# List of White Pass and Yukon Route locomotives and cars

## Abstract

The White Pass and Yukon Route railroad has had a large variety of locomotives and railroad cars.

## White Pass steam locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass gasoline-mechanical locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass diesel-electric locomotives

Locomotives with dark grey have been scrapped, while locomotives with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## White Pass passenger cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped, while cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass freight train cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped, while cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass work equipment

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass inspection track units

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Former White Pass flatcars now serving as underframes

cars with light grey have been either put on display, or sold to other railroads.

## Existing White Pass car bodies detached from trucks

Car bodies with light grey have been either put on display or sold.

## Pre-1898-built White Pass Freight Cars

Cars with dark grey have been scrapped.

## Former White Pass off-rail equipment on display

The White Pass & Yukon Route had been a multi-modal transportation company that was dominant in the region throughout most of the 20th Century. Equipment with light grey have been either put on display or sold.

## Origins of White Pass station, passenger car, and preserved boat names

Aishihik is the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone metaphor a shè yi, which literally means its tail hanging down, and which figuratively refers to the shape of the bay at the north end of Aishihik Lake. Although Aishihik (a shè yi) is the English and Tlingit name for both the lake and the village at the north end of the lake, it is the Southern Tutchone name only for the village. The lake's name in Southern Tutchone had been Man Shӓw. Aishihik Lake located 28 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1546, via Aishihik Lake Road. Aishihik River located at Alaska Highway Kilometer 1547.5.

Alaska is the English adaptation of the Aleut idiom alaxsx-a, which figuratively refers to mainland Alaska. Literally, it means object to which the action of the sea is directed (alax + sx-a).

Alsek is the English adaptation of the Tlingit verb theme aa łsêxh, which means a person habitually rests. It was the name of a Nóogaa (Tlingit) village located on the pre-1891 Upper Alsek River (post-1891 Tatshenshini River), near the mouth of the O'Connor River. Alsek River flows into the Gulf of Alaska.

American Shed was named for a snow shed on the American side of White Pass, which existed until the 1980s. This name distinguished this shed from a snow shed on the Canadian side of White Pass.

Annie Lake was named for Annie Austin (1870–1950), widow of Charles "Dawson Charlie" Henderson (co-discoverer of gold in the Klondike). Lake located 19 kilometers southwest of Robinson, via Annie Lake Road.

Atlin is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase áa tlein, which means large lake. Atlin Lake located 96 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1342, via Atlin Road.

Bare Loon Lake was named for skinny dipping and wailing loons. 1970s Chilkoot Trail hikers sometimes skinny dipped and sometimes heard loons wail at this lake. This lake provided those hikers their last opportunity to bathe before boarding the train at Bennett. Un -officially named "Beaver Lake." This lake is at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 46.7 and to the west of WP&YR Mile Post 37.

Barry was named for Donald E. Barry (1944-2000), WP&YR conductor. Station renamed to Vista in 2007 or 2008.

"Beaver Lake" is the un -official name for Bare Loon Lake, which is at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 46.7 and to the west of WP&YR Mile Post 37. There are at least 14 other "Beaver Lake"s in British Columbia.

Bennett and Bennett Lake were named for James Gordon Bennett, Jr. (1841–1918), son of the founder of the New York Herald. The lake was originally one of at least four lakes which had borne the Tlingit name kusawa. Bennett also located at Chilkoot Trail Kilometer 53.1.

Bernard Lake was named for James Bernard "Ben" Moore (1865-1919), who helped establish the White Pass Trail. Un -officially named "Fraser Lake." Lake located at Mile Post 27.7 and at Klondike Highway Kilometer 36.5, adjacent to the Fraser station.

Big Kalzas Lake was named for Kalzas (fl. 1859), a Northern Tutchone employee of the Hudson's Bay Co.

Big Salmon Lake was named for the Big Salmon River, which flows through the lake. Big Salmon River took its name from its Tagish, Tlingit, and Northern Tutchone names, which translate to water in which there is large chinook (king) salmon. Big Salmon Lake is 9 kilometers downstream from the river’s headwaters at Quiet Lake. Quiet Lake is at South Canol Road Kilometer 98.5.

Black Cross Rock is a large fallen rock with grave marker, which commemorates two construction workers who were accidentally crushed and buried by this rock on August 10, 1898. This accident occurred during blasting operations. One of the workers was Maurice Dunn (1861-1898), who had lived in Michigan and California. The other worker is "supposed to be", "A. Jeneaux," but there is little corroboration for that latter name.

Black Lake was named for the lake's dark appearance, which is caused by the presence of tannic acid and by the lake's not being fed by glacial runoff. Lake located on the Klondike Highway between Mile 4 and Mile 5.

Boulder was named for boulders located in the Skagway River at this location.

British Columbia was indirectly named for Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), by way of five iterations. Christopher Columbus was the eponym for the name Columbia, a reference to the New World. Columbia was the eponym for the Columbia Rediviva, a privately-owned ship built as Columbia in 1773, and rebuilt in 1787. The Columbia Rediviva was the eponym for the Columbia River, into which that ship entered in 1792. The Columbia River was the eponym for the Columbia District, a fur trading district named in 1810. Finally, the Columbia District was the eponym for British Columbia, which was the portion of the Columbia District that lay in Canada and was named in 1858.

Canyon is named for Miles Canyon, to which it is adjacent. Miles canyon is named for Lt. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, who sent 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka on his journey along the Yukon River in 1883.

Carcross was shortened from Caribou Crossing to Carcross in 1904, because of frequent confusion in mail services. Named Caribou Crossing from 1900 to 1904. Prior to 1900, the name Caribou Crossing had applied to where most caribou actually crossed – the narrows at Ten Mile Point, which is located three miles east of present-day Carcross, and which divides Nares Lake from Tagish Lake. The Tagish name for these narrows was Médzíh É’oł, and the Tlingit name for these narrows was Watsíx Naakwaaní Yé. The name Caribou Crossing was moved from Ten Mile Point to present-day Carcross in 1900, when the railroad arrived and appropriated the name. Prior to 1900, present-day Carcross had been Upper Caribou Crossing. The Tagish name for Upper Caribou Crossing (present-day Carcross) had been Todezáané. The Tlingit name for Upper Caribou Crossing had been Naadaashaa Héeni. Carcross also located at Klondike Highway Kilometer 105.6.

Carr-Glynn was named for Sir Sidney Carr Glynn (1835-1916), first chairman of the WP&YR. Site located at the south end of Carr-Glynn Lake, 12 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1428.3: three kilometers via Fish Lake Road, plus 9 kilometers via Copper Haul Road.

Chilkat is the English adaptation of a Tlingit name of unknown origin, but circumstantial evidence suggests that it was an abbreviation (or remnant) of a clause which means river that brings the storehouse(s) sockeye salmon. In 1882, the Chilkat River’s name was recorded as "Tschilkat-hīn," or Chíl Gaat Héen. Standing alone, Chíl Gaat Héen is not even a complete phrase, because it contains only three alienable nouns that are not grammatically linked. In addition, Chíl Gaat Héen does not appear to be an Eyak loanword, because the Eyak language was too far away, because héen is not an Eyak word, and because chíl was probably inherited from the ancestor language, common to both Tlingit and Eyak, instead of having been loaned from one offspring to the other. In fact, chíl gaat héen looks like a clause that is missing the verb. The three nouns, chíl gaat héen, are in the correct sequence, so that if the adverb yaa and the verb na-ø-tee-n were added at the end, then the resulting clause would accurately describe the Chilkat River. Chíl-de gaat héen yaa na-tee-n means river that brings the storehouse(s) sockeye salmon – which in fact describes the Chilkat River. (The constituent word order of a Tlingit clause is: indirect object equivalent, then direct object, then subject, followed by the verb.) In addition, the meaning of this clause would also explain why “Chilkat” had not been the Tlingit name for Chilkat Lake. Chilkat Lake’s Tlingit name had been Áa Ká. The name Chilkat was officially assigned to the lake in 1880 by the U.S. Navy. Chilkat River extends sinuously between Haines Highway Miles 4.3 and 23.8. Chilkat Lake located six miles south of Haines Highway Mile 26.2, four miles via the Chilkat Lake Road, and two miles via shallow rivers (on jetboat or snowmobile).

Chilkoot is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase chál-góot, which means without a storehouse. This name was a reference to the Chilkoot Indians' having stored fish packed in snow between alder or willow branches, instead of in storehouses. Chilkoot Lake located 10 miles north of Haines: 9 miles via Lutak Road and 1 mile via Chilkoot Lake Road.

Chilkoot Trail is a partial translation of the trail’s Tlingit name, namely Chilkoot Dei-yi \dāyee\, which means Chilkoot- owned Trail. The trail’s English name omits the reference to ownership. The trail extends 33.0 miles/53.1 kilometers, from Dyea Road Mile 7.2 to Bennett Station. The second word of Chilkoot Dei-yi sounds like the original pronunciation of the name of Dyea village (the English adaptation = \dīyee\ – note that Tlingit did not have the English long ī sound). Prior publications state that the name Dyea is the English adaptation of the words for “to pack” or “carrying place”. However, the presence of the initial \d\ sound in Dyea casts doubt on those latter possibilities, and suggests that the first syllable was in fact dei (as in dei-yi). Use of the name Dyea for its present location first occurred in 1886, when John J. Healy (1840-1908) and Edgar Wilson (1842-1895) opened a trading post there. This structure burned down in 1920. Its site, about 0.6 mile south of the Taiya River bridge, is now near a campground parking lot. (Note the distinction between the Tlingit possessed noun Dei-yi, and the Tlingit phrase Dei Yé. This distinction is reflected in the difference between the English names Dyea and Taiya (inlet name, river name). See, Taiya, below.)

Choutla was the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone idiom chu dläw, which figuratively refers to the waterfalls that feed Choutla Lake. Literally, it means laughing water. This name was coined in 1911 by Bishop Isaac O Stringer as the name for a nearby school. Choutla Lake located six kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 65.7, via Tagish Road.

Clifton was named for the rock ledge overhanging the tracks at this location.

Combo is an abbreviation for combined passenger and baggage car.

Copper River was named for abundant copper deposits along the upper river. River flows along portions of the Glenn Highway, Richardson Highway, Edgerton Highway, and Copper River Highway.

Cougar Lake was the name of Cowley Lake until sometime between 1941 & 1947. Lake located at former Mile Post 94.7.

Cowley and Cowley Lake were named for Isaac Cowley Lambert (1850–1909), chairman of the construction company which built the WP&YR railroad. Lake named Cougar Lake until sometime between 1941 & 1947. Cowley Station access road at Klondike Highway kilometer 148.1. Cowley Lake located at former Mile Post 94.7.

Crag Lake was named for the crag which overlooks the lake. Lake located 13 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 65.7, via Tagish Road.

Crater Lake was named for the lake's crater-like appearance. Lake extends between Chilkoot Trail Kilometers 26 and 28.

De Wette was named for Auguste C. R. de Wette (1845-1912), banker and early shareholder of the WP&YR. Station had been named Wette Lea until 1901.

Dease Lake was named for Peter Warren Dease (1788–1863), chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. Lake located 226 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1002, via Cassiar Highway.

Denver was named in 1904 for the four-mile distant Denver Glacier. Until that year, the station had been named Viaduct. The Denver Glacier had been named in 1899 or 1900 for Denver, Colorado, by two former Denver residents, WP&YR civil engineer Alfred Williams and company photographer Harry C. Barley.

Dewey Lake most likely named for Adm. George Dewey (1837–1917), U.S. Navy. Lake located 1 ⁄ 2 mile east of Skagway, via steep hiking trail.

Dezadeash is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase dáas’aa kayáash, which means snare platforms (for fishing). Dezadeash Lake extends between Haines Highway kilometers 193 and 210.

Divide is the loop track switch, just north of White Pass. May have been named for the drainage divide between the Skagway River and Yukon River drainage basins, the actual divide being about a mile south of this point.

Drury Lake was named for William S. Drury (1870–1953) of Taylor & Drury, Yukon merchants.

Dugdale was named for James Dugdale (1842-1903), an early White Pass shareholder. Dugdale not to be confused with Dundalk, below.

Dundalk most likely named by Michael J. Heney for the port city 57 miles east of Killeshandra, Ireland. Heney's parents had emigrated from Killeshandra to Canada in 1854, probably via Dundalk. The parents were Thomas Heney (1832-1892) and Mary Ann (McCourt) Heney (1834-1911). Dundalk not to be confused with Dugdale, above.

Ear Lake was named for the shape of the adjacent lake.

Emerald Lake was named for the blue and green light from the surrounding trees that is reflected by the lake's marl bed. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 117.6.

Fairweather Lake most likely named for the lake at Cape Fairweather, one mile from the Gulf of Alaska and at the foot of Fairweather Glacier. The Cape had been named Fairweather by Capt. James Cook for the good weather he had encountered there in 1778. The glacier and lake subsequently took their names from the cape. (There is a less likely Fairweather Lake at a remote location in eastern Yukon.)

Fantail Lake was named for the fantail hitch, which is a dogsled hitch in which there is a separate tug line connecting each dog to the sled. The dogs are thereby fanned out in front of the sled. Also known as a fan hitch. The fantail hitch is less common than the gangline (or tandem) hitch, in which a common tug line runs between two tandems of dogs, and each dog is connected to that common tug line. The ice on Fantail Lake constituted part of the Fantail Trail, the winter dogsled trail that extended between Log Cabin and Atlin, British Columbia. The lake extends from 20 to 29 miles east of Log Cabin, via the trail.

Finlayson Lake was named for Duncan Finlayson (1796–1862), chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. Lake located 231 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 980, via Campbell Highway.

Fortymile River was so named because it joins the Yukon River 40 miles below (west-northwest of) Old Fort Reliance. Fortymile River located 48 kilometers north of Top of the World Highway Kilometer 59.2, via Clinton Creek Road.

Fox Lake is presumably named for the red fox, which is found throughout the Yukon. Lake received the name Fox by 1940, when a landing field was built near the lake's location, but before a highway was there. The lake's previous Southern Tutchone name had been Kwätan'aya Mân. The lake now extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 238 and 248.

Foy was named for Hugh Foy (1842-1899), White Pass Superintendent of Construction.

Frances Lake was named for Lady Frances Simpson (1812–1853), wife of Hudson's Bay Co. governor, George Simpson. Lake located 171 kilometers north of Alaska Highway Kilometer 980, via Campbell Highway.

Fraser was named for Duncan C. Fraser (1845-1910), a Member of Parliament from Nova Scotia. Fraser also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 36.5.

"Fraser Lake" is the un official name for Bernard Lake. Lake located at Mile Post 27.7 and at Klondike Highway kilometer 36.5, adjacent to the Fraser station. A larger and more famous lake in British Columbia is officially named Fraser Lake.

Gateway was probably named for the WP&YR slogan "Gateway to the Yukon," and for the fact that this location has the highest elevation on entire White Pass railroad, at 2940 feet.

Glacier was named for groundwater seepage and freezing at this location. In the early 1900s, this phenomenon was also referred to as a glacier.

Goat Lake is named for the high concentration of mountain goats in the area. Lake is 1921 feet above, and supplies the water for, Pitchfork Falls at Mile Post 9.5.

Gravel Pit was named for an adjacent gravel pit.

Graves and Samuel H. Graves were named for Samuel H. Graves (1852-1911), the first president of WP&YR. In 1885, Graves had become an associate of Close Brothers, the firm that later financed the WP&YR. Graves station renamed to Scheffler in 2016.

Guardrail Curve was named for the 24° curve, sharpest on the railroad, which until the 1970s, had a third, safety rail – a.k.a., a guardrail.

Gulch was named for the confluence of Dead Horse Gulch and Switchback Gulch. See, Skagway River Branches, below.

Hannan was named for Kenneth B. Hannan (1889-1976), White Pass General Manager in 1949, when the snow shed was erected. Shed removed in 1992. Site renamed to Hawkins in 2019.

Hawkins was named for Erastus C. Hawkins (1860-1912), chief engineer for construction of the White Pass railway. The two flatcars near the bottom of the hillside at this location are former WP&YR ##483 and 1015, carried down in a 1977 snowslide. Site named Hannan until 2019.

Heney and Michael J. Heney were named for Michael J. Heney (1864-1910), the labor contractor who built the WP&YR railroad. Heney station was eliminated in 2019.

Homan Lake was named for Charles A. Homan (1847–1918), U.S. Army topographer who accompanied 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka along the Yukon River in 1883.

Hutshi is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase hóoch’ áayi, which means last lake. Hutshi Lake was so named because it was the northern-most lake on three Chilkat trade routes, the Neskatahin Trail, the Goat Creek Trail, and the Big Glacier Trail. Hutshi Lake located 48 kilometers north of Champagne (Alaska Highway Kilometer 1513), via the Neskatahin Trail.

Inspiration Point was named for the vista seen from this location.

Jennings Lake was named for William T. Jennings (1846–1906), civil engineer who assessed various railroad and road routes to the Yukon.

Johns Lake was named for Johnnie Johns (1898-1988), Carcross-based outfitter and guide.

Kathleen Lake was named for a girl in Berwickshire County, Scotland, left behind by William "Scotty" Hume (1868–1952), a North-West Mounted Police constable (Reg. #2259) stationed on the Dalton Trail from 1898 to 1903. Lake located 2 ⁄ 3 kilometer west of Haines Highway Kilometer 219.7, via Kathleen Lake Turnoff.

Keno was ultimately derived from a French term which means five winning numbers; a game of chance. The boat was immediately named for the Keno (silver) claim, staked in 1919 by Alfred Kirk Schellinger. Keno claim located 110 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 535, via Silver Trail.

Klehini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase l’éiw héeni, which means gravel river. Gravel is abundant in the Klehini River and Valley. Furthermore, the water in the Klehini is clear enough, so as to eliminate l’éiw from meaning sand or silt. River extends sinuously between Haines Highway Mile 23.8 and Kilometer 87 (corresponding to Mile 50).

Klondike is the English adaptation of the Hän idiom Tr'o Ndek, which figuratively means Hammer River. Literally, it means Chinook (King) Salmon River. The reason for the figurative meaning is that hammers had been used to erect barriers in the Klondike River, in order to catch the Chinook salmon. Klondike River extends sinuously between Klondike Highway kilometers 664 and 715.

Kluahne was an early spelling of Kluane.

Kluane is the English adaptation of the hybrid phrase lhù aani, which means whitefish place. It was derived from the Southern Tutchone word for whitefish, plus the Tlingit word for place in which there are. Kluane Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1642 and 1701.

Klukshu is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase l’ook shù, which means end of coho salmon. Klukshu Lake located 2 ⁄ 3 kilometer east of Haines Highway Kilometer 183.2, via Klukshu Turnoff.

Kusawa is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase ká-woo-sáa-oo áa, which means narrow lake. Because retreating glaciers often leave long and narrow lakes, there are at least four lakes which had borne this Tlingit name, including Kusawa Lake, Yukon, for which the coach is named. Kusawa Lake, Yukon, located 24 kilometers south of Alaska Highway kilometer 1489.1, via Kusawa Lake Road.

LaBerge Lake was named for Michael Laberge (1837-1909), a Yukon River explorer who never actually saw the lake named for him. Lake located 3 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 225, via Deep Creek Road.

Lansdowne was named for Henry C. K. P. Fitz-Maurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845-1927), Governor-General of Canada, 1883-1888.

Laughton Glacier Moraine can be seen in the distance between Mile Posts 14.5 and 14.8, looking southeast. It appears as a gray area against green surroundings. The glacier itself once extended onto this moraine. The glacier had been named for Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton (1843-1899), who was killed in the Philippine–American War.

"LeBarge Lake" is a misspelling of Laberge Lake.

"Lewes Lake" misspells the surname of Alfred B. Lewis (1866-1928), chief locating engineer of the WP&YR, for whom the lake was named. Lake located at former Mile Post 83.

Liard is the French word for eastern cottonwood. Liard River extends sinuously between Alaska Highway kilometers 761 and 991.

Lindeman Lake was named for Dr. Moritz K. A. Lindeman (1823–1908), secretary to the Bremen Geographical Society. Lake extends between Chilkoot Trail kilometers 41 and 52.

Log Cabin was named for a structure which had been erected by the Tagish Indians. The name "Log Cabin," and an actual log cabin, predated any Canadian government structure at this location.

Lorne was named for John D. S. Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (1845-1914), Governor-General of Canada, 1878-1883.

Lynx Lake has an unknown eponym. Possibly, a fantasy name.

Mackenzie River was named for Sir Alexander Mackenzie (1764–1820), Arctic explorer. River located 607 kilometers north of Klondike Highway Kilometer 675, via Dempster Highway.

MacRae was named for Charles Colin MacRae (1843-1922), an early White Pass shareholder. MacRae also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1413.1.

Marsh Lake was named for Prof. Othniel C. Marsh (1831–1899), of Yale University. The Tagish name for Marsh Lake had been Taa-gish Áayi. Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1367 and 1379.

Mayo Lake was named for Alfred H. Mayo (1846–1923), a Yukon trader. Lake located 95 kilometers east of Klondike Highway Kilometer 535, via Silver Trail.

McClintock Lake was named for Adm. Sir Francis L. McClintock (1819–1907), an Arctic explorer.

McConnell Lake was named for Charles McConnell (1871–1946), postmaster at Robinson. Lake located 3 kilometers west of Robinson, via Annie Lake Road.

McDonald Creek had been named for a person who allegedly staked a claim at this location in 1899. Twenty-one subsequent claims were filed for this same creek in the same year. No gold was found here. Apparently, a hoax.

McNeil Lake is named for the McNeil River, which flows through the lake. McNeil River was named in 1951. It looks like the river was named for James H. McNeil (1871-1951), Yukon Superintendent of Public Roads and Buildings, 1917-1945. He had been the most prominent Yukon official associated with construction of the Alaska Highway. In 1940, he was appointed to the U.S.-Canada Permanent Joint Board on Defense, relating to the then-proposed Alaska Highway. The river's previous Tlingit name had been Kéidladi Héeni. The head of the McNeil River is 12 miles upstream from the lake, and is technically the " source " of the Yukon River. The source of a river is the most distant point upstream from the mouth of the river, regardless of assigned name.

McQuesten Lake was named for LeRoy N. "Jack" McQuesten (1836–1909), Yukon trader. Lake located 15 kilometers north of Silver Trail Kilometer 63, via a side road.

Meadows was named for the meadows along the Tutshi River (a.k.a. "Thompson River") at this location. Presumably, the 1899 stable at the south (uphill) end of the Thompson River meadows was so located so that horses could feed on the grass of these meadows.

Minto was named for Gilbert J. Elliott-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1845-1914), Governor-General of Canada, 1898-1904.

Moose Lake is the name of multiple lakes in the Yukon and northwest British Columbia. All apparently named for the animal. The most prominent such lake is at Alaska Highway Kilometer 1828.5, across the road from an archeological site.

Morrow Lake was named for William Richard Morrow (1915–1968), Yukon corrections director, who proposed that convicts maintain the Chilkoot Trail. Lake located at Chilkoot Trail kilometer 30.7.

Muncho is the English adaptation of the Kaska phrase men cho, which means big lake. Muncho Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 698.5 and 710.

Munroe Lake was named for Alexander Munro (1857-1909), boundary survey axe man who broke his leg near this lake in 1901.

Nakina is the English adaptation of the Tlingit village name Naak'i Naa.áa, which means People Sitting Upstream.

Nares Lake was named for Adm. Sir George S. Nares (1831–1915), an Arctic explorer. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 105.2

Neecheah is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase neech yeil’, which means calm shoreline. This name looks like a Tlingit language description of the Yukon River just downstream of Whitehorse Rapids, which would have been correct, but does not pre-date 1900. Prior to October 1899, Whitehorse itself had not existed, and there had been no reason for the Indians to give its future location a name. Neecheah appears to be a short Tlingit language description of Whitehorse that was created in 1922 to name the boat.

Neskatahin is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase Nás’k Áa Tayee Héen, which means River Below Three Lakes. This name refers to a village once located at a bend in the present-day Tatshenshini River, which is about 500 feet below, and about 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles from, three nearby lakes – now known as Pringle Lake, Stella Lake, and Neskatahin Lake. These three lakes lie on plateaus which overlook the river bend. Neskatahin was also 114 miles from Haines, via the Neskatahin Trail.

Nisutlin was a loanword used by the Tagish Indians. Its origin had been neither Tagish nor Tlingit. (The original Tlingit name for the Nisutlin River had been Héen Tlein.) The name Nisutlin was borrowed from a Southern Tutchone phrase which means strong flow. Nisutlin Bay located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1243.

Norcom was named for the Northern Commercial Co., an affiliate of the Northern Navigation Co.

"Norse River" was a misspelling of Nourse River, which had been named for Prof. Joseph E. Nourse (1819-1889), U.S. Navy. River mouth located at Chilkoot Trail Mile 7.2.

Octopus Lake is a metaphoric name, which refers to the lake’s "many arms." Circumstantial evidence suggests that it was the translation of a Tlingit metaphoric name. Octopus Lake is just east of Summit Lake at White Pass. Its surface elevation is 15 feet above Summit Lake's. Octopus Lake extends between Mile Post 21.2 (Divide) and Mile Post 22.5.

Partridge Lake was named for Otto H. “Swampy” Partridge (1855-1930), who constructed three small steamboats near this lake in 1898 (Flora, Ora, and Nora).

Pavey was named for Francis Pavy (1837-1902), an associate of Charles Colin MacRae, both investors in the WP&YR.

Peace River was named for the peace treaty made in 1781 along the shores of this river, near its mouth (near Peace Point, Alberta). This treaty settled a territorial war between the Cree and Dane-zaa (Beaver) Indians. River located at Alaska Highway kilometer 55.4.

Peel River was named for Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850), prime minister of Great Britain. River located 539 kilometers north of Klondike Highway Kilometer 675, via Dempster Highway.

Pelly Lake was named for Sir John H. Pelly (1777–1852), governor of the Hudson's Bay Co.

Pelly River was named for Sir John H. Pelly (1777–1852), governor of the Hudson's Bay Co. River located at Klondike Highway kilometer 463.6.

Pennington was named for Frederick Pennington (1819-1914), an early shareholder of the WP&YR.

Pit. See, Gravel Pit, above.

Porcupine River is presumably named for the North American porcupine, which is found in the region. River received the name Porcupine by 1898. River located at Klondike Highway Mile 6, and across the Skagway River from WP&YR Mile Post 7.3.

"Portage Lake" is the un -official name for the lake at WP&YR Mile Post 30.5, just north (downstream) of Shallow Lake and just south (uphill) of Maud Lake. Originally, Áak'u Sáani (Little Lakes in Tlingit). Then, un -officially "Shallow Lake," until 1899, when Shallow became the official name for the lake just to the south (upstream). Lake also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 41.1.

Primrose Lake was named for Supt. Philip C. H. Primrose (1864–1937), North-West Mounted Police (Reg. #O.56).

Ptarmigan Point was named for the Alaska state bird. (Or, co -state bird, if you count the mosquito. 😁) Ptarmigan is the English adaptation of the Scottish Gaelic tārmachan. The "p" was added in 1684 to make the word appear to be Greek !! 😁 😁

Pueblo was so named by Hibbard E. Porter (1860-1916), who staked a copper claim at this site in 1899. Site located at intersection of Fish Lake Road and Copper Haul Road, 3 kilometers southwest of Alaska Highway kilometer 1428.3, via Fish Lake Road.

Racine Lake was named for Cariste Racine (1851-1926), owner of a sawmill on Tagish Lake, and owner of the White Pass Hotel in Whitehorse.

Rapid Spur was named for the adjacent White Horse Rapids. On March 27, 1900, ten weeks before the railroad reached this point, Mr. Cornelius Curtin (1855-1900) had died of pneumonia at White Horse Rapids. His attending physician had been Dr. Leonard S. E. Sugden. Dr. Sugden then transported Mr. Curtin's body to Tagish, where he cremated it in the firebox of the steamer Olive May. Dr. Sugden's subsequent recount of this peculiar event to Robert W. Service led to the fanciful poem The Cremation of Sam McGee.

Red Line was named for the stage and boat line which operated between White Pass, British Columbia, and Carcross, Yukon, from 1898 to 1901.

Robinson was named for William C. "Stikine Bill" Robinson (1857-1926), general foreman of construction of the White Pass railroad. Robinson also located at Klondike Highway kilometer 139.6.

Rocky Point was named for the large rock outcropping at this location, through which the railroad cut had been made.

Scheffler was named for Willi Scheffler, White Pass Roadmaster. Station was named Graves until 2016.

Schwatka Lake was named for 1Lt. Frederick G. Schwatka (1849–1892), 3rd U.S. Cavalry, Yukon explorer. In 1876, Lt. Schwatka had led the initial cavalry charge at the Battle of Slim Buttes. Schwatka Lake was created by a dam in 1958 and is located at former Mile Post 107.7.

Sibilla had been the name of the yacht on which the financier of the White Pass, namely William B. Close, spent much of his youth.

Skagway and Skagway River is the English adaptation of sha-ka-ԍéi, a Tlingit idiom which figuratively refers to rough seas in the Taiya Inlet, that are caused by strong north winds. Literally, skagway is a verbal noun which means pretty woman. The story behind the name is that Skagway was the nickname of Kanagoo, a mythical woman who transformed herself into stone at Skagway bay and who (according to the story) now causes the strong, channeled winds which blow toward Haines, Alaska. The rough seas caused by these winds have therefore been referred to by using Kanagoo's nickname, Skagway. The Kanagoo stone formation is now known as Face Mountain, which is seen from Skagway bay. The Tlingit name for Face Mountain is Kanagoo Yahaayí. (North winds prevail at Skagway from November to March. South winds prevail from April to October.) Skagway also located at Klondike Highway Mile 0. Skagway River bridges at Yakutania Point Trail Mile 0, Klondike Highway Mile 1.8, and WP&YR Mile Post 14.2.

Skagway River Branches:

- East Fork: The East Fork branches off the Skagway River, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 4.8. From there, the railroad follows the East Fork to Mile Post 5.8, where it makes a U-turn, crosses the East Fork, and loops back to follow the main river.

- White Pass Fork: The Skagway River turns to the east, and White Pass Fork branches off to the north, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 12. From there, the railroad follows the Skagway River to Mile Post 14.2, where it makes a U-turn, crosses the Skagway River, and loops back to follow White Pass Fork.

- Switchback Gulch: Switchback Gulch branches to the northeast, and Dead Horse Gulch branches to the north, opposite WP&YR Mile Post 18. From there, the railroad follows Switchback Gulch to Mile Post 18.6, where it makes a left turn and crosses Switchback Gulch.

- Dead Horse Gulch: After crossing Switchback Gulch, the railroad goes through a tunnel which comes out at WP&YR Mile Post 18.8, along Dead Horse Gulch. From there, the railroad follows Dead Horse Gulch to its head at Pump House Lake, at Mile Post 20.

Slippery Rock was named for the 50° to 60° rock slope adjacent to the track, from which snow and ice slide onto the tracks during the winter and spring.

Spirit Lake was named for the spirit of the Yukon, by U.S. Army troops during construction of the Alaska Highway in 1942. Lake located at Klondike Highway kilometer 116.

Squanga is the English adaptation of dasgwaanga, the Tagish and Tlingit name for "humpback" or lake whitefish. Ironically, Squanga Lake also contains whitefish now known as " Squanga whitefish," which are a different species from the lake whitefish which gave this lake its name. Squanga Lake located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1315.9.

Stewart River was named for James G. Stewart (1825–1881), who discovered this river in 1849. River extends sinuously between Klondike Highway kilometers 535 and 594.

Stikine is the English adaptation of the Tlingit idiom sh táax’ héen, which figuratively refers to whirlpools and eddies found in the Stikine River. Literally, it means river water biting itself. River located 286 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1002, via Cassiar Highway.

Summit Lake was named for the White Pass summit. Lake located at Mile Post 21, just north of the White Pass summit.

Surprise Lake so named in 1898 by prospectors Kenneth C. McLaren and Frederick "Fritz" Miller. Previously, it had been one of at least four lakes which had borne the Tlingit name kusawa. Surprise Lake located 18 kilometers east of Atlin, via Surprise Lake Road.

Switchback was named for the railroad switchback on the original, 1898-1901 alignment across Switchback Gulch (see, Skagway River Branches, above). The original alignment also included the first Bridge 18-A on the lower switchback leg, and Bridge 18-B crossing the Gulch on the upper switchback leg, both bridges being close to the switchback switch. From 1901 to 1969, the second Bridge 18-A ("Steel Bridge") crossed Switchback Gulch at Mile Post 18.3 and bypassed both legs and bridges of the original switchback. Since 1969, most of the south leg of the original switchback, plus the third Bridge 18-A across Switchback Gulch (at Mile Post 18.6), plus a tunnel have, in turn, bypassed the second Bridge 18-A.

Tagish is the English adaptation of the Tagish phrase taa-gish, which means breakup of ice. This name refers to the sound that the Tagish River ice makes during spring breakup. The Tagish Indians adopted this name to identify themselves because, prior to 1898, they spent their winters along the Tagish River. The Tagish name for present-day Tagish Lake was Taku because the lake provided access to the Taku Tlingit people. Conversely, the Tlingit (and consequently English) name for present-day Tagish Lake is Tagish because the lake provided access to the Tagish people. Tagish Lake extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 78 and 95.

Taiya \tīye\ is the English adaptation of the Tlingit name Dei Yé \dā ye\. (Tlingit did not have the English long ī sound.) As used, Dei Yé meant Way to the Trail. Specifically, Dei Yé – standing alone – was the Tlingit name for the combination of the present-day Taiya Inlet – plus the eight-mile, canoe-navigable portion of the present-day Taiya River, which begins at the mouth of the Nourse River. Other than Yé, there was no word in the original name which would correspond to an inlet or to a river. Thus, the name Dei Yé referred to the Waterway to the Chilkoot Trail, from the south end of the Taiya Inlet, to the north end of canoe navigation on the Taiya River. A 1973 publication states that Taiya “purportedly” is the English adaptation of the words for “carrying place”. However, the presence of the initial \t\ or \d\ sound in Taiya or \Deyah\ or \Dayay\ casts doubt on the yaa yé possibility, and suggests that the first syllable was in fact dei (as in dei yé). North of the Nourse River, the present-day Taiya River was named Sít’ Yayík. (Note the distinction between the Tlingit possessed noun Dei-yi, and the Tlingit phrase Dei Yé. This distinction is reflected in the difference between the English names Dyea (village name) and Taiya. See, Chilkoot Trail, above.) Taiya River located at Dyea Road Mile 7.3.

Takhini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit metaphor téix héeni, which literally means broth, and figuratively refers to Takhini Hot Springs. Takhini River located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1468.9, and at Klondike Highway kilometer 195.5.

Taku is a contraction of the Tlingit phrase t’aawák galakú, which means a flood of Canada geese. Taku River flows into the Taku Inlet, 18 miles northeast of Juneau.

"Tarahne" was directly derived from Tarahini, which was the name of a little creek at Atlin. The name Tarahini was suggested to the ship's carpenter by Chief Taku Jack (John Taku, Sr.). Tarahini was the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase té yaa.aa hini, which means stream sitting along rock. Tarahini had been derived by eliminating yaa and by substituting the English \ra\ sound for the Tlingit aspirated \.aa\ sound. Thus, all vocal sounds in Tarahini occur in English. The reason for the subsequent alteration from Tarahini to "Tarahne" is not known.

Tatshenshini is the English adaptation of the Tlingit phrase t’á chaan sha-héeni, which means river with stinking chinook (king) salmon at its headwaters. This name refers to the dead, spawned-out salmon at the headwaters of the pre-1891 Tatshenshini River (subsequently the Blanchard River). These headwaters are along the Goat Creek Trail (X’wáat’heeni Dei-yi, one of the three Chilkat trails between Haines and Hutshi Lake, Yukon), 100 trail-miles from Haines. In 1891, the name Tatshenshini was re-assigned to a different river. Pre-1891 Tatshenshini River (subsequently the Blanchard River) located at Haines Highway Kilometer 144.8. Post-1891 Tatshenshini River located 5 kilometers west of Haines Highway Kilometer 164, via Dalton Post Road.

Taye is the English adaptation of the Southern Tutchone word tàłe, which means northern pike. Northern pike are abundant in Taye Lake. Actually, the Southern Tutchone themselves had a separate name for the lake itself. The Southern Tutchone name for the lake itself sounds something like “Chin K’üa,” and the meaning of whatever this name may be, is unknown. The Tlingit name for the lake is Té-xáat, which literally means “Rock-fish”. “Rock-fish” does not actually describe the lake, and does not describe northern pike. Té-xáat might be an obscure, local Tlingit name for northern pike and, consequently, the Tlingit name for the lake itself. Taye Lake located 18 kilometers north of Champagne (Alaska Highway Kilometer 1513), along the Neskatahin Trail.

Teslin is the English adaptation of the Northern Tutchone phrase dé-lin, which means flowing out. Teslin Lake extends between Alaska Highway kilometers 1244 and 1290.

"Thompson River" is the un -official name of the stream flowing from Meadows (Mile Post 25.4 Station) to Bernard Lake (at Mile Post 28.3). Received the name "Thompson River" by 1899. Most likely, named for Livingston Thompson (1851-1904), surveyor and Secretary of the Bennett Lake & Klondyke Navigation Co. Thompson was also a friend of William J. Rant, the British Columbia agent, magistrate, and assistant land commissioner for Bennett in 1898. The official name of this stream is Tutshi River.

Tincup Lake most likely a fantasy name for the unnamed lake on Montana Mountain, from which Tincup Creek flows. Lake located 0.9 kilometer west of Montana Mountain Access Road Kilometer 4.7, via a trail. Tincup Creek bridge at WP&YR Mile Post 66.1 – 2½ miles downstream from the lake. (There is a less likely Tincup Lake at a remote location north of Kluane Lake.)

Tutshi is the English adaptation of the Tlingit metaphor t’ooch’ áayi, which literally means charcoal lake, and figuratively means dark lake. Tutshi Lake is darker than most lakes in the region because it is not fed by glacial runoff. Lake extends between Klondike Highway kilometers 57 and 70.

Utah was the site of a camp of the Utah Construction Co. during construction of the Alaska Highway. Utah also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1415.7.

Viaduct had been named for the East Fork Bridge, now Bridge 5-A. Station renamed to Denver in 1904.

Vista was named for the view from this location. Station had been named Barry until 2007 or 2008.

Wasson Lake was named for Everett L. Wasson (1910–1958), first bush pilot in the Yukon.

Watson was named for Thomas J. Watson (1861-1926) of Watson & Church, Skagway real estate agents during 1898-1899.

Watson Lake was named for Francis G. "Frank" Watson (1883–1939), a Klondike stampeder. Lake located at Alaska Highway kilometer 980.

Wette Lea was named for Auguste C. R. de Wette (1845-1912), banker and early shareholder of the WP&YR. Station renamed to De Wette in 1901.

White Pass was named for the Hon. Thomas W. White (1830-1888), Canadian Interior Minister, 1885-1888.

Whitehorse was named for the appearance of rapids in the Yukon River, about two miles upstream from the railroad station. Since 1958, these rapids have been covered by Schwatka Lake. Until 1957, the city's name was spelled as two words: "White Horse." Whitehorse also located at Alaska Highway kilometer 1429.

Whiting River was named for U.S. Navy Surgeon Robert Whiting (1847–1897). River flows into Gilbert Bay, 33 nautical miles southeast of Juneau, via Stephens Passage.

Wigan was named for Edward A. Wigan (1868-1942), early shareholder of the WP&YR.

Wolf Lake is a translation of the lake’s Tlingit name Gooch Áayi.

Yukon, or Ųųg Han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which mean white water river and which refer to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River. The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the \ųų\ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization. In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon. In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant "big river." However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river. Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river. White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon. Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich'ins and the Yup'iks, the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak, which is the Yup'ik name for the same river. For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak. Yukon River begins at the foot of Marsh Lake, 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 kilometers south of Alaska Highway Kilometer 1383.


Vampire Knight

# Vampire Knight

## Abstract

Vampire Knight (Japanese: ヴァンパイア 騎士 （ ナイト ）, Hepburn: Vanpaia Naito) is a Japanese manga series written by Matsuri Hino. It was serialized in Hakusensha 's shōjo manga magazine LaLa from 2004 to 2013, with its chapters collected in nineteen tankōbon volumes. The manga series is licensed in English by Viz Media, which has released all nineteen volumes. The English adaptation premiered in the July 2006 issue of Viz's Shojo Beat magazine, with the collected volumes being published on a quarterly basis.

The story takes place in the prestigious Cross Academy, which is home to two distinct classes: The Day class, which applies to only humans, and the Night Class, which applies to only vampires, of which the day class is unaware. Much of the plot revolves around Yuki Cross, the headmaster's adopted daughter, as she is being drawn into a conflict concerning the overall coexistence between humans and vampires and the twisted reality concerning her childhood friend Zero Kiryuu, who, despite having a hatred for vampires, is revealed to be slowly turning into one of their kind.

Two drama CDs were created for the series, as well as a twenty-six episode anime adaptation based on the first two sagas. Produced by Studio Deen, the anime series' first season aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between April and July 2008. The second season, aired on the same station from October to December 2008. The anime uses many of the same voice actors as were used for the drama CDs. The anime adaptation was licensed for release in North America by Viz Media.

## Plot

Yuki's earliest memory is of a stormy night in winter, where she was attacked by a rogue vampire and rescued by Kaname Kuran, a Pureblood vampire. Ten years later, Yuki is the adopted daughter of the headmaster of Cross Academy, Kaien Cross, and has become a guardian of the vampire race, protecting her childhood crush, Kaname, from discovery as he leads a group of vampires at the elite boarding school.

At her side is Zero Kiryu, a childhood friend whose hatred for the creatures that destroyed everything he held dear leaves him determined never to trust them. This coexisting arrangement seems all well and good, but have the vampires truly renounced their murderous ways, or is there a darker truth behind their actions? In this world of secrets, nothing is as it seems. The price of misplaced trust may even be worse than death. Should Yuki truly find out what was in her past, is the truth going to hurt her worse than not knowing?

## Media

### Manga

Written and illustrated by Matsuri Hino, Vampire Knight was serialized in Hakusensha 's shōjo manga magazine LaLa from November 24, 2005, to May 24, 2013. The individual chapters were collected and published in nineteen tankōbon volumes, released from July 10, 2005, to November 5, 2013.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The series ran in the publisher's Shojo Beat manga anthology from the July 2006 issue until the July 2009 issue; the magazine's final issue. The nineteen volumes were released from January 2, 2007, to October 14, 2014. In Australia and New Zealand the manga was licensed by Madman Entertainment.

#### Sequel

Since the manga's conclusion, Hino began releasing a series of special chapters, which take place after the end of the final volume. On November 8, 2013, Hino released the first special chapter titled "Life" (命, Inochi) in LaLa Fantasy, which was licensed and released digitally by Viz Media on December 9, 2014. Following chapters were released in LaLa DX. The second special chapter, titled "I Love You" (あなたのことが好きです, Anata no Koto ga Sukidesu), was released on February 10, 2015. On December 10, 2015, the third special chapter, titled "Love's Desire" (愛の望み, Ai no Nozomi), was released. On February 10, 2016, the fourth and final special chapter, "Between Death and Heaven" (命の終わりと天国の間, Inochi no owari to tengoku no aida), was released. The chapters were collected as the first volume of a sequel manga Vampire Knight: Memories, released on June 3, 2016. Vampire Knight: Memories itself officially launched in LaLa DX on June 10, 2016. Nine volumes have been published as of October 2023. The series is also licensed for English release by Viz Media.

### Anime

Vampire Knight was adapted into a thirteen episode anime television series by Studio Deen, which was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 8 to July 1, 2008. A second thirteen-episode season, Vampire Knight Guilty, was broadcast from October 7 to December 30, 2008.

The series uses four pieces of theme music. The opening themes of both the first and second season are performed by the duo On/Off, with "Futatsu no Kodō to Akai Tsumi" (ふたつの鼓動と赤い罪) as the opening for the first season, and "Rinne Rondo" (輪廻 -ロンド-, Rinne) as the opening for the second one. Kanon Wakeshima performs the first season ending theme, "Still Doll", and also the second season's ending theme "Suna no Oshiro" (砂のお城). The soundtrack is composed by Takefumi Haketa and consists of 30 tracks (including the opening theme and ending theme).

In North America, the series was licensed by Viz Media. In the UK, the first volume was officially released on DVD via Manga Entertainment on November 22, 2010. In Australia, ABC3 aired the series in 2011.

### Light novels

Three light novels created by Matsuri Hino and Ayuna Fujisaki were published in Japan by Hakusensha in 2008 (the first two novels) and 2013 (the third), respectively. The novels feature side-stories that use the characters of the manga, but are not specifically based on chapters from the series. The first novel, Vampire Knight: Ice Blue Sin (ヴァンパイア騎士 憂氷の罪, Vanpaia Naito: Aisu Burū no Tsumi), was published on April 5, 2008. The first story within the novel looks at an incident that occurred at Cross Academy in the year preceding Yuki's arrival about a Day Class student named Fuka Kisaragi, while the second story details an incident that occurred while Zero was still in training to be a vampire hunter alongside Kaito Takamiya, another boy training under Toga Yagari to be a vampire hunter.

The second novel, Vampire Knight: Noir's Trap (ヴァンパイア騎士 凝黒の罠, Vanpaia Naito: Nowāru no Wana), was published on October 3, 2008. The story focuses on two minor characters, Nadeshiko Shindo and Kasumi Kageyama, from the manga, following their respective unrequited love at Cross Academy, as well as detailing a case that happened when Akatsuki Kain and Ruka Souen go to visit Senri Shiki and Rima Toya's modeling studio.

The third novel, Vampire Knight: Fleeting Dreams (ヴァンパイア騎士ト 煌銀の夢, Vanpaia Naito: Flail no Yume), was released in 2014, featuring side-stories about Rido Kuran, Sara Shirabuki, and Yuki's and Zero's activities during the timeskip. The third novel is the only novel thus far to have been licensed by Viz Media and released in North America.

### Other media

A drama CD, titled LaLa Kirameki Drama CD (LaLa キラメキ★ドラマCD), which features audio dramas for five LaLa titles, including Vampire Knight, was included with the magazine's September 2005 issue, released on July 23 of that same year. Three drama CDs based on the series have been produced: Midnight CD-Pack; Moonlight CD-Pack; and Pureblood CD-Pack.

Vampire Knight DS (ヴァンパイア騎士 DS, Vanpaia Naito Dīesu) is a Japanese dating simulator based on the series that was released by D3 Publisher in Japan in January 2009.

In November 2008, the official Vampire Knight, titled Vampire Knight Fanbook: Cross (ヴァンパイア騎士 ファンブックX, Vanpaia Naito Fanbukku Kurosu), was published in Japan. In addition to providing additional information about the series characters and story, it includes images and details from Hino's storyboard. The fanbook has been licensed by Viz Media and was released on October 19, 2010.

An 94-page artbook, titled The Art of Vampire Knight: Matsuri Hino Illustrations (樋野まつりイラストレーションズ―ヴァンパイア騎士―), was released on July 5, 2010. The artwork included one original double page spread and a compilation of 111 previously released Vampire Knight color artworks. It was licensed by Viz Media and released on September 6, 2011.

A musical adaptation was announced and staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Tokyo from January 21–25, 2015. Another musical took place July 1–5, 2015.


Grendel's Cave

# Grendel's Cave

## Abstract

Grendel's Cave is a real-time browser-based role-playing video game and MUD from Grendel Enterprises. The basis for Grendel’s Cave was Anglo-Saxon mythology and Beowulf, and it is set in the historical medieval period. Scholars consider it an artistic depiction of Grendel and the poem, Beowulf, as well as a modern adaptation and a derivative work of the epic. Educational websites use Grendel's Cave as an Internet learning aid for medieval literature and they considered it an online Beowulf resource.

## Literary significance

Grendel's Cave was an online Beowulf resource that goes beyond the written text by allowing players to participate in the story. Scholars consider it a modern adaptation of the original Beowulf poem. Glenco McGraw-Hill uses the site as part of their Study Guide for Beowulf. Educational websites use Grendel's Cave as an online reference for medieval literature.

## History

Mars Software Products wrote the first version of Grendel's Cave in 1981 as a single-player video game for the SWTPC 6800 microcomputer. This version was a fully text-based game but included many of the features of the later Internet incarnations of the game. The developer based the game on an older pen and paper dungeon game with the same name.

In 1997, Grendel's Net took over the project and began development of an Internet version of the game. Grendel's Net conducted their development as an experiment in Classic ASP and Microsoft SQL 6.0 programming for the World Wide Web. They rolled out Version 1.0 in August 1998. This version ran until July 2001. Hacking and cheats plagued this version during the last year of its run, which finally brought about the demise of the game.

In early 2005, Grendel Enterprises acquired the rights to all of Grendel's Net assets. Grendel Enterprises' programmers found the original Grendel's Cave source code on an old database server in an office closet. Soon after, they started work on Grendel's Cave v2.0. They rolled out the first beta, v1.8A, on April 1, 2005 and over the next two years followed it up by four more pre-2.0 versions, 1.8B, 1.8C, 1.9, and 2.0 betas. Finally, on November 11, 2007, version 2.0 went live. Version 2.0 contained many aspects of the original Grendel's Cave with the addition of many Norse mythological elements and NPCs.

The game's graphics have remained mostly unchanged throughout its history, giving it and old and outdated look.

Version 3.0 added text only and MUD style user interfaces, TTS-enabling the game.

While originally closed down on April 1, 2018, the game was revived as a subscription game at some point in 2020.

## Gameplay

Gameplay involves creating Thanes, the player characters in the game, killing monsters, primarily found in Grendel's Cave, increasing value and stats and collecting items. Thanes obtain gold rings, the game's currency, by selling obtained items or Singing of Deeds before King Hrothgar. They gain magical abilities by visiting the Witch or through acquired items. Ultimately, this leads players to complete quests and earn amulets, by traveling to other worlds, and trading in those earned amulets for the Yggdrasil amulet and thus gaining the ability to kill Grendel. Killing Grendel is the ultimate objective of the game. After killing Grendel there is a secondary objective, killing Grendel's Mother, and then a tertiary objective, killing The Dragon.

At any one time there are many kingdoms running, with a Grendel in each kingdom that players can kill, of several different kingdom types. The different kingdom types range from beginner to advanced, with increasing difficulty and requirements for killing Grendel, occasionally tournament style or championship kingdoms and personal kingdoms that can be custom configured by individual players. The less advanced kingdoms are generally non- PVP, while the more advanced kingdoms allow PVP and player killing.

Killing Grendel in any of the more advanced kingdoms earns the player's Thane a place on the hall of fame. To date 202 Thanes have earned a spot on the hall of fame.

## Plot and setting

The basis for Grendel's Cave is the Anglo-Saxon poem, Beowulf. It is set in King Hrothgar's, king of the Danes, kingdom in the early 6th century. The kingdom is in the middle of its war with Grendel. Grendel is an AI monster, who performs many tasks, most of them nasty, involving killing or harassing Thanes in the game. It contains many Norse mythology elements but also contains anachronistic elements as well as many references to historical events and items and popular culture. It encompasses Norse cosmology, with each of the nine worlds represented in the game. Player's Thanes can travel to these worlds and complete quests. Thanes can take on other than human characteristics, including Valkyrie, Berserkers, Tricksters, and Shape-Shifters, among others.


Kayal Iro

# Kayal Iro

## Abstract

Kayal Roy Iro (born 20 February 2000) is a Cook Islands international rugby league footballer who plays as a centre and winger for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL.

## Background

Iro is the son of former player Kevin Iro and nephew of coach Tony Iro. He grew up in Rarotonga where he played for the Arorangi Bears, then moved to Auckland at age 14 and attended Mount Albert Grammar School.

## Playing career

### New Zealand Warriors

In 2019, Iro played for the New Zealand Warriors under 20s, before moving to the Newcastle Knights.

### Newcastle Knights

On 12 November 2019, Iro signed a one-year under 20s contract with the Newcastle Knights.

### Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks

In round 24 of the 2022 NRL season, Iro made his first grade debut for Cronulla in their 16-0 victory over Canterbury.

Iro won the New South Wales Cup player of the year for the 2022 NSW Cup season while playing for the Newtown Jets, the reserve grade affiliate of the Sharks.

On 25 July 2024, it was announced that Iro had re-signed with the Sharks on a 2 year extension until the end of the 2026 season.

## International

Iro represented the Cook Islands in the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s, scoring two tries in a 30–7 victory against Tonga.

He made his full international début in the 66–6 win over South Africa on 21 June 2019 at fullback.

## Statistics

### NRL


The Epic Times

# The Epic Times

## Abstract

Epic Times was a news website network started by Jerry Doyle. EpicTimes featured contributors such as former deputy undersecretary of defense in the George W. Bush administration Jed Babbin, and actress and author Anita Finlay.


The Babadook

# The Babadook

## Abstract

The Babadook is a 2014 Australian psychological horror film written and directed by Jennifer Kent in her feature directorial debut, based on her 2005 short film Monster. Starring Essie Davis, Noah Wiseman, Daniel Henshall, Hayley McElhinney, Barbara West, and Ben Winspear, the film follows a widowed single mother who with her son must confront a mysterious humanoid monster in their home.

Kent began writing the screenplay in 2009, intending to explore parenting, grief, and the fear of madness. Financing was secured through Australian government grants and partly through crowdfunding. Filming took place in Adelaide, where Kent drew from her experiences as a production assistant on Lars von Trier 's Dogville (2003). During filming, the production team worked to ensure six-year-old Wiseman was protected from the film's disturbing subject matter. The titular monster and special effects were created with stop motion animation and practical effects.

The Babadook premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 17 January 2014 and was given a limited release in Australian cinemas on 22 May 2014, initially failing to become a commercial success in its native country. However, it generated wider attention internationally, grossing $10 million against its $2 million budget. The film was praised for the cast's performances, creature design, premise, and themes. At the 4th AACTA Awards, it won for Best Film, and Kent won for Best Direction and Best Original Screenplay, respectively. In the years since its release, The Babadook has become a cult classic partly due to its popularity as an internet meme.

## Etymology

The term babadook is an invention of director Jennifer Kent. It is improvised from the Serbo-Croatian word for the boogeyman: babaroga.

## Plot

Amelia Vanek is a troubled, exhausted widow and single mother of six-year-old Samuel, living in Adelaide. Her husband, Oskar, was killed in a car accident while driving her to the hospital during labour. Sam begins displaying erratic behaviour, causing problems at school and in their social life, and becomes preoccupied with an imaginary monster, which he has built weapons to fight. One night, he asks his mother to read a pop-up book, Mister Babadook. It describes the titular monster, the top hat-wearing Babadook, which torments its victims. Amelia is disturbed by the book and its mysterious appearance, while Sam is convinced that the Babadook is real.

Strange events occur, such as Amelia finding glass shards in her food. She attributes the events to Sam but he blames the Babadook. Amelia rips up the book and disposes of it. At her birthday party, Sam's cousin bullies him, and he pushes her out of her treehouse, inadvertently breaking her nose. He later has a vision of the Babadook and suffers a seizure.

Amelia finds the Mister Babadook book reassembled at their front door. New words in it taunt her; the book now contains pop-ups of her killing their dog Bugsy, Sam, then herself. Terrified, she burns the book and runs to the police station after a disturbing phone call. However, she has no proof, and leaves when she sees what looks like the Babadook's suit hung up behind the front desk.

That night, the Babadook attacks her. After the attack, Amelia becomes more isolated and impatient, shouting at Samuel and having more visions of the Babadook. She also exhibits violent behaviour, including cutting the phone line with a knife, and has disturbing hallucinations in which she sees herself murdering Sam.

An apparition of Oskar appears, offering to return if she "brings the boy" to him. Realising he is a creation of the Babadook, she flees but the Babadook finally possesses her. Under its influence, she kills Bugsy and attempts to kill Sam. Eventually luring her into the basement, Sam knocks her out with his contraptions. Amelia awakens and tries to strangle Sam. When he lovingly caresses her face, she regurgitates a black substance, which seemingly expels the Babadook. However, Sam reminds her that "you can't get rid of the Babadook", and an unseen force drags him into her bedroom. She saves him but is forced to see a vision of her husband's death. Furious, she confronts the Babadook, making it retreat into the basement. She locks the door behind it.

Amelia and Sam manage to recover. She is attentive and caring toward him, encouraging him to build his weapons and being impressed by his magic tricks. In the garden, they gather worms in a bowl. Amelia takes it to the basement. The Babadook tries to attack her, but she soothes it and it retreats to the corner, taking the bowl of worms with it. She returns to the yard to celebrate Sam's birthday.

## Cast

- Essie Davis as Amelia Vanek

- Noah Wiseman as Samuel Vanek

- Hayley McElhinney as Claire

- Daniel Henshall as Robbie

- Barbara West as Gracie Roach

- Ben Winspear as Oskar Vanek

- Cathy Adamek as Prue Flannery

- Craig Behenna as Warren Newton

- Chloe Hurn as Ruby

- Jacquy Phillips as Beverly

- Bridget Walters as Norma

- Tim Purcell as the Babadook

- Hachi as Bugsy

## Production

### Development

Kent attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), where she studied acting alongside Davis and graduated in 1991. She then worked primarily as an actor in the film industry for over two decades. She eventually lost her passion for acting by the end of the 1990s and sent a written proposal to Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier, asking if she could assist on the film set of his 2003 drama film Dogville to learn from him. He accepted her proposal, and she considers the experience her "film school", citing the importance of stubbornness as the key lesson she learned.

Prior to The Babadook, Kent completed a short film, Monster, and an episode of the television series Two Twisted. She explained in May 2014 that the origins of Babadook could be found in Monster, which she calls "baby Babadook ".

She began writing the screenplay in around 2009. She said she sought to tell a story about facing up to the darkness within ourselves, the "fear of going mad", and an exploration of parenting from a "real perspective". Regarding parenting, she further explained in October 2014: "Now, I'm not saying we all want to go and kill our kids, but a lot of women struggle. And it is a very taboo subject, to say that motherhood is anything but a perfect experience for women." About the characters, she said: "It was really important for me that they were loving, and loveable people. I don't mean likeable—I mean that we really felt for them". She completed five drafts of the script.

Kent drew from her experience on the set of Dogville for the assembling of her production team, as she observed that von Trier was surrounded by a well-known "family of people". Kent sought her own "family of collaborators to work with for the long term." Unable to find all of the suitable people within the Australian film industry, Kent hired Polish director of photography (DOP) Radek Ladczuk, for whom Babadook was his first-ever English language film, and American illustrator Alexander Juhasz. In terms of influences, Kent cited 1960s, '70s and '80s horror—including Les Yeux Sans Visage (1960), Carnival of Souls (1962), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974), Halloween (1978), The Thing (1982) and The Shining (1980)—as well as Vampyr (1932), Nosferatu (1922) and Let The Right One In (2008).

Although the process was challenging and she was forced to reduce their total budget, producer Kristina Ceyton managed to secure funding of around A$2.5 million from government bodies Screen Australia and the SAFC; however, they still required an additional budget for the construction of the film sets. To attain the funds for the sets, Kent and Causeway Films producer Kristina Ceyton launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign in June 2012, with a target of US$30,000. Their funding goal was reached on 27 September 2012 through pledges from 259 backers raising $30,071. Kent said that the crowdfunding closed a crucial gap in which to cover design and special effects expenses to build a "special visual world".

Casting the child lead for the film involved casting director Nikki Barrett viewing around 500 audition tapes of young boys, before selecting smaller groups and individuals for in-person improvisation. Six-year old Noah Wiseman was selected as a standout, with Kent saying he had a certain innocence about him that older boys did not have, possibly as he is the son of a child psychologist.

### Filming

The film was primarily shot in Adelaide, South Australia, with most of the interior shots filmed on a sound stage in the city; as funding was from the South Australian state government, this was a requirement that Kent needed to meet. However, Kent explained to Den of Geek that she is not patriotic and didn't want the film to be "particularly Australian".

I wanted to create a myth in a domestic setting. And even though it happened to be in some strange suburb in Australia somewhere, it could have been anywhere. I guess part of that is creating a world that wasn't particularly Australian... I'm very happy, actually, that it doesn't feel particularly Australian.

Director Jennifer Kent on her desire to avoid the clichéd " Australian feel " of the film

Kent claimed in an interview that to contribute to the universality of the film's appearance, a Victorian terrace-style house was specifically built for the film, as there are very few houses designed in such a style in Adelaide. However exterior shots were of an existing terraced house in North Adelaide. A script reading was not done since Noah Wiseman was only six years old at the time, and Kent focused instead on bonding, playing games and lots of time spent with the actors so they could become more familiar with one another. Pre-production occurred in Adelaide and lasted three weeks and, during this time, Kent conveyed a "kiddie" version of the narrative to Wiseman, in which young Samuel is the hero. Kent took Wiseman to Adelaide Zoo to explain the story, and said Wiseman was aware it was a scary film and that he "knew how important his role was".

Kent originally wanted to film solely in black-and-white, as she wanted to create a "heightened feel" that is still believable. She was also influenced by pre-1950s B-grade horror films, as they were "very theatrical", in addition to being "visually beautiful and terrifying". Kent later lost interest in the black-and-white idea and worked closely with production designer Alex Holmes and Radek to create a "very cool", "very claustrophobic" interior environment with "meticulously designed" sets. The film's final colour scheme was achieved without the use of gels on the camera lenses or any alterations during the post-filming stage. Kent cited David Lynch and Roman Polanski as key influences during the filming stage.

Kent described the filming process as "stressful" because of Wiseman's age. She explained, "So I really had to be focused. We needed double the time we had." Wiseman's mother was on set and a "very protective, loving environment" was created. Kent explained after the release of the film that Wiseman was protected throughout the entire project: "During the reverse shots where Amelia was abusing Sam verbally, we had Essie yell at an adult stand-in on his knees. I didn't want to destroy a childhood to make this film—that wouldn't be fair." Kent's friendship with Davis was a boon during filming and Kent praised her former classmate in the media: "To her credit, she's very receptive, likes to be directed and is a joy to work with."

In terms of the Babadook monster and the scary effects of the film, Kent was adamant from the outset of production that a low-fi and handmade approach would be used. She cites the influence of Georges Méliès, Jean Epstein 's The Fall of the House of Usher and Häxan. Kent used stop-motion effects for the monster and a large amount of smoothing was completed in post-production. Kent explained to Empire: "There's been some criticism of the lo-fi approach of the effects, and that makes me laugh because it was always intentional. I wanted the film to be all in camera." She has also said that The Man in the Beaver Hat from the lost 1927 film London After Midnight was an inspiration for the design of the Babadook.

### Music

The soundtrack was composed by Jed Kurzel. The score was officially released for the first time by Waxwork Records in 2017 on "black with red haze" vinyl. The record sleeve features a recreation of the pop-up book from the film.

## Release

The film's global premiere was in January 2014 at the Sundance Film Festival. The film then received a limited theatrical release in Australia in May 2014, following a screening in April 2014 at the Stanley Film Festival.

In Singapore, the film was released on 25 September 2014. The film opened in the United Kingdom for general release on 17 October 2014, and in the United States on 28 November 2014. In 2020, amid cinema closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Babadook was one of the films made available for free for screenings by independent cinemas by IFC Films.

A 10th anniversary screening of the film was announced in December 2023 to take place at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2024 to commemorate the festival's 40th anniversary. On the announcement, Jennifer Kent remarked "I definitely have some distance on Babadook now, after ten years. The film feels like an old friend, one that changed my life in many ways... Sundance was such a huge part of that change. I look forward to 'coming home' to the place where it all began, and to the festival that has given me and 'Mister B' so much."

### Home media

The film, alongside the short film Monster, was first released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment on 31 October 2014. The US Blu-ray and DVD was released on 14 April 2015 by IFC Midnight and Scream Factory, and the special edition was also available on that date. The special edition features Kent's short film, Monster, and behind the scenes feature Creating the Book by Juhasz. The UK Blu-ray Disc features the short documentary films Illustrating Evil: Creating the Book, There's No Place Like Home: Creating the House and Special Effects: The Stabbing Scene.

The film began streaming on Netflix in 2016 and was later obtained by Shudder.

## Reception

### Box office

The Babadook opened in Australia on 22 May 2014 in just 13 cinemas on a limited release, eventually grossing a total of only $258,000. The film fared much better internationally than it did in its native country. In North America, The Babadook opened on a limited release basis in three theaters and grossed US$30,007, with an average of $10,002 per theater. The film ranked in the 42nd position at the box office, and, as of 1 February 2015, has grossed $964,413 in the US and $9.9 million elsewhere in the world. To date, the film's worldwide box office takings are $10.3 million which compares favourably with the estimated production budget of $2 million. It generated $633,000 in the United Kingdom in its opening weekend (surpassing its entire Australian run), and made over $1.09m in France and $335,000 in Thailand. In France, it opened at number 11 in the local box office, which producer Kristian Molière credited to Wild Bunch 's promoting, and contrasted this with Australian promoters that declined to book the film slots in multiplexes. Its success overseas re-generated interest in Australia ahead of DVD releases and television screenings.

### Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 247 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10 with the critical consensus reading “ The Babadook relies on real horror rather than cheap jump scares -- and boasts a heartfelt, genuinely moving story to boot.” It was ranked the best reviewed horror film and third best-reviewed film of 2014 on the site. As of 2022, Rotten Tomatoes ranks The Babadook the 13th best horror film of all time. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, with 100% positive reviews based on 34 critics.

Glenn Kenny, writing for RogerEbert.com, called the film "the finest and most genuinely provocative horror movie to emerge in this still very-new century." Dan Schindel from Movie Mezzanine said that " The Babadook is the best genre creature creation since the big black wolf-dog aliens from Attack the Block." In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw described the film as a " Freudian thriller", giving it 4 out of 5 stars and praised the performances, themes and Kent's direction. Bradshaw said that "Kent exerts a masterly control over this tense situation and the sound design is terrifically good: creating a haunted, insidiously whispery intimacy that never relies on sudden volume hikes for the scares." In Variety, Scott Foundas commended the production design and direction, saying that the film "manages to deliver real, seat-grabbing jolts while also touching on more serious themes of loss, grief and other demons that can not be so easily vanquished".

On 30 November 2014, William Friedkin, director of The Exorcist (1973) stated on his Twitter profile, " Psycho, Alien, Diabolique, and now THE BABADOOK." Friedkin also added, "I've never seen a more terrifying film. It will scare the hell out of you as it did me." Prominent British film critic Mark Kermode named The Babadook his favourite film of 2014 and in 2018 listed it his eighth favourite film of the decade. In 2022, Samuel Murrian declared it the "best horror movie so far this century" in Parade.

In subsequent years, The Babadook has been listed as a modern cult film. In The Guardian, Luke Buckmaster listed it as one of the best Australian films of the 2010s. Film scholar Amanda Howell argues that part of the film's critical success can be attributed to many film critics having discussed the film within the context of art-horror rather than purely as a horror film. Howell discussed the film as part of an international cycle of contemporary art-horror films alongside Pan's Labyrinth (2006), Let the Right One In (2008) and Antichrist (2009) that negotiate and blur the boundaries between art and horror.

### LGBT community

In October 2016, a Tumblr user joked that the Babadook is openly gay; in December 2016, another Tumblr user posted a viral screenshot showing the movie classified by Netflix as an LGBT film. Despite the absence of overt references to LGBT culture in the film, fans and journalists generated interpretations of queer subtext in the film (dubbed "Babadiscourse") that were often tongue-in-cheek, but occasionally more serious, highlighting the character's dramatic persona, grotesque costume, and chaotic effect within a traditional family structure. In June 2017, The Babadook trended on Twitter and was displayed as a symbol during that year's Pride Month. The social media response became so strong that theatres in Los Angeles took the opportunity to hold screenings of the film for charity. Michael Bronski said to the Los Angeles Times: "In this moment, who better than the Babadook to represent not only queer desire, but queer antagonism, queer in-your-faceness, queer queerness?", and drew comparisons to historic connections between queerness and horror fiction such as Frankenstein and Dracula.

Jennifer Kent said that she "loved" the meme, saying that "I think it's crazy and just kept him alive. I thought ah, you bastard. He doesn't want to die so he's finding ways to become relevant."

## Themes and symbolism

Writing for The Daily Beast, Tim Teeman contends that grief is the "real monster" in The Babadook, and that the film is "about the aftermath of death; how its remnants destroy long after the dead body has been buried or burned". Teeman writes that he was "gripped" by the "metaphorical imperative" of Kent's film, with the Babadook monster representing "the shape of grief: all-enveloping, shape-shifting, black". Teeman states that the film's ending "underscored the thrum of grief and loss at the movie's heart", and concludes that it informs the audience that grief has its place and the best that humans can do is "marshal it".

Collider also proposed that the monster "seems to symbolize Amelia and Sam's shared grief/trauma over losing Oskar" and that Amelia's efforts to suppress this led to it becoming stronger. The writers suggest that "healing from serious traumas in real life does not happen overnight, but takes a lot of mental and emotional processing. The Babadook warns of the dangers of trying to ignore or 'stuff' our traumas below the surface: this is the most dangerous place to put them because that's where we lose control of them and they gain control over us."


1979 in Germany

# 1979 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1979 in Germany.

## Incumbents

- President – Walter Scheel (until 30 June), Karl Carstens (starting 1 July)

- Chancellor – Helmut Schmidt

## Events

- 20 February - 3 March - 29th Berlin International Film Festival

- March 17 - Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979

- March 18 - Rhineland-Palatinate state election, 1979

- March 18 - West Berlin state election, 1979

- June 10 - European Parliament election, 1979 (West Germany)

- undated: Neue Deutsche Welle, a pop musical genre, spreads throughout the land.

## Births

- 7 January - Christian Lindner, German politician

- 10 January - Maximilian Brückner, German actor

- 13 January - Joko Winterscheidt, German television presenter

- 21 January - Sebastian Schindzielorz, German footballer

- 29 January - Sarah Kuttner, German television presenter and author

- 2 February - Klaus Mainzer, German rugby player

- 6 February - Alice Weidel, German politician

- 12 March - Tim Wieskötter, German canoeist

- 20 April - Fady Maalouf, Lebanese-born singer and runner-up of Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 5)

- 25 May - Elli Erl, singer and winner of Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 2)

- 26 May - Jonas Reckermann, German beach volleyball player

- 29 May - Arne Friedrich, German football player

- 14 June - Constantin Schreiber, German journalist

- 10 July - Tobias Unger, German athlete

- 14 July - Robin Szolkowy, pair skater

- 24 August - Markus Walger, rugby player

- 24 August - Markus Walger, German rugby player

- 25 August - Philipp Mißfelder, German politician (died 2015)

- 27 August - Ole Bischof, German judoka

- 5 November - Colin Grzanna, German rugby player and surgeon

- 2 December - Yvonne Catterfeld, German singer

- 21 December - Bert Tischendorf, German actor

- Undated: Dennis Rudolph, conceptual artist

## Deaths

- 4 January - Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian (born 1913)

- 22 March - Paul Nevermann, German politician (born 1902)

- 2 April - Erich Rademacher, German swimmer (born 1901)

- 14 May - Heinz Pollay, German equestrian (born 1908)

- 1 June - Werner Forssmann, German physician (born 1904)

- 3 June - Arno Schmidt, German author and translator (born 1914)

- 5 June - Heinz Erhardt, German comedian (born 1909)

- 8 June - Reinhard Gehlen, German general and intelligent officer (born 1902)

- 15 June - Ernst Meister, German writer (born 1911)

- 26 June - Franz-Josef Röder, German politician (born 1909)

- 28 June - Paul Dessau, German conductor and composer (born 1894)

- 6 August - Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, German biochemist (born 1911)

- 12 August - Ernst Boris Chain, German biochemist (born 1906)

- 24 August – Hanna Reitsch, German soldier and pilot (born 1912)

- 12 September - Josef Müller, German politician (born 1898)

- 1 December - Max Jacobson, German physician (born 1900)

- 4 December - Friedrich Ebert Jr., German politician (born 1894)

- 11 December - Carlo Schmid, German politician (born 1896)

- 13 December - Alfred Bengsch, German cardinal of Roman Catholic Church (born 1921)

- 19 December - Wilhelm Kaisen, German politician (born 1887)

- 24 December - Rudi Dutschke, German radical student leader (born 1940)


Elizabeth Rankin

# Elizabeth Rankin

## Abstract

Elizabeth Deane Rankin is a South African–New Zealand fine arts academic, and is an emeritus professor at the University of Auckland, specialising in neglected South African artists, and printmaking and sculpture.

## Academic career

Rankin completed a PhD titled Englishmen on the Acropolis: an historiography of the Parthenon, c. 1750-1850 at the University of Witwatersrand in 1978. It was the first PhD in art history awarded by the university. Rankin was appointed as Chair of the History of Art at Witwatersrand in 1982, and later served three years as Dean of Arts.

Rankin was Chair of the South African Association of Art Historians starting in 1985.

Rankin joined the faculty of the University of Auckland in 1998 as professor of art history. She was head of the department, and chair of the exhibitions committee for the university's Gus Fisher Gallery. Rankin's research focuses on neglected South African artists, and sculpture and print-making. Rankin published a history of Rorke's Drift printmakers with Philippa Hobbs in 2003. Rankin has written a biography of South African artist Peter Clarke, published in 2012, along with retrospective exhibitions at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town, in collaboration with Hobbs, and in Johannesburg. Rankin has also written about photographer Fiona Pardington, and artist Neil Pardington.

In 2012 Rankin was a visiting fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, where she worked with Prof. Dr. Rolf Schneider on the design of the frieze of the Voortrekker Monument. Rankin retired in 2016 and was appointed Professor Emeritus at Auckland.

## Selected works

### Books

### Other works

- {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


List of football clubs in Scotland

# List of football clubs in Scotland

## Abstract

This is a list of football clubs in Scotland.

## Clubs in membership of the Scottish Professional Football League

### Scottish Premiership

- Aberdeen

- Celtic

- Dundee

- Heart of Midlothian

- Hibernian

- Kilmarnock

- Livingston

- Motherwell

- Rangers

- Ross County

- St Johnstone

- St Mirren

### Scottish Championship

- Arbroath

- Airdrieonians

- Ayr United

- Dunfermline Athletic

- Greenock Morton

- Inverness Caledonian Thistle

- Partick Thistle

- Queen's Park

- Raith Rovers

### Scottish League One

- Alloa Athletic

- Annan Athletic

- Cove Rangers

- Edinburgh City

- Falkirk

- Hamilton Academical

- Kelty Hearts

- Montrose

- Queen of the South

- Stirling Albion

### Scottish League Two

- Bonnyrigg Rose

- Clyde

- Dumbarton

- East Fife

- Elgin City

- Forfar Athletic

- Peterhead

- Stenhousemuir

- Stranraer

- The Spartans

## Clubs in membership of the Highland Football League

- Banks O' Dee

- Brechin City

- Brora Rangers

- Buckie Thistle

- Clachnacuddin

- Deveronvale

- Formartine United

- Forres Mechanics

- Fraserburgh

- Huntly

- Inverurie Loco Works

- Keith

- Lossiemouth

- Nairn County

- Rothes

- Strathspey Thistle

- Turriff United

- Wick Academy

## Clubs in membership of the Lowland Football League

- Albion Rovers

- Berwick Rangers (located in England)

- Bo'ness United

- Broomhill

- Caledonian Braves

- Celtic B

- Civil Service Strollers

- Cowdenbeath

- Cumbernauld Colts

- East Kilbride

- East Stirlingshire

- Edinburgh University

- Gala Fairydean Rovers

- Gretna 2008

- Heart of Midlothian B

- Linlithgow Rose

- Tranent

- University of Stirling

## Clubs in membership of the East of Scotland Football League

### Premier Division

- Broxburn Athletic

- Crossgates Primrose

- Dunbar United

- Dundonald Bluebell

- Glenrothes

- Haddington Athletic

- Hill of Beath Hawthorn

- Inverkeithing Hillfield Swifts

- Jeanfield Swifts

- Kinnoull

- Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale

- Luncarty

- Musselburgh Athletic

- Penicuik Athletic

- Sauchie Juniors

- Tynecastle

### First Division

- Arniston Rangers

- Blackburn United

- Camelon Juniors

- Dunipace

- Heriot-Watt University

- Kirkcaldy & Dysart

- Leith Athletic

- Lochore Welfare

- Newtongrange Star

- Oakley United

- Preston Athletic

- Rosyth

- St Andrews United

- Vale of Leithen

- Whitburn

- Whitehill Welfare

### Second Division

- Armadale Thistle

- Bo'ness Athletic

- Burntisland Shipyard

- Coldstream

- Dalkeith Thistle

- Easthouses Lily Miners Welfare

- Edinburgh College

- Edinburgh South

- Edinburgh United

- Kennoway Star Hearts

- Newburgh

- Ormiston Primrose

- Peebles Rovers

- Stirling University reserves

- Thornton Hibs

- Tweedmouth Rangers (located in England)

### Third Division

- Bathgate Thistle

- Edinburgh Community

- Fauldhouse United

- Harthill Royal

- Hawick Royal Albert

- Linton Hotspur

- Livingston United

- Lochgelly Albert

- Pumpherston

- Stoneyburn

- West Calder United

## Clubs in membership of the South of Scotland Football League

- Abbey Vale

- Creetown

- Dalbeattie Star

- Lochar Thistle

- Lochmaben

- Mid-Annandale

- Newton Stewart

- Nithsdale Wanderers

- St Cuthbert Wanderers

- Stranraer Reserves

- Upper Annandale

- Wigtown & Bladnoch

## Clubs in membership of the West of Scotland Football League

### Premier Division

- Arthurlie

- Auchinleck Talbot

- Beith Juniors

- Benburb

- Clydebank

- Cumnock Juniors

- Darvel

- Gartcairn

- Glenafton Athletic

- Hurlford United

- Irvine Meadow XI

- Kirkintilloch Rob Roy

- Largs Thistle

- Pollok

- St Cadoc's

- Troon

#### First Division

- Ashfield

- Blantyre Victoria

- Cambuslang Rangers

- Drumchapel United

- Johnstone Burgh

- Kilbirnie Ladeside

- Kilwinning Rangers

- Maybole Juniors

- Neilston

- Petershill

- Renfrew

- Rutherglen Glencairn

- Shotts Bon Accord

- St Roch's

- Thorniewood United

- Whitletts Victoria

#### Second Division

- Ardrossan Winton Rovers

- Bonnyton Thistle

- Caledonian Locomotives

- Craigmark Burntonians

- Cumbernauld United

- Forth Wanderers

- Glasgow Perthshire

- Glasgow University

- Kilsyth Rangers

- Larkhall Thistle

- Maryhill

- Muirkirk Juniors

- St Anthony's

- Vale of Clyde

- Wishaw

- Yoker Athletic

#### Third Division

- Ardeer Thistle

- Bellshill Athletic

- Dalry Thistle

- Finnarte

- Girvan

- Glasgow United

- Greenock Juniors

- Irvine Victoria

- Kello Rovers

- Kilsyth Athletic

- Lanark United

- Lesmahagow Juniors

- Port Glasgow

- Threave Rovers

- Vale of Leven

- West Park United

#### Fourth Division

- BSC Glasgow

- Campbeltown Pupils

- Carluke Rovers

- Easterhouse

- East Kilbride Thistle

- Eglinton

- Giffnock

- Glenvale

- Knightswood

- Lugar Boswell Thistle

- Newmains United

- Rossvale

- Royal Albert

- Saltcoats Victoria

- St. Peter's

- Thorn Athletic

## Clubs in membership of the North Caledonian Football League

- Alness United

- Bonar Bridge

- Clachnacuddin Reserves

- Fort William

- Golspie Sutherland

- Halkirk United

- Invergordon

- Inverness Athletic

- Loch Ness

- Orkney

- St Duthus

- Thurso

## Clubs in membership of the Scottish Junior Football Association

### East Region

#### Midlands League

- Arbroath Victoria

- Blairgowrie

- Brechin Victoria

- Broughty Athletic

- Carnoustie Panmure

- Coupar Angus

- Downfield

- Dundee North End

- Dundee Violet

- Dundee St. James

- East Craigie

- Forfar United

- Forfar West End

- Letham

- Kirriemuir Thistle

- Lochee Harp

- Lochee United

- Montrose Roselea

- Scone Thistle

- Tayport

### North Region

#### Premier League

- Bridge of Don Thistle

- Buchanhaven Hearts

- Colony Park

- Culter

- Dyce

- Cove

- East End

- Ellon United

- Fraserburgh United

- Hermes

- Maud

- Nairn St Ninian

- Newmachar United

- Rothie Rovers

- Stonehaven

- Stoneywood Parkvale

- Sunnybank

#### North Championship

- Banks O' Dee Juniors

- Banchory St Ternan

- Burghead Thistle

- Cruden Bay

- Deveronside

- Dufftown

- Forres Thistle

- Glentanar

- Hall Russell United

- Islavale

- Longside

- Lossiemouth United

- New Elgin

- Whitehills

## Miscellaneous clubs at amateur level

- Colville Park (Central Scottish Amateur Football League)

- Drumchapel Amateur (Caledonian Amateur Football League)

- Dukla Pumpherston (charity and exhibition matches)

- East Kilbride YM (Caledonian Amateur Football League)

- Eyemouth United (Border Amateur Football League)

- Glasgow Harp (Caledonian Amateur Football League)

- Harestanes (Central Scottish Amateur Football League)

- Links United (Caledonian Amateur Football League)

- Oban Saints (Scottish Amateur Football League)

- Rothesay Brandane (Caledonian Amateur Football League)

- Steins Thistle (Central Scottish Amateur Football League)

- Tain Thistle (Ross-shire Welfare Football League)

- United Glasgow

## Defunct clubs

### Former Scottish Football League members

- Abercorn

- Airdrieonians (1894–2002)

- Armadale

- Ayr

- Ayr Parkhouse

- Bathgate

- Bo'ness

- Broxburn United

- Cambuslang

- Clackmannan

- Clydebank (1914–1932)

- Clydebank (1965–2002; became Airdrie United)

- Cowlairs

- Dumbarton Harp

- Dundee Wanderers

- Dykehead

- Edinburgh City (1931–1949)

- Galston

- Gretna

- Helensburgh

- Johnstone

- King's Park

- Linthouse

- Lochgelly United

- Meadowbank Thistle (became Livingston)

- Mid-Annandale

- Northern

- Port Glasgow Athletic

- Renton

- Solway Star

- St Bernard's

- Third Lanark

- Thistle

### Selected other senior clubs (including North Caledonian League)

- 23rd Renfrew RV

- Alexandra Athletic

- Blythswood

- Caledonian

- Callander

- Clydesdale

- Dennistoun

- Dumbreck

- Dumfries YMCA

- Eastern

- Edinburgh Athletic (became Leith Athletic)

- Glasgow Hibernian

- Granville

- Inverness City

- Inverness Citadel

- Inverness Thistle

- Mossend Swifts

- Muir of Ord Rovers

- Partick

- Rovers

- Selkirk

- Southern

- Stranraer Athletic

- Tarff Rovers

- Tollcross United

- Western

- Whithorn

### Selected other junior clubs

- Baillieston Juniors

- Ballingry Rovers

- Bankfoot Athletic

- Bishopmill United

- Blantyre Celtic

- Bridgeton Waverley

- Cambuslang Hibernian

- Clydebank Juniors (1899–1964)

- Cronberry Eglinton

- Duntocher Hibernian

- Fochabers

- Glenbuck Cherrypickers

- Lewis United

- Maryhill Hibernians

- Parkhead

- Port Glasgow Athletic Juniors

- Portgordon Victoria

- RAF Lossiemouth

- Shawfield

- Steelend Victoria

- Stonehouse Violet

- Strathclyde

## University clubs

Most universities in Scotland have football sides, as do some colleges, some compete in the BUSA Football League.

- Aberdeen University

- Edinburgh University

- Glasgow University

- Heriot-Watt University

- St Andrews University

- University of Stirling