Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

# Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

## Abstract

Harold Theopolis " Harry " Osborn is a fictional character in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man film series. Based on the comic book character of the same name created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, he is portrayed by James Franco. In the films, Harry is Peter Parker 's best friend and a rival for Mary Jane Watson 's affections, though the three are friends for much of the series. Harry and Peter's friendship strains severely after the death of Harry's father Norman, who was the villainous Green Goblin, which he blames on Peter's alter-ego Spider-Man on top of some resentment towards Peter for seemingly "stealing" Mary Jane's affections from him. Upon finding out his best friend is actually the web-slinger, Harry, despite being reluctant at first, vows revenge on him, taking on the New Goblin mantle and utilizing the technology his father left behind.

Despite receiving initial mixed reviews in the first two films, Franco's portrayal of Harry Osborn catapulted the actor to wider mainstream exposure as one of his first major film roles. He was nominated for four awards for his more warmly received performance in Spider-Man 3.

## Character design and portrayal

### Comics origin and casting for Sam Raimi's films

First appearing in The Amazing Spider-Man #31, Harry Osborn is depicted as the wealthy son of Norman Osborn, with his mother presumably dying at a young age. Harry and Peter Parker gradually become close friends after meeting in college, despite initially not getting along and battling over girls such as Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson. Harry struggles to gain his father's approval, who is constantly at work, and becomes jealous of Norman becoming fond of Peter. After Mary Jane dumps him, he becomes addicted to drugs. He initially does not know his father becomes the Green Goblin while his best friend is actually Spider-Man. Harry takes on the Green Goblin persona and technology after his father's death, which he blames on Spider-Man and in turn Peter, and is influenced by hallucinations of his father to kill Peter, but sacrifices himself to save Peter, Mary Jane, and his son. Since dying in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200, Harry, like his father and Gwen Stacy, has since been resurrected or re-adapted into different forms in the comics.

James Franco was cast as Harry for the 2002 Spider-Man film. Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film before Tobey Maguire won the role, but upon seeing Franco's audition, Raimi's wife thought that Franco was perfect for the role of Harry. In a review of the first film, Todd McCarthy of Variety noted that there were "good moments" between Maguire and Franco. However, due to an off-hand remark that Franco made towards Maguire, a real-life feud emerged between the two actors for some time.

In Spider-Man 3, shooting was difficult for cinematographer Bill Pope during fight scenes that take place at night, as the symbiote Spider-Man, Venom, and the New Goblin were all costumed in black for those scenes. Upon Harry taking on his father's mantle and using leftover equipment, Harry's suit and glider have been modified, possibly due to the backlash that the original Green Goblin suit received in the first film. Instead of using a bulky helmet, the New Goblin uses a mask resembling a ski mask with goggles, and his glider, nicknamed the Sky Stick in the film's promotional materials, resembles a snowboard.

### Characterization and themes

As depicted in the Sam Raimi film series, Harry is a good man and a loyal friend, having always considered the nerdy Peter Parker his best friend and protected him in high school, which closely resembles their relationship in the Ultimate Spider-Man comics. In addition, he never allowed his wealth to make him spoiled or arrogant early in the series. However, Harry is also prone to stress, depression and obsession, and his desire to please his father strains his judgement and relationships, including treating his then-girlfriend Mary Jane Watson as a trophy to impress his father, and developing a jealousy towards his best friend, Peter. After his father's death, Harry becomes obsessed with Spider-Man, and develops a strong vendetta towards him. The "New Goblin" persona adapted in Spider-Man 3 is the embodiment of Harry Osborn's hatred towards Spider-Man and only exists for completing his vendetta. But after Harry comes to terms with his misguided hatred and his friendship with Peter, with no more doubts, he reconciles with his best friend and the two form an effective team fighting against adversaries.

In an analysis of the leading male figures in Spider-Man, including Tobey Maguire 's Peter Parker and Willem Dafoe 's Norman Osborn, James Whitbroook of Gizmodo writes that Harry is initially reluctant to bask in the Osborn name, hiding from public view while riding with his father in their limousine and resisting the urge to become spoiled by his inheritance, though he almost immediately takes advantage of Peter's bookish nature to flirt with Mary Jane, his best friend's crush, using a trivia bit that Peter brings up to impress her. Harry eventually gives in to using the Osborn name due to what it brings to him, eventually gambling on an ill-fated experiment by Dr. Otto Octavius in Spider-Man 2 in an attempt to gain more power and influence rather than to benefit those around him. Harry is under the impression that his father was a good man killed by Spider-Man, and upon discovering his father's stash of weaponry, uses it to try and get revenge on the hero, even after he discovers that Peter, his best friend, is actually Spider-Man. Sam Raimi felt that Harry would not follow his father's legacy upon becoming the new Green Goblin, but be instead "somewhere between." Despite this, Raimi wanted the conflict between Harry and Peter to be resolved by the end of Spider-Man 3. He also said that him suffering from amnesia in the first act, was a way to rekindle Harry's broken friendship with Peter.

## Appearances

### Spider-Man (2002)

Harry first appears riding with his father Norman Osborn in their limousine as Norman drops Harry off for a school field trip. The film establishes that Harry had flunked out of numerous private schools, forcing his enrollment at Midtown High School, and that Harry and Norman have a somewhat strained relationship. Upon seeing his best friend Peter Parker, Harry introduces him to his father, who immediately takes a liking to Peter, due to his intellect, to which Harry jokes that Norman wants to adopt him. Norman later attends their graduation and congratulates Harry, also taking time to console Peter for the loss of his uncle and warmly accepting him as a brother figure to Harry and thus a part of their family. At the same time, Harry notices that Mary Jane Watson, Peter's childhood crush, had broken up with her ex-boyfriend Flash Thompson.

Some time after the end of school, Harry and Peter live together in a large apartment bought by Norman. Harry starts a relationship with Mary Jane, initially without telling Peter, who later finds out from MJ that the two are dating but hides his disappointment. Harry and MJ have an important date at a fair sponsored by his father's company Oscorp, where the flaws of their relationship are shown: Harry wants to impress his father with MJ, and MJ is evidently not truly interested in him. The couple, along with the whole Oscorp board, are suddenly attacked by the Green Goblin, a homicidal criminal who, unbeknownst to Harry, is actually Norman with an insane second personality due to an experiment gone wrong. Harry attempts to save MJ from falling down from a terrace, but is knocked out by falling debris, and she is instead saved by Spider-Man.

On Thanksgiving, Harry tries again to present his girlfriend to his father during dinner with Peter and his Aunt May, but Norman, who discovers that Peter is Spider-Man, suddenly leaves in a hurry. Harry pleads with him to stay for dinner with him and Mary Jane, but Norman uncharacteristically insults MJ, ordering his son to dump her as soon as he is satisfied with her, and then storms off. Harry is saddened by the lack of attention by his father, and, to make it worse, MJ overhears Norman and calls him a creep, and an angry Harry defends him, saying that the "creep" was his father.

While Aunt May is in hospital after being attacked by the Goblin, Harry goes to visit her, but finds Peter and MJ getting intimate with each other. With his feelings hurt, Harry goes to his father, telling him he was right about everything, MJ included, and unwittingly reveals to the Goblin Spider-Man's true weakness: Mary Jane. The Green Goblin uses this to bait Spider-Man into another fight by kidnapping MJ, but is killed by his own glider after attempting to kill Spider-Man. Following Norman's last wish to not let Harry know about his villainous split-personality, Spider-Man removes the Goblin's costume and returns Norman's body to the Osborn mansion, but Harry walks in. Distraught and mistakenly assuming it was Spider-Man who killed Norman, Harry tries to shoot the hero, but Spider-Man vanishes.

During Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance towards Spider-Man, but expresses his gratitude that Peter is the only family he has left.

### Spider-Man 2 (2004)

Two years after Norman's death, Harry takes over Oscorp. He remains good friends with Peter but still harbours animosity towards Spider-Man, and at Peter's birthday party, offers to introduce Peter to his idol, renowned scientist, Dr. Otto Octavius, whose research Harry is funding. Peter is, however, still fearful of how delicate his friendship with Harry has become because of Harry's vendetta against his alter-ego.

Harry provides Octavius with tritium, a very rare form of hydrogen which Octavius needs for his nuclear fusion experiment. If the experiment succeeds, Oscorp would gain the rights on a new kind of energy source, making it one of the most important, powerful and rich energy companies in the world. However, during a live demonstration of the fusion, the experiment fails and despite Harry's warnings Otto refuses to shut down the machine and the resulting explosion permanently attaches four extendable robotic arms onto Octavius, who is taken to the hospital and later escapes, becoming the villainous "Doctor Octopus". Emotionally destroyed by the failure, Harry starts drinking heavily and focuses his anger onto Spider-Man. During a party, Harry gets drunk and starts lashing out at Peter, resenting him for being his father's favorite, accusing him of protecting Spider-Man for the profit of taking Spider-Man's newspaper photos and for "stealing" Mary Jane. During the argument, Harry slaps Peter, humiliating them both in public.

His hatred towards Spider-Man goes so far that, when Doctor Octopus arrives at his penthouse demanding more tritium, he makes a deal with him: the tritium in exchange of Spider-Man's capture. When Doc Ock asks him how can he find the hero, Harry instructs him to use Peter Parker, who takes pictures of Spider-Man. After kidnapping Mary Jane and a long battle, Octavius delivers Spider-Man to Harry and leaves with his tritium. Armed with a dagger, Harry then proceeds to unmask the hero. He is shocked when he realized that his worst enemy was actually his best friend, but he reveals Doc Ock's whereabouts to Peter, who leaves to rescue Mary Jane.

Still in shock, Harry sees visions of his father's ghost, who encourages his revenge towards Peter Parker/Spider-Man. Harry is reluctant to hurt his friend and struggles against Norman's will, trying to make the ghost go away; throwing a knife through the mirror in which Norman appears, Harry shatters it and discovers the Green Goblin's secret hideout, with all his weaponry and equipment. Now, Harry has both the motives and the tools for his revenge. Harry is later seen at Mary Jane and John Jameson 's botched wedding as a guest.

### Spider-Man 3 (2007)

Following a year, Harry brushes off Peter's attempts to talk to him and explain the truth of Norman's death. He eventually opts to use a refined version of his father's performance-enhancing formula, utilizing his father's equipment as well. After Peter leaves a date with Mary Jane, Harry ambushes him as the New Goblin, intent on exacting revenge for his father's death. During their confrontation, Peter tells Harry the truth about Norman's death, but Harry refuses to believe it. Battling in an alley, Peter entraps Harry and knocks him out, impairing part of his memory. Recovering in the hospital, Harry–vaguely suffering from amnesia –forgets everything about his vendetta and Spider-Man. He also re-embraces Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends, seemingly with his life finally at peace. Harry, having forgotten taking the Goblin Serum, is surprised by his enhanced physical capacities, such as his incredibly sharp reflexes. However, despite Harry's relief, Peter does not tell him about the true nature of Norman's demise.

When Peter is overtaken by an alien symbiote which affects his personality and thus starts distancing himself from his friends to focus on his late uncle's recently revealed killer, Mary Jane is depressed over her lost acting career and finds solace with Harry. Harry welcomes her into his home and they bond with each other, seemingly becoming closer than their previous dating relationship. After she unwittingly kisses him and rushes away regretting it, the sudden surge of familiar stress unlocks Harry's memories and restored his vendetta. Again haunted by visions of his father, who gives him advice on emotional war, Harry decides to hurt Peter through Mary Jane by forcing her to break up with Peter, leaving Peter heartbroken. Later, Harry encounters Peter in a café and declares to him that he is MJ's new boyfriend. Realizing Harry's plot against him, Peter goes to the Osborn mansion, now armed with the aggression-inducing symbiote costume, and a new hatred for his old best friend, engaging Harry in a brutal fist-fight. Harry is defeated and insulted by Peter, who spitefully mocks his relationship with his father, and when he tries to hit Peter with a pumpkin bomb, Peter effortlessly slings the bomb back at his face and leaves, turning his back on the completely defeated Harry.

After Peter realizes the symbiote's effects on him and his relationships, he gets rid of the suit, only for it to fall onto his rival at the Daily Bugle, Eddie Brock, and create a new enemy, Venom. Peter pleads with Harry for help when Venom and Sandman kidnap Mary Jane, but a broken-spirited Harry, whose face is disfigured at the right half from the bomb, refuses and Peter leaves. As Spider-Man takes on the two villains alone, Harry's butler reveals to him that while cleaning Norman's corpse, he discovered that Norman's death was a result of his own weaponry and not due to Spider-Man, but kept it a secret all these years; realizing Peter's story is true, Harry relents and comes to his old friend's aid just as Sandman is about to kill Spider-Man. Harry and Peter prove to be a formidable team and defeat Sandman in addition to saving Mary Jane. Venom proves to be more of a challenge, and as he prepares to impale Peter with Harry's glider, Harry takes the blade for Peter and is tossed aside, falling dozens of stories below. Peter finally manages to defeat Venom, and after coming to a truce and understanding with Sandman, finds a mortally wounded Harry down below with Mary Jane. Peter expresses remorse for hurting Harry, but the latter forgives him and the two reconcile before Harry dies with Peter and Mary Jane at his side. Peter and Mary Jane cry over Harry's death. Both of them attend his funeral, with Peter staying there more than any other mourner, in a state of grief for his best friend's death.

### Alternate universe

After Peter is temporarily transported to an alternate reality nineteen years after Harrys death, during the events of the Marvel Studios film Spider-Man: No Way Home, he reveals to Ned Leeds that Harry, his best friend, "died in his arms after trying to kill him" when he asks Peter if he had a best friend. An alternate version of Harry's father Norman Osborn (from a point prior to his death), who is also transported to this universe, tells that universe's May Parker and Peter Parker that Oscorp doesn't exist and is feeling uneasy about his son not existing in the universe either.

## In other media

### Television

- The character also appears in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, an animated television series which serves as a loose alternate continuation of the first Spider-Man film. Harry attends Empire State University with Peter and Mary Jane, retaining his desire for revenge on Spider-Man as he believes he caused his father's death although unlike in the progression of the films, he eventually forgives and warms up to the hero and even helps him stop Lizard and Electro. He is voiced by Ian Ziering in the series.

### Video games

- Harry appears in all three video game adaptations of the films. He is voiced by Josh Keaton in the first and second games, and by James Franco in the third game, which sees a good number of the film's cast also reprise their roles vocally. In the first game, Harry is playable, sporting his father's Green Goblin armor and equipment after his death, and has his own bonus storyline, in which he investigates a plot to take over Oscorp while battling another Goblin who claims to have been hired by Norman; Harry is unlocked by completing the game on at least "Hero" difficulty. In the third game, Harry, as the New Goblin, is playable only in the final mission of the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 versions, but was later released as downloadable content for both PlayStation Network and Xbox Live; he is also included in the Collectors Edition of the PlayStation 3 version, and is playable in the PC version via mods.

- This version of Harry Osborn appears in his New Goblin persona in Spider-Man: Friend or Foe, once again voiced by Josh Keaton. The game borrows character designs from the Spider-Man film trilogy, but the two properties are otherwise unrelated. Harry first appears in the opening cutscene, helping Spider-Man in a fight against his villains, including Harry's father, the Green Goblin. After the battle, the group is attacked by a swarm of P.H.A.N.T.O.M.s, and Harry and the villains are suddenly teleported elsewhere while Spider-Man is rescued by S.H.I.E.L.D. Harry makes no further appearances in the storyline, but is unlocked as a playable character once the player beats the game; alternatively, he can be unlocked earlier on by entering a special cheat code inside the Helicarrier.

## Reception and legacy

In the first two films, Harry's presence was noted as brooding by Anthony Lane of The New Yorker. His conversion from one of the film series' main protagonists into a villain in the third movie was met with generally favorable responses. His portrayal in Spider-Man 3 has been generally considered as a good conclusion to his arc and that Franco finally looked comfortable in his film role.

James Franco also received greater mainstream exposure for his portrayal of Harry Osborn in the film series, especially in Spider-Man 3, for which he received four award nominations.

### In popular culture

In the 2013 comedy film This Is the End, which also stars James Franco portraying a fictionalized version of himself, the main characters find a cardboard cutout of Harry Osborn/New Goblin as he appears in Spider-Man 3 in Franco's basement. In addition, the scene in which Harry relishes a slice of pie in Spider-Man 3 has gained meme popularity over the years.


Bratislav Pejčić

# Bratislav Pejčić

## Abstract

Bratislav Pejčić (Serbian Cyrillic: Братислав Пејчић, born 17 January 1983) is a Serbian former footballer. He played in a midfielder position.

## Career

### Early career

He started his career in FK Budućnost Banatski Dvor, who are now known as FK Banat Zrenjanin, with whom he spent about three and a half seasons. He then moved to FK Vlasina Vlasotince, who he played with for two and a half seasons, playing 100 times, and scoring six goals in the league. He also helped the new Second League members get to the Serbia and Montenegro Cup quarter-finals in 2004–05 season and to maintain their second tier (Second League of Serbia and Montenegro, later became Serbian First League) status in 2005, 2006 and 2007.

He then moved to Serbian League West, in a Serbian third tier outfit, FK Mladi Radnik Požarevac, and earned them a promotion to Serbian First League right away in the 2007–08 season. In the debut season in the Serbian First League in 2008–09, FK Mladi Radnik Požarevac achieved a third place and another consecutive promotion, this time to the highest rank, Serbian SuperLiga but it came out to be a short trip as they ended up in the last place in 2009–10 Serbian SuperLiga.

Meanwhile, in mid-season Pejčić joined FK Radnički Niš who also managed to get relegated, but from Serbian First League to Serbian League East. Pejčić managed to put in 14 appearances and scored one goal in that second half of the season, and even though Radnički Niš lost only one game in the spring under coach Aleksandar Ilić, they still got relegated due to the poor start in the first half of the season.

### FK Radnički Niš

#### 2010–11

Pejčić stayed a member and a friend of a wounded lion FK Radnički Niš, who has touched the lowest spots in its history for the second time in just couple of seasons, as they had to compete in 2010–11 Serbian League East again. Nevertheless, FK Radnički Niš walked over the third tier opponents easily and got ready to forget and never to have to remember the third Serbian tier.

#### 2011–12

And as fast as they got through the Serbian League East, next season proved to be even better. 2011–12 Serbian First League got conquered, even with three coaching changes, the last one happened to be Aleksandar Ilić again, and even though the financial troubles started to mount within the club, not for once did the FK Radnički Niš players let someone take over the first spot. Pejčić put in another great season, this time appearing 20 times and scoring three goals.After nine long seasons, southern Serbian giant has come back, and Pejčić's loyalty did not get forgotten.

#### 2012–13

Indeed, as expected, manager Aleksandar Ilić made numerous changes in the squad, as he finally had an opportunity to create the team himself, and not improvise with a sinking ship like he did before. Only select few got the opportunity to stay, as the manager made up a completely new team for the comeback 2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga season.

Pejčić was named captain of FK Radnički Niš. In the 2012-13 season, Pejčić made 26 appearances in the league, scoring 2 goals. He also played the entire 90 minutes of the 1/16 Serbian Cup clash with the Belgrade giants Red Star.

#### 2013-14

Pejčić made just 4 league appearances for FK Radnički Niš during the 2013-14 season, scoring 0 goals.

### FK Radnik Surdulica

Pejčić signed for Surdulica in 2014. In 5 years at the club, he has made over 100 appearances, scoring 1 goal in the league.

## Honours

- Serbian First League: 2014–15

- Serbian First League Winner (1): 2012 3rd Place (1): 2009

- Winner (1): 2012

- 3rd Place (1): 2009

- Serbian League West Winner (1): 2008

- Winner (1): 2008

- Serbian League East Winner (1): 2011

- Winner (1): 2011


Avior Airlines

# Avior Airlines

## Abstract

Avior Airlines C.A. (legally Aviones de Oriente C.A.) is an airline based in Barcelona, Venezuela. It operates scheduled and charter services within Venezuela and the southern Caribbean out of its main hub at Generál José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport. It is currently the largest private capital airline in Venezuela in terms of fleet, destinations and its more than 1,800 employees nationally and internationally.

## History

Founded by Jorge Luis Añez Dager and Rafael Ciarcia Walo, the airline was established as Avior Express, and started operations on June 30, 1995, initially using a single five-seat Cessna Skymaster for charter flights to Margarita Island and Canaima. It is fully owned by Jorge Añez Dager.

In 2009, Avior Airlines entered a temporary bankruptcy crisis, leading to the suspension of most of its routes as well as the sale of all of their 12 Beechcraft 1900D.

For 2012, Avior Airlines announced the creation of a new subsidiary, Avior Regional, that would cover the old routes suspended in 2009, as well as the purchase of 4 Boeing 737-400s for international flights. In 2013, the first of them arrived, as did the first Fokker 50 intended for Avior Regional. Due to delays in the process of getting the new airline certified by the National Institute of Civil Aviation, the Fokker 50 were employed by the parent company until mid-2015, when they were transferred to Avior Regional's fleet.

In 2015, Avior started an ambitious process of expanding its fleet and destinations, intending to encourage Venezuelan air connectivity, as a result of the reduction of flights from foreign airlines to the country, it is currently the Venezuelan airline with a greater number of destinations outside of Venezuelan territory.

On December 3, 2017, Avior was added to the list of airlines banned in the European Union, due to failing to meet the EU's safety requirements.

In December 2018, the company received the IOSA certification, which recognizes airlines' operational processes and control systems in terms of their safety.

## Destinations

As of April 2024, Avior Airlines flies to the following destinations:

## Fleet

### Current

As of February 2024, the Avior Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft:

### Former

Avior Airlines formerly operated the following aircraft:

## Accidents and incidents

- On July 15, 1998, a Beechcraft 1900D was hijacked by four armed masked hijackers during a domestic flight. The hijackers were among 22 people on board the aircraft, which was flying from Caracas to Barinas. The hijackers forced the plane to divert to a remote airstrip at a cattle ranch. The hijackers released the passengers and crew and took the plane to Colombia, where it was later recovered.

- On July 30, 1999, another Beechcraft 1900D (registered YV-466C) was hijacked, this time by three men and two women. The aircraft was flying from Caracas to Guasdualito, via Barinas. Coordinates were given to the flight crew and landed the plane in Arauca, Colombia.

- On January 7, 2009, a Boeing 737-200 (registered YV1360), flying from Oranjestad to Valencia, made an emergency landing after an engine fire was reported. The aircraft diverted to Simón Bolívar International Airport where the aircraft landed safely. All 81 occupants on board were uninjured.

- On October 31, 2014, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV2946) suffered a tire burst during takeoff at General José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport. The flight crew aborted the takeoff and the aircraft stopped with a burst and deflated tire on the left-hand main landing gear. None of the 144 occupants on board were injured.

- On March 3, 2018, a Boeing 737-400 flying from Barcelona to Guayaquil ran off the runway during landing at José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport. No injuries were reported and the aircraft suffered no structural damage. The causes of this inconvenience were mainly due to the wet track and the heavy rain that fell in the city.

- On November 22, 2019, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV3012) was servicing a flight between Valencia and Bogotá. Upon landing at El Dorado International Airport, its right main landing gear suffered a serious malfunction causing it to collapse, which led to an evacuation once the aircraft came to a halt.

- On December 6, 2019, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV3011) took off at 8AM flying from Lima to Caracas when it suffered a depressurization 45 minutes after takeoff. There were 133 passengers and 8 crew members on board. Some passengers suffered a lack of oxygen, including a six-month-old child. The aircraft had to make a sharp descent landing emergency in the city of Tarapoto, Peru. The airline enabled an aircraft to comply with the scheduled itinerary.


Austin Cindric

# Austin Cindric

## Abstract

Austin Louis Cindric (born September 2, 1998) is an American professional auto racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 2 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for Team Penske.

Prior to competing in stock cars, Cindric raced in a variety of disciplines including sports cars, the Road to Indy ladder, and the Global RallyCross Championship. His first NASCAR start came in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in 2015, and he finished third in that series' standings in 2017 before moving up to the Xfinity Series. He won the 2020 NASCAR Xfinity Series Championship and the 2022 Daytona 500.

## Racing career

### Early career

Cindric started his career in semi-professional legends car and Bandolero racing in North Carolina. After attending the Skip Barber Racing School to gain road racing experience, in 2013 and 2014 he raced in the U.S. F2000 National Championship. In 2013 he finished 17th in points driving for Andretti Autosport with a best finish of seventh in the season finale. In 2014 he switched teams to Pabst Racing Services, finishing 14th in points with a second-place podium finish on the oval at Lucas Oil Raceway. He also competed in Historic Sportscar Racing, winning a race in a Porsche 944.

In 2014, Cindric began competing in the Global RallyCross Championship Lites, winning the bronze medal in his debut at X Games Austin 2014. In October, he made his IMSA Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge debut for Racers Edge Motorsports at Road Atlanta with David Levine as co-driver, finishing 17th. During the year, he was named a member of the Porsche North American Junior Academy. In 2015, at age 17, Cindric competed in the Bathurst 12 Hour, the youngest driver to compete in the event, driving the No. 63 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG for Erebus Motorsport; he finished 21st overall and seventh in his class. He began competing full-time in the CTSCC in 2015, driving for Multimatic Motorsports with Jade Buford as co-driver. In July, he won the CTSCC race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, becoming the youngest (age 17) winner in the series.

In 2016, he drove the No. 6 McLaren for K-PAX Racing in the Pirelli World Challenge.

### Stock car racing

#### Regional and Camping World Truck Series

In July 2015, Cindric made his ARCA Racing Series debut at the #ThisIsMySpeedway 150 at Iowa Speedway, driving the No. 99 for Cunningham Motorsports; Cindric started and finished fourth in the race. He made his NASCAR debut in the Camping World Truck Series, driving the No. 29 Ford F-150 for Brad Keselowski Racing at Martinsville as a substitute for Austin Theriault who was still recovering from his injury at Las Vegas.

In addition to his Pirelli World Challenge schedule in 2016, he joined Martin-McClure Racing for two K&N Pro Series East events and Brad Keselowski Racing in the No. 2 F-150 at Dover International Speedway. His two K&N East starts resulted in victories at Virginia International Raceway and Watkins Glen International. Later in the year, he recorded his first ARCA win at Kentucky Speedway. That October, Cindric made his restrictor track debut at Talladega, finishing 20th. In November 2016, BKR announced Cindric would compete full-time in the Truck Series in 2017.

During the 2017 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season, he grabbed the pole for the season's lone road course race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park. Although he led the most laps that day, differing strategies saw Cindric behind Kaz Grala on the last lap. Cindric, on newer tires, made contact with Grala, causing the No. 33 to spin. Cindric went on to win and claim a playoff berth in team Brad Keselowski Racing 's final season. Grala claimed that he got run over, but Cindric marginalized his maneuver by calling it a "last resort" and claiming that it was justified by the need for a playoff spot. The move drew widespread criticism from other drivers, including Justin Allgaier and Christopher Bell. A week after the Mosport incident, Cindric made a Global Rallycross start in which he collided with Scott Speed coming out of a joker lap. That led to a verbal confrontation from Speed afterward and again drew the ire of the NASCAR community on social media.

#### Xfinity Series

In August 2017, Cindric joined Team Penske 's No. 22 car for the Xfinity Series race at Road America.

In 2018, Cindric ran the full Xfinity schedule, splitting time between three different Ford Mustangs: Penske's No. 12 and No. 22 Fords, and the No. 60 Ford of Roush Fenway Racing. Cindric got his first pole at Iowa in the season's 14th race, where his No. 22 car had a history of success, though he faded back to 11th in the race after finishing second in the first stage. He was involved in a violent crash in the Daytona race, in which he barrel-rolled twice in turn 2. In Cindric's last ride with the No. 60 Roush Fenway car at Darlington, he was turned by Ryan Truex exiting turn 4 on the third lap and spun out resulting in a 40th-place finish. The car, split between Cindric, Chase Briscoe, and Ty Majeski, attracted notoriety during the season for being involved in numerous accidents, ending the year with 28: 22 brought out a caution flag, six spins that did not produce a caution, and four wrecks during practice or qualifying.

On November 8, 2018, Team Penske announced that Cindric would compete full-time in their No. 22 Ford Mustang in 2019. MoneyLion was the primary sponsor for 18 races, part of a multi-year deal with the team.

In August 2019, Cindric scored his first career NXS wins with back-to-back road course victories at Watkins Glen and Mid-Ohio. He finished the 2019 season sixth in points after finishing seventh at Homestead.

Cindric scored his first oval victories in July 2020 at Kentucky Speedway, where he swept the weekend's Xfinity races Shady Rays 200 and Alsco 300. He was the first driver to win national series races at the same track on two consecutive days since Richard Petty in 1971. The victories began a seven-race stretch in which he won or finished second, including his third straight win at Texas Motor Speedway after Kyle Busch 's disqualification and back-to-back road course victories at Road America and the Daytona road course. He won the regular season championship with a tenth-place finish in the finale at Richmond, and entered the playoffs with five wins. Cindric won at Phoenix to win the championship. Cindric also led the non-playoff points standings and led all drivers in top fives (19) and top tens (26).

Cindric would return to the No. 22 Ford Mustang in 2021. Cindric took his first win of 2021 at Daytona in February, followed by additional victories at Phoenix, Dover, Pocono, and the Indianapolis Road Course. He led much of the regular season standings but finished runner-up in the regular-season finale at Bristol to A. J. Allmendinger when the two made contact coming to the finish and slid across the line.

Cindric lost the lead and the championship in turn 3 to Daniel Hemric on the last lap of Phoenix in 2021.

#### Cup Series

During the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ' 2019 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 weekend at Atlanta Motor Speedway, Cindric replaced Brad Keselowski for final practice as Keselowski was experiencing flu-like symptoms. Cindric remained on standby for the race, but Keselowski ran the full event and went on to win. In September, Cindric once again served as a practice substitute driver, this time for Michael McDowell at the Bank of America Roval 400 while McDowell was being treated for a kidney stone.

In October 2020, Team Penske announced Cindric would begin racing in the Cup Series in 2021 on a part-time basis before moving to up to the series full-time in 2022 in the Wood Brothers Racing No. 21, replacing Matt DiBenedetto. He would run his part-time schedule in the Cup Series in a part-time fourth car for Penske, the No. 33. Cindric's first Cup Series start came in the 2021 Daytona 500, where he finished 15th after being involved in a fiery last-lap crash. He led laps at Circuit of the Americas and Road America, and scored his first Cup top ten at Indianapolis when he finished ninth.

On July 15, 2021, Team Penske announced Cindric would instead drive the team's No. 2 car in 2022, replacing Brad Keselowski as he left to become the driver of the No. 6 car for Roush Fenway Racing as well as a co-owner of the team, which was renamed RFK Racing.

On February 20, 2022, Cindric won the 2022 Daytona 500 in his first full-time Cup Series season driving for Team Penske. It was only his eighth Cup Series start. Cindric became the ninth driver to win his first Cup Series race in the Daytona 500. At the age of 23, Cindric also became the second-youngest driver in NASCAR history to win the Daytona 500. It was the third Daytona 500 win for Team Penske, who previously won the 2008 race with Ryan Newman, driving the No. 12 car and the 2015 race with Joey Logano, driving the No. 22 car. It was also the first Daytona 500 win for Team Penske's flagship No. 2 car. The following week, Cindric won the pole at the Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, California and finished 12th. As a result of that finish, Cindric led the points again for two weeks in a row, becoming the second rookie in NASCAR history (after Jimmie Johnson) to lead the NASCAR Cup Series points standings in consecutive weeks. On July 20, crew chief Jeremy Bullins was suspended for four races due to a tire and wheel loss during the 2022 Ambetter 301 at Loudon. Cindric was eliminated in the Round of 12 after finishing 21st at the Charlotte Roval. He finished the season 12th in the points standings and won the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors.

Cindric started the 2024 season with a 22nd place finish at the 2024 Daytona 500. He scored his second career win at Gateway after Christopher Bell lost an engine and Ryan Blaney ran out of gas, breaking an 85-race winless streak.

## Personal life

He is the son of Team Penske president Tim Cindric and the grandson of former IndyCar team owner and Red Roof Inn founder Jim Trueman. Cindric graduated from Cannon School on May 18, 2017, hours before he competed in the Truck Series race at the nearby Charlotte Motor Speedway.

## Racing record

### American Open-Wheel racing results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

### Stock car career summary

As Cindric was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points.

### NASCAR

(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Cup Series

#### Camping World Truck Series

Season still in progress Ineligible for series points

### ARCA Racing Series

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

### Complete Global Rallycross Championship results

(key)

### Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)


Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps

# Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps

## Abstract

Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps is a CGI preschool animated children's television series and the successor of the Angelina Ballerina television series from 2001 to 2006; both series are in turn based on the Angelina Ballerina series of children's books by author Katharine Holabird and illustrator Helen Craig. The series first aired on 5 September 2009 on PBS Kids in the United States.

The Next Steps is different from the first TV series as it uses CGI animation. The series features songs with music by Mark Sayer-Wade, Scott Erickson and Mark Williamson and lyrics by Judy Rothman, Williamson and Erickson, as well as several songs written and arranged by Barney & Friends composer, Joseph K. Phillips.

## Overview

The series celebrates music and songs and brings to life many forms of dance for Angelina including ballet, tap dancing, jazz, classical, and ethnic. As a ballerina, Angelina's life revolves around dancing, singing and performance, family, friends, friendship, and following her dreams. This series sees 8-year-old Angelina and her family move to the other side of Chipping Cheddar to attend a performing arts school called Camembert Academy. It features the debut of Ms. Mimi, Angelina's new teacher and new friends like Viki, Marco, Gracie, and A.J., as well as her best friend Alice who joins Camembert Academy.

## Characters

### Main

- Angelina Mouseling (voiced by Charlotte Spencer) is the protagonist of the series. She is a feisty, cheerful and happy-go-lucky mouseling who still dreams to become a prima ballerina. She is now 8 and a student at Camembert Academy. Her catchphrases are "Absolutely, positively!", "Really truly!", "Stupendous!", "Follow your dreams!", "Let's dance!", "Get up and dance!", "I'm Angelina Ballerina!", "Hoop-dee-doo!", and "Hooray!"

- Polly Mouseling (voiced by Leah Zabari) is Angelina's 4-year-old sister. Polly is an eager Mouseling whenever Angelina takes the time to show her some of the basics of ballet. When there are steps she cannot copy them, Polly is happy to make up her own, much to Angelina's dismay. Her catchphrase is "I love you, Angelina!"

- Mr. Maurice Mouseling (voiced by Simon Mattacks) is Angelina and Polly's father. He works as a reporter for the Mouseland Herald and keeps his finger on the pulse of the happenings in Chipping Cheddar. In the episode "Angelina and the Marcel Mouseau Mime Challenge", it is revealed that Mr. Mouseling was a drummer in a rock band.

- Mrs. Matilda Mouseling (voiced by Emma Tate) is Angelina and Polly's mother. Supportive yet firm, she provides the voice of reason the young starlet Angelina needs. In the episode "Angelina's Fancy Tutu", it is revealed that she was once a ballerina.

- Mrs. Thimble (voiced by Beverley Klein) is the owner of the sweets store next door to Mr. Mouseling's music store. She is an elderly mouseling with grey fur and wears a lavender dress with black dots and a bead collar, a white apron, a gold watch, green shoes, and glasses.

- Ms. Mimi (voiced by Emma Tate in the UK and Larrisa Murray in the US) is the head teacher at Camembert Academy and is everyone's role model. She is modern, young, fun, warm, and caring. She adores little mouselings as much as they adore her, and loves to inspire them with her own vivid imagination. Her catchphrase is "Bravo, students! Marvelous music and dancing!"

- Alice Nimbletoes (voiced by Rachael Miller in the UK and by Naomi McDonald in the US) is Angelina's best friend and an aspiring gymnast. She is optimistic, enthusiastic, feisty, cheerful, happy-go-lucky, and always up for a new adventure. Kind, innocent, and with a heart of gold, Alice is a bit forgetful, but she will try harder than everybody else. Her catchphrases are "Ooooh...it's the best fun ever!", "Knock, knock, who's there?", "Follow your dreams!", "Let's dance!", "Get up and dance!", "Hoop-dee-doo!", and "Hooray!"

- Gracie (voiced by Charlie Cameron in the UK and by Jo Wyatt in the US, who was also a voice actress in the original Angelina Ballerina series) is often Angelina's French rival and friend who is meticulous and a tad self-absorbed, and has shown to be a teacher's pet in order to get Ms. Mimi's attentions. Like Angelina, Gracie loves being the star of the show but often uses those occasions to brag. Nonetheless, Angelina knows Gracie is a very kind-hearted friend, and the competition keeps Angelina on her toes. Her catchphrase is "I can do it perfectly!"

- Viki (voiced by Emily Dormer in UK dub and Jules de Jongh in US dub) is an exciting friend for Angelina at Camembert Academy. She loves ethnic and unusual forms of dance, and she will be the first to try anything new. She is an Irish music lover and a great bass player. She likes standing out from the crowd and doing things her own way. Her catchphrase is "So amazing!"

- Marco (voiced by Louis Williams in the UK and Jules de Jongh in the US) is a Latin American student from the exotic tropical country of Costa Mousa. Marco likes to play and hear music. Besides loving music, he is also wildly enthusiastic about sports, especially soccer. Marco has taught himself to play multiple instruments, and his favorite musical instrument is the conga drums. A helpful mouseling, Marco sometimes gets into jams due to Angelina's big ideas. He is also a great drummer. His catchphrase is "I just thought of a great rhythm!"

- A.J. (A.Z. in the US version) (voiced by Lizzie Waterworth-Santo in UK dub and Larrisa Murray in US dub) is an American hip-hop student. He knows about the latest culture phenomenon, such as the latest handshake, line dance, and cheese du jour. His catchphrase is "A.J. Mouse is in the house!"

## Episodes


# List of Detroit Lions starting quarterbacks

## Abstract

These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League. They are listed in order of the date of each player's first start at quarterback for the Lions. Since the beginning of the 2021 season, their starting quarterback has been Jared Goff.

## Regular season

The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

## Team Career Passing Records

Through the 2024 NFL Regular Season

## Team Career Win / Loss Record

Through the 2024 NFL regular season


Yelena Godina

# Yelena Godina

## Abstract

Yelena Mikhailovna Godina (Russian: Елена Михайловна Година) (born 17 September 1977) is a Russian former volleyball player, who was a member of the national team that won the gold medal at 2006 Volleyball World Championship in Japan and the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as the 2004 FIVB World Grand Prix.

## Honours

- 1998 World Championship – 3rd place

- 1999 World Cup – 2nd place

- 2000 Olympic Games – 2nd place

- 2002 World Championship – 3rd place

- 2006 World Championship – 1st place

- 2008 Olympic Games – 6th place

## Individual awards

- 1999 FIVB World Grand Prix "Best blocker"

- 2006 World Championship "Best server"


List of power pop artists and songs

# List of power pop artists and songs

## Abstract

Power pop is a music genre which is a more aggressive form of pop rock. Although its mainstream success peaked in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the genre continues to influence new artists.

The following list is divided in two sections. The first section includes notable power pop bands and solo artists, while the second section includes power pop songs by power pop artists, as well as power pop songs by artists whose main music genre is not power pop. Solo artists are listed alphabetically by last name, and groups are listed alphabetically by the first letter (not including the article "the").

## Artists

### 0–9

- 5 Seconds of Summer

- 20/20

- The 88

### A

- The Academy Is...

- Admiral Twin

- Andrew W.K.

- Artist vs. Poet

- Ash

- Jon Auer

### B

- Badfinger

- The Bangles

- The Barracudas

- Stiv Bators

- Bay City Rollers

- The Beat

- Beathoven

- Chris Bell

- Ben Folds Five

- Brendan Benson

- The Beths

- Big Star

- Bleu

- Blink-182

- ≈ Blondie

- Blue Ash

- The Bongos

- Boston

- The Boys

- The Breakaways

- Busted

### C

- ≈ The Cars

- Cavedogs

- Cheap Girls

- ≈ Cheap Trick

- Alex Chilton

- The Click Five

- Paul Collins

- Cotton Mather

- Marshall Crenshaw

- The Cretones

- Mikal Cronin

### D

- The Dandy Warhols

- The dB's

- Dirty Looks

- Donnie Iris and the Cruisers

- Doughboys

- Dwight Twilley Band

### E

- Earth Quake

- Dave Edmunds

- Enuff Z'Nuff

- The Exploding Hearts

### F

- Fall Out Boy

- Chris Farren

- The Feeling

- Flamin' Groovies

- Flop

- Fotomaker

- Fountains of Wayne

- The Furys

- Fuzzbubble

### G

- Game Theory

- Gigolo Aunts

- Gin Blossoms

- ≈ The Go-Go's

- Good Charlotte

- Nina Gordon

- Great Buildings

- Green

- The Greenberry Woods

### H

- Pete Ham

- Hawks

- Head Automatica

- Hellogoodbye

- Hoodoo Gurus

- Hudson Brothers

### I

- I Fight Dragons

- Ima Robot

- The Individuals

- The Innocents

- Donnie Iris

### J

- The Jags

- The Jam

- Jellyfish

- Jimmy Eat World

- Jonas Brothers

### K

- Kaiser Chiefs

- Katrina and the Waves

- Tommy Keene

- Greg Kihn

- The Knack

### L

- L.E.O.

- The Last

- Avril Lavigne

- Let's Active

- Lost Patrol

- The Loud Family

- Demi Lovato

- Nick Lowe

- Luxury

### M

- Chris Mars

- Material Issue

- Maxïmo Park

- The Mayflies USA

- McFly

- The Merrymakers

- The Mice

- Milk 'N' Cookies

- Morningwood

- Motion City Soundtrack

- Bob Mould

- Myracle Brah

### N

- Nazz

- The Nerves

- The New Pornographers

- Nikki & the Corvettes

### O

- Off Broadway

- OK Go

- Old 97's

- One Direction

- The Only Ones

- The Outfield

### P

- Paramore

- The Paley Brothers

- Peachcake

- Pezband

- Phantom Planet

- The Plimsouls

- The Posies

- Puffy AmiYumi

- Punchbuggy

- The Pursuit of Happiness

### Q

- The Quick

### R

- The Raspberries

- The Records

- Redd Kross

- Emitt Rhodes

- Ridel High

- Robin Lane & the Chartbusters

- Rockpile

- The Romantics

- Rooney

- The Rubinoos

- ≈ Todd Rundgren

### S

- Adam Schmitt

- The Scruffs

- The Semantics

- Sex Clark Five

- Phil Seymour

- The Shins

- Shoes

- The Sidewinders

- Silver Sun

- Simple Plan

- Sloan

- The Smithereens

- The Sneetches

- The Someloves

- The Speedies

- The Spongetones

- Rick Springfield

- Squeeze

- Chris Stamey

- The Starjets

- Starz

- Sugar

- The Summer Set

- Sunnyboys

- Superdrag

- Matthew Sweet

### T

- ≈ Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

- Teenage Fanclub

- Tinted Windows

- Tommy Tutone

- The Tourists

- Tsar

- Dwight Twilley

- Two Hours Traffic

### U

- Universal Honey

- Utopia

### V

- Valley Lodge

- The Vapors

- Velvet Crush

- Kyle Vincent

- Mike Viola

- Chris Von Sneidern

- The Voodoo Jets

### W

- Waterparks

- Weezer

- The Wellingtons

- White Reaper

- ≈ The Who

- The Windbreakers

- The Wondermints

### X

- XTC

### Y

- Yachts

### Z

- Zumpano


Riftia

# Riftia

## Abstract

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

Its common name "giant tube worm" is, however, also applied to the largest living species of shipworm, Kuphus polythalamius, which despite the name "worm", is a bivalve mollusc rather than an annelid.

## Discovery

R. pachyptila was discovered in 1977 on an expedition of the American bathyscaphe DSV Alvin to the Galápagos Rift led by geologist Jack Corliss. The discovery was unexpected, as the team was studying hydrothermal vents and no biologists were included in the expedition. Many of the species found living near hydrothermal vents during this expedition had never been seen before.

At the time, the presence of thermal springs near the midoceanic ridges was known. Further research uncovered aquatic life in the area, despite the high temperature (around 350–380 °C).

Many samples were collected, including bivalves, polychaetes, large crabs, and R. pachyptila. It was the first time that species was observed.

## Development

R. pachyptila develops from a free-swimming, pelagic, nonsymbiotic trochophore larva, which enters juvenile (metatrochophore) development, becoming sessile, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the trophosome, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.

## Body structure

Isolating the vermiform body from white chitinous tube, a small difference exists from the classic three subdivisions typical of phylum Pogonophora: the prosoma, the mesosoma, and the metasoma.

The first body region is the vascularized branchial plume, which is bright red due to the presence of hemoglobin that contain up to 144 globin chains (each presumably including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for carrying oxygen in the presence of sulfide, without being inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are. The plume provides essential nutrients to bacteria living inside the trophosome. If the animal perceives a threat or is touched, it retracts the plume and the tube is closed due to the obturaculum, a particular operculum that protects and isolates the animal from the external environment.

The second body region is the vestimentum, formed by muscle bands, having a winged shape, and it presents the two genital openings at the end. The heart, extended portion of dorsal vessel, enclose the vestimentum.

In the middle part, the trunk or third body region, is full of vascularized solid tissue, and includes body wall, gonads, and the coelomic cavity. Here is located also the trophosome, spongy tissue where a billion symbiotic, thioautotrophic bacteria and sulfur granules are found. Since the mouth, digestive system, and anus are missing, the survival of R. pachyptila is dependent on this mutualistic symbiosis. This process, known as chemosynthesis, was recognized within the trophosome by Colleen Cavanaugh.

The soluble hemoglobins, present in the tentacles, are able to bind O and H S, which are necessary for chemosynthetic bacteria. Due to the capillaries, these compounds are absorbed by bacteria. During the chemosynthesis, the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanase catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of the thiosulfate anion S O to sulfur S and sulfite SO. The R. pachyptila ’s bloodstream is responsible for absorption of the O and nutrients such as carbohydrates.

Nitrate and nitrite are toxic, but are required for biosynthetic processes. The chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome convert nitrate to ammonium ions, which then are available for production of amino acids in the bacteria, which are in turn released to the tube worm. To transport nitrate to the bacteria, R. pachyptila concentrates nitrate in its blood, to a concentration 100 times more concentrated than the surrounding water. The exact mechanism of R. pachyptila ’s ability to withstand and concentrate nitrate is still unknown.

In the posterior part, the fourth body region, is the opistosome, which anchors the animal to the tube and is used for the storage of waste from bacterial reactions.

## Symbiosis

The discovery of bacterial invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbiosis, particularly in vestimentiferan tubeworms R. pachyptila and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels revealed the chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm. Scientists discovered a remarkable source of nutrition that helps to sustain the conspicuous biomass of invertebrates at vents. Many studies focusing on this type of symbiosis revealed the presence of chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria mainly in R. pachyptila, which inhabits extreme environments and is adapted to the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters. This special environment is filled with inorganic metabolites, essentially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In its adult phase, R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the trophosome, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The trophosome is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom. It retains a large number of bacteria on the order of 10 bacteria per gram of fresh weight. Bacteria in the trophosome are retained inside bacteriocytes, thereby having no contact with the external environment. Thus, they rely on R. pachyptila for the assimilation of nutrients needed for the array of metabolic reactions they employ and for the excretion of waste products of carbon fixation pathways. At the same time, the tube worm depends completely on the microorganisms for the byproducts of their carbon fixation cycles that are needed for its growth.

Initial evidence for a chemoautotrophic symbiosis in R. pachyptila came from microscopic and biochemical analyses showing Gram-negative bacteria packed within a highly vascularized organ in the tubeworm trunk called the trophosome. Additional analyses involving stable isotope, enzymatic, and physiological characterizations confirmed that the end symbionts of R. pachyptila oxidize reduced-sulfur compounds to synthesize ATP for use in autotrophic carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle. The host tubeworm enables the uptake and transport of the substrates required for thioautotrophy, which are HS, O, and CO, receiving back a portion of the organic matter synthesized by the symbiont population. The adult tubeworm, given its inability to feed on particulate matter and its entire dependency on its symbionts for nutrition, the bacterial population is then the primary source of carbon acquisition for the symbiosis. Discovery of bacterial–invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbioses, initially in vestimentiferan tubeworms and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels, pointed to an even more remarkable source of nutrition sustaining the invertebrates at ].

## Endosymbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria

A wide range of bacterial diversity is associated with symbiotic relationships with R. pachyptila. Many bacteria belong to the phylum Campylobacterota (formerly class Epsilonproteobacteria) as supported by the recent discovery in 2016 of the new species Sulfurovum riftiae belonging to the phylum Campylobacterota, family Helicobacteraceae isolated from R. pachyptila collected from the East Pacific Rise. Other symbionts belong to the class Delta -, Alpha - and Gammaproteobacteria. The Candidatus Endoriftia persephone (Gammaproteobacteria) is a facultative R. pachyptila symbiont and has been shown to be a mixotroph, thereby exploiting both Calvin Benson cycle and reverse TCA cycle (with an unusual ATP citrate lyase) according to availability of carbon resources and whether it is free living in the environment or inside a eukaryotic host. The bacteria apparently prefer a heterotrophic lifestyle when carbon sources are available.

Evidence based on 16S rRNA analysis affirms that R. pachyptila chemoautotrophic bacteria belong to two different clades: Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota (e.g. Sulfurovum riftiae) that get energy from the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H S, HS, S) to synthesize ATP for carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle. Unfortunately, most of these bacteria are still uncultivable. Symbiosis works so that R. pachyptila provides nutrients such as HS, O, CO to bacteria, and in turn it receives organic matter from them. Thus, because of lack of a digestive system, R. pachyptila depends entirely on its bacterial symbiont to survive.

In the first step of sulfide-oxidation, reduced sulfur (HS) passes from the external environment into R. pachyptila blood, where, together with O, it is bound by hemoglobin, forming the complex Hb-O -HS and then it is transported to the trophosome, where bacterial symbionts reside. Here, HS is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S) or to sulfite (SO).

In the second step, the symbionts make sulfite-oxidation by the "APS pathway", to get ATP. In this biochemical pathway, AMP reacts with sulfite in the presence of the enzyme APS reductase, giving APS (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). Then, APS reacts with the enzyme ATP sulfurylase in presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) giving ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and sulfate (SO) as end products. In formulas:

- AMP + SO 3 2 − → A P S r e d u c t a s e APS {\displaystyle {\ce {AMP + SO3^2- -> APS}}}

- APS + PPi → A T P s u l f u r y l a s e ATP + SO 4 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {APS + PPi -> ATP + SO4^2-}}}

The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO fixation in Calvin cycle, whose presence has been demonstrated by the presence of two key enzymes of this pathway: phosphoribulokinase and RubisCO.

To support this unusual metabolism, R. pachyptila has to absorb all the substances necessary for both sulfide-oxidation and carbon fixation, that is: HS, O and CO and other fundamental bacterial nutrients such as N and P. This means that the tubeworm must be able to access both oxic and anoxic areas.

Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds requires the presence of oxidized reagents such as oxygen and nitrate. Hydrothermal vents are characterized by conditions of high hypoxia. In hypoxic conditions, sulfur -storing organisms start producing hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the production of in H S in anaerobic conditions is common among thiotrophic symbiosis. H S can be damaging for some physiological processes as it inhibits the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, consequentially impairing oxidative phosphorylation. In R. pachyptila the production of hydrogen sulfide starts after 24h of hypoxia. In order to avoid physiological damage some animals, including Riftia pachyptila are able to bind H S to haemoglobin in the blood to eventually expel it in the surrounding environment.

## Carbon fixation and organic carbon assimilation

Unlike metazoans, which respire carbon dioxide as a waste product, R. pachyptila -symbiont association has a demand for a net uptake of CO instead, as a cnidarian -symbiont associations. Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of bicarbonate HCO, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater alkaline pH and the high solubility of CO, yet the pCO of the blood of R. pachyptila may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO of deep-sea water.

CO partial pressures are transferred to the vicinity of vent fluids due to the enriched inorganic carbon content of vent fluids and their lower pH. CO uptake in the worm is enhanced by the higher pH of its blood (7.3–7.4), which favors the bicarbonate ion and thus promotes a steep gradient across which CO diffuses into the vascular blood of the plume. The facilitation of CO uptake by high environmental pCO was first inferred based on measures of elevated blood and coelomic fluid pCO in tubeworms, and was subsequently demonstrated through incubations of intact animals under various pCO conditions.

Once CO is fixed by the symbionts, it must be assimilated by the host tissues. The supply of fixed carbon to the host is transported via organic molecules from the trophosome in the hemolymph, but the relative importance of translocation and symbiont digestion is not yet known. Studies proved that within 15 min, the label first appears in symbiont-free host tissues, and that indicates a significant amount of release of organic carbon immediately after fixation. After 24 h, labeled carbon is clearly evident in the epidermal tissues of the body wall. Results of the pulse-chase autoradiographic experiments were also evident with ultrastructural evidence for digestion of symbionts in the peripheral regions of the trophosome lobules.

## Sulfide acquisition

In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide and oxygen are present in different areas. Indeed, the reducing fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, or totally, oxidized sulfur compounds like thiosulfate (S O) and ultimately sulfate (SO), respectively less, or no longer, usable for microbial oxidation metabolism. This causes the substrates to be less available for microbial activity, thus bacteria are constricted to compete with oxygen to get their nutrients. In order to avoid this issue, several microbes have evolved to make symbiosis with eukaryotic hosts. In fact, R. pachyptila is able to cover the oxic and anoxic areas to get both sulfide and oxygen thanks to its hemoglobin that can bind sulfide reversibly and apart from oxygen by functional binding sites determined to be zinc ions embedded in the A2 chains of the hemoglobins. and then transport it to the trophosome, where bacterial metabolism can occur. It has also been suggested that cysteine residues are involved in this process.

## Symbiont acquisition

The acquisition of a symbiont by a host can occur in these ways:

- Environmental transfer (symbiont acquired from a free-living population in the environment)

- Vertical transfer (parents transfer symbiont to offspring via eggs)

- Horizontal transfer (hosts that share the same environment)

Evidence suggests that R. pachyptila acquires its symbionts through its environment. In fact, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that vestimentiferan tubeworms belonging to three different genera: Riftia, Oasisia, and Tevnia, share the same bacterial symbiont phylotype.

This proves that R. pachyptila takes its symbionts from a free-living bacterial population in the environment. Other studies also support this thesis, because analyzing R. pachyptila eggs, 16S rRNA belonging to the symbiont was not found, showing that the bacterial symbiont is not transmitted by vertical transfer.

Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a R. pachyptila symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the fliC gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (flagellin) required for flagellum synthesis. Analysis showed that R. pachyptila symbiont has at least one gene needed for flagellum synthesis. Hence, the question arose as to the purpose of the flagellum. Flagellar motility would be useless for a bacterial symbiont transmitted vertically, but if the symbiont came from the external environment, then a flagellum would be essential to reach the host organism and to colonize it. Indeed, several symbionts use this method to colonize eukaryotic hosts.

Thus, these results confirm the environmental transfer of R. pachyptila symbiont.

## Reproduction

R. pachyptila is a dioecious vestimentiferan. Individuals of this species are sessile and are found clustered together around deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift. The size of a patch of individuals surrounding a vent is within the scale of tens of metres.

The male's spermatozoa are thread-shaped and are composed of three distinct regions: the acrosome (6 μm), the nucleus (26 μm) and the tail (98 μm). Thus, the single spermatozoa is about 130 μm long overall, with a diameter of 0.7 μm, which becomes narrower near the tail area, reaching 0.2 μm. The sperm is arranged into an agglomeration of around 340-350 individual spermatozoa that create a torch-like shape. The cup part is made up of acrosomes and nucleus, while the handle is made up by the tails. The spermatozoa in the package are held together by fibrils. Fibrils also coat the package itself to ensure cohesion.

The large ovaries of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as: oogonia, oocytes, and follicular cells. When the oocytes mature, they acquire protein and lipid yolk granules.

Males release their sperm into sea water. While the released agglomerations of spermatozoa, referred to as spermatozeugmata, do not remain intact for more than 30 seconds in laboratory conditions, they may maintain integrity for longer periods of time in specific hydrothermal vent conditions. Usually, the spermatozeugmata swim into the female's tube. Movement of the cluster is conferred by the collective action of each spermatozoon moving independently. Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally, fertilization in R. pachyptila is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the oviducts, it should be defined as internal-external.

R. pachyptila is completely dependent on the production of volcanic gases and the presence of sulfide -oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, its metapopulation distribution is profoundly linked to volcanic and tectonic activity that create active hydrothermal vent sites with a patchy and ephemeral distribution. The distance between active sites along a rift or adjacent segments can be very high, reaching hundreds of km. This raises the question regarding larval dispersal. R. pachytpila is capable of larval dispersal across distances of 100 to 200 km and cultured larvae show to be viable for 38 days. Though dispersal is considered to be effective, the genetic variability observed in R. pachyptila metapopulation is low compared to other vent species. This may be due to high extinction events and colonization events, as R. pachyptila is one of the first species to colonize a new active site.

The endosymbionts of R. pachyptila are not passed to the fertilized eggs during spawning, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm. R. pachyptila planktonic larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trophocores. The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a ciliated opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are phaghocytized by epithelial cells found in the midgut are then retained. Bacteria that do not represent possible endosymbionts are digested. This raises questions as to how R. pachyptila manages to discern between essential and nonessential bacterial strains. The worm's ability to recognise a beneficial strain, as well as preferential host-specific infection by bacteria have been both suggested as being the drivers of this phenomenon.

## Growth rate and age

R. pachyptila has the fastest growth rate of any known marine invertebrate. These organisms have been known to colonize a new site, grow to sexual maturity, and increase in length to 4.9 feet (1.5 m) in less than two years.

Because of the peculiar environment in which R. pachyptila thrives, this species differs greatly from other deep-sea species that do not inhabit hydrothermal vents sites; the activity of diagnostic enzymes for glycolysis, citric acid cycle and transport of electrons in the tissues of R. pachyptila is very similar to the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of shallow-living animals. This contrasts with the fact that deep-sea species usually show very low metabolic rates, which in turn suggests that low water temperature and high pressure in the deep sea do not necessarily limit the metabolic rate of animals and that hydrothermal vents sites display characteristics that are completely different from the surrounding environment, thereby shaping the physiology and biological interactions of the organisms living in these sites.


Wes Nofire

# Wes Nofire

## Abstract

John Wesley "Wes" Nofire (born April 30, 1986) is a Cherokee Nation and American politician and a former heavyweight professional boxer who has served as the Oklahoma Native American Affairs Liaison since 2023. During his boxing career Nofire fought under the name "The Cherokee Warrior". Nofire served on the Cherokee Nation tribal council between 2019 and 2023. He was a Republican candidate in the 2022 primary election for Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district and candidate in the 2023 Cherokee Nation principal chief election.

## Early life

John Wesley Nofire was born on April 30, 1986, at W.W. Hastings Hospital in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, on the Cherokee Nation Reservation to Sherman and Annette Nofire.

Nofire grew up in the Welling area, and attended High school at Sequoyah High School in Tahlequah. Sequoyah High School is an all Native American High School operated by the Cherokee Nation and is funded by Bureau of Indian Education. Nofire was on the 2004 State Champion Basketball team for Sequoyah.

## Boxing career

Nofire, began boxing in 2007 as a way to stay physically fit. As an amateur, Nofire was named Oklahoma State Champion in the Super Heavyweight Division and went on to participate in the 2010 National Golden Gloves boxing tournament as the Kansas-Oklahoma regional representative.

In 2011, Nofire moved to Miami, Florida, where he met John David Jackson, a former two-time world champion. Jackson liked the natural speed and ability that Nofire brought to e encourage him to get in the ring. Nofire made his heavyweight debut on August 26, 2011, at The Joint's Xtreme Fight Night at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Tulsa. Nofire challenged MMA Fighter Marc Webb. Nofire knocked out Webb with an uppercut to the chin 1 minute and 22 seconds into the first round of the match. In his second career match up Nofire would defeat David Fuller in under 41 seconds

### Nofire Entertainment

In 2013, Nofire began Nofire Entertainment Corporation, a fight promoting entertainment company. Nofire Entertainment's first event was the "Cherokee Fight Club" in 2013, a ten fight event hosted at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

### Retirement from boxing

Nofire's last career fight was against Gerald Washington. Their match was on a Sunday edition of PBC on Fox Sports 1 on June 10, 2018. 32 year old Nofire (20–1, 16 KOs) entered the matching with his only loss came to veteran journeyman Joey Abell in 2016. The fight took place at the Pioneer Event Center in Lancaster, California. The 10-round bout was mostly back and forth. Washington started off fast, landing big shots and applying pressure on Nofire. In round 3, Nofire landed some hard shots on Washington, however he recovered and took over, landing his own big shots. Nofire slowed down after landing his big shots. Washington remained in control for most of the fight. The three judges scored the bout 98–91, 97–92, and 97–92 in favor of Washington, giving him the much needed win and snapping Washington's 2-fight losing streak.

## Political career

### Cherokee Nation Tribal Council

#### Campaign

In December 2018, Nofire announced his intention for run for Cherokee Nation Tribal Council in District 3 seat, being vacated by David Walkingstick, who was running for Principal Chief. The Cheorkee Nation Tribal Council is a seventeen-member unicameral legislature of the tribal government. Nofire topped a field of seven candidates in the general election that occurred on June 1, 2019, advancing himself to the July Runoff. Nofire winning 29.47% of the votes, advanced to face off Cherokee County Democratic Party Chair, Debra Proctor (29.09% of the Vote) in a July 27 run off.

The runoff election was largely seen a proxy fight between the Hoskin / Warner faction and the Walkingstick/ Frailey faction from 2019 Cherokee Nation principal chief election. Proctor was largely being supported by the Hoskin/Warner faction and Nofire being supported by the Walkingstick/Frailey faction. Nofire received endorsement from Incumbent David Walkingstick and former Cherokee Nation Principal Chad Smith. On Election Day, Nofire overcame Proctor winning 63.75% of the vote.

#### Tenure

During his tenure on the tribal council, Nofire frequently questioned the tribal sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation. He has claimed the Cherokee Nation "never legally established a jurisdictional court over the citizens of the Cherokee Nation,” cast doubt on the Cherokee Nation's criminal jurisdiction during council meetings, and accused principal chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. of using the Cherokee Marshall service for child trafficking. Hoskin described the allegations as "unhinged conspiracy theory.”

### 2022 congressional campaign

Nofire ran for Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district in 2022. He was one of sixteen candidates for the seat in the Republican primary. During the campaign, Nofire was criticized by fellow Tribal Councilor Candessa Tehee for calling the McGirt v. Oklahoma decision "the biggest threat to Oklahomans” at a Bartlesville campaign stop. She described his statements as "border on being treasonous and traitorous to Cherokee Nation.” He placed seventh and failed to qualify for the runoff. Nofire endorsed Governor Kevin Stitt in his re-election campaign.

### 2023 Cherokee Nation principal chief campaign

Nofire announced his intent to run for Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation with Ryan Dirteater on his ticket as deputy chief. Dirteater later announced that he would not be submitting his paperwork to the election board. On February 9 Nofire filed for election with the Cherokee Nation Election Board without Dirteater on his ticket. He lost the election to incumbent principal chief Chuck Hoskin Jr.

### Oklahoma Native American Affairs Liaison

On September 5, 2023, Nofire was appointed the Native American Affairs Liaison of Oklahoma by Governor Kevin Stitt. His appointment was criticized by Cherokee Nation officials with Chuck Hoskin Jr. calling it "disappointing" and Speaker of the Tribal Council Mike Shambaugh describing the appointment as "very disturbing." Shambaugh later published an op-ed in the Cherokee Phoenix comparing Nofire to General George Armstrong Custer 's Native American scouts and criticizing his appointment because of his "peddl in fact-free unhinged and ideologically extreme conspiracy theories that pose a danger of political violence" such as the Jewish Indian theory, implying principal chief Hoskins is "the biblical 'beast'" otherwise known as Satan, and accusing the Cherokee Nation of child trafficking. The Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes unanimously voted to approve a resolution expressing no confidence in Nofire and describing the Native American Affairs Liaison position as ineffective under Governor Stitt.


Fred B. Norman

# Fred B. Norman

## Abstract

Fred Barthold Norman (March 21, 1882 – April 18, 1947) was a U.S. Representative from Washington.

Born on a farm near Martinsville, Illinois, Norman attended the public schools and was graduated from Martinsville High School.He moved to Lebam, Washington, in 1901.He worked on farms, in logging camps, sawmills, shingle mills, and shipyards 1901-1922.He engaged in the wholesale and retail tobacco and candy business since 1922.He served as member of the city council of Raymond, Washington from 1916 to 1918.He served in the State house of representatives in 1919 and 1920.He served as member of the State senate 1925-1935.

Norman was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-eighth Congress (January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945).He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1944 to the Seventy-ninth Congress.

Norman was elected in 1946 to the Eightieth Congress and served from January 3, 1947, until his death in Washington, D.C., on April 18, 1947.He was interred in Fern Hill Cemetery, Menlo, Washington.

## Sources

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress


# List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)

## Abstract

This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2010, the second year of his presidency as the 44th president of the United States. During 2010, Obama traveled to eight nation states, in addition to many more trips made domestically.

This list excludes trips made within Washington, D.C., the U.S. federal capital in which the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the president, is located. Additionally excluded are trips to Camp David, the country residence of the president, and to the private home of the Obama family in Kenwood, Chicago.


Shigehiro Irie

# Shigehiro Irie

## Abstract

Shigehiro Irie (入江 茂弘, Irie Shigehiro, born March 28, 1988) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist best known for his work in DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). Irie has also competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW), and a number of North American independent promotions in the past.

## Early life

Irie was born in Osaka. He began his initial pro wrestling training in 2002 at the age of 15, training alongside Atsushi Kotoge with Osaka Pro Wrestling (OPW). Irie eventually decided to pursue MMA, competing in a number of amateur fights, including some in Pancrase. Irie resumed training in 2007 with Dera Pro Wrestling in Nagoya and made his debut in April 2008 against Shota Takanashi.

## Professional wrestling career

### DDT Pro Wrestling (2008–2018)

Beginning in May 2008, Irie began sporadically appearing for DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT), primarily teaming with other rookies against established wrestlers. In August 2010, Irie defeated Soma Takao to win a special one day tournament. DDT owner Sanshiro Takagi became a fan of Irie after watching him compete and offered him more regular bookings with DDT as a result.

Representing DDT, Irie debuted for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in 2011, teaming with fellow DDT rookie Keisuke Ishii in a loss to NJPW's Tomoaki Honma and freelancer Tsuyoshi Kikuchi. Irie began to achieve more success in 2011, beginning on May 21 when he defeated established DDT veteran Kota Ibushi, eliminating him from the 2011 King of DDT tournament. The next month, Irie formed a tag team with Munenori Sawa, and the duo defeated Gentaro and Yasu Urano to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship, but lost the titles just days later to Kenny Omega and Michael Nakazawa. Irie participated in a falls count anywhere match the following month, teaming up with Takagi and SeXXXy Eddy in a loss to Omega, Ibushi and Nakazawa. On October 10, Irie captured the KO-D Tag Team Championship once again, this time teaming with Keisuke Ishii to defeat Makoto Oishi and Danshoku Dino. They dropped the championship to Urano and Yuji Hino on December 31 and unsuccessfully challenged them in a rematch on February 11.

On April 1, 2012, Irie unsuccessfully challenged All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) competitor Kenny Omega for the World Junior Heavyweight Championship. On May 4 at a Union Pro Wrestling event, Irie teamed up with Shuji Ishikawa to capture the BJW Tag Team Championship, defeating Shinobu and Yoshihito Sasaki. They dropped the titles to Shinobu and Yuji Okabayashi on July 15. Irie and Ishii teamed up with Soma Takao as Team Dream Futures to enter the tournament for the vacant KO-D 6 Man Tag Team Championship and captured the titles by defeating Oishi, Akito and Takagi in the final on January 12. The trio lost the championship to Monster Army (Yuji Hino, Antonio Honda and Daisuke Sasaki) on January 27. Irie won the right to challenge for the KO-D Openweight Championship on February 24 and defeated Kenny Omega on March 20 to win the championship for the first time. He lost the championship to Harashima on August 18. On January 26, 2014, Irie unsuccessfully challenged Harashima in a rematch for the championship. Irie, Ishii and Soma Takao successfully captured the KO-D 6 Man Championship once again in February 2014, defeating Aja Kong, Danshoku Dino and Makoto Oishi, but dropped them to Ibushi, Omega and Sasaki in April.

Im August 2014, Irie, Ishii and Takao captured the KO-D 6 Man Tag Team Championship once again, defeating Shuten-dōji (Yukio Sakaguchi, Masa Takanashi and Kudo). They dropped the championship to T2Hii (Takagi, Toru Owashi and Kazuki Hirata) on September 28. On March 1, 2015, Irie, Ishii and Takao defeated Shuten-dōji to once again become KO-D 6 Man Champions, but dropped the championship back to them in their first defence. Team Dream Futures defeated Shuten-dōji on April 11 to regain the championship and successfully defended them until September when they lost to #OhkaTeikoku (Ken Ohka, Danshoku Dino and Super Sasadango Machine). Team Dream Futures once again captured the KO-D 6 Man Championship in May, defeating Kazusada Higuchi, Kouki Iwasaki and Shunma Katsumata. In his farewell match, Irie teamed with Yukio Sakaguchi to defeat Harashima and Keisuke Ishii.

In April 2018, Irie defeated Konosuke Takeshita to once again become KO-D Openweight Champion. Irie would lose the championship to Sami Callihan on August 1, 2018. On September 25, 2018, Irie announced his departure from DDT.

### International promotions (2016 – present)

Irie debuted in the United States on July 24 for GALLI Lucha Libre (GALLI), unsuccessfully challenging Marshe Rockett for the GALLI Junior Heavyweight Championship. Irie again competed for GALLI on July 29, teaming with Gringo Loco and Skayde Jr. to defeat Zema Ion, GPA and Matt Knicks. Irie debuted for Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA Mid-South) on August 4, losing to Reed Bentley. Two days later he debuted for Hoosier Pro Wrestling (HPW), defeating JKO. He wrestled his final match before returning to Japan on September 6 for IWA Mid-South, losing to Chris Hero in a triple threat match also featuring Kongo Kong. Irie has also competed in various other American indy promotions including WCWO, AAW, Pro Wrestling Blitz, Freelance Wrestling, Resistance Pro Wrestling, MIAW, UPW, AIW, Global Force Wrestling, AWS, and Championship Wrestling from Hollywood. Irie defeated Silas Young to become the new MIAW Heavyweight Champion on September 6 in Milwaukee. Irie also won the WCWO Young Guns Tournament featuring the top 12 prospects of the mid-west area held on October 5, 2016 in Indianapolis.

Irie returned to the west on January 10, debuting for Canada-based Canadian Wrestling's Elite (CWE) defeating Jacob Creed.

Irie made his UK debut for Progress, challenging Walter at Chapter 81 for the Progress World Championship. In 2019, he also challenged Zack Sabre Jr for the British Heavyweight championship in Revolution Pro Wrestling, and Lionheart for the ICW World Heavyweight championship in Insane Championship Wrestling.

Irie won UK's SOUTHSIDE WRESTLING's World Heavyweight Championship from Rob Lynch on 3 March 2019 in St. Neots. Irie participated in wXw promotion's "Ambition 10" tournament in Oberhausen, Germany on 9 March. Irie defeated Laurance Roman in 1st round, Chris Ridgeway in semi-final, then Rico Bushido in the final.

Irie has appeared in 5 shows during 2019 Mania Week in NY.

In 2023, at WXW 16 CARAT GOLD finals, Irie defeated Axel Tischer, to become wXw Unified World Wrestling Champion.

## Championships and accomplishments

- Active Advance Pro Wrestling

- 2AW Openweight Championship (1 time)

- 2AW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Andrew Takuma

- All Japan Pro Wrestling

- Gaora TV Championship (1 time)

- All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Keisuke Ishii

- Big Japan Pro Wrestling

- BJW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shuji Ishikawa

- Saikyo Tag League (2019) – with Yuji Okabayashi

- DDT Pro-Wrestling

- KO-D Openweight Championship (3 times)

- Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (2 times)

- KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Keisuke Ishii and Soma Takao (6)

- KO-D Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Munenori Sawa (1), Keisuke Ishii (1) and Kazusada Higuchi (1)

- Hardcore Mixed Tag 1 Day Tournament (2022) – with Itsuki Aoki

- Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling

- Spirit of Ganbare World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Mizuki Watase

- Gleat

- Interim G-Infinity Championship (1 time) – with T-Hawk

- Midwest Independent Association of Wrestling

- MIAW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

- Sportiva Entertainment Sportiva Tag League (2010) with –Mammoth Handa

- Sportiva Tag League (2010) with –Mammoth Handa

- Wild Championship Wrestling Outlaws WCWO Young Guns Tournament (2016)

- WCWO Young Guns Tournament (2016)

- Oriental Wrestling Entertainment

- OWE Openweight Championship (1 time)

- Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 200 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2024

- Ranked No. 200 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2024

- Southside Wrestling Entertainment

- SWE World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- VKF Pro Wrestling VKF King Of Wrestle Naniwa Championship (1 time)

- VKF King Of Wrestle Naniwa Championship (1 time)

- Westside Xtreme Wrestling

- wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship (1 time)

- 16 Carat Gold Tournament (2023)

- Ambition 10 (2019)

- World Series Wrestling

- WSW Australian Championship (1 time, current)

- Wrestle-1

- Wrestle-1 Tag League (2019) – with T-Hawk


Aleksandar Đukić

# Aleksandar Đukić

## Abstract

Aleksandar Đukić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Ђукић; also transliterated Djukić; born 30 November 1980) is a Serbian retired footballer who played as a striker. He is best remembered for his time at BSK Borča, scoring 50 league goals in almost 200 appearances for the side.

## Honours

- Serbian League Belgrade: 2005–06

- Serbian League West: 2015–16


1892 in Germany

# 1892 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1892 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Leo von Caprivi

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Albert

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick I

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Louis IV to 13 March, then Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis III

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Frederick William

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Peter II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Charles Alexander

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Karl Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Woldemar, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Prince Albert of Prussia (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Bruno von Schuckmann (acting governor) to 5 January, then Eugen von Zimmerer (3rd term)

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Julius Freiherr von Soden

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Fritz Rose (commissioner) to 31 August, then Georg Schmiele (Landeshauptleute of the German New Guinea Company) from 1 September

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Curt von François (commissioner)

- Togoland – vacant to 4 June, then Jesko von Puttkamer (acting commissioner) (2nd term)

## Events

- 25 July – German football club Hertha BSC is founded in Berlin.

### Undated

- German Open Tennis Championships is founded in Hamburg.

- Travemünde Week in Travemünde is started.

- Berlin Philharmonic is founded in Berlin.

## Births

- 4 January – Siegfried Lehman, German- Israeli educator (died 1958)

- 14 January – Martin Niemöller, German anti-Nazi theologian and Lutheran pastor (died 1984)

- 16 January – Wilhelm von Apell, German general (died 1969)

- 18 January – Paul Rostock, German surgeon (died 1956)

- 29 January – Ernst Lubitsch, German film director (died 1947)

- 2 February – Cuno Hoffmeister, German astronomer (died 1968)

- 2 March – Felix Bressart, German actor (died 1949)

- 10 March – Hans Steinhoff, German film director (died 1945)

- 22 March – Johannes Frießner, German general (died 1971)

- 30 March – Erhard Milch, German field marshal of Luftwaffe (died 1972)

- 1 April – Anton Storch, German politician (died 1975)

- 3 April – Hans Rademacher, German mathematician (died 1969)

- 7 April – Julius Hirsch, German footballer (died 1945)

- 16 April – Dora Richter, German transgender woman, first known person to undergo complete male-to-female gender-affirming surgery (died unknown)

- 23 April – Richard Huelsenbeck, German poet and writer (died 1974)

- 30 April – Gottlob Bauknecht, German businessman (died 1976)

- 2 May: Trude Hesterberg, German actress (died 1967) Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter pilot (died 1918)

- Trude Hesterberg, German actress (died 1967)

- Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter pilot (died 1918)

- 14 May – Theodor Burchardi, German admiral (died 1983)

- 31 May – Gregor Strasser, German Nazi politician (died 1934)

- 12 June – Ferdinand Schörner, German field marshal (died 1973)

- 22 June – Robert Ritter von Greim, German field marshal (died 1945)

- 27 June – Erich Köhler, German politician (died 1958)

- 30 June – Oswald Pohl, German S.S. officer (died 1951)

- 12 July – Harry Piel, German actor and film director (died 1963)

- 15 July – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher and cultural critic (died 1940)

- 22 July – Arthur Seyss-Inquart, German politician (died 1946)

- 15 August – Walther Nehring, German general (died 1983)

- 13 September – Victoria Louise of Prussia, German noblewoman (died 1980)

- 23 September – Lorenz Jaeger, German cardinal of Roman Catholic Church (died 1975)

- 3 October – Bernhard Schweitzer, German archaeologist (died 1966)

- 9 November – Erich Auerbach, German philologist, scholar, and literature critic (died 1957)

- 24 November – Karl Steinhoff, German politician (died 1981)

- 1 December – Walter Bathe, German swimmer (died 1959)

- 7 December – Max Ehrlich, German actor, screenwriter and humour writer (died 1944 in Auschwitz concentration camp)

- 19 December – Max Seydewitz, German politician (died 1987)

## Deaths

- Undated – William Julius Mann, theologian (born 1819)

- 7 January – Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, German physician and physiologist (born 1819)

- 16 January – Prince Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, German general and military writer (born 1827)

- 5 February – Theodor Marsson, German botanist (born 1816)

- 13 March – Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (born 1837)

- 14 March – Carl Siegmund Franz Credé, German gynecologist and obstetrician (born 1819)

- 21 April – Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (born 1803)

- 5 May – August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (born 1818)

- 20 June – Albert Wolff, German sculptor (born 1814)

- 5 August – Henriette Feuerbach, German author (born 1812)

- 16 October – Georg Bleibtreu, German painter (born 1828)

- 28 October – Felix Otto Dessoff, German conductor (born 1835)

- 6 November – Wilhelm Maurenbrecher, German historian (born 1838)

- 6 December – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (born 1816)

- 28 December – Vincent Stoltenberg Lerche, Norwegian painter (born 1837).

## Literature

Frank Wedekind's magnum opus drama "Das Erwachen des Fruhlings" or "Spring Awakening" is set during this year with one of the play's protagonists Wendla Bergmann's death occurring on October 27.


# List of UConn Huskies head football coaches

## Abstract

The UConn Huskies football team has represented the University of Connecticut in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football since the team's founding in 1896. The program has had 30 head coaches, including one interim coach and an early period where the team had no head coach. As of 2021, the current coach is Jim Mora.

The nickname " Huskies " was adopted following a student poll in The Connecticut Campus in 1934 after the school's name changed from Connecticut Agricultural College to Connecticut State College in 1933; before then, the teams were referred to as the Aggies. Although the school's abbreviated nickname "UConn" and the Canadian Yukon territory—where huskies are commonly used in dogsledding —are homophones, the "Huskies" nickname predates the school's 1939 name change to the University of Connecticut. The first recorded use of "UConn" (as "U-Conn", both separately and with "Huskies") was later in 1939.

The Huskies have played 1,083 games during the program's 118 seasons through 2016. UConn joined the fledgling Yankee Conference in 1947, which merged with and became the Atlantic 10 football conference in 1997. Seven coaches— J. Orlean Christian, Robert Ingalls, John Toner, Robert Casciola, Larry Naviaux, Walt Nadzak, and Tom Jackson —led Connecticut to conference championships prior to the team's transition from Division I-AA to Division I-A in 2000, and one coach— Skip Holtz —led UConn to the Division I-AA playoffs in 1998. Following the transition, Edsall led the Huskies to Big East Conference championships in 2007 and 2010.

Randy Edsall is Connecticut's all-time leader in games coached (144), coaching wins (74), bowl game appearances (5), and bowl game wins (3). Bob Diaco is the only other UConn head coach to lead the team to a bowl game, which was lost. Dave Warner, who led the then-Aggies to a 3–0 record in his only season coached in 1914, is the all-time leader in winning percentage (1.000); E. S. Mansfield and Leo Hafford, who both lost every game they coached in 1898 and 1911, respectively, share the lowest-ever winning percentage (.000). Among coaches that led the team for longer than a single season, T. D. Knowles is the all-time leader in winning percentage (.712), while John F. Donahue has the all-time lowest winning percentage (.125).

## Coaches