2024 Pacific typhoon season

# 2024 Pacific typhoon season

## Abstract

The 2024 Pacific typhoon season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the fifth-latest starting Pacific typhoon season on record. The season runs throughout 2024, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Ewiniar, developed on May 25, and eventually intensified into the first typhoon of the season.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone if it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix.

## Seasonal forecasts

During the year, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies included the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, PAGASA, Vietnam's National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau.

Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) released their first forecast on May 7, predicting below average activity with 25 named storms, 15 typhoons and 7 intense typhoons. This was primarily due to the dominant El Niño event at the time, which was expected to transition into a weak or moderate La Niña by mid-2024. TSR released their early July forecast on July 5, where they slightly decreased the amount of storms and typhoons, mentioning the same factors as their previous forecast. On August 7, TSR released their final forecast for the season, retaining the same number of storms. However, they further decreased the predicted ACE index, due to a slow start of the season and decreased tropical activity as of early August. Moreover, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation being in a negative phase since the beginning of 2020, they also mentioned how this season could become the lowest five-year activity since 1965.

## Seasonal summary

### Early season activity

The Pacific typhoon season began on May 23, when a tropical storm named Ewiniar formed southeast of Palau, marking it as the fifth-latest start of a Pacific typhoon season since reliable records began. Ewiniar tracked toward the Philippines, where it made nine landfalls in Homonhon Island; Giporlos, Eastern Samar; Basiao Island; Cagduyong Island; Batuan, Masbate; Masbate City; Torrijos, Marinduque; Lucena, Quezon and Patnanungan. It began to move over the warm tropical waters of Lamon Bay, where the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Ewiniar into a minimal typhoon. Ewiniar began transitioning to an extratropical cyclone while it is 719 km (447 mi) east-northeast of Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. On June 6, the remnants of Ewiniar would be absorbed by another extratropical cyclone, just off the coast of Alaska. On May 30, another tropical depression formed southeast of Haikou, China. The next day, at 03:00 UTC, JTWC designated the disturbance as Tropical Depression 02W. A few hours later, JMA assigned the name Maliksi as they upgraded 02W into a tropical storm. Shortly after being named, on May 31, Maliksi made landfall in Southern China. the JMA and JTWC discontinued warnings as Maliksi moved inland and dissipated on June 2. No storms formed in June for the first time since 2010.

After many weeks of inactivity, on July 13, a tropical depression formed east of Vietnam. Shortly after, it tracked into Vietnam, dissipating soon after. On July 19, two tropical disturbances recognized by the JTWC: one southeast of Manila and another east of Palau. Soon after, both disturbances developed into a depression, being named by PAGASA. The first one, west of Batangas, was named Butchoy while the second, east of Virac, was called Carina. Later that day, the JTWC followed suit, designating them both as depressions. The next day, the easternmost disturbance was named Gaemi by the JMA. On July 21, Butchoy also intensified into a tropical storm, assigning the name Prapiroon from the JMA. Prapiroon moved through the South China Sea as a mild tropical storm before landfall over Wanning, Hainan. Prapiroon moved through Gulf of Tonkin, where it further intensified into a severe tropical storm. Early on July 23, Prapiroon made its second and final landfall in Quảng Ninh, Vietnam. Rapid weakening ensued as Prapiroon moved inland and dissipated on the next day.

Being in a favorable environment in the Philippine Sea, Gaemi continues to strengthen into a severe tropical storm as it moves northeastward slowly. Early the next day, JMA upgraded Gaemi into a typhoon, the second to occur this season. JTWC also followed suit and upgraded Gaemi into a Category-1 typhoon. Owing to its warm sea surface temperature and low vertical wind shear, on July 24, Gaemi rapidly intensified into a Category-4 typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), equivalent to a very strong typhoon category by the JMA. Gaemi stalled and executed a counterclockwise loop near the coast, slightly weakening into a Category-3 typhoon. Overnight, Gaemi made landfall over Hualien, Taiwan at that intensity. The country's mountain ranges tore apart the storm's structure, causing Gaemi to weaken further into a Category-2 typhoon. The storm accelerated across the island and emerged into the Taiwan Strait, six hours after landfall. The next day, Gaemi made its final landfall at Xiuyu, Putian at Fujian Province as a weakening tropical storm. Moving inland, the storm rapidly weakened until it dissipated on July 27.

Even though Gaemi never made landfall in the Philippines, the storm's moisture would enhance the southwest monsoon. Heavy rainfalls were felt over Luzon and some parts of Visayas, leaving each region flooded. Overall, Gaemi caused 126 fatalities and $266 million worth of damages throughout its track.

### Peak season activity

On August 3, a low-pressure area developed east of Kadena Air Base. At 00:00 UTC, JMA recognize the disturbance as a depression. However, it downgraded to a remnant low on August 7. The convection later meandered south of Ryukyu Islands for a few days before JMA was reclassified again as a depression on August 11. JMA issued a gale warning the next day, citing that it would intensify in the following days. JTWC later followed suit and upgraded into a tropical depression. On August 13, the depression became a tropical storm, receiving the name Ampil from the JMA. Ampil gradually intensified in the Pacific Ocean, becoming a severe tropical storm. JMA upgraded Ampil into a typhoon two days later, and the JTWC classified it as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. The next day, it strengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. The typhoon passed just south of Greater Tokyo Area before weakening and transitioning to an extratropical cyclone.

On August 5, a low-pressure area was formed in Bonin Islands. The disturbance was in an environment with low to moderate wind shear and warm SSTs. JTWC later classified the disturbance into a depression the next day, giving the designation 06W. Early on August 8, JMA upgraded the depression into a storm, naming it Maria. The storm further strengthened into a severe tropical storm on the same day. At the same time, JTWC reported that Maria had rapidly intensified into a typhoon due to strong equatorward and poleward outflow. However, on August 9, Maria weakened into a tropical storm as it moved northeastwards. On August 10, another area of low pressure formed just southeast of Maria. The JTWC would classify the disturbance as a subtropical depression in their next bulletin. Despite being in a marginal environment and high wind shear, JMA upgraded into a tropical storm, assigning the name Son-Tinh. The next day, JTWC announced that Son-Tinh became tropical, designating it as 07W. Son-Tinh weakened back into a depression before it dissipated on August 14.

On the morning of August 12, Maria made landfall in Iwate Prefecture as a tropical storm, bringing strong winds and dumping heavy rains in northern Japan. Maria then weakened into a depression after moving inland. The storm entered through the Sea of Japan, weakening further the next day. The JTWC issued its final warning after Maria was last noted west-northwest of Misawa, Japan. JMA continued to track as a depression before they issued their final warning at 04:15 UTC.

Activity became more active when an area of convection was formed on August 12 near the southwest of a nearby storm Son-Tinh. JMA would immediately recognize the disturbance as a depression. The next day, JTWC went to give its identifier of the depression, which was Tropical Depression 09W. Just like Ampil, on August 13, 09W intensified into a tropical storm, attaining the name Wukong from the JMA. Wukong was short-lived due to its poorly organized cloud tops. JTWC made its final warning on Wukong as it moved through cooler waters and dissipated on August 15.

On August 17, JMA recognized a tropical depression that formed east of Taiwan. The next day, PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression, assigning the name Dindo. The depression was named Jongdari three hours later upon formation. JTWC later followed suit and upgraded into a tropical storm. However, it did not last long and weakened into a depression as it nears the Korean Peninsula. On August 21, JMA and JTWC reported that Jongdari had dissipated as its low-level circulation center faded when it moved over land, after Jongdari, a low-pressure area formed in the Northern Mariana Islands on the same day. The system intensified into a tropical storm the next day, and the name Shanshan was picked up by the JMA.

Shanshan later strengthened into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon. It remained at that intensity as it battled through wind shear. As it nears the Amami Islands, it strengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. The approach of the typhoon caused the issuance of a special warning system in Kagoshima Prefecture, the first time issued in the area since Nanmadol of 2022. Around 08:00 JST on August 29, Shanshan made landfall near Satsumasendai, making the third tropical cyclone impact mainland Japan this season. Rapid erosion later ensued as it moved eastward over inland. Shanshan heads over Seto Inland Sea before it makes another landfall in Shikoku on the next day. Shanshan's convection began to be disorganized, causing it to weaken into a remnant low. However, it regained back into a depression as it moved east southeastward through open waters. JMA continued to track Shanshan until it dissipated on September 1.

Nearing the end of August, a tropical disturbance formed near Palau. On the same day, JMA started to issue advisories for the system as a depression. As it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the agency gave it the name Enteng on the first day of September. JTWC followed suit and was classified as a depression, with its designation of 12W. At 21:00 JST (13:00 UTC), JMA developed into a tropical storm, naming the system Yagi. The storm made its first landfall in Casiguran in the province of Aurora. The mountainous terrain of the Cordillera Central had made Yagi weakened as it moved inland. It left PAR on early September 4 as it continues to intensify in the South China Sea.

Yagi later strengthened into a typhoon due to its highly favorable environmental conditions. The following day, it rapidly intensified, developing a distinct eye and briefly reaching Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status as it approached Hainan. Although Yagi slightly weakened, it made its second landfall over Wenchang City in Hainan. The storm then moved over Haikou, China, and continued to make another landfall in Xuwen County, Guangdong. Afterward, Yagi entered the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.

Yagi became one of only four Category-5 typhoons recorded in the South China Sea, alongside Pamela (1954), Rammasun (2014), and Rai (2021). It also marked the most powerful typhoon to strike Hainan in autumn since Typhoon Rammasun in 2014. On September 7, Yagi underwent a period of reorganization and regained Category 4 status before making a historic landfall between Haiphong and Quang Ninh in Vietnam. Upon landfall, Yagi became the strongest storm to impact Northern Vietnam. The typhoon then weakened rapidly into a remnant low as it moved inland, dissipating on September 8.

While Yagi was on its way to making landfall in the Philippines, JTWC announced another formation of a tropical disturbance in the open Pacific Ocean on September 2. JMA also started issuing advisories, and it was recognized as a tropical depression in the same location. Two days later, as JTWC upgraded it into a depression, it received its designation as 13W. A day later, JMA reported that 13W developed into a tropical storm, giving the name Leepi as the twelfth named storm of this season. Leepi then accelerated northeastwards before it became an extratropical cyclone on September 6.

On September 9, a tropical depression formed over the Micronesian Islands. The following day, the JTWC designated it as 14W. As it moved over Guam, 14W intensified into a tropical storm and was named Bebinca by the JMA. Despite encountering dry air, Bebinca strengthened as it began its northwestward movement. At 18:00 PHT on September 13, Bebinca entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named Ferdie by PAGASA. Bebinca later strengthened into a minimal typhoon on the next day.

## Systems

### Typhoon Ewiniar (Aghon)

On May 21, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking an area of atmospheric convection 441 km (274 mi) southeast of Palau, noting that the system was moving northwestward towards an environment favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. In the following day, the disturbance became a tropical depression. The depression would later enter PAR, assigning the name Aghon, a replacement name for Ambo. At 18:00 UTC, the JTWC designated the depression as 01W, based on surface observations from Guiuan. Aghon made landfall over Homonhon Island and subsequently Giporlos, Eastern Samar in the early morning of May 25 (PHT). It made five more landfalls over Basiao and Cagduyong Islands of Catbalogan; Batuan in Ticao Island; Masbate City; and Torrijos, Marinduque. At 12:00 UTC, 01W intensified into a tropical storm while it was still in Tayabas Bay, prompted the JMA to name the storm as Ewiniar. In the morning of May 26 (PHT), the storm made its eighth landfall over Lucena, Quezon in Luzon island. Ewiniar later intensified into a typhoon over Lamon Bay The storm made its final landfall over Patnanungan in the Polillo Islands. The typhoon left the PAR on May 29 and continued to weaken due to subsidence around the mid-latitude. On May 30, Ewiniar transitioned into an extratropical cyclone south-southwest of Yokosuka, Japan Then at 18:00 UTC on May 31, Ewiniar entered the baroclinic zone and an area of high wind shear.

Typhoon Ewiniar resulted in ₱1.03 billion (US$ 20.88 million) in total damages in the Philippines, with ₱85.63 million (US$ 1.74 million) to agriculture and ₱942.55 million (US$ 19.14 million) to infrastructure, while also causing six deaths, injuring eight people, and impacting around 152,266 others. In Japan, heavy rainfall was observed in several regions, with a maximum of 52.5 mm (2.07 in) of rain being recorded in Miyake, Tokyo.

### Tropical Storm Maliksi

On May 29, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection located 406 km (252 mi) southeast of Haikou, China. Being in an area of warm waters and low vertical shear and having southerly outflow, the system sustained a weak circulation, inhibited from development by another area of convection near Mainland China. It was recognized as a low-pressure area by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) early the next day, before the agency upgraded it to a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC. Later that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the depression since it had rapidly developed. At 00:00 UTC the next day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, designating it as 02W. Later, the JMA upgraded it into a tropical storm, and it was given the name Maliksi. However, the JTWC reported that it did not intensify into a tropical storm as it was disorganized, with the circulation elongating. At 21:00 UTC on May 31, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it made landfall in Southern China. Soon after, the JMA last noted Maliksi as a depression on June 1 before weakening further into a low-pressure area the next day, as it tracked inland.

On May 30, the Hong Kong Observatory issued a No. 1 standby signal as the depression neared Hong Kong. The next day, it upgraded the warnings into a No. 3 Strong Wind signal. Although it was likely to not directly affect Taiwan, the Central Weather Administration noted that Maliksi's remnants were likely to merge with a frontal system and bring heavy rains to Taiwan over the weekend. In Macau, the storm caused unstable weather, with the Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau issuing Typhoon Signal No. 3. In China, torrential rainfall occurred, peaking at 272.3 mm (10.72 in) somewhere in the Leizhou Peninsula. Additionally, heavy rain was recorded in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

### Tropical Depression 03W

On July 13, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection 423 mi (682 km) east-southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. At the time, the disturbance was in a marginal environment for development, with high vertical wind shear offsetting good divergence aloft alongside warm sea surface temperatures. At 06:00 UTC of that day, the JMA designated the system as a tropical depression. The JTWC then issued a TCFA on the system the next day, noting its symmetrical center had improved as it moves northwest, though convection was disorganized. By 18:00 UTC the next day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, designating it 03W. However, they issued their last warning on the depression early the next day as it moved over Vietnam and rapidly weakened. Later that day, the JMA stopped tracking the depression as it dissipated.

### Severe Tropical Storm Prapiroon (Butchoy)

On July 15, the JTWC started to monitor a persistent area of convection roughly 623 km (385 mi) southeast of Manila, Philippines. At that time, the disturbance was in a favorable environment for development, with warm 29–30 °C (84–86 °F), sea surface temperatures, low wind shear and good equatorial outflow. At 06:00 UTC the same day, the JMA designated the system as a low-pressure area. Shortly after, the JMA designated it as a tropical depression. The PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression a few hours later. Since the storm formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the agency named it Butchoy. The JTWC began issuing advisories on the system, classifying it as 04W. It intensified into a tropical storm and was named Prapiroon by the JMA on July 21. A nascent eye feature became visible on microwave satellite imagery. The center of Prapiroon made landfall near Wanning, Hainan, with 1-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) on July 22. After making landfall, the storm maintained its well-defined eye while moving across central Hainan. Prapiroon soon encountered high wind shear and a dry environment, and by 6:30 a.m. local time on July 23, it made its second landfall in Quảng Ninh, Vietnam. After the system moved inland, both the JMA and the JTWC ceased monitoring it on July 24.

Typhoon Gaemi and Prapiroon, along with its precursor, significantly impacted the southwest monsoon over the Philippines, leading to heavy rainfall that caused 23 deaths, 9 people missing, and US $18.9 million in damages across several countries.

### Typhoon Gaemi (Carina)

On July 17, the JMA reported that a low-pressure area had formed east of Palau. Shortly after, both the JMA and the JTWC followed suit and upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 05W. The PAGASA followed suit a few hours later, recognizing the system as a tropical depression and naming it Carina. Early the next day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm, and was given the name Gaemi by the JMA. Due to a weak steering environment between the subtropical ridge to the northwest and east, the JTWC upgraded Gaemi to minimal typhoon around 21:00 UTC that day. On July 24, Gaemi later rapidly intensified and peaked at Category 4-equivalent intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale at 21:00 UTC on 23 July, with 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) by the JTWC, 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) by the JMA, and a central pressure of 940 hPa (27.76 inHg). After stalling and executing a tight counter-clockwise loop near the coast, Gaemi slightly weakened into a below-equivalent typhoon status due to land interaction before it made landfall on the northeastern coast of Taiwan on July 24. Gaemi accelerated as it moved across the island and emerged into the Taiwan Strait just six hours after making landfall. Soon after, the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on the system as it made its final landfall at Xiuyu, Putian in Fujian Province. Once inland, the JMA downgraded Gaemi into a tropical depression on July 27 and continued tracking the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC of July 29.

The southwest monsoon, combined with Tropical Storm Prapiroon, brought heavy rains to southern and northern Luzon, triggering widespread flash floods that resulted in at least 126 deaths and caused damage estimated at US$304 million across several countries.

### Typhoon Ampil

On August 3, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection 976 km (606 mi) east of Kadena Air Base on August 3. At 18:00 UTC the same day, the JMA designated the system as a low-pressure area. However, the following day, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression. The depression weakened and was last noted by the JMA on August 7. The disturbance later meandered south of the Ryukyu Islands for a few days before it was re-designated by the JMA as a tropical depression on August 11. A few hours later, they recognized the system as a tropical depression, designating it as 08W. Soon after, the JMA noted that it had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Ampil. The JMA then reported that Ampil had intensified into a typhoon due to warm sea surface temperatures and low vertical wind shear on August 15. The JMA reported that Ampil reached its peak intensity at 12:00 UTC that day with 10-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a central pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) before making its closest approach to Japan, and transitioned into an extratropical low on August 19.

Ampil brought strong winds and coastal waves to western Alaska, while Tokyo experienced minimal damage according to NHK, although Kanagawa Prefecture saw several injuries; the remnants of Ampil also contributed to an atmospheric river as its moist core flowed into a low-pressure system, ultimately being absorbed into the Pacific jet stream and anticipated to impact California.

### Severe Tropical Storm Maria

On August 5, the JMA stated that a tropical depression had formed. Later that day, the JTWC began tracking it, noting the depression was in an environment with low to moderate wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and good equatorward outflow aloft. At 09:00 UTC on August 6, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the disturbance, which was located 423 mi (682 km) north-northwest of Iwo Jima, along the eastern periphery of the monsoon gyre, prior to it being designated as 06W. The development of a central dense overcast and a ragged eye feature signified its intensification into a tropical storm, leading the JMA to name it Maria on August 7. Maria then turned northeastward, and intensified into a severe tropical storm on August 8 due to a favorable environment for development. Concurrently, the JTWC then reported that Maria had rapidly intensified into a minimal typhoon due to strong equatorward and poleward outflow. However, Maria's wind field became more asymmetric, with its associated convection shifting northward, causing Maria to weaken into a tropical storm on August 9. Around 00:00 UTC on August 12, the storm made landfall Ōfunato, a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan with winds of 85 km/h (50 mph) before traversing northern Honshu and emerging into the Sea of Japan. The JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted at 18:00 UTC on August 14.

Record-breaking rainfall in Iwate Prefecture, with 19 inches (482.6 mm) in Kuji and 12.6 inches (320.0 mm) in Otsuchi —nearly double the average for August—led to controlled releases from the Taki Dam in Kuji, necessitating the evacuation of 8,300 people and the issuance of the highest evacuation alert level, though no damage or injuries were reported in association with Maria.

### Tropical Storm Son-Tinh

On August 10, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had formed southeast of Severe Tropical Storm Maria. A few hours later, the JTWC began tracking the system, noting that it could transition into a tropical cyclone despite intense wind shear. Early the next day, they noted that the depression had transitioned into a subtropical cyclone. As a result, a few hours later, the JMA named it Son-Tinh. The next day, the JTWC noted that it had transitioned into a tropical storm, designating it 07W. Soon after, the low-level circulation center became fully exposed with no deep convection existing near the center. On August 13, Son-Tinh turned northwest along the western edge of a subtropical ridge. Both the JMA and the JTWC stopped monitoring it as a tropical depression that day, though the JMA continued to track it until it was last noted the following day.

### Tropical Storm Wukong

On 12 August, the JMA noted that a tropical depression formed southwest of Tropical Storm Son-Tinh. A few hours later, strong convection south of the system's low-level circulation center consolidated, which prompted the JTWC to issue a TCFA for the disturbance. Soon after, they recognized the system as a tropical depression, designating it as 09W. Satellite imagery revealed that a central dense overcast obscured the center, leading to the depression strengthening into a tropical storm named Wukong by the JMA, although moderate vertical wind shear displaced the deep convection to the southeast. Wukong then shifted northwestward, following the eastern edge of a subtropical ridge, while also being affected by the shear and outflow from Typhoon Ampil to the southwest. On August 15, both the JMA and the JTWC ceased monitoring the system, with the JMA reporting that Wukong had transitioned into an extratropical low due to moderate vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures.

### Tropical Storm Jongdari (Dindo)

On August 17, a low-pressure area east of Taiwan developed into a tropical depression. Soon after the development of a low-level circulation center and deep convection, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the disturbance. A few hours later, PAGASA declared the system a tropical depression and named it Dindo, while the JMA reported it had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Jongdari, and the following day, the JTWC recognized it and designated it as 10W. Jongdari became devoid of convection as it was displaced from its exposed low-level circulation center and turned north-northeastward along the western edge of a subtropical ridge. Jongdari then weakened as it moved into the Yellow Sea and made landfall over the Korean Demilitarized Zone on August 20 before emerging into the Sea of Japan. The JTWC assessed the cyclone as having dissipated and ceased issuing advisories on the system, while the JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted on August 21.

In some parts of the southern islands of Jeju, Jongdari accumulated 60–130 millimetres (2.4–5.1 in) of rain as it moved closer to the coast.

### Typhoon Shanshan

On August 20, the JMA reported that a low-pressure area had formed near the Mariana Islands. At midnight on August 21, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, with the latter designating the system as 11W. Shortly after, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Shanshan by the JMA due to low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures. A ragged eye-like feature appeared on satellite imagery, and on August 24, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon. The JMA reported that Shanshan reached its peak intensity at 15:00 UTC on August 27, with 10-minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). Shanshan then turned northward and made landfall near Satsumasendai in Kagoshima Prefecture on August 29. It then turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical high, quickly crossed the Seto Inland Sea, and made landfall over the northern tip of Shikoku on August 30. Shanshan's circulation later diminished as its LLCC became disorganized. However, convection slightly increased after six hours as Shanshan's circulation moved back over open water and began moving east-southeastward, causing to regenerate back to a depression. The JMA continued to monitor the system until it dissipated at 18:00 UTC that day.

The JMA issued special weather warnings for Kagoshima Prefecture, marking the first such emergency alert since Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022. Shanshan caused six fatalities and damaged hundreds of structures throughout Japan. In response to the severe weather, evacuation orders were issued for 996,299 people in Miyazaki Prefecture and 982,273 people in Kagoshima Prefecture.

### Typhoon Yagi (Enteng)

On August 30, the JMA reported the formation of a low-pressure area approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau. This broad low-pressure system began to organize and developed into a tropical depression on August 31. The following day, PAGASA designated the system as a tropical depression and named it Enteng, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Shortly after, the system was classified as Tropical Depression 12W. As it intensified into a tropical storm, the JMA named it Yagi. At 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on September 2, Yagi made landfall in Casiguran, Aurora. Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the storm to a typhoon as satellite imagery revealed the formation of an eye. On September 5, Yagi reached peak intensity as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a central pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg). It made landfall in Wenchang City, Hainan, and passed directly over Haikou, China, before moving into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. On September 7, Yagi reorganized and restrengthened into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon before making its final landfall over Haiphong and Quang Ninh, Vietnam. It continued to weaken rapidly as it moved southwest along the southeastern edge of a mid-level subtropical high, becoming a tropical depression on September 8. The JMA monitored Yagi until it was last noted at 18:00 UTC that day.

Yagi, combined with the effects of the southwest monsoon, resulted in 16 deaths, 15 injuries and 21 missing people. Yagi uprooted trees, injured four people and killed one in Hanoi and in Ho Chi Minh city injured two and killed one. Total damages throughout its path were up to US$9.33 billion.

### Tropical Depression Hone

On September 1 at 21:00 UTC, the remnants of Hurricane Hone moved into the basin from the Central Pacific about 280 km (150 nmi; 175 mi) to the southwest of Midway Atoll, where it was classified as a tropical depression by the JMA and as a subtropical depression by the JTWC the next day. Soon after, Hone began exhibiting a highly asymmetric convective structure, characterized by convective bands encircling a broad center, while being located under a deep subtropical trough with low to moderate vertical wind shear. The JTWC stopped tracking it on September 4, as it had dissipated, while the JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted at 06:00 UTC on September 8.

### Tropical Storm Leepi

On September 2, the JMA noted that a tropical depression had formed over the open Pacific. Two days later, the JTWC designated the system 13W. A day later, JMA reported that it intensified into a tropical storm, assigning the name Leepi. Although the storm is in a high wind shear and unfavorable environment, Leepi continues to maintain that intensity as it accelerates northeastward. JTWC later announced its final warning on September 6 as the system transitioned to an extratropical cyclone. The JMA issued its final advisory on 18:00 UTC of September 6.

### Typhoon Bebinca (Ferdie)

On September 9, a tropical depression formed near the Micronesian Islands. The next day, the JTWC started issuing warnings on the depression, designating it as 14W. As it moved towards Guam, the JMA reported 14W intensified to a tropical storm, naming it Bebinca. As it passes close to Guam, Bebinca further intensified to a severe tropical storm despite of dry air impacting it from the western side. On September 13, the JMA reported that the storm had weakened to a tropical storm due to its near-surface circulation being fully exposed and its banding being fragmented along the northern edge. By 18:00 PHT (10:00 UTC), Bebinca had entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) subsequently assigned it the name Ferdie. Bebinca then shifted northwestward as JMA reported that the storm had regained back to severe tropical storm status. On September 14, JMA and JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon as it moved across the Ryukyu Islands.

### Tropical Depression

### Tropical Storm Pulasan

### Other systems

- On August 18, the JMA reported the formation of a low-pressure area over the Philippine Sea. The next day, it was designated as a tropical depression but weakened to a low-pressure area by August 22. The following day, the JMA re-designated it as a tropical depression as it turned southward. Over the next few days, the depression gradually moved southwestward while Typhoon Shanshan approached Japan from the west. The JMA continued to monitor the depression until it dissipated on August 26.

- A tropical depression briefly formed south of South Korea on August 19 and was last noted by the JMA at 18:00 UTC as it moved northward.

- A tropical depression briefly developed southeast of Japan on August 20. Thereafter, it was designated as an extratropical low while drifting southeastward.

- A tropical depression briefly formed southeast of Typhoon Shanshan on August 30 and was last noted by the JMA at 18:00 UTC.

- A tropical depression formed over the Philippine Sea on September 4. Two days later, it degenerated into a low-pressure area as it slowly turned to the west. On September 9, it re-strengthened back into a tropical depression as it moved west-northwest towards Eastern China.

## Storm names

Within the basin, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization 's Typhoon Committee when they have 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph).

PAGASA names tropical cyclones which are active in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N and 25°N even if the cyclone has already been named. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. If the list of names for the Philippine region are exhausted, then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in gray. The names of significant tropical cyclones will be retired by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee in the spring of 2025.

### International names

A tropical cyclone is named when it has 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the WMO in 2025, though replacement names will be announced in 2026. During the season, the name Pulasan was used for the first time after which replaced Rumbia, which was retired following the 2018 season. The next 28 names on the naming list are listed here along with their international numeric designation, if they are used.

### Other names

If a tropical cyclone enters the Western Pacific basin from the Eastern and Central Pacific basin (west of 180°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). The following storms were named in this manner.

- Hone

### Philippines

This season, PAGASA will use its own naming scheme for storms that are active in their self-defined area of responsibility. During this season, PAGASA is using the following list of names that was last used during 2020 and will be used again in 2028, updated with replacements of retired names, if any. All of the names are the same as in 2020 with the exception of Aghon, Querubin, Romina and Upang, which replaced the names Ambo, Quinta, Rolly and Ulysses after they were retired. The name Aghon was used for the first time this year.

## Season effects

This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, west of the International Date Line during 2024. The table also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected, and any deaths or damages associated with the system.


# List of music festivals in the United States

## Abstract

This is a list of music festivals in the United States organized by state and then by name. It includes current and past notable festivals.

## Touring festivals

- Electric Daisy Carnival

- Identity Festival

- Knotfest

- Made in America Festival

- Mayhem Festival

- Ozzfest

- Rock the Bells

- Rolling Loud

- Warped Tour

## Alabama

- Bayfest, Mobile

- Big Spring Jam, Huntsville

- Furnace Fest, Birmingham

- Hangout Music Fest, Gulf Shores

## Arizona

- DUSK Music Festival, Tucson

- Innings Festival, Tempe

## Arkansas

- Backwoods at Mulberry Mountain, Ozark

- King Biscuit Blues Festival, Helena

- Ozark Mountain Music Festival

## California

- Altamont Free Concert, Altamont Speedway, Tracy

- Bear Valley Music Festival, Bear Valley

- BottleRock Napa Valley, Napa

- Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival, Los Angeles

- Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Indio

- CRSSD Festival, San Diego

- Extravaganza, Santa Barbara

- Hardly Strictly Bluegrass, San Francisco

- High Sierra Music Festival, Quincy

- How Weird Street Faire, San Francisco

- JazzReggae Festival @ UCLA, Los Angeles

- Long Beach Blues Festival, Long Beach

- Mendocino Music Festival, Mendocino

- Ohana Music Festival, Doheny State Beach, Dana Point

- Ojai Music Festival, Ojai

- Other Minds Festival, San Francisco

- Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival, San Francisco

- Power Trip, Indio

- Reggae on the River, Humboldt County

- Reggae Rising, Humboldt County

- Rock of Ages Festival, Calistoga

- Same Same But Different Festival, Perris

- Stagecoach Festival, Indio

- Stern Grove Festival, San Francisco

- Treasure Island Music Festival, San Francisco

- Topanga Banjo Fiddle Contest and Folk Festival, Agoura Hills

- Wonderfront Music and Arts Festival, San Diego

## Colorado

- Aspen Music Festival and School, Aspen

- Mile High Music Festival, Commerce City

- Snowball music festival, Avon

- Telluride Bluegrass Festival, Telluride

## Connecticut

- Gathering of the Vibes, Bridgeport

- Greater Hartford Festival of Jazz, Hartford

- Music Mountain Summer Chamber Music Festival, Falls Village

- Norfolk Music Festival, Norfolk

## Delaware

- Firefly Music Festival Dover

- Weedstock Townsend

## Florida

- Electric Daisy Carnival, Orlando

- Harvest of Hope Fest, Saint Augustine

- Hulaween, Live Oak

- Langerado Music Festival, Sunrise

- Lotus Gathering, Brooksville

- Pepsi Gulf Coast Jam, Panama City Beach

- SandJam Fest, Panama City Beach

- SunFest, West Palm Beach

- Tipper and Friends, Live Oak

- Tortuga Music Festival, Fort Lauderdale

- Okeechobee Music & Arts Festival, Okeechobee

- Ultra Music Festival, Miami

## Georgia

- Athfest, Athens

- Imagine Music Festival, Atlanta

- Music Midtown, Atlanta

- Savannah Stop-Over, Savannah

- Savannah Music Festival, Savannah

- Shaky Knees, Atlanta

- Shaky Beats, Atlanta

- The Echo Project, Atlanta

- TomorrowWorld, Chattahoochee Hill

## Hawaii

- Aloha Festivals, Makahiki

- Merrie Monarch Festival, Hilo

## Idaho

- Treefort Music Fest, Boise

## Illinois

- Chicago Blues Festival, Chicago

- Chicago Jazz Festival, Chicago

- Intonation Music Festival, Chicago

- Lollapalooza, Chicago

- North Coast Music Festival, Chicago

- Pitchfork Music Festival, Chicago

- Pygmalion Music Festival, Champaign - Urbana

- Riot Fest, Chicago

- Spring Awakening, Chicago

- Summer Camp Music Festival, Chillicothe

## Indiana

- Culture Shock Music Festival, Bloomington

- Masterworks festival, Winona Lake

- Notre Dame Collegiate Jazz Festival, Notre Dame

- Middle Waves Music Festival, Fort Wayne

- ParksFest Music Festival, Evansville

- World Pulse Festival, South Bend

## Iowa

- 515 Alive, Des Moines

- 80/35 Music Festival, Des Moines

- Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival, Davenport

- Hinterland Music Festival, St. Charles, Iowa

- Knotfest, Indianola

- Lazerfest, Des Moines

- Saturday in the Park, Des Moines

## Kansas

- Dancefestopia Music Festival, Kansas City

- Electronic Music Midwest, Kansas City

- Heartland Stampede Music Festival, Topeka and Manhattan

- Katy Days Festival, Parsons

- Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival, Lawrence

- Walnut Valley Festival, Winfield

## Kentucky

- Bourbon & Beyond

- Forecastle Festival, Louisville

- Hot August Blues Festival, Aurora

- Louder Than Life, Louisville

- ROMP by International Bluegrass Music Museum, Owensboro

## Louisiana

- Bayou Country Superfest, Baton Rouge

- BUKU Music + Art Project, New Orleans

- Essence Music Festival, New Orleans

- Festival International de Louisiane, Lafayette

- French Quarter Festival, New Orleans

- New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, New Orleans

- Voodoo Music Experience, New Orleans

## Maine

- Bar Harbor Music Festival, Bar Harbor

- Bay Chamber Concerts, Rockport

- Bowdoin International Music Festival, Brunswick

- County Bluegrass Festival, Fort Fairfield

- East Benton Fiddler’s Festival, Benton

- KahBang Music and Art Festival, Bangor, Portland

- Kingfield Pops!, Kingfield

- Kneisel Hall Chamber Music Festival, Blue Hill

- Moosehead Music Festival, Greenville

- Mount Desert Festival of Chamber Music, Northeast Harbor

- Nateva Music & Camping Festival, Oxford

- North Atlantic Blues Festival, Rockland

- Ossipee Valley Music Festival, South Hiram

- Portland Chamber Music Festival, Portland

- Salt Bay Chamberfest, Damariscotta

- Sebago-Long Lake Music Festival, Harrison

- SummerKeys, Lubec

- Sweet Chariot Music Festival, Swan's Island

- Thomas Point Beach Bluegrass Festival, Brunswick

- Trails End Festival, Millinocket

- Waking Windows Portland, Portland

## Maryland

- All Things Go Music Festival, Columbia

- Delfest, Cumberland

- Moonrise Festival, Baltimore

- Takoma Park Folk Festival, Takoma Park

- Virgin Festival, Baltimore

## Michigan

- Electric Forest Festival, Rothbury

- Faster Horses Festival, Brooklyn

- Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, Hart

## Minnesota

- 10,000 Lakes Festival, Detroit Lakes

- Rock the Garden, Minneapolis

- Sonshine Festival, Willmar

- Soundset Music Festival, Minneapolis-Saint Paul

## Mississippi

- Atwood Music Festival, Monticello

- CPR Fest, Biloxi

- Crawfish Music Festival, Biloxi

## Missouri

- Highlonesome Music Festival, Ava, Missouri

- LouFest, St. Louis

- Missouri Chamber Music Festival, Webster Groves

- Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, St. Louis

- Ozark Music Festival, Sedalia

- Paint Louis, St. Louis

- Pointfest, Maryland Heights

- Roots N Blues Festival, Columbia

- Schwagstock, Shannon County

- Twilight Festival, Columbia

## Montana

- Prairie Palooza, Grant

## Nebraska

- Comstock Music Festivals, Comstock

- Maha Music Festival, Omaha

## Nevada

- Day N Vegas, Las Vegas Festival Grounds

- Electric Daisy Carnival, Las Vegas

- Vegoose, Las Vegas

## New Hampshire

- New Hampshire Music Festival, Plymouth

## New Jersey

- Adjacent Festival, Atlantic City

- The Bamboozle, East Rutherford

- Sea.Hear.Now Festival, Asbury Park

## New York

- Bard Music Festival, Annandale-on-Hudson

- Belleayre Music Festival, Catskill Mountains

- Camp Bisco, Albany

- Caramoor Summer Music Festival, Katonah

- Electric Zoo, New York City

- Falcon Ridge Folk Festival, Hillsdale

- The Fest for Beatles Fans, New York metropolitan area

- Finger Lakes GrassRoots Festival of Music and Dance, Trumansburg

- Governors Ball Music Festival, Randall's Island

- Great South Bay Music Festival, Patchogue, New York

- Grey Fox Bluegrass Festival, Oak Hill

- HONK!, New York City

- Hydrotechnics Festival, Afton

- Jazz at the Lake: Lake George Jazz Weekend, Lake George

- KlezKamp, Catskill Mountains

- Maverick Concerts, Woodstock

- moe.down, Turin

- Mountain Jam, Hunter

- Move Music Festival, Albany

- Music from Salem, Washington County

- New York Summer Music Festival, Oneonta

- Old Songs Festival, Altamont

- Omnipresent Music Festival, New York City

- Open Fest, Rochester

- Outrageous Universe Revival Festival (OUR Fest), Panama

- Phoenicia International Festival of the Voice, Phoenicia

- Pleasantville Music Festival, Pleasantville

- Rochester International Jazz Festival, Rochester

- Skaneateles Festival, Skaneateles

- Syracuse Jazz Festival, Syracuse

- The Great Blue Heron Music Festival, Sherman

- Woodstock Festival, Bethel

- Woodstock Jazz Festival, Woodstock

- World's Largest Disco, Buffalo

## North Carolina

- Carolina Rebellion, Concord

- Hopscotch Music Festival, Raleigh

- Merlefest, Wilkesboro

- Moogfest, Asheville

- Signal - The Southeast Electronic Music Festival, Chapel Hill / Carrboro

## Ohio

- Bunbury Music Festival, Cincinnati

- EST fEST Butler

- MidPoint Music Festival, Cincinnati

- MusicNOW Festival, Cincinnati

- Nelsonville Music Festival, Nelsonville

- Rock N Resort Music Festival, North Lawrence

- Sonic Temple art & music festival, Columbus

- Lost Lands Music Festival, Legend Valley, Thornville

## Oklahoma

- Backwoods Music Festival, Stroud

- Canna-Cause, Caddo Creek Retreat, Ardmore

- Norman Music Festival, Norman

- Rocklahoma, Pryor

- Woody Guthrie Folk Festival, Okemah

## Oregon

- MusicfestNW, Portland

- Sisters Folk Festival, Sisters

## Pennsylvania

- Big Dubbs Festival, Artemas

- Blast Furnace Blues Festival, Bethlehem

- Briggs Farm Blues Festival, Briggsville, Luzerne County

- Budweiser Made in America Festival, Philadelphia

- Creation Festival, Mount Union

- Elements Music Festival, Long Pond

- Flood City Music Festival, Johnstown

- Karnival of the Arts, Kempton

- Metal and Beer Fest, Philadelphia

- Musikfest, Bethlehem

- NEPA Bluegrass Festival, Tunkhannock

- Philadelphia Folk Festival, Harleysville

- Roots Picnic, Philadelphia

- Sing Us Home, Philadelphia

- The Peach Music Festival, Scranton

- WonderWorks, Pittsburgh

## Rhode Island

- Newport Folk Festival, Newport

- Newport Jazz Festival, Newport

- Newport Music Festival, Newport

## South Carolina

- Carolina Country Music Fest, Myrtle Beach

- Hotel Carolina, Isle of Palms

## Tennessee

- Beale Street Music Festival, Memphis

- Bonnaroo, Manchester

- Bristol Rhythm & Roots Reunion, Bristol, Tennessee / Virginia

- CMA Music Festival, Nashville

- Moon River Music Festival, Overton Park

## Texas

- Austin City Limits Music Festival, Austin

- Astroworld Festival, Houston

- Free Press Summer Fest, Houston

- Fun Fun Fun Fest, Austin

- Kerrville Folk Festival, Kerrville

- Never Say Never Festival, Mission

- Old Settler's Music Festival, Driftwood

- South by Southwest, Austin

- Ubbi Dubbi, Ennis

## Utah

- Das Energi, Salt Lake City

- Deer Valley Music Festival, Park City

- Groovefest American Music Festival, Cedar City

- Kilby Block Party, Salt Lake City

- X96 Toyota Big Ass Show, Salt Lake City

## Vermont

- Marlboro Music Festival, Marlboro

## Virginia

- Blue Ridge Rock Festival, Danville

- Bristol Rhythm & Roots Reunion, Bristol, Tennessee / Bristol, Virginia

- FloydFest, Floyd County

- Lockn' Festival, Arrington

- Patriotic Festival, Virginia Beach

- Rooster Walk, Henry County

- Something in the Water Festival, Virginia Beach

## Washington

- Bumbershoot, Seattle

- Creation Festival, Enumclaw

- Decibel Festival, Seattle

- Endfest, Bremerton / George / Auburn /Seattle

- Sasquatch! Music Festival, George

- Summer Meltdown, Darrington

- Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant, Fremont, Seattle

- Watershed Music Festival, George

## Wisconsin

- Hoofbeat, Cadott

- County Line Country Fest

- Electric City Music Festival, Kaukauna

- Great River Folk Festival

- Hodag Country Fest, Rhinelander

- Lifest, Oshkosh

- Mile of Music, Appleton

- Milwaukee Metal Fest

- Rock Fest, Cadott

- Steel Bridge Songfest, Sturgeon Bay Bridge

- Summerfest, Milwaukee


Electric vehicle battery

# Electric vehicle battery

## Abstract

An electric vehicle battery is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).

They are typically lithium-ion batteries that are designed for high power-to-weight ratio and energy density. Compared to liquid fuels, most current battery technologies have much lower specific energy. This increases the weight of vehicles or reduces their range.

Li-NMC batteries using lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides are the most common in EV. The lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP) is on the rise, reaching 41 % global market share by capacity for BEVs in 2023. LFP batteries are heavier but cheaper and more sustainable. At the same time, the first commercial passenger cars are using a sodium-ion battery (Na-ion) completely avoiding the need for critical minerals.

The battery makes up a significant portion of the cost and environmental impact of an electric vehicle. Growth in the industry has generated interest in securing ethical battery supply chains, which presents many challenges and has become an important geopolitical issue. Reduction of use of mined cobalt, which is also required in fossil fuel refining, has been a major goal of research. A number of new chemistries compete to displace Li-NMC with (see solid-state battery) performance above 800Wh/kg in laboratory testing.

As of December 2019, despite more reliance on recycled materials the cost of electric vehicle batteries has fallen 87% since 2010 on a per kilowatt-hour basis.

Demand for EVBs exceeded 750 GWh in 2023. EVBs have much higher capacities than automotive batteries used for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) in combustion cars. The average battery capacity of available EV models reached from 21 to 123 kWh in 2023 with an average of 80 kWh.

## Electric vehicle battery types

As of 2024, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) with the variants Li-NMC, LFP and Li-NCA dominates the BEV market. The combined global production capacity in 2023 reached almost 2000 GWh with 772 GWh used for EVs in 2023. Most production is based in China where capacities increased by 45 % that year. With their high energy density and long cycle life, lithium-ion batteries have become the leading battery type for use in EVs. They were initially developed and commercialized for use in laptops and consumer electronics. Recent EVs are using new variations on lithium-ion chemistry that sacrifice specific energy and specific power to provide fire resistance, environmental friendliness, rapid charging and longer lifespans. These variants have been shown to have a much longer lifetime.

### Lithium-NMC

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides offer high performance and have become the global standard in BEV production since the 2010s. On the other hand, the exploitation of the required minerals causes environmental problems. The downside of traditional NMC batteries includes sensitivity to temperature, low temperature power performance, and performance degradation with age. Due to the volatility of organic electrolytes, the presence of highly oxidized metal oxides, and the thermal instability of the anode SEI layer, traditional lithium-ion batteries pose a fire safety risk if punctured or charged improperly. Early cells did not accept or supply charge when extremely cold. Heaters can be used in some climates to warm them.

### Lithium iron phosphate (LFP)

The Lithium iron phosphate battery has a shorter range but is cheaper, safer and more sustainable than the NMC battery. It does not require the critical minerals manganese and cobalt.Since 2023, LFP has become the leading technology in China while the market share in Europe and North America remains lower than 10%. LFP is the dominant type in grid energy storage.

### Lithium Titanate (LTO)

Lithium titanate or lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) batteries are known for their high safety profile, with reduced risk of thermal runaway and effective operation over a wide temperature range. LTO batteries have an impressive cycle life, often exceeding 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. They also have rapid charging capabilities due to their high charge acceptance. However, they have a lower energy density compared to other lithium-ion batteries.

### Sodium-ion

The Sodium-ion battery completely avoids critical materials. Due to the high availability of sodium which is a part of salt water, cost projections are low. In early 2024, various Chinese manufacturers began with the delivery of their first models. Analysts see a high potential for this type especially for the use in small EVs, bikes and three-wheelers.

### Future types

Several types are in development.

- The solid-state battery could offer high energy density and potential safety improvements.

- The lithium-sulfur battery is also expected to meet high performance demands.

- The LMFP battery is a LFP battery that includes manganese as a cathode component.

### Legacy types

#### Lead-acid

In the 20th century most electric vehicles used a flooded lead–acid battery due to their mature technology, high availability, and low cost. Lead–acid batteries powered such early modern EVs as the original 1996 versions of the EV1. There are two main types of lead–acid batteries: automobile engine starter batteries, and deep-cycle batteries which provide continuous electricity to run electric vehicles like forklifts or golf carts. Deep-cycle batteries are also used as auxiliary batteries in recreational vehicles, but they require different, multi-stage charging. Discharging below 50% can shorten the battery's life. Flooded batteries require inspection of electrolyte levels and occasional replacement of water, which gases away during the normal charging cycle. EVs with lead–acid batteries are capable of up to 130 km (81 mi) per charge.

#### Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH)

Nickel–metal hydride batteries are considered a mature technology. While less efficient (60–70%) in charging and discharging than even lead–acid, they have a higher specific energy of 30–80 W·h/kg. When used properly, nickel–metal hydride batteries can have exceptionally long lives, as has been demonstrated in their use in hybrid cars and in the surviving first-generation NiMH Toyota RAV4 EVs that still operate well after 100,000 miles (160,000 km) and over a decade of service. Downsides include finicky charge cycles and poor performance in cold weather. GM Ovonic produced the NiMH battery used in the second generation EV-1. Prototype NiMH-EVs delivered up to 200 km (120 mi) of range.

#### Zebra

The sodium nickel chloride or "Zebra" battery was used in early EVs between 1997 and 2012. It uses a molten sodium chloroaluminate (NaAlCl) salt as the electrolyte. It has a specific energy of 120 W·h/kg. Since the battery must be heated for use, cold weather does not strongly affect its operation except for increasing heating costs. Zebra batteries can last for a few thousand charge cycles and are nontoxic. The downsides to the Zebra battery include poor specific power (<300 W/kg) and the need to heat the electrolyte to about 270 °C (518 °F), which wastes some energy, presents difficulties in long-term storage of charge, and is potentially a hazard.

#### Other legacy types

Other types of rechargeable batteries used in early electric vehicles include

- nickel–cadmium

- Nickel–iron battery used in the Detroit Electric

- Lithium vanadium oxide made its way into the Subaru prototype G4e.

## Battery architecture and integration

CTx series:

- Cell to Module (CTM) - battery cells put into modules, than into battery pack

- Cell to Pack (CTP) - battery cells into battery pack without modules

- Cell to Chassis (CTC) - battery cells into frame or chassis, batteries maybe used as part of structural integrity or to increase structural strength

- Cell to Body (CTB) - battery cells into vehicle body

## Supply chain

### Lifecycle of lithium-based EV batteries

During the first stage, the materials are mined in different parts of the world, including Australia, Russia, New Caledonia and Indonesia. All the following steps are currently dominated by China. After the materials are refined by pre-processing factories, battery manufacturing companies buy them, make batteries, and assemble them into packs. Car manufacturing companies buy and install them in cars. To address the environmental impact of this process, the supply chain is increasingly focusing on sustainability, with efforts to reduce reliance on rare-earth minerals and improve recycling.

### Manufacturing

There are mainly three stages during the manufacturing process of EV batteries: materials manufacturing, cell manufacturing and integration, as shown in Manufacturing process of EV batteries graph in grey, green and orange color respectively. This shown process does not include manufacturing of cell hardware, i.e. casings and current collectors. During the materials manufacturing process, the active material, conductivity additives, polymer binder and solvent are mixed first. After this, they are coated on the current collectors ready for the drying process. During this stage, the methods of making active materials depend on the electrode and the chemistry.

Cathodes mostly use transition metal oxides, i.e. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (Li-NMC), or else Lithium metal phosphates, i.e. Lithium iron phosphates (LFP). The most popular material for anodes is graphite. However, recently there have been a lot of companies started to make Si mixed anode (Sila Nanotech, ProLogium) and Li metal anode (Cuberg, Solid Power).

In general, for active materials production, there are three steps: materials preparation, materials processing and refinement. Schmuch et al. discussed materials manufacturing in greater details.

In the cell manufacturing stage, the prepared electrode will be processed to the desired shape for packaging in a cylindrical, rectangular or pouch format. Then after filling the electrolytes and sealing the cells, the battery cells are cycled carefully to form SEI protecting the anode. Then, these batteries are assembled into packs ready for vehicle integration.

### Reusing and repurposing

When an EV battery pack degrades to 70% to 80% of its original capacity, it is defined to reach the end-of-life. One of the waste management methods is to reuse the pack. By repurposing the pack for stationary storage, more value can be extracted from the battery pack while reducing the per kWh lifecycle impact.

Uneven and undesired battery degradation happens during EV operation depending on temperature during operation and charging/discharging patterns. Each battery cell could degrade differently during operation. Currently, the state of health (SOH) information from a battery management system (BMS) can be extracted on a pack level but not on a cell level. Engineers can mitigate the degradation by engineering the next-generation thermal management system. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to ensure the quality of the battery pack.

It is costly and time-intensive to disassemble modules and cells. The module must be fully discharged. Then, the pack must be disassembled and reconfigured to meet the power and energy requirement of the second life application. A refurbishing company can sell or reuse the discharged energy from the module to reduce the cost of this process. Robots are being used to increase the safety of the dismantling process.

Battery technology is non-transparent and lacks standards. Because battery development is the core part of EV, it is difficult for the manufacturer to label the exact chemistry of cathode, anode and electrolytes on the pack. In addition, the capacity and the design of the cells and packs changes on a yearly basis. The refurbishing company needs to closely work with the manufacture to have a timely update on this information. On the other hand, government can set up labeling standard.

Lastly, battery costs have decreased faster than predicted. The refurbished unit may be less attractive than the new batteries to the market.

Nonetheless, there have been several successes on the second-life application as shown in the examples of storage projects using second-life EV batteries. They are used in less demanding stationary storage application as peak shaving or additional storage for renewable-based generating sources.

### Recycling

Although battery life span can be extended by enabling a second-life application, ultimately EV batteries need to be recycled. Recyclability is not currently an important design consideration for battery manufacturers, and in 2019 only 5% of electric vehicle batteries were recycled. However, closing the loop is extremely important. Not only because of a predicted tightened supply of nickel, cobalt and lithium in the future, also recycling EV batteries has the potential to maximize the environmental benefit. Xu et al. predicted that in the sustainable development scenario, lithium, cobalt and nickel will reach or surpass the amount of known reserves in the future if no recycling is in place. Ciez and Whitacre found that by deploying battery recycling some green house gas (GHG) emission from mining could be avoided.

BEV technologies lack an established recycling framework in many countries, making the usage of BEV and other battery-operated electrical equipment a large energy expenditure, ultimately increasing CO emissions - especially in countries lacking renewable energy resources.

There have been many efforts around the world to promote recycling technologies development and deployment. In the US, the Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Offices (VTO) set up two efforts targeting at innovation and practicability of recycling processes. ReCell Lithium Recycling RD center brings in three universities and three national labs together to develop innovative, efficient recycling technologies. Most notably, the direct cathode recycling method was developed by the ReCell center. On the other hand, VTO also set up the battery recycling prize to incentivize American entrepreneurs to find innovative solutions to solve current challenges.

Recycling of EV Batteries helps to recover valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare-earth elements, reducing the need for new mining and conserving natural resources and reduces the environmental footprint associated with battery production by minimizing mining impacts, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions.

### Recycling vs mining

To develop a deeper understanding of the lifecycle of EV batteries, it is important to analyze the emission associated with different phases. Using NMC cylindrical cells as an example, Ciez and Whitacre found that around 9 kg CO e kg battery is emitted during raw materials pre-processing and battery manufacturing under the US average electricity grid. The biggest part of the emission came from materials preparation accounting for more than 50% of the emissions. If NMC pouch cell is used, the total emission increases to almost 10 kg CO e kg battery while materials manufacturing still contributes to more than 50% of the emission. During the end-of-life management phase, the refurbishing process adds little emission to the lifecycle emission. The recycling process, on the other hand, as suggested by Ciez and Whitacre emits a significant amount of GHG. As shown in the battery recycling emission plot a and c, the emission of the recycling process varies with the different recycling processes, different chemistry and different form factor. Thus, the net emission avoided compared to not recycling also varies with these factors. At a glance, as shown in the plot b and d, the direct recycling process is the most ideal process for recycling pouch cell batteries, while the hydrometallurgical process is most suitable for cylindrical type battery. However, with the error bars shown, the best approach cannot be picked with confidence. It is worth noting that for the lithium iron phosphates (LFP) chemistry, the net benefit is negative. Because LFP cells lacks cobalt and nickel which are expensive and energy intensive to produce, it is more energetically efficient to mine. In general, in addition to promoting the growth of a single sector, a more integrated effort should be in place to reduce the lifecycle emission of EV batteries. A finite total supply of rare earth material can apparently justify the need for recycling. But the environmental benefit of recycling needs closer scrutiny. Based on current recycling technology, the net benefit of recycling depends on the form factors, the chemistry and the recycling process chosen.

### Environmental impact

Transition to electric vehicles is estimated to require 87 times more than 2015 of specific metals by 2060 that need to be mined initially, with recycling covering part of the demand in future. According to IEA 2021 study, mineral supplies need to increase from 400 kilotonnes in 2020 to 11,800 kilotonnes in 2040 in order to cover the demand by EV. This increase creates a number of key challenges, from supply chain as 60% of production is concentrated in China to significant impact on climate and environment as result of such a large increase in mining operations. However 45% of oil demand in 2022 was for road transport, and batteries may reduce this to 20% by 2050, which would save hundreds of times more raw material than that used to make the batteries.

The mining of nickel, copper and cobalt in developing countries such as the Philippines, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Indonesia is controversial due to the devastation it causes to the environment. Nickel mining has contributed significantly to deforestation in Indonesia.

## Battery cost

Average battery costs have fallen by 90% since 2010 due to advances in battery chemistry and manufacturing. Batteries represent a substantial portion of an EV's overall cost, often accounting for up to 30-40% of the vehicle's total price. However, the cost of EV batteries has been decreasing steadily over the years due to advancements in technology, economies of scale, and improvements in manufacturing processes. EV batteries typically come with warranties covering a certain number of years or miles, reflecting confidence in their durability and reliability over time.

## EV parity

### Cost parity

One issue is purchase price, the other issue is total cost of ownership. Total cost of ownership of electric cars is often less than petrol or diesel cars. In 2024 Gartner predicted that by 2027, next-generation BEVs will, on average, be cheaper to produce than a comparable ICE“. In China, BEV are now cheaper than comparable combustion cars. The development is driven by subsidies in the Chinese market. The USA are protecting their own manufacturers with tariffs, in the EU this is debated. This can delay cost parity.

### Range parity

The weight of the electric vehicle battery is the limiting factor to reach range parity. Diesel and gasoline have more than the 50-fold energy density of current EV batteries.

In practical use, charging speed is more relevant than battery capacity (see rechaging section).Typical EV batteries in passenger cars have a weight of 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) resulting in ranges from 150 to 500 km (90 to 310 miles), depending on temperature, driving style and car type.

Even with the same range as an average all-combustion vehicle, buyers must be assured that there are widely available and compatible charging stations for their vehicles.

As of 2024 the range of electric ships and large planes is less than combustion engined ones. To electrify all shipping standardized multi-megawatt charging is needed. But sometimes batteries can be swapped, for example for river shipping. As of 2024 pure electric large plane ranges of over 1000km are not expected within a decade - meaning that for over half of scheduled flights range parity cannot be achieved.

## Specifics

### Internal components

Battery pack designs for electric vehicles (EVs) are complex and vary widely by manufacturer and specific application. However, they all incorporate a combination of several simple mechanical and electrical component systems which perform the basic required functions of the pack.

The actual battery cells can have different chemistry, physical shapes, and sizes as preferred by various pack manufacturers. Battery packs will always incorporate many discrete cells connected in series and parallel to achieve the total voltage and current requirements of the pack. Battery packs for all electric drive EVs can contain several hundred individual cells. Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3-4 volts, depending on its chemical composition.

To assist in manufacturing and assembly, the large stack of cells is typically grouped into smaller stacks called modules. Several of these modules are placed into a single pack. Within each module the cells are welded together to complete the electrical path for current flow. Modules can also incorporate cooling mechanisms, temperature monitors, and other devices. Modules must remain within a specific temperature range for optimal performance. In most cases, modules also allow for monitoring the voltage produced by each battery cell in the stack by using a battery management system (BMS).

The battery cell stack has a main fuse which limits the current of the pack under a short circuit. A "service plug" or "service disconnect" can be removed to split the battery stack into two electrically isolated halves. With the service plug removed, the exposed main terminals of the battery present no high potential electrical danger to service technicians.

The battery pack also contains relays, or contactors, which control the distribution of the battery pack's electrical power to the output terminals. In most cases there will be a minimum of two main relays which connect the battery cell stack to the main positive and negative output terminals of the pack, which then supply high current to the electrical drive motor. Some pack designs include alternate current paths for pre-charging the drive system through a pre-charge resistor or for powering an auxiliary bus which will also have their own associated control relays. For safety reasons these relays are all normally open.

The battery pack also contains a variety of temperature, voltage, and current sensors. Collection of data from the pack sensors and activation of the pack relays are accomplished by the pack's battery monitoring unit (BMU) or BMS. The BMS is also responsible for communications with the vehicle outside the battery pack.

### Recharging

Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged. BEVs charge from the power grid at home or using a recharging point. The energy is generated from a variety of domestic resources, such as coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear, natural gas, photovoltaic solar cell panels and wind.

With suitable power supplies, good battery lifespan is usually achieved at charging rates not exceeding half of the capacity of the battery per hour ("0.5 C "), thereby taking two or more hours for a full charge, but faster charging is available even for large capacity batteries.

Charging time at home is limited by the capacity of the household electrical outlet, unless specialized electrical wiring work is done. In the US, Canada, Japan, and other countries with 120 V electricity, a normal household outlet delivers 1.5 kilowatts. In other countries with 230 V electricity between 7 and 14 kilowatts can be delivered (230 V single phase and 400 V three-phase, respectively). In Europe, a 400 V (three-phase 230 V) grid connection is increasingly popular since newer houses don't have natural gas connection due to the European Union's safety regulations.

New data has shown that exposure to heat and the use of fast charging promote the degradation of Li-ion batteries more than age and actual use, and that the average electric vehicle battery will retain 90% of its initial capacity after six years and six months of service. For example, the battery in a Nissan Leaf will degrade twice as fast as the battery in a Tesla, because the Leaf does not have an active cooling system for its battery.

#### Recharging time

With rapid recharging, the concern about limited travel ranges loses relevance as the duration of a stops at public charging stations can be minimized. There is a growing electric vehicle charging network with DC powers of 150 kW and more which can add up to 300 km of range within a typical 30 minute break. Charging speed depends on the power of the charging station and the maximum load which the specific EV model can handle. At charging states over 50%, charging speed generally slows down. Typical rapid charging powers are between 30 and 80 kW. Charging at home or smaller charging stations using alternating current usually takes several hours.The table assumes a typical consumption of 15 kWh per 100 km and takes into account that drivers should take a break every 300 km anyway.

#### Connectors

The charging power can be connected to the car in two ways. The first is a direct electrical connection known as conductive coupling. This might be as simple as a mains lead into a weatherproof socket through special high capacity cables with connectors to protect the user from high voltages. The modern standard for plug-in vehicle charging is the SAE 1772 conductive connector (IEC 62196 Type 1) in the US. The ACEA has chosen the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 (IEC 62196 Type 2) for deployment in Europe, which, without a latch, means unnecessary extra power requirements for the locking mechanism.

The second approach is known as inductive charging. A special 'paddle' is inserted into a slot on the car. The paddle is one winding of a transformer, while the other is built into the car. When the paddle is inserted it completes a magnetic circuit which provides power to the battery pack. In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage. The advantage of the inductive approach is that there is no possibility of electrocution as there are no exposed conductors, although interlocks, special connectors and ground fault detectors can make conductive coupling nearly as safe. Inductive charging can also reduce vehicle weight, by moving more charging componentry offboard. An inductive charging advocate from Toyota contended in 1998, that overall cost differences were minimal, while a conductive charging advocate from Ford contended that conductive charging was more cost efficient.

#### Recharging spots

As of June 2024, there more than 200,000 locations and 400,000 EV charging stations worldwide.

#### Travel range before recharging

The range of a BEV depends on the number and type of batteries used. The weight and type of vehicle as well as terrain, weather, and the performance of the driver also have an impact, just as they do on the mileage of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicle conversion performance depends on a number of factors including the battery chemistry. Lithium-ion battery-equipped EVs provide 320–540 km (200–340 mi) of range per charge.

The internal resistance of some batteries may be significantly increased at low temperature which can cause noticeable reduction in the range of the vehicle and on the lifetime of the battery.

With an AC system or advanced DC system, regenerative braking can extend range by up to 50% under extreme traffic conditions without complete stopping. Otherwise, the range is extended by about 10 to 15% in city driving, and only negligibly in highway driving, depending upon terrain.

BEVs (including buses and trucks) can also use genset trailers and pusher trailers in order to extend their range when desired without the additional weight during normal short range use. Discharged basket trailers can be replaced by recharged ones en route. If rented then maintenance costs can be deferred to the agency.

#### Trailers

Auxiliary battery capacity carried in trailers can increase the overall vehicle range, but also increases the loss of power arising from aerodynamic drag, increases weight transfer effects and reduces traction capacity.

#### Swapping and removing

An alternative to recharging is to exchange drained or nearly drained batteries (or battery range extender modules) with fully charged batteries. This is called battery swapping and is done in exchange stations.

Features of swap stations include:

- The consumer is no longer concerned with battery capital cost, life cycle, technology, maintenance, or warranty issues;

- Swapping is far faster than charging: battery swap equipment built by the firm Better Place has demonstrated automated swaps in less than 60 seconds;

- Swap stations increase the feasibility of distributed energy storage via the electric grid;

Concerns about swap stations include:

- Potential for fraud (battery quality can only be measured over a full discharge cycle; battery lifetime can only be measured over repeated discharge cycles; those in the swap transaction cannot know if they are getting a worn or reduced effectiveness battery; battery quality degrades slowly over time, so worn batteries will be gradually forced into the system)

- Manufacturers' unwillingness to standardize open-source hardware battery access and implementation details, so users must find a proprietary station

- Safety concerns

### Vehicle-to-grid

Smart grid allows BEVs to provide power to the grid at any time, especially:

- During peak load periods (When the selling price of electricity can be very high. Vehicles can then be recharged during off-peak hours at cheaper rates which helps absorb excess night time generation. The vehicles serve as a distributed battery storage system to buffer power.)

- During blackouts, as backup power sources.

### Safety

The safety issues of battery electric vehicles are largely dealt with by the international standard ISO 6469. This standard is divided into three parts:

- On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery

- Functional safety means and protection against failures

- Protection of persons against electrical hazards.

Firefighters and rescue personnel receive special training to deal with the higher voltages and chemicals encountered in electric and hybrid electric vehicle accidents. While BEV accidents may present unusual problems, such as fires and fumes resulting from rapid battery discharge, many experts agree that BEV batteries are safe in commercially available vehicles and in rear-end collisions, and are safer than gasoline-propelled cars with rear gasoline tanks.

Usually, battery performance testing includes the determination of:

- State of charge (SOC)

- State of Health (SOH)

- Energy Efficiency

Performance testing simulates the drive cycles for the drive trains of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) as per the required specifications of car manufacturers (OEMs). During these drive cycles, controlled cooling of the battery can be performed, simulating the thermal conditions in the car.

In addition, climatic chambers control environmental conditions during testing and allow simulation of the full automotive temperature range and climatic conditions.

### Patents

Patents may be used to suppress development or deployment of battery technology. For example, patents relevant to the use of Nickel metal hydride cells in cars were held by an offshoot of Chevron Corporation, a petroleum company, who maintained veto power over any sale or licensing of NiMH technology.

## Research, development and innovation

As of December 2019, billions of euro in research are planned to be invested around the world for improving batteries.

Researchers have come up with some design considerations for contactless BEV chargers. Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) systems are made to transfer power efficiently from a primary source (charging station) to one or more secondary sources (BEVs) in a contactless way via magnetic coupling.

Europe has plans for heavy investment in electric vehicle battery development and production, and Indonesia also aims to produce electric vehicle batteries in 2023, inviting Chinese battery firm GEM and Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd to invest in Indonesia.

### Ultracapacitors

Electric double-layer capacitors (or "ultracapacitors") are used in some electric vehicles, such as AFS Trinity's concept prototype, to store rapidly available energy with their high specific power, in order to keep batteries within safe resistive heating limits and extend battery life.

Since commercially available ultracapacitors have a low specific energy, no production electric cars use ultracapacitors exclusively.

In January 2020, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, stated that the advancements in Li-ion battery technology have made ultra-capacitors unnecessary for electric vehicles.

### Promotion in the United States

On 2 May 2022, President Biden announced the administration will begin a $3.16 billion plan to boost domestic manufacturing and recycling of batteries, in a larger effort to shift the country away from gas-powered cars to electric vehicles. The goal of the Biden administration is to have half of U.S. automobile production electric by 2030.

The Inflation Reduction Act, passed on 16 August 2022, aimed to incentivize clean energy manufacturing with a $7,500 consumer tax credit for EVs with US-built batteries, and subsidies for EV plants. By October 2022, billions of dollars of investment had been announced for over two dozen US battery plants, leading some commentators to nickname the Midwest as the "Battery Belt".


Shaun Meachem

# Shaun Meachem

## Abstract

Shaun Myles Meachem (born October 9, 1979 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian curler from Cabri, Saskatchewan.

## Curling career

Meachem grew up in Mayerthorpe, Alberta. He played on a number of teams in Alberta before moving to Saskatchewan in 2009. While in Alberta, Meachem won two World Curling Tour events: the Rainbow Cashspiel in 2004, playing lead for Rob Armitage and again in 2005 playing second for Chris Schille.

After moving to Saskatchewan, Meachem began curling competitively again in 2012, playing third for Max Kirkpatrick. Meachem played in his first Saskatchewan men's provincial at the 2013 SaskTel Tankard, but the Kirkpatrick rink would not make the playoffs. The next season, they again failed to make the playoffs at the 2014 SaskTel Tankard.

Meachem won the 2014 Saskatchewan Mixed Curling Championship with teammates Kelly Wood, Carl deConinck Smith and Kelsey Dutton. They represented the province at the 2014 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship, losing to Ontario's Cory Heggestad in the semifinal.

In 2014 Meachem joined the Drew Heidt rink, throwing fourth stones for the team. They would win one WCT event that season, winning the BV Inn Curling Classic. At the 2015 SaskTel Tankard the team would miss the playoffs.

In 2015 Meachem formed his own team as skip, with teammates Catlin Schneider, Brady Scharback and Aaron Shutra. The team would win two WCT events in their first season together, the HDF Insurance Shoot-Out and the Medicine Hat Charity Classic. The team went all the way to the finals of the 2016 SaskTel Tankard, where they lost to Steve Laycock. The team qualified for Meachem's first Grand Slam of Curling event, the season-ending 2016 Humpty's Champions Cup, where they went 0–4.

In 2017, Meachem, along with teammates Adam Casey, Catlin Schneider, and Dustin Kidby defeated Steve Laycock to win the 2017 SaskTel Tankard. Meachem represented Saskatchewan at the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier, where they finished with a 5-6 record. The team played in the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials, with Brock Montgomery replacing Schneider. The team finished with a 2–4 record. Later in the season, the team played in the 2018 SaskTel Tankard, but were eliminated in the C event.

In 2018, Meachem formed a new team, playing third with teammates Dustin Kalthoff, Bryaden Stewart, and Jared Latos. The team curled out of the Nutana Curling Club in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The rink played in the 2019 SaskTel Tankard, losing in one of the C event finals.

Meachem, along with teammates Kelly Schafer, Chris Haichert and Teejay Haichert represented Saskatchewan at the 2020 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. There, he led his team to a 5–5 record.

Meachem formed a new men's team in 2019 as a skip, with teammates Brady Scharback, Brayden Stewart and Jared Latos. He once again lost in one of the C event finals at the 2020 SaskTel Tankard. On the Tour, the team won the Saskatoon Nutana Cash, and the Farmers Edge SCT events that season. The team played in the 2021 Canadian Curling Pre-Trials Direct-Entry Event with Tyler Hartung sparing for Stewart. The team lost in the C event. The team also lost in the C event at the 2022 SaskTel Tankard. On the tour, they won the 2021 SaskTour Men's Highland event.

Meachem, Schafer and the Haicherts represented Saskatchewan again at the 2022 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. This time, he led the rink to a 6–4 record, but did not make the playoffs.

In 2022, Meachem joined the Steve Laycock rink at third, with Chris Haichert at second and Brayden Stewart at lead. The team played in the 2023 SaskTel Tankard, where they made it all the way to the final before losing to Kelly Knapp.

Meachem, Schafer, and the Haicherts represented Saskatchewan again at the 2023 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship on home ice. The team lost just one game in the event, and beat Manitoba in the final. They will represent Canada at the 2024 World Mixed Curling Championship.

## Personal life

Meachem is the owner of Meach Construction Ltd. He is married to Marla Phillips and has three children.


The Midnight Man (2016 crime film)

# The Midnight Man (2016 crime film)

## Abstract

The Midnight Man is a 2016 American direct-to-video crime thriller film starring Will Kemp, Brinna Kelly, William Forsythe, Brent Spiner, Doug Jones, Vinnie Jones, Steve Valentine, Max Adler, and William Miller. Brinna Kelly also produced and co-wrote, along with director D.C. Hamilton. It was released to DVD and digitally by Cinedigm on March 1, 2016.

## Plot

When Grady, an assassin with a genetic disorder that renders him unable to feel pain, is sent on a high-stakes assignment, his world is turned upside-down after an attack when he awakens to discover that he can feel pain for the first time in his life. With the clock ticking and his greatest asset gone, Grady will go head-to-head with his greatest fears and unspeakable enemies, while experiencing a tactile world he never could have imagined.

## Cast

- Will Kemp as Grady

- Brinna Kelly as Zan

- William Forsythe as Fairbanks

- Brent Spiner as Ezekiel

- Doug Jones as Vick

- Vinnie Jones as Pearl

- Steve Valentine as the Escort

- Max Adler as Simmons

- William Miller as Nomack

- Rich Finley as Riggs


Tezu Jama Mosque, Arunachal Pradesh

# Tezu Jama Mosque, Arunachal Pradesh

## Abstract

The Tezu Jama Mosque is a mosque located in Tezu in Arunachal Pradesh, India.The Tezu Jama Masjid is a local Islamic shrine where the residents offer prayers.

Tezu is in the Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh. The small township is noted for its religious milieu, and is one of the region's tourist attractions. With its rivers and valleys, the small place is literally a paradise for the visitors. Tezu Jama Masjid is an attractive place for everybody because of its grandeur in architecture. Located in the main town of Tezu, the mosque is frequented by hundreds of people every day for everyday prayer session.

## Prayer

This mosque is a venue of celebration during festivals of Id-Ul-Fitr and Id-Ul-Zuha, by the local Muslim community. The mosque hold prayer sessions every day.


2025 in Georgia (country)

# 2025 in Georgia (country)

## Abstract

Events in the year 2025 in Georgia.

## Events

### Predicted and scheduled

- 9 – 16 February – 2025 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival

## Holidays

Source:

- 1–2 January – New Year's Day

- 7 January – Orthodox Christmas

- 19 January – Orthodox Epiphany

- 3 March – Mother's Day

- 8 March – International Women's Day

- 9 April – Independence Restoration Day

- 3 May – Orthodox Good Friday

- 4 May – Orthodox Easter Saturday

- 5 May – Orthodox Easter Sunday

- 6 May – Orthodox Easter Monday

- 9 May – Victory Day

- 12 May – Saint Andrew the First-Called Day

- 26 May – Independence Day

- 28 August – Saint Mary's Day

- 14 October – Svetitskhoveli

- 23 November – Saint George's Day


Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg

# Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg

## Abstract

Henry III (1533 – 19 January 1598), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Lüneburg from 1559 until 1569, jointly with his brother William the Younger. From 1569, he ruled over the Lordship of Dannenberg until his death.

Henry was the second surviving son of Duke Ernest I of Brunswick-Lüneburg and assumed the rule in the Principality of Lüneburg upon the early death of his elder brother Francis Otto in 1559. He and his younger brother William fell out with each other in 1569, when Henry married the Ascanian princess Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (1545–1620), daughter of Duke Francis I, and demanded the partition of the Lüneburg lands.

He eventually waived his claims to the Lüneburg principality and received Dannenberg as a paréage as well as an annual payment in compensation. He also ensured that his descendants were entitled to inherit the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel estates upon the extinction of the line; therefore, his youngest son Augustus could assume the rule in Wolfenbüttel in 1635.

Henry died in Dannenberg.

## Marriage and children who reached adulthood

In 1569 Henry married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (*1545 – 22 October 1620*, Schernebeck), daughter of Francis I of Saxe-Lauenburg. They had the following children:

- Julius Ernest (1571–1636)

- Francis (1572–1601) Provost of Strasbourg

- Anne Sophie (1573–1574)

- Heinrich (1574–1575)

- Sybil Elizabeth (1576–1630), married Anthony II, Count of Delmenhorst

- Sidonia (1577–1645)

- Augustus (1579–1666)

His agnatic progeny went extinct in 1884.

## Sources


The Minus Man

# The Minus Man

## Abstract

The Minus Man is a 1999 thriller film starring Owen Wilson and Janeane Garofalo. It is based on the novel by Lew McCreary, and directed by Hampton Fancher, who also wrote the screenplay. The film centers on a serial killer whom Fancher describes as "a cross between Psycho ' s Norman Bates, Melville ' s Billy Budd and Being There ' s Chauncey Gardner".

## Plot

Vann Siegert is a wandering serial killer who poisons his victims; he explains that he feels he is helping them and that they die without pain. After killing a heroin addict named Casper he met at a bar, he makes her death look like an overdose and moves to a new town. The next day, he arrives at Doug and Jane Durwin's home and rents out the room of their missing daughter. Doug recommends he look for work at the post office, as they are hiring seasonal help for Christmas.

Doug takes Vann to a high school football game, where he meets Gene, a star athlete, and his family. A few days later, Vann offers the boy a ride and murders him, burying his body on a beach. While he digs the grave, Vann has an imaginary conversation with two detectives, Blair and Graves, who ask taunting questions about his methods. Later, Vann helps the town search for the missing athlete and even attends his memorial service. He reveals that killing Gene broke two of his personal rules: don't kill anyone you know, and don't kill anyone from your town. Vann's ties to the community grow as he is given more responsibility at the post office.

One of Vann's co-workers, Ferrin, sheepishly pursues him. Vann drives her to the beach, where the pair exchange an awkward hug directly over the spot where Vann buried Gene. On Christmas Day, Vann goes to a diner and chooses another victim. She invites him to her home, where he recognizes that she is a painter. Something about her work disturbs him and he flees. Vann returns to the diner and slips poison into the water of a man eating alone. An autopsy reveals that the death was the result of a rare poison derived from tree bark fungus found in the Pacific Northwest. The poison is then linked to Casper's death, and to Gene's when his body is found. Vann knows that the police will eventually tie the murders to him. While looking in the mirror, he pulls hairs off his jacket and puts them in an envelope on which he writes 'FERRiN'.

Jane is found dead from a blow to the back of the head. The police suspect Doug, but Vann is worried that the increased scrutiny from another murder will lead the police to him. During a date with Ferrin, he tries to initiate sex by assaulting her. She is terrified, and Vann leaves. The next day, the police arrest Doug for Jane's murder. Vann packs his things. Before he leaves town, he puts his postal uniform and the envelope marked "FERRiN", containing the sample of his hair, in a mailbox. While he's leaving it all behind, the film ends as he drives on the highway, only by saying that he wants to lead a more regular life once he gets to wherever he is going. He is pursued by a cop who had earlier approached him on the beach. After taking a good look at him in the middle of her spotlight with her police cruiser, she smiles at him and takes the right fork in the road, while Vann takes the left.

## Cast

- Owen Wilson as Vann Siegert

- Dwight Yoakam as Detective Blair

- Dennis Haysbert as Detective Graves

- Alex Warren as State Trooper

- Mercedes Ruehl as Jane Durwin

- Brian Cox as Doug Durwin

- Janeane Garofalo as Ferrin

- Meg Foster as Irene

- John Vargas as Priest

- Eric Mabius as Gene

- Larry Miller as Paul

- Sheryl Crow as Casper

- John Carroll Lynch as Bartender (first scene)

## Reception

The film has a 59% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 37 reviews. The site’s critics consensus states: "While its subdued thrills and lack of answers may prove frustrating, The Minus Man delivers a chillingly measured performance from Owen Wilson."

Roger Ebert called the film "a psychological thriller of uncommon power maybe because it's so quiet and devious". In the Los Angeles Times, Kevin Thomas wrote "it is above all such an unsettling experience you find yourself still taking it all in well after the lights have gone up".

In praising the film, Andrew Sarris writing for the New York Observer said: "A surging undercurrent of black comedy drives us out to sea without ever breaking to the surface with glib psychological or sociological explanations. We cannot laugh out loud, nor can we feel any grief". Sarris singles out Garofalo's performance as "incandescent... one of the most enticingly endearing female movie characters in recent years – witty, bubbly, but at the same time lonely and terrified of rejection". Glenn Lovell described the film as "an assured blend of Camus and Hitch 's small-town classic, Shadow of a Doubt " in his Variety review.

The film was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.

## Marketing

The Shooting Gallery's The Minus Man promotional campaign and materials, like many independent films (see Sony Pictures Classics ' When the Cat's Away and Miramax 's The Crying Game) tried to spark discussion/word of mouth among audience members after they left the theater. In addition to the tagline "Don't see it alone. Unless you like talking to yourself", one trailer for the film showed a couple discussing the film as they leave the theater. Their conversation takes them from place to place all over the city, until the man (played by Eddie Ifft) marvels at how beautiful the sunrise is. The woman (played by Marin Hinkle) realizes she is late for work and rushes to her job as a lifeguard, where two people are floating dead in the pool. The ad ends with the tagline "Careful, you can talk about it for hours". They partnered with local coffee houses and bars to provide opportunities for these supposed hour-long conversations.

The main trailer featured the tagline: "When he's around nothing adds up" and touted the film as the product of "the producers of Sling Blade " and "the writer of Blade Runner and The Mighty Quinn ".


Tezu Jama Mosque, Arunachal Pradesh