2024 Georgian parliamentary election

# 2024 Georgian parliamentary election

## Abstract

Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in Georgia on 26 October 2024.

The ruling Georgian Dream party will seek a fourth term in office. This would be the first time in Georgian history for a party to do so.

## Background

### Political context

By the time of the elections, Georgian Dream had been the ruling party in Georgia since defeating Mikheil Saakashvili 's United National Movement (UNM) in the 2012 parliamentary election. Announcing its plans to pursue a policy of joining the European Union and NATO, Georgian Dream has also professed a more conciliatory approach towards Russia compared to its anti-Russian opponents.

However, the geopolitical strains of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict made it more difficult to maintain a balancing act, amid statements from Ukrainian politicians that Georgia would have "greatly aided" Ukraine by opening a "second front" against Russia and Western efforts to isolate Russia with international sanctions.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Georgian government condemned Russian actions and provided humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, but did not join the sanctions against Russia, which allowed an influx of Russian capital and highly skilled Russians dodging military mobilization. Russia, in turn, did not approve the proposal of Georgia's breakaway de facto South Ossetian republic to hold a referendum on joining the Russian Federation and, despite otherwise hostile relations, has not put Georgia on its unfriendly countries list.

On 25 February 2022, large protests took place in front of the Georgian parliament in Tbilisi, lasting for six consecutive days to show solidarity with Ukraine. The demonstration took on an anti-government tone, reflecting growing frustration with the Georgian authorities' allegedly inadequate response to Russian invasion.

Elene Khoshtaria, leader of the Droa party, addressed the crowd, demanding the resignation of Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili and his administration. She called for immediate and effective actions to support Ukraine, such as closing sky for Russia, and urged Georgia to apply for EU membership.

The rally also underscored dissatisfaction with the government's handling of the crisis. Protesters were angered by obstacles created for volunteers and the government's refusal to join Western sanctions against Russia. On February 28, Georgian authorities did not give a landing permission to a Ukrainian charter sent to transport Georgian volunteers from Georgia to Ukraine. The Georgian Dream leader Mamuka Mdinaradze said that Georgia could not allow to send volunteers to Ukraine because Georgia was in vulnerable position and it would risk a war with Russia. In response, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy's decided to recall Ukraine's ambassador to Georgia. Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili had also announced that Georgia would not join Western sanctions against Russia because it would harm the Georgian economy more than it would hurt Russia, fueling the rising anti-government sentiment in the protests. Garibashvili also noted that neither the West nor Ukraine imposed sanctions on Russia during or after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, and even continued "business as usual" with Russian reset, while Georgia was being asked to sacrifice itself and "destroy its economy".

Following this, in June 2022, the European Union refused to approve Georgia's application to join the union, citing an alleged media censorship and the government's refusal to join the international sanctions against Russia. This led to mobilization by the opposition against the government. In turn, a sovereignist faction People’s Power broke away from Georgian Dream in August 2022, and proposed legislation to regulate foreign influence by creating a special registry to monitor politically active foreign-funded organizations, many of which are Western-funded. While the government claimed that the bill was necessary for public disclosure and transparency, the opposition, aided by the statements of Western embassies and politicians, managed to mobilize protests to tackle the bill, likening it to Russian foreign agent law and saying that it would have jeopardized Euro-Atlantic integration, ultimately leading to the parliament withdrawing the bill.

On 8 March 2023 tens of thousands of people gathered in front of the Parliament, demanding a halt to further discussions on the law. Opposition leader Giorgi Vashadze issued an ultimatum, calling for the rejection of the bills and the release of those detained during the protests.

Amid protests in Tbilisi, Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement, cautioning against the violent change of power in Georgia, with some Russian politicians suggesting Russia might use military means in case of "instability on the Russian border". In September 2023, the State Security Service of Georgia claimed to have uncovered plans of the opposition and the Western-funded groups to stage a coup in Georgia with the support of Ukraine-based Georgian oppositionist politicians. This in turn led to the pro-Russian Georgian opposition Conservative Movement party and the TV channel Alt-Info starting to mobilize an " Anti-Maidan movement" to counter the alleged coup.

However, in December 2023, the European Union decided to grant Georgia candidate status following the release from prison of oppositionist journalist Nika Gvaramia, who had been arrested on charges of abuse of power and embezzlement, and the parliament's decision to turn down impeachment proceedings against the pro-opposition president Salome Zourabichvili. In late December 2023, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili summarized the year by saying that the government had managed to "preserve the peace" amid the threat of destabilization caused by "radical groups and hostile forces operating within the country", and also to secure EU candidate status for Georgia.

In early 2024, Georgia again experienced significant political crisis and public unrest due to the reintroduction of the "foreign agent" law, which many citizens perceived as a threat to civil liberties and democratic principles. The leader of parliamentary majority Mamuka Mdinaradze said that the reason for reintroduction of the bill was the continued circulation of slush funds in the country through non-governmental organizations and covert foreign financing of political activities. On 8 April, the Bureau of Parliament of Georgia registered the bill for the parliamentary discussions. Critics said that the law, requiring organizations and individuals receiving foreign funding to register as "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power," was a measure to stifle dissent and limit the activities of NGOs and independent media. Protests erupted across the country, with demonstrators calling for the repeal of the law and the "protection of democratic freedoms". The government's response to the protests varied, with some efforts to engage in dialogue, while many instances of police violence were reported.

On 11 May a record-breaking protest rally took place, widely regarded as the largest in Georgian history. Despite the rain, tens of thousands gathered at four key locations across the city: First Republic Square, Marjanishvili Metro, 300 Aragveli Metro, and Tsereteli Avenue. Demonstrators marched along both banks of the Kura, with the four streams of protesters converging symbolically at Europe Square in Metekhi to celebrate Europe Day. Estimates suggest that at least 169,000 people participated, with some reports indicating peak numbers of up to 200,000 or even 300,000.

The widespread opposition to the law underscored deep-seated concerns about the future of democracy and human rights in Georgia. Protesters and other critics, including the European Union and other Western countries, spoke out against the bill, arguing that it would stifle democracy and freedom of the press in Georgia and comparing it to the Russian foreign agent law. The European Union and the United States officials have been vocal in their opposition to the bill, considering that "Georgia does not needs this law" and that its passage despite repeated calls from the EU "to retract such legislation" was unacceptable. Proponents of the bill denied this characterization, claiming it would ensure transparency of foreign funding and protect Georgia's sovereignty from malign foreign influence. People's Power has argued that the law would protect democracy and sovereignty of Georgia from foreign interference through financing of NGOs with a goal of promotion of foreign agenda. Some have also criticized the European Union and the United States for interfering into Georgia's internal affairs and undermining its sovereign power to pass its own laws, and blackmailing Georgia with the European Union candidate status and USA sanctions in order to maintain their right to interfere into Georgia's sovereign ability through "unlimited" and "undisclosed" foreign funding of NGOs. They have also emphasized that the local NGOs should be grassroots rather than reliant on foreign funding.

In August 2024, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze said that he expected the elections to be held against the backdrop of "unprecedented" and "disruptive" foreign interference. His expectation was also shared by the Speaker of Parliament Shalva Papuashvili, who cited the Danish Government-sponsored "Festival of Democracy" event, organised by the non-profit organisation "Eastern European Centre for Multiparty Democracy" in Telavi, presenting banners demanding release of Mikheil Saakashvili from prison. He said that the foreign funding was funneled into Georgian politics for the purpose of election campaigning in favor of the radical opposition parties against the ruling party.

### Georgian Charter

On 26 May 2024, In response to the 2023–2024 Georgian protests, President Salome Zourabichvili introduced the Georgian Charter, an action plan aimed at "fostering unity among opposition parties ahead of the parliamentary elections". The Charter, announced during Georgia's Independence Day celebrations, seeks to create a platform for the opposition to present a unified stance. Zourabichvili's proposal emphasizes a new electoral format where voters will choose between the ruling party and a coalition of opposition parties. The plan includes forming a temporary government post-elections to implement key reforms intended to "enhance democratic processes and align Georgia more closely with European standards", after which new elections will be held. The Charter's main goals include repealing laws that the opposition considers as hindrances to European integration and undertaking significant judicial and electoral reforms to ensure "a fair and democratic process".

The president emphasized that the October parliamentary elections should focused on the question of "what direction the country should take rather than which individuals or parties should be elected". She stated that the 2024 elections will effectively act as a referendum on whether Georgia seeks closer integration with Europe.

So far 17 political parties from the opposition, including: UNM, Strategy Aghmashenebeli, Ahali, Lelo, European Georgia, Girchi – More Freedom, Droa, Citizens, For the People, the Republican Party, the Greens Party of Georgia, For Justice, European Democrats, Law and Justice, Tavisupleba, State for the People and the National Democratic Party, as well as 5 individual MPs have signed the Georgian Charter presented by the president.

Some opposition parties refused to sign the agreement. Girchi has praised the president Salome Zourabichvili 's initiative 'Georgian Charter' for attempting to bring opposition together, nevertheless, they criticized her for not taking their opinions into consideration and refused to sign it. For Georgia party also did not join the agreement, saying that they supported the reforms outlined in the charter, however, they said that talking about forming a temporary government post-elections was damaging to the pre-election process.

### MEGOBARI Act

On July 11, 2024, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs passed the MEGOBARI Act (Mobilizing and Enhancing Georgia's Options for Building Accountability, Resilience, and Independence Act) with a vote of 41 to 6. Initiated by Republican Congressman Joe Wilson, the Act—named after the Georgian word for "friend" (Georgian: მეგობარი, romanized: megobari)—addresses "democratic and human rights issues in Georgia" and outlines specific measures for support and oversight. The MEGOBARI Act emphasizes "the U.S. commitment to upholding democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law" in Georgia. It acknowledges the progress made by Georgian civil society and stresses the need to "strengthen democracy for regional stability and U.S. interests".

The Act responds to recent "democratic backsliding" by calling for increased scrutiny of the Georgian government's actions, particularly "its ties to Russia and other authoritarian regimes". To ensure accountability, the Act mandates several reports on issues such as "corrupt practices that support Russian interests and evade sanctions, Russian intelligence activities, and potential Chinese cooperation ". It also includes sanctions and travel bans on "individuals undermining Georgian democracy". A Democracy Monitoring Task Force will be established to "oversee democratic practices", especially during elections, to "ensure fairness". Should "significant democratic progress be confirmed", the MEGOBARI Act provides for additional U.S. assistance, including a more preferential trade agreement with Georgia, enhanced people-to-people exchanges and visa simplification, an economic modernization package, and security and defense support against Russian aggression.

The Act received strong bipartisan support, with committee members highlighting its importance for "supporting Georgia's democratic aspirations and countering Russian influence". Secretary of State Antony Blinken also announced visa restrictions for those "undermining Georgian democracy", further demonstrating U.S. commitment.

Georgian opposition representatives have expressed their gratitude to Congressman Wilson for his support, praising the Act’s focus on Georgia’s sovereignty, democracy, and Euro-Atlantic integration. They urged Congress and the Senate to pass the legislation quickly and requested additional resources and congressional visits to monitor the October parliamentary elections, given the critical nature of this support. Conversely, Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze criticized the MEGOBARI Act, labeling it as blackmail. He argued that the Act could harm Georgia-U.S. relations and criticized the approach of using sanctions and threats. Instead, he called for more constructive and pragmatic discussions to improve bilateral relations. The ruling Georgian Dream party issued a statement, saying that the MEGOBARI Act constituted a "blackmail, intimidation" against the independent Georgian policy and "especially cynical" in the light on Georgian celebration of Independence Day two days before. The party condemned the threat of sanctions against legislators for "voting in favor of a law" and added that this was against the spirit of cooperation between sovereign nations. The party rejected the possibility of following the MEGOBARI Act, saying that "we do not intend to trade on our country’s sovereignty and security, and no blackmail whatsoever can force us to go against our country".

## Parties and coalitions

In January 2023, Levan Khabeishvili unseated Nika Melia from the position of United National Movement chairman after winning internal party elections. Accusing Khabeishvili of being a protégé of shadowy businessman Davit Kezerashvili, Melia announced a break with the UNM and plans for his own party in December 2023. On 11 March 2024, Melia announced the formation of Ahali party. He was joined by Nika Gvaramia, another former UNM member and founder of pro-opposition Mtavari Arkhi TV. On 8 June, Tinatin Bokuchava became chair of the United National Movement, succeeding Khabeishvili, who resigned due to health complications.

On 20 July 2023, the United National Movement, the largest opposition party, announced an alliance with Strategy Aghmashenebeli of Giorgi Vashadze. According to Khabeishvili, the coalition, named Victory Platform, will center around former president Mikheil Saakashvili. Imprisoned on charges of abuse of power and violence, Saakashvili will lead his party in the election from prison.

On 30 December 2023, Bidzina Ivanishvili, an influential businessman and a founder of Georgian Dream, announced his return to politics as honorary chairman of Georgian Dream, suggesting he would play an active role in the election campaign.

On 8 February 2024, Irakli Kobakhidze was confirmed by the parliament as the new Prime Minister of Georgia from the ruling Georgian Dream party.

In March 2024, the People's Power movement was registered as a political party, and is expected to participate in the election.

On 11 April, the Public Registry revoked the registration of the extreme right Conservative Movement party, banning it from participating in the election. In June 2024, it was announced that the party would merge with the Alliance of Patriots of Georgia and run together in the election.

On 8 July, the Chair of the United National Movement, Tina Bokuchava, announced a new political platform named " Unity – to Save Georgia ". This platform aims to bring together the United National Movement, Strategy Agmashenebeli — two parties that have been in coalition for a year already — as well as representatives from other parties, civil society, and academia. The new platform will use the UNM ballot number 5 in the upcoming elections.

On 9 July, three opposition parties, Ahali, Girchi - More Freedom, and Droa, announced their decision to post a joint election list for the Parliamentary elections in October. The leaders mentioned that an expected alliance with another party, Lelo, did not materialize due to "minor differences". Subsequently, this alliance was renamed to "Coalition for Change". On August 18, the Republican Party and the youth organization of Georgian Azerbaijanis "Activists for the Future" joined the coalition.

On July 16, Mamuka Mdinaradze, Executive Secretary of Georgian Dream, announced during his speech at the opening of the election campaign and the new central office of Georgian Dream that People's Power will participate in the parliamentary elections with a common list alongside the ruling Georgian Dream party.

On July 17, Lelo for Georgia, For the People, and the political movement Freedom Square announced their unification under a single electoral list for the upcoming elections. Subsequently, this alliance was renamed to " Strong Georgia ". Later in August, the Citizens party also joined the alliance.

On August 1, a majority of the European Georgia electoral list, chosen during the party’s internal primary election, left the party, including key figures Giga Bokeria and Tamar Chergoleishvili. The split arose from disagreements with other key figures, Gigi Tsereteli and Akaki Bobokhidze over the primary results. Later, on August 15, the members who left European Georgia formally established a new party called the Federalists. 2 days later European Georgia, in an announcement with the Unity coalition, announced that it would be running on a joint list with the UNM and Strategy Aghmashenebeli.

The Central Election Commission of Georgia refused to register European Socialists, Union of Georgian Traditionalists and Generations for Georgia parties, citing their failure to comply with the legislative requirment to present signatures of 25 thousands voters for the registration. Along with them, 8 other parties were refused registration. Therefore, they will not take part in the elections.

In overall, 27 parties were registered for the October elections.

### List of major coalitions or political parties

List of major parties and coalitions which take part in the election.

### List of minor coalitions or political parties

List of minor parties and coalitions which take part in the election.

## Campaign

### Georgian Dream

On 21 August 2024, the ruling Georgian Dream party officially announced starting a pre-election campaign. The first campaign event was launched in the Georgian town of Mtskheta on 22 August. A second campaign event was held in Ambrolauri in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region. The Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze, who leads the electoral office of the ruling party, announced the delegates who would run the party's election campaign. Kobakhidze added that all delegates would be present in the ruling party's electoral list and represent their cities and regions in the Georgian Parliament. Soon after, the Chair of the Government of Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Tornike Rizhvadze presented the ruling party's delegates to run the campaign for the elections of the Supreme Council of Adjara, which is held along with the elections for Georgian Parliament.

On 20 August, the Political Council of Georgian Dream issued a statement, saying that the election would be a referendum on "on war vs. peace, traditional values vs. moral degradation, subservience to external powers vs. an independent and sovereign state". The party urged its supporters to "put everything aside and come out to vote", emphasizing the need for the ruling party to secure a constitutional majority in the election to implement its long-term goals. The party presented the objectives for which it would use the constitutional majority. The Georgian Dream pledged to have the former ruling United National Movement party banned upon winning office, accusing it of various crimes against the Georgian people during its rule, including pushing Georgia into the war with Russia in 2008 and seeking to embroil Georgia into a "second front" of the Russo-Ukrainian War. According to the statement, the existence of the UNM, "which is entirely controlled from outside and is constantly engaged in hostility towards the state", makes the healthy democratic process and alteration of political forces "impossible".

The ruling party also promised to fully pass the Protection of Family Values and Minors bill, which it had already initiated in the Georgian Parliament. The bill, intended to ban the "LGBT propaganda", has been justified by the ruling party by a necessity of preventing the spread of "pseudo-liberal ideology" into Georgia from outside.

The third objective outlined by the ruling party revolved around reintegrating Georgia's Russian-backed separatist regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. According to the statement, given the "dynamic development of events", Georgia might get a chance to "peacefully restore" its territorial integrity at "any time", therefore, "it will be necessary to amend the Constitution of Georgia to bring Georgia's governance system and territorial state structure in line with the new reality". According to the ruling party, the "externally-controlled anti-state" opposition parties would not be willing to support the restoration of territorial integrity, therefore, it would be necessary for the ruling party to hold constitutional majority.

There has also been a fourth issue related to "protecting Georgia's identity and national values", however, the statement said that the issue was still under discussion within the ruling party. Later Bidzina Ivanishvili, the founder of the Georgian Dream, elaborated that the issue was related to "faith", with several observers speculating on a plan to make the Orthodox Christianity a state religion in Georgia.

After a several-month hiatus, Bidzina Ivanishvili delivered a speech in Mtskheta. Addressing the crowd from a specially arranged rostrum surrounded by bulletproof glass, Ivanishvili followed speeches by other Dream leaders. Bidzina Ivanishvili's speech largely reiterated the contents of the statement published by the Georgian Dream party a day earlier.

His address began with a sharp critique of the United National Movement. He presented the upcoming October 26 elections as a pivotal moment to hold the UNM accountable, likening it to a " Nuremberg trials ". According to Ivanishvili, securing a constitutional majority would be crucial for the Georgian Dream to effectively address and eliminate what he described as a "severe disease" that has plagued the country for two decades. He asserted that this majority would enable legal action to ban the UNM and its affiliated parties, citing legal grounds for such a move.

Ivanishvili emphasized that the UNM continued unrest and wartime influence in Georgia, rendering its conviction increasingly relevant. He vowed that the Georgian Dream would not permit the country to remain on a politically unstable path and that a constitutional majority would preclude any external influence from protecting the UNM from political consequences.

He further asserted that the October 26 elections should serve as a decisive moment for the Georgian people to render judgment on the UNM and its associations, including "foreign agents engaging in anti-state activities". According to Ivanishvili, only after replacing UNM with the "patriotic political forces" would Georgia be able to conduct "truly healthy elections".

In his speech, Ivanishvili also referenced the proposed "LGBT propaganda bill" initiated by the Georgian Dream. He suggested that with a constitutional majority, the party would be positioned to pass this legislation.

Additionally, Ivanishvili discussed the potential for bringing the issue of Georgia's territorial integrity back onto the agenda, which would necessitate constitutional amendments. He indicated that such changes would include revisions to the system of government and territorial arrangements, asserting that the UNM would obstruct these efforts and impede the restoration of territorial integrity.

Finally, Ivanishvili announced the prospect of another constitutional amendment aimed at protecting Georgia's identity and national values. He provided few details, citing ongoing consultations.

It was later confirmed that the amendment focuses on designating Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. The ruling party branded this initiative as part of their commitment to uphold "national values and traditions," in line with their campaign promises to ban " LGBT propaganda " and reinforce the role of the Church.

In contrast, the Georgian Orthodox Church has expressed skepticism, fearing that such a change could compromise its independence and increase government control. High-ranking clergy members, including Metropolitan Shio Mujiri and Metropolitan Nikoloz Pachuashvili, have raised concerns about the potential implications of this proposal, arguing that it could alter the traditionally independent yet cooperative relationship between the state and the Church established by the 2002 Concordat.

After the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) turned down the ruling party's proposal on declaring the GOC as the state religion in Georgia, on 31 August, during the campaign rally speech in Ozurgeti, Bidzina Ivanishvili once again addressed the issue. He confirmed the ongoing discussions between the Georgian Orthodox Church and the ruling party on the constitutional status of the Georgian Orthodox Church. He said that the proposed amendment by the ruling party would clarify the Orthodox Christianity as the "pillar of the Georgian statehood" and emphasize its role in the country's history and present.

The leader of the opposition Lelo for Georgia party Mamuka Khazaradze responded to the proposal by saying that his party would support the amendment. He also accused the Georgian Dream party of manipulating with the issue, asking it to hold vote on the proposed amendment prior to the October elections. Khazaradze stated that "Georgia does not and will not exist without the Georgian Orthodox Church".

Later, Prime Minister of Georgia Irakli Kobakhidze clarified that Georgian Dream intends to ban a number of political parties described as the "Collective UNM" by Kobakhidze, which includes: the Unity — National Movement (UNM, European Georgia, Strategy Aghmashenebeli), Coalition for Change (Ahali, Girchi - More Freedom, Droa, Republican Party), Strong Georgia (Lelo, For the People, Freedom Square, Citizens) alliances, and the For Georgia party founded by former Prime Minister Giorgi Gakharia. He accused these groups of secretly aligning with the United National Movement and called for criminal investigations against figures like Mamuka Khazaradze of Lelo. Kobakhidze stated that if the Constitutional Court deems the "collective National Movement" unlawful, their parliamentary mandates should be revoked after the elections. According to Kobakhidze, the prohibition of political parties is considered a democratic process when there is a legal basis for it. He argued that in a democratic state, such actions are justifiable. Kobakhidze noted that political parties have been banned in Ukraine and Moldova, and similar measures have received positive evaluations from the EU.

The EU has expressed concern over Georgian Prime Minister and officials' statements about plans to ban opposition parties, emphasizing that " political pluralism is crucial for democracy", additionally noting that "the EU is monitoring the situation closely and has all options on the table to respond". Speaker of Parliament and member of ruling party Shalva Papuashvili criticized the remarks of European officials, saying that the step can not be considered as undemocratic, citing Gldani prison scandal which has revealed systemic and widespread torture in Georgian prisons during the UNM's rule that lasted from 2003-2012. He said that the UNM practiced "the system of violence and torture" while in power. Papuashvili criticized the European Union for letting the UNM leader Saakashvili to move to Europe after the end of his presidency and letting him escape justice in Georgia, as well as for shielding Saakashvili and his UNM party from responsibility for many years. He additionally stated that the reports on the intention to ban all opposition parties are "merely disinformation".

On 8 September, Bidzina Ivanishvili addressed the public during the campaign event in Akhaltsikhe behind the bulletproof glass booth. He highlited that the victory of the Georgian Dream in the 2012 Georgian parliamentary election "brought freedom" to Georgia from the "Collective UNM" and called the public to preserve these achievements. He said that GD's rule was marked by "12 years of continuous peace", warning that the "Collective UNM" was "eyeing war", once again accusing them of "provoking the August 2008 war" and "trying to drag Georgia into Russia's war against Ukraine" by opening a "second front" under the direction of "foreign patrons". He promised to put an end to the "violent attempts to impose pseudo-liberal values on our people from foreign countries", instead vowing to secure a "dignified place" for Georgia in the European Union. He remarked:

On October 26, the Georgian population, unfortunately, will not decide between good and better; because of the radical opposition, the people without a motherland, on October 26 we will decide between war and peace, pseudo-liberal values and nationality, family, faith and values based on independence, we will decide between the dignified European future of our country and the unacceptable reality that the radical opposition, with its foreign actors, wants to present as European.

Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze also reiterated the message, accusing the UNM of "authoritarianism, murder, and torture of people", saying that these have nothing to do with actual European values. He accused the UNM of being backed by external "Party of War", and highlighted that the Georgian Dream government "is the first administration since the restoration of independence under which the country has not been involved in war". He said that with the UNM in power the country would be "in a much more difficult situation, like Ukraine is today". He furthermore stated that 26 October election pitted against each other "statelessness and love of country, militant atheism and respect for the Church, slavery and sovereignty, moral degeneration and traditional values, war and peace", calling it a "decisive referendum".

On 14 September 2024, Ivanishvili made a public speech behind the bulletproof glass during the campaign event in Gori. During his speech, he highlighted what he called a "terminal threat" of country being dragged into the Russo-Ukrainian war, saying that the opposition seeks to open a second front against Russia. He also elaborated on Georgian Dream's electoral promises. He called the opposition the "union of criminals" who make the "healthy democratic process" in Georgia "impossible". He once again accused the former ruling United National Movement for the 2008 war with Russia and seeking to embroil the country into the Russo-Ukrainian war. He called the 2008 war the "treason" committed by then ruling United National Movement party and blamed it for the Russian occupation of the Georgian territories. Ivanishvili reiterated that the ruling party would seek to ban the United National Movement and its "satellite parties" on grounds of their responsibility for the 2008 Russo-Georgian war.

Ivanishvili also reiterated that the ruling party would push for passing the "LGBT propaganda bill". He alleged that the "morality of Georgian man" was under attack from the opposition and its "foreign patrons". Ivanishvili claimed that they sought to make the Georgian people subservient by making it to forget "its own past, history and values". He made a pledge to enshrine the family values into the Georgian constitution.

Ivanishvili once again addressed the question of the constitutional status of the Georgian Orthodox Church. He said that Georgia and Orthodox Christianity are inseparable from each other, and described Christianity as a pillar of the Georgian and its European identity. He said that the Georgian Orthodox Church was under attack by the "internal and external enemies", and pledged to pass the constitutional law to declare the Orthodox Christianity as the pillar of the Georgian State's identity.

Ivanishvili elaborated on his promises regarding the territorial integrity. Citing developments in the world politics, Ivanishvili claimed that the peaceful reintegration of the Georgia's Russian-backed separatist republics could become relevant soon, which would necessitate changes into the Georgia's constitution.

Ivanishvili also stated what he claimed to be his "main message" which he had not voiced previously. He said that "a political assessment" was finally given to the 2008 war, blaming the UNM for provoking it and calling it the "worst crime committed by them". Ivanishvili accused the UNM of committing "many atrocities" which he claimed were proved by evidences. Ivanishvili claimed that the 2008 war was "a well-planned provocation from the outside against the Georgian and Ossetian people, the purpose of which was to split unity, destroy relations and make them exist in conditions of endless, artificial confrontation". He stated that the 2008 war was "ordered from outside" and executed by the "stateless agents". He pledged to hold the " Nuremberg trials " for the UNM and also said that Georgia needs to apologize to Ossetian people for "the flames of fire in which our Ossetian brothers and sisters were enveloped by the traitorous National Movement in 2008". He said that only Georgian Dream could ensure reconciliation with Ossetian people.

Ivanishvili's statements received sharp criticism from the opposition parties. The Unity – National Movement released a statement, saying that it is "Ivanishvili who should apologize for the treasonous statements". It said that his statements were in Russia's interests and undermining Georgia's non-recognition policy towards the occupied territories. The U—NM called Ivanishvili's statement "a national shame". It said that the goal of Ivanishvili's statement was to "shift blame for the 2008 war from Russia to the former Georgian government". Leader of Strong Georgia Mamuka Khazaradze responded to Ivanishvili's statements by saying that "all wars in Georgia were started with the hands of Russia" and added that it was the "Georgian hero boys who sacrificed themselves for the motherland" deserving an apology for the current state of Georgia. Khazaradze called Georgian Dream the "Russian Dream". Many relatives of Georgian soldiers who died in the 2008 war, such as wife of Giorgi Antsukhelidze who was tortured by the South Ossetian militants, publicly denouncing Ivanishvili's statements.

### Unity — National Movement

In ealy January 2022, it was revealed that imprisoned former President and leader of United National Movement (UNM), Mikheil Saakashvili, was working on a 9-point economic plan with the UNM economist Roman Gotsiridze. On 10 January, Saakashvili announced that the plan was completed and soon to be presented to the public.

The Saakashvili plan was ultimately released on 3 February. The plan outlined nine theses for economic development: judicial reform, English law, arbitration, decriminalization of economic crimes; de-oligarchization; energy development; elimination of bureaucracy and irrelevant spending; a single tax principle; Infrastructure and transport development; Lazika construction, agricultural development and "Georgian silicon valley ". It focused on deregulation, digitalization of public services, reducing corruption in the court system, democratic development, Small government, the non-interventionism in the economics and protection of the private property as the means of attracting foreign investments to stimulate the economic growth.

The plan envisaged the creation of the constitutional commission on the judiciary reform, decreasing time frames for case review, and limiting corruption. It called for the unrestricted application of the English law in Georgia on the commercial matters, expansion of the application of private arbitrate, and decriminalization of economic crimes. The plan outlined deoligarchization as one of its main goals and proposed to ban the individuals owning more than 5% of Georgia's GDP from joining, founding or funding political parties.

The plan also envisaged Georgia's economic development model as largely infrastructure-driven. In particular, the plan focused on building new hydro power plants, railways, and airports in Georgia, for the country to become a "regional logistical and transport hub". It named the bitcoins as a major problem, citing the "Abkhaz and Georgian clans" over-exploiting electricity, and the lack of accountability.

The Saakashvili plan called for outsourcing large parts of public services to the private sector and gradual downsizing of public sector. It also revived the idea of building the new Lazika city within the planned time frame of 10 years, presenting it as a future "financial capital" of the country. For the Georgian agricultural sector, Saakashvili stated that bringing new technologies from abroad would be the only viable path for the development, and also supported the idea of cutting subsidies to some sectors, which he claimed would actually stimulate more entrepreneurship and growth. The plan called for "agricultural insurance system" to be devised by the government for stimulating agricultural development.

Citing Belarus, Saakashvili presented "Georgian silicon valley" as a new project. He called for Rustavi or some other city close to capital to become "tax-free zone" and privatization of enterprises there for symbolic prices with the investment obligations.

On 4 September 2024, the chairman of the UNM Tina Bokuchava presented "5 priorities" of her party and coalition partners during the campaign event in Kvareli: European integration, increasing average income, increasing pension, strengthening Georgian families and breaking up monopolies. In foreign policy, the coalition promised opening accession negotiations with the European Union, negotiating free trade and visa liberalization agreements with the United States and scrapping Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence. In terms of internal policy, Bokuchava promised free school meals, free housing for students and cancelling pension loans.

### For Georgia

On 8 August 2024, the For Georgia party leader Giorgi Gakharia went to Batumi to meet with the people and canvass the vote. On 17 August 2024, Gakharia officially kicked off the party's election campaign with the opening ceremony in Zugdidi.

Gakharia's promises during the election campaign included increasing the minimum wage from 50 GEL to 950 GEL, introducing six-month unemployment benefits and tying the increase of pensions with that of the economy.

### Strong Georgia

On 5 September 2024, the Strong Georgia coalition presented its election plan called "Ilia's way" to the public in Saguramo, in the vicinity of the Ilia Chavchavadze 's statue. The coalition stated that it would introduce visa regime for Russian citizens in Georgia, restrict direct flights with Russia, and ban selling agricultural land to Russians. It promised to push for Anaklia deepwater port construction and to create "200 thousand new jobs", although it did not specify what measures would be taken for this goal. It promised to introduce a heavy gambling tax and use the increased budget funds to raise pensions. Ana Dolidze, social democratic member of coalition from For the People party, presented plan to increase average income and minimum wage. She announced that these goals would be achieved in cooperation with the "business, small and medium businesses". Levan Tsutskiridze, a leader of Freedom Square party, focused on education reform. The coalition promised greater European Integration, vowing to establish special ministry to push for Georgia's accession to the EU, increase trade with the EU, and create greater opportunities for the youth to move to the European countries through student exchange programs.

### Alliance of Patriots

During the election campaign, the Alliance of Patriots, Conservative Movement/Alt-Info and Georgian Idea, running on the same electoral list, held joint meetings with the supporters throughout country. The meetings were held in Mtskheta, Rustavi, Dedoplistskaro, Gori, Zestafoni, Batumi, Kutaisi and etc. Moreover, members of Alt-Info opened several new offices in various regions to better communicate with the potential voters.

During the meetings, the parties presented several initiatives to the voters. In terms of education, the parties promised to introduce teaching religion into school curriculums, increase wages for teachers, free school meals and extra-courses, and free strength training sections in all schools. In healthcare and social protection, the parties promised universal health care, establishing state-run pharmacies run on low prices to counteract privately held pharmacies and monopolies, and an abortion ban. To reinvigorate economy, the parties stated that they would issue low-percent state loans to the businesses, protect Georgian businesses from foreign imports through high tariffs, negotiate openning up Russian and other post-Soviet markets for Georgian products, and nationalize "strategic resources". The parties said that they would argue for a ban on foreign ownership of Georgian agricultural land, an increased support for local manufacturing, as well as abolishing taxes on land in mountaneous regions to counteract their depopulation. The parties named several legislative proposals they would push for in the Parliament of Georgia: expanding the use of referendums to decide on public issues, making the office of Public Defender of Georgia electable, abolishing " gender legislation ", introducing an amnesty for those imprisoned on family violence charges, and establishing a "real anti-monopoly agency".

In September 2024, the Alliance of Patriots published its electoral video clip called "Why are we poor?". It argued that Georgia remains a developing economy because for 30 years (since the dissolution of the Soviet Union) the country "had been run on free market economic principles", such as the idea that if state does not intervene into the economy, the market will "self-regulate" with " invisible hand ". Criticizing this theory, the video clip cited China and South Korea as examples of the "most successful development models", with them being " hybrid economies " in which the state runs and intervenes into the "strategic sectors", while otherwise allowing free entrepreneurship. The video clip credited this model for creating and developing "high-tech industries" in these countries, such as automotive industry, electronics industry and etc. The video clip also argued for increased protectionism against cheap foreign imports to boost local economy and negotiating with Russia to open up its market for Georgian products, which it argued would be crucial for the economic development.

## Electoral system

The Parliament of Georgia is composed of 150 members who are elected for a four-year term.

As stipulated by constitutional amendments that were adopted on 26 September 2017, the 2024 election will mark the move to a fully proportional system with a 5% minimal threshold for parties to enter parliament.

A similar seat distribution method used in previous elections is being applied for the proportional system. For the 2024 election with 150-member proportional representation, the method involves multiplying the number of votes by 150 and then dividing it by the sum of votes received by all parties that passed 5% threshold (including by the votes of party for which the number of seats is determined with this calculation) to determine the number of seats the party will get in parliament. If after these calculations for all parties the number of total seats distributed is still below 150, the remaining seats will be proportionally distributed among the parties that crossed the 5% threshold.

On 6 February 2023, the Central Election Commission of Georgia adopted a decree introducing an electronic voter registration and voting system at most of the polling stations.

On 4 April 2024, Georgia's Parliament swiftly abolished mandatory gender quotas, with 85 MPs voting in favor and 22 against. Previously, the law required that at least one in every four candidates on a party list be a woman. The decision was part of a deal between the ruling Georgian Dream party and the opposition Girchi party: Georgian Dream supported Girchi’s proposal to abolish the quotas, while Girchi agreed to back the Georgian Dream candidate for Central Electoral Commission Chairperson.

On 27 August 2024, the President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili signed a decree setting 26 October as the date for the parliamentary elections.

On 20 February 2024, the Georgian Parliament passed amendments to the electoral code with 81 votes in the third reading. These amendments change how the Chairman and "professional members" of the Georgian Central Election Commission (CEC) are elected and abolish the Deputy Chairman role, traditionally reserved for an opposition representative.

Under the new law, the Speaker of Parliament, instead of the President, nominates and opens the competition for the election of the CEC Chairman and professional members. Parliament requires a 3/5 majority (90 votes) in the first round to elect candidates. If unsuccessful, a simple majority (76 votes) can be used in the next round, with two attempts allowed. If both attempts fail, the President gains the authority to appoint the CEC chairperson/member. The law also stipulates that CEC members serve a full five-year term, even if elected with a lower quorum.

The CEC is composed of 17 members: 7 nominated by the Speaker of Parliament and appointed by Parliament, and 9 nominated by opposition parties. The opposition and civil society organizations argue that these changes increase political pressure on the CEC and compromise its neutrality, violating the European Commission's conditions and ignoring the Venice Commission's recommendations against these amendments.

On May 30, the Parliament adopted further amendments to the electoral code, including changes to the CEC's operational rules and the abolition of the CEC advisory group, which included representatives from the Public Defender and selected national and international experts. The ruling Georgian Dream party justified these changes by claiming that the advisory group was not functional due to the lack of participation from monitoring organizations.

Another significant amendment is the change in the CEC's decision-making process. Previously, decisions required a two-thirds majority. Now, if a decision cannot be passed in a CEC meeting, it will be subject to a revote at the same meeting and will be considered passed if it receives a majority vote. The ruling party defends this as an anti-deadlock mechanism.

On August 16, the CEC issued a decree requiring the chairman of each precinct election commission to draw lots to assign duties among commission members one week before the election, instead of on election day. Critics argue this change gives authorities time to influence the election process and threatens transparency. The opposition has challenged this decree in court, but the Tbilisi City Court upheld the CEC's decision.

Independent watchdogs and opposition parties remain concerned that these changes undermine the election process's fairness and transparency, particularly ahead of the critical elections in October.

Concerns have been raised about the voting rights of Georgian emigrants. Despite the significant impact of Georgian emigrants on the economy through remittances, their participation in national elections remains limited. Official statistics indicate that over 125,000 people left Georgia in the past year, while estimates suggest that the number of Georgian emigrants could be as high as 1.6 million.

The current voting procedures for Georgians abroad are criticized for being cumbersome, with few polling stations often located only in major cities, making it challenging for emigrants residing in more remote areas to vote. As a result, voter turnout among emigrants has been relatively low; for instance, only 66,217 registered to vote in the 2020 parliamentary elections, with just 12,247 actually participating. Various stakeholders, including opposition parties, non-governmental organizations, and President Salome Zourabichvili, advocate for more accessible voting options, such as additional polling stations, electronic voting, or extended voting periods. However, the government, led by the ruling "Georgian Dream" party, has been slow to respond, citing bureaucratic and logistical challenges. Critics argue that the reluctance to reform the voting process may stem from a political strategy to limit the influence of emigrants, who are perceived as a potentially opposition-leaning electorate.

## Opinion polls

Prior to the election, the polls have been conducted by a number of pollsters in Georgia. The Edison Research polls have been commissioned by the pro-oppostion Formula TV, while another pro-opposition channel Mtavari Arkhi has commissioned ISSA to conduct the polls. The polls by Georgian Opinion Research Business International (GORBI) have been conducted on behalf of pro-government Imedi TV company. The IRI has published its results without allocating the number of undecided voters.

Parties in bold pass the (5%) threshold.


Learner Tien

# Learner Tien

## Abstract

Learner Tien (born December 2, 2005) is an American tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 191 achieved on 26 August 2024. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 754 achieved on 20 November 2023.

## Early life

Tien was born in Irvine, California to Vietnamese parents. His first name, Learner, is inspired by his mother's profession - a math teacher. His sister is named Justice after his father's profession – an attorney.

Tien started playing tennis as an infant, and won his first tournament at the Racquet Club of Irvine at the age of 5.

## Junior career

Tien had a very successful career as a junior, compiling a 76-23 win-loss record and reaching two junior Grand Slam finals, at the 2023 Australian Open and the 2023 US Open, culminating with a ranking of world no. 4 in singles. He also reached the world no. 4 ranking in doubles, compiling a 36-18 win-loss record and winning the 2023 Australian Open, partnering Cooper Williams.

### Junior Grand Slam singles results

Australian Open: F (2023) French Open: SF (2023) Wimbledon: QF (2022, 2023) US Open: F (2023)

### Junior Grand Slam doubles results

Australian Open: W (2023) French Open: QF (2023) Wimbledon: 2R (2022) US Open: 2R (2022)

## Professional career

### 2022-2023: Junior National champion, Major debut

At just 16 years old, Tien won the 2022 USTA Boys 18s National Championship, which earned him a wildcard into the main draw of the 2022 US Open. This made him the youngest player to compete in the men’s singles main draw at the US Open since a then 16 years old Donald Young (also the champion at Kalamazoo) played in the 2005 US Open and also the first player aged 16 to compete since Zachary Svajda in 2019. He lost in four sets to 32nd seed Miomir Kecmanović.

In August 2023, he received a wildcard into the 2023 US Open but lost to Frances Tiafoe in the first round.

### 2024: First Challenger titles & ATP wins & quarterfinal, top 155

In July, he also received a wildcard for the 2024 Cranbrook Tennis Classic in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan where he lifted his maiden Challenger title. He became the youngest American Challenger champion since 2016, when an 18-year-old Frances Tiafoe won in Granby, Canada.

At the end of July, two weeks later, he made again the quarterfinals at the 2024 Chicago Men's Challenger and reached the top 250 in the rankings on 29 July 2024. He reached his second Challenger semifinal of the season defeating eight seed Hong Seong-chan. He lost to Yunchaokete Bu, ending a 28 match winning streak across ITF and ATP Challenger tournaments. A week later, he also made the quarterfinals at the 2024 Lexington Challenger but lost to Hugo Grenier.

He secured a main draw wildcard for the US Open by winning the US Open wildcard challenge.

Ranked No. 231, he qualified for the main draw at the 2024 Winston-Salem Open and defeated fellow qualifier Tristan Schoolkate and upset ninth seed Fábián Marozsán and Thiago Seyboth Wild to record his first three ATP Tour wins and reach his first quarterfinal in his career. He became the youngest American ATP tour-level quarterfinalist since Brandon Nakashima in 2020 (in Delray Beach). As a result he climbed close to 40 positions in the singles rankings to the top 195 at world No. 191 on 26 August 2024.

Ranked No. 191, he won his second Challenger title in Las Vegas defeating Tristan Boyer and moved another 40 positions in the singles rankings reaching a new career-high of world No. 151 on 16 September 2024.

## ATP Challenger and ITF World Tennis Tour finals

## Junior Grand Slam finals


Bo Nix

# Bo Nix

## Abstract

Bo Chapman Nix (born February 25, 2000) is an American professional football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). The NCAA 's leader in games played at the position, he played three seasons of college football for the Auburn Tigers and was named the 2019 SEC Freshman of the Year. In 2022, Nix transferred to the Oregon Ducks and was a 2023 Heisman Trophy finalist after leading the season in touchdowns. He was selected by the Broncos in the first round of 2024 NFL draft.

## Early life

Nix was born on February 25, 2000, in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Nix played under his father at Pinson Valley High School in Pinson, Alabama, where he accumulated over 12,000 total offensive yards and 161 touchdowns. Previously, Nix played at Scottsboro High School where he passed for 3,463 yards and threw 40 Touchdown passes. He also won Alabama's Mr. Football Award as a senior in 2018. He was rated the top dual-threat quarterback of his class and committed to play college football at Auburn University.

## College career

### Auburn (2019–2021)

As a true freshman at Auburn, Nix was named the starting quarterback for the 2019 season. He led Auburn to a 27–21 come-back win against the Oregon Ducks at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on August 31, 2019. Nix led Auburn to a 9–4 record in his freshman season, winning the Iron Bowl, 48–45 over Alabama. He was voted the SEC's 2019 Freshman of the Year, finishing the campaign with 16 touchdowns and six interceptions. He threw for 12 touchdowns and seven interceptions as a sophomore in 11 games in the pandemic-shortened season in 2020.

2021 was an up-and-down season for Nix, with highlights being leading Auburn to their first win at LSU since 1999 and a win over #10 Ole Miss, while also struggling in certain games and being benched for T. J. Finley in the fourth quarter of a game against Georgia State. Nix suffered a season-ending injury against Mississippi State. He threw for 11 touchdowns and three interceptions in 2021. On December 12, 2021, Nix announced he was entering the transfer portal, describing himself as "miserable" while playing under Auburn head coach Bryan Harsin who had been hired in 2021.

### Oregon (2022–2023)

In 2022, Nix transferred to the University of Oregon with two seasons of eligibility remaining based on the NCAA's COVID-19 eligibility waiver for the 2020 season. Nix led Oregon to a 10–3 record in the 2022 season. The season saw ranked victories over BYU, UCLA, and Utah before culminating in a 28–27 win over North Carolina in the Holiday Bowl. Nix finished the season with 3,593 passing yards, 29 passing touchdowns, and seven interceptions to end with 89 carries for 510 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In addition, he had a receiving touchdown on the season.

In the 2023 season, Nix led Oregon to a successful season, while primarily being in contention for the College Football Playoff. He helped lead the team to a 5–0 start before their first setback against #7 Washington. The team reeled off six consecutive wins to set up a rematch with #3 Washington in the Pac-12 Championship Game. The Ducks fell to the Huskies once again to fall out of contention for the College Football Playoff. Nix passed for 4,508 yards, 45 touchdowns, and three interceptions to go with six rushing touchdowns on the year. Nix finished third place in the Heisman Trophy vote behind Jayden Daniels and Michael Penix Jr.. Following his final collegiate game in the Fiesta Bowl against Liberty, he broke Mac Jones 's previous record for the highest single season completion percentage at 77.45%. He led the NCAA in pass completions, completion percentage, and passing touchdowns in 2023. He started 61 games between Auburn and Oregon, the most in NCAA history for a quarterback.

## Professional career

Nix was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round (12th overall) of the 2024 NFL draft. He was the last of six quarterbacks taken in the first round, tied with the 1983 draft for the most in NFL history. Nix signed his four-year rookie contract, worth $18.6 million fully guaranteed, on May 11, 2024. He was named the starter over Jarrett Stidham and Zach Wilson prior to the season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, becoming the first Broncos rookie quarterback to start since John Elway in 1983.

In his NFL debut against the Seattle Seahawks, Nix went 26-of-42 for 138 yards, two interceptions, and a rushing touchdown as the Broncos lost 26–20. His 138 yards were the fewest in NFL history for a quarterback with 25 or more completions in a game.

## Personal life

Nix is the son of football coach and former Auburn quarterback Patrick Nix. Both of Nix's brothers also play college football with younger brother Caleb playing safety at Clemson and adopted brother Tez Johnson is playing wide receiver at Oregon. He is married to Izzy Smoke, a former Auburn cheerleader. Nix is a Christian.


2024 Washington Mystics season

# 2024 Washington Mystics season

## Abstract

The 2024 Washington Mystics season is the franchise's 27th season in the Women's National Basketball Association, and their second season under head coach Eric Thibault.

The season tipped off on Tuesday, May 14, 2024, at home against the New York Liberty.

## Transactions

### Roster changes

## Roster

## Schedule

## Standings

- v

- t

- e

Notes

## Statistics

### Regular season

Waived/Released during the season Traded during the season Acquired during the season


# List of Kansas City Chiefs starting quarterbacks

## Abstract

The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. In 1963, the team moved to Kansas City, Missouri and were renamed the Kansas City Chiefs.

The Chiefs have had 56 different quarterbacks attempt a pass, 39 different starting quarterbacks, and 19 different quarterbacks start at least 10 games. Eleven different quarterbacks have been named to either the AFL All-Star team or Pro Bowl for a total of 25 selections. Five of those quarterbacks have been name All-Star or Pro Bowl multiple times. Eleven of the Chiefs starting quarterbacks have led the Chiefs to the playoffs, however, only five have won a playoff game. Patrick Mahomes has been the Chiefs' starting quarterback since 2018. Mahomes has been the full-time starting quarterback since the beginning of the 2018 season, when he broke multiple single season team records and became the first Chiefs player to win MVP. Cotton Davidson was the team's first starting quarterback. He played all 14 games for the Texans in their inaugural 1960 season. Davidson played with the franchise from 1960 to 1962, and was traded in 1963 to the Oakland Raiders. Len Dawson signed with the Chiefs (then known as the Texans) on July 2, 1962 and played for the franchise for 14 seasons. With Dawson as the team's starter, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player after the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV and retired in 1975 with several franchise records. Three quarterbacks currently in the Pro Football Hall of Fame have started at least one game for Kansas City: Dawson, Joe Montana, and Warren Moon. The most quarterbacks started in one season was five in 1987, however, this was primarily due to the player strike that led to teams using replacement players. The Chiefs have had the same quarterback start every game in a season 15 times. Trent Green started the most consecutive games with 81. Mahomes and Dawson are the only quarterbacks to lead the Chiefs to the Super Bowl, I and IV for Dawson and LIV, LV, LVII, and LVIII for Mahomes, with the Chiefs winning IV, LIV, LVII, and LVIII.

## Starting quarterbacks by season

### Regular-season

The number of games started in the season by each player is listed in small parentheses. Statistics do not include postseason starts.

## Most games as starting quarterback

Only the top 10 are listed below.

As of week 1 of the 2024 season

## Team career passing leaders

Below are the top five quarterbacks in each category throughout their tenure with the Chiefs. Stats are complete through week 1 of the 2024 NFL Season.


Teixeira de Aragão

# Teixeira de Aragão

## Abstract

Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão ComA CavC CavA CavTE (15 June 1823 – 29 April 1903) was a Portuguese officer, doctor, numismatist, archaeologist and historian. As an officer of the Portuguese army, he retired with the rank of general. Teixeira de Aragão is considered one of the "fathers" of Portuguese numismatics.

## Biography

He was the son of José Maria Teixeira de Aragão and his wife, Mariana Hermógenes da Silva. He graduated in medicine, having reached the position of surgeon-in-chief of the Portuguese Army.

As a surgeon in the parish of Melides in the county of Santiago do Cacém, he participated with aiding the victims of the 1849 dysentery epidemic.

From an early age, he devoted himself to collecting numismatics, which paired with his extraordinary intellectual activity and a friendship with the King Luis I of Portugal. This allowed him to delve in depth to this field of science.

In the 1860s, he was one of the responsibles for the work of rediscovery of the archaeological site of the Roman town Balsa in Tavira.

In 1867, he acted as Conservative of the Office of the Ajuda National Palace, and was responsible for organizing, cataloging and exhibition of the contents of the collection of the Ajuda Antiquities Museum. They assembled pieces of great value belonging to the treasury of the Portuguese Royal House, the extinct convents and individuals. During the performance of these functions, Teixeira de Aragão was entrusted with the task of bringing some of the objects of the Portuguese Royal Collection at the Exposition Universelle (1867) of Paris. The Commission de l'histoire du Travail of this exhibition attributed the gold medal to the collection. During the period of exposure, Teixeira de Aragão had the opportunity to get in touch with the world's most renowned personalities in the field of numismatics.

In 1870, he published Descrição Histórica das Moedas Romanas Existentes no Gabinete Numismático de sua Majestade El-Rei O Senhor D. Luiz I. A year later, he was admitted as a corresponding member of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute by the Commission of Archaeology and Ethnography.

In 1874, he joined the Independence Historical Society of Portugal-SHIP, having occupied the post of vice-treasurer of the Central Committee of 1 December 1640.

In 1875, went public with the first of three volumes of the monumental work of the Descrição Geral e Histórica das Moedas Cunhadas em Nome dos Reis, Regentes e Governadores de Portugal. Teixeira de Aragão came to planning a fourth volume of this work, which include the currencies of Brazil and Portuguese West Africa countries, which failed to materialize.

In the same year was part of the Commission of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, appointed by the Government of the time, with the aim to propose the reform of Education of Fine Arts, the plan for the organization of museums, and service of Historic Monuments and archeology.

He reproduced the exact design of the Medal of Olhão that Olhanenses granted to the then Prince Regent D. João.

On 28 December 1876, he was elected to the section of History and Archaeology at the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon.

In 1877, participated in the archaeological conference's Citânia de Briteiros in Guimarães.

In 1880, he was appointed Royal Commissioner by the Academy of Sciences in order to proceed with the preparation and implementation of the program of repatriating remains of Vasco da Gama, from the Church of the Convent of Our Lady of Relics in Vidigueira to the Jeronimos Monastery where he still remain.

He became a member of the commission created by the Portuguese Royal Association of Architects and Civil Archeologos (RAACAP). The association's main objective was related to the equity issue by holding exhibitions to governments on the conservation of historical monuments.

In the year 1881, he was part of the organizing committee nominated for the exhibition Special Loan Exhibition of Spanish and Portuguese Ornamental Art displayed at the South Kensington Museum in London.

He was a member of the Geographical Society of Lisbon, the "Société Française de Numismatique" and the Committee of Antiquities of the "Real Academia de la Historia de Madrid". In Brazil, was admitted as a counselor to Historical and Geographical Institute of São Paulo.

## Work

- As minhas ferias. Lisboa: Typographia da Academia das Bellas Artes, 1843. 64p. (in Portuguese)

- O Hercules Preto. Lisboa: Typographia de Martins, 1846. 268p. (in Portuguese)

- Vidigueira: Fragmentos históricos. Beja: O Bejense, 1861. (in Portuguese)

- Vidigueira: Convento do Carmo. Beja: O Bejense, 1861. (in Portuguese)

- Algumas causas que podem contribuir para a frequência tísica nos alunos do Real Colégio Militar. Escholiaste Médico. 1866. (in Portuguese)

- Description des Monnaies, Médailles et Autres Objects D'Art Concernant L'Histoire Portugaise. Paris: Imprimerie Administrative de Paul Dupont, 1867. 171p. (in French)

- Notes sur quelques numismates portugais des XVIIe, XVIIIe et XIXe siècles : lettre a M. le vicomte de Ponton d'Amécourt. Paris: Pillet, 1867. (in French)

- Relatório sobre o Cemitério Romano Descoberto próximo da cidade de Tavira em Maio de 1868. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1868. 20p. (in Portuguese)

- Catálogo descriptivo das moedas e medalhas portuguezas que formam parte da colecção do Visconde de Sanches de Baena. Lisboa: Typographia de Castro Irmão, 1869. (in Portuguese)

- Descripção Histórica das Moedas Romanas existentes no Gabinete Numismático de sua Magestade EL-Rei O Senhor Dom Luiz I. Typographya Universal, 1870. 640p. (in Portuguese)

- D. Vasco da Gama e a Villa da Vidigueira D. Vasco da Gama e a Villa da Vidigueira. Lisboa: Typographya Universal, 1871. (in Portuguese)

- Typos politicos: Mestre Manoel Camões. Lisboa: Almanach Arsejas - Liv. Arsejas, 1872. (in Portuguese)

- Descrição geral e histórica das moedas cunhadas em nome dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal (Tomo I). Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1875. 538p. (in Portuguese)

- Descrição geral e histórica das moedas cunhadas em nome dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal (Tomo II).Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1877. 578p. (in Portuguese)

- Descrição geral e histórica das moedas cunhadas em nome dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal (Tomo III). Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1880. 714p. (in Portuguese)

- Revista Militar Tomo XXXVIII. Lisboa, 1886.P548-551. (in Portuguese)

- Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: Estudo historico. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1887. 164p. (in Portuguese)

- Anneis: Estudo. Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1887. 25 p. (in Portuguese)

- Breve noticia sobre o descobrimento da América. Lisboa: Typographya da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1892. 80p. (in Portuguese)

- Catálogo dos objectos de arte e industria dos indígenas da América que, pelas festas commemorativas do 4º centenário da sua descoberta, a Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa envia à Exposição de Madrid. Lisboa: Typographya da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1892. 44p. (in Portuguese)

- Diabruras, santidades e prophecias. Lisboa: Typographya da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1894. 151p. (in Portuguese)

- A Torocentese ou Operação do Empiema. Lisboa 1894. (in Portuguese)

- Antiguidades romanas de Balsa. Lisboa: O Archeologo Português, 1896.N.º2.p55-57. (in Portuguese)

- Memoria historica sobre os Palacios da residencia dos V. Reys da India. Manuscrito. (in Portuguese)

## Awards and honours

- Knight of the Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (1868) (Portugal).

- Knight of the Royal Military Order of Christ (Portugal).

- Commander of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portugal).

- Commander of the Royal Military Order of Aviz (1870) (Portugal).

- Grand Officer of the Royal Military Order of Aviz (Portugal).

- Knight of the Royal Military Order of Aviz (1874) (Portugal).

- Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown (Austria).

- Knight of the Royal Order of Charles III (Spain).

- Commander of the Royal Order of Charles III (Spain).

- Knight of the Order of the White Elephant (Siam).

- Knight of the Order of Nichan Iftikhar (Tunisia).

- Three silver medals in the Class of Military Value, Good Services and Outstanding Behaviour.

- Teixeira de Aragão Medal - minted by the Portuguese Society of Numismatics in 1963 in patinated bronze, with a diameter of 70 millimetres (2.8 in) and weight of 163 grams (5.7 oz).

- Praça Doutor Teixeira de Aragão – a public square in the parish of Benfica, Lisbon – was named after him.


Miss America 1977

# Miss America 1977

## Abstract

Miss America 1977, the 50th Miss America pageant, was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 11, 1976 on NBC Network. The winner was Miss Minnesota, Dorothy Benham.

Before the finals, Benham and second runner up Carmen McCollum shared victories of the talent and swimsuit preliminary trophies. Deborah Lipford, Miss Delaware, was the first black contestant to make it to the final 10, and only the sixth to win a state level Miss America contest.

Benham became a singer, appearing often on the Crystal Cathedral religious-themed program Hour of Power.

Among the other contestants in 1977 was Miss Florida, actress Nancy Stafford, who would co-star with Andy Griffith 11 years later in the NBC TV series Matlock.

## Results

### Order of announcements

### Awards

## Judges

- Gail Brown

- Katherine C. Corbett

- Frank DeFord

- Don Galloway

- Robert Lewine

- Jeanne Meixell

- Petr Spurney

- Susan Starr