Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner

# Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner

## Abstract

Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner IESC 18 is an Irish Supreme Court case in which the Court referred the question of what constitutes as personal data to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). In this case, the Court saw for the first time an applicant contending that an exam script is his personal data. The CJEU decided that the answers provided by a candidate sitting an exam can be considered as information relating to the candidate and thus can be defined as the personal data of the candidate.

The Court of Justice of the European Union's decision in this case is significant because it set a precedent for other Member States as well. Also, it gave clarification on what can be considered personal data.

## Background

In this case, Mr. Peter Nowak was a trainee accountant who had passed the first level of his accountancy exams, which were issued by the Institution of Chartered Accountants in Ireland. He took the strategic finance and management accounting exams in two separate sittings. Once in 2008 and again in 2009 after subsequently failing his initial attempt. Mr Nowak failed his final attempt at the exams and subsequently requested a copy of his exam scrips from the Chartered Accountants of Ireland. He did this under Section 4 of the Data Protections Act 1998 and 2003. Despite retaining some documents from Chartered Accountants Ireland, he did not receive his exam script for review as they believed that the scrips did not fall under what they believed to be personal data.

The request for his exam scripts was then put to the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner. The Commissioner felt there was no need to conduct an independent investigation as under the terms of the Data Protections Act, exam scripts did not constitute as personal data. The Commissioner was of the view that if a complaint forwarded to him does not have any substantial legal grounds, then it can be considered frivolous and vexatious. In which circumstance, he would not be obliged to investigate the complaint any further. This process is what Nowak was questioning.

The Circuit Court rejected Mr Nowak's request for an appeal, and the same conclusion was reached by the Court of Appeal as well. This resulted in him bringing the case to the Supreme Court in April 2016.

## Holding of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the High Court that an appeal could not be made on the basis of a complaint which was frivolous or vexatious, as this was unjust. On the very basis of data protection, any appeal in relation to one's personal data could be appealed.

This Court had to consider three questions. Firstly, can Nowak appeal the Data Protection Commissioner's decision under section 26 of the Data Protection Act 1988 and 2003. Secondly, if he could, then what test should the Circuit Court have applied in relation to his case? Lastly, by applying this test, is the Data Protection Commissioner correct in making his decision?

Frivolous complaints are usually disregarded. Administrative decision makers can dismiss unfounded allegations. This is to avoid having to formalise every complaint and postpone work that might be done promptly. This is in the context of a frivolous complaint that raises a substantial legal question. Nowak's complaint was valid, but the Circuit Court can hear legal issues. Both Acts do not limit appeals. The Commissioner claimed he acted legally. Supreme Court stated that section 26 of the Data Protection Act 2003 deals with appeals and is clear. The modified section 26 also applies to complaints that are vexatious under section 10(1)(b).

If the Commissioner finds that a complaint cannot be settled, he or she just needs to tell the complainant. Reading the Acts as requiring a comprehensive inquiry does not limit appeals. It would require an unnecessary procedure that would delay other instances. The Court concluded that a frivolous or vexatious finding that a document is not personal data can be challenged. The Commissioner suggested judicial review. The Court disagreed because there is no reason to limit judicial review to legal questions. This matter is not suitable for judicial review. The Commissioner may have erred in rejecting the complaint as frivolous or vexatious. The Court rejected Mr. Nowak's claim that his handwritten script constituted personal data because exams are not graded on handwriting. Accountancy exams only test one topic. Mr. Nowak maintained that if the Act considers exam results personal data, then the script, markings, and other exam-related data should be too.

However, on the issue of personal data, the Court held that there was no prior case law for it to make its decision. There is also no European authority relating to data protection for the Court to base its decision upon whether an examination script falls under the scope of what is personal data. The Supreme Court made the decision to refer the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union in a request to answer the question of whether an examination script and its attached result can constitute personal data.

## Holding of the CJEU

The Court of Justice of the European Union decided that the answers provided by a candidate sitting an exam are, in fact, information relating to the candidate. It can therefore be defined as the personal data of the candidate. The CJEU held that all information provided by a candidate in an exam on the exam paper is under an obligation to be compliant with all data protection principles and the safeguards relating to that data, including the right to access the information.

The CJEU took a broad view of the concept of personal data. This case highlighted the importance of personal data and the rights that come with it, including all GDPR rules, as a guideline for all EU member states regarding what rules to follow when dealing with issues relating to the request for access to personal data.

## See Also

- Supreme Court of Ireland

- Court of Justice of the European Union

- Chartered Accountants Ireland


Mr. Peabody

# Mr. Peabody

## Abstract

Mr. Peabody is an anthropomorphic cartoon dog who appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s television animated series The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends, produced by Jay Ward. Peabody appeared in the "Peabody's Improbable History" segments created by Ted Key, and he was voiced by Bill Scott. In 2014, he was featured in the animated film, Mr. Peabody & Sherman. From 2015 to 2017, he appeared in a television series based on the film.

Mr. Peabody's first name is never given or referred to in the cartoons, but, in an animated promotion for the Rocky & Bullwinkle Savings Stamp Club, he tells Sherman that it is "Hector".

## Peabody's Improbable History

### Plot

The cartoons are about Peabody, who is the smartest being in existence, having graduated from Harvard when he was 3 years old. ("Wagna cum laude"). Peabody has accomplished many things in his life as a business magnate, inventor, scientist, Nobel laureate, gourmand, and two-time Olympic medalist.

In the first episode, Peabody meets an orphan named Sherman (portrayed by Walter Tetley) whom he saves from some bullies. He adopts Sherman after a court appearance that also involved him having to get the President and the government to help him out. Upon inventing the Wayback Machine and doing different upgrades, Peabody and Sherman meet various historic figures and help out with their plights. Each installment ends with Peabody making a pun on something revolving around the episode's time-traveling trip. An example of such a pun is " Marie Antoinette could have avoided trouble by making an edict for the people to eat cake, but she could not have her cake and edict too."

### Episodes

This is the list of 91 episodes which aired in 1959 and 1960:

- "Show Opening" - This episode details how Mr. Peabody adopted Sherman and how he invented the Wayback Machine to travel back in time that involved it being upgraded twice. They travel in time where they meet a used chariot salesman and later Ben Franklin.

- " Napoleon "

- " Lord Nelson "

- " Wyatt Earp "

- " King Arthur "

- " Franz Schubert "

- " Lucrezia Borgia "

- " Sir Walter Raleigh "

- " Robert Fulton "

- " Annie Oakley "

- " Jesse James "

- "The Wright Brothers "

- " George Armstrong Custer "

- " Alfred Nobel "

- " Marco Polo "

- " Richard the Lionhearted "

- " Don Juan "

- " William Tecumseh Sherman "

- "First Kentucky Derby "

- " P. T. Barnum "

- " Stanley and Livingstone "

- " Louis Pasteur "

- " Robin Hood "

- " Robinson Crusoe "

- " Ponce de León "

- " Leonardo da Vinci "

- " John L. Sullivan "

- " Paul Revere "

- " Confucius "

- " Nero "

- " Captain Matthew Clift "

- " Vasco Núñez de Balboa "

- " Peter Cooper "

- "The Battle of Bunker Hill "

- "The Pony Express "

- " Stephen Decatur "

- " Alexander Graham Bell "

- " Commander Peary "

- " Pancho Villa "

- " Lord Francis Douglas "

- " Sitting Bull "

- " Christopher Columbus "

- "The French Foreign Legion "

- " Guglielmo Marconi "

- " Scotland Yard "

- " John Holland "

- " Louis XVI "

- " Francisco Pizarro "

- " Daniel Boone "

- " William Shakespeare "

- " Zebulon Pike "

- " The First Golf Match "

- " William Tell "

- " James McNeill Whistler "

- " Ferdinand Magellan "

- " Ludwig van Beethoven "

- " Calamity Jane "

- " Cornwallis' Surrender "

- " The First Indian Nickel "

- " Jules Verne "

- " Casanova "

- " Lawrence of Arabia "

- " Bonnie Prince Charlie "

- " Paul Reuter "

- " Johannes Gutenberg "

- " Buffalo Bill "

- " Hans Christian Ørsted "

- " Leif Ericson "

- " John Sutter "

- "Sir Isaac Newton "

- " Kit Carson "

- "The First Caveman "

- " Geronimo "

- " The Great Wall of China "

- " The Marquis of Queensbury "

- " Jim Bowie "

- " Edgar Allan Poe "

- " Charge of the Light Brigade "

- " The Royal Mounted Police "

- " The First Bullfight "

- " The Building of the Great Pyramid "

- " John James Audubon "

- " Mata Hari "

- " Galileo "

- " Wellington at Waterloo "

- " Florence Nightingale "

- " Henry the VIII "

- " The First Indianapolis Auto Race "

- " Captain Kidd "

- " The Texas Rangers "

- " Cleopatra "

## Film

An animated feature film based on the characters of Mister Peabody and Sherman had been in development at DreamWorks Animation since 2007. The feature was directed by Rob Minkoff, who is known for co-directing The Lion King for Disney. In January 2011, it was announced that an animated film titled Mr. Peabody & Sherman would be released on March 14, 2014. Robert Downey Jr. was announced to voice Mr. Peabody, but in March 2012, was replaced by Ty Burrell. Max Charles, the actor who plays young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man voiced Sherman. In June 2012, it was reported that Mr. Peabody & Sherman' s release date had been moved up to November 8, 2013. Stephen Colbert voiced Paul Peterson, Penny's father; Leslie Mann voiced Peterson's wife, Patty, and Ariel Winter (Burrell's Modern Family co-star) voiced their daughter Penny. Also joining the cast were Allison Janney and Stephen Tobolowsky. In September 2012, the release date was moved up for a week to November 1, 2013. It finally had an official release on March 7, 2014. The film was produced by Alex Schwartz and Denise Cascino, and written by Craig Wright.

The film focused much more on Mr. Peabody and Sherman's personal lives that prompt a series of time-traveling mishaps with the WABAC machine, forcing the pair to put things on track before the space-time continuum is irreparably destroyed.

Unlike the show, Mr. Peabody treats Sherman as a beloved son, whom he adopted as an infant rather than as a pet and assistant, and the machine is more futuristic with an autonomous aircraft function. Also, a third member of the team is introduced, Penny, who is Sherman's rival and later, best friend and love interest.

## The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show

An animated television series, starring Mr. Peabody and Sherman, premiered in October 2015, on Netflix. It takes the form of a talk show named The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, with Mr. Peabody and Sherman hosting historical guests. The series is inspired by the 1960s short segments, including their hand-drawn animation and comedy, and it also integrates some elements from the 2014 film. Mr. Peabody is voiced by Chris Parnell, while Max Charles reprises his role as Sherman from the film. In this series, Peabody's family is further explored, with his foster parents appearing in the first season's episode nine, and his distant Uncle Duke appearing in a time travel adventure in the fourth season's episode six.

## Appearances

### Television shows

- In The Simpsons ' fifth Halloween special (" Treehouse of Horror V "), in the Time and Punishment segment, Homer Simpson finds himself able to travel through time by means of a magic toaster and claims he is the "first non-Brazilian person to travel backwards through time". He then comes across Mr. Peabody (voiced by Dan Castellaneta) and Sherman (voiced by Nancy Cartwright). Mr. Peabody then corrects Homer, saying he is actually the second. Sherman then agrees with him, only for Mr. Peabody to respond with "Quiet, you". The characters Kang and Kodos later take on Peabody's and Sherman's appearances (though still in their helmets and with their tentacles) due to Homer's meddling with the time stream.

- In Time Squad, the character Otto is modeled on Sherman, and Larry partially on Peabody.

- In the Family Guy episode " The Kiss Seen Around the World ", Peter Griffin and Brian Griffin travel back in time to see Christopher Columbus. The two don similar looks to Mister Peabody and Sherman; the flashback also parodies the format of the show, with the two going back in time and Brian (Mr. Peabody) teaching Peter (Sherman).

- In the Wander Over Yonder episode, "The Time Bomb", a dog resembling Mr. Peabody appears as one of the racers in the Galactic Conjunction 6000 race.

- He and Sherman made a small cameo in the first chapter of Moosebumps! in The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle.

### Tribute

- The 1985 film Back to the Future included a 1955 character named Otis Peabody with a son named Sherman, a tribute to the animated characters. Unlike the famed duo, this Sherman and Mr. Peabody are hostile toward Marty McFly and his time machine, mistaking Marty for an evil alien and his DeLorean time machine for a spaceship.

- The Wayback Machine, which records extant Internet webpages on https://archive.org (USA), is named after Mr. Peabody's WABAC machine.

- The comic series 'Gold Digger' by Fred Perry includes a long running villain based loosely on this show. Dr Alfred Peachbody and his trained attack-boy Benji are trying to change history to enable their dominance over the humans from their alternative future with their first appearance in the comic involving them trying to sabotage the person who invented the dog whistle. They also take part in a crossover event with Ben Dunn's Ninja High School comic.


Dejan Radosavljević

# Dejan Radosavljević

## Abstract

Dejan Radosavljević (Serbian Cyrillic: Дејан Радосављевић; born 5 May 1979) is a Serbian former football midfielder.

He has previously played with FK Jedinstvo Donja Mutnica, FK Jedinstvo Paraćin, FK Jagodina, FK Sevojno, FK Novi Pazar, FK Radnički Niš, FK Napredak Kruševac, FK Sloga Kraljevo and FK Borac Čačak.


# Cape Verde national under-20 football team

## Abstract

The Cape Verde national under-20 football team, nicknamed the Blue Sharks, represents Cape Verde in international youth football competitions. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior national team. The team competes in a variety of competitions, including the biennial FIFA U-20 World Cup and the U-20 Africa Cup of Nations, which is the top competitions for this age group.

## Competitive record

### FIFA U-20 World Cup record

Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.


Peter Pan

# Peter Pan

## Abstract

Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A free-spirited and mischievous young boy who can fly and never grows up, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood having adventures on the mythical island of Neverland as the leader of the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies, pirates, mermaids, Native Americans, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside Neverland.

Peter Pan has become a cultural icon symbolizing youthful innocence and escapism. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, The Little White Bird (1902, with chapters 13–18 published in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens in 1906), and the West End stage play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904, which expanded into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy), the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works. These include several films, television series and many other works.

Barrie commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by the sculptor George Frampton, which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a surprise to the children of London. Six other statues have been cast from the original mould and displayed around the world. In 2002, Peter Pan featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail on the centenary of Barrie's creation of the character.

## Origin

Peter Pan first appeared as a character in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902), a novel for adults. In chapters 13–18, titled "Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens", Peter is a seven-day-old baby and has flown from his nursery to Kensington Gardens in London, where the fairies and birds taught him to fly. He is described as "betwixt-and-between" a boy and a bird. Barrie returned to the character of Peter Pan, putting him at the centre of his stage play titled Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, which premiered on 27 December 1904 at the Duke of York's Theatre in London. Following the success of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted the Peter Pan chapters of The Little White Bird and published them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham. Barrie later adapted and expanded the 1904 play's storyline as a novel, which was published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy.

J. M. Barrie may have based the character of Peter Pan on his older brother, David, who died in an ice-skating accident the day before his 14th birthday. His mother and brother thought of him as forever a boy.

## Physical appearance

Barrie never described Peter's appearance in detail, even in his novel, leaving it to the imagination of the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. In the play, Peter's outfit is made of autumn leaves and cobwebs. In the book and play, he also carries a dagger and a raipier, although in some versions he only has one of the two. His name and playing the flute or pipes suggest that he is based on the Greek god and mythological character Pan. Barrie mentions in Peter and Wendy that Peter Pan still had all his " first teeth ". He describes him as a "lovely boy, clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees". In The Little White Bird (1902) and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906), he is seven days old.

Traditionally, the character has been played on stage by a female, but can also be played by a male. In the original productions in the UK, Peter Pan's costume was a reddish tunic and dark green tights, such as that worn by Nina Boucicault in 1904. This costume is exhibited at Barrie's Birthplace. The similar costume worn by Pauline Chase (who played the role from 1906 to 1913) is displayed in the Museum of London. Early editions of adaptations of the story also depict a red costume but a green costume (whether or not made of leaves) becomes more usual from the 1920s, and more so later after the release of Disney's animated movie.

In the Disney films, Peter wears an outfit that consists of a short-sleeved green tunic and tights apparently made of cloth, and a cap with a red feather in it. He has pointed elf -like ears, brown eyes, and reddish hair.

In Hook (1991), the character is played as an adult by Robin Williams, with blue eyes and dark brown hair; in flashbacks to him in his youth, his hair is light brown. His ears appear pointed only when he is Peter Pan, not as Peter Banning. His Pan attire resembles the Disney outfit (minus the cap) and he wields a gold bladed sword.

In the live-action 2003 Peter Pan film, he is portrayed by Jeremy Sumpter, with blond hair, green eyes, bare feet and a costume made of leaves and vines.

In the prequel to the main story 2015 Pan film, he is portrayed by Levi Miller, a young boy who was left as a baby by the orphanage until he gets captured by Blackbeard's pirates and taken to Neverland. Here he wears just simple clothes.

## Personality

Peter is an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He claims greatness, even when such claims are questionable (such as congratulating himself when Wendy re-attaches his shadow). In the play and book, Peter symbolises the selfishness of childhood, and is portrayed as being forgetful and self-centred.

Peter has a nonchalant, devil-may-care attitude, and is fearlessly cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he was going to die on Marooners' Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder. With this blithe attitude, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure." In the play, the unseen and unnamed narrator ponders what might have been if Peter had stayed with Wendy, so that his cry might have become, "To live would be an awfully big adventure!", "but he can never quite get the hang of it".

## Abilities

Peter's archetypal quality is his unending youth. In Peter and Wendy, it is explained that Peter must forget his own adventures and what he learns about the world in order to stay childlike.

Peter's ability to fly is explained, but inconsistently. In The Little White Bird, he is able to fly because he is said to be part bird, like all babies. In the play and novel, he teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of "lovely wonderful thoughts" and fairy dust. In Barrie's Dedication to the play Peter Pan, The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow up, the author attributes the idea of fairy dust being necessary for flight to practical needs:

...after the first production I had to add something to the play at the request of parents (who thus showed that they thought me the responsible person) about no one being able to fly until the fairy dust had been blown on him; so many children having gone home and tried it from their beds and needed surgical attention. – J. M. Barrie

Peter has an effect on the whole of Neverland and its inhabitants when he is there. Barrie states that although Neverland appears different to every child, the island "wakes up" when Peter returns from his trip to London. In the chapter "The Mermaids' Lagoon" in the book Peter and Wendy, Barrie writes that there is almost nothing that Peter cannot do. He is a skilled swordsman, rivalling even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. He is skilled in mimicry, copying the voice of Hook and the ticking of the clock in the crocodile.

Peter has the ability to imagine things into existence and he is able to sense danger when it is near.

In Peter and Wendy, Barrie states that the Peter Pan legend Mrs. Darling heard as a child, was that when children died, he accompanied them part of the way to their destination so they would not be frightened.

In the original play, Peter states that no one must ever touch him (though he does not know why). The stage directions specify that no one does so throughout the play. Wendy approaches Peter to give him a "kiss" (thimble), but is prevented by Tinker Bell. However, John Caird and Trevor Nunn 's introduction to the script for the 1997 Royal National Theatre production, states that this was never Barrie's original intention, and was only added for a production in 1927, where Jean Forbes-Robertson took the title role, and played the part with a lighter, more fairy-like, physicality. Robertson was to play the part almost every year until 1939.

## Cultural allusions

The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the five Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired the story, and Pan, a minor deity of Greek mythology who plays pipes to nymphs and is part human and part goat. This is referenced in Barrie's works (particularly Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens) where Peter Pan plays pipes to the fairies and rides a goat. The god Pan represents Nature or Man's natural state in contrast to Civilisation and the effects of upbringing on human behaviour, and he experienced a significant revival of interest among English artists, poets and novelists during the Edwardian period.

Peter Pan is a free spirit, being too young to be burdened with the effects of education or to have an adult appreciation of moral responsibility. As a "betwixt-and-between", who can fly and speak the language of fairies and birds, Peter is part animal and part human. According to psychologist Rosalind Ridley, by comparing Peter's behaviour to adults and to other animals, Barrie raises many post- Darwinian questions about the origins of human nature and behaviour. As "the boy who wouldn't grow up", Peter exhibits many aspects of the stages of cognitive development seen in children and can be regarded as Barrie's memory of himself as a child, being both charmingly childlike and childishly solipsistic.

## Relationships

### Family

Peter Pan ran away from his parents when he was a baby as told in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens and Peter and Wendy. Finding the window closed and seeing a new baby boy in the house when he returned some time later, he believed his parents no longer wanted him and never came back. This younger sibling is referred to in the chapter "Lock-Out Time" in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens but is not mentioned again.

### Friends

#### Maimie Mannering

While in Kensington Gardens, Peter meets a lost girl named Maimie Mannering and the two quickly become friends. Peter proposes marriage to Maimie. While Maimie wants to stay in the Gardens with Peter, she comes to realise that her mother is so worried that she must return to her. Maimie promises to always remember Peter and goes back to her mother. When Maimie grows up, she continues to think of Peter, dedicating presents and letters to him. To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat that Maimie created for him. She is considered to be the literary predecessor of Wendy Darling.

#### The Darlings

##### Wendy Darling

It is hinted that Wendy may have romantic feelings for Peter, but unrequited because of his inability to love.

In the original novel, Peter later befriends Wendy's daughter Jane (and her subsequent daughter Margaret), and it is implied that this pattern will go on forever. From time to time, Peter visits the real world, and befriends children. Wendy Darling, whom he recruited to be his "mother", is the most significant of them; he also brings her brothers John and Michael to Neverland at her request. It is mentioned that Wendy was the only girl who captured his attention.

In the 1991 film Hook, an older Wendy implies that she used to (and perhaps, still does) have feelings for Peter, saying that she was shocked that he did not prevent her wedding day. In the 2002 sequel to the 1953 Disney film, Return to Neverland, Peter and a grown-up Wendy are briefly, but happily, reunited after many years and continue to show feelings for each other. In the 2003 film Peter Pan, the feeling is mutual. Captain Hook can only take away Peter's ability to fly by thoughts of Wendy leaving him, growing up, and replacing him with a husband. Wendy saves Peter by giving him her hidden kiss which gives him the will to live, signifying she is his true love.

##### John Darling and Michael Darling

John is Wendy's younger brother. He is fascinated with piracy and imitates Captain Hook while playing at home with his siblings. He is also courageous and smart. Michael, the youngest of the Darlings, is convinced that Peter Pan is a real person after hearing Wendy's vivid narratives about him. During nursery games, it is Michael who plays the role of Peter Pan. Peter Pan In Scarlet reveals that Michael died in World War I.

##### Mary and George Darling

The parents of Wendy, John and Michael. Mr. Darling works as a clerk in the City, and is named after George Llewelyn Davies. Mrs. Darling is named after Mary Ansell, Barrie's wife.

#### Neverland inhabitants

##### Tiger Lily

Tiger Lily is the daughter of Great Big Little Panther, the chief of the Native American tribe resident in Neverland. Barrie refers to her as "a princess in her own right", and she is often described as such. She is kidnapped by the pirates and left to die on Marooners' Rock but is rescued by Peter. It is hinted later that she may have romantic feelings for Peter but he does not return them, as he is completely oblivious to other people's feelings. In the Disney film, Tiger Lily shows her gratitude by performing a dance for Peter and kissing him. The kiss makes him turn bright red and makes Wendy jealous of Tiger Lily.

##### Tinker Bell

Tinker Bell is a common fairy who is Peter Pan's best friend and is often jealously protective of him. He nicknames her "Tink". She is the friend who helps him in his escapades. Tink's malicious actions are usually caused by her jealousy; these lead to the Lost Boys shooting arrows at Wendy, and eventually revealing Peter's hideout to Captain Hook, in the hope that Wendy will be captured rather than Peter. When Tink realises her serious mistake, she risks her own life by drinking the poison Hook has left for Peter. Her extreme loyalty and dedication to Peter are everlasting.

##### The Lost Boys

Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, which include Tootles, Nibs, Slightly, Curly, and The Twins. The Lost Boys is a band of boys who were lost by their parents after they "fall out of their perambulators " and came to live in Neverland. In Barrie's novel Peter and Wendy (but not the original play Peter Pan), it is stated that Peter "thins them out" when they start to grow up.

In the song "I Won't Grow Up" from the 1954 musical, the boys sing "I will stay a boy forever", to which Peter replies "And be banished if I don't".

In Peter Pan in Scarlet (2006), the official sequel to Barrie's Peter and Wendy, what happens to the Lost Boys when they begin to grow up is revealed when Slightly starts to grow older, as Peter banishes him to Nowhereland (which means that he and all his allies will ignore the banished person's existence), the home of all the Long Lost Boys whom Peter has banished in times past.

##### The Crocodile

The crocodile is Captain Hook's nemesis. After Peter Pan cut off Captain Hook's hand in a fight and threw it into the sea, the crocodile swallowed it and got a taste for Hook, so it now seeks to consume him whole. It also swallowed a ticking clock, which alerts Hook of its presence.

### Adversaries

#### Captain Hook

Captain Hook, whose right hand was cut off in a duel, is Peter Pan's arch-enemy who leads a large group of pirates. Captain Hook's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one saltwater crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook that replaced his hand cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by the aforementioned crocodile, which continues to pursue Hook. In the 1991 film Hook Captain Hook kidnaps the children of Peter Banning (the adoptive identity of Peter Pan) when he left Neverland to grow up and married Moira Darling (the Granddaughter of Wendy Darling) with whom he would have the two children whom Hook would kidnap: Maggie and Jack. Hook in this film is also shown to questioning his existence due to the fact Banning/Pan has been away from Neverland so long does not remember anything when he first returns to Neverland. At Smee's suggestion Hook conjures up plan to defeat plan Pan by having his own children turn against him. Although Maggie is never swayed by this plan Jack initially sides with the pirates due to the prior broken promises of his father. However upon realising that his dad is Peter Pan Jack has a change of heart and betrays Hook. Hook is eventually defeated by Pan eaten by the crocodile which the pirate himself had killed in Pan's prior absence and had converted into clock.

#### Mr. Smee

Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's boatswain ("bo'sun") and right-hand man in J. M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan and the novel Peter and Wendy. Mr. Smee is Captain Hook's direct confidant. Unlike the other pirates, Smee is often clumsy and incapable of capturing any of the Lost Boys. Rather than engaging in Hook's evil schemes, Smee finds excitement in bagging loot and treasures.

## Original works

- Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up (1904 play), a play in which Peter brings Wendy and her brothers to Neverland, where he has a showdown with his nemesis, Captain Hook. Barrie adapted this play as a novel; numerous variations and other adaptations have been produced in various media

- Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1906), an origin story wherein the infant Peter flies away from his home, takes up residence in Kensington Gardens, and befriends the fairies. It is a "book-within-a-book" that was first published in Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902)

- When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought (1908), Barrie's sequel play

- Peter and Wendy (1911), a novel Barrie adapted from the 1904 play, later republished as Peter Pan and Wendy; it also incorporates events of Barrie's sequel play, When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought (1908)

## Popular culture

### Motion pictures and television

- Peter Pan appeared for the first time on screen in the 1924 American silent adventure film Peter Pan released by Paramount Pictures as an adaptation of the original stage play.

- Since their 1953 animated film, Disney has continued to use Peter Pan as a character, as in the sequel film Return to Never Land (voiced by Blayne Weaver), and in the Disney Parks, both as a meetable character based in Fantasyland and as the protagonist of the dark ride Peter Pan's Flight. He also appears in the television series House of Mouse and its film Mickey's Magical Christmas, several Disney video games including the Kingdom Hearts series (voiced by Mitsuo Iwata, and later by Yū Hayashi), and the television series based on Peter Pan, Jake and the Never Land Pirates (voiced by Adam Wylie). An older and darker interpretation of this Peter Pan appears as an antagonist in Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, voiced by Will Arnett. Peter Pan also appears in the short film Once Upon a Studio, voiced primarily by Lee Slobotkin, with archival recordings of Bobby Driscoll also being used.

- Peter Pan appears in Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates, voiced by Jason Marsden.

- In 1991, Robin Williams portrayed Peter Pan in the live-action film Hook, directed by Steven Spielberg, also starring Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook and Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell.

- In 2003, Jeremy Sumpter portrayed Peter in the live-action film directed by P. J. Hogan.

- Peter Pan appears in The New Adventures of Peter Pan, voiced by Matt Hill and Jake Paque.

- In 2013, Robbie Kay portrayed Peter Pan in the ABC drama series Once Upon A Time.

- In 2015, Levi Miller portrayed Peter Pan in Pan, a live action origin film.

- In 2015, Peter and Wendy aired on ITV, produced by Headline Pictures, with Zac Sutcliffe portraying Peter.

- In 2023, Disney released Peter Pan & Wendy, a live-action reimagining of the 1953 Disney animated film, with Peter Pan being portrayed by Alexander Molony.

### Manga/anime, games, and comics

- In the early 1930s, Edward Mason Eggleston painted a series of images for calendars that included Peter Pan, Native American princesses and pirates

- J. R. R. Tolkien 's biographer Humphrey Carpenter has speculated that Tolkien's impressions of a 1910 production of Barrie's Peter Pan in Birmingham "may have had a little to do with" his original conception of the Elves of Middle Earth

- He appears in the Italian comic series Martin Mystère

- Japanese manga artist Mayu Sakai appropriated the English term for her series Peter Pan Syndrome

- Game author Diana Gaeta developed a Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting named Neverland - The Impossible Island that allows players to interact with Peter Pan in an environment based on Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie

- Fiction writer Jonathan Green published a role-playing gamebook titled Neverland: Here Be Monsters! in which Peter Pan appears as a playable character. This version's background story attributes his flight ability and eternal youth to cybernetic implants installed by his genius father after Peter was severely injured by one of the dinosaurs roaming Neverland.

- Peter Pan appears in Disney Villains' Revenge, voiced primarily by Michael Welch and by Kevin Schon as an adult.

### Music

- Todd Rundgren recorded Never Never Land from the 1954 production with Mary Martin, written by Betty Comden, Adolph Green and Jule Styne. From Todd's 1973 album A Wizard, A True Star.

- Canadian singer-songwriter Ruth B. released the piano ballad " Lost Boy " in 2015, featuring Peter Pan and Neverland, and inspired by the character's appearance in Once Upon a Time

- Italian songwriter Edoardo Bennato released a concept album "Sono solo canzonette" in 1980 based on Peter Pan and other characters created by Barrie. Eventually created a musical named "Peter Pan" using his songs.

- Norwegian-Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded the song "Peter Pan" by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus in 1969

- Swiss singer Paola del Medico performed a song themed on the Peter Pan tale in 1982

- Pop-rock musicians The Jonas Brothers ' song " Fly With Me " makes direct references to Peter Pan and Wendy in the lyrics

- Country singer-songwriter Kelsea Ballerini released a top-charting country single and song titled "Peter Pan", in 2016

- South Korean boy-band BTS released a music video called "Adult Child", the song makes reference to the Peter Pan story

- British musician Kate Bush included her song "In Search of Peter Pan" on her second album Lionheart (1978). Another song on the same album, "Oh England My Lionheart", makes direct reference to Peter Pan in the lyrics

- Korean boy-band EXO released a track called "Peter Pan" on both the Mandarin and Korean versions of the album XOXO (2013)

- Serbian and Yugoslav rock band Petar Pan was named after the character

- Peterpan is the former name for an Indonesian pop-rock band, now called Noah

- The eleventh track of singer-songwriter Troye Sivan 's debut studio album Blue Neighbourhood (2015) is titled "Lost Boy", inspired by Peter Pan

- In Chance The Rapper 's song ' Same Drugs ', featured in the album Coloring Book (2015), he makes multiple references to Peter Pan and Wendy, another major character in the novel

- Taylor Swift 's songs " Cardigan " and " Peter " include multiple references to Peter Pan

- Blues/psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker included the track "Peter Pan RIP" featured in their fourth album Pilgrims Progress

- Italian singer-songwriter Ultimo named his second album Peter Pan (2018). It contains the song “Peter Pan (Vuoi Volare Con Me?)”, meaning "will you fly with me?"

- Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish make references to Peter Pan in some of their songs, notably Fantasmic from their 2000 album Wishmaster, and in their 2011 single Storytime from their seventh album Imaginaerum

- South Korean girl-group (G)I-DLE released a track called "Peter Pan" (Korean: 어린 어른; RR: eorin eoreun; translation: Young Adult) on their sixth EP " I Feel " (2023)

### Other uses in popular culture

The name Peter Pan has been adopted for various purposes over the years:

- Several businesses have adopted the name, including Peter Pan Bus Lines, Peter Pan peanut butter, Peter Pan Records, and Peter Pan Seafoods

- Three Thoroughbred racehorses have been given the name, the first, Peter Pan I, was born in 1904

- In the early 1960s, some Cuban families sent their children to resettle in Miami in an emergency effort calculated to save the children from perceived potential mistreatment under the Castro socialist regime; the program was called Operation Peter Pan (or Operación Pedro Pan)

- American psychologist Dr. Dan Kiley popularised the Peter Pan syndrome (puer aeternus) in his book The Peter Pan Syndrome: Men Who Have Never Grown Up (1983). He described individuals (usually male) with underdeveloped maturity. His next book, The Wendy Dilemma (1984), advises women romantically involved with "Peter Pans" how to improve their relationships

## Public sculptures

Barrie commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by the sculptor George Frampton, which was erected overnight in Kensington Gardens on 30 April 1912 as a May Day surprise to the children of London. Seven statues have been cast from the original mould. The other six are located in:

- Egmont Park, Brussels, Belgium, 1924

- Bowring Park, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, 1925

- Johnson Park on the campus of Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, United States, 1926

- Queens Gardens, Perth, Western Australia, 1927

- Sefton Park, Liverpool, England, 1928

- Glenn Gould Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1929

Other statues are:

- In 1925, the town council of Melbourne, Australia, commissioned a statue of Peter Pan by Paul Montfort; it is now located in Melbourne Zoo

- In 1928, Charles Andrew Hafner created a bronze statue for a fountain in the lobby of the old Paramount Theater in Times Square, but it is now situated in Carl Schurz Park, New York

- In 1949, a statue of Peter Pan by Alex Proudfoot RSA, Principal of Glasgow School of Art, was erected at the Mearnskirk Hospital for children in Glasgow, commissioned by Alfred Ellsworth in memory of his friend Dr John A Wilson, first superintendent of Mearnskirk Hospital. Wilson had also been a school friend of J.M. Barrie's

- A statue by Ivan Mitford-Barberton was commissioned by Vyvyan and Gwen Watson in remembrance of their son Peter and given in 1959 to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Western Cape, South Africa

- A pair of statues by Cecil Thomas, one showing Peter Pan and Tinker Bell, and the other Wendy and the Darling children, have been located in Dunedin Botanic Gardens in Dunedin, New Zealand since the 1960s. A slightly different version of the Peter Pan statue, also by Thomas, can be found close to Rotokawau Virginia Lake in Whanganui, New Zealand

- A bronze statue by Alistair Smart, originally commissioned by the Angus Milling Company in 1972, is situated in the main square of Kirriemuir, Scotland.

- In 1976, Ronald Thomason sculpted a bronze statue in front of the Weatherford, Texas public library honouring Weatherford native Mary Martin, who had portrayed Peter Pan in the 1954 Broadway musical production and several subsequent telecasts

- A bronze statue by Diarmuid Byron O'Connor was commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and unveiled in 2000, showing Peter blowing fairy dust, with Tinker Bell added in 2005


The Graveyard (film)

# The Graveyard (film)

## Abstract

The Graveyard is a 2006 American slasher film written by Michael Hurst, directed by Michael Feifer and starring Patrick Scott Lewis. The project was filmed in California.

## Plot

A group of friends (Jack, Allie, Sarah, Charlie, Michelle, and Eric)head to the Placid Pines Cemetery for a midnight game of hide andseek. Eric is chosen to be the seeker, and begins to count with hiseyes closed as the friends spread out. As he opens his eyes, he sees amasked, knife-wielding man approaching. In fear, he begins to runaway, looking back to see the masked man stab one of his friends. Hekeeps running and slips, impaling himself on protruding bars in thecemetery fence. As he bleeds to death, the friends gather around, withthe masked man revealing himself as Bobby, the seventh friend. Theirpractical joke has gone horribly wrong.

Five years later, Michelle testifies at Bobby's probation hearing;apparently, Bobby was charged with manslaughter while the otherfriends were let off. Michelle, Bobby's former lover, has organized areunion of the friends at a campsite near the Placid Pines Cemetery inhopes of bringing closure to the horrific accident that occurredearlier. Bobby is reticent as we learn the status of the otherfriends, clearly upset at having served time for a joke everyone elsewas in on. The friends meet up at the campsite (with Veronica, Jack'sgirlfriend), where they are greeted by the groundskeeper,Peter Bishop, with whom Michelle strikes a good rapport. Meanwhile, inan isolated shed, we see a bloodied man tied to a chair, awakeningonly to be brutally hacked to pieces by a masked assailant.

The group reunites, with Bobby making his disdain apparent toeveryone. The group decides to try to relax until dinner, and it isrevealed that Eric's family died a short while after Eric'sdeath—victims of an arson. After sex with Jack is cut short due to premature ejaculation, his girlfriend wanders off to take ashower. She is attacked and brutally murdered by a masked assailant.The group then tries to locate her, and, soon after, Jack is attackedby a masked man. His screams draw the others close, but it is revealed that the masked man isBobby, who is chided for not having not learned his lesson. A light tone returns, thoughVeronica is still missing, as the group returns to the camp. However,Allie and Jack are killed in short order, and as their bodies arediscovered, chaos descends on the surviving friends. Bobby heads fortown and is arrested, as the sheriff is on the lookout for a murderer—a body was located in the woods earlier. Charlie accidentallyelectrocutes Sarah, and is subsequently bitten in the eye by arattlesnake planted by the murderer. Peter and Michelle franticallyrealize they are alone with the killer.

The sheriff releases Bobby upon confirming his identity and heads outto scour the woods again. Before Bobby leaves, he sees an incoming faxthat reveals the identity of the body found in the woods: PeterBishop. Back at the camp, "Peter" reveals that he is Adam, Eric'sbrother. A psychopath, he burned down his home, using Eric's exhumedbody as his own to fake his death. He takes Michelle to the cemeteryand tells her to run, much like in the hide-and-seek game in whichEric died. He stalks her, but she is saved by Bobby's timely return.Adam is shot, but as the police close in, they are unable to locatehis body. Some time later, Bobby and Michelle are escorted into apolice car. They sit back, glad to be safe. The driver enters, and wesee in the rear-view mirror that he is none other than Adam.

## Cast

- Lindsay Ballew as Michelle

- Patrick Scott Lewis as Bobby

- Trish Coren as Allie

- Erin Reese as Sarah (as Erin Lokitz)

- Markus Potter as Peter Bishop / Adam morris

- Christopher Stewart as Charlie

- Mark Salling as Eric

- Sam Bologna as Sheriff

- Eva Derrek as Veronica

- Leif Lillehaugen as Jack

- Natalie Denise Sperl as Zoe

- Brett Donowho as Camper

- Jasmes Gallinger as Bailiff

## Reception

Mitchell Hattaway of DVD Verdict panned the film, finding it to be "...boring, illogical in the extreme, and inept", and summarizing his review by writing The Graveyard "is the worst slasher flick I've ever seen". Andre Manseau reviewed the film for JoBlo and noted that the "characters are painful stereotypes (as per usual), and the acting is at best, passable", concluding the film was forgettable.

## Release

The film had its video release in June 2006, a TV release in Italy in May 2007, and DVD release in Japan in April 2008.


Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey

# Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey

## Abstract

The Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey team represents Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut and is the oldest collegiate ice hockey team in the United States. The Bulldogs compete in the Ivy League and the ECAC Hockey League (ECACHL) and play their home games at Ingalls Rink, also called the Yale Whale. The current head coach is Keith Allain, who led the Bulldogs to an Ivy League championship in his first year as head coach (2006–2007 season). Allain is assisted by former QU/UND goaltender, Josh Siembida. On April 13, 2013, the Bulldogs shut out Quinnipiac 4–0 to win their first NCAA Division I Championship.

## Team history

### Origins: Malcolm Greene Chace

Financier Malcolm Greene Chace (Yale class of 1896) is credited with introducing ice hockey to the United States while a Yale student. Chace had been a tennis champion and avid player of ice polo, a game which predated hockey in the United States. In 1892, while competing in an international tennis tournament in Niagara Falls, New York, Chace was introduced to the game of ice hockey by members of Canada's Victoria Hockey Club. During the following Christmas break, Chace formed a team made up of Brown, Harvard, Cornell and Columbia students and played a ten-game schedule in Canada, with the goal of learning the Canadian game. After their tour, the students established hockey clubs at their respective schools.

Chace led the Yale team as captain in their game against Baltimore on February 14, 1896, winning 2–1. Over a century later in 1998, Yale established the position of Malcolm G. Chace Head Hockey Coach in his honor. A portrait of Chace hangs in The Schley Room at Ingalls Rink. The Malcolm G. Chace Award is given each year to the player who "best exemplifies leadership and the traditions of the sport at Yale".

### Early history (1893–1963)

The Yale Men's Ice Hockey team is the oldest existing intercollegiate ice hockey program in the United States, the program traces its roots back to 1893. Yale played its first intercollegiate match on February 1, 1896, against Johns Hopkins, resulting in a 2–2 tie.

In the early years of the program, the team played under the direction of captains in a player-coach role and team managers. Despite not having an official head coach, the team proved successful in the early years of the program playing various amateur athletic clubs and a growing number of intercollegiate teams at various schools in the Northeast. Yale won its first intercollegiate championship in the fourth season of the program in 1899 when the Bulldogs went 6–0 through the season. Yale continued its early success winning the intercollegiate championship in each of the next three seasons. On February 22, 1904, the Bulldogs played their 100th game at the St. Nicholas Rink in New York, a 2–5 loss against rival Harvard. The team won its 100th game on January 8, 1913, with a 6–0 shutout at Columbia.

Fred Rocque became the program's first head coach in the 1916–17 season, during which the team finished with ten wins and four losses. The following two seasons from 1917 to 1919, the team only played three games due to the World War. Following the break, Talbot Hunter took over as head coach for the 1919–20 season. Hunter's Yale team began the season on a five-game trip to Canada, the first time an American university would make such a trip. During the rest of the 1919–20 season and through the 1920–21 season Yale played home games in Philadelphia due to poor ice conditions at the Bulldogs home rink. Clarence Wanamaker took over as head coach after serving as the coach of Dartmouth from 1915 to 1920. Wanamaker would become the first multi-year head coach in program history and led the team from 1921 to 1928. In his sixth season, the 1926–27 season, ice hockey was given major sport status by the university. He led the program to a record high 18-win season in 1922–23 and followed that season with a 14-win season, the first back to back double digit-win seasons in program history.

The Quadrangular League was created for the 1933–34 with Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Dartmouth. The league is considered the predecessor to the Ivy League and ECAC Hockey. In 1936, the Council of Ivy Group Presidents agreed on the formal formation of the League, however the agreement did not go into effect until the 1955–56 season. Yale won the Hobey Baker Trophy, given to Quadrangular League champions in the 1934–35 season.

In 1938, the university hired former New York Rangers player, Murray Murdoch to take over the hockey program. Murdoch quickly turned the Bulldogs team around, after three consecutive losing seasons, he recorded back-to-back 10-win seasons followed by a 12-win and 14-win season. Seasons were shortened from 1942 to 1946 during World War II and following the war Army joined the Quadrangular League and it became known as the Pentagonal League in 1946–47. Army left the league after two season, but was replaced by Brown. In the 1951–52 season, the Bulldogs swept through the Pentagonal League with a 6–1–0 league record and finished the regular season 16–7–0. The team received a bid to the 1952 NCAA Ice Hockey tournament. It was the first Frozen Four appearance by the university. The four-team tournament, still in its early years, having first been played in 1948, was held at the Broadmoor Arena in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Yale lost to the hometown Colorado College Tigers but won the consolation game 4–1 over St. Lawrence to place third in the tournament. Murdoch guided Yale to its 500th program win in the 1953–54 season on March 3, 1954, in a 10–7 win over Providence.

In 1961 Yale and the other members of the Pentagonal League joined various other schools in New England to form the 28-team ECAC Hockey. After two seasons a number of the smaller programs split leaving the ECAC with the Ivy League schools and a number of other Division I programs. Murray Murdoch ended his tenure as Yale head coach after 27 seasons in 1965. Murdoch finished with a record of 271–234–20, lead the Bulldogs to two Hobey Baker Trophy Quadrangular League Championships, and the program's first NCAA Frozen Four appearance.

### Taylor era (1976–2006)

Tim Taylor, a 1963 Harvard graduate and Crimson assistant coach from 1969 to 1976 under Cooney Weiland, took over the Yale program in 1976 after a number of losing seasons, including the 1974–75 season when the team finished 1–21–1 (.065). With Taylor behind the bench, the program turned around and within two seasons Taylor lead the Bulldogs to a 14-win season. In the 1984–85 and 1985–86 seasons, Yale reached back-to-back 20-win seasons for the first time in program history. That same season, on November 15, 1986, Yale beat rival Harvard 7–5 to win the 100th game of the Taylor era. With the win he became the second Yale coach to win at least 100 games.

Yale won its first ECAC Regular season Champion in the 1997–98 season. Despite losing in the ECAC playoffs to Harvard, Yale received an at-large bid to the 1998 NCAA Ice Hockey tournament. The Bulldogs lost in the opening round of the NCAA tournament 0–4 to Ohio State. The Bulldogs finished the season setting a new program best record of 23–9–3 (.700). With the success of the season coach Taylor was named the national coach of the year in 1997–98 by the American Hockey Coaches Association. In 2001–02 Yale got their revenge against Ohio State when the Bulldogs beat the Buckeyes 6–2 in Columbus, Ohio, to win the university's 2,000th game.

Yale made the 2006 ECAC playoffs and faced Union in the best-of-3 series first round series. After winning the first game 2–1 in overtime the second game of the series on March 4, 2006, was tied 2–2 at the end of regulation. 11th-seeded Yale eventually won 3–2 when David Meckler redirected a Zach Mayer shot 1:35 into the fifth overtime for a shorthanded goal, giving the a 3–2 victory over the 6th-seeded Union. The fifth overtime goal came at 1:10 a.m., six hours and 10 minutes after start of the game. The 141 minutes and 35 seconds set a new NCAA record for the longest played in NCAA men's hockey history. The win would become Taylor's last victory as Yale head coach after Yale's season ended with a 2-game sweep by Dartmouth in the second round of the ECAC playoffs.

Tim Taylor was let go at the conclusion of the 2005–06 season after 28 seasons as head coach of the team. During his program leading tenure Taylor recorded 342 wins, 433 losses 55 ties; becoming the first Yale coach to eclipse the 300 win mark. He coached more games than any other ECAC coach and guided Yale to 19 ECAC playoff appearances, the 1997 Cleary Cup - awarded to the ECAC Regular season Champion, and one NCAA tournament appearance. In addition, he coached all six of the school's Hobey Baker Award finalists 30 years at Yale. Taylor missed two seasons in 1984 and 1994 to coach United States Olympic Team.

### Allain era (2006–present)

In 2006 Keith Allain, a 1980 graduate of Yale, was named the school's eighth coach in program history and first new head coach in 30 years. Allain coached his first game as head coach on October 21, 2006, when Yale played McGill in an exhibition game. His first NCAA game and NCAA win came on October 27, 2006, against Holy Cross 2–1. After finishing his first season 11–17–3, Allain's Bulldogs rebounded the following season recording a 16 win season. Yale captured the Cleary Cup for ECAC Regular season Champions in the 2008–09 season. The Bulldogs followed the regular season by sweeping Brown in the ECAC Quarterfinal Round then getting a 4–3 win over St. Lawrence 4–3. In the ECAC Championship, Yale shut out Cornell 5–0 for the program's first ECAC Playoff Championship. The win sent the Bulldogs to the 2009 NCAA Ice Hockey tournament. After falling 1–4 to Vermont in the NCAA East Regional, Yale finished the season with a record of 24–8–2, the first 20-win season since the 1997–98 season.

The Bulldogs repeated as Cleary Cup Champions in the 2009–10 season and received an at-large bid to the 2010 NCAA Ice Hockey tournament after falling to Brown 2 games to 1 in a best-of-three quarterfinal round of the ECAC Tournament. The third-seeded Bulldogs faced the second-seeded North Dakota in the NCAA Northeast Regional held in Worcester, Massachusetts. After starting the third period with a three-goal lead, Yale held on during a Fighting Sioux comeback to win the game 3–2. The win was the first NCAA tournament win since 1952. In the second round of the tournament, Yale lost to Boston College in a high scoring game, 7–9.

In the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey rankings, the Bulldogs ranked number 1 in the poll in December 2010 for the first time in the history of the poll. Yale finished the regular season second in the ECAC but won the ECAC playoffs with a 6–0 win over Cornell in the finals. The Bulldogs advanced into their third consecutive NCAA tournament. Yale was seeded first in the 2011 NCAA Ice Hockey tournament and placed into the East Regional, held in Bridgeport, Connecticut. In the opening round the Bulldogs came close to an upset but defeated the fourth-seeded Air Force 2–1 in overtime. The win over Air Force sent the hometown Bulldogs to the East Regional Finals where they would take on three-seeded Minnesota–Duluth. The game would become the final game of Yale's season after Minnesota-Duluth defeated Yale 5–3 and eventually went on to win the NCAA Championship. Despite the loss, Yale finished the season 28–7–1, recording the best record in the history of the program.

In the 2012–2013 season, the Bulldogs won another Ivy League Championship. The team finished fourth in the 2013 ECAC tournament after losing to Union 0–5 in the semifinal and falling to Quinnipiac 0–3 in the third-place match. Despite their disappointing showing in the ECAC tournament, the Bulldogs qualified for the last at-large bid in the 2013 NCAA tournament thanks to Notre Dame 's victory over Michigan in the CCHA Tournament final. In the first round of the NCAA tournament, the 15th-seeded Bulldogs shocked 2nd-seeded Minnesota, winning 3–2 after forward Jesse Root scored 9 seconds into the overtime period, the fastest overtime goal in the history of the NCAA tournament. The next day, the Bulldogs defeated North Dakota 4–1, earning them their first berth in the Frozen Four in 61 years. In the Frozen Four semifinal, Yale defeated University of Massachusetts Lowell 3–2 on captain Andrew Miller 's overtime goal. In the final, the Bulldogs defeated 1st-overall-seeded Quinnipiac 4–0 for their first NCAA Division I National Championship. Two weeks after winning their first championship, longtime Yale coach, Tim Taylor, died at the age of 71, he had been the coach for the Bulldogs prior to Keith Allain.

The 2013–2014 season was an off-year for the Bulldogs after finishing 3rd in the Ivy League and being eliminated in the quarterfinal round of the 2014 ECAC tournament in a 0–2 series with Quinnipiac. Yale looked to rebound in the 2014–15 season and successfully did by capturing their 12th Ivy League Championship. For the second year in a row the Bulldogs were eliminated in the quarterfinal round of the ECAC tournament in a 1–2 series with Harvard. The Bulldogs still received an at-large bid to the 2015 NCAA tournament thanks to Harvard 's victory over Colgate in the ECAC Tournament final and Boston University 's victory over University of Massachusetts Lowell in the Hockey East Tournament final. In the first round of the NCAA tournament, the 14th-seeded Bulldogs faced off against 3rd-seeded Boston University, losing 2–3 after Terrier forward Danny O'Regan scored in the overtime period.

## Season-by-season results

Source:

## Head coaching record

Starting in 1998, the head coach position has been known as the Malcolm G. Chace Head Hockey Coach as a memorial to Malcolm Chace, an 1896 alumnus and the man credited with bringing ice hockey to the United States.

As of the competition of the 2023–24 season.

Note: (*) indicates former Bulldogs player

## Championships

### ECAC regular season championships

(Known as Cleary Cup Championships)

Runners-up in 1985–86, 2010–11, 2015–16

### Trophies

- Intercollegiate Champions (five times): 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1930 (Co-champions)

- 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1930 (Co-champions)

- Quadrangular League Champions (two times): 1935, 1940

- 1935, 1940

- Pentagonal League Champions (one time): 1952

- 1952

- Ivy League Champions (13 times): 1981, 1985 (Co-champions), 1992, 1998, 1999 (Co-champions), 2001, 2007 (Co-champions), 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016 (Co-champions)

- 1981, 1985 (Co-champions), 1992, 1998, 1999 (Co-champions), 2001, 2007 (Co-champions), 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016 (Co-champions)

- Heroes Hat Champions: Annual Game (since 2007) played at Quinnipiac (three times): 2011, 2012, 2015 (Co-champions)

- 2011, 2012, 2015 (Co-champions)

- Rivalry on Ice Champions: Annual Game (played from 2014 to 2015) vs. Harvard Played at Madison Square Garden (two times): 2014, 2015

- 2014, 2015

## Records by opponent

Ivy League Opponents as of the conclusion of the 2015–16 season Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Win % = Win Percentage

### Rivals

Ever since the Quinnipiac Bobcats moved to the ECAC, they have become one of Yale's biggest non-Ivy rivals. The rivalry is dubbed the Battle of Whitney Avenue as the two campuses are separated by a mere 8 miles on Whitney Avenue in Hamden, Connecticut, to New Haven, Connecticut. The two teams met on April 13, 2013, for the fourth time in the 2012–13 season in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to play for the national championship. Although, Quinnipiac had won the previous three meetings (all in the 2012–13 season) by a combined score of 13–3, Yale shut them out in the national championship game, 4–0.

## Awards and honors

## Program records

### Career

- Most goals in a career: Ding Palmer, 87 (1927–30)

- Most assists in a career: Andrew Miller, 114 (2009–13)

- Most points in a career: Jeff Hamilton, 173 (1996–01)

- Most penalty minutes in a career: John Emmons, 293 (1992–96)

- Most points in a career, defenseman: Dave Baseggio, 108 (1985–89)

- Most wins in a career, Alex Lyon, 50 (2014–2016)

- Most shutouts in a career, Alex Lyon, 15 (2014–2016)

### Season

### Game

## Current roster

As of September 20, 2023.

## Olympians

This is a list of Yale alumni were a part of an Olympic team.

† Were members of the AHA team that was allowed to play in the Olympics but disqualified from medal contention.

## Bulldogs in the NHL

As of July 1, 2024.

Source:


Negative air ions

# Negative air ions

## Abstract

Negative air ions (NAI) are important air component, generally referring to the collections of negatively charged single gas molecules or ion clusters in the air. They play an essential role in maintaining the charge balance of the atmosphere. The main components of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Due to the strong electronegativity of oxygen and oxygen-containing molecules, they can easily capture free electrons to form negatively charged air ions, most of which are superoxide radicals ·O,so NAI is mainly composed of negative oxygen ions, also called air negative oxygen ions.

## Research history

In 1889, German scientists Elster and Geitel first discovered the existence of negative oxygen ions.

At the end of the 19th century, German physicist Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard first explained the effects of negative oxygen ions on the human body in academic research. In 1902, scholars such as Ashkinas and Caspari further confirmed the biological significance of negative oxygen ions. In 1932, the world's first medical negative oxygen ions generator was invented in the United States.

In the middle of the 20th century, Professor Albert P. Krueger of the University of California, Berkeley,conducted pioneering research and experiments on the biological effects of ions at the microscopic level. Professor Krueger demonstrated the impact of negative oxygen ions on humans, animals, and plants from the aspects of biological endocrine, internal circulation, and the generation reactions of various enzymes through a large number of animal and plants experiments.

From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, many experts, scholars, and professional medical institutions applied negative ions (negative oxygen ions) technology to clinical practice. Through various explorations, new ways of treating diseases were opened up.

In 2011, the official website of the China Air Negative Ion (Negative Oxygen Ion) and Ozone Research Society was launched. This website is the first negative ions industry website in China, and its purpose is to rapidly promote the orderly development of the air negative ion (negative oxygen ion) industry. In 2020, the Tsinghua University successfully developed a medical-grade high- concentration negative oxygen ion generator. It only needs to be sprayed on the room's walls to form a uniform and dense layer of nanoparticles on the wall, allowing the indoor wall to stably and long-term release high-concentration small-particle negative oxygen ions.

## Generation mechanism

Common gases that produce negative air ions include single-component gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, or multi-component gases obtained by mixing these single-component gases. Various negative air ions are formed by combining active neutral molecules and electrons in the gas through a series of ion - molecule reactions.

In the air, due to the presence of many water molecules, the negative air ions formed are easy to combine with water to form hydrated negative air ions, which are typical negative air ions, such as O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, OH ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, HCO ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n,etc. The ion clusters formed by the combination of small ions and water molecules have a longer survival period due to their large volume and the fact that the charge is protected by water molecules and is not easy to transfer. This is because in the molecular collision, the larger the molecular volume, the less energy is lost when encountering collisions with other molecules, thereby extending the survival time of negative air ions.

## Generation methods

Negative air ions can be produced by two methods: natural or artificial.The methods of producing negative air ions in nature include the waterfall effect, lightning ionization, plants tip discharge, etc. Natural methods can produce a large number of fresh negative air ions. The artificial means of producing negative air ions include corona discharge, water vapour，and other methods. Compared with the negative air ions produced in nature, although artificial methods can produce high levels of negative air ions, there are specific differences in the types and concentrations of negative air ions, which makes the negative air ions produced by artificial methods may not achieve the excellent environmental health effects of negative air ions produced in nature. Improving the artificial method to produce ecological-level negative ions is necessary.

### Natural environments

- Waterfall method: When people are in a water-rich environment such as a waterfall, fountain, or seaside, they usually feel relaxed and release stress, which is related to many negative air ions in the environment, as one of the most common methods for producing negative air ions in nature.

- Lightning strike method: The atmosphere itself is a huge electric field. Positive and negative charges will accumulate above and below the clouds. When the droplets in the clouds continue to accumulate and gradually approach the ground due to gravity, a giant capacitor will be formed between the clouds and the ground. When the electric field strength between the two exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, discharge will occur and break through the air. During the lightning discharge process, charged particles bombard the surrounding air molecules, ionizing the molecules to generate negative air ions. At the moment of the lightning strike, hundreds of millions of negative air ions will be generated. This is why people feel the air is fresh and clean after rain. It is not only because the rain increases the humidity of the air, but more importantly, the concentration of negative ions in the air has increased significantly.

- Plants tip discharge: The tip of the leaves of vegetation will discharge under the action of the photoelectric effect. Like the corona discharge, the needle tip will continue to ionize and release negative air ions. In addition, the reason why negative air ions can maintain a high concentration for a long time in forests and some areas covered by green vegetation is that the oxygen concentration released by vegetation during photosynthesis is much higher than that in cities, and a large amount of water vapor is released through respiration and leaf transpiration. Oxygen and water vapor can produce free electrons under ionization. Due to their strong electronegativity, water molecules and oxygen molecules can easily capture free electrons to form negative air ions.

### Artificial ionization

- Corona discharge method: Currently, the most common artificial method is to use corona discharge to produce negative ions. The specific process of using corona discharge to produce gaseous negative ions is to connect the high-voltage negative electrode to a thin needle-shaped wire or a conductor with a very small radius of curvature, so that a strong electric field is generated near the electrode, releasing high-speed electrons. The speed is enough to drive the electrons to collide with gas molecules, further ionize, and produce new free electrons and positive ions. The newly generated free electrons will repeat the previous process, continue to collide and ionize, and this process will be repeated many times, so that the tip electrode will continuously release negative air ions.

- The water vapour method: The water vapour method refers to the use of artificial technology and modern instruments to simulate the principle of waterfall generation, using high-speed airflow to collide with water droplets, dispersing larger water droplets into a large number of microdroplets. As the water droplet dispersion process, the Leonard effect occurs, generating negative ions.

## Determination method

Detection of negative air ions is divided into measurement and identification. NAI measurement can be achieved by measuring the change in atmospheric conductivity when NAI passes through a conductive tube. NAI identification is generally achieved using mass spectrometry, which can effectively identify a variety of negative ions, including O, O, O, CO, HCO, NO, etc.

## Application of negative air ions

### Health Promotion

The effects of NAI on human/animal health are mainly concentrated on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and mental health. The impacts of NAI on the cardiovascular system include improving red blood cell deformability and aerobic metabolism and lowering blood pressure. In terms of mental health, a experiments have shown that after exposure to NAI, performance on all the experimenters test tasks (mirror drawing, rotation tracking, visual reaction time and hearing) was significantly improved, and symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) were alleviated. The effects of NAI in relieving mood disorder symptoms are similar to those of antidepressant non-drug treatment trials, and NAI have also shown effective treatment for chronic depression.

### Environmental Improvement

Negative air ions can be effectively used to remove dust and settle harmful pollutants such as PM. In particular, they can significantly degrade indoor pollutants, improve people's indoor living environment, and purify air quality. Some experts and scholars have used a corona -negative ions generator to conduct experiments on particles sedimentation through three steps: charging, migration, and sedimentation. They found that charged PM will settle faster or sink faster under the action of gravity so that PM will settle/precipitate faster than uncharged PM. In addition, experimental studies have shown that negative air ions have a specific degradation effect on chloroform, toluene, and 1,5-Hexadiene and produce carbon dioxide and water as final products through the reaction.


Dave Aronberg

# Dave Aronberg

## Abstract

Dave Aronberg (born May 4, 1971) is the State Attorney for Palm Beach County, Florida and a former member of the Florida Senate. He was elected to the Senate in 2002 as its youngest member and served for eight years. He is a Democrat.

Prior to serving in the Senate, Aronberg worked as a lawyer in both the public and private sectors. He was serving as the Florida Attorney General’s “Drug Czar” in 2012 when he announced his candidacy for Palm Beach County State Attorney. He was first elected to the office in November 2012 and re-elected without opposition on May 6, 2016.

## Early life and career

Aronberg was born in Miami. He is of Jewish descent. He attended North Miami Senior High School, and graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors in Government in 1993. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he received a Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1996.

After graduation, Aronberg worked for three years in the litigation department of the law firm, Steel Hector & Davis LLP, in Miami and West Palm Beach.

### Holocaust victims insurance relief

Aronberg took a leave of absence from the law firm for three months in 1998 to work for U.S. Senator Bill Nelson, who at the time was serving as Florida’s Insurance Commissioner. Nelson and Aronberg worked together to investigate European insurance companies that refused to honor World War II-era policies sold to victims of the Holocaust. Working with members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), the investigation led to the establishment of the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC) and the enactment of Florida's Holocaust Victims Assistance Act to ensure that insurance claims of Holocaust victims were expeditiously identified and properly paid, compensated, or returned.

### Florida Assistant Attorney General - Economic Crimes

Aronberg worked as an Assistant Attorney General in the Economic Crimes Division of the Florida Attorney General's Office on two separate occasions. In 2000, President Bill Clinton selected Aronberg to be a White House Fellow. After the Fellowship was completed in September 2001, Aronberg returned to the Economic Crimes Division.

#### Phone-scam psychic "Miss Cleo" and the Psychic Readers Network

Aronberg investigated late-night television celebrity, Youree Harris, a/k/a "Miss Cleo," and the Psychic Readers Network for deceptive marketing practices. As part of the investigation, Aronberg obtained and released to the public a copy of Harris' California birth certificate, even though she was promoted as a shaman from Jamaica. Working with Florida and other states, the Federal Trade Commission fined Psychic Readers Network $5 million and forced it to cancel $500 million in customer bills.

### White House fellowship

In 2000, Aronberg was selected to be one of 15 White House Fellows from across the country. In this non-partisan position, he served in two presidential administrations as a Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury Department for international money laundering, including the laundering of terrorist assets.

He was part of a U.S. delegation to an international summit on money laundering at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2001.

## Florida Senate

Aronberg was elected to the Florida Senate in 2002 as its youngest member. He served as the Chair of the Military Affairs and Domestic Security Committee, and also chaired the Everglades Restoration Committee, where he advocated for additional state and federal funds to protect and restore the “River of Grass.”

### Domestic security

As Chairman of the Florida Senate ’s Military Affairs and Domestic Security Committee, Aronberg led a rewrite of Florida's port security law to better protect Floridians from terrorist threats. Aronberg’s 2009 bill, signed into law by Florida Governor Charlie Crist at a bill signing ceremony at Fort Lauderdale’s Port Everglades, matched Florida security law to the federal requirements. The bill received unanimous support from labor unions and maritime businesses, leading the Associated Industries of Florida’s Maritime Council to name Aronberg as “Legislator of the Year” for his work to improve port security while expanding Florida’s global position as a leading exporter.

### Public safety and criminal justice

#### Opioid abuse

When Aronberg was elected to the Florida Senate in 2002, he followed up on his investigation of Purdue Pharma by calling attention to the growing opioid crisis. In 2010, the Florida legislature enacted legislation co-sponsored by Aronberg to regulate the pain clinic industry and to limit the dispensing of narcotics such as oxycodone.

#### Anti-looting

In 2007, he was successful in passing an anti-looting law that increased penalties for specific thefts and burglaries committed after the Governor has declared a state of emergency.

#### Gang violence

During 2007 and 2008, Aronberg pushed the Legislature to pass tough anti- gang legislation. The language in Aronberg's proposal, which was enacted into law in 2008, increased penalties for habitual offenders convicted of gang-related crimes and stiffened sanctions for witness tampering and harassment. The legislation also banned gang members from possessing bulletproof vests during the commission of a crime.

#### Sexual violence

Aronberg sponsored a bill to eliminate the statute of limitations for child victims of sexual abuse. His bill, SB 870, passed both the House and Senate unanimously and was signed into law by Governor Crist. The Florida Coalition Against Sexual Violence named Aronberg its “Legislator of Year” of 2010.

### Consumer protection and privacy rights

#### Regulating the credit counseling industry

In 2004, Aronberg sponsored Florida’s Credit Counseling Services Bill (SB 2682), which limited the fees credit counseling and debt repair companies could charge consumers.

#### Video voyeurism

In 2004, Aronberg proposed a bill to make video voyeurism a crime in Florida, which included the taking as well as the dissemination of the images.

## Florida Attorney General candidacy

In 2010, Aronberg made a bid for the office of Attorney General of Florida. Aronberg was unsuccessful in the primary.

## Special Prosecutor for Prescription Drug Trafficking ("Drug Czar")

In early 2011, based on Aronberg’s work on opioid abuse, Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi reached across party lines to appoint Aronberg to be Special Prosecutor for Prescription Drug Trafficking, or "Drug Czar."

## Palm Beach County State Attorney

In January 2012, Aronberg announced his candidacy for Palm Beach County State Attorney. Aronberg won the office with 58% of the vote in the November 6, 2012 election and was re-elected without opposition on May 6, 2016.

As State Attorney, Aronberg leads a team of 120 prosecutors and 220 professional staff in five offices throughout Palm Beach County.

In 2016, Aronberg was elected as an officer of the National District Attorneys Association (NDAA) and subsequently re-elected in 2017. He led an NDAA working group that published a national report to advise prosecutors and legislators of best practices in addressing the opioid epidemic. In November 2016, Aronberg traveled to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base as a representative of the NDAA to observe the prosecution of accused Al-Qaida terrorist Abdul al Hadi al Iraqi. In 2016, Florida Bar President Bill Schifino appointed Aronberg to the Florida Bar Board of Governors to represent government lawyers throughout the State. Aronberg was reappointed to two more terms by Florida Bar Presidents Michael Higer and Michelle Suskauer, respectively.

### Task forces

In early 2016, Aronberg launched a task force to protect seniors from scams.

#### Sober Homes Task Force

Aronberg’s most notable task force is his Sober Homes Task Force, which has helped to clean up the fraud and abuse in the drug recovery industry in Palm Beach County, also known as "The Florida Shuffle." Since October 2016, the Task Force has made more than 85 arrests for patient brokering and insurance fraud, and has led to new Florida laws and regulations that have become the model for other states. Aronberg's efforts also convinced Google to restrict advertisements and improve screening for addiction treatment. The crackdown in rogue sober homes and corrupted drug treatment led to an approximate 40% decrease in opioid overdose deaths in Palm Beach County in 2018, compared to 2017. Aronberg's Task Force has received national attention for its work to combat the opioid epidemic, including a feature story on Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly on June 25, 2017, and a 60 Minutes interview on September 30, 2018. After testifying twice before Congress about federal laws that unwittingly incentive drug relapse over recovery, Aronberg launched a website to urge policymakers to "fix the Florida Shuffle."

#### Human Trafficking Task Force

In 2017, Aronberg formed a Human Trafficking Task Force with the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office and federal officials. The Florida Attorney General appointed Aronberg to the Statewide Council on Human Trafficking to represent all state prosecutors.

### Animal welfare

Aronberg, who adopted his basset hound, Cookie, from Big Dog Ranch Rescue in 2011, personally prosecuted a felony animal cruelty case for his first trial as State Attorney.

In recognition of his efforts to fight animal cruelty, Aronberg received the national Wings Award by the Pegasus Foundation for his contributions to animal welfare.

### First-time DUI offender program

In 2013, Aronberg launched a unique first-time DUI offender program that is the only one of its kind endorsed by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Since the program’s inception, thousands of defendants have entered the program and very few have committed a DUI again.

The most well-known defendant to enter Aronberg's program was golfer Tiger Woods, whose 2017 DUI case made international news.

### Corey Lewandowski case

Aronberg gained national media attention during the 2016 Presidential Election when he announced he would not move forward with a battery charge against Corey Lewandowski, Donald Trump 's campaign manager. Jupiter Police had charged Lewandowski with misdemeanor battery after former Breitbart reporter Michelle Fields alleged that he grabbed her after a Trump press conference on March 8 at Trump International Golf Club.

### Nouman Raja case

As State Attorney, Aronberg filed charges of manslaughter by culpable negligence and attempted first-degree murder with a firearm against Palm Beach Gardens police officer Nouman Raja for the killing of 31-year-old musician and housing inspector, Corey Jones, a black man who had been waiting for help on a highway after his car broke down. On March 7, 2019, a jury found Raja guilty as charged, making him the first officer in Florida to be convicted of an on-duty shooting in 30 years. Circuit Court Judge Joseph Marx sentenced Raja to 25 years in prison.

## Morning Joe

Aronberg has become a weekly guest on MSNBC 's Morning Joe to discuss legal issues, particularly those related to the criminal justice system.

## Personal life

In May 2015, Aronberg married Lynn Lewis, a former Miami Dolphins Cheerleader and public relations professional nearly a decade his junior, at the Don Cesar in St. Pete Beach; she is a convert to Judaism. They divorced in August 2017. Lynn is a Republican.

In May 2024, Aronberg married Sasha Kraver in a small ceremony at the Brazilian Court Hotel in Palm Beach, FL. Kraver is a luxury realtor with Douglas Elliman in Palm Beach. She is Jewish and also a vocal Israel supporter. She is a Democrat.