor, the block requires no strong points to accommodate such ancillaries, resulting in a simple and light block. The engine has a reduced parts count for lightness and cheaper production.

- On 18 August 2011 Lotus developed an all new in-house designed V8 destined for the new era range of cars. At 170 kg (375 lb) and just 612 mm (24.1 in) long, the unit is dry sump lubricated to save depth and will feature a 180° flat plane crank. The engine is being utilised as a stressed component, a technique pioneered by Colin Chapman in F1, specifically with the 1967 Type 49. It was expected to be used in the Le Mans LMP2 car in 2012. Expected performance is likely to be in excess of 590 PS (434 kW; 582 hp) and with a 9,200 rpm redline.

- Lotus Omnivore, research engine and prototype.

## Lotus Engineering

Lotus Engineering Limited is an offshoot of Lotus Cars, which provides engineering consultancy to third-party companies primarily in the automotive industry. As well as Hethel in the United Kingdom Lotus has engineering centres in Ann Arbor, USA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Shanghai, China. In 2000, Lotus Engineering, Inc. was established with an office in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

### Engineering demonstrators

- Lotus Eco Elise is an engineering demonstrator of its classic sports car that incorporates solar panels into a roof made from hemp, while also employing natural materials in the body and interior of the car.

- Lotus Exige 265E Bio-fuel

- Lotus Exige 270E Tri-fuel

- Lotus Evora 414E Hybrid. Shown at the 2010 Geneva Motor show

- Lotus Concept City Car. Shown at the 2010 Paris motor show.

### APX and VVA

The APX (also known as the "Aluminium Performance Crossover") is an aluminium concept vehicle revealed at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show built on Lotus Engineering's Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA).

Whereas the VVA technology was to be used in the development of a new mid-engine sportscar for Lotus cars, the APX is, in fact, a high-performance 7-seat MPV with four-wheel drive and a front-mounted V6 engine from Lotus Engineering's Powertrain division. The engine was designed and developed to be available in a 2.2-litre naturally aspirated and 3.0-litre supercharged variations. An electric version was also shown in the 2007 NADA show.

Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA) is an effort by the Lotus car manufacturing company to reduce the investment needed for producing unique, niche-market cars by sharing a number of common components.

Cars produced using VVA:

- Lotus APX

### Projects undertaken by Lotus Engineering

Examples of work undertaken by Lotus Engineering include:

- Lotus Talbot Sunbeam —Talbot's hot hatch rally car of the early 1980s

- DMC DeLorean. Changes to the original concept led to considerable schedule pressures. The car was deemed to require almost complete re-engineering, which was turned over to engineer Colin Chapman, founder of Lotus. Lotus replaced most of the unproven material and manufacturing techniques with those then employed by Lotus in the Lotus Esprit

- Vauxhall Lotus Carlton (also Opel Lotus Omega, internal name Lotus Type 104) – At the time (early 1990s) this was the fastest saloon car available, with a top speed of over 175 mph (280 km/h)

- The 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T with a version of the 2.2 L K-car engine with a 16-valve DOHC head designed by Lotus with over 220 hp (160 kW)

- Vauxhall VX220 (badged Opel Speedster outside of the UK) – Lotus produced and based the car upon the same aluminium chassis design as the Lotus Elise. Production of these models ended in 2005

- Lotus styled and assisted with the engineering of the Tesla Roadster, an electric sports car based on the Elise, as well as licensing some technologies to Tesla Motors and constructing the Roadster at their plant in Hethel.

- The Aston Martin DB9 's chassis was developed with the help of Lotus Engineering

- Lotus was responsible for most of the design, development, and testing, of the LT5 DOHC V8 powerplant for the Chevrolet Corvette C4 ZR-1

- Lotus designed, developed and tested the GM Ecotec engine and its variants

- Lotus was responsible for various aspects of the Sinclair C5 electric tricycle

- Lotus was responsible for the suspension calibration of the Toyota MR2 Mk. I, the Toyota Supra Mk. II and Mk. III, the Isuzu Piazza, the Isuzu Impulse as well as newer Proton models

- Lotus did engineering work on the PROTON Satria GTi model

- Lotus was responsible for the development of the Campro engine together with Proton, as well as its variable valve timing system, the Cam Profile Switching (CPS). Currently available in the 1.6-litre and 1.3-litre variants, the Campro engine now powers most of Proton's newer models

- Lotus has worked on the suspension of the Mahindra Scorpio to make it more stable at high speeds

- Lotus produced the revised chassis of the Isuzu Piazza

- Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Volvo 480

- The Dodge EV concept electric vehicle from Chrysler is based on a Lotus Europa S

- Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Nissan GT-R

- Lotus rebuilt, modified, and tuned a Lada Riva on Top Gear season 1, episode 8.

- The 2006 Volkswagen GX3 features a chassis developed by Lotus for VW

- The 2009 Kia Soul features Lotus tuned suspension (UK only)

- 2010: Limo-Green project with Jaguar Cars. Lotus provided the Range Extender engine for a prototype XJ series -hybrid car. The car returned 58 mpg (imperial) running off the range extender alone

- Lotus partnered with Jaguar for developing chassis system and engine management of the Jaguar C-X75. The engine is a supercharged 1.6 turbo petrol engine rated at 507 PS (500 hp; 373 kW) coupled with a 177 PS (175 hp; 130 kW).

- Lotus has worked on handling and steering of the 2015 Hyundai Genesis.

- The 2015 Spyker B6 Venator is powered by a Lotus-built engine originating from a Toyota-sourced block.

- The Baojun 730, a Chinese minivan with Lotus-tuned suspension, built by a General Motors subsidiary.

- HB.T, a track bicycle with a novel aerodynamic design; produced in collaboration with Hope Technology and British Cycling.

### Lotus based cars

- Detroit Electric SP.01, based on Elise chassis

- Hennessey Venom GT, based on the Exige/Elise chassis

- Infiniti Emerg-e concept car, based on Evora 414E

- Melkus RS2000, based on Elise chassis

- Rinspeed sQuba concept car, based on Elise chassis

- Tesla Roadster, based on Elise chassis

- Vauxhall VX220 /Opel Speedster, based on the Elise

## Electric vehicles

### Evija

Lotus unveiled their first production electric hypercar called the Evija in July 2019, production would be limited to 130 units and is scheduled to begin in summer 2020 and is being delivered to customers in early 2023. The car was undergoing development under the codename Type 130. The Evija makes use of a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering. There are 4 electric motors, one placed on each wheel supported by an Integral powertrain. The powertrain is rated at a total output of 2,039 PS (1,500 kW; 2,011 hp) with 1,704 N⋅m (1,257 lb⋅ft) of torque. The Evija has a range of 346 km (215 mi).

### Other cars

The Tesla Roadster is based on the Elise chassis. On 11 July 2005, Tesla and Lotus entered an agreement about products and services based on the Lotus Elise, where Lotus provided advice on designing and developing a vehicle as well as producing partly assembled vehicles.

Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles.

Lotus Engineering developed the Evora 414E as their first hybrid concept car. Featuring a total hybrid range of more than 300 miles.

Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid executive sedan project called "Limo-Green"—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle will be a series plug-in hybrid.


A Good Day to Be a Dog

# A Good Day to Be a Dog

## Abstract

A Good Day to Be a Dog (Korean: 오늘도 사랑스럽개) is a South Korean television series based on the Naver webtoon of the same name by Lee Hey, which was published between 2017 and 2019, directed by Kim Dae-woong, and starring Park Gyu-young, Cha Eun-woo, and Lee Hyun-woo. It aired on MBC TV from October 11, 2023 to January 10, 2024, every Wednesday at 21:00 (KST). It is also available for streaming on Viki and Viu in selected regions.

## Synopsis

The series is about the romance between a woman and a man, the woman who is cursed to transform into a dog when she kisses someone, and a man who is the only person who can break the curse but is afraid of dogs due to a childhood trauma.

## Cast

### Main

- Park Gyu-young as Han Hae-na / Mak-soon: a high school Korean language teacher who turns into a dog when she kisses someone.

- Cha Eun-woo as Jin Seo-won / Soo-hyun: a high school math teacher who became afraid of dogs due to childhood trauma.

- Lee Hyun-woo as Lee Bo-gyeom / San-sin: a high school Korean history teacher who is known for being handsome at the high school.

- Yoon Hyun-soo as Choi Yul: Seo-won's nephew and Hae-na's student.

- Kim Yi-kyung as Min Ji-ah: a high school student.

### Supporting

#### Hae-na's family

- Ryu Abel as Han Yu-na: Hae-na's older sister.

- Jung Young-joo as Shin Mi-seon: Hae-na's mother.

- Kim Hong-pyo as Han Pan-dong: Hae-na's father.

- Cho Jin-se as Song Woo-taek: Yu-na's childhood friend.

- Kim Hae-jun as Hae-na's maternal uncle.

#### Garam High School teachers

- Lee Seo-el as Yoon Chae-ah: a Korean language teacher.

- Song Young-ah as Cheon Song-yi: a music teacher.

- Yoo Seung-mok as the vice principal

#### Hae-na's students

- Jo Ah-young as Song Da-eun: a high school student who falls in love with Seo-won.

- Kang Soo-bin as Kwon Ri-ae: Bo-gyeom's big fan who is a student good at math and physics.

- Kim Min-ji as Chu So-yeon

- Shin Jun-hang as Jo Jun-seo

#### Other

- Kim Min-seok as Kang Eun-hwan: Seo-won's high school classmate.

- Lee Seung-jun as Oh Sang-su: Yu-na's ex-boyfriend.

### Extended

- Lee Jong-wook as Min-sik: a fellow teacher at Garam High School.

- Shim Wan-jun as a physical education teacher at Garam High School.

- Park Hae-in as Yoon-ji: a fellow teacher at Garam High School.

### Special appearance

- Lee Yong-nyeo as Popi's owner

## Production

Filming began in October 2022, and finished in April 2023.

## Viewership

## Awards and nominations


Longwood, Florida

# Longwood, Florida

## Abstract

Longwood is a city in Seminole County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,087 at the 2020 census.

## History

With the advent of World War II, growth began to impact Longwood as military personnel flowed into the new Naval Air Station Sanford to the north and Orlando Army Air Base to the south. By the 1950s, NAS Sanford was being converted into a Master Jet Base for carrier-based heavy attack aircraft and, along with the re-designated Orlando Air Force Base and nearby Pinecastle AFB (later renamed McCoy AFB), saw even more military families renting or purchasing homes in and around Longwood. In 1959, the city had slightly over 1,000 residents and a city limit boundary that measured approximately 1-by-1-mile (1.6 by 1.6 km) square. In 1960, Longwood Elementary School was constructed and opened inside the city limits. During the 1950s and 1960s, the city also boasted its own airport, a single runway grass airstrip used mainly by private airplanes. Longwood Slade Airport was located on the west side of the city on the north side of State Road 434 until it was closed and developed into tract housing that became The Woodlands subdivision in the late 1960s, its entrance road being named Slade Drive.

New economic and development opportunities were brought to the area in the 1960s and 1970s, fueled by both the military and the space industry, as newly arriving Longwood residents were employed at Martin-Marietta 's new missile plant in Orlando; Naval Air Station Sanford; Orlando Air Force Base (redesignated Naval Training Center Orlando in 1969); and McCoy Air Force Base in Orlando; as well as Cape Canaveral Air Force Station; Patrick Air Force Base; and the NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center in Brevard County. The development and opening of Walt Disney World in October 1971, along with other tourist attractions and the high technology corridor of businesses, especially those engaged in the modeling, simulation and training (MS&T) industry and associated military training systems activities near Florida Technological University (FTU), now the University of Central Florida (UCF), fueled even further growth. Short-term economic downturns caused by the closure of NAS Sanford in 1968 and McCoy AFB in 1975 were offset with other economic growth across Central Florida during the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, Longwood developed into primarily a residential community for residents working elsewhere in Seminole County or in adjacent Orange County. By 2000, the city had taken significant steps to revitalize its downtown historic district, expanded its borders through annexation and in the process gained a resident population exceeding 13,700.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.6 square miles (15 km), of which 5.3 square miles (14 km) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km) (5.17%) is water.

The exact coordinates for the City of Longwood is 28°42′05″N 81°20′55″W / 28.70139°N 81.34861°W.

## Economy

### Top employers

According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

## Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 15,087 people, 5,697 households, and 3,769 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 13,657 people, 4,969 households, and 3,456 families residing in the city.

## Arts and culture

### Points of interest

- Bradlee-McIntyre House

- Lady Liberty tree

- Longwood Hotel

- Longwood Historic District

- Longwood (SunRail station)

- The Senator tree

## Education

The city of Longwood's public schools are a part of Seminole County Public Schools. Longwood contains four public elementary schools (K–5), two public middle schools (6–8), and one public high school (9–12). Two additional high schools are located outside of Longwood, but draw some students from within the city limits.

### Elementary schools (public)

- Longwood Elementary School (closed in 2011, but reopened in the 2017–2018 school year)

- Sabal Point Elementary School

- Wekiva Elementary School

- Woodlands Elementary School

### Middle schools (public)

- Greenwood Middle School (in Lake Mary)

- Milwee Middle School

- Rock Lake Middle School

- Teague Middle School (in Altamonte Springs)

### High schools (public)

- Lake Brantley High School (in Altamonte Springs)

- Lake Mary High School (in Lake Mary)

- Lyman High School

### Private Schools

- Pace Brantley Preparatory School

## Media

In 1965, the city served as a film site and backdrop, representing a fictional south Florida town adjacent to a Seminole Indian tribe reservation in the Universal Studios movie Johnny Tiger. Released in 1966, the movie starred Robert Taylor, Geraldine Brooks and Chad Everett.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

#### Major roads

A small slice of Interstate 4 runs along the western city limits and includes a single exit for State Road 434, which bisects the city to its eastern boundary at US Highway 17/92.

- I-4 (Interstate 4)

- US 17 / US 92

- SR 434

- CR 427 (Ronald Reagan Boulevard)

#### Public transit

- Lynx

- SunRail

## Notable people

- Jared Bernhardt, wide receiver for the Atlanta Falcons

- Bishop Clint S. Brown, gospel musician and pastor

- Rusty Day. a singer with the band Cactus

- Peter Demens, co-owner first mill, built Orange Belt Railroad, co-founded St. Petersburg

- Mandy Moore, singer, songwriter, actress and voice actress

- Matt Morgan, retired wrestler who performed for both WWE and TNA Wrestling, former mayor of Longwood.

- David Richardson, first openly gay member of Florida House of Representatives

- R.C. Sproul, theologian

- Phyllis Thaxter, actress

- Logan Warmoth, shortstop in the Toronto Blue Jays organization

- Graham Zusi, a United States men's national soccer team soccer player


Senaka Batagoda

# Senaka Batagoda

## Abstract

Senaka Batagoda (Sinhala: සේනක බටගොඩ; 25 June 1958 – 11 September 2024) was a Sri Lankan singer and music composer. He has sung numerous songs in his singing career, where he rose to prominence and limelight for his ability to deliver songs with a mix of unique blend of folk influences, versatile vocals, and mastery of various genres. He is often referred as "The Ancient of Our Time", where Batagoda had the best touch with emotional audience among the Sri Lankan western music culture after Clarence Wijewardena.

## Personal life

Senaka Batagoda was born on 25 June 1958 in Seeduwa, Gampaha, Sri Lanka.

## Musical career

From his childhood, Batagoda had a special interest in singing and playing drums. Before his solo career, Batagoda was a member of the band Chandimal and the Second Connection in 1980. He released his first song composition in 1994. In 2011, fellow musician Sangeeth Wijesuriya released the song Api Kawuruda along with his new musical band "Wayo". The song became very popular among the public. It was later revealed that the original song was sung by Senaka Batagoda, where he later received immense popularity. Since then, he dominated both indoor and outdoor musical shows and his songs have been highly popularized in mass audience. Then in 2014, his song Api Senasille was released by Wayo.

In mid 2010s, he formed his own musical band "Pace". Batagoda received his first feature film playback singing opportunity through the film CineMa.

## Court order

On 3 April 2024, an enjoining order was issued by the Colombo Commercial High Court preventing Batagoda from singing seven popular Sinhala-language songs including "Api Kavuruda", "Api Senasille", "Alu Yata Gini", "Rastha", "Heena Walata Panak Thiyenawa", "Senasuma" and "Hodama De". The court proceeded following a complaint filed under the Intellectual Property Act by musician Janath Kulathilake who insisted to restrain Senaka from singing his songs. Janath made such complaint indicating that Batagoda had violated his intellectual property right and copyright by not allocating the economic benefits due to him and also sought a maximum compensation of roughly 100 million from Batagoda as a remedy.

## Death

Batagoda had undergone two surgeries due to a condition in his leg at the Ragama hospital. After the second operation, he developed respiratory distress and later passed away on 11 September 2024, at the age of 66. His remains were laid to rest at Jayaratne Flower Hall, Borella for public honours.

## Discography

- "Abhimanawath Lesa"

- "Alu Yata Gini"

- "Api Kavuruda"

- "Api Senasille"

- "Bidagena Yamu"

- "Elakkaya"

- "Guru Pata Handewa"

- "Heena Walata Panak Thiyenawa"

- "Hodama De"

- "Jeeiwithe Mal Warusawak"

- "Kakuli"

- "Kunkuma Thilakaya"

- "Nidi Nathi Reya"

- "Obawa Soya"

- "Rastha"

- "Senasuma"

- "Sihina Mawannethi"

- "Sitha"


Carndonagh

# Carndonagh

## Abstract

Carndonagh (karn- DUN -ah; Irish: Carn Domhnach) is a town on the Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal, Ireland, close to Trawbreaga Bay. It is the site of the Carndonagh stones. The Irish name, Carn Domhnach, means "the cairn or mound of the church".

## Amenities

The town is laid out around a central square, or Diamond, and is dominated by its Romanesque Revival Catholic chapel. It is home to 6 national schools including St. Patrick's GNS and BNS, Glentogher NS, Craigtown NS, Donagh NS, St. Bridget's NS and Carndonagh Community School, formerly the largest community school in the Republic of Ireland. Carndonagh is home to a number of musicians, artists and writers and to the Inishowen Carnival Group, Carndonagh Musical Society, Brass Band, and the Inishowen Gospel Choir (both international performers).

## History

Carndonagh railway station opened on 1 July 1907, but finally closed on 2 December 1935.

## Transport

TFI Local Link, runs a number of public transport routes for the area: 952 (Carndonagh/ Derry), 954 (Carndonagh/ Malin Head), 955 (Buncrana /Carndonagh), 2529 (Quigley's Point /Carndonagh), 7748 (Shrove /Carndonagh) and 7749 (Redcastle /Carndonagh).

There are private coach services from the town to Derry and Dublin.

Carndonagh is on the R238, R240 and R244 regional roads.

## Sport

Some of the sports clubs and organisations active within the community in Carndonagh are:

- Carndonagh GAA – the local Gaelic football club which participates in the AllSportStore.com Division 4.

- Carndonagh F.C. – the local soccer club, participating in the Inishowen Football League.

## People

- John Pitt Kennedy (1796–1879) – engineer

- John Wallace Crawford (1847–1917) – adventurer, educator, and author

- Roy Campbell (1901–1957) – South African poet, who explored the legacy of his Carndonagh ancestors in the 1952 memoir Light on a Dark Horse

- Tommy Tiernan (born 1969) – comedian

- Damien Faulkner (born 1977) – racing driver

- Gary Doherty (born 1980) – footballer Norwich City

- Keith McErlean – actor


I Wanna Have Some Fun

# I Wanna Have Some Fun

## Abstract

I Wanna Have Some Fun is the third studio album by English singer Samantha Fox. It was released in November 1988 by Jive Records. The album features production from previous collaborators Full Force, Stock Aitken Waterman, Steve Power and Steve Lovell, as well as new collaborators, such as Rob and Ferdi Bolland, Kevin Saunderson, Fred Zarr and Chris Tsangarides.

## Singles

" Love House " was released in November 1988 as the album's first single in the United Kingdom, reaching number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. The album's title track served as the first single in the United States, where it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100, while it was released as the third and final single in the UK in June 1989, reaching number 63. The album's second UK single, a cover of Dusty Springfield 's " I Only Want to Be with You " (retitled " I Only Wanna Be with You "), was released in January 1989 and became Fox's best-performing single in over a year, peaking at number 16 on the UK chart. It was also the second single in the US, where it peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Love House", on its release as the third and final single in the US, failed to reach the top 100.

## Track listing

Notes

- signifies a remixer

- signifies an additional producer

- signifies a main producer and remixer

## Charts


Senaka Batagoda


A. J. Epenesa

# A. J. Epenesa

## Abstract

Andrew Jared Epenesa (born September 15, 1998) is an American professional football defensive end for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa, and was drafted by the Bills in the second round of the 2020 NFL draft.

## Early life

Playing at Edwardsville High School in Edwardsville, Illinois, Epenesa garnered All-American honors in both football and track. His father, Eppy, walked on to the Iowa football team after moving from American Samoa, and A. J. showed leanings towards Iowa throughout the recruiting process. On January 17, 2016, Epenesa committed to Iowa. He became the highest-rated recruit to play for a Kirk Ferentz -led team at Iowa. He also played in the Army All-American Bowl and Polynesian Bowl after his senior year.

Epenesa also won Illinois state titles in discus throw his junior and senior years.

## College career

After his freshman season, Epenesa was named to the All-Freshmen Big Ten Conference team. Notably, his first college sack came against future Buffalo Bills teammate Josh Allen during a game against Wyoming.

Epenesa did not start any games during his sophomore season, but still broke into the double digits for sacks and returned a fumble recovery for a touchdown. His 11 sacks on the year led the Big Ten, and his four fumble recoveries tied for the conference lead. He was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week after games against Iowa State and Illinois. Epenesa was named first-team All-Big Ten by the media and second-team by the coaches.

Before his junior season, Epenesa was projected as a first-round pick in the 2020 NFL draft, with some estimations placing him as high as second. Scouts touted both his strength and work ethic on the field. Following a junior season with 11.5 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, and 49 tackles, Epenesa announced that he would forgo his senior year and declare for the 2020 NFL Draft. After three seasons, he finished tied for 4th on Iowa's career sacks list.

Epenesa, who is of Samoan ethnicity, was named to the preseason Polynesian College Player of the Year Watch List in 2018 and 2019. He was one of five finalists for the award in 2018.

## Professional career

The Buffalo Bills selected Epenesa in the second round, 54th overall, of the 2020 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.877 million contract, including a $1.834 million signing bonus, with the Bills on May 7, 2020.

In Week 3 of the 2020 season, Epenesa recorded his first career sack in a 35–32 win over the Los Angeles Rams, tackling quarterback Jared Goff during the first quarter. Epenesa finished his rookie season with 1 sack and 14 tackles, playing mainly as a backup defensive end, but earned a more prominent role on the team by the end of the season and dropped 20 pounds from his college playing weight of 280 pounds.

After the drafting of Gregory Rousseau in the first round of the following draft and the Bills signing All-Pro pass rusher Von Miller the 2022 offseason, Epenesa continued as a rotational piece on the Bills' defensive line the next two years. He notably had a strong performance during a 35–0 Bills win against the Miami Dolphins in week 2 of the 2021 season, recording a team-leading 8 quarterback pressures and 2 quarterback hits, including one that knocked Dolphins quarterback Tua Tagovailoa out of the game.

Epenesa had a breakout season in 2022, recording 6.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hits, 14 quarterback pressures, 16 total tackles, and 5 passes deflected, in addition to a fumble recovery, all career highs. In week 5 of the 2022 season against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Epenesa was ejected from the game with one minute left after he elbowed referee John Hussey in response to being pushed by the former during a brief ruckus between the Bills and Steelers that began when Pittsburgh quarterback Kenny Pickett shoved Bills defender Shaq Lawson for a late hit. His best game of the season came against the New York Jets in week 14, in which he had a sack, five tackles, and a pass breakup on what would become New York's final offensive snap to seal a 20–12 Bills win. The Bills defensive line as a whole performed well despite a season-ending injury to Miller the previous week.

In week 3 of the 2023 season against the Washington Commanders, Epenesa scored his first career defensive touchdown, intercepting Washington quarterback Sam Howell and returning the pass for a 32-yard touchdown during the Bills' 37–3 win. He notably became the first alumnus of Edwardsville High School to score a touchdown in the NFL since Morris Bradshaw in 1982.

On March 11, 2024, Epenesa signed a two-year contract extension with the Bills.

## Personal life

Epenesa's cousin, Jacob Tuioti-Mariner, is also a professional defensive end and is currently a free agent. Epenesa's second cousin is Riley Patterson, a kicker for the Jacksonville Jaguars. In 2024, Epensa's brother Iose, who plays football at Edwardsville High School in Illinois, is a four star 6-foot-4 and 270 pound defensive lineman recruit to the Iowa Hawkeyes football team beginning in the 2025 season.

Epenesa grew up and went to high school with professional basketball player, Kate Martin. Martin's dad, Matt Martin, was Epenesa's and New York Jets cornerback Craig James 's football and track coach and Riley Patterson 's football coach during their time at Edwardsville High School.

## NFL career statistics


Annandrea Vitrano

# Annandrea Vitrano

## Abstract

Annandrea Vitrano (born 16 August 1985) is an Italian actress, comedian and singer.

## Career

On 3 December 2012, Vitrano and her partner Claudio Casisa formed the comedy duo I Soldi Spicci. They participated at the "Taaac" comedy workshop in Palermo, and also attended the Zelig workshop in Rome and Milan in 2013. That same year, they hosted Spicciatevi, an entertainment radio program on Radio One. In September 2014, they made their television debut on the Italia 1 's comedy show Colorado, and returned for its 2019 edition.

In 2018, the duo made their film debut with a leading role in the La fuitina sbagliata, for which they were also screenwriters. In 2019, they won the Benevento Cinema Televisione award as the revelation of the year in film. The following year, they competed in the reality show Pechino Express as the couple known as "The Palermitans". In September 2020, they began filming their second movie, Un mondo sotto social, where they served as both screenwriters and directors. They also made appearances at the Taormina Film Fest, the Giffoni Film Festival, and the Giornate di Cinema in Riccione.

In 2023, Vitrano had a role in the film Nuovo Olimpo by Ferzan Özpetek.

## Filmography


Richard Caton (merchant)

# Richard Caton (merchant)

## Abstract

Richard Caton (1763 – May 19, 1845) was an Englishman who became a Baltimore merchant and real estate developer. Caton married into the Carroll family of Carrollton and was the father of four daughters, all of whom married prominent Europeans, including members of the British aristocracy.

## Early life

Caton was born in 1763 in Lancashire, England. He was a son of John Caton and the brother of Dorothy Caton, who married William Woodville, grandparents of artist Richard Caton Woodville, himself the father of artist Richard Caton Woodville Jr.

## Career

Caton left England and settled in Baltimore in 1785 as a merchant involved in the manufacture of cotton goods.

After his 1787 marriage, his father-in-law instructed him to develop area along the newly built Frederick Road, which Carroll owned land next to. He gave his name to the community and called it "Catonville", although the name was changed to "Catonsville" in the 1830s.

In 1790, Caton built Brooklandwood in Baltimore County, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

## Personal life

Caton was married to Mary "Polly" Carroll (1770–1846) at Annapolis on November 25, 1787. Polly was the daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. After the wedding, Carroll gave Polly and Richard a home, known as Castle Thunder, which stood from 1787 to 1907. Her younger sister Kitty Carroll married the lawyer and U.S. Senator Robert Goodloe Harper.

They were the parents of four daughters who survived to maturity, including:

- Marianne Caton (1788–1853), who married Robert Patterson, brother of Elizabeth Patterson (wife of Jérôme Bonaparte). After his death, she married the British statesman Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, then the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, brother of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, who was believed to have been previously Marianne's paramour.

- Elizabeth Caton (1790–1862), who married George Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford, son of Sir William Jerningham, 6th Baronet.

- Louisa Catherine Caton (1793–1874), who married Colonel Sir Felton Hervey-Bathurst, 1st Baronet. After his death, she married Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, later the 7th Duke of Leeds.

- Emily Caton (1794/5–1867), who married the Scottish born John McTavish, British Consul at Baltimore. They lived at Carrollton Hall, near Doughoregan Manor.

His eldest three girls were known as "The Three American Graces" due to their beauty and the fact that all married into the English aristocracy. His youngest daughter remained in Maryland and ran the family finances.

Caton died in Catonsville, Maryland, on May 19, 1845, in Baltimore and was buried at Green Mount Cemetery. At his death, he died insolvent, leaving $2,762. His widow died the following year on November 14, 1846, leaving a personal fortune of £186,000 (roughly equivalent to $19.9 million).

### Descendants

Through his youngest daughter Emily, his only child to have children, he was a grandfather of four, including Charles Carroll MacTavish (1818–1868), who married Marcella Scott (a daughter of Gen. Winfield Scott); Mary Wellesley MacTavish (1826–1850), who married Hon. Henry George Howard (youngest son of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle); Alexander Simon MacTavish (1829–1863), who married Ellen Gilmor; and Richard Caton MacTavish (1831–1841), who died young.

## Legacy

- Catonsville, Maryland, was named in his honor.

- Caton Avenue in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, was named in his honor.

- Caton, New York (in Steuben County, New York, near the Genesee River) was named in his honor.


Aleksandar Varjačić

# Aleksandar Varjačić

## Abstract

Aleksandar Varjačić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Варјачић; born 23 May 1991) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender for FK Mladost Lučani.

## Honours

- Serbian League West (2): 2009–10, 2016–17

- Dunav Zone League: 2015–16

### Individual

- Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2023–24