1803

# 1803

## Abstract

1803 (MDCCCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1803rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 803rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 3rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1803, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

- January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière 's Almanach des gourmands, the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris.

- January 4 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat", in Scotland.

- January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase.

- February 19 An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons. Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.

- An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons.

- Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state.

- February 20 – Kandyan Wars: Kandy, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment.

- February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III of the United Kingdom, and to destroy the Bank of England.

- February 24 – Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.

- February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted, via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.

- March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton.

### April–June

- March–April – The franc germinal is introduced in France.

- April 26 – The L'Aigle meteorite falls in Normandy, causing a shift in scientific opinion on the origin of meteorites.

- April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase is made from France by the United States.

- May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England.

- May 18 – The Napoleonic Wars begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.

- May 19 – Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt.

- June 5 – Convention of Artlenburg agrees a ceasefire following the French Invasion of Hanover. Large numbers of the former Hanoverian Army go into exile to join the King's German Legion

- June 7 – Indiana Territory governor (and future U.S. president) William Henry Harrison signs treaties at Fort Wayne, with representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25.

- June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.

### July–September

- July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.

- July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).

- July 23 – Robert Emmet 's uprising in Ireland begins.

- July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line in England.

- August 3 – The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War, against the Scindia Dynasty of Gwalior.

- August 31 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition begins as Lewis and a crew of 11 depart on the Ohio River.

- September 6 – John Dalton, British scientist, begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.

- September 11 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Delhi – British troops under General Lake defeat the Marathas of Scindia 's army, under General Louis Bourquin.

- September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed.

- September 23 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Assaye – British-led troops defeat Maratha forces.

### October–December

- October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that comprises the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17.

- October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.

- November 18 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Vertières – The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the French army sent by Napoleon.

- November 30 The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines. At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.

- The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines.

- At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States.

- December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804.

- December 20 – The Louisiana Purchase is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.

### Undated

- Major breakthroughs in chemistry occur, with the identification of the elements rhodium and palladium (by William Hyde Wollaston); osmium and iridium (by Smithson Tennant); and cerium (by Wilhelm Hisinger, Jons Jakob Berzelius and Martin Heinrich Klaproth)

## Births

### January–June

- February 2 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)

- February 4 – Antonija Höffern, Slovene noblewoman and educator (d. 1871)

- February 15 Karl Friedrich Schimper, German botanist, naturalist and poet (d. 1867) John Sutter, German-American pioneer (d. 1880)

- Karl Friedrich Schimper, German botanist, naturalist and poet (d. 1867)

- John Sutter, German-American pioneer (d. 1880)

- February 26 – Arnold Adolph Berthold, German physiologist, zoologist (d. 1861)

- March 12 – Guillaume de Felice, Savoy nobleman, abolitionist (d. 1871)

- March 13 – John Boyle, British politician (d. 1874)

- March 16 – Nikolay Yazykov, Russian poet, Slavophile (d. 1846)

- March 27 – Charles Lafontaine, Swiss mesmerist (d. 1892)

- April 7 – Flora Tristan, French feminist (d. 1844)

- April 30 Jeremiah E. Cary, American politician (d. 1888) Albrecht von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879)

- Jeremiah E. Cary, American politician (d. 1888)

- Albrecht von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879)

- May 12 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (d. 1873)

- May 20 – Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (d. 1854)

- May 24 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte, French naturalist, ornithologist (d. 1857)

- May 25 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, playwright and politician (d. 1873) Ralph Waldo Emerson, American writer (d. 1882)

- Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, playwright and politician (d. 1873)

- Ralph Waldo Emerson, American writer (d. 1882)

- June 8 – Amalia Assur, Swedish dentist (d. 1889)

- June 24 – George James Webb, English-born composer (d. 1887)

### July–December

- July 10 – William Todd (1803–1873), American businessman, Canadian senate nominee

- July 20 – John Hymers, English mathematician (d. 1887)

- July 24 – Adolphe Adam, French composer (d. 1856)

- July 31 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor, engineer (d. 1889)

- August – Francesca Anna Canfield, American linguist, poet and translator (d. 1833)

- August 3 Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (d. 1889) Sir Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament (d. 1865)

- Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (d. 1889)

- Sir Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament (d. 1865)

- August 10 – Joseph Vinoy, French general (d. 1880)

- August 13 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher, writer, music critic (d. 1869)

- August 18 – Nathan Clifford, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1881)

- August 23 Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (d. 1871) Gustaf Wappers, Belgian painter (d. 1874)

- Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (d. 1871)

- Gustaf Wappers, Belgian painter (d. 1874)

- August 27 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (d. 1895)

- September 4 Anna Nielsen, Danish mezzo-soprano (d. 1856) Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (d. 1891)

- Anna Nielsen, Danish mezzo-soprano (d. 1856)

- Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (d. 1891)

- September 11 – Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales, first lady of Peru, controversial socialite (d. 1835)

- September 27 – Samuel Francis Du Pont, American admiral (d. 1865)

- September 28 – Prosper Mérimée, French writer (d. 1870)

- September 29 – Mercator Cooper, American sea captain (d. 1872)

- September 30 – Gustav von Alvensleben, Prussian general (d. 1881)

- October 5 – Friedrich Bernhard Westphal, Danish-German painter (d. 1844)

- October 16 – Robert Stephenson, English civil engineer (d. 1859)

- November 11 – Adolf von Bonin, Prussian general (d. 1872)

- November 14 – Jacob Abbott, American writer (d. 1879)

- November 29 Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician (d. 1853) Gottfried Semper, German architect (d. 1879)

- Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician (d. 1853)

- Gottfried Semper, German architect (d. 1879)

- December 5 – Fyodor Tyutchev, great Russian Romantic poet (d. 1873)

- December 6 – Susanna Moodie, English writer (d. 1885)

- December 11 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (d. 1869)

### Date unknown

- Barbarita Nieves, Venezuelan mistress of José Antonio Páez (d. 1847)

## Deaths

### January–June

- January 1 – James Woodforde, English clergyman, diarist (b. 1740)

- January 18 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (b. 1743)

- January 23 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (b. 1725)

- February 1 – Anders Chydenius, Finnish priest, politician (b. 1729)

- February 3 – María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda, Spanish scholar (b. 1768)

- February 9 – Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet (b. 1716)

- February 11 – Jean-François de La Harpe, French critic (b. 1739)

- February 18 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (b. 1719)

- February 20 – Marie Dumesnil, French actress (b. 1713)

- February 22 – Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, French Father of the American Revolution (b. 1726)

- February 23 – Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova, Russian serf actress, opera soprano (b. 1768)

- February 21 – Edward Despard, British revolutionary (b. 1751)

- March 14 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (b. 1724)

- March 28 – Peter Du Cane, Sr., British businessman (b. 1713)

- April 2 – Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish politician, judge (b. 1721)

- April 6 – William Hamilton, British diplomat, antiquary (b. 1730)

- April 7 Antoine de Bosc de la Calmette, Danish statesman, landscape architect (b. 1752) Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary (b. 1743)

- Antoine de Bosc de la Calmette, Danish statesman, landscape architect (b. 1752)

- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary (b. 1743)

- April 14 – Christoph Anton Migazzi, Austrian Catholic bishop (b. 1714)

- April 24 – Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, French portrait painter (b. 1749)

- May 8 – John Joseph Merlin, Belgian-born British clock- and musical-instrument-maker and inventor (b. 1735)

- May 29 – Louis-Antoine Caraccioli, French writer (b. 1719)

- June 24 – Matthew Thornton, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1714)

- June 26 – Fermín Lasuén, Spanish missionary (b. 1736)

### July–December

- August 24 – James Napper Tandy, Irish republican

- September 5 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (b. 1741)

- September 13 – John Barry, officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War, later in the United States Navy (b. 1745)

- September 15 Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719) François Devienne, French composer (b. 1759)

- Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1719)

- François Devienne, French composer (b. 1759)

- September 16 – Nicolas Baudin, French explorer (b. 1754)

- September 17 – Franz Xaver Süssmayr, Austrian composer (b. 1766)

- September 23 – Joseph Ritson, English antiquary (b. 1752)

- September 27 – Frances Brett Hodgkinson, English-born American actress (b. 1771)

- October 2 – Samuel Adams, American revolutionary leader (b. 1722)

- October 8 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian dramatist, poet (b. 1749)

- October 14 – Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, French philosopher (b. 1743)

- October 26 – Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (b. 1721)

- October 31 – Pandara Vanniyan, last King of Vanni (defeated by Lt. von Driberg)

- November 11 – Raphael Cohen, German rabbi (b. 1722)

- November 17 – John Willett Payne, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1752)

- November 18 – Ditlevine Feddersen, Norwegian culture figure (b. 1727)

- November 25 – Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (b. 1722)

- December 7 – Gerrit Paape, Dutch politician, writer (b. 1752)

- December 15 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (b. 1725)

- December 18 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, writer (b. 1744)

- December 26 – Gian Carlo Passeroni, Italian writer (b. 1713)

- December 30 – Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)

### Date unknown

- Moscho Tzavela, Greek-Souliote heroine (b. 1760)


Igor Jelić

# Igor Jelić

## Abstract

Igor Jelić (Serbian Cyrillic: Игор Јелић; born 28 December 1989) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Playing career

After playing with Bežanija in the Serbian First League, he moved during the winter break of the 2014–15 season to Serbian SuperLiga side FK Donji Srem.

## Honours

### Club

- Georgian Super Cup: 2012

- Uzbekistan Super League: 2018


Nelson Bonilla

# Nelson Bonilla

## Abstract

Nelson Wilfredo Bonilla Sánchez (born 11 September 1990) is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a striker for Malaysia Super League club Terengganu and the El Salvador national team.

## Club career

### Club

#### Alianza

Bonilla scored his first goal for Alianza against Atlético Marte on 13 August 2011. He scored both goals against Águila on 11 September 2011, the match ended 2–1 to Alianza. He scored the only goal against Juventud Independiente on 2 November 2011. On 27 November 2011 he scored a 54th-minute equaliser against Firpo in a match that ended 1–1. On 22 January, he scored the winning goal against Juventud Independiente in the 60th minute, the match ended 2–1. On 5 February 2012, he scored the first goal in a 3–1 defeat against Águila.

#### Viitorul

In July 2014, Bonilla signed with Romanian club Viitorul Constanța.

#### Zira

On 31 August 2015, Bonilla signed a two-year contract with Zira FK of the Azerbaijan Premier League. On 23 May 2016, Zira announced that Bonilla had extended his contract with the club for an additional season.

#### Nacional

On 16 June 2016, it was announced that Bonilla would leave Zira to join Portuguese club Nacional.

#### Terengganu FC

In August 2024, it was announced the Bonilla had agreed to sign contract with Terengganu FC.

## International career

Bonilla made his debut for El Salvador on 23 May 2012 in a 2–2 away draw against New Zealand. Bonilla scored his first goal for El Salvador on 27 May 2012 against Moldova, with his team going on to win 2–0.

## Career statistics

### Club

### International

#### International goals


# William Fitzgerald (footballer, born 1999)

## Abstract

William Fitzgerald (born 19 May 1999) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a winger for League of Ireland side Sligo Rovers.

## Career

### Limerick

Having come through the academy at Mervue United, Fitzgerald moved to Limerick in 2016. After progressing through the U17's and U19's sides with Super Blues, Fitzgerald was promoted to the first team in 2017. He made his professional debut on 26 August 2017, as he came on as a 61st-minute substitute for Stephen Kenny; during a 1–0 win against Finn Harps in the Second Round of the FAI Cup. Almost two months after his cup appearance, Fitzgerald made his league debut on 14 October 2017 as he came on as a 74th-minute substitute for Kenny once again; during the 1–0 win against Drogheda United. In the following campaign, Fitzgerald went onto feature 38 times across all competitions, as Limerick suffered relegation after suffering a 3–0 aggregate against Finn Harps.

### Waterford

On 5 July 2019, after featuring once for Limerick in the League of Ireland First Division after overcoming injury; Fitzgerald signed for Premier Division side Waterford. He would go onto make 20 appearances for The Blues across all competitions, before leaving the club in February 2021.

### Derry City

On 22 February 2021, Fitzgerald signed for fellow League of Ireland Premier Division side Derry City on a one-year deal, after featuring in all but one of The Candystripes' league games during the 2021 season, he left the club on 6 December 2021; following the expiration of his contract.

### Sligo Rovers

A few hours after leaving Derry, Fitzgerald signed for Sligo Rovers on a deal until the end of the season. On 9 December 2022,after making 42 appearances out of a possible 43 across all competitions over the course of the season; Fitzgerald penned a contract extension until the end of the following season. He would go onto make 34 appearances in all competitions, scoring once; as his season was curtailed after suffering a groin injury in training, which required surgery. On 10 December 2023, Fitzgerald penned another new deal until the conclusion of 2024 campaign, which sees him enter his third season at The Showgrounds.

## International career

He was called up to the Republic of Ireland U21 for the first time on 24 January 2019. Fitzgerald made his Republic of Ireland U21 debut on 6 February 2019, in a 1–0 win against Republic of Ireland Amateur in a friendly played at the Whitehall Stadium in Dublin.


The Great Escape (film)

# The Great Escape (film)

## Abstract

The Great Escape is a 1963 American epic war suspense adventure film starring Steve McQueen, James Garner and Richard Attenborough and featuring James Donald, Charles Bronson, Donald Pleasence, James Coburn, Hannes Messemer, David McCallum, Gordon Jackson, John Leyton and Angus Lennie. It was filmed in Panavision, and its musical score was composed by Elmer Bernstein.

Based on Paul Brickhill 's 1950 non-fiction book of the same name, the film depicts a heavily fictionalized version of the mass escape by British Commonwealth prisoners of war from German POW camp Stalag Luft III during the Second World War. The film made numerous compromises for its commercial appeal, including its portrayal of American prisoners' involvement in the escape.

The Great Escape was made by The Mirisch Company, released by United Artists, and produced and directed by John Sturges. The film had its Royal World Premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London's West End on 20 June 1963. The Great Escape received critical acclaim and emerged as one of the highest-grossing films of the year, winning McQueen the award for Best Actor at the Moscow International Film Festival, and is considered a classic. The film is also noted for its motorcycle chase and jump scene, which is considered one of the best stunts ever performed.

## Plot

In 1943, a group of Allied POWs who have repeatedly escaped from camps across the Third Reich are moved to a new camp under the command of Luftwaffe Colonel von Luger. He warns British Group Captain Ramsey—the highest-ranked POW officer and their de facto leader—that any man who escapes will be shot. Privately von Luger opposes such measures, but the Gestapo, tired of the disruption caused by breakouts elsewhere, has threatened to intervene if the Luftwaffe cannot stop them for good.

Several prisoners ignore the threat and attempt to escape on the first day, but none succeed. Hilts, a notoriously prolific escapee, notices a blind spot at the fence and purposefully gets caught before the guards can realize his discovery. Sentenced to "the cooler”, he is placed in a cell next to Ives, and the two become friends.

RAF Squadron Leader Roger Bartlett re-establishes "the X Organisation", the escape-planning committee at their former camp, with Ramsey's tacit approval. He argues that they can help the Allied war effort by breaking out an unprecedented 250 men simultaneously, forcing the Germans to divert significant manpower away from the front.

The POWs begin working on three tunnels: "Tom", "Dick", and "Harry". Hendley secures vital objects on the black market and forms a bond with expert forger Blythe. Sedgwick makes picks and air bellows, Welinski and Dickes oversee the digging, MacDonald gathers intelligence, Griffith sews civilian disguises, and Ashley-Pitt devises a method of hiding the excavated dirt. Digging and manufacturing noise is masked by a choir, led by Cavendish, who also surveys the tunnels' routes. Aware that Hilts is planning to jump the fence, Bartlett asks him to scout out the surrounding area and then allow himself to be recaptured so he can draw maps for the X Organisation. Hilts refuses out of pride.

When "Tom" nears completion first, Bartlett orders "Dick" and "Harry" sealed off. Hilts, Hendley, and Goff brew potato moonshine with a homemade still and celebrate the Fourth of July with the camp, but the guards accidentally find "Tom" mid-party. A despondent Ives snaps, frantically climbs the fence, and is shot dead. Hilts, shaken, agrees to Bartlett's proposal.

Bartlett orders "Harry" reopened. When the tunnel partially collapses, Welinski breaks down and confides to Dickes that he is claustrophobic. He tries to climb the fence like Ives, but Dickes manages to calm him down and prevent him being shot. Blythe finds he is going blind due to progressive myopia, and Hendley takes it upon himself to be his eyes during the escape.

The prisoners complete "Harry", but on the night of the escape they break to the surface and find themselves 20 feet short of the forest, and still within sight of the guards. Guided by Hilts tugging on a rope as a signal—and aided by a fortuitous air raid blackout—dozens of men flee before Cavendish slips and makes a noise. An impatient Griffith surfaces while a guard investigates and is captured, ending the breakout.

The 76 escapees flee throughout Europe. Welinski and Dickes row to a port and board a ship for Sweden, while Sedgwick cycles to France, where the Resistance smuggles him to Spain. The rest are unsuccessful: Cavendish hitches a ride on a truck, but is turned in by the driver. Hilts steals a motorcycle and heads for the German-Swiss border, chased by soldiers, but after jumping one line of tank barriers his bike is shot and he is recaptured. Hendley and Blythe steal a Luftwaffe training plane to fly to Switzerland, but crash when the engine fails; Blythe is shot and Hendley recaptured. At a railway station, Kuhn, a Gestapo guard from the camp, helps search among the disembarking passengers for escapees; Ashley-Pitt kills him to prevent him recognizing Bartlett, and is then also shot dead. However, Bartlett and MacDonald are still caught when another Gestapo officer tricks MacDonald into speaking English while boarding a bus.

Fifty of the men, including Bartlett and MacDonald, are loaded into trucks, taken to a field, and shot dead on Hitler's direct orders. Hendley, hearing the news on his return to the camp with the survivors, asks Ramsey if the escape was worth it. Von Luger, ashamed by the murders, is relieved of command by the Gestapo and driven away to an uncertain fate, but as he leaves he tells a returning Hilts that it looks like the American will be the one who gets to see Berlin first. Hilts is sent to the cooler, where he begins planning his next escape.

## Cast

- Steve McQueen as Captain Virgil Hilts ('The Cooler King'): one of three Americans in the camp, a particularly persistent escapee with an irreverent attitude.

- James Garner as Flight Lieutenant Bob Hendley ('The Scrounger'): American RAF officer, responsible for finding materials on the black market for the escape attempt; forms a close friendship with Blythe.

- Richard Attenborough as Squadron Leader Roger Bartlett ('Big X'): RAF officer and ringleader of the escape committee.

- James Donald as Group Captain Ramsey ('The SBO'): most senior British & Allied officer in the camp, serves as an intermediary between the Germans and the POWs as their de facto leader.

- Charles Bronson as Flight Lieutenant Danny Welinski ('Tunnel King'): Polish RAF officer; despite having dug 17 escape tunnels in other camps, is severely claustrophobic.

- Donald Pleasence as Flight Lieutenant Colin Blythe ('The Forger'): mild-mannered English forger; forms close friendship with Hendley.

- James Coburn as Flying Officer Sedgwick ('The Manufacturer'): an Australian officer who constructs tools for the escape.

- Hannes Messemer as Oberst von Luger ('The Kommandant'): Commandant of the camp and a senior Luftwaffe officer.

- David McCallum as Lieutenant-Commander Eric Ashley-Pitt ('Dispersal'): a Fleet Air Arm officer; devises a way to get rid of the tunnel dirt.

- Gordon Jackson as Flight Lieutenant Andy MacDonald ('Intelligence'): Bartlett's second-in-command.

- John Leyton as Flight Lieutenant Willie Dickes ('Tunnel King'): Welinski's best friend and co-lead on tunnel design and construction.

- Angus Lennie as Flying Officer Archie Ives ('The Mole'): anxious Scottish airman who befriends Hilts in the cooler.

- Nigel Stock as Flight Lieutenant Dennis Cavendish ('The Surveyor'): surveys the tunnel routes.

- Robert Graf as Werner ('The Ferret'): young, naive guard whom Hendley befriends and exploits for black market contraband.

- Jud Taylor as Second Lieutenant Goff: the camp's third American.

- Hans Reiser as Kuhn: Gestapo officer and ardent Nazi.

- Harry Riebauer as Stabsfeldwebel Strachwitz: the senior NCO amongst the German guards.

- William Russell as Flight Lieutenant Sorren ('Security'): British officer.

- Robert Freitag as Hauptmann Posen: von Luger's adjutant.

- Ulrich Beiger as Preissen: Gestapo officer.

- George Mikell as SD Hauptsturmführer Dietrich: SS officer.

- Lawrence Montaigne as Flying Officer Haynes ('Diversions'): Canadian officer.

- Robert Desmond as Pilot Officer Griffith ('Tailor'): British officer; provides civilian clothes and military uniforms to disguise the escapees.

- Til Kiwe as Frick

- Heinz Weiss as Kramer

- Tom Adams as Flight Lieutenant Dai Nimmo ('Diversions'): Welsh officer.

- Karl-Otto Alberty as SD Untersturmführer Steinach: SS officer.

- Arthur Atkinson as British Officer Charlie (uncredited)

## Production

### Writing

In 1963, the Mirisch brothers worked with United Artists to adapt Paul Brickhill 's 1950 book The Great Escape. Brickhill had been a very minor member of the X Organisation at Stalag Luft III, who acted as one of the "stooges" who monitored German movements in the camp. The story had been adapted as a live TV production, screened by NBC as an episode of The Philco Television Playhouse on January 27, 1951. The live broadcast was praised for engineering an ingenious set design for the live broadcast, including creating the illusion of tunnels. The film's screenplay was adapted by James Clavell, W. R. Burnett and Walter Newman.

### Casting

Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson and James Coburn all had recently worked with director John Sturges on his 1960 motion picture, The Magnificent Seven.

Steve McQueen has been credited with the most significant performance. Critic Leonard Maltin wrote that "the large, international cast is superb, but the standout is McQueen; it's easy to see why this cemented his status as a superstar". This film established his box-office clout. Hilts was based on at least three pilots, David M. Jones, John Dortch Lewis and Bill Ash.

Richard Attenborough 's Sqn Ldr Roger Bartlett RAF, "Big X", was based on Roger Bushell, the South African-born British POW who was the mastermind of the real Great Escape. This was the film that first brought Attenborough to common notice in the United States. During World War II, Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force. He volunteered to fly with the Film Unit, and after further training (where he sustained permanent ear damage), he qualified as a sergeant. He flew on several missions over Europe, filming from the rear gunner's position to record the outcome of Bomber Command sorties. (Richard Harris was originally announced for the role.)

Group Captain Ramsey RAF, "the SBO" (Senior British Officer), was based on Group Captain Herbert Massey, a World War I veteran who had volunteered in World War II. Massey walked with a limp, and in the movie Ramsey walks with a cane. Massey had suffered severe wounds to the same leg in both wars. There would be no escape for him, but as SBO he had to know what was going on. Group Captain Massey was a veteran escaper himself and had been in trouble with the Gestapo. His experience allowed him to offer sound advice to the X-Organisation. Another officer who is likely to have inspired the character of Ramsey was Wing Commander Harry Day.

Flt Lt Colin Blythe RAF, "The Forger", was based on Tim Walenn and played by Donald Pleasence. Pleasence had served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He was shot down and spent a year in German prisoner-of-war camp Stalag Luft I. Charles Bronson had been a gunner in the USAAF and had been wounded, but never shot down. Like his character, Danny Welinski, he suffered from claustrophobia because of his childhood work in a mine. James Garner had been a soldier in the Korean War and was twice wounded. He was a scrounger during that time, as is his character.

Hannes Messemer 's Commandant, "Colonel von Luger", was based on Oberst Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau. Messemer had been a POW in Russia during World War II and had escaped by walking hundreds of miles to the German border. He was wounded by Russian fire, but was not captured by the Russians. He surrendered to British forces and then spent two years in a POW facility in London known as the London Cage.

Angus Lennie 's Flying Officer Archibald Ives, "The Mole", was based on Jimmy Kiddel, who was shot dead while trying to scale the fence.

The film is accurate in showing that only three escapees made home runs, although the people who made them differed from those in the film. The escape of Danny and Willie in the film is based on two Norwegians who escaped to Sweden, Per Bergsland and Jens Müller, while the escape of Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Flying Officer Sedgwick, "the Manufacturer", to Spain, was based on Dutchman Bram van der Stok. James Coburn, an American, was cast in the role of Sedgwick who was an amalgamation of Flt Lt Albert Hake, an Australian serving in the RAF, the camp's compass maker, and Johnny Travis, the real manufacturer.

Tilman 'Til Kiwe' Kiver played the German guard "Frick", who discovers the escape. Kiwe had been a German paratrooper officer who was captured and held prisoner at a POW camp in Colorado. He made several escape attempts, dyeing his uniform and carrying forged papers. He was captured in the St. Louis train station during one escape attempt. He won the Knight's Cross before his capture and was the cast member who had actually performed many of the exploits shown in the film.

### Filming

The film was made on location in Germany at the Bavaria Film Studio in the Munich suburb of Geiselgasteig in rural Bavaria, where sets for the barrack interiors and tunnels were constructed. The camp was built in a clearing of the Perlacher Forst (Perlacher Forest) near the studio. The German town near the real camp was Sagan (now Żagań, Poland); it was renamed Neustadt in the film. Many scenes were filmed in and around the town of Füssen in Bavaria, including its railway station. The nearby district of Pfronten, with its distinctive St. Nikolaus Church and scenic background, also appears often in the film. The first scenes involving the railway were filmed on the Munich–Holzkirchen line at Großhesselohe station ("Neustadt" station in the movie) and near Deisenhofen. Hendley and Blythe's escape from the train was shot on the Munich–Mühldorf railway east of Markt Schwaben. The station where Bartlett, MacDonald and Ashley-Pitt arrive is Füssen station, whereas the scene of Sedgwick (whose theft of a bike was shot in Markt Schwaben) boarding a train was created in Pfronten-Ried station on the Ausserfern Railway. The castle Hendley and Blythe fly by while attempting to escape is Neuschwanstein Castle.

The motorcycle chase scenes with the barbed wire fences were shot on meadows outside Füssen, and the "barbed wire" that Hilts crashes into before being recaptured was simulated by strips of rubber tied around barbless wire, constructed by the cast and crew in their spare time. Insurance concerns prevented McQueen from performing the film's notable motorcycle leap, which was done by his friend and fellow cycle enthusiast Bud Ekins, who resembled McQueen from a distance. When Johnny Carson later tried to congratulate McQueen for the jump during a broadcast of The Tonight Show, McQueen said, "It wasn't me. That was Bud Ekins." However, McQueen and Australian Motocross champion Tim Gibbes both performed the stunt on camera for fun, and according to second unit director Robert Relyea, the stunt in the final cut of the movie could have been performed by any of the three men. Other parts of the chase were done by McQueen, playing both Hilts and the soldiers chasing him, because of his skill on a motorcycle. The motorcycle was a Triumph TR6 Trophy which was painted to look like a German machine. The restored machine is currently on display at Triumph 's factory at Hinckley, England. Filming started on June 4, 1962 and ended on October 1962.

## Historical accuracy

The film accurately represented many details of the escape, including the layout of the camp, the different escape plans employed, and the fact that only three of the 76 escapees successfully reached their destinations. The names of the characters are fictitious, but are based on real men, in most cases being composites of several people. However, a number of changes were made to increase the film's drama and appeal to an American audience, with some scenes being heavily or completely fictionalised. The screenwriters also significantly increased the involvement of American POWs in the escape. A few American officers in the camp initially helped dig the tunnels and worked on the early plans, but they were moved away seven months before the escape, which ended their involvement. The real escape was by largely British and other Allied personnel, with the exception of American Johnnie Dodge, who was a British officer. The film omits the crucial role that Canadians played in building the tunnels and in the escape itself. Of the 1,800 or so POWs, 600 were involved in preparations: 150 of those were Canadian. Wally Floody, an RCAF pilot and former miner who was the real-life "tunnel king", was engaged as a technical advisor for the film.

Ramsey tells Von Luger that it is the sworn duty of every officer to attempt escape. In reality, there was no requirement in the King's Regulations, or in any form of international convention.

The film shows the tunnel code-named Tom with its entrance under a stove and Harry's in a drain sump in a washroom. In reality, Dick's entrance was the drain sump, Harry's was under the stove, and Tom's was in a darkened corner next to a stove chimney.

Former POWs asked the filmmakers to exclude details about the help they received from their home countries, such as maps, papers, and tools hidden in gift packages, lest it jeopardise future POW escapes. The filmmakers complied.

The film omits any mention that many Germans willingly helped in the escape itself. The film suggests that the forgers were able to make near-exact replicas of just about any pass that was used in Nazi Germany. In reality, the forgers received a great deal of assistance from Germans who lived many hundreds of miles away on the other side of the country. Several German guards, who were openly anti-Nazi, also willingly gave the prisoners items and assistance of any kind to aid their escape. The need for such accuracy produced much eyestrain, but unlike in the film, there were no cases of blindness. Some, such as Frank Knight, gave up forging because of the strain, but he certainly did not suffer the same ocular fate as the character of Colin Blythe in the film. In fact, no one in the film says that Colin Blythe's blindness is the result of eyestrain. He identifies his problem as "progressive myopia ", suggesting that he has not only heard of the condition but has also been diagnosed.

The film depicts the escape taking place in ideal weather conditions, whereas at the time much was done in freezing temperatures, and snow lay thick on the ground. In reality there were no escapes by aircraft or motorcycle: McQueen requested the motorcycle sequence, which shows off his skills as a keen motorcyclist. He did the stunt riding himself (except for the final jump, done by Bud Ekins).

In the film, Hilts incapacitates a German soldier for his motorcycle, Ashley-Pitt kills Kuhn, a Gestapo officer, when he recognizes Bartlett waiting to pass through a Gestapo checkpoint at a railway station and Hendley knocks out a German guard at the airfield. Sedgwick witnesses the killing of German officers at a French Cafe by the French resistance. No German personnel were killed or injured by the real escapees.

In the film Blythe is shown being killed by German Border guards after the training aircraft that Hendley stole crashes just short of the border; this incident never happened.Three truckloads of recaptured POWs drive in three directions. One truck contains 20 prisoners who are invited to stretch their legs in a field, whereupon they are all machine gunned in a single massacre, with the implication that the other two were killed in the same manner; in reality, the POWs were shot individually or in pairs. The majority of the POWs were killed by pistol shots taken by Gestapo officers; however, at least ten of them were killed in a manner like that portrayed in the film: Dutchy Swain, Chaz Hall, Brian Evans, Wally Valenta, George McGill, Pat Langford, Edgar Humphreys, Adam Kolanowski, Bob Stewart and Henry "Hank" Birkland. The film depicts the three prisoners who escape to freedom as British, Polish, and Australian; in reality, they were Norwegian (Jens Müller and Per Bergsland) and Dutch (Bram van der Stok).

In 2009, seven POWs returned to Stalag Luft III for the 65th anniversary of the escape and watched the film. According to the veterans, many details of the first half depicting life in the camp were authentic, e.g. the death of Ives, who tries to scale the fence, and the actual digging of the tunnels. The film has kept the memory of the 50 executed airmen alive for decades and has made their story known worldwide, if in a distorted form. British author Guy Walters notes that a pivotal scene in the film where MacDonald blunders by replying in English to a suspicious Gestapo officer saying, "Good luck", is now so strongly imprinted that historians have accepted it as a real event, and that it was Bushell's partner Bernard Scheidhauer who made the error. However, Walters points out that an historical account says that one of the two men said "yes" in English in response to a Kripo man's questions without any mention of "good luck" and notes that as Scheidhauser was French, and Bushell's first language was English, it seems likely that if a slip did take place, it was made by Bushell himself, and says the "good luck" scene should be regarded as fiction.

## Music

The film's iconic music was composed by Elmer Bernstein, who gave each major character his own musical motif based on the Great Escape ' s main theme. Its enduring popularity helped Bernstein live off the score's royalties for the rest of his life. Critics have said the film score succeeds because it uses rousing militaristic motifs with interludes of warmer softer themes that humanizes the prisoners and endears them to audiences; the music also captures the bravery and defiance of the POWs. The main title's patriotic march has since become popular in Britain, particularly with fans of the England national football team. However, in 2016, the sons of Elmer Bernstein openly criticized the use of the Great Escape theme by the Vote Leave campaign in the UK Brexit referendum, saying "Our father would never have allowed UKIP to use his music" because he would have strongly opposed the party.

In 2011 Intrada, a company specializing in film soundtracks, released a digitized re-mastered version of the full film score based on the original 1/4" two-track stereo sessions and original 1/2" three-channel stereo masters.

### Disc one

### Disc two

### Disc three

## Reception

### Box office

The Great Escape grossed $11.7 million at the box office, after a budget of $4 million. It became one of the highest-grossing films of 1963, despite heavy competition. In the years since its release, its audience has broadened, cementing its status as a cinema classic. It was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival, where McQueen won the Silver Prize for Best Actor.

### Critical response

Contemporary reviews for the film were mostly positive. In 1963, The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther wrote: "But for much longer than is artful or essential, The Great Escape grinds out its tormenting story without a peek beneath the surface of any man, without a real sense of human involvement. It's a strictly mechanical adventure with make-believe men." British film critic Leslie Halliwell described it as "pretty good but overlong POW adventure with a tragic ending". The Time magazine reviewer wrote in 1963: "The use of color photography is unnecessary and jarring, but little else is wrong with this film. With accurate casting, a swift screenplay, and authentic German settings, Producer-Director John Sturges has created classic cinema of action. There is no sermonizing, no soul probing, no sex. The Great Escape is simply great escapism".

### Modern appraisals

The Great Escape continues to receive acclaim from modern critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 53 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "With its impeccably slow-building story and a cast for the ages, The Great Escape is an all-time action classic."

In a 2006 poll in the United Kingdom, regarding the family film that television viewers would most want to see on Christmas Day, The Great Escape came in third, and was first among the choices of male viewers. In an article for the British Film Institute, "10 great prisoner of war films", updated in August 2018, Samuel Wigley wrote that watching films like The Great Escape and the 1955 British film The Colditz Story, "for all their moments of terror and tragedy, is to delight in captivity in times of war as a wonderful game for boys, an endless Houdini challenge to slip through the enemy's fingers. Often based on true stories of escape, they have the viewer marvelling at the ingenuity and seemingly unbreakable spirit of imprisoned soldiers." He described The Great Escape as "the epitome of the war-is-fun action film", which became "a fixture of family TV viewing".

### Accolades

- Nominated Academy Award for Film Editing (Ferris Webster)

- Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Picture

- Winner Moscow International Film Festival Best Actor (Steve McQueen)

- Nominated Moscow International Film Festival Grand Prix (John Sturges)

- Selected National Board of Review Top Ten Films of Year

- Nominated Writers Guild of America Best Written American Drama (James Clavell, W. R. Burnett) (Screenplay Adaptation)

- 19th place in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills

### Legacy

On 24 March 2014, the 70th anniversary of the escape, the RAF staged a commemoration of the escape attempt, with 50 serving personnel each carrying a photograph of one of the shot men.

On 24 March 2019, the RAF held another event for the 75th anniversary of the escape. There was a screening of the film at London's Eventim Hammersmith Apollo, hosted by Dan Snow. The film was simulcast with other cinemas throughout the UK.

## Sequel

A fictional, made-for-television sequel, The Great Escape II: The Untold Story, was released in 1988, with Christopher Reeve, and directed by Jud Taylor (who played 2nd Lt. Goff in the 1963 film). The film is not a true sequel, as it dramatizes the escape itself just as the original film does, although mostly using the real names of the individuals involved (whereas the original film fictionalized them and used composite characters). It depicts the search for the culprits responsible for the murder of the 50 Allied officers. Donald Pleasence appears in a supporting role as a member of the SS.

## In popular culture

- The Great Escape (1986) was released for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and DOS platforms, and shares a title and similar plot to the movie. The game follows an unnamed prisoner of war who has been interned in a POW camp somewhere in northern Germany in 1942.

- The Great Escape (2003) was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox and PlayStation 2. The plotline follows that of the film, except there are also levels featuring some of the characters' first captures and early escape attempts, as well as a changed ending.

- The film is mentioned and heavily referenced in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater.

- The films Chicken Run, Reservoir Dogs, the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, Top Secret!, Charlie's Angels, The Tao of Steve, and Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult, Inglorious Basterds all contain references or homages to the film.

- Monty Python's Flying Circus, The Simpsons, Hogan's Heroes, Nash Bridges, Seinfeld, Get Smart, Fugget About It, Archer, Goodness Gracious Me, Shaun the Sheep, and Red Dwarf have all parodied or paid homage to the film.

- The BritBox show, Sister Boniface Mysteries referenced the film in Season 2, Episode 5 ‘St. George’s Defence’.

- Bernstein's Great Escape theme tune has been taken up by the Pukka Pies England Band, a small brass band who have played in the crowd at England football team matches since 1996. They released an arrangement of the theme as a single for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and a newer version for UEFA Euro 2000.

- Both the movie and prison camp were portrayed in the show titled “The Grand Tour”, on Amazon Prime.