Carrie (1976 film)

# Carrie (1976 film)

## Abstract

Carrie is a 1976 American supernatural horror film directed by Brian De Palma from a screenplay written by Lawrence D. Cohen, adapted from Stephen King 's 1974 epistolary novel of the same name. The film stars Sissy Spacek as Carrie White, a shy teenage girl who is constantly mocked and bullied at her school. The film also features Piper Laurie, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen, William Katt, P. J. Soles, Betty Buckley, and John Travolta in supporting roles. It is the first film in the Carrie franchise.

The film was based on King's first published novel. De Palma was intrigued by the story and pushed for the studio's permission to direct while Spacek was encouraged by her husband to audition. It is the first of more than 100 film and television productions adapted from, or based on, the published works of King.

Theatrically released on November 3, 1976, by United Artists, Carrie became critically and commercially successful, grossing over $33.8 million against its $1.8 million budget. It received two nominations at the 49th Academy Awards: Best Actress (for Spacek) and Best Supporting Actress (for Laurie). Critics and audience members alike widely cite it as the best adaptation of the novel amongst the numerous films and television shows based on the character, as well as one of the best films based on King's publications.

The film has significantly influenced popular culture, with several publications regarding it as one of the greatest horror films ever made. In 2008, Carrie was ranked 86th on Empire 's list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. It was ranked 15th on Entertainment Weekly ' s list of the 50 Best High School Movies, and 46th on the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills. The film's prom scene has had a major influence on popular culture and was ranked eighth on Bravo ' s 2004 program The 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In 2022, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Plot

Sixteen-year-old Carrie White is a shy teenage girl who lives with her fanatically religious and unstable mother, Margaret, and is a loner and bullied by her peers. When Carrie experiences her first period while in school, she panics, having never been told about menstruation. Her classmates laugh at her, throwing tampons and sanitary pads at her, until the gym teacher, Miss Collins, intervenes. Margaret tells Carrie that her period was caused by sin, and locks Carrie in a "prayer closet" to pray to God for forgiveness. At school, Miss Collins reprimands Carrie's tormentors, punishing them with exercise detention, threatening to suspend them and stop them going to prom if they refuse. Carrie's longtime bully, Christine "Chris" Hargensen, eventually refuses and gets banned from the prom.

Plotting vengeance against Carrie, Chris and her boyfriend Billy Nolan break into a farm and kill pigs to drain their blood into a bucket, which they place above the school's stage in the gym. Meanwhile, another girl named Sue Snell, a remorseful classmate, asks her handsome and popular boyfriend, Tommy Ross, to invite Carrie to prom. Carrie believes the proposition is a prank, but he insists it is genuine. Carrie discovers she has telekinesis. Despite Margaret's protests, she prepares for prom. Margaret sees Carrie's telekinetic powers and denounces her as a witch.

During prom, Chris and Billy hide under the stage while the other conspirators switch the ballots to ensure Carrie wins the Prom Queen title. As Carrie stands onstage with Tommy, finally beginning to feel accepted by her peers, Sue realizes Chris and Billy's plan, and tries to intervene. Miss Collins spots Sue and, thinking that she is up to no good, throws her out of the prom. Chris and Billy douse Carrie in the pigs' blood before sneaking out of the school. The empty bucket hits Tommy on the head, knocking him out. Norma begins to laugh with some other students, causing Carrie to hallucinate that everyone is mocking her, believing it was their plan all along. She telekinetically seals the exits and the students are attacked by a fire hose, injuring several, and killing Norma. A falling basketball backboard crushes Miss Collins after she and the students try to carry Tommy's body, and Carrie electrocutes her principal and teacher, one of the two bursting into flames, setting the gym on fire. She exits the burning school and seals the doors behind her, trapping staff and classmates. As Carrie walks home, Chris attempts to run her over, but Carrie causes the car to swerve; it rolls and Carrie ruptures the gas tank, the explosion killing Chris and Billy.

After Carrie bathes herself at home, Margaret reveals that Carrie was conceived when her drunk husband and Carrie's father, Ralph, raped her, an act that Margaret shamefully admits she enjoyed. She then stabs Carrie in the back with a kitchen knife. Carrie sends knives flying toward her, killing her; then, she destroys the house and perishes.

Some time later, Sue, who was the sole survivor of that night, has a nightmare in which she goes to lay flowers on the charred remains of Carrie's home. Upon the remains stands a "For Sale" sign, vandalized in black paint with the words: "Carrie White burns in Hell!" Suddenly, Carrie's bloody arm reaches from beneath the rubble and grabs Sue, who wakes up screaming as her mother tries to comfort her.

## Cast

- Sissy Spacek as Carrie White

- Amy Irving as Sue Snell

- William Katt as Tommy Ross

- Nancy Allen as Chris Hargensen

- John Travolta as Billy Nolan

- Betty Buckley as Miss Collins

- P. J. Soles as Norma Watson

- Sydney Lassick as Mr. Fromm

- Stefan Gierasch as Mr. Morton

- Priscilla Pointer as Mrs. Snell

- Piper Laurie as Margaret White

- Edie McClurg as Helen Shyres

## Production

### Development

Carrie was the first Stephen King novel to be published and the first to be adapted into a feature film. During an interview in 2010, King said he was 26 years old at the time and was paid just $2,500 for the film rights, but added that he was fortunate to have this happen to his first book. De Palma told Cinefantastique in an interview in 1977:

I read the book. It was suggested to me by a writer friend of mine. A writer friend of his, Stephen King, had written it. I guess this was almost two years ago. I liked it a lot and proceeded to call my agent to find out who owned it. I found out that nobody had bought it yet. A lot of studios were considering it, so I called around to some of the people I knew and said it was a terrific book and I'm very interested in doing it. Then nothing happened for, I guess, six months.

Lawrence D. Cohen was hired as the screenwriter, and produced the first draft, which had closely followed the novel's intentions. United Artists accepted the second draft but allocated De Palma a budget of only $1.6 million, a small amount considering the popularity of horror films at the time. The budget eventually rose to $1.8 million. Certain scripted scenes were omitted from the final version, mainly due to financial limitations.

### Casting

Many young actresses auditioned for the lead role, including Melanie Griffith. Sissy Spacek was persuaded by husband Jack Fisk to audition for the title role. Fisk then convinced De Palma to let her audition, and she read for all of the parts. De Palma's first choice for the role of Carrie was Betsy Slade, who received good notices for her role in the film Our Time (1974). Determined to land the leading role, Spacek backed out of a television commercial she was scheduled to film, rubbed Vaseline into her hair, left her face unwashed, and arrived for her screen test clad in a sailor dress which her mother had made her in the seventh grade, with the hem cut off, and was given the part.

Nancy Allen was the last to audition, and her audition came just as she was on the verge of leaving Hollywood. She and De Palma later married in 1979, but they divorced in 1984.

### Filming

De Palma began with director of photography Isidore Mankofsky, who was eventually replaced by Mario Tosi after conflict between Mankofsky and De Palma ensued. Gregory M. Auer, assisted by Ken Pepiot, served as the special effects supervisor for Carrie, with Jack Fisk, Spacek's husband, as art director.

The White house was filmed in Santa Paula, California. To give the house a Gothic theme, the director and producers visited religious souvenir shops to find artifacts to decorate the set location.

De Palma's directing of the camera—in Carrie as well as his other films—is often interrogated in terms of its seeming indulgence in the male gaze. While scenes such as the opening, in which the camera surveys an array of naked adolescent girls, can be justified as representational of the film's themes of female development, it is most accurately perceived as a disturbingly pornographic introduction to a story that is unfortunately, in most of its contexts, constructed by the male point of view, despite its centering on the female developmental experience. An awareness of De Palma's directorial portfolio and personal context encourages insight to the relationship between men in power and vulnerable women in America and particularly in Hollywood, enriching a viewer's experience of the cult classic film.

A wraparound segment at the beginning and end of the film was scripted and filmed, which featured the Whites' home being pummeled by stones that hailed from the sky. The opening scene was filmed as planned, though on celluloid, the tiny pebbles looked like rain water. A mechanical malfunction botched filming the night when the model of the Whites' home was set to be destroyed by stones, so the filmmakers burned it down instead and deleted the scenes with the stones altogether. The original opening scene is presumed lost.

The final scene, in which Sue reaches toward Carrie's grave, was shot backwards to give it a dreamlike quality. This scene was inspired by the final scene in Deliverance (1972). Rather than let a stunt double perform the scene underground, Spacek insisted on using her own hand in the scene, so she was positioned under the rocks and gravel. De Palma explains that crew members "had to bury her. Bury her! We had to put her in a box and stick her underneath the ground. Well, I had her husband bury her because I certainly didn't want to bury her".

### Music

The score for Carrie was composed by Pino Donaggio. In addition, Donaggio scored two pop songs ("Born to Have It All" and "I Never Dreamed Someone Like You Could Love Someone Like Me") with lyrics by Merrit Malloy for the early portion of the prom sequence. These songs were performed by Katie Irving (neither sister of Amy Irving nor daughter of Priscilla Pointer). Donaggio would work again with De Palma on Home Movies, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Body Double, Raising Cain, Passion, and Domino.

The soundtrack album was originally released on vinyl in 1976 from United Artists Records. A deluxe CD edition containing a few tracks of dialogue from the film was released by Rykodisc in 1997, and a 2005 CD re-release of the original soundtrack (minus dialogue) was available from Varèse Sarabande. In 2010, Kritzerland Records released all 35 cues of Donaggio's score for the film on a two-disc CD set which was presented as the complete score. Also included in this edition were the versions of "Born to Have It All" and "I Never Dreamed..." which were heard in the film, as well as instrumentals of both songs, and hidden at the end of the final track, a version of the "Calisthenics" cue with Betty Buckley's studio-recorded voice-over from the detention scene. The second disc was a remastered copy of the original 13-track album. The Kritzerland release was a limited edition of 1,200 copies. Kritzerland rereleased the first disc as "The Encore Edition" in February 2013; this release was limited to 1,000 copies.

## Release

The film opened November 3, 1976, in 17 theaters in the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore area. Two days later, it opened in 9 theaters in Chicago, then opened in 53 theaters in New York City on November 16 and in Los Angeles on November 17.

## Reception and legacy

Carrie received widespread critical acclaim and was cited as one of the best films of the year. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 73 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads: " Carrie is a horrifying look at supernatural powers, high school cruelty, and teen angst—and it brings us one of the most memorable and disturbing prom scenes in history." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 14 critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that the film was an "absolutely spellbinding horror movie", as well as an "observant human portrait", giving three and a half stars out of four. Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote that Carrie was "the best scary-funny movie since Jaws —a teasing, terrifying, lyrical shocker". Take One Magazine critic Susan Schenker said she was "angry at the way Carrie manipulated me to the point where my heart was thudding, and embarrassed because the film really works". Variety declared the film had "strong production, unusual plot twists and a fine cast." A 1998 edition of The Movie Guide stated that Carrie was a "landmark horror film", while Stephen Farber prophetically wrote in a 1978 issue of New West Magazine, "it's a horror classic, and years from now it will still be written and argued about, and it will still be scaring the daylights out of new generations of moviegoers". Quentin Tarantino placed Carrie at number eight in a list of his favorite films.

In a 2010 interview, King replied that he thought, although dated now, Carrie was a "good movie".

Nevertheless, the film was not without its detractors. Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice wrote: "There are so few incidents that two extended sequences are rendered in slow-motion as if to pad out the running time..." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "a crude shocker with a little style", praising the "strong performances" but opining that the movie "falls apart" during the climax which he described as "crude and sloppy".

### Box office

Carrie was a box office success earning $14.5 million in theatrical rentals in the United States and Canada by January 1978 from a gross of $33.8 million. In its first 19 days from 60 markets, the film had grossed $3,882,827. Overseas, the film earned rentals of $7 million for a worldwide total of $22 million.

## Accolades

Carrie is one of the few horror films to be nominated for multiple Academy Awards. Spacek and Laurie received nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress awards, respectively. The film also won the grand prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, and Spacek was given the Best Actress award by the National Society of Film Critics. In 2008, Carrie was ranked number 86 on Empire' s list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. The movie also ranked number 15 on the Entertainment Weekly list of the 50 Best High School Movies, and No. 46 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 Greatest Cinema Thrills, and was ranked eighth for its ending sequence on Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments (2004).

- AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – #46

- AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains – Carrie White – Nominated Villain

## Related productions

Carrie, along with the novel, has been reproduced and adapted several times.

### Sequel

The Rage: Carrie 2 was released in 1999. It featured another teenager with telekinetic powers who is revealed to have shared a father with Carrie White. The film received universally negative reviews and was a box-office failure. Amy Irving reprises her role of Sue Snell from the previous film.

### 2002 television film

In 2002, a television film based on King's novel and starring Angela Bettis in the titular role was released. The film updated the events of the story to modern-day settings and technology while simultaneously attempting to be more faithful to the book's original structure, story, and specific events. However, the ending was drastically changed: Instead of killing her mother and then herself, the film has Carrie killing her mother, being revived via CPR by Sue Snell and being driven to Florida to hide. This new ending marked a complete divergence from the novel and was a signal that the film served as a pilot for a Carrie television series, which never materialized. In the new ending, the rescued Carrie vows to help others with similar gifts to her own. Although Bettis' portrayal of Carrie was highly praised, the film was cited by most critics as inferior to the original.

### 2013 remake

In 2011, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Screen Gems acquired the novel rights to adapt Carrie to film once more. Playwright Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa wrote the script as "a more faithful adaptation" of King's novel but shared a screenplay credit with the 1976 film's writer Lawrence D. Cohen. Aguirre-Sacasa had previously adapted King's epic novel The Stand into comic-book form in 2008.

The role of Carrie was played by 16-year-old actress Chloë Grace Moretz. Julianne Moore starred as Carrie's mother Margaret White, and Gabriella Wilde as Sue Snell. Alex Russell and Ansel Elgort played Billy Nolan and Tommy Ross respectively. Portia Doubleday was given the role of Chris Hargensen, and Judy Greer was cast as Miss Desjardin.

Kimberly Peirce, known for her work on Boys Don't Cry, directed the new adaptation. It was released on October 18, 2013, and received mixed reviews.

### Stage productions

A 1988 Broadway musical of the same name, based on King's novel and starring Betty Buckley, Linzi Hateley, and Darlene Love, closed after only 16 previews and 5 performances. The musical is framed as Sue Snell's reliving of the events leading up to Carrie's genocide of her classmates at prom via interrogation by interviewers who are trying to uncover the details of the massacre. An English pop opera filtered through Greek tragedy, the show was so notorious that it provided the title to Ken Mandelbaum 's survey of theatrical disasters Not Since Carrie: Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops.

Early in the 21st century, playwright Erik Jackson attempted to secure the rights to stage another production of Carrie the musical, but his request was rejected. Jackson eventually earned the consent of King to mount a new, officially sanctioned, non-musical production of Carrie, which debuted Off-Broadway in 2006 with drag queen Sherry Vine in the lead role. Similarly, many other unofficial spoofs have been staged over the years, usually with a gym teacher named "Miss Collins" (as opposed to the novel's "Miss Desjardin" and the musical's "Miss Gardner"), most notably the "parodage" Scarrie the Musical, which hit the Illinois stage in 1998 and was revived in 2005; Dad's Garage Theatre's 2002 production of Carrie White the Musical; and the 2007 New Orleans production of Carrie's Facts of Life, which was a hybrid of Carrie and the sitcom The Facts of Life. A high school production of the musical is the focus of " Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember " episode of Riverdale.

## Home media

In the United States and Canada, Carrie has been made available several times on DVD format from MGM Home Entertainment, debuting on September 29, 1998, while a "Special Edition" set was released on August 28, 2001. On December 4, 2007, the film was released a part of MGM's "Decades Collection", which included a soundtrack CD. The film was additionally released within multiple sets via MGM; first, as part of the United Artists 90th Anniversary Prestige Collection on December 11, 2007. A set featuring Carrie, The Rage: Carrie 2, and Carrie (the 2002 television film) was released on September 14, 2010, and, as part of MGM's 90th anniversary, the film was included with Misery and The Silence of the Lambs on June 3, 2014.

The film was released for the first time on Blu-ray in the U.S. and Canada from MGM on October 7, 2008, which contained an MPEG-2 codec, with new DTS-HD 5.1 Master Lossless Audio, while retaining the original English Mono, and included Spanish Audio and French 5.1 Dolby Surround. The only special feature on the set is a theatrical trailer. The film was again released on Blu-ray on July 18, 2013, when it was available exclusively through Comic-Con in San Diego from MGM and FoxConnect, containing a slipcover with exclusive artwork. Two further editions were made available from MGM in 2014; a "Carrie 2-Pack" set containing the original film and the 2013 adaptation, released September 9, and finally, a re-issue Blu-ray with a collectible Halloween faceplate, on October 21. Home distribution rights are currently held by Shout Factory, and the film was released via their subsidiary label, Scream Factory on October 11, 2016, in a two-disc "Collector's Edition", now available with MPEG-4 coding, and a new 4K scan. Special features on the set include the theatrical trailer, Carrie franchise trailer gallery, new interviews with writer Lawrence D. Cohen, editor Paul Hirsch, actors Piper Laurie, P. J. Soles, Nancy Allen, Betty Buckley, William Katt, and Edie McClurg, casting director Harriet B. Helberg, director of photography Mario Tosi, and composer Pino Donaggio, "Horror's Hallowed Grounds" – Revisiting the Film's Original Locations, "Acting Carrie" featurette, "Visualizing Carrie" featurette, a look at "Carrie the Musical", TV spots, radio spots, still gallery, "Stephen King and the Evolution of Carrie" text gallery. The set also includes reversible sleeve containing original artwork and newly commissioned artwork from Shout Factory, and a slipcover containing the new artwork. Shout Factory additionally released a "Deluxe Limited Edition" of 2000 copies, which includes the slipcover contained in the "Collector's Edition", with an additional poster matching the slipcover, and an alternative slipcover and poster consisting of different artwork.

In the United Kingdom, the film received its initial DVD release on February 1, 2000, via MGM. A reissue "Special Edition" DVD was made available from MGM on October 22, 2001, while a two-disc standard set was released on September 7, 2006. A DVD set, "The Carrie Collection", consisting of both the original film, and The Rage: Carrie 2, was released from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on October 7, 2013, while on the same day, a reissue DVD containing newly commissioned artwork, as well as the first-ever Blu-ray release in the UK was made available from 20th Century Fox. A second Blu-ray edition became available in the form of a steelbook, released on September 29, 2014, a set which reverted to the previous-style artwork.

Carrie would later receive a "Limited Collector's Edition" Blu-ray of 5,000 copies from Arrow Films, providing the definitive release of the film. The set contained a new 4K restoration, with special features, including commentary by authors Lee Gambin and Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, recorded exclusively for the release; brand-new visual essay comparing the various versions and adaptations of Carrie; "Acting Carrie" featurette, "More Acting Carrie" featurette; "Writing Carrie", an interview with writer Lawrence D. Cohen/"Shooting Carrie", an interview with cinematographer Mario Tosi; "Cutting Carrie", an interview with editor Paul Hirsch/"Casting Carrie", an interview with casting director Harriet B. Helberg; "Bucket of Blood", an interview with composer Pino Donaggio; "Horror's Hallowed Grounds", a look back at the film's locations, gallery, trailer, TV spots, radio spots; Carrie trailer reel; and 60-page limited-edition booklet featuring new writing on the film by author Neil Mitchell, alongside reversible artwork, poster and art cards. The set was released on December 11, 2017.

On December 13, 2022, Shout Factory! released (under license from MGM) a 4K Blu-ray with the original theatrical aspect ratio of 1.85:1 widescreen and format SteelBook in United States. Meanwhile, Arrow Video planned a UK release for the Blu-ray on January 22, 2024.


# List of career achievements by Michael Johnson

## Abstract

This page details the career achievements of American track & field athlete Michael Johnson. Over the course of his career, Johnson consistently dominated his events, winning almost every time he took to the track. He set numerous world and Olympic records in short distance track, both as an individual and as a member of relay teams. His domination of the 400 meter race is unprecedented in the history of track and field, making him arguably the greatest 400 m runner of all time. For approximately one decade, Michael Johnson held the world records in the 200 meters, 400 meters and indoor 400 meters, as well as the world's best time in the 300 meters and the world record for the 4 by 400 meter relay. He is still a world record holder for the 4 x 400 meter relay. In 2004, Johnson was voted into the United States Track & Field Hall of Fame. At the ceremony, his record-setting 200-meter performance at the 1996 Summer Olympics was deemed the greatest track and field moment in the past 25 years. Johnson is generally considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the history of track and field.

## Medal record

## Awards

- World Athletics Awards

- Men's Track & Field Athlete of the Year: 1990, 1996

- Jesse Owens Award: 1994, 1995, 1996

- Associated Press Athlete of the Year: 1996

- Best Male Track Athlete ESPY Award: 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000

- James E. Sullivan Award: 1996

- Jesse Owens International Trophy: 1996, 1997

## Personal bests

### 200 meters

Track records (11) are highlighted.

Johnson also holds the track record for Gateshead, United Kingdom where in August 1990 he ran 20.21 seconds with a wind assistance of 2.2 m/s.

### 400 meters

In the history of track, 102 times has a runner run the 400 meters in less than 44 seconds. Johnson alone accounts for 22 of these 102 sub-44 performances (correct as of August 2024).

Track records (11) are highlighted.

### 300 meters

Both of these times are track records.

### 4 by 400 meters relay

Track records are highlighted.

## Records

### World records

Fastest 4 x 400 meter relay leg in history: 42.91, fourth leg, United States relay team, August 22, 1993, Stuttgart, Germany

- 1993 IAAF World Championships Final (gold)

- Other than Jeremy Wariner (USA) who ran a 42.93 split in the 2007 Osaka World Championship final, no one else has ever broken 43 seconds.

- The 4 x 400 m U.S. relay team also set a world record with a time of 2:54.29. Both records still stand.

Consecutive 400 meter finals won: 58

- Johnson's eight-year winning streak in the 400 m was snapped when he finished fifth in Paris in June 1997. Antonio Pettigrew won the race.

Largest margin of victory in the 200 meters in 55 years (1991 World Championships)

- Johnson ran a Championship record 20.01,.33 seconds ahead of Frankie Fredericks.

- Largest margin of victory in 200 m since Jesse Owens ran a world record 20.7,.4 seconds ahead of Mack Robinson, in the 1936 Olympics

Largest margin of victory in the 200 meters in history (1996 Olympics)

- Johnson ran a world record 19.32,.36 seconds ahead of Frankie Fredericks.

- Tied with Jesse Owens

- Broken by Usain Bolt

Largest improvement ever on a 200 m world record:.34 seconds

- Johnson broke his own record

Largest margin of victory in the 400 meters in history (1999 World Championships)

- Johnson ran a world record 43.18, finishing an incredible 1.11 seconds ahead of second-place Sanderlei Claro Parrela of Brazil.

Only athlete to be ranked #1 in the world in both 200 meters and 400 meters in the same year

- Five different years (1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996)

First athlete to break 20 seconds in 200 meters and 44 seconds in 400 meters in a career

- Also achieved by LaShawn Merritt, the second athlete to do so, Isaac Makwala, the third, and Wayde van Niekerk, the fourth athlete.

Only athlete to break 20 seconds in 200 meters and 44 seconds in 400 meters at the same meet

- He first achieved this at the 1995 U.S. National Championships.

First athlete to break 45 seconds in indoor 400 meters: 44.97, February 10, 1995, Reno, NV, United States

Most gold medals won on the track: Twelve (4 Olympics, 8 World Championships)

- Carl Lewis won more gold medals in track & field, but not more on the track. Usain Bolt has broken this record, surpassing both Johnson and Lewis in the gold medal count on the track.

First athlete to win both 200 meters and 400 meters at U.S. National Championships (1995)

### Olympic records

Only man to win 200 meters and 400 meters at the same Olympics (1996 Atlanta)

Only man to repeat as Olympic champion in 400 meters (1996 Atlanta, 2000 Sydney)

### IAAF World Championships records

Fastest 4 x 400 meter relay leg in World Championships history: 42.91, fourth leg, United States relay team, August 22, 1993, Stuttgart, Germany

- 1993 IAAF World Championships Final (gold)

- No one else has ever broken 43 seconds.

- The 4 x 400 m U.S. relay team also set a world record with a time of 2:54.29. Both records still stand.

Only athlete to win the 200 meters and 400 meters at the World Championships in a career (1991 Tokyo, 1993 Stuttgart)

Only athlete to win the 200 meters and 400 meters at the same World Championships (1995 Gothenburg)

- This required running nine races in nine days.

Most gold medals won in World Championships history: Eight

- Tied with Carl Lewis

- Broken by Usain Bolt

## Olympic record

## Achievements

- AR - American record

- AC - All-comers record; fastest time ever run on host nation's soil

- US - Fastest time ever run on United States soil

### Track records

As of 14 September 2024, Johnson holds the following track records for 200 metres and 400 metres.

Performances in red text are wind-assisted.

#### 200 metres


# January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex

## Abstract

A large and robust storm system, unofficially named Winter Storm Finn by The Weather Channel, brought widespread impacts to much of the contiguous United States early in January 2024. In the northern United States, heavy snow, hail, and gusty winds affected areas from the Great Plains to New England. In the southern United States, a widespread tornado outbreak along the Gulf Coast caused two fatalities and numerous injuries.

## Meteorological synopsis

On January 2, 2024, meteorologists from the Storm Prediction Center began tracking a large upper-level trough forecast to move across the United States, with multiple embedded shortwave perturbations. By January 4, evidence of strong surface cyclogenesis pointed towards an intensifying and negatively tilted trough in the south, with a strong surface-low response to the north. These elements were conducive to strong thunderstorms across the country, with intensifying winter storm potential across the north and discrete supercell formation in the southeast. By January 5 as forecast, a powerful winter storm formed in the Gulf of Alaska from the trough, which dove southwards through British Columbia and the Western United States. The now mid-latitude cyclone then moved eastwards, bringing blizzard conditions to the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains on January 7. Six states recorded whiteout conditions during this time. The storm continued to intensify and further severe weather in the east was forecast—more specifically, strong shortwaves from the initial trough were predicted to become robust and affect the south-southeast portions of the United States, as well as create wind-threats for the east coast.

During the early morning hours of January 8, a powerful mid-level shortwave trough was observed moving east across the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. This feature initiated blizzard conditions and heavy snow across Southeast Colorado, the Raton Mesa of northeast New Mexico and far western Kansas. As the storm moved east on January 8 and 9th, the cyclone remained negatively tilted, and formed a tornado outbreak in the Deep South, whilst portions of Indiana recorded record low pressure. Strong mid-level to low-level flow contributed to extreme weather, allowing storms to mature at the mesoscale, with strong moisture return near the coast, and CAPE values in excess of 500-1000 j/kg. The strongest tornado from the outbreak formed near the coast of Panama City, FL, moving on shore and producing EF3 damage.

As the storm moved into the Northeastern United States on January 9, heavy rain and flooding occurred, with snow falling in Northern New England. Freezing conditions were reported, as well as extreme wind and snow. The system moved northward into Canada on January 10.

## Impact

Across the United States, over 600,000 customers lost power and 7,000 flights were cancelled.

### Western United States

Due to the winter storm in the Sierra Nevada, chains were required for driving on I-80 and US 50. I-80 was also briefly closed. In Reno, Nevada, around 27,000 customers briefly lost power. Heavy snow also fell in Coconino County, Arizona, with Forest Lakes receiving 14 in (36 cm) of snow. Portions of I-40 and SR 89A shut down due to the snow.

On January 7, in Colorado, I-70 was closed from Watkins, Colorado to the Kansas state line due to the storm. High winds were also reported in the region, with winds in Colorado gusted up to 80 mph (130 km/h), while winds in the state of New Mexico reached 76 mph (122 km/h). Snowfall totals in the state of Colorado reached up to 21 in (53 cm) in Wolf Creek Pass.

### Midwest

As the storm continued on January 8, many highways were closed in Kansas, including significant portions of I-70, K-4, K-149, K-15 and US 56. Visibility in Kansas due to the blizzard dropped as low as 15 feet (4.6 m). Portions of I-80 in Nebraska also closed due to the snowfall. Blizzard conditions also occurred in the Texas Panhandle, where 4 in (10 cm) of snow fell in Dalhart and winds gusted up to 70 mph (110 km/h). Further south, the storm resulted in a leak at NRG Stadium before the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship.

Record snowfall fell in Des Moines on January 9, with 8.3 in (21 cm) of snow, with the event total being 11.2 in (28 cm). Portions of Iowa recorded 15 in (38 cm) of snow. Snow was lighter in the Chicago metropolitan area, with a peak of around 3.5 in (8.9 cm); the snowfall resulted in a ground stop at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Slushy roads led to two fatalities in the Midwest – one in Wisconsin and one in Michigan.

### Northeast

The storm resulted in flooding across the Northeastern US. The Delaware River in Philadelphia exceeded its all time crest record. The severe storms also produced over 4 in (100 mm) of rain in spots. The storm resulted in 110,000 customers losing power in New York, 70,000 customers losing power in Pennsylvania, 56,000 customers losing power in New Jersey, and 28,000 customers losing power in Maine. Dozens of Amtrak trains were cancelled due to the storm. An evacuation order was briefly issued along the Yantic River in Norwich, Connecticut due to a partial dam failure from the heavy rain. The National Park Service shut down parts of Fire Island National Seashore due to flooding. Flooding also resulted in Lodi Public Schools canceling school on January 10. High winds also affected the Northeast, with a peak gust of 95 mph (153 km/h) at Isle au Haut, Maine. Parts of Acadia National Park closed due to the storm, and the park suffered heavy damage. Reid State Park in Maine was also shut down due to the storm. Western New York was hit hard by high winds, with winds gusting to 74 mph (119 km/h) in Dunkirk and 78 mph (126 km/h) in Watertown; the National Weather Service 's Buffalo office warned in an Area Forecast Discussion that gusts from the southeast descending from Tug Hill could reach "potentially generational" levels.

## Tornado outbreak

Severe weather tore through the southeastern United States on January 8 into January 9th, resulting in 4 fatalities, with 2 of them being tornadic: one each in Alabama and North Carolina. Additional non-tornadic fatalities occurred in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The first January EF3 or stronger tornado in Florida history occurred. The tornado outbreak led to a ground stops at Orlando International Airport.

### Confirmed tornadoes

#### Graceville, Florida/Cottonwood–Gordon, Alabama

This large, long-tracked tornado developed over remote swampland north of Chipley, Florida in Jackson County and moved north-northeastward along Hickshill Road at EF1 intensity, snapping or uprooting trees and damaging an outbuilding. The tornado then turned northeastward, continuing to damage trees along with the roof of a double-wide mobile home along Piano Road. Continuing northeastward, the tornado continued to snap and uprooted trees and damaged another outbuilding. South of Graceville along SR 77, the tornado damaged homes, blew out the windows of a mobile home, heavily damaged or destroyed outbuildings, and snapped or uprooted countless trees. It also destroyed a pair of 90-foot-tall (27 m) concrete silos along Cliff Road. Southeast of town, more trees were snapped or uprooted and a home along CR 169 suffered considerable roof damage in this area. Another home along Shiloh Church Loop also suffered significant roof damage to the east of Graceville. The tornado then crossed SR 2, snapping or uprooting more trees and causing minor roof damage to another home before moving over open terrain, where little if any damage occurred. Right before crossing the Florida – Alabama state line, the tornado inflicted minor roof damage to a small business along with minor damage to an outbuilding as it crossed US 231.

Continuing northeastward, the tornado then crossed the state line into Houston County, Alabama while still at EF1 intensity. South of Madrid, the tornado struck a large McLane Company warehouse, which had multiple exterior walls blown out. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, and a power pole was damaged. Beyond this point, several houses, mobile homes, and outbuildings had roofing material torn off, a few power poles were snapped, and countless trees were snapped or uprooted along this segment of the path as well. The tornado briefly reached EF2 intensity as it approached Cottonwood, completely destroying a well-anchored mobile home. The tornado then moved directly through Cottonwood, where several homes and businesses had major roof damage, and one business in the downtown area sustained a total collapse of its front masonry wall. A couple of churches also had roof and window damage and a metal building was left with a large dent in it and had wall panels removed. Much of the peak damage in Cottonwood was rated EF1, but a small area of EF2 damage occurred along SR 53, where a two-story house had its roof torn off. Another area of EF2 damage occurred as the tornado left the town when it leveled a cinderblock Moose Lodge building and a third area of EF2 damage occurred from large trees being snapped. The tornado continued northeastward, continuing to snap trees with a mobile home suffering minor damage. The tornado then briefly reached its peak intensity of high-end EF2 along September Road where a double-wide mobile home was leveled, resulting in a fatality. After moving over another area of open terrain, the tornado caused EF1 tree damage along Creek Church Road. A small outbuilding was also knocked over and at least one power pole was snapped. After crossing US 84 at EF0 strength, the tornado caused some additional tree damage. One final area of EF1 damage occurred along Ed Tolar Road, where a home suffered minor roof damage before the tornado dissipated as it reached CR 95 northwest of Gordon.

The tornado traveled 34.76 miles (55.94 km) and reached a width of 1,000 yards (910 m). One person was killed, and five others were injured.


Chi Herculis

# Chi Herculis

## Abstract

Chi Herculis, Latinized from χ Herculis, is a Sun-like star in the northern constellation of Hercules. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 62.1 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 52.5 light years from the Sun. The star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.59. It has a relatively high proper motion, showing a transverse movement of 0.769 arc seconds per year and is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −56 km/s.

This is a suspected binary star system for which orbital elements have been published, listing a circular orbit with period of 51.3 days. However, sources do not confirm this and so the binarity remains in doubt. The observable component is a G-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of G0V Fe-0.8 CH-0.5, indicating abnormal deficiencies in iron and the CH molecule. The surface magnetic activity for this star is distinctly lower than the typical level for regular stars, and hence it is considered a good candidate for being in a Maunder minimum phase.

Chi Herculis is an older star with an estimated age of 7.4 billion years and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 2.4. It has a mass slightly higher than the Sun and 1.8 times the Sun's radius. The star's photosphere is radiating 3.24 times the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of 5,837. Chi Herculis has been examined for the presence of an infrared excess that could indicate an orbiting debris disk, but none was found. The low metal content and a relatively high velocity of 80 kilometers per second suggest that the star is a visitor from another part of the Galaxy, and is just moving through the local neighborhood.


Timothy Shriver

# Timothy Shriver

## Abstract

Timothy Perry Shriver (born August 29, 1959) is an American disability rights activist, film producer, and former educator who has been Chairman of Special Olympics since 1996 and is the founder of UNITE. He is a member of the Kennedy family as the third child of Eunice Kennedy Shriver (who founded the Special Olympics), and Sargent Shriver, who helped found the Peace Corps.

## Early life and education

Timothy Shriver was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Sargent Shriver, a former United States Ambassador to France and the Democratic Party's vice-presidential candidate in 1972, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the founder of Special Olympics. He was raised as a Catholic along with his siblings, Bobby Shriver, Maria Shriver, Mark Shriver, and Anthony Shriver. He is a member of the Kennedy Family through his mother, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a younger sister of President John F. Kennedy.

Shriver graduated from St. Albans School. He received his B.A. from Yale University in 1981, his M.A. in religion and religious education from The Catholic University of America in 1988, and his Ph.D. in education from the University of Connecticut in 1996. He participated in the 1997 class of the Global Leaders for Tomorrow program hosted by the World Economic Forum.

## Career

Shriver spent 15 years in public education—some in special education—as a teacher. He served as a high school teacher in the New Haven, Connecticut public school system, and as a counselor and teacher in the University of Connecticut branch of the Upward Bound program for disadvantaged youth. He became a Fellow at the School Development Program at the Yale Child Study Center.

He was instrumental in establishing the Social Development Project at the public schools in New Haven, Connecticut and also established the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

He was the executive producer on The Ringer, a co-producer on Amistad and the Disney movie The Loretta Claiborne Story, and has served as a producer or co-producer on shows for the American Broadcasting Company, the National Broadcasting Corporation, and the TNT cable channel. He is currently a board member of Malaria No More, a New York-based nonprofit that was launched at the 2006 White House Summit with the goal of ending all deaths caused by malaria.

He is currently the Chairman of Special Olympics. Timothy and his brother Anthony Shriver have recently aligned the Special Olympics and Best Buddies (founded by Anthony Shriver), to create the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Challenge event, aimed to encourage greater acceptance and inclusion for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, a condition that affected their late aunt Rosemary Kennedy. Shriver has served on the Board of Directors of The Future Project, a national initiative to empower young people to discover their passion and change the world, since its founding. And he has written a memoir Fully Alive: Discovering What Matters Most, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2014).

In recent years, Shriver stepped down as CEO from the Special Olympics to launch UNITE, a national initiative for bringing Americans across divides together in common purpose to address universal challenges that can only be solved together.

### Activism

As chairman of Special Olympics, Timothy Shriver has campaigned against mocking of and discrimination against participants in Special Olympics. He has specifically argued against use of what he calls "the R word," meaning retarded, stating that the word, "retard", is very offensive and people with intellectual disabilities should be respected and treated like all other people.

In 2008, Shriver and supporters called for a boycott of the movie Tropic Thunder, claiming that it mocks people with mental disabilities. The movie is written, produced by, and stars Ben Stiller. In a commentary for CNN, Shriver wrote in part,

Together with the members of the international coalition, I am asking Steven Spielberg, Stacey Snider, Ben Stiller and the entire "Tropic Thunder" team to stop showing the film, and asking movie theaters and moviegoers to shut this movie out. "Tropic Thunder" is a colossal blunder. Don't show or see "Tropic Thunder."The degrading use of the word "retard" together with the broader humiliation of people with intellectual disabilities in the film goes way too far. When the R-word is casually bandied about and when bumbling, clueless caricatures designed to mimic the behavior of people with intellectual disabilities are on screen, they have an unmistakable outcome: They mock, directly or indirectly, people with intellectual disabilities. They perpetuate the worst stereotypes. They further exclusion and isolation. They are simply mean.

## Fully Alive: Discovering What Matters Most

In November 2014, Shriver released a book called Fully Alive: Discovering What Matters Most.

## Personal life

Shriver married Linda Potter (born January 13, 1956) on May 31, 1986 at Dahlgren Chapel on the Georgetown University campus. They reside in Chevy Chase, Maryland and have five children: Sophia Rose Shriver (born 1987); Timothy Perry Shriver, Jr. (born 1988); Samuel Kennedy Shriver (born 1992); Kathleen Francis Shriver (born 1994); Caroline Elizabeth Shriver (born 1997).

Linda Potter is the great-granddaughter of Archibald D. Russell, a great-great-granddaughter of Percy Rivington Pyne I, and a great-great-great-granddaughter of Dr. James Russell, a former president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and Moses Taylor, who was one of the greatest railroad, iron, and coal company financiers and was president of National City Bank for 27 years. She is also a direct descendant of the merchant Russell Sturgis (1750-1826), Elizabeth (née Perkins) Sturgis (a sister of merchant Thomas Handasyd Perkins), Walter Rutherfurd (1723–1804) and Catherine Alexander (1727–1801), daughter of James Alexander and Mary Spratt Provoost. Her sister Isabel Tweedy Potter is married to Richard S. Aldrich Jr, a grandson of Richard S. Aldrich, who served in Congress from 1923 to 1933, a great-grandson of Nelson W. Aldrich, who served as a Senator from Rhode Island and a great-nephew of Abby Aldrich, who became the wife of financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr.

## Awards and honors

- 2022 Honorary degree from Georgetown University

- 2019 Honorary degree from Fordham University

- 2012 Honorary degree from Villanova University

- 2011 Honorary degree from La Salle University

- Honorary degree from University of Connecticut

- Honorary degree from Niagara University

- Honorary degree from Albertus Magnus College

- The Medal of the City of Athens, Greece

- 1995 Connecticut Citizen of the Year.

- Honorary degree from Loyola University

- Honorary degree from New England College

- The Order de Manuel Amador Guerrera of the Republic of Panama

- Presidential Medallion from University of Illinois

- Honorary degree from Springfield College

- Walter Camp 2015 "Distinguished American"

- Honorary degree from Saint Peter's University

## Board membership

- American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

- Board of the Education Commission of the States' Compact for Learning and Citizenship

- Chairman, Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning

- Council on Foreign Relations

- The Edison Schools Incorporated

- The Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

- Board of Advisors for HealthCorps

- Chairman UNESCO at IT Tralee (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)


Eve J. Chung

# Eve J. Chung

## Abstract

Eve J. Chung is a Taiwanese American human rights lawyer and novelist.

Her novel Daughters of Shandong was based on her grandmother's story.

## Works


Émile Guillemin

# Émile Guillemin

## Abstract

Émile Coriolan Hippolyte Guillemin (French pronunciation:; 16 October 1841 – 1907) was a French sculptor of the Belle Époque. He worked in bronze. He studied under his father, the painter Auguste Guillemin, and under Jean-Jules Salmson. He showed work at the Salon of Paris from 1870 to 1899, and in 1897 received an honourable mention there. In 2008 his 1884 bronze sculpture Femme Kabyle d'Algerie and Janissaire du Sultan Mahmoud II (Kabyle woman from Algeria and Janissary of Sultan Mahmound II) sold for $1,202,500 plus auction fees in New York to a private collector through Sotheby's Auction House.

Some versions of his Cavalier Arabe are signed both by him and by Alfred Barye, suggesting a collaboration.

Emile Coriolan Hippolyte Guillemin made his debut in the Paris Salon of 1870 where he exhibited a pair of Roman Gladiators, Retaire and Mirmillon, drawn from antiquity. Guillemin specialized in figurative works and was greatly inspired by the Middle East and its exoticism. Representations of Indian falconers, Turkish maidens and Japanese courtesans firmly established Guillemin's reputation as an Orientalist sculptor from the mid-1870's.

## Links

- Animalier school


Nectarios Triantis

# Nectarios Triantis

## Abstract

Nectarios Triantis (born 11 May 2003) is an Australian professional football player who plays as a defensive midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Hibernian.

Triantis has represented Australia at under 20's level at the 2023 U20's Asian Cup.

## Early life

Triantis was born in Sydney, New South Wales to Poppy Triantis, with seven brothers and three sisters, and is of Greek descent. His father, Con Triantis, passed away from a fire in Eastwood when he was eight. He has three older brothers, Chris and Peter, both of whom were professional soccer players in the A-League. Triantis began his soccer career at Sydney Olympic, initially as a winger and attacking midfielder, in their junior age groups.

## Club career

### Western Sydney Wanderers

In July 2021, Western Sydney Wanderers signed Triantis to a scholarship contract. Triantis made one A-League Men appearance for the Wanderers, coming on as a late substitute in a loss to Newcastle Jets in February 2022. On 1 July 2022, the Wanderers confirmed that Triantis was one of four players departing the club following the 2021–22 season.

### Central Coast Mariners

Triantis joined Central Coast Mariners ' A-League Men squad on a three-year contract in July 2022.

Triantis started for the Mariners in their 6–1 win over Melbourne City in the 2023 A-League Men Grand Final.

### Sunderland

On 21 June 2023, Triantis signed for English club Sunderland on a four-year contract for an initial fee of around £300,000.

After playing in three first-team games for Sunderland during the 2023 – 24 season, Triantis was loaned to Scottish Premiership club Hibernian on 1 February 2024.

## International career

Triantis was selected in the Australian under-20 squad for the 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup in March 2023. The selection was criticised by Nick Montgomery, Triantis' coach at Central Coast Mariners, who claimed that Triantis would be better off playing senior matches for the Mariners in the 2022–23 A-League Men.

## Honours

Central Coast Mariners

- A-League Men Championship: 2022–23

Individual

- PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2022–23


Elizabeth Rankin

# Elizabeth Rankin

## Abstract

Elizabeth Deane Rankin is a South African–New Zealand fine arts academic, and is an emeritus professor at the University of Auckland, specialising in neglected South African artists, and printmaking and sculpture.

## Academic career

Rankin completed a PhD titled Englishmen on the Acropolis: an historiography of the Parthenon, c. 1750-1850 at the University of Witwatersrand in 1978. It was the first PhD in art history awarded by the university. Rankin was appointed as Chair of the History of Art at Witwatersrand in 1982, and later served three years as Dean of Arts.

Rankin was Chair of the South African Association of Art Historians starting in 1985.

Rankin joined the faculty of the University of Auckland in 1998 as professor of art history. She was head of the department, and chair of the exhibitions committee for the university's Gus Fisher Gallery. Rankin's research focuses on neglected South African artists, and sculpture and print-making. Rankin published a history of Rorke's Drift printmakers with Philippa Hobbs in 2003. Rankin has written a biography of South African artist Peter Clarke, published in 2012, along with retrospective exhibitions at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town, in collaboration with Hobbs, and in Johannesburg. Rankin has also written about photographer Fiona Pardington, and artist Neil Pardington.

In 2012 Rankin was a visiting fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, where she worked with Prof. Dr. Rolf Schneider on the design of the frieze of the Voortrekker Monument. Rankin retired in 2016 and was appointed Professor Emeritus at Auckland. One of her notable doctoral students is academic and author Ngarino Ellis.

## Selected works

### Books

### Other works

- {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


Terry Bogard

# Terry Bogard

## Abstract

Terry Bogard (Japanese: テリー・ボガード, Hepburn: Terī Bogādo) is a fictional character created by SNK as the protagonist of their Fatal Fury series. Introduced in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters in 1991, he is an American fighter who enters the worldwide "The King of Fighters" tournaments to combat his father's murderer, Geese Howard. Following Geese's defeat, Terry becomes the guardian of Geese's son Rock Howard. He is also a regular character in the crossover video game series The King of Fighters, where he continues participating in tournaments. He has also been a guest character in other games, including the Capcom vs. SNK series, Arika ’s Fighting EX Layer, Street Fighter 6 and Nintendo's crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. In addition to video games, Terry has appeared in anime films based on Fatal Fury, and manga serialized in Comic Bom Bom.

SNK created Terry with the idea of a macho fighter which is reflected in his design. After several games, Terry was redesigned for Garou: Mark of the Wolves, where he is a more peaceful person. This had an impact on his design which was also altered for The King of Fighters games. Terry's popularity led SNK to create a female version of him for the 2018 game SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. The character has been well received, and is ranked highly in popularity polls. Publications have praised the character's personality and movesets and how he was developed from Fatal Fury to The King of Fighters, although the female Terry saw mixed reception. Terry has become an icon for not just SNK, but fighting games in general, appearing prominently on SNK and non-SNK merchandise.

## Creation

### Origin

Terry Bogard originates in the development of Capcom 's fighting game Street Fighter (1987), for which developers Hiroshi Matsumoto and Takashi Nishiyama created a concept for a Caucasian man wearing a leather jacket; the concept was not used in Street Fighter, as they decided to make the main playable character a dougi-clad karateka name Ryu instead. They still wanted to use this concept in a game; after their move to SNK, they implemented him in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1991) as a playable character. The SNK staff described his original design as "the most macho, stand-out, original Terry". Youchiro Soeda was in charge of the animation of most of the characters in the first Fatal Fury. Terry was also based off of Loren Avedon as an inspiration for his personality as well as his outfit choice for Fatal Fury 2 (1992). Particularly the role Loren Avedon played in The King of the Kickboxers (1990). His inclusion in Street Fighter 6 was done since Nishiyama had created the first Street Fighter during his time at Capcom and believed adding him alongside Mai Shiranui would fit in the game. However, all of Terry's special moves were created by Capcom designers. Terry and Street Fighter character Ken Masters have had past dialogue between them, so they were very conscious of their relationship when they created them.

In the making of the series, Terry and his brother Andy were characterized as the heroic leads, contrasting with the comical Joe Higashi. For the release of the Fatal Fury 3 game, Terry was quickly added because of his popularity with fans. When it came to his moves, SNK had different ideas and altered the special moves he could perform. While Terry has an easygoing personality, he is fueled with the thirst of revenge with killing Geese Howard in most games. However, in Real Bout Fatal Fury, revenge is not necessarily Terry's absolute goal, as is clear from the fact that he instinctively reaches out to Geese, who is supposed to be Jeff's enemy. Terry and fellow fighter Blue Mary get along, SNK writer Akihiko Ureshino does not see the two as a romantic couple but instead as a friendly relationship comparable to Robert Garcia and Yuri Sakazaki from Art of Fighting or Athena Asamiya and Sie Kensou from Psycho Soldier because Blue Mary is in doubts about her late boyfriend killed by Geese. However, Ureshino has shown a desire to promote Terry and Mary's relationship in either Fatal Fury or The King of Fighters.

The fourth title of Fatal Fury, Real Bout Fatal Fury, was made to end the conflict between Terry and his nemesis, Geese Howard. Ureshino believes Terry had no intention of killing Geese and getting revenge, and at most he just wanted to defeat Geese and make Jeff apologize after he died. Ureshino thinks Terry's feelings were expressed when he instinctively reached out his hand to Geese as he was falling off the building. However, Geese refused even that, and selfishly ended his life, abandoning the future of Billy Kane and the connections he had built up. Terry has been popular with the SNK staff to the point multiple individuals worked on his character's movesets during location tests of Real Bout Fatal Fury 2. When Rock says that "there is a possibility that he may change greatly in the future", he means that when he is confronted with a truth that he did not know until then, the values that Rock has cultivated while living with Terry may be completely overturned. If a sequel were had been released, perhaps Rock might have been transformed into a character who was at odds with Terry. According to Yasuyuki Oda, the phrase The King of Fighters is commonly associated with Kyo Kusanagi and Iori Yagami than Fatal Fury characters. As a result, the new tournament was dubbed "Maximum Mayhem King of Fighters" to give a new tension to associate Terry and Rock.

According to Ureshino, Terry became a famous character thanks to KOF and Fatal Fury which earned his fame in Smash. In the Smash games, Terry he became depicted as famous and cultural figure, and he has many different jobs. He is rich, no matter how the player looks at it. However, Ureshino describes the Garou Terry as a childish adult who is lazy most of the time and believes that in a sequel he might be given a more mature personality. When the 35-year-old Terry appeared in KOF: Maximum Impact 2 under the name "Wild Wolf", his character story naturally followed this, and he also earned a living by giving lectures and writing essays, while at the same time showing a fatherly side, worrying about Rock's future, who has been forced to join in his wandering life. His earlier life with Rock is potrayed as similar to the Sakazaki family from Art of Fighting as they are comically worried about their money and fighting style at the same time.

The King of Fighters game was created with the idea of having Terry fighting against Ryo Sakazaki, the lead character from the Art of Fighting series. The King of Fighters protagonist Kyo Kusanagi was also created with this in mind. Though Terry does not have a major role in the Maximum Impact series other than revenge with Billy Kane over Geese's death in Real Bout, game designer Falcoon created the new lead Alba Meira to be Terry's KOF counterpart. SNK said that Terry's great popularity among players made him one of the most used characters for every installment of the series. For The King of Fighters XV, when the staff was finishing Team Hero, creative director Eisuke Ogura wanted to use Terry because he is a disciple of Tung, just like newcomers Meitenkun and Shun’ei. He thought he would be in the best position to watch over them. However, in the end we chose Benimaru Nikaido as a proposal from fellow busy character Kyo Kusanagi, as Benimaru is just good enough to take care of others whereas Kyo was requested by fellow fighter Chizuru Kagura join her team. In the end, Ogura was glad with this decision.

### Designs

His appearance evolves across Fatal Fury; there were two rejected sketches. One involved a design with cowboy boots, a tattoo, and a pendant he had received from an unidentified woman. Nobyuki Kuroki handled Terry's design in the Real Bout titled games. Most of the main King of Fighters games up to The King of Fighters 2002 feature Terry in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit. In XII, his classic outfit was used to remain true to his origins, while color editing was made in order to make him look like Pokemon character Ash Ketchum as a gag. For The King of Fighters XIV, the artists found Terry's new appearance challenging to the point it was remade four times along with changes by his motion actor. Yusuke Amano was the character designer for Terry in this title which he enjoyed due to his personal experience with Terry ever since he played as him in his childhood.

In Mark of the Wolves, Terry was redesigned with a "cool" look by the SNK staff because they thought his previous appearance had become outdated. Yasuyuki Oda was in charge of this version of Terry with respect to the game design. Artist Falcoon considered this one of his favorite designs before he began working. He was pleased when he got the opportunity to work on the character's redesign. Falcoon said that both Terry and Mai Shiranui are his favourite SNK characters. Another reason for the change of clothing was to symbolize Terry's more peaceful personality now displayed in Mark of the Wolves.

The King of Fighters 2003 and The King of Fighters XI feature the "Mark of the Wolves" design. In Maximum Impact and Maximum Impact 2 Terry wears both recurring outfits which bothered Ureshino. This is mostly due to the age difference Terry and Rock has as Terry is 24 years old in Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters but 35 in Garou: Mark of the Wolves. Meanwhile, Rock is only 17 Garou: Mark of the Wolves, making the time gap in Maximum Impact not fitting. As a result, even if Rock stands next to him, they look more like brothers than stepfather in KOF. That is why Ureshino feel uncomfortable when the two of them talk in demo scenes and the like. As a result, SNK solved this discomfort by setting Maximum Impact in an alternate timeline where Geese Howard is already dead, making it nearly the Garou: Mark of the Wolves timeline. Meanwhile, XV has Terry in Fatal Fury 2 design as regular and in his Garou design as DLC.

While making SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy, SNK staff noted that because Terry was one of the company's most popular characters, his inclusion in the game was necessary even if he had to be redesigned as a woman; this incarnation has feminine clothing options including a variant of his original outfit wherein the FATAL FURY logo on his cap is changed to read "FATAL CUTiE", a cheerleader outfit, and steampunk-inspired clothes. This was not the first time SNK had featured a female version of Terry in a game: in 2003's SNK vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos, he is magically transformed by the Darkstalkers character Demitri Maximoff.

### Voice actors

Starting with Fatal Fury: The King of Fighters until Neo Geo Heroes: Ultimate Shooting Terry was voiced by Satoshi Hashimoto who also voiced fellow playable character Kim Kaphwan. When he was replaced, Hashimoto said he was happy that his roles were widely recognized by fans and that he highly enjoyed Terry's character. Takashi Kondō replaced Hashimoto for The King of Fighters XIV onward and was very aware of his character's popularity. Kondo first met the character through his childhood when playing the video games that feature him. He described his character as cool due to his demeanor.

For the three animated adaptations of Fatal Fury, the character's role was left to Kazuyoshi Nishikori. In the English dubs of the three works, Terry is voiced by Mark Hildreth.Early in SNK Heroines development, the female Terry was meant to still have a masculine voice, but the decision was reversed following disapproval from the game's sound designers. Despite fears over the voice actresses' deliveries, in the end SNK felt Terry managed to fit in with the cast. Amano believed that SNK was able to explore a more humanistic take on the character through SNK Heroines.

### Fighting style

For the release of Fatal Fury 3 Terry's air move Rising Tackle (ライジングタックル) was removed in exchange for the Power Dunk (パワーダンク). The Power Dunk was better for the team even though it closely resembled the Rising Tackle. Another of Terry's most iconic early moves is called the Power Geyser, where he generates a massive geyser of energy by punching the ground. Designer Nobuyuki Kuroki said there were several rejected versions of this move, but one of them was used in a later Fatal Fury game, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special. In Garou, Terry has a new move called the Buster Wolf (バスターウルフ). Designer Yasuyuki Oda said its original name was actually "God Geyser Twin", but he did not find it fitting for the Showa period when the move was added. In 2019, Oda noted that one of Terry's most popular techniques is the Buster Wolf. The design required a certain amount of ruggedness, but Oda was careful to keep him from looking too old-fashioned. Regarding his moves, Oda put together his kit with the intention of producing the "ultimate version of Terry". For this game, the intent was to make 35-year-old Terry feel a little more subdued, so he paid attention to those areas. but, he still somersaults when he jumps, and goes into a full sprint when he dashes, so he hasn't really lost a step. He hopes Terry maintains his good health for more games.

When The King of Fighters was announced, Terry was quickly added into the franchise by the SNK staff, who noted "his popularity skyrocketed!" His development was overseen by many designers who "fretted over various aspects of his character". In retrospect the SNK staff noted he "became the powerhouse, getting a super punch cancel move added to his arsenal and becoming the fearsome character he is today". The ability to cancel the second hit of his standing punch move was added by one of the game's designers two hours before submitting the game's mask ROM. There were also arguments about the character's winpose, but in the end they decided on something new. Terry's alter ego "Wild Wolf" from KOF: Maximum Impact 2 was designed to share Terry's Garou: Mark of the Wolves with Rising Tackle and Round Wave having been removed, super special moves such as Power Stream and Rising Beat, which were in The King of Fighters 2003 and SVC Chaos ', have been added, and many special moves are now affected by braking. This applies to moves that you wonder if braking is even possible. Ureshino considers the best part of Wild Wolf is the high-power combo moves and seamless rushes that involve braking.

Game designer Masahiro Sakurai said he wanted to show the original appeal of Terry in Super Smash Bros. when including him in the game. Sakurai preferred using his Fatal Fury 2 design in Smash as he believes it is one of the most recognizable ones, most notably in the 1990s. In doing so, Terry was made to automatically look at his opponents in one-on-one fights, including jumps where the character spins. He was designed to be slower than most characters. A new move known as the Somersault Kick was created for Smash although the original moves were also retained. An airbased variation of his original projectile technique, the Power Wave, was also used to balance the character. In order to accommodate his full moveset, Terry is the only character who has different side special moves depending on whether the player inputs left or right, and can use Desperation Moves if his health reaches a critical point rather than as his Final Smash, which is a completely new move melding together his different Desperation Moves.

In Masami Obari 's Fatal Fury animated adaptations, Terry is given an original move taught by Tung Fu Rue in his last moments: the "Hado Senpukyaku" (波動旋風脚, lit. "Fluctuating Cyclone Kick") in which Terry covers himself into a tornado to take down his enemies. The move was implemented in both Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves and Street Fighter 6 as a tribute to Obari. Obari also took note of the anime move's usage in gaming and posted on his X account that it was an honor and was overwhelmed being involved in fighting games series.

## Appearances

### In video games

Terry has served as the lead character of the Fatal Fury series since his debut in the first game. The original Fatal Fury centers around Terry and his younger brother Andy who enter the King of Fighters tournament to avenge their adoptive father Jeff Bogard's death. He was murdered a decade before by the tournament's sponsor, Geese Howard. Along with their friend Joe Higashi, they manage to defeat Geese who dies falling from a tower after fighting one of the three main characters. The numerous Fatal Fury sequels released later feature Terry and his friends competing in new tournaments. The first sequel, Fatal Fury 2, introduced a new antagonist for Terry to defeat named Wolfgang Krauser who tries to conquer Southtown. By Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, Terry continues his fight against Geese, who survived his apparent death and now seeks revenge against Terry and other rivals. Real Bout Fatal Fury concludes the Bogard and Howard rivalry by killing off Geese at the end of the game. Two subsequent Real Bout sequels featuring Terry were produced - Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers (although neither game contains a storyline), along with Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, a 3D game which retells the plot of the first game. Terry Bogard's character was reinvented for Garou: Mark of the Wolves, which features an older Terry as the mentor of Geese Howard's son, Rock Howard. During this time, Terry and Rock enter a new King of Fighters tournament related to the latter's heritage. As revealed in the featurette Memories of Stray Wolves, Rock is the winner of the tournament, joining the host Kain after learning he is related with his mother, leaving Terry who tells this story to Blue Mary. Terry is set to make his return in Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves.

After the release of Fatal Fury 2, Terry appeared in The King of Fighters '94, where he serves as the leader of the game's "Fatal Fury" team alongside Andy and Joe. The King of Fighters series, which was originally conceived as a crossover of SNK's previous video game franchises, eventually established their own self-contained continuity set apart from the earlier Fatal Fury series. Terry became a staple of both franchises. While the Fatal Fury Team's members change various times across the series, Terry remains the team's leader. In NESTS Saga storyline, depicted in The King of Fighters '99 up to The King of Fighters 2001, Terry plays much larger role on helping Mary to take down NESTS's hidden agents, mainly outside the tournaments. The King of Fighters XII and The King of Fighters XIII, including The King of Fighters XV bring back the character in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit. Terry returns in The King of Fighters XIV and XV mainly to oversee his nemesis, Geese.

The Fatal Fury Team remains as in the first KOF in the games without a storyline. They include: The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002 and Neowave. In The King of Fighters: Kyo, a role-playing game (RPG) centered on Kyo Kusanagi, Terry appears when Kyo goes to South Town and helps him fight Geese Howard. In the two games for the Game Boy Advance titled EX: Neo Blood and EX2, the Fatal Fury Team participates in the new tournaments. Terry also appears in the KOF: Maximum Impact sub-series in both his Fatal Fury 2 and Mark of the Wolves outfits, with the latter being labelled as "Wild Wolf" (ワイルドウルフ, Wairudourufu). The character is also present in The King of Fighters All Star in his Fatal Fury 2 and Garou personas and KOF 98: Ultimate Match Online.

He is also playable in the shooter game Sky Stage, and stars in the crossover video games NeoGeo Battle Coliseum in his Mark of the Wolves outfit and the SNK vs. Capcom series in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit. The shooting game Neo Geo Heroes: Ultimate Shooting uses him as a playable character. An alternate female version of Terry is featured in the game SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. Terry's ending is a dream that revisits the events of Geese's death, but an older Rock also throws him from a cliff before he awakes in the present where Rock had been trying to wake him up after finished cooking their breakfasts. Terry appears as a guest character in the Arika fighting game Fighting EX Layer. He is available in the King of Fighters X Fatal Fury mobile phone game, the Chinese mobile phone game called KOF: WORLD, Metal Slug Defense, the dating sim Days of Memories and the otome game King of Fighters for Girls. A pachinko based on the Orochi storyline of the series was released by SNK featuring Terry, while The Rhythm of Fighters has the character. Terry appears as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. He was released as downloadable content in November 2019, along with a stage based on Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters known as King of Fighters Stadium. Terry is set to appear as a playable character in Street Fighter 6 in September 2024 as part of its second season of downloadable content.

### In other media

Terry Bogard is the central character in a trilogy of Japanese animated Fatal Fury films. Two of them were original video animations (OVA) while the third was a theatrical release where his character is voiced by Shōnentai lead singer Nishikiori Kazukiyo in the Japanese originals and Mark Hildreth in the English dubs. The first two OVAs, 1992 ' s Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf and 1993 ' s Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle loosely follow the storylines of their respective games, while the third theatrical film, 1994 ' s Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, features an original storyline. The first OVA introduces a new love interest for Terry named Lily McGuire, an orphan raised by Geese Howard. Lily is killed by Geese during the first OVA, but she appears in both sequels as a spirit who guides Terry. The theatrical film introduced a new love interest for Terry named Sulia. She is the younger sister of the antagonist, Laocorn Gaudeamus, who sacrifices herself near the end of the film to help Terry defeat her brother. He is also present into the novelizations of The King of Fighters.

Terry plays a supporting role in the 2006 original internet animation The King of Fighters: Another Day. He appears in the episode Accede voiced in the Japanese version by his video game voice actor, Satoshi Hashimoto, and by Tony Carroll in the English dub. Terry is featured in volume 3 of the soundtracks series SNK Character Sounds Collection released by Pony Canyon. The CD features several songs based on his character. He appears in several manhua, including the Fatal Fury series, The King of Fighters and SNK Vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos, which retell the stories of their respective games. The first seven chapters of the manhua The King of Fighters 2003 by Wing Yen feature a short chapter from Garou: Mark of the Wolves that tells of Rock's training with Terry. His character is part of a social action program created by SNK Playmore named the " Nakoruru & Terry Club". The organization supports children to guide them to a better future. David Leitch portrays Terry in the live-action 2010 film The King of Fighters, where his role is that of a CIA agent who serves as the supporting side-kick and comic-relief of Iori, Kyo, and Mai's team.

Terry is also one of the characters featured in The King of Fighters: Destiny, an animated retelling of the first game in the series, voiced by his new voice actor in the games Takashi Kondo. In this story, Terry enters a tournament with Andy and Joe to avenge Jeff like the first Fatal Fury. He begins a romantic relationship with a woman named Angelina who is an agent from Geese. As Geese is about to kill Terry, Angelina sacrifices herself to protect him and he takes down Geese. After the battle, Heidern takes Terry and Kyo to meet the real mastermind behind Geese's power, Rugal Bernstein. Although Terry is defeated, Kyo manages to overpower Rugal. Terry plays a minor role in the manga The King of Fighters G where he faces Iori Yagami during the tournament and is nearly killed in combat by his enemy. However, when the tournament is interrupted, the Bogard brothers engage in a fight against Geese and Billy Kane.

## Cultural impact

### Popularity

Terry is frequently used to represent the company in crossover games, merchandise and publicity. During the KOF Year-End Party in 2005, a fan event held by SNK, the character's cap was given to every fan in attendance. His character has been well received by fans, appearing in several video games popularity polls. In Gamest ' s 1997 Heroes Collection, Terry was voted the staff's eighth favorite character. In a popularity poll by SNK for the release of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, Terry ranked second. SNK staff commented that "Terry's the eternal hero". A character popularity poll on the Neo Geo Freak website resulted in Terry as the fourth favorite character from the series with a total of 2,479 votes.

He was voted the number one fan favorite character with a total of 10,014 votes in a 2005 poll conducted by SNK-Playmore USA, which lead to his placement in the North American release of The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact to appeal to the Western gamers. For the Japanese special endings in The King of Fighters '97, three video game publications, Gamest, Famitsu and Neo Geo Freak, had to create a team composed of three characters for a special illustration. Gamest created a team composed of Terry, Blue Mary and Joe Higashi. In 2018, Terry was voted the most popular Neo Geo character. In his official blog, Falcoon reveals that both Meira brothers were initially conceptualized as the KOF counterparts to Fatal Fury stars given the game's setting is the same as their predecessors. In late 2018, Terry and other characters created by SNK appeared as part of a collaboration between other companies in Harajuku Japan involving new merchandising.

### Critical response

The character has received both praise and criticism from several media publications. GameSpot reviewer Frank Provo commented that one of Fatal Fury ' s biggest accomplishments is the creation of Terry Bogard and their use of him in later sequels. Damien McFerran praised Terry's design, saying that he is "emanating so much coolness it's little wonder that SNK otaku can always be seen wearing his trademark red cap". Dale Nardozzi of TeamXbox also praised Terry's distinct appearance. He also commented that Terry's clothes are some of the most common cosplays at every convention featuring video games. GamingExcellence's Andrew Sztein commented that Terry was one of his favorite series' character. He mentioned that he liked his design because "he should be working at Petro Canada part time" and added that his mispronunciation of English quotes is quite funny. IGN reviewer Ryan Clements also preferred Terry over all the other characters in the Fatal Fury series, commenting that he liked the way the character played in each game. Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer praised each part of Terry's appearance that makes him look cool. He noted that Terry is one of the most popular characters from Fatal Fury although he is "rather bland". UGO.com listed Terry's baseball cap thirteenth on their list of "The Coolest Helmets and Headgear in Video Games", calling it "completely badass", despite having "Fatal Fury" stitched on the front. Den of Geek placed Terry third on their "best fighting game characters" list. Editor Harry Slater commented that "Bogard is a stark reminder of the glory days of the two dimensional fighter". The English actor's voice in Maximum Impact received a good review in Hardcore Gamer magazine for fitting Terry so well.

GamesRadar called Terry "one of SNK's most memorable characters", ranking him the 86th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games. They also listed him as the second best fighting character because of the appeal of his techniques. His role in the story, for example his adoption of Rock Howard, was also praised. In 2012, Complex ranked Terry the 11th "Most Dominant Fighting Game Character" commenting that his appearance in the least would be predictable based on his fame. 4thletter listed Terry's ending in Real Bout Fatal Fury as the best one in gaming as it not only ends his rivalry with Geese but also shows more of his relationship with Rock Howard. Arcade Sushi ranked him as the "4th best fighting game good guy" noted for more than "his hilarious English butchery". They praised his outfit and cited his moves as entertaining. Den of Geek listed him as the third best The King of Fighters character with the writer commenting on his "overthetop" moves as well as comparing him positively with Street Fighter characters Ryu and Ken Masters based on their personalities. The same site listed him as the third best fighting game character, remarking on his figure within SNK's games and his impact within gamers. TeamXbox referred to Terry as one of SNK's most popular characters due to the number of cosplayers based on him.

Several sites have commented on Terry's gameplay moves. Gaming Age writer Jeff Keely criticized how overpowered Terry became in The King of Fighters '99 because of his new special moves. Prima Games listed his "Burn Knuckle" as one of the 50 greatest fighting moves in video game history because Terry dashes towards his enemies in the process. Terry was given a move known as the "Buster Wolf" which was listed as one of the best techniques in fighting games by Arcade Sushi not only because of its impact, but also before landing the attack, the character ironically says "Are you okay?" Polygon recommended that newcomers to The King of Fighters XIV try Terry's movesets, despite some difficulties with mastering certain moves.

The female portrayal of Terry in SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy was met with surprise. Push Square joked about the implications of the developers changing Terry's gender while Nintendo Life wondered why they did not use Alice Nakata, a female fighter who has some of Terry's moves. Nevertheless, the site found Terry's fighting style in the crossover to be promising. Despite also finding the fighter's appearance confusing, Game Informer commented that every SNK game might need Terry regardless of gender. Destructoid noted that while Terry retained his original moves, most fans were unaware that the female Terry appeared for the first time in a Japanese mobile game. Daily World News agreed with Nintendo Life ' s questioning why SNK did not use Alice instead. They noted the most common response had been mixed and wondered if this was meant to be a joke similar to Iori Yagami's cross-dressing alter-ego, Miss X, from SNK Gals' Fighters. The character's inclusion in Street Fighter 6 was praised by Anime News Network for its level of attention to the detail despite noting negative backlash about his large chin, but still found it as a fanservice to SNK fans, most specifically gamers from Garou: Mark of the Wolves. Kotaku enjoyed this decision especially due to how Terry is the rival of Ken Masters from Street Fighter as highlighted in promotional artwork of previous crossovers.

Anime News Network ' s Bamboo Dong praised Terry's character development in the Fatal Fury original video animations because they portrayed his insecurities, something rarely seen in other adaptations. Chris Beveridge of Mania Beyond Entertainment also praised the characters' development citing Terry's grief over the loss of his love interest. In contrast THEM Anime Reviews' Raphael criticized Terry's story for being told several times already in other series and also panned his final fight against Geese Howard because of the lack of regular martial arts and the use of chi-like energy instead. For The Motion Picture, Anime News Network found Terry's tragic characterization and fate sad enough to make him sensitive as it contrasted his views on fighting game characters in general with Terry losing for the second time a woman he loves despite having the power to defeat the villain. Although the live-action film of The King of Fighters has been panned, Beyond Hollywood said that KOF ' s "only saving grace... is David Leitch, who is flat-out hilarious as world-weary CIA agent Terry Bogard. Yeah, the character doesn't make a lick of sense, but in this film, it borders on genius". Felix Vasquez of Cinema Crazed, however, criticized Terry's character in the movie calling him a "nuisance". Tyler Treese of GameRevolution has praised Terry's addition in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate by stating that "There are so many ridiculous possibilities for him to battle, and that’s exactly what makes Smash Bros. such a fun series." A commercial for the mobile phone game SNK Allstar generated disgust in social media for Terry being portrayed as a man sexually harrassing women. This led to the game's cancellation when SNK's heard about it.


Israeli salad

# Israeli salad

## Abstract

Israeli salad (Hebrew: סָלָט יְרָקוֹת יִשְׂרְאֵלִי, romanized: salat yerakot yisra'eli, literal translation "Israeli vegetable salad") is a chopped salad of finely diced tomato, onion, cucumber, and bell or chili peppers. It has been described as the "most well-known national dish of Israel ", and is a standard accompaniment to most Israeli meals. Salads following similar recipes, with different names, are widespread and popular throughout the Eastern Mediterranean.

It was adopted by Jewish immigrants to the Levant in the late 19th century, who found the locally grown Kirby cucumbers and tomatoes in popular local salad. It was popularized in the kibbutzim, where the Jewish farmers had local fresh produce at hand.

The name Israeli Salad is used mainly outside of Israel. Within Israel, it is commonly referred to as salat katzutz (Hebrew: סָלָט קָצוּץ, "chopped salad"), as well as salat aravi (Hebrew: סָלָט עֲרָבִי, " Arab salad "), or salat yerakot (Hebrew: סָלָט יְרָקוֹת, "vegetable salad").

In an interview with the BBC, Israeli culinary journalist Gil Hovav said that the Israeli salad is in fact a Palestinian Arab salad. The idea that what is known in New York delis as "Israeli salad" stems from a Palestinian rural salad is agreed on by Joseph Massad, a Palestinian professor of Arab Politics at Columbia University, as an example of the appropriation of Palestinian and Syrian foods such as hummus, falafel, and tabbouleh by Israel as "national dishes".

## Description

Israeli salad is made of chopped raw tomato, onion and cucumber, and can also include pepper, carrot, scallion, leafy greens and parsley. The salad is dressed with either fresh lemon juice or olive oil, or both. Za'atar and yogurt are very common dressings at breakfast while sumac and tahini are common the rest of the day. Generally, the cucumbers are not peeled. The ability to chop the tomatoes and cucumbers into the "finest, most perfect dice" is considered a mark of status among many kibbutz cooks. Traditional recipes do not include lettuce.

In Israeli restaurants and cafes, Israeli salad is served as an independent side dish, as an accompaniment to main dishes, or stuffed in a pita with falafel or shawarma. It was a major part of the traditional Israeli breakfast at home before Western-style breakfast cereals became popular, and today it remains a standard feature at buffet breakfasts at Israeli hotels, as well as in many homes.

## History

Although cucumbers have an ancient history in the Middle East, tomatoes, native to South America, were not cultivated in the Syria region until possibly as late as the 19th century, during the Ottoman Empire. In the 1940, Kibbutz Beit Alfa pioneered a variety of cucumber named after the Kibbutz, which became the standard Israeli cucumber used in this salad.

Food historian Gil Marks describes how Jewish immigrants in the late 19th century first encountered the cucumber and tomato salad in then-Ottoman Palestine, and traces its presence there back to the Turkish çoban salatası (shepherd's salad). Since the cucumbers and tomatoes were familiar vegetables to both European and Middle Eastern immigrants, they were quickly incorporated into their common diet. The Kibbutz breakfast incorporated a variety of salad and fresh vegetables. Adopted and popularized by the kibbutzim across the land, this salad latter migrated to all areas of the Israeli cuisine. Variations on the basic recipe have been made by the different Jewish communities that immigrated to the country. For example, Jews from India prepare it with the addition of finely chopped ginger and green chili peppers, North African Jews may add preserved lemon peel and cayenne pepper, and Bukharan Jews chop the vegetables extremely finely and use vinegar, without oil, in the dressing.

## Similar salads

Israeli Arabs or Palestinians may call their traditional cucumber and tomato salad salatat al-bandura or salatat banadura ("tomato salad"), or salata na'meh. Other similar salads found in the Middle East, include the Persian salad shirazi سالاد شيرازي (which includes mint, diced onions, and peeled cucumbers), and the Turkish çoban salatası; among others found throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Turkey, Lebanon, and Egypt. The Indian subcontinent cuisine also includes a variant of this salad, called " kachumber ".