After School (group)

# After School (group)

## Abstract

After School (Korean: 애프터스쿨) was a South Korean girl group formed by Pledis Entertainment, with an admissions and graduation concept.

After School officially debuted in January 2009 with the song "AH!" from the single album New Schoolgirl. Following the addition of Uee in April of that year, they released " Diva ", which won the "Rookie of the Month" award at the Cyworld Digital Music Awards. Pledis Entertainment then announced the graduation of Soyoung before adding Raina and Nana for the release of " Because of You ", which topped the monthly digital chart for December 2009. Follow-up singles " Bang! ", " Shampoo ", " Flashback " and " First Love " further consolidated their popularity and saw the additions of members Lizzy, E-Young and Kaeun, as well as the graduations of original members Bekah and Kahi. In 2010, the three newest members at that time formed the group's first subunit, Orange Caramel, and in 2011 a second subunit was formed when the group was split into two teams, A.S. Red and A.S. Blue, for the release of their fourth single album.

In the beginning of 2011, the group signed with Avex Trax to begin their promotions in Japan. The group made their first official appearance in Japan by collaborating with singer Namie Amuro for a song from her collaboration album Checkmate!, titled "Make it Happen". The song won Best Collaboration at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. The group's debut single, a remake of their Korean hit "Bang!", was released in August that year and charted at number seven on the Oricon Singles Chart. Their debut Japanese album, Playgirlz, was released in 2012 and their second Japanese album, Dress to Kill, fronted by the Shinichi Osawa produced singles " Heaven " and " Shh ", was released in 2014.

After School received attention for their unique live performances, often incorporating different performance styles into their songs, including drums, tap dancing and pole dancing. The group received the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Commendation in 2011 and was ranked number five in Billboard ' s 2017 list of the Top 10 K-pop Girl Groups of the Past Decade. From 2015 onward, Pledis halted both After School and Orange Caramel promotions and the members have embarked on individual music, acting and modeling careers. In 2019, Lizzy revealed that all members had gradually gone their separate ways.

## History

### Pre-debut

After School was first formed following Kahi 's departure from Korean-American girl group S-Blush, as she began planning to produce a new group together with the current CEO of Pledis Entertainment. The first member other than Kahi was Bekah, who was a trainee while Kahi was in S-Blush. With Kahi's recommendation, Bekah was brought from Hawaii to South Korea. They were then introduced to Jungah, followed by Soyoung and Jooyeon, forming a five-member group.

After School as a group first made an unofficial appearance on December 29, 2008, at the SBS Song Festival. Kahi and Jungah performed "Play Girlz" alongside Son Dam Bi whilst the remaining members, Soyoung, Jooyeon, and Bekah served as backup dancers for Son Dam Bi's performance at the event.

### 2009: New Schoolgirl, "Diva" and "Because of You"

In the start of 2009, a few days before After School's debut, Pledis Entertainment announced that the group's music concept was heavily influenced by the Pussycat Dolls. On January 15, the group released their debut single album New Schoolgirl. The album had three songs: the lead single "Ah!", "Play Girlz" and "Bad Guy" (나쁜놈). A teaser for their debut music video was released on the same day and gained over 100,000 views before its release the next day. On January 17, After School made their debut stage on television music program Music Core. Following promotional activities for "AH!", After School planned to continue to promote "Bad Guy" from their debut single New Schoolgirl. However, the track was deemed unsuitable and was banned from broadcast because a word of profanity was in the lyrics.

In April 2009, a new member, Uee, joined the group. The group then released their second single, " Diva " on April 9, 2009. They first performed the song on April 9, 2009, on M! Countdown. After School went on to win the "Rookie of the Month" award for the month of April 2009 at the Cyworld Digital Music Awards with the single. On May 21, the group released a cover of Morning Musume 's " Love Machine ", entitled "Dream Girl". In July, it was announced that the group would collaborate with Son Dam-bi for digital single "Amoled". It was released on July 16, as part of a promotion deal with Samsung. After School also became the opening act for The Pussycat Dolls 's Doll Domination Tour along with label-mate Son Dam-bi for the Asian dates of the tour. On October 29, Soyoung officially graduated from the group to pursue an acting career. Two new members were then added to the group, Raina and Nana. On November 25, After School released their new single " Because of You " which had exceeded over 30,000 pre-orders. The song marked a change for the group to a more mature and sophisticated concept, and became extremely popular, winning three Mutizen awards for the group on SBS' Inkigayo.

### 2010: "Bang!" and Orange Caramel

At the start of 2010, the group won the Best Rookie Award at both the Billboard Japan Music Awards and Seoul Music Awards. On March 25, After School released their third single album Bang! with new member Lizzy where the group took on a marching band concept. Kahi revealed that she was inspired after watching the American film Drumline, and had always wanted to do a marching band concept ever since she took to the stage as an After School member. The group practiced playing the drums for five months with a trainer for the single. The title track entered the Gaon Weekly Chart at number 2 and reached number 29 on the 2010 Gaon year-end digital chart with 2,374,731 digital downloads sold.

In June 2010, Raina, Nana, and Lizzy formed a sub-unit, revealed to be named Orange Caramel, and released their first mini-album. Orange Caramel's concept was revealed to be more lighthearted and sweet, unlike many girl groups that have taken on darker, sexier concepts. Orange Caramel debuted on June 16, with the title track "Magic Girl". Their debut mini-album, The First Mini Album, was released on June 21, 2010. The album was a commercial success, peaking at No. 2 on the Gaon Chart with the lead single "Magic Girl" peaking at No. 18. On December 6, 2010, Pledis Entertainment released Happy Pledis 1st Album that consisted of four tracks: the title song "Love Love Love", "Someone Is You", and instrumental versions of the two songs. A portion of the profits from the album was donated to the " Save the Children " organization. Bekah did not take part nor participate in the promotions for this album due to her two-month break in Hawaii visiting her parents.

### 2011: Virgin, line-up changes, Japanese debut and A.S. Red & Blue

On January 27, Pledis Entertainment announced that they had signed a contract with Japanese record label AVEX TRAX for After School to begin activities in Japan by the end of March. After School started their Japanese activities by collaborating with Japanese R&B superstar Namie Amuro; featuring in the song "Make It Happen" for her collaboration album. This was the first release to include new member E-Young, who was previously revealed to the public during the group's performance of " Bang! " at SBS' Gayo Daejun on December 31, 2010. In March 2012, the song won Best Collaboration at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.

After School's first studio album, Virgin, was released on April 29 with new member E-Young. The title track, " Shampoo ", was composed by Japanese producer Daishi Dance, and the music video was released later that day. The music video for "Let's Step Up", the intro track on the album, featured After School performing a tap-dance routine, which was praised internationally by tap dancers such as Joseph Wiggan. After School began promotions for the "Shampoo" starting with KBS 's Music Bank. Virgin was released in the Philippines on July 23, 2011, along with Bang! and Happy Pledis 1st Album, and it debuted at number one on the Philippines AstroChart, while Bang! debuted at number two and Happy Pledis 1st Album at number three.

In June 2011, After School made a cameo as a female idol group, Pure, in the Korean horror film White: The Melody of the Curse. They performed segments of their hit song, "Bang!". On June 17, 2011, Pledis Entertainment announced that original member Bekah was to 'graduate' from After School after concluding promotions for Virgin. Bekah released her 'graduation' song "Take Me to the Place" on July 11. In July, Pledis Entertainment announced that After School would separate into two sub-units, A.S. Red & Blue, as part of the group's second comeback project for the year, with the units releasing "In the Night Sky" and "Wonder Boy" respectively. On July 9, After School held their second official Korean fan meeting at Sookmyung Women's University. 'Graduate' Bekah joined the fan meeting.

Prior to their official debut in Japan, After School held a showcase in Japan at Akasaka BLITZ in Tokyo on July 17, 2011, selling out tickets within one minute. After School officially debuted in Japan on August 17 with the release of their first Japanese single, "Bang!", which peaked at number seven on the Oricon Weekly Chart. After School also participated in the prestigious 'a-nation' concert tour as part of their Japanese promotions. After School's second Japanese single, " Diva ", was released on November 23. The single was accompanied with a new Japanese song called "Ready to Love".

Happy Pledis 2011 was released on December 1 and featured all Pledis artists, including Son Dam-bi and pre-debut NU'EST (then called Pledis Boys). A portion of the " Happy Pledis " earnings were donated to UNICEF, and the album was also a gift to the fans. The group also partnered with Shibuya 109 for a Christmas advertising campaign. After School ended the year by headlining the MTV EXIT live concert along with American band The Click Five on December 17, 2011, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

### 2012: Playgirlz, "Lady Luck/Dilly Dally", line-up changes and "Flashback"

After School's third Japanese single was a double A-side single consisting of two songs, " Rambling Girls " and a Japanese remake of their 2009 hit " Because of You ". The single was released on January 25, 2012, and debuted at number six on the Oricon Daily Singles Chart. The single then debuted at number seven on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart with sales of 12,110. Since then, the single has sold over 17,000 copies in Japan. On February 29, 2012, After School released a promotional digital single, "Just in Time", to promote the new album which was released the following month. "Just in Time" is also used in a Samantha Thavasa commercial featuring After School, who are models for the fashion company.

After School's first Japanese album, Playgirlz, was released on March 14, 2012. The album contains all their Japanese singles plus a Japanese version of their latest Korean single, "Shampoo", and six original Japanese songs. The regular edition of the album also included a Japanese version of Orange Caramel's "Shanghai Romance" as a bonus track. The album debuted at number six on the Oricon Daily Album Chart, with estimated sales of around 11,000 on the first day. The album debuted at number eight on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart with sales of 16,000. On April 23, 2012, Avex Trax announced that After School would release their fourth Japanese single, " Lady Luck/Dilly Dally ", on June 13, 2012. The single is a double A-side single and the regular edition also contains an additional track, "Slow Love", which is the song used on the Eyefull Home commercial. The single debuted at number 3 on Oricon's Daily Singles Chart with sales of 7,648 and at number 6 on Oricon's Weekly Singles Chart with sales of 13,424 respectively. As of the end of 2012, the single has sold over 17,000 copies in Japan.

After School started their promotion tour for Playgirlz in late April. With a total of four dates, the tour kicked off at Zepp Tokyo on April 27, followed by Zepp Nagoya on April 28 and Namba, Osaka on April 30. The tour's first stop at Zepp Tokyo on April 27 marked the admission and first performance of new member Kaeun, who joined the group on stage to perform "Let's Do It" and the Japanese version of "Bang!". Kaeun continued to make appearances for the other stops on the tour. On June 5, Pledis Entertainment announced that Kahi would graduate from the group to pursue a solo career, as well as to study acting. After School's tour finished on June 17 at Tokyo Dome City Hall, which was also the last time Kahi performed with the group. She stayed with the group until September to help with promotion.

After School's fifth Korean single album, Flashback, and a music video for the title track were released on June 20. This was the first release to include new member Kaeun, as well as being the first release to not include Kahi. Jungah, who was revealed to be the group's new leader after the departure of Kahi, said that the album's title refers to the group's desire to return to their original image and produce music for all ages.

### 2013–2015: "First Love", Dress to Kill, line-up changes

After School held a fan meeting in Thailand on February 23, 2013, and performed in front of over 3,000 fans. Due to the success of the fan meeting in Bangkok, After School held another fan meeting in Taiwan on March 30. This meeting was also held as a charity event with the proceeds from the ticket sales going to children in need. A total of 1,000,000 Taiwan dollars was raised for charity.

The group released their first compilation album, The Best of After School, on March 27, 2013, along with their first live DVD of their Playgirlz Japanese concert. Their sixth Korean maxi-single, " First Love ", was released on June 13, and was produced by Brave Brothers. This single marked the first time the group had worked with the producer since " Because of You " in 2009. Their fifth Japanese single " Heaven ", was released on October 2. "Heaven" debuted at number 6 on the Oricon Daily Singles Chart with over 18,596 copies sold during its debut week. On December 19, the music video for " Shh ", the group's sixth Japanese single, was released on YouTube. On February 20, 2014, After School released a single titled "Week" in collaboration with Brave Brothers for his 10th anniversary project.

After School's second full-length Japanese album, Dress to Kill, was released on March 19, 2014. The album has twelve tracks including "Heaven", "Shh", and "Ms. Independent", the title track. The album was released in three versions: a CD + DVD version which includes music videos and a special fanmeeting video, a CD version with a bonus track of the Japanese version of "Flashback", and another CD version (Mu-mo special) with the bonus track "Lucky Girl".

At the beginning of 2014, After School began filming a beauty variety show for KBS titled After School's Beauty Bible. The show focused on the members becoming beauty editors and providing the viewers with information and tips about Korean beauty, with topics ranging from makeup to style and trends. The show became quite successful and aired in over 100 countries through KBS World 's YouTube channel. The second season of the show began airing in September. After School's second Japanese tour, "Dress to SHINE", began on November 21, 2014, in Tokyo and ended on November 24 in Osaka. On December 31, Jooyeon's contract with Pledis Entertainment expired, and she announced her graduation from After School that same day. Jooyeon continued to promote as a member of After School in Japan, as her contract with AVEX TRAX had not yet expired. After School released their music video for "Shine" on February 9, 2015, to promote their Japanese compilation album BEST which was released on March 18. Jooyeon officially graduated from the group on March 20, at a fan-club event at Negishi Tokyo Cinema in Tokyo, held to promote the album, where she received her graduation diploma.

### 2016–2019: Line-up changes and solo endeavors

On January 28, 2016, Pledis Entertainment announced that Jungah had graduated from the group after seven years of activity due to the expiration of her contract. With the lack of group promotions, members Uee and Nana took a more active role as actresses. MBC's Marriage Contract, starring Uee, began airing on March 5. In the drama, she played the character of Kang Hye-soo, a single mother with a terminal illness who enters into a contract marriage. In November, Uee starred in the MBC drama Night Light, alongside Jin Goo and Lee Yo-won. She played the character of a poor woman who is able to turn her life around with an opportunity. Nana made her acting debut in a support role in TvN's The Good Wife, a Korean remake of the American drama of the same name, with the show debuting on July 8. On June 17, Raina's second duet with San E, titled "Sugar and Me", was released, peaking at number five on the Gaon chart. Lizzy joined the hosting lineup for FashionN's Please Take Care of My Vanity 2. Kaeun had been focusing on her DJ gigs, and had confirmed an acting debut in pre-produced drama The Idolmaster KR, which premiered in early 2017. E-Young opened a music academy on September 19, featuring piano, vocal, bass, and electric guitar lessons as well as dance and singing classes for those wishing to become idols.

On May 31, 2017, Pledis Entertainment announced that Uee had graduated from the group after eight years of activity due to the expiration of her contract. After School was to continue as five members for the first time in eight years since the group debuted. On May 1, 2018, Pledis Entertainment announced that Lizzy had graduated from After School after eight years of activity due to the expiration of her contract. Pledis Entertainment later stated that despite this, Lizzy would still continue to be a member of After School's subgroup, Orange Caramel. Days later, it was reported that Kaeun will be the center for the Korean group in " Nekkoya (Pick Me) ", Mnet 's Produce 48 official song, confirming her participation in the show. Despite never leaving the top 12 during the show's run, and ranking 1st for more weeks than any other contestant, Kaeun placed 14th during the finale of Produce 48 and therefore failed to make it to the final line-up. It was later revealed that Kaeun had placed 5th, making it into the final lineup, but was artificially removed from it via vote manipulation.

On May 15, 2019, Lizzy mentioned that After School members gradually went their separate ways. Kaeun and Raina left the label in July and December 2019, respectively, following their contract expiration. On July 5, 2019, Kaeun released "Remember You" (기억할게) her first digital single that marked her departure from Pledis Entertainment. In December 2019, E-Young announced on Instagram that she also left the group and company following her contract expiration and she is working on her solo album.

On June 3, 2021, members Jungah, Jooyeon, Bekah, Raina, and Kahi reunited as After School as part of a guest appearance on SBS ' internet program MMTG for its special Hidden Gems segment. After deciding on "Bang" and "Diva" during the program, the five members performed the two songs as part of MMTG' s Hidden Gems concert on June 12.

On August 30, 2024, it was announced that Nana had left Pledis following the end of her contract.

## Members

After School has an admission-graduation system, where members are added or withdrawn in a "natural" manner.

- Kahi

- Jungah

- Uee

- Nana

- Jooyeon

- Bekah

- Soyoung

- Raina

- E-Young

- Lizzy

- Kaeun

### Timeline

## Sub-units

### Orange Caramel

Orange Caramel was the first After School unit group, consisting of Raina, Nana, and Lizzy. They debuted in June 2010 with "Magic Girl". Their last release, "The Gangnam Avenue", was released in 2014.

### A.S. Red & Blue

A.S. Red & Blue were special unit groups decided by fan voting. The line-ups were finalized on July 11, 2011. A.S. Red consisted of Kahi, Jungah, Uee and Nana, while A.S. Blue consisted of Jooyeon, Raina, Lizzy, and E-Young. Two single albums were released on July 20, 2011. The Red single album had two songs, "In The Night Sky" (밤 하늘에 Bam Haneure) and "Hollywood", and the Blue single album also had two songs, "Wonder Boy" and "Lady". NU'EST and Seventeen's S.Coups served as back-up dancers for the "Wonder Boy" music video and during live performances on stage.

## Endorsements

In 2009, After School were the endorsement models for brands such as Samsung and Adidas, collaborating with label-mate Son Dam-bi for Samsung's Amoled. On June 29, 2011, After School became the models for The Saem Cosmetics alongside popular star Lee Seung Gi. In September 2011, they became endorsement models for Landrover Shoes with members Kahi, Juyeon, Uee and Nana releasing a commercial film for the brand. In August 2011, After School collaborated with Hello Kitty for the release of their Japanese debut single "Bang!", and again in 2012 for their first Japanese album, Playgirlz. They were also models for Shibuya109, starring in a Christmas campaign commercial where large banners featuring festive-themed photos of After School measuring 21 meters by 9 meters were plastered onto and inside the Shibuya 109 building.

In January 2012, After School was chosen as the endorsement models for Samantha Thavasa. In April 2012, the group also became models for deodorant brand Rexena. They were also chosen as representatives for the Japanese food company Hanryuen and fashion brand CECIL McBEE. In February 2013, After School and label-mate Son Dam-bi became the new faces of the women's SPA (Specialty Private Apparel) brand Mixxo, and continued their collaboration with the brand in 2014. They were the endorsement models for Mixxo in the Korean, Chinese, and Japanese markets.

## Discography

- Virgin (2011)

- Playgirlz (2012)

- Dress to Kill (2014)

## Filmography

- 2009: MTV Diary of After School

- 2010: Playgirlz School

- 2013–2014: After School's Beauty Bible

- 2014–2015: After School's Beauty Bible 2014 F/W

- 2009: You're Beautiful

- 2016: " The Good Wife "

- 2011: White: The Melody of the Curse

- 2013: Afterschool First Japan Tour 2012 -Playgirlz- DVD

- 2012–2014: Afterschool Playgirlz Radio ~ 1st Japan Radio Show

## Tours and concerts

- 2012: Playgirlz 1st Japan Tour "PlayGirlz"

- 2014: Playgirlz 2nd Japan Tour "Dress to Shine"

- 2009: Doll Domination Tour

## Awards and nominations


1912 in Germany

# 1912 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1912 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick II

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick V

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line as regent)

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) –.... Hansen (acting governor) to 29 March, then Karl Ebermaier (1st term)

- Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Alfred Meyer-Waldeck

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Georg Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg to 22 April, then Albert Heinrich Schnee

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Albert Hahl (2nd term)

- German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) – Erich Schultz-Ewerth

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Theodor Seitz

- Togoland – Edmund Brückner to 19 June, then Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg

## Events

- January 12 – German federal election, 1912

- October 17 – Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel

- December 6 – The Nefertiti bust was found at Amarna by the German Oriental Company (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft – DOG), led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt.

- December 24 – Merck files patent applications in Germany for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA (Ecstasy), developed by Anton Köllisch.

### Undated

- German company Fresenius is founded by Eduard Fresenius.

- Alfred Wegener proposes a fully formulated theory of continental drift and gave the supercontinent Pangaea its name.

- Max von Laue suggests using crystal lattices to diffract X-rays.

- Neosalvarsan becomes available and supersedes the more toxic and less water-soluble salvarsan as an effective treatment for syphilis.

## Births

- 16 January – Willy Kaiser, German boxer (died 1986)

- 21 January – Konrad Emil Bloch, German biochemist (died 2000)

- 1 February – Erich Campe, German boxer (died 1977)

- 5 February – Hedwig Potthast, German secretary and mistress of Heinrich Himmler (died 1997)

- 18 February – Heinz Kühn, German politician (died 1992)

- 24 February – Ulrich de Maizière, German general (died 2006)

- 3 March – Klaus Gysi, politician (died 1999)

- 4 March – Ferdinand Leitner, German conductor (died 1996)

- 6 March – Klaus von Bismarck, German journalist (died 1997)

- 13 March – Carl Raddatz, German actor (died 2004)

- 22 March – Alfred Schwarzmann, German gymnast (died 2000)

- 23 March – Wernher von Braun, German aerospace engineer and space architect (died 1977)

- 29 March – Hanna Reitsch, German soldier and pilot (d. 1979)

- 31 March – Hermann Höcherl, German politician (died 1989)

- 29 April – Moshe Landau, German-born Israeli jurist and president of the Supreme Court of Israel (died 2011)

- 2 May: Axel Springer, German journalist (died 1985) Karl Adam, German rowing coach (died 1976)

- Axel Springer, German journalist (died 1985)

- Karl Adam, German rowing coach (died 1976)

- 9 May – Fritz Sennheiser, German electrical engineer and entrepreneur, founder of Sennheiser (died 2010)

- 1 June – Oswald Lange, German aerospace engineer (died 2012)

- 5 June – Josef Neckermann, German equestrian and businessman (died 1992)

- 11 June - Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff, German philosopher, mathematician and epistemologist (died 1996)

- 21 June – Toni Merkens, German cyclist (died 1944)

- 28 June – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist (died 2007)

- 30 June – Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical pioneers of Germany (died 2003)

- 9 July Willi Stadel, German gymnast (died [1999) Albrecht Obermaier, German naval officer (died 2004)

- Willi Stadel, German gymnast (died [1999)

- Albrecht Obermaier, German naval officer (died 2004)

- 28 July – Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (died 1988)

- 3 August: Fritz Hellwig, German politician (died 2017) Richard Holm, German operatic tenor (died 1988)

- Fritz Hellwig, German politician (died 2017)

- Richard Holm, German operatic tenor (died 1988)

- 14 August – Erwin Strittmatter, German writer (died 1994)

- 31 August – Helmut Hamann, German athlete (died 1941)

- 2 September – Ingeborg Rapoport, German pediatrician (died 2017)

- 19 September – Kurt Sanderling, German conductor (died 2011)

- 14 October – Albert Richter, German cyclist (died 1940)

- 1 November – Gunther Plaut, German-born Canadian rabbi and writer (died 2013)

- 28 November – Heinz Galinski, President of Central Council of Jews in Germany (died 1992)

- 29 November – Günther Smend, German officer (died 1944)

- Date unknown Hans Metzger, former German diplomat Elisabeth Schmid, German archaeologist and osteologist (died 1994)

- Hans Metzger, former German diplomat

- Elisabeth Schmid, German archaeologist and osteologist (died 1994)

## Deaths

- 8 January – Friedrich Schrempf, editor and member of the Reichstag (born 1858)

- 5 February – Botho zu Eulenburg (born 1831)

- 8 February – Wilhelm von Hahnke, German fieldmarshall (born 1833)

- 5 March – Rochus von Liliencron, German germanist and historian (born 1820)

- 12 March – Friedrich Karl Wilhelm Dönitz, German physician, anatomist, zoologist and entomologist (born 1838)

- 30 March – Karl May, German writer (born 1842)

- 30 July – Friedrich Schulze, German architect (born 1843)

- 10 August – Paul Wallot, German architect (born 1841)

- 24 September – Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein, German politician (born 1842)

- 10 October – Rudolf Arnold Nieberding, German politician (born 1888)

- 27 October – Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum, German diplomat and politician (born 1835)

- 22 November – Otto Lessing, German sculptor (born 1846)

- 28 November – Otto Brahm, German drama and literary critic (born 1856)

- 23 December – Otto Schoetensack, German industrialist and later professor of anthropology (born 1850)

- 30 December – Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter, German diplomat and politician (born 1852)


Michel Qissi

# Michel Qissi

## Abstract

Michel Qissi (Arabic: ميشيل قيسي; born Mohammed Qissi on 12 September 1962) is a Moroccan Belgian actor and filmmaker best known for his action films. Qissi is the co-founder of The World Cinema Combat Federation (WCCF), an organization he formed with Grand Master Beom Jhoo Lee which teaches fight choreography in filmmaking.

Qissi is trained in Shotokan, Muay Thai, and kickboxing, and competed as an amateur boxer. In 1982, he emigrated to Hollywood together with childhood friend Jean-Claude Van Damme in search of becoming an action star. Bloodsport (1988) was their first major film. The two previously collaborated on Breakin' (1984), and went on to appear in Kickboxer (1989), in which Qissi portrayed the Thai villain Tong Po, Lionheart (1990), and Kickboxer: Vengeance (2016). Qissi also had the role of a fight trainer for Van Damme in the film Cyborg (1989) and served as choreographer on Kickboxer.

He starred in his directorial debut film Terminator Woman (1993), opposite Karen Sheperd and Jerry Trimble. He directed, co-wrote, and starred in Extreme Force (2001), which became a vehicle for Argentinian martial arts star Héctor Echavarría. Aside from his American films, he has also worked in Moroccan films and television series. In 2014, he directed and starred in the well-received action adventure film Bara, which was shot in Tata, Morocco.

## Early life

Qissi was born in Oujda, Morocco, and moved to Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 2. He commenced training in boxing at seven years old, and became an amateur champion in his weight class at 17. He also went on to study Shotokan Karate, Muay Thai and Kickboxing. He befriended Jean-Claude Van Damme at an early age and they grew up together with the same love for action films and training in martial arts. Growing up, he was inspired by Bruce Lee and Muhammad Ali.

## Film career

In 1982, Qissi and Van Damme moved to the United States in the hope of becoming action stars. In 1984 they both were cast as extras in the film Breakin', before landing their big break in 1986. After obtaining an interview with Menahem Golan of Cannon Films, they secured a three-picture deal, the first of which was the highly successful Bloodsport, in which Van Damme starred and Qissi had a small role as a tournament fighter named Suan Paredes. In 1989, Qissi and Van Damme teamed up again for the film Kickboxer, in which Van Damme was the protagonist once more and Qissi the film's main villain, Tong Po. Qissi was also a choreographer on the film. His role as Tong Po provided visual inspiration for the Mortal Kombat character Goro.

Qissi had the role of a fight trainer for Van Damme in the sci-fi film Cyborg (1989).

1990 saw Qissi and Van Damme make the film Lionheart, in which Qissi's brother, Abdel, played the villain. This was to be the last film Van Damme and Qissi made together for 26 years. They briefly appeared together in Kickboxer: Vengeance (2016).

In 1991, Qissi reprised his role as Tong Po in Kickboxer 2 (1991). He also appeared in Bloodmatch, alongside Thom Mathews, Hope Marie Carlton, Marianne Taylor, Vincent Klyn, and Benny Urquidez. In 1993, he starred in his directorial debut film Terminator Woman, opposite Karen Sheperd and Jerry Trimble. He directed, co-wrote, and starred in Extreme Force (2001), which became a vehicle for Argentinian martial arts star Héctor Echavarría.

Aside from his American films, Qissi has also worked in Moroccan films and television series. He has said regarding Moroccan cinema, "Moroccan cinema remains a school where management is done with very modest and simple resources." He has praised Moroccan filmmakers such as Ibrahim Shukri, Yassin Fannan, Mohamed Nasrat, and Said Naciri.

In 2014, Qissi directed and starred in the action adventure movie Bara with Salar Zarza. The film, which was shot in the Sahara, in Tata, Morocco, was shown in theaters in major Moroccan cities and was extremely well received by audiences.

## Influence

His role as Tong Po provided visual inspiration for the Mortal Kombat character Goro.

## Personal life

His brother is Abdel Qissi, also an actor.


1915 in Germany

# 1915 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1915 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Ludwig III

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick II

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick VI

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, as regent)

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Karl Ebermaier (2nd and final term)

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Albert Heinrich Schnee

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Theodor Seitz to 15 July

## Events

- 9 July – German forces in German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) capitulate and the territory is occupied by South Africa.

- 20 August – An auto parts, electronics and other manufacturing brand, ZF Friedrichshafen was founded, as predecessor name was Zepernicker Zahnradfabrik.

### Undated

- German geophysicist Alfred Wegener publishes his theory of Pangea, which he calls Urkontinent.

- German palaeontologist Ernst Stromer publishes an article assigning the specimen to a new genus and species Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.

## Births

- 22 January – Heinrich Albertz, German politician (died 1993)

- 27 January – Ernst Schröder, German actor (died 1994)

- 14 February – Georg Thomalla, German actor (died 1999)

- 21 February – Roland von Hößlin, German officer (died 1944)

- 6 March – Hans-Ulrich von Oertzen, German officer (died 1944)

- 7 March – Johannes Wiese, German pilot during World War II, a fighter ace (died 1991)

- 11 March – Karl Krolow, German poet (died 1991)

- 12 March – Reimar Horten, German aircraft pilots (died 1994)

- 13 April: Max Jammer, German-born Israeli physicist (died 2010) Stephan Hermlin, German poet (died 1997)

- Max Jammer, German-born Israeli physicist (died 2010)

- Stephan Hermlin, German poet (died 1997)

- 16 June – Marga Faulstich, German chemist (died 1998)

- 25 August – Georg von Boeselager, German nobleman and an officer in the Wehrmacht (died 1944)

- 26 August – Rolf Friedemann Pauls, German diplomat (died 2002)

- 28 August – Paul Schneider-Esleben, German architect (died 2005)

- 5 September – Horst Sindermann, German politician (died 1990)

- 6 September – Franz Josef Strauss, German politician (died 1988)

- 15 September – Helmut Schön, German football player and manager (died 1996)

- 9 October – Henner Henkel, German tennis champion (died 1942)

- 9 December - Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German-British operatic soprano (died 2006)

- 13 December – Curd Jürgens, German actor (died 1982)

## Deaths

- 4 January – Anton von Werner, German painter (born 1843)

- 9 April – Friedrich Loeffler, German bacteriologist (born 1852)

- 2 May – Clara Immerwahr, German chemist (born 1870)

- 10 May – Karl Gotthard Lamprecht, German historian (born 1856)

- 15 May – Oskar Frenzel, German painter (born 1855)

- 20 June – Emil Rathenau, German entrepreneur and industrialist (born 1838)

- 9 July – Carl Walther, German gunsmith (born 1858)

- 15 July – Joseph Thyssen, German industrialist (born 1844)

- 4 August – Richard Kiepert, German cartographer (born 1846)

- 20 August – Paul Ehrlich, German physician and scientist (born 1854)

- 19 September – David Friedrich Weinland, German zoologist and novelist (born 1829)

- 27 September – Kaspar von Zumbusch, German sculptor (born 1830)

- 15 October – Theodor Boveri, German biologist (born 1862)

- 4 December – Gustav Hollaender, German violinist, composer and conductor (born 1855)

- 19 December – Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (born 1864)


Menlo Park, California

# Menlo Park, California

## Abstract

Menlo Park (/ ˈ m ɛ n l oʊ / MEN -loh) is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, United States. It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east; East Palo Alto, Palo Alto, and Stanford to the south; and Atherton, North Fair Oaks, and Redwood City to the west. It had 33,780 residents at the 2020 United States census. It is home to the corporate headquarters of Meta, and is where Google, Roblox Corporation, and Round Table Pizza were founded. The train station holds the record as the oldest continually operating train station in California. It is one of the most educated cities in California and the United States; nearly 70% of residents over 25 have earned a bachelor's degree or higher.

## Toponym

"Menlo" is derived from Menlo (the anglicized spelling of Irish Gaelic 'Mionloch', meaning 'small lake') in County Galway, Ireland. The name "Menlo Park" was given to a ranch purchased by Irish settlers in honor of their home village in Ireland.

## History

The area of Menlo Park was inhabited by the Ohlone people when the Portolá expedition arrived in 1769.

In 1795, the Rancho de las Pulgas Spanish land grant was made that included the area of the current city.

### Original Menlo Park gate

In 1851, two Irish immigrants, Dennis J. Oliver and his brother-in-law, D.C. McGlynn, purchased a 1,700-acre (690 ha) tract of land on the former Rancho de las Pulgas. In 1854, they erected a gate with a wooden arch bearing the inscription "Menlo Park" and the date "August 1854" at the entrance to their property (now the intersection of Middle Ave and El Camino Real). The word "Menlo" derived from the owners' former home of Menlo (or Menlough) in County Galway, Ireland, and is an anglicized version of the original Irish name of the place, Mionloch, meaning "middle lake".

### Railroad

In 1863, the San Francisco and San Jose Rail Road had built the railroad from San Francisco to as far as Mayfield (now California Avenue station in Palo Alto) and started running trains to the area. They named a nearby station "Menlo Park" after the sign. The 1867 station building still stands on the platform of the current Caltrain station, used by the local Chamber of Commerce. It holds the record as the oldest, continually operating train station in California. The town of Menlo Park grew up around this station, becoming a popular home for San Francisco businessmen. A post office was established in 1870, and the city was incorporated in 1874 (it dissolved after two years, but later was permanently incorporated in 1927). The original arch, which gave its name to the stations and ultimately, the city, survived until 1922, when it was destroyed in an automobile accident. The origin of the name of Menlo Park, California (c. 1850) antedates any work done by Thomas Edison (c. 1876) in Menlo Park, New Jersey; Menlo Park, New Jersey, was named after Menlo Park, California, as was Menlo, Washington.

### Camp Fremont

In 1917–18, a large portion of Menlo Park was the site of Camp Fremont, a training camp for, at its height, 27,000 men being sent to fight in World War I. It did not last long (the camp was dismantled after the war), but army engineers paved the first streets in Menlo Park and laid the first water and gas lines. The army did retain the camp hospital, and it is now the site of a Veterans Administration Hospital off of Willow Road in Menlo Park. In the autumn of 1918, a flu pandemic hit Camp Fremont and killed 147.

### Dibble General Hospital

At the start of World War II, the US government bought the 260-acre (110 ha) estate of Timothy Hopkins from his widow and created the Palo Alto General Hospital, later renamed the Dibble General Hospital (after Colonel John Dibble, who was killed in 1943). After the war ended, some of the land was sold to the city and became the sites of the main library and city hall. More of the land was bought by Stanford University to house the increase in students due to the G.I. Bill; the area was known as the "Stanford Village", which existed as student housing until the mid-1960s. This land also was the site of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) starting in 1947; between 1955 and 1968, SRI bought the rest of the Stanford Village.

### Sunset Magazine Headquarters

Sunset Magazine moved to its headquarters in Menlo Park in 1951, designed by architect, Cliff May, with a similar layout to a California ranch-style house. Sunset referred to its Menlo Park headquarters as the Laboratory of Western Living.

### Sharon Heights

In the 1960s, the former 600-acre (240 ha) estate of Frederick W. Sharon (1859 – 1914) (son of Senator William Sharon) and his wife, Louise Tevis Breckinridge Sharon (1858 – 1938; daughter of Lloyd Tevis and divorced wife of John Witherspoon Breckinridge), in the hills of south west Menlo Park was developed and called "Sharon Heights".

### Development of Google

The development of leading Internet search engine provider Google occurred in 1998 in the garage in a Menlo Park home owned by Susan Wojcicki. Wojcicki's Menlo Park garage was used as the office for Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin for $1,700 a month.

### Replica of Menlo Park gate

In 2015, the Menlo Park Historical Association (MPHA) began a project to raise funds for and build a replica of the original Menlo Park gates. The chosen site was at 800 Alma Street in front of the Menlo Park public library. The replica was completed in 2019. On March 17, 2019, Menlo Park Mayor Ray Mueller officially dedicated the reproduction of the Menlo Gates.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45 km), of which 9.8 square miles (25 km) are land and 7.6 square miles (20 km) are covered by water. Menlo Park is long and narrow on a northeast to southwest axis. The northeast portion borders the San Francisco Bay and includes the Dumbarton Bridge that connects Menlo Park to Fremont on the east side of the bay. The city shoreline includes the city's largest park, Bedwell Bayfront Park (160 acres; 65 ha) and the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. San Francisquito Creek marks much of the southeast border of the city. West Menlo Park (unincorporated area) along Alameda de las Pulgas nearly separates the southwestern part of the city (known as Sharon Heights) from the rest. The extreme southwest is clipped by Interstate 280.

The Bayshore Freeway (part of U.S. Route 101) traverses Menlo Park northwest to southeast near the shoreline and somewhat parallel to the Bayshore Freeway to the southwest is El Camino Real. The intersection of El Camino Real and Santa Cruz Avenue is considered the heart of the city. Nearby, the Menlo Park Civic Center is bounded by Ravenswood Avenue, Alma Street, Laurel Street, and Burgess Drive. It contains the council offices, library, police station, and Burgess Park, which has various recreational facilities. Other major roads include Sand Hill Road in the Sharon Heights area.

The residential areas of Menlo Park can be unofficially divided into several neighborhoods. From "east" (northeast toward San Francisco Bay) to "west" (southwest toward the Pacific Coast), they are defined by the Palo Alto Weekly as: Belle Haven is the only neighborhood east of Route 101; much of the rest of that area is business or protected land. Between 101 and the roughly parallel Middlefield Road are the neighborhoods of the Willows, Suburban Park, Lorelei Manor, Flood Triangle, Vintage Oaks, and South of Seminary (the seminary being Saint Patrick's Seminary). Between Middlefield and El Camino Real are the Caltrain track and Felton Gables, Linfield Oaks, and Park Forest. West of El Camino until the foothills of the Peninsula are the neighborhoods of Downtown Menlo Park, Central Menlo Park, and Allied Arts (sometimes also known as Stanford Park, it is named for the Allied Arts Guild in it). In the hills are Sharon Heights and Stanford Hills. Several other neighborhoods are closely associated with Menlo Park but are actually in unincorporated San Mateo county; these include Menlo Oaks and Fair Oaks (latter part of the North Fair Oaks census area) between Bayshore and Middlefield, University Heights (also known as West Menlo Park) between Sharon Heights and most of the rest of the city, and Stanford Weekend Acres, which is somewhat near Stanford Hills.

## Demographics

### 2010

The 2010 United States Census reported that Menlo Park had a population of 32,026. Its population density was 3,271.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,263.1/km). The racial makeup of Menlo Park was 22,494 (70.2%) White, 1,551 (4.8%) African American, 156 (0.5%) Native American, 3,157 (9.9%) Asian, 454 (1.4%) Pacific Islander, 2,776 (8.7%) from other races, and 1,438 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 18.4% of the population, most of whom (4,303) were of Mexican ancestry.

The Census reported that 31,181 people (97.4% of the population) lived in households, 599 (1.9%) lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 246 (0.8%) were institutionalized.

Of the 12,347 households, 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 49.9% were opposite-sex married couples living together, 8.4%had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present. About 5.2% were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0.8% were same-sex married couples or partnerships. About 29.7% were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53. The average family size was 3.20.

In terms of age, 7,805 residents (24.4%) were under the age of 18, 1,817 people (5.7%) aged 18 to 24, 9,563 people (29.9%) aged 25 to 44, 8,263 people (25.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,578 people (14.3%) were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.

The 13,085 housing units averaged 1,336.6 units per square mile (516.1 units/km), of which 6,927 (56.1%) were owner-occupied, and 5,420 (43.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.2%; 18,972 people (59.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 12,209 people (38.1%) lived in rental housing units.

### 2000

As of the census of 2009, there were 33,690 people, 12,543 households, and 7,248 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,441.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,328.7/km). There were 14,026 housing units at an average density of 1,432.7 units per square mile (553.2 units/km). 64.2% spoke English, 19.5% Spanish, other Indo-European 4.2%, 4.6% Chinese or Mandarin, and other language 0.7%, as their first language from estimate census 2009.

There were 12,543 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.67% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

As of the 2000 estimate census, the median income for a household in the city was $82,609. Males had a median income of $77,766 versus $59,101 for females. The per capita income for the city was $51,341. About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those over age 64. As of 2009 the median income for a family was $123,251.

## Government and politics

City Council members are elected in districts to staggered four-year terms, in nonpartisan municipal elections every two years.

### County, state and federal representation

On the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors, Menlo Park is split between Supervisorial District 3 (west of El Camino Real) and Supervisorial District 4 (east of El Camino Real), currently represented by Ray Mueller and Warren Slocum, respectively.

In the California State Legislature, Menlo Park is in the 13th Senate District, represented by Democrat Josh Becker, and is split between the 21st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Diane Papan and the 23rd Assembly District, represented by Democrat Marc Berman.

In the United States House of Representatives, East Palo Alto is in California's 16th congressional district, represented by Democrat Anna Eshoo.

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Menlo Park has 19,339 registered voters—9,984 (51.6%) of whom are registered Democrats, 2,989 (15.5%) registered Republicans, and 5,683 (29.4%) undeclared.

### Mayors

## Education

For primary schools, the central portions of Menlo Park are served by the Menlo Park City School District, while the Belle Haven neighborhood and VA hospital are served by the Ravenswood City School District, and the Sharon Heights and Stanford Hills neighborhoods served by the Las Lomitas Elementary School District. For high school, Menlo Park is part of the Sequoia Union High School District, with all of the city falling into the boundaries of Menlo-Atherton High School; some areas of the city have the option to attend Woodside High School.

Private elementary schools include two Catholic parochial schools, St. Raymond Catholic Elementary School and Nativity Elementary School; the Episcopalian Trinity School; Phillips Brooks School, pre-kindergarten to 5th grade; and Peninsula School, from kindergarten to 8th grade.

The Willows Campus of the private K–12 Silicon Valley International School, formerly known as German-American International School and Alto International School, is also in the city. Menlo School, a private middle and high school, is in Atherton on the border with Menlo Park. Sacred Heart School, Atherton, a Catholic middle and high school, is also in Atherton on the border with Menlo Park.

For higher education, Saint Patrick's Seminary and University is a Catholic seminary in Menlo Park.

There are two libraries, the Main branch and the Belle Haven branch. As part of the Peninsula Library System, they share many resources with other nearby libraries.

## Economy

Much of Menlo Park's economy revolves around the companies on Sand Hill Road, consisting of venture capital, private equity, financial services, law firms, and other professional service companies and investment vehicles focusing on technology. Geron, Katerra, Robert Half International, Exponent, and SRI International are among the companies based in Menlo Park. Meta Platforms moved its headquarters to the former campus of Sun Microsystems in Menlo Park in December 2011.

### Top employers

In 2012, Meta (then known as Facebook) announced it would be Menlo Park's biggest employer, with 6,600 employees. According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's top employers were:

## Transportation

Santa Cruz Avenue runs as the "Main Street" within Menlo Park; terminates at El Camino Real which runs concurrently with California State Route 82. The city is also the western end of the Dumbarton Bridge, which connects Menlo Park with the East Bay city of Fremont; the Menlo Park end is located immediately adjacent to Meta Platforms' headquarters. The city is flanked by U.S. Route 101 on its eastern end and by Interstate 280 on its western end.

Menlo Park's transit is primarily served by its eponymous train station, served by Caltrain. SamTrans is the primary provider of bus transport throughout the city. Menlo Park's eastern ends were previously considered for a short-lived BART extension along the Bayshore Freeway.

BART and Caltrain are also the primary transit modes for Menlo Park's connections to the San Francisco Bay Area's airports. Menlo Park is located about halfway between San Francisco International Airport and San Jose International Airport; the former can be accessed by using Caltrain and either BART's red line, or yellow line during 3-line service, or SamTrans route 292 (both connecting to Caltrain at Millbrae station), while the latter connects to Menlo Park through Caltrain and VTA services through a transfer at Diridon station. Drivers to and from Menlo Park can connect to both San Jose and San Francisco airports through using US 101. Oakland Airport is the farthest of the three major Bay Area airports from Menlo Park, with drivers having to cross the Bay through one of the three bridges across it, and transit users needing to use either the Dumbarton Express, SamTrans, or Caltrain to connect to BART services.

## Notable people

- Joan Baez, folk singer

- Anthony Bajada, inventor of the " stay tab " press-to-open lid mechanism for drink cans

- Isaac Baron, professional poker player

- Will Brill, Tony Award winning Actor

- Lindsey Buckingham, musician

- Henry Cowell, composer

- Brandon Crawford, San Francisco Giants shortstop

- Abby Dahlkemper, professional soccer player, 2019 World Cup champion with USWNT

- Tierna Davidson, professional soccer player, 2019 World Cup champion with USWNT

- Marion Dorn, textile designer

- Steve Duda, musician and DJ

- Jeanne DuPrau, author

- David Eagleman, neuroscientist and author

- Nancy Farmer, author

- Kevin A. Gilroy, United States Air Force colonel and politician

- Paul Goldstein (born 1976), tennis player and coach

- Ari Greenberg (born 1981), world junior contract bridge champion

- Vince Guaraldi, jazz musician known for composing music for the Peanuts animated specials

- Chris Gulker, photographer, writer

- Jack Herrick, founder of wikiHow

- Jon Huntsman, Jr., former Utah governor

- Edward Michael Keating (1925–2003), magazine publisher, journalist, author, lawyer; founder of Ramparts, member of the New Left movement.

- Ken Kesey, author

- William R. Larson, founder of Round Table Pizza

- Milton Latham, railroad baron and politician

- Jesse Love (born 2005), NASCAR driver

- Josie Maran (born 1978), model and entrepreneur

- Abraham Maslow, co-founder of Humanistic Psychology

- Bob Melvin (born 1961), Major League Baseball player and manager

- Fred Moore, political activist

- Harris Mowbray Braille-related linguist

- John Naber, Olympic swimmer

- Stevie Nicks, musician

- Elizabeth Osborn, equestrian vaulter

- Robert Rich, musician

- Ariel Rittenhouse, Olympic diver

- Secondhand Serenade, rock band founded in Menlo Park

- Ram Shriram, founding investor of Google

- Courtney Thorne-Smith, actress

- Thorstein Veblen, sociologist known for " Theory of the Leisure Class "

- John Vesely, musician/songwriter

- Bob Weir, founding member of The Grateful Dead

- Sheryl Sandberg, former chief operating officer of Meta Platforms.

- Billy Ray White, first African-American mayor of Menlo Park

- Marco Zappacosta, co-founder of Thumbtack

## Sister cities

- Bizen, Japan

- Galway, Ireland

- Kochi, India


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen was a NASCAR Cup Series race that was held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 92 laps -- extended from 90 laps due to an overtime finish on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it was the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16. Chris Buescher won the race, his first win since the 2023 Coke Zero Sugar 400. Shane Van Gisbergen finished 2nd, and Carson Hocevar finished 3rd. Ross Chastain and Zane Smith rounded out the top five, and Chase Briscoe, Michael McDowell, Corey LaJoie, Ryan Preece, and Austin Cindric rounded out the top ten.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

### Race statistics

- Lead changes: 11 among 9 different drivers

- Cautions/Laps: 7 for 21 laps

- Red flags: 0

- Time of race: 2 hours, 38 minutes, and 41 seconds

- Average speed: 80.226 miles per hour (129.111 km/h)

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch called from Turn 5 to 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network radio called for the race, which was also simulcasted on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey covered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.

## Standings after the race


Markus Schulz

# Markus Schulz

## Abstract

Markus Schulz (/ ʃ ʊ l t s / SHUULTS, German:; born 3 February 1969) is a German DJ and record producer based in Miami, Florida. Best known for his weekly radio show titled Global DJ Broadcast that airs on Digitally Imported radio, ah.fm and other online stations, Schulz is also the founder of the label Coldharbour Recordings and Schulz Music Group (SMG), an artist management company that manages rising stars in the industry. In September 2012, Schulz was crowned America's number one DJ by DJ Times.

In early 2013, after several spontaneous back-to-back performances, Schulz and Ferry Corsten announced they would be producing and touring together as the new EDM group New World Punx. Their debut arena show was held at Madison Square Garden.

## Productions

Schulz has released 15 mix compilations and seven artist albums under his own name. He has also released productions and albums, Thoughts Become Things, Thoughts Become Things II and The Nine Skies, under the alias Dakota. Through his work with remixing tracks, he has had the opportunity to work with such artists as: Depeche Mode, Madonna, Everything but the Girl, Jewel, OceanLab, Gabriel & Dresden, Télépopmusik, Fatboy Slim, Miro, Book of Love, Blue Amazon and PQM. His remixes of " Intuition " and " Stand " by Jewel both hit #1 on the Billboard club chart.

His seventh studio album, We Are The Light, released on 12 October 2018.

## Performances

When not in the studio working on new mixes, Schulz maintains an extensive international touring schedule. He originally held a seven-year residency at The Works in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he developed his style. Since then, he has continued to perform at clubs all over the world including stereo nightclub Avalon, Club Space, Green Valley, Ministry of Sound, Ruby Skye and Zouk.

He has performed DJ sets at some of the largest festivals and events: Electric Daisy Carnival; Electric Zoo; Monster Massive; Together As One; Ultra Music Festival; Amsterdam Dance Event; Nature One; Dance Valley; Love Parade; Global Gathering; Creamfields; ETD Pop; Transmission; Trance Energy 2010; Bang Music Festival; Future Music Festival; Bal en Blanc; on Episodes 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650 (as New World Punx) of A State of Trance; and at Summafieldayze on the Gold Coast, Australia. In 2013, Schulz launched a North American tour with the M Machine called Scream Tour. A second North American tour started in April 2014 following the release of Scream 2.

On 28 October 2010, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, placing Schulz at number 8 in the world. In September 2012, Schulz was crowned America's Number 1 DJ by DJ Times. In DJ Magazine ' s 2013 poll, he was number 21 in the ranking.

Schulz is known amongst his fans as the "Unicorn Slayer". Many EDM artists nowadays tend to fall back on light, upbeat melodies, nicknamed "unicorn melodies", but Schulz prefers to use square waves and pitch bends. After somebody tweeted, "Markus Schulz: the unicorn slayer of trance," Schulz retweeted it and the nickname caught on.

## Personal life

After a relationship of more than seven years, Schulz married Romanian singer Adina Butar on 1 June 2019, in Ibiza.

Markus married his first wife Heather in 1993. They had a son Alex in 1995. Markus and Heather were divorced in 2015.

## Discography

### Studio albums (as Markus Schulz)

- Without You Near (2005, Armada Music)

- Progression (2007, Armada Music)

- Do You Dream? (2010, Armada Music)

- Scream (2012, Armada Music)

- Scream 2 (2014, Armada Music)

- Watch the World (2016, Black Hole Recordings)

- We Are the Light (2018, Black Hole Recordings)

- Escape (2020, Black Hole Recordings)

- The Rabbit Hole Circus (2023, Black Hole Recordings)

### Studio albums (as Dakota)

- Thoughts Become Things (2009, Armada Music)

- Thoughts Become Things II (1 July 2011, Armada Music)

- The Nine Skies (December 2017, Black Hole Recordings)

- Odyssey to the Netherworld (2022, Coldharbour Recordings)

### Remix albums

- Progression Progressed - The Remixes (2008, Armada Music)

- Do You Dream? - The Remixes (2011, Armada Music)

- Dakota – Thoughts Become Things II (The Remixes) (13 January 2012, Armada Music)

### Compilation albums

- Shikodachi (1999, Safari Media)

- Kamaidachi (2000, Safari Media)

- American DJ - 04 Phoenix (2001, The Right Stuff)

- Coldharbour Sessions (2004, Armada Music)

- Miami '05 (2005, Armada Music)

- Ibiza '06 (2006, Armada Music)

- Amsterdam '08 (2008, Armada Music)

- Armada At Ibiza - Summer 2008

- Toronto '09 (2009, Armada Music)

- Las Vegas '10 (2010, Armada Music)

- Prague '11 (2011, Armada Music)

- Los Angeles '12 (2012, Armada Music)

- Best of 2012: World Tour Compilation (15 December 2012)

- Buenos Aires '13 (2013, Armada Music)

- In Search of Sunrise 14 (with Gabriel & Dresden and Andy Moor) (2018, Songbird)

- In Search of Sunrise 15 (Mixed by Markus Schulz, Jerome Isma-Ae and Orkidea): (8 November 2019)

- In Search of Sunrise 16 (Mixed by Markus Schulz, Giuseppe Ottaviani and Sunlounger): (7 August 2020)

- In Search of Sunrise 17 (Mixed by Markus Schulz, Kryder and Kyau & Albert): (27 August 2021)

- In Search of Sunrise 18 (Mixed by Markus Schulz, Matt Fax and Dennis Sheperd): (2 September 2022)

- In Search of Sunrise 19 (Mixed by Markus Schulz, Ilan Bluestone and Daniel Wanrooy): (1 December 2023)

### Singles

## Remixes


Long-haul communications

# Long-haul communications

## Abstract

In telecommunications, the term long-haul communications has the following meanings:

1. In public switched networks, pertaining to circuits that span large distances, such as the circuits in inter-LATA, interstate, and international communications. See also Long line (telecommunications)

2. In the military community, communications among users on a national or worldwide basis.

Note 1: Compared to tactical communications, long-haul communications are characterized by (a) higher levels of users, such as the US National Command Authority, (b) more stringent performance requirements, such as higher quality circuits, (c) longer distances between users, including worldwide distances, (d) higher traffic volumes and densities, (e) larger switches and trunk cross sections, and (f) fixed and recoverable assets.

Note 2: "Long-haul communications" usually pertains to the U.S. Defense Communications System.

Note 3: "Long-haul telecommunications technicians" can be translated into many fields of IT work within the corporate industry (Information Technology, Network Technician, Telecommunication Specialist, It Support, and so on). While the term is used in military most career fields that are in communications such as 3D1X2 - Cyber Transport Systems (the career field has been renamed so many times over the course of many years but essentially it is the same job (Network Infrastructure Tech., Systems Control Technician, and Cyber Transport Systems)) or may work in areas that require the "in between" (cloud networking) for networks (MSPP, ATM, Routers, Switches), phones (VOIP, DS0 - DS4 or higher, and so on), encryption (configuring encryption devices or monitoring), and video support data transfers. The "bulk data transfer" or aggregation networking.

The Long-haul telecommunication technicians is considered a "jack of all" but it is much in the technician's interest to gather greater education with certifications to qualify for certain jobs outside the military. The Military provides an avenue but does not make the individual a master of the career field. The technician will find that the job out look outside of military requires many things that aren't required of them within the career field while in the military. So it is best to find the job that is similar to the AFSC and also view the companies description of the qualification to fit that job. Also at least get an associate degree, over 5 years experience, and all of the required "certs" (Network +, Security +, CCNA, CCNP and so on) to acquire the job or at least an interview. The best time to apply or get a guaranteed job is the last three months before you leave the military. Military personnel that are within the career field 3D1X2 require a Secret, TS, or TS with SCI clearance in order to do the job.


2024 Canadian Premier League season

# 2024 Canadian Premier League season

## Abstract

The 2024 Canadian Premier League season is the sixth season of the Canadian Premier League, the top level of Canadian soccer. Forge FC are the defending champions, having beaten Cavalry FC in the 2023 final.

## Team and rule changes

The same eight teams that competed in the 2023 season are competing in the 2024 season. The CPL's total player compensation budget was increased by $87,500 to a total of $1,112,500 (or $1,212,500 for teams maximizing the U21 salary incentive).

York United was bought by a new ownership group from Mexico, Game Plan Sports Group.

## Teams

## Regular season

### Format

The regular season is being played as a quadruple round-robin, with each team playing the other seven teams twice at home and twice away between April and October. The regular season winner (the team ranked first after all 28 games) will qualify for the 2025 CONCACAF Champions Cup and the top five teams will qualify for the playoffs; the top two will get a bye to the semifinals.

### Results

## Playoffs

The 2024 season will use the Page playoff system. The team who finished first in the regular-season table would play the team who finished second, and the winner would host the final. The fourth- and fifth-placed teams would play in a play-in round, and the winner of this game would then play the third-placed team in a quarter-final. The quarter-final winner would play the loser of the game between the first and second-placed teams for the other spot in the final.

In playoffs, if the scores are equal when normal playing time expires, extra time will be played for two periods of 15 minutes each. This will be followed, if required, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.

### Bracket

## Statistical leaders

## Attendance

## Awards

### Team of the Week

The Gatorade Team of the Week was selected by the CPL's Kristian Jack and OneSoccer 's Oliver Platt.

## Player transfers

According to FIFA 's worldwide registration periods calendar, the Canadian Soccer Association 's (CSA's) 2024 pre-season transfer window opened on January 31 and closed on April 23; the mid-season transfer window would open on July 18 and close on August 14. However, the CPL later announced that its mid-season transfer window would instead open on July 5 and close on August 2, contradicting FIFA's published dates. This discrepancy was resolved on July 11 when the CSA announced that the mid-season transfer window would open on July 12 and close on August 8 as a compromise between the CPL's and Major League Soccer 's interests.

### U Sports Draft

The 2024 CPL–U Sports Draft took place on December 14, 2023. Each team made two picks in the draft, for a total of 16 selections.


Samsung TV Plus

# Samsung TV Plus

## Abstract

Samsung TV Plus is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service owned by Samsung Electronics that was first introduced in 2015. The platform was designed to provide free, live streaming content for users with Samsung devices.

As of 2022, the service was available in 24 countries and is viewable within a multitude of Samsung products due to its integration with the Tizen operating system. Samsung TV Plus was one of the five most-used apps on the company's smart TVs in September 2020.

## Programming

The service currently has over 350+ live channels, each grouped into various categories. Channels available in the United States have included:

### News

- CBS News 24/7 – Channel No. 1110

- LiveNOW from Fox – Channel No. 1116

- ABC News Live – Channel No. 1112

- NBC News NOW – Channel No. 1114

- Bloomberg TV + UHD – Channel No. 1155

- Yahoo! Finance – Channel No. 1165

- Newsmax – Channel No. 1170

- Real America's Voice – Channel No. 1175

- TYT Network – Channel No. 1185

- Fox Weather - Channel No. 1130

- Scripps News - Channel No. 1119

- Bloomberg Originals - Channel No. 1160

- BBC News - Channel No. 1140

- Sky News - Channel No.1145

- CBC News - Channel No.1150

- The First - Channel No.1180

### Entertainment

- ALL ACTION – Channel No. 1050

- ION – Channel No. 1051

- Stories by AMC – Channel No. 1052

- TV Land Drama – Channel No. 1055

- Heartland – Channel No. 1058

- Drama Life – Channel No. 1060

- Bounce XL – Channel No. 1061

- ION Plus – Channel No. 1062

- The Walking Dead – Channel No. 1065 – includes other The Walking Dead franchise content

- 21 Jump Street – Channel No. 1066

- Degrassi – Channel No. 1067

- Lucky Dog – Channel No. 1068

- The Bob Ross Channel – Channel No. 1069

- Clarity 4K – Channel No. 1070

- Danger TV – Channel No. 1072

- Magellan TV Now – Channel No. 1073

- ElectricNOW – Channel No. 1074

- Nosey – Channel No. 1078

- REELZ Famous & Infamous – Channel No. 1080

- Circle Country – Channel No. 1425

- Shades of Black – Channel No. 1084

- Backstage – Channel No. 1085

- VICE – Channel No. 1086

- Revry – Channel No. 1089

- Shout! Factory – Channel No. 1090

- Dove Channel – Channel No. 1091

- Chicken Soup for the Soul – Channel No. 1092

- MHz Now – Channel No. 1096

- Brat TV – Channel No. 1101

- Mixible – Channel No. 1103

- Fox Soul – Channel No. 1104

- People TV – Channel No. 1105

- Rotten Tomatoes – Channel No. 1106

- Hollywire – Channel No. 1107

- Grit Xtra – Channel No. 1111

- Cowboy Way – Channel No. 1112

- Fireplace 4K – Channel No. 1221

- INFAST – Channel No. 1237

- TV Land Sitcoms – Channel No. 1326

- BET (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1059

### Movies

- The Movie Hub – Channel No. 1450

- Paramount Movie Channel – Channel No. 1452

- Hallmark Movies & More – Channel No. 1455

- Holiday Movie Favorites by Lifetime – Channel No. 1456

- MovieSphere – Channel No. 1457

- FilmRise Free Movies – Channel No. 1459

- Pluto TV Fantastic – Channel No. 1461

- FilmRise Action – Channel No. 1463

- Documentary+ – Channel No. 1466

- Maverick Black Cinema – Channel No. 1468

- Gravitas Movies – Channel No. 1474

- CINEVAULT: Classics – Channel No. 1478

- CINEVAULT: 80’s – Channel No. 1479

- CINEVAULT: Westerns – Channel No. 1482

- Pluto TV Westerns – Channel No. 1484

- FilmRise Western – Channel No. 1488

- The Preview Channel – Channel No. 1491

- Home.Made.Nation – Channel No. 1216

### Reality and Infotainment

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- All-Out Reality – Channel No. 1230

- Duck Dynasty – Channel No. 1232 – includes other Duck Commander content

- Deal Zone – Channel No. 1233

- Ice Road Truckers – Channel No. 1234

- Ax Men – Channel No. 1235

- Pawn Stars - Channel No. 2714

- All Weddings WE TV – Channel No. 1238

- All Reality WE TV – Channel No. 1239

- Hell’s Kitchen – Channel No. 1240 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- Kitchen Nightmares – Channel No. 1241 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- The Hotel Inspector – Channel No. 1242

- Project Runway – Channel No. 1243

- Operation Repo – Channel No. 1244

- MTV (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1245

- Love & Hip Hop – Channel No. 1246

- The Challenge – Channel No. 1247

- Dallas Cowboys Cheer – Channel No. 1248

- Perform – Channel No. 1249

- Dance Moms – Channel No. 1250

- Matched Married Meet – Channel No. 1251

- IGN – Channel No. 1351

- Minecraft – Channel No. 1363

- Samsung Wild Life Channel No. 1400

- Military Heroes – Channel No. 1402

- Modern Marvels – Channel No. 1403

- Love Nature 4K – Channel No. 1404

- TED – Channel No. 1405

- PBS Digital Studios – Channel No. 1406

- Xplore – Channel No. 1407

- Rovr.Pets – Channel No. 1409

- InWonder – Channel No. 1410

- WeatherSpy – Channel No. 1412

- Stingray Naturescape – Channel No. 1415

- WWE Superstar Central By A&E - Channel No. 2904

### Food and Drink

- Plated – Channel No. 1200

- Tastemade – Channel No. 1201

- Bon Appetit – Channel No. 1202

- Gusto TV – Channel No. 1203

- America’s Test Kitchen – Channel No. 1204

- Hungry – Channel No. 1206

- Tastemade Travel – Channel No. 1207

- Journy – Channel No. 1208

- Home Refresh – Channel No. 1209

- Million Dollar Listing – Channel No. 1210

- Tiny House Nation – Channel No. 1211

- Antiques Roadshow – Channel No. 1212

- This Old House – Channel No. 1213

- This Old House Makers.- Channel No. 1214

- The Design Network – Channel No. 1215

- BBC Home – Channel No. 1217

- BBC Food – Channel No. 1218

- Tastemade Home – Channel No. 1219

- Loupe 4K – Channel No. 1220

- QVC – Channel No. 1223

- HSN – Channel No. 1224

- Localish – Channel No. 1226

### Sports

- MLB Channel - Channel No. 1001

- CBS Sports HQ – Channel No. 1152

- T2 – Channel No. 1154

- GOLFPASS – Channel No. 1155

- beIN SPORTS XTRA – Channel No. 1157

- fubo Sports Network – Channel No. 1158

- Stadium – Channel No. 1159

- Pac-12 Insider – Channel No. 1161

- ACC Digital Network – Channel No. 1162

- Origin Sports – Channel No. 1163

- TNA Wrestling – Channel No. 1164

- FTF – Channel No. 1167

- EDGEsport – Channel No. 1169

- SURF NOW TV – Channel No. 1173

- Outside – Channel No. 1178

- FUEL TV – Channel No. 1179

- Whistle TV – Channel No. 1180

- People Are Awesome – Channel No. 1181

- Outdoor America – Channel No. 1182

- Waypoint TV – Channel No. 1184

- Pursuit UP – Channel No. 1185

- World Poker Tour – Channel No. 1187

- Ride or Drive – Channel No. 1188

- Top Gear – Channel No. 1189

- MAVTV Select – Channel No. 1190

- PowerNation – Channel No. 1191

- MotorTrend Fast TV – Channel No. 1192

- NHRA TV – Channel No. 1193

- MOTORVISION.TV – Channel No. 1194

- Cars – Channel No. 1195

- Torque – Channel No. 1196

- Fox Sports - Channel No 2334

- Dome - Channel No. 1003

- NBC Sports - Channel No 2338

- DraftKings - Channel No.2358

- SportsGrid -Channel No. 2362

### Game shows

- BUZZR – Channel No. 1139

- Game Show Central – Channel No. 1141

- Deal or No Deal – Channel No. 1143

- Fear Factor – Channel No. 1144

- Wipeout Xtra – Channel No. 1145

- Wild 'n Out – Channel No. 1147

- Supermarket Sweep – Channel No. 1142

### Kids

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- PBS Kids – Channel No. 1376

- Nickelodeon (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1379

- Moonbug Kids – Channel No. 1383

- The LEGO Channel – Channel No. 1385

- pocket.watch – Channel No. 1389

- Toon Goggles – Channel No. 1391

- TG Junior – Channel No. 1392

- Kidoodle.TV – Channel No. 1395

- ZooMoo – Channel No. 1398

- Hot Wheels Action - Channel No. 3614

- Fireman Sam - Channel No. 3636

- My Little Pony - Channel No 3653

- Barbie and friends - Channel No. 3613

- Blippi - Channel No. 3630

- Transformers - Channel No.3685

- Caillou - Channel No. 3633

## Availability

Samsung TV Plus has been pre-installed on all Samsung TVs since 2016. Since April 2021, the service has also been available on Samsung mobile devices (available from the Galaxy Store) and Smart monitors. Select Family Hub refrigerators can also be connected to Samsung TV Plus in the U.S. and Korea.

In January 2023, Samsung announced it was rolling out Samsung TV Plus onto non-Samsung TVs in the form of an installable app, specifically in an integration with TCL TVs.


# Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election

## Abstract

Statewide polls for the 2016 United States presidential election include the following. The polls listed here provide early data on opinion polling between the Democratic candidate, the Republican candidate, the Libertarian candidate, and the Green candidate. Prior to the parties' conventions, presumptive candidates were included in the polls. State polling is not conducted in all states for the election due to various factors. More polls usually are conducted in states that are considered swing states as more attention is given to the results. For determining a statistical tie, the margin of error provided by the polling source is applied to the result for each candidate.

## Most recent polling

Immediately before the election, Hillary Clinton had a vote lead among states recently polled. State polls with results outside the margin of error showed 213 potential electoral votes for Clinton and 162 potential electoral votes for Donald Trump. In 14 states and two congressional districts (150 electoral votes), results for Clinton and Trump were within the margin of error. For the two states and one district without recent polling, one state (6 electoral votes) voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 election, while one state and district (7 electoral votes) voted for Barack Obama. Third-party candidates, such as Jill Stein and Gary Johnson, were also included in many statewide polls. They have not received support in statewide polling that surpasses the two main party nominees. Independent candidate Evan McMullin was tied with Donald Trump in the state of Utah, but he has only been included on a very limited number of statewide polls.

## Alabama

9 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 60%–39% (Republican in 2012) 61%–38%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 62%–34%

## Alaska

3 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 59%–38% (Republican in 2012) 55%–41%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 51%-37%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## Arizona

11 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 53%–45% (Republican in 2012) 53%–44%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 48%-45%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Arkansas

6 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 59%–39% (Republican in 2012) 61%–37%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 61%-34%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## California

55 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 61%–37% (Democratic in 2012) 60%–37%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 62%-32%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## Colorado

9 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 54%–45% (Democratic in 2012) 51%–46%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 48%-43%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## Connecticut

7 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 61%–38% (Democratic in 2012) 58%–41%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 55%-41%

Four-way race

## Delaware

3 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 62%–37% (Democratic in 2012) 59%–40%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 53%-42%

Four-way race

## District of Columbia

3 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 92%–7% (Democratic in 2012) 91%–7%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 91%-4%

No polling was conducted post August 1, 2016

## Florida

29 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 51%–48% (Democratic in 2012) 50%–49%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 49%-48%

## Georgia

16 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 52%–47% (Republican in 2012) 53%–45%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 51%-46%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Hawaii

4 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 72%–27% (Democratic in 2012) 71%–28%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 62%-30%

No polling was conducted in 2016

## Idaho

4 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 61%–36% (Republican in 2012) 64%–32%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 59%-28%

Four-way race

## Illinois

20 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 62%–37% (Democratic in 2012) 58%–41%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 56%-39%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## Indiana

11 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 50%–49% (Republican in 2012) 54%–44%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 57%-38%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Iowa

6 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 54%–44% (Democratic in 2012) 52%–46%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 51%-42%

Two-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## Kansas

6 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 56%–42% (Republican in 2012) 60%–38%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 57%-36%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## Kentucky

8 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 57%–41% (Republican in 2012) 60%–38%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 63%-33%

Two-way race

Five-way race

## Louisiana

8 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 59%–40% (Republican in 2012) 58%–41%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 58%-38%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Maine

4 electoral votes (statewide vote worth 2 EVs; 1st and 2nd congressional districts worth 1 EV each) (Democratic in 2008) 58%–40% (Democratic in 2012) 56%–41%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 48%-45%

Four-way race

## Maryland

10 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 62%–36% (Democratic in 2012) 62%–36%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 60%-34%

Four-way race

## Massachusetts

11 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 62%–36% (Democratic in 2012) 61%–38%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 60%-33%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## Michigan

16 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 57%–41% (Democratic in 2012) 54%–45%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 48%-47%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Minnesota

10 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 54%–44% (Democratic in 2012) 53%–45%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 46%–45%

Two-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## Mississippi

6 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 56%–43% (Republican in 2012) 55%–44%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 58%-40%

No polling conducted post September 1, 2016

## Missouri

10 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 49.4%–49.2% (Republican in 2012) 53%–44%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 57%-38%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Montana

3 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 49%–47% (Republican in 2012) 55%–42%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 56%-36%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Nebraska

5 electoral votes (statewide vote worth 2 EVs; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd congressional districts worth 1 EV each) (Republican in 2008) 57%–42% (Republican in 2012) 60%–38%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 59%-34%

Four-way race

## Nevada

6 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 55%–43% (Democratic in 2012) 52%–46%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 48%-46%

Two-way race

Three-way

Four-way race

Five-way race

## New Hampshire

4 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 54%–45% (Democratic in 2012) 52%–46%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 48%-47%

Two-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## New Jersey

14 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 57%–42% (Democratic in 2012) 58%–41%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 55%-41%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## New Mexico

5 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 57%–42% (Democratic in 2012) 53%–43%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 48%-40%

Four-way race

## New York

29 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 63%–36% (Democratic in 2012) 63%–35%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 59%-37%

Four-way race

## North Carolina

15 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 50%–49% (Republican in 2012) 50%–48%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 50%-46%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## North Dakota

3 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 53%–45% (Republican in 2012) 58%–39%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 63%-27%

Four-way race

## Ohio

18 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 51%–47% (Democratic in 2012) 51%–48%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 52%-44%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## Oklahoma

7 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 66%–34% (Republican in 2012) 67%–33%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 65%-29%

Three-way race

## Oregon

7 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 57%–40% (Democratic in 2012) 54%–42%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 50%-39%

Four-way race

## Pennsylvania

20 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 54%–44% (Democratic in 2012) 52%–47%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 48%-47%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Rhode Island

4 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 63%–35% (Democratic in 2012) 63%–35%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 54%-39%

Four-way race

## South Carolina

9 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 54%–45% (Republican in 2012) 55%–44%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 55%-41%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## South Dakota

3 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 53%–45% (Republican in 2012) 58%–40%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 62%-32%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Tennessee

11 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 57%–42% (Republican in 2012) 59%–39%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 61%-35%

Four-way race

## Texas

38 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 55%–44% (Republican in 2012) 57%–41%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 52%-43%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Utah

6 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 62%–34% (Republican in 2012) 73%–25%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 46%-28%

Four-way race

Five-way race

Six-way race

## Vermont

3 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 67%–30% (Democratic in 2012) 67%–31%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 56%-30%

Four-way race

## Virginia

13 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 53%–46% (Democratic in 2012) 51%–47%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 50%-44%

Two-way race

Three-way race

Four-way race

Five-way race

## Washington

12 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 57%–40% (Democratic in 2012) 56%–41%

Winner (Democratic in 2016) 54%-38%

Two-way race

Four-way race

## West Virginia

5 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 56%–43% (Republican in 2012) 62%–36%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 69%-26%

Two-way race

Three-way race

## Wisconsin

10 electoral votes (Democratic in 2008) 56%–42% (Democratic in 2012) 53%–46%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 47%-46%

Three-way race

Four-way race

## Wyoming

3 electoral votes (Republican in 2008) 65%–33% (Republican in 2012) 69%–28%

Winner (Republican in 2016) 67%-22%

Four-way race


Walt Disney Home Video (VHS)

# Walt Disney Home Video (VHS)

## Abstract

Walt Disney Home Video is a discontinued video line launched to release Disney animated features on home video. This was done by a division of the same name under the parent Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company (WDTNT). As an entity, the name Walt Disney Home Video is now known as Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. The scope of this list is mostly limited to Disney's North American live action movie releases. Cartoon collections were concurrently released as Walt Disney Cartoon Classics which include the "Limited Gold Editions". The initial price for early Disney cassettes at the time was "prohibitory expensive" for many, this changed in the mid-1980s when VCRs became affordable.

## History

Disney started out by establishing its own video distribution operation in 1980 as part of Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company (WDTNT) with Jim Jimirro as its first president. WDTNT Co. also handled marketing of other miscellaneous ancillary items such as short 8 mm films for home movies. When Disney started with video cassettes, "Home video" was not considered to be a major market by them at the time. Their first releases on videotape were 13 titles that were licensed for rental to Fotomat on March 4, 1980. Disney was unusual among the major studios in offering a program for authorized rentals. Most of the other studios involved in the videocassette market at the time were trying to find ways to stop dealers from renting out their movie tapes. Magnetic Video (with titles from 20th Century Fox and others) ceased doing business with Fotomat after Fotomat began renting Magnetic Video cassettes without authorization.

The switchover from rental to sales was a "thorny" issue that was solved by giving dealers an option on the type of outlet they desired. For those who just wanted to rent video cassettes, a title was given (for US$52) on a 13-week cycle. The dealer could then set the price as many times as they wanted in those 13 weeks before purchasing a new title from Disney. Video cassette rentals were more "functionally" packaged with a heavier box and less elaborately detailed illustrations. For those who wanted to sell video cassettes, a "fairly straightforward" program involved 4 color packaging and a suggested retail price. In order to separate the two mediums, the cassette either featured " FOR RENTAL ONLY/Not intended for Sale " or "FOR SALE ONLY/Not intended for Rental". The 13 titles that had been licensed for rental to Fotomat subsequently became available for purchase.

Throughout their release history, "Walt Disney Home Video" cassettes were promoted by Disney. An early example is the 1981 release of "A Walt Disney Christmas" where a "Free Mickey Mouse Plush Toy" was offered as an incentive. Disney later offered a promotion for Summer 1982 called "Disney's American Summer", where they sold some of their cartoon collections on cassettes for a discounted price. At the time this promotion was done in an effort to make video cassettes more affordable, and boosted the video software involved. Marketing included a 7 foot tall gazebo which was set up in stores and a free mug as an incentive. Towards the end of 1984, Disney did a “Wrapped And Ready to Give” christmas promotion which included 7 newly released titles on video cassette. Later promotions include Disney's 1986 "Wonderland Campaign" as a further attempt to bring prices down.

When the Disney Channel was launched on April 18, 1983 it gave the company an opportunity to air made for TV films such as Tiger Town and Gone Are the Dayes, both of which were released to home video in 1984. During that same year Disney also started releasing their animated feature films under the Walt Disney Classics line starting with Robin Hood. On March 8, 1985 Disney released " Love Leads the Way " which became their first title that went straight to Home Video. The Walt Disney Home Video division was legally incorporated as Buena Vista Home Video on February 13, 1987. This name change however, did not stop some VHS releases under the Walt Disney Home Video line from being released throughout the year.

## North American releases

## Worldwide releases

Disney first offered Dumbo, Mary Poppins, Mi Amigo El Dragon (Pete's Dragon), Su Mas Fiel Amigo (Old Yeller), La Montana Embrujada (Escape to Witch Mountain), Los Tres Caballeros (The Three Caballeros), Mickey's Christmas Carol, and 2 cartoon collections in Spanish on November 30, 1985 In the United Kingdom, titles from the "Walt Disney Home Video" product line such as Mary Poppins, Pete's Dragon and Bedknobs and Broomsticks were not released to video cassette until November 26, 1988. Additional VHS releases in other countries under the "Walt Disney Home Video" are possible, but need further sourcing.

## Rarity

In terms of consignment, Heritage Auctions has placed in their "Vintage VHS Tapes Value Guide" that the most desirable VHS tapes released between 1979 and 1990 are still in their original factory shrink wrap. When VCRs were first released in 1977, they were priced between $1,000 to $1,400 which would roughly equal $4,900 to $6,900 in 2023 USD. As this amount was initially unattainable for most homes fewer people were buying VHS tapes, which in turn meant fewer copies being produced. A "likely sum of money for a video cassette at the time was between $80 and $100 or $400+ in 2023 USD. These higher costs lasted until 1985 when VCRs finally began dropping in price. While this meant more tapes were produced, it did not mean that they became any less of a rarity.

In regard to Disney "Only the earliest of Disney VHS cassettes produced prior to 1985 hold any value to most collectors." Titles such as "Tron" which remains "elusive" for early copies have sold for high amounts in mint condition. Things to look for in general include a sealed tape, a studio logo on the shrink-wrap, and if the latest year listed on the back of the cover is prior to 1986.