Grove Street Cemetery

# Grove Street Cemetery

## Abstract

Grove Street Cemetery or Grove Street Burial Ground is a cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, that is surrounded by the Yale University campus. It was organized in 1796 as the New Haven Burying Ground and incorporated in October 1797 to replace the crowded burial ground on the New Haven Green. The first private, nonprofit cemetery in the world, it was one of the earliest burial grounds to have a planned layout, with plots permanently owned by individual families, a structured arrangement of ornamental plantings, and paved and named streets and avenues. By introducing ideas like permanent memorials and the sanctity of the deceased body, the cemetery became "a real turning point... a whole redefinition of how people viewed death and dying", according to historian Peter Dobkin Hall. Many notable Yale and New Haven luminaries are buried in the Grove Street Cemetery, including 14 Yale presidents; nevertheless, it was not restricted to members of the upper class, and was open to all.

In 2000, Grove Street Cemetery was designated a National Historic Landmark.

Today, it is managed by Camco Cemetery Management.

## History

### Establishment (1796)

For the first 160 years of permanent settlement, New Haven residents buried their dead on the New Haven Green, the town's central open space and churchyard. In 1794–95, a yellow fever plague swept the town. The increased demand for burial space prompted James Hillhouse, a businessman and U.S. Senator, to invite other prominent families in the town to establish a dedicated burial ground on farmland bordering the town. In 1796, thirty-two families purchased a tract just north of Grove Street, the tract was enclosed by a wooden fence, which was prone to rotting and needed to be replaced frequently. At first consisting of 6 acres (0.024 km), the cemetery was quickly subscribed and thereafter expanded to nearly 18 acres (0.073 km).

In 1821, the monuments on the green were removed to the Grove Street Cemetery.

### Gateway and fence construction (1845–49)

Completed in 1845, the entrance on Grove Street is a brownstone Egyptian Revival gateway, designed by the New Haven architect Henry Austin with carving executed by sculptor Hezekiah Augur, both of whom are buried at the cemetery. The style, popular in New England in that era, was chosen to reinforce the antiquity of the site. The lintel of the gateway is inscribed "The Dead Shall Be Raised." The quotation is taken from 1 Corinthians 15.52: "For the trumpet will sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we will be changed." Supposedly, Yale President Arthur Twining Hadley said of the inscription, "They certainly will be, if Yale needs the property."

In 1848–49, the perimeter of the cemetery was surrounded on three sides by an 8-foot (2.4 m) stone wall.

### Historic landmark

The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior in 2000, citing its history and the architectural significance of its gateway.

### Conflict over perimeter fence

In 2008, Yale announced plans to construct two new residential colleges just north of the cemetery. In 2009, university administrators and affiliates suggested to the cemetery proprietors that an additional gate be constructed in the north section of the historic wall that surrounds the burial ground to permit pedestrians to walk through the cemetery from the main Yale campus to the planned new colleges. In addition, the proprietors considered a proposal brought forward by one proprietor that would replace portions of the stone sections of the wall bordering Prospect Street with iron fencing similar to that already running along the cemetery's southern border on Grove Street. The proposal, withdrawn following a public meeting, included architectural and landscaping designs by Yale Architecture School Dean Robert A.M. Stern.

## Notable burials and memorials

- James Rowland Angell (1869–1949), President of Yale University

- Kanichi Asakawa (1873–1948), historian.

- Jehudi Ashmun (1794–1828), religious leader, and social reformer, agent of the African Colonization Society

- Hezekiah Augur (1791–1858), wood carver, sculptor and inventor.

- Henry Austin (1804–1891), architect, designed the gate of the cemetery, Yale's College Library (which became Dwight Hall), and several mansions on Hillhouse Avenue.

- Alice Mabel Bacon (1858–1918), women educator (niece of Delia Bacon)

- Delia Bacon (1811–1859), originator of the proposition that Francis Bacon wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare

- Leonard Bacon (1802–1881), clergyman and abolitionist (father of Alice Mabel Bacon and brother of Delia Bacon)

- Charles Montague Bakewell (1867–1957), politician

- Roger Sherman Baldwin (1793–1863), Governor of Connecticut

- Simeon Baldwin (1761–1851), Mayor of New Haven

- Simeon E. Baldwin (1840–1927), Governor of Connecticut

- Ida Barney (1886–1982) noted female American astronomer

- Ebenezer Bassett (1833–1908), African-American educator and diplomat; US Ambassador to Haiti

- John Bassett (1652–1714), captain of the trainband; deputy to the General Court (legislature) of Connecticut Colony

- Lyman Beecher (1775–1863), abolitionist, father of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Henry Ward Beecher

- Nathan Beers (1763–1861), paymaster to Connecticut troops in the American Revolution

- Hiram Bingham I (1789–1869), Hawaiian missionary and clergyman.

- James Bishop (d. 1691), Secretary, Lieutenant Governor and Deputy Governor of New Haven Jurisdiction.

- Eli Whitney Blake (1795–1886), manufacturer and inventor of the stone crusher. His brother, Philos, invented the corkscrew.

- William Whiting Boardman (1794–1871), politician.

- Edward Gaylord Bourne (1860–1908), historian and educator. Leader in the American Historical Association.

- Phineas Bradley (1745–1797), soldier. Captain, commander of the artillery defending New Haven, July 5, 1779

- William H. Brewer (1828–1910), scientist. Helped found the Yale Forestry School; co-founder, with Samuel William Johnson, also buried here, of the first U.S. Agricultural Experiment Station.

- James Brewster (1788–1866), founder of Brewster & Co.; industrialist and railroad promoter.

- Kingman Brewster Jr. (1919–1988), President of Yale University

- William Bristol (1779–1836), Mayor of New Haven, Connecticut.

- Walter Camp (1859–1925), football coach known as the "Father of American Football".

- Leverett Candee (1795–1863), Industrialist. First practical use of Goodyear's vulcanization of rubber

- Arthur E. Case (1894–1946), professor and author

- Jedediah Chapman (d. 1863 †), Civil War Union Army Officer killed at the Battle of Gettysburg.

- Thomas Clap (1703–1767), Rector & President of Yale College – buried in the City Burial Ground on the Green, stone later moved here.

- Harry Croswell (1778–1848), Crusading political journalist and Rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in New Haven

- David Daggett (1764–1851), United States Senator, mayor of New Haven, Connecticut.

- Naphtali Daggett (1727–1780), clergyman, President pro tempore of Yale College.

- George Edward Day (1814–1905), Bible revisor

- Jeremiah Day (1773–1867), President of Yale University.

- Amos Doolittle (1754–1832), silversmith, engraver of Revolutionary scenes. "The Revere of Connecticut."

- Timothy Dwight IV (1752–1817), President of Yale University.

- Timothy Dwight V (1829–1916), President of Yale University.

- Amos Beebe Eaton (1806–1877), Civil War Union Army Brigadier General.

- Theophilus Eaton (1590–1657), a founder of New Haven, first Governor of New Haven.

- Henry W. Edwards (1779–1847), U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and Governor of Connecticut.

- Pierpont Edwards (1750–1826), Delegate to the Continental Congress.

- Jeremiah Evarts (1781–1831), scholar, writer and missionary executive. Editor of the ‘’Panoplist’’ and the ‘’Missionary Herald’’.

- Henry Farnham (1836–1917), prominent New Haven merchant and philanthropist.

- George Park Fisher (1827–1902), historian and theologian

- Andrew Hull Foote (1806–1863), naval officer who ended the rum ration in the United States Navy.

- A. Bartlett Giamatti (1938–1989), baseball commissioner, President of Yale University.

- Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr. (1790–1861), professor at Yale Divinity School who first spoke with the mutineers of the Amistad.

- Josiah Willard Gibbs Jr. (1839–1903), scientist, "Father of Thermodynamics"

- Chauncey Goodrich (1790–1860), Yale professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Charge.

- Elizur Goodrich (1761–1849), mayor of New Haven, Connecticut.

- Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), inventor of vulcanized rubber.

- Alfred Whitney Griswold (1906–1963), President of Yale University.

- Arthur Twining Hadley (1856–1930), Dean of Yale Graduate School when women were first admitted. President of Yale University.

- Henry Baldwin Harrison (1821–1901), Governor of Connecticut

- James Hillhouse (1754–1832), real estate developer, politician, and treasurer of Yale. Namesake of Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven.

- James Mason Hoppin (1820–1906), professor of religion and art.

- Leverett Hubbard (1725–1795), soldier, physician and apothecary.

- David Humphreys (1752–1818), Aide de Camp to General George Washington

- Charles Roberts Ingersoll (1821–1903), Governor of Connecticut

- Colin Macrae Ingersoll (1819–1903), United States Representative from Connecticut.

- Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll (1789–1872), United States Minister to Russia, mayor of New Haven, Connecticut.

- Eli Ives (1779–1861), professor of Medicine

- Chauncey Jerome (1793–1868), mayor of New Haven, clockmaker

- Nathaniel Jocelyn (1796–1881), portrait painter and engraver.

- Samuel William Johnson (1830–1909), Yale professor, co-founder of the Agricultural Experiment Station Movement with William H. Brewer (also buried here)

- James Kingsley (1778–1852), professor of Hebrew, Greek and Ecclesiastical History at Yale.

- John Gamble Kirkwood (1907–1959), chemist.

- Charlton Miner Lewis (1866–1923), Yale professor and author.

- Elias Loomis (1811–1889), mathematician and astronomer.

- Daniel Lyman (1718–1788), Surveyor, Deputy to the General Court, Court Referee, Justice of the Peace and caretaker of the State's public records.

- Samuel Mansfield (1717–1775), first sheriff of New Haven

- Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899), paleontologist.

- Henry Czar Merwin (1839–1863 †), Civil War Union Army Officer killed at the Battle of Gettysburg

- Glenn Miller (Alton G. Miller) cenotaph – (1904–1944), Jazz bandleader, trombonist.

- Dr. Timothy Mix (1711–1779), Colonial soldier who died on a British prison ship.

- John Michael Montias (1928–2005), economist and art historian

- Jedidiah Morse (1761–1826), clergy,"Father of American Geography". Father of Samuel F. B. Morse.

- Theodore T. Munger (1830–1910), clergyman.

- Hubert Anson Newton (1830–1896), meteorologist and mathematician.

- George Henry Nettleton (1874–1959), author.

- Denison Olmsted (1791–1859), Professor of Medicine and Natural Philosophy at Yale. One of the first to see Halley's Comet in 1835.

- Lars Onsager (1903-1976), Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, a legendary theoretical chemist, distinguished professor of chemistry at Yale.

- Norman Holmes Pearson (1909–1975), Yale American Studies professor and World War II spy.

- Samuel Peck (1813–1879), 19th-century photographer, artist, businessperson, photo case manufacturer, and gallery owner.

- Jaroslav Pelikan (1923–2006), Scholar in the history of Christianity, Christian theology and medieval intellectual history.

- Timothy Pitkin (1766–1847), politician, United States Representative from Connecticut.

- Noah Porter (1811–1892), clergyman, President of Yale College

- Joel Root (1770–1847), traveller, author.

- Charles Seymour (1885–1963), President of Yale University

- George Dudley Seymour (1859–1945), Attorney, antiquarian, historian, author, and city planner

- Joseph Earl Sheffield (1793–1882), merchant, founder of Sheffield Scientific School.

- Roger Sherman (1721–1793), important founding father, the only person to have signed all four basic documents of American sovereignty, the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Today his grave is the center of this colonial city's Independence Day festivities.

- Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864), pioneer in scientific education.

- Benjamin Silliman Jr. (1816–1885), Yale chemist and geologist. First suggested some practical uses for petroleum.

- Aaron Skinner (1800–1858), civic figure and supervisor of improvements to Grove Street Cemetery

- Nathan Smith (1770–1835), United States Senator from Connecticut.

- Ezra Stiles (1727–1795), President of Yale University.

- Henry Randolph Storrs (1787–1837), jurist.

- Titus Street (1786–1842), businessman and civic figure

- Alfred Howe Terry (1827–1890), Civil War Union Army Major General.

- Beatrice Tinsley (1941-1981), British-born New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist. First female professor of astronomy at Yale University.

- Ithiel Town (1784–1844), architect and civil engineer. Inventor of the lattice truss bridge.

- Martha Townsend (1753–1797), first interment in Grove Street Cemetery

- William Kneeland Townsend (1849–1907), jurist

- Henry H. Townshend (1874–1953), proprietor and historian of Grove Street Cemetery.

- Timothy Trowbridge (1631–1734), merchant, soldier and politician.

- Louisa Caroline Huggins Tuthill (1799–1879), children's book author

- Alexander C. Twining (1801–1884), inventor of first practical artificial ice system.

- Decius Wadsworth (1768–1821), Army Engineer, Chief of Ordnance (US Army).

- Noah Webster (1758–1843), lexicographer, dictionary publisher.

- Nathan Whiting, soldier, Colonel in the Seven Years' War.

- Eli Whitney (1765–1825), inventor of the cotton gin.

- Theodore Winthrop (1828–1861), Major, United States Army. First New Haven victim of the Civil War.

- Melancthon Taylor Woolsey (1717–1758), colonel in the Colonial Army.

- Theodore Dwight Woolsey (1812–1889), abolitionist, President of Yale.

- David Wooster (1711–1777 †), Buried in Danbury, Connecticut but memorialized at Grove Street Cemetery. Major General, 7th in rank below Washington.

- Mary Clabaugh Wright (1917–1970), educator and historian, first woman to become a full professor at Yale.


Kigeli V Ndahindurwa

# Kigeli V Ndahindurwa

## Abstract

Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (Mwami) of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the end of the UN-mandate with Belgian administration and the declaration of an independent Republic of Rwanda 1 July 1962. On 25 September 1961, a referendum voted for the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy following the Rwandan Revolution.

After a brief period of moveabouts after leaving Rwanda, the titular King lived in exile during the final part of his life in the town of Oakton, Virginia, United States. In exile, he was known for heading the King Kigeli V Foundation, an organisation promoting humanitarian work for Rwandan refugees. He was also notable for his activities in maintaining the dynastic, cultural heritage of his formerly reigning royal house, including noble titles, dynastic orders of chivalry and other distinctions.

After the king's death, a successor was said to be shortly revealed. In January 2017, it was announced that Yuhi VI would succeed him. Yuhi VI is the nephew of both the late King Kigeli V and the previous King Mutara III, as well as a grandson of King Yuhi V.

## Early life and education

Kigeli was born Ndahindurwa on 29 June 1936 in Kamembe, Rwanda, to Yuhi Musinga (the deposed King Yuhi V Musinga), and Queen Mukashema (born Mukashema Bernadette), the seventh of his eleven wives. He was ethnically Tutsi. Kigeli had fourteen siblings, being one of the youngest of his father's many children.

When Kigeli was 4 years old, his father was exiled by the Belgian government to Moba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following the death of his father, in 1944 he returned to Rwanda. Kigeli was baptised in the Catholic Church in his teens, taking the Christian name Jean-Baptiste, and remained a devout Catholic throughout his life.

He received his education at the Groupe Scolaire Astrida (now Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare) in Rwanda, and at the Nyangezi College in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. After he finished school in 1956, he worked in local government in Rwanda until 1959.

## Reign in Rwanda

After his half-brother, King Mutara III Rudahigwa, died under mysterious circumstances on 25 July 1959, it was announced on 28 July that Kigeli would succeed him as King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. "Kigeli" is sometimes transcribed as "Kigeri". Though married, Kigeli's late half-brother had had no children; the abrupt, shocking nature of the death prompted widespread talk of some kind of assassination having occurred.

Kigeli's appointment was a surprise to the Belgian administration, who were not involved in his selection, and who described the event as a coup d'état, a view shared by the newly politically empowered Hutu elite. Kigeli himself also felt shocked and overwhelmed at the news of his ascension. The tense atmosphere and presence of armed Rwandans at the funeral prevented the Belgians from objecting, as well as preventing Hutu interference. Despite this, Kigeli was initially favoured by all sides: Tutsi traditionalists, Hutu nationalists, and the Catholic clergy all felt optimistic on his appointment. However, the manner of his appointment led to a loss of prestige for the Belgian authorities, and gave both Hutu and Tutsi revolutionaries the impression that violence might further their goals. The fact that the Tutsi establishment had engineered the rise to power also compromised Kigeli's ability to act in the traditional role as a neutral arbiter of differing factions.

Kigeli duly followed regal tradition by disregarding past ethnic and ideological affiliations, embracing the role of the 'father of all Rwandan people'. However, political instability and tribal conflict grew despite efforts by the monarchy and others. Only a month after Kigeli's November 1959 ascension, Hutu versus Tutsi militancy increased to the point that hundreds died. Many Tutsi went into exile. Issues with the increasingly restive Hutu population were encouraged by the Belgian military, promoting widespread revolt. Kigeli later wrote, "I am not clinging to power... I will always accept the people’s verdict; what I cannot accept is that the Belgian Administration should influence or distort this verdict."

In July 1960, Kigeli sought safe haven in the newly independent nation of Congo. In 1961, Kigeli was in Kinshasa to meet Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld when Dominique Mbonyumutwa, with the support of the Belgian government, led a coup d'état that took control of the Rwandan state. The monarchy's rule was formally overthrown on 28 January 1961. The coup resulted in the 1961 referendum about the fate of the nation's royal system.

The election results showed that, with about 95% turnout, around 80% of voters opposed the continuation of the monarchy. Kigeli criticized the affair as rigged; soon after re-entering Rwanda prior to the election, Belgian officials put him under house arrest.

The government officially deported Kigeli to what is now Tanzania on 2 October 1961. He subsequently lived in multiple other locations, leaving the region of Tanganyika (living in Dar es Salaam) for places such as Kampala, Uganda, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was granted political asylum in the United States in July 1992. He resided in the U.S. for the rest of his life.

## Exile activities

Granted political asylum by the United States, he settled near Washington, D.C., where he claimed welfare, and lived in subsidized housing. He subsequently settled in the Oakton, Virginia, area.

He travelled internationally to speak on behalf of the Rwandan people and repeatedly called for peace and harmony between the different groups. Kigeli continued to remember the victims of the Rwandan genocide and attempted to reconcile all political, ethnic, and religious parties in Rwanda to use the democratic process to solve any disputes. Kigeli was a friend of former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Patrice Lumumba.

In 1995, while in Southern California, Kigeli met author and historian Charles A. Coulombe, an American representative of the International Monarchist League, a London-based organization that attempts to reinstate deposed royalty in various parts of the world.

In an August 2007 BBC interview, Kigeli expressed an interest in returning to Rwanda if the Rwandan people were prepared to accept him as their constitutional monarch. He said that he had met President Paul Kagame and that Kagame had told him that he and his family were free to return, but Kigeli said that in order to do so, he needed to know if the people still wanted him to be king. According to Kigeli, Kagame said that he would consult the government about the issue.

### Charity

He was the head of the King Kigeli V Foundation, whose mission is to bring humanitarian initiatives on behalf of Rwandan refugees.

## Death and succession

Kigeli died of a heart ailment at the age of eighty on the morning of 16 October 2016 in a hospital in Washington, D.C. His private secretary, Guye Pennington, said that an heir had been chosen and would be announced shortly. Kigeli never married, in obedience to a rule banning marriage for kings while they were out of the country.

Although Kigeli never married, on 9 January 2017, the Royal House announced that his nephew, Prince Emmanuel Bushayija (to reign as Yuhi VI of Rwanda), would succeed him as pretender to the Rwandan throne. He is the son of the half-brother of Kigeli, Prince William Bushayija.

After Kigeli's death, it was revealed he had at least one daughter, Jacqueline Rwivanga, married to Andrew Rugasira 1998-2015 and a mother of five.

## Ancestry

## Honours

### Status and recognition

As titular King in exile, as part of maintaining his royal family's cultural heritage, Kigeli V issued chivalric orders and titles of nobility with himself as fount of honour, in accordance with traditional customs.

Research in 2016 found that noble Rwandan titles were given to non-Rwandans by King Mutara III, the prior King of Rwanda. This was consistent with King Kigeli V's statements that his elder brother, when he reigned as King, granted orders and noble titles to non-Rwandans. An independent article confirming this was printed in an article titled "African King Gets Papal Honor from Vatican" in The Guardian, a publication of the Diocese of Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 4 July 1947.

The titles are recognised by Burke's Peerage and the Augustan Society.

### Foreign titles

- Solomonic dynasty ː Ras

### House orders

- Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Drum, first awarded by Kigeli

- Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crown (Rwanda), first awarded by Kigeli

- Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crested Crane (Rwanda), first awarded by Kigeli

- Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), first awarded by King Mutara III Rudahigwa

### Foreign orders

Foreign orders and decorations received by the King:

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (House of Savoy)

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (House of Braganza)

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (House of Braganza)

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen of Sheba (Solomonic dynasty)

- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Empire)

- Knight (single rank order) of the Imperial Order of Solomon (Ethiopian Empire)

- Knight Grand Collar of the Royal Order of Ismail (Royal House of Egypt)

- Knight Grand Collar of the Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Royal House of Georgia)

- Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House (House of Braganza)

- Knight Grand Cordon of the Royal and Hashemite Order of the Pearl

### Ecclesiastical decorations

- Diocese of São Tomé and Príncipe: Cross of São Tomé, Apostolo by Bishop Abílio Rodas de Sousa Ribas

### City awards

- Knight of the Most Prestigious Brotherhood of the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Noble City of Lisbon, Portugal

### Other awards

- Gold Star Award by the International Strategic Studies Association for Outstanding Contributions to Strategic Progress Through Humanitarian Achievement for his work for Rwandan refugees in Africa