2024 in cycling

# 2024 in cycling

## Abstract

The 2024 in cycling results is given as follows:

## Cycle ball

- 2024 UCI Cycle–ball World Cup Calendar here.

### World Championships

- October 25–27: 2024 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships in Bremen

### 2024 UCI Cycle–ball World Cup

- April 13: World Cup #1 in Kobe

- May 4: World Cup #2 in Mosnang

- August 31: World Cup #3 in Hannover

- September 7: World Cup #4 in Darmstadt

- September 21: World Cup #5 in Denkendorf

- October 12: World Cup #6 in Altdorf

- November 9: World Cup #7 in St. Pölten

- November 23: World Cup #8 in Dorlisheim

- December 7: World Cup Final in Ailingen

## Cycling – BMX

### World & Continental Championships

- May 29 – June 2: 2024 UEC BMX Racing European Championships in Verona

- December 17–21: 2024 UCI Urban Cycling World Championships in Abu Dhabi

### 2024 UCI BMX Freestyle World Cup

- February 22 – 25: World Cup #1 in Enoshima Park winners: Anthony Jeanjean (m) / Hannah Roberts (w) Flatland winners: Yu Katagiri (m) / Nina Suzuki (w)

- Park winners: Anthony Jeanjean (m) / Hannah Roberts (w)

- Flatland winners: Yu Katagiri (m) / Nina Suzuki (w)

- May 8 – 12: World Cup #2 in Montpellier Park winners: Anthony Jeanjean (m) / Laury Perez (w) Flatland winners: Yu Shoji (m) / Nina Suzuki (w)

- Park winners: Anthony Jeanjean (m) / Laury Perez (w)

- Flatland winners: Yu Shoji (m) / Nina Suzuki (w)

- October 17 – 20: World Cup #3 in Shanghai

### 2024 UCI BMX Racing World Cup

- February 10 – 11: World Cup #1 & #2 in Rotorua Men Elite winners: Romain Mahieu (#1) / Joris Daudet (#2) Men U23 winners: Jack Greenough (#1) / Bennett Greenough (#2) Women Elite winners: Saya Sakakibara (2 times) Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (#1) / Ava Corley (#2)

- Men Elite winners: Romain Mahieu (#1) / Joris Daudet (#2)

- Men U23 winners: Jack Greenough (#1) / Bennett Greenough (#2)

- Women Elite winners: Saya Sakakibara (2 times)

- Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (#1) / Ava Corley (#2)

- February 24 – 25: World Cup #3 & #4 in Brisbane Men Elite winners: Izaac Kennedy (#1) / Kye White (#2) Men U23 winners: Jesse Asmus (#1) / Oliver Moran (#2) Women Elite winners: Zoé Claessens (2 times) Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (2 times)

- Men Elite winners: Izaac Kennedy (#1) / Kye White (#2)

- Men U23 winners: Jesse Asmus (#1) / Oliver Moran (#2)

- Women Elite winners: Zoé Claessens (2 times)

- Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (2 times)

- April 27 – 28: World Cup #5 & #6 in Tulsa Men Elite winners: Niek Kimmann (2 times) Men U23 winners: Jordan Callum (#1) / Oliver Moran (#2) Women Elite winners: Saya Sakakibara (2 times) Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (#1) / McKenzie Gayheart (#2)

- Men Elite winners: Niek Kimmann (2 times)

- Men U23 winners: Jordan Callum (#1) / Oliver Moran (#2)

- Women Elite winners: Saya Sakakibara (2 times)

- Women U23 winners: Teya Rufus (#1) / McKenzie Gayheart (#2)

- June 22 – 23: World Cup #7 & #8 in Papendal Event was cancelled

- Event was cancelled

### 2024 BMX European Cup

- March 9 – 10: European Cup #1 & #2 in Sarrians

- March 30 – April 1: European Cup #3 & #4 in Heusden-Zolder

- April 13 – 14: European Cup #5 & #6 in Benátky nad Jizerou

- June 15 – 16: European Cup #7 & #8 in Tiel

- July 13 – 14: European Cup #9 & #10 in Valmiera

- September 7 – 8: European Cup #11 & #12 in Ravels

## Cycling – Cross

- 2023–24 UCI Cyclocross Calendar here.

### World Championships

- February 2 – 4: 2024 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Tábor Elite race winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f) U23 race winners: Tibor Del Grosso (m) / Zoe Bäckstedt (f) Junior race winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery Mixed relay winners: France

- Elite race winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- U23 race winners: Tibor Del Grosso (m) / Zoe Bäckstedt (f)

- Junior race winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery

- Mixed relay winners: France

### 2023–24 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup

- October 15, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #1 in Waterloo Winners: Thibau Nys (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- Winners: Thibau Nys (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- October 29, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #2 in Maasmechelen Winners: Lars van der Haar (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- Winners: Lars van der Haar (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- November 12, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #3 in Dendermonde Winners: Pim Ronhaar (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f)

- Winners: Pim Ronhaar (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f)

- November 19, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #4 in Troyes Winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f) U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Cat Ferguson

- Winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f)

- U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso

- Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Cat Ferguson

- November 26, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #5 in Dublin Winners: Pim Ronhaar (m) / Lucinda Brand (f) U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery

- Winners: Pim Ronhaar (m) / Lucinda Brand (f)

- U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso

- Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery

- December 3, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #6 in Flamanville Winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Lucinda Brand (f)

- Winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Lucinda Brand (f)

- December 10, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #7 in Val di Sole Winners: Joris Nieuwenhuis (m) / Manon Bakker (f)

- Winners: Joris Nieuwenhuis (m) / Manon Bakker (f)

- December 17, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #8 in Namur Winners: Tom Pidcock (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f) U23 winner: Emiel Verstrynge Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Célia Gery

- Winners: Tom Pidcock (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f)

- U23 winner: Emiel Verstrynge

- Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Célia Gery

- December 23, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #9 in Antwerp Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f) U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Cat Ferguson

- Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso

- Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Cat Ferguson

- December 26, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #10 in Gavere Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- December 30, 2023: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #11 in Hulst Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- January 7: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #12 in Zonhoven Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- January 21: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #13 in Benidorm Winners: Wout van Aert (m) / Fem van Empel (f) U23 winner: Emiel Verstrynge Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Célia Gery

- Winners: Wout van Aert (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- U23 winner: Emiel Verstrynge

- Juniors winners: Aubin Sparfel (m) / Célia Gery

- January 28: UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup #14 in Hoogerheide (final) Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f) U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Viktória Chladonová

- Winners: Mathieu van der Poel (m) / Fem van Empel (f)

- U23 winner: Tibor Del Grosso

- Juniors winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Viktória Chladonová

- Overall winners: Elite winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f) U23 winner: Tibor del Grosso Junior winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery (f)

- Elite winners: Eli Iserbyt (m) / Ceylin del Carmen Alvarado (f)

- U23 winner: Tibor del Grosso

- Junior winners: Stefano Viezzi (m) / Célia Gery (f)

## Cycling – Mountain Bike

- Full 2024 MTB Events Calendar here.

### World Championships

- February 10–11: 2024 UCI Snow Bike World Championships in Châtel Snow bike Dual slalom winners: Pierre Thevenard (m) / Lisa Baumann (w) Snow bike Super G winners: Pierre Thevenard (m) / Morgane Such (w)

- Snow bike Dual slalom winners: Pierre Thevenard (m) / Lisa Baumann (w)

- Snow bike Super G winners: Pierre Thevenard (m) / Morgane Such (w)

- July 13: 2024 UCI Mountain Bike Eliminator World Championships in Aalen

- August 28 – September 1: 2024 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships in Vallnord

- September 21–22: 2024 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships in Snowshoe

### 2024 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup

- April 12–14: World Cup #1 in Mairiporã XCC winners: Sam Gaze (m) / Evie Richards (f) XCO winners: Christopher Blevins (m) / Jenny Rissveds (f)

- XCC winners: Sam Gaze (m) / Evie Richards (f)

- XCO winners: Christopher Blevins (m) / Jenny Rissveds (f)

- April 19–21: World Cup #2 in Araxá XCC winners: Victor Koretzky (m) / Haley Batten (f) XCO winners: Simon Andreassen (m) / Haley Batten (f)

- XCC winners: Victor Koretzky (m) / Haley Batten (f)

- XCO winners: Simon Andreassen (m) / Haley Batten (f)

- May 3–5: World Cup #3 in Fort William Downhill winners: Loïc Bruni (m) / Valentina Höll (f)

- Downhill winners: Loïc Bruni (m) / Valentina Höll (f)

- May 10–12: World Cup #4 in Finale Outdoor Region Enduro winners: Richard Rude Jr. (m) / Ryan Gilchrist (f)

- Enduro winners: Richard Rude Jr. (m) / Ryan Gilchrist (f)

- May 17–19: World Cup #5 in Bielsko-Biała Downhill winners: Ronan Dunne (m) / Marine Cabirou (f) Enduro winners: Charles Murray (m) / Isabeau Courdurier (f)

- Downhill winners: Ronan Dunne (m) / Marine Cabirou (f)

- Enduro winners: Charles Murray (m) / Isabeau Courdurier (f)

- May 24–26: World Cup #6 in Nové Město na Moravě XCC winners: Victor Koretzky (m) / Alessandra Keller (f) XCO winners: Tom Pidcock (m) / Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (f) Marathon winners: Fabian Rabensteiner (m) / Vera Looser (f)

- XCC winners: Victor Koretzky (m) / Alessandra Keller (f)

- XCO winners: Tom Pidcock (m) / Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (f)

- Marathon winners: Fabian Rabensteiner (m) / Vera Looser (f)

- June 7–9: World Cup #7 in Saalfelden Downhill winners: Loïc Bruni (m) / Valentina Höll (f) Enduro winners: Richard Rude Jr. (m) / Isabeau Courdurier (f)

- Downhill winners: Loïc Bruni (m) / Valentina Höll (f)

- Enduro winners: Richard Rude Jr. (m) / Isabeau Courdurier (f)

- June 14–16: World Cup #8 in Val di Sole XCC winners: Sam Gaze (m) / Puck Pieterse (f) XCO winners: Nino Schurter (m) / Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (f) Downhill winners: Amaury Pierron (m) / Tahnée Seagrave (f)

- XCC winners: Sam Gaze (m) / Puck Pieterse (f)

- XCO winners: Nino Schurter (m) / Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (f)

- Downhill winners: Amaury Pierron (m) / Tahnée Seagrave (f)

- June 28 – July 7: World Cup #9 in Haute-Savoie

- July 12–14: World Cup #10 in Bellwald

- August 16–18: World Cup #11 in TBD

- September 6–8: World Cup #12 in Loudenvielle

- September 27–29: World Cup #13 in Lake Placid

- October 4–6: World Cup #14 in Mont-Sainte-Anne

### 2024 Crankworx World Tour

- March 16 – 24: CWT in Rotorua

- May 22 – 26: CWT in Cairns

- June 12 – 16: CWT in Innsbruck

- July 19 – 28: CWT in Whistler

## Cycling – Para-cycling

### International Championships

- March 20–24: 2024 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships in Rio de Janeiro

- August 29 – September 7: 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris

### 2024 UCI Para-cycling Road World Cup

- January 13–17: World Cup in Adelaide

- May 2–5: World Cup in Ostend

- May 16–19: World Cup in Maniago

## Cycling – Road

### 2024 UCI World Tour

(Monuments and Grand Tours in bold)

- January 16–21: 2024 Tour Down Under in Australia Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- January 28: 2024 Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race in Australia Winner: Laurence Pithie (Groupama–FDJ)

- Winner: Laurence Pithie (Groupama–FDJ)

- February 19–25: 2024 UAE Tour in United Arab Emirates Winner: Lennert Van Eetvelt (Lotto–Dstny)

- Winner: Lennert Van Eetvelt (Lotto–Dstny)

- February 24: 2024 Omloop Het Nieuwsblad in Belgium Winner: Jan Tratnik (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Jan Tratnik (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- March 2: 2024 Strade Bianche in Italy Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- March 3–10: 2024 Paris–Nice in France Winner: Matteo Jorgenson (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Matteo Jorgenson (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- March 4–10: 2024 Tirreno–Adriatico in Italy Winner: Jonas Vingegaard (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Jonas Vingegaard (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- March 16: 2024 Milan–San Remo in Italy Winner: Jasper Philipsen (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Jasper Philipsen (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- March 18–24: 2024 Volta a Catalunya in Spain Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- March 20: 2024 Classic Brugge–De Panne in Belgium Winner: Jasper Philipsen (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Jasper Philipsen (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- March 22: 2024 E3 Saxo Classic in Belgium Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- March 24: 2024 Gent–Wevelgem in Belgium Winner: Mads Pedersen (Lidl–Trek)

- Winner: Mads Pedersen (Lidl–Trek)

- March 27: 2024 Dwars door Vlaanderen in Belgium Winner: Matteo Jorgenson (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Matteo Jorgenson (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- March 31: 2024 Tour of Flanders in Belgium Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- April 1–6: 2024 Tour of the Basque Country in Spain Winner: Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates)

- April 7: 2024 Paris–Roubaix in France Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Mathieu van der Poel (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- April 14: 2024 Amstel Gold Race in the Netherlands Winner: Tom Pidcock (Ineos Grenadiers)

- Winner: Tom Pidcock (Ineos Grenadiers)

- April 17: 2024 La Flèche Wallonne in Belgium Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- April 21: 2024 Liège–Bastogne–Liège in Belgium Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- April 23–28: 2024 Tour de Romandie in Switzerland Winner: Carlos Rodríguez (Ineos Grenadiers)

- Winner: Carlos Rodríguez (Ineos Grenadiers)

- May 1: 2024 Eschborn–Frankfurt in Germany Winner: Maxim Van Gils (Lotto–Dstny)

- Winner: Maxim Van Gils (Lotto–Dstny)

- May 4–26: 2024 Giro d'Italia in Italy Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- June 2–9: 2024 Critérium du Dauphiné in France Winner: Primoź Roglić

- Winner: Primoź Roglić

- June 9–16: 2024 Tour de Suisse in Switzerland Winner: Adam Yates (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Adam Yates (UAE Team Emirates)

- June 29–July 21: 2024 Tour de France in France Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- August 10: 2024 Clásica de San Sebastián in Spain Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- August 12–18: 2024 Tour de Pologne in Poland Winner: Jonas Vingegaard (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Jonas Vingegaard (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- August 17–September 8: 2024 Vuelta a España in Spain Winner: Primož Roglič (Bora–Hansgrohe)

- Winner: Primož Roglič (Bora–Hansgrohe)

- August 25: 2024 Bretagne Classic Ouest-France in France Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- August 28–September 1: 2024 Renewi Tour in Belgium and the Netherlands Winner: Tim Wellens (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tim Wellens (UAE Team Emirates)

- September 8: 2024 Hamburg Cyclassics in Germany Winner: Olav Kooij (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Olav Kooij (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- September 13: 2024 Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec in Canada Winner: Michael Matthews (Team Jayco–AIS)

- Winner: Michael Matthews (Team Jayco–AIS)

- September 15: 2024 Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal in Canada Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Tadej Pogačar (UAE Team Emirates)

- October 12: 2024 Il Lombardia in Italy

- October 15–20: 2024 Tour of Guangxi in China

### 2024 UCI ProSeries

- January 31–February 4: 2024 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana in Spain Winner: Brandon McNulty (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Brandon McNulty (UAE Team Emirates)

- February 10: 2024 Figueira Champions Classic in Portugal Winner: Remco Evenepoel (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- Winner: Remco Evenepoel (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- February 10–14: 2024 Tour of Oman in Oman Winner: Adam Yates (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Adam Yates (UAE Team Emirates)

- February 11: 2024 Clásica de Almería in Spain Winner: Olav Kooij (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Olav Kooij (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- February 14–18: 2024 Volta ao Algarve in Portugal Winner: Remco Evenepoel (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- Winner: Remco Evenepoel (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- February 14–18: 2024 Vuelta a Andalucía in Spain Winner: Maxim Van Gils (Lotto–Dstny)

- Winner: Maxim Van Gils (Lotto–Dstny)

- February 24: 2024 Faun-Ardèche Classic in France Winner: Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates)

- February 25: 2024 Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne in Belgium Winner: Wout van Aert (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Wout van Aert (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- February 25: 2024 Faun Drôme Classic in France Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- February 28: 2024 Trofeo Laigueglia in Italy Winner: Lenny Martinez (Groupama–FDJ)

- Winner: Lenny Martinez (Groupama–FDJ)

- March 13: 2024 Milano–Torino in Italy Winner: Alberto Bettiol (EF Education–EasyPost)

- Winner: Alberto Bettiol (EF Education–EasyPost)

- March 13: 2024 Nokere Koerse in Belgium Winner: Tim Merlier (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- Winner: Tim Merlier (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- March 14: 2024 Grand Prix de Denain in France Winner: Jannik Steimle (Q36.5 Pro Cycling Team)

- Winner: Jannik Steimle (Q36.5 Pro Cycling Team)

- March 15: 2024 Bredene Koksijde Classic in Belgium Winner: Luca Mozzato (Arkéa–B&B Hotels)

- Winner: Luca Mozzato (Arkéa–B&B Hotels)

- March 30: 2024 GP Miguel Induráin in Spain Winner: Brandon McNulty (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Brandon McNulty (UAE Team Emirates)

- April 3: 2024 Scheldeprijs in Belgium Winner: Tim Merlier (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- Winner: Tim Merlier (Soudal–Quick-Step)

- April 10: 2024 Brabantse Pijl in Belgium Winner: Benoît Cosnefroy (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- Winner: Benoît Cosnefroy (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- April 15–19: 2024 Tour of the Alps in Italy Winner: Juan Pedro López (Lidl–Trek)

- Winner: Juan Pedro López (Lidl–Trek)

- April 21–28: 2024 Presidential Tour of Turkey in Turkey Winner: Frank van den Broek (Team dsm–firmenich PostNL)

- Winner: Frank van den Broek (Team dsm–firmenich PostNL)

- May 4: 2024 Grand Prix du Morbihan in France Winner: Benoît Cosnefroy (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- Winner: Benoît Cosnefroy (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- May 5: 2024 Tro-Bro Léon in France Winner: Arnaud De Lie (Lotto–Dstny)

- Winner: Arnaud De Lie (Lotto–Dstny)

- May 8–12: 2024 Tour de Hongrie in Hungary Winner: Thibau Nys (Lidl–Trek)

- Winner: Thibau Nys (Lidl–Trek)

- May 14–19: 2024 Four Days of Dunkirk in France Winner: Sam Bennett (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- Winner: Sam Bennett (Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale)

- May 23–26: 2024 Boucles de la Mayenne in France Winner: Alberto Bettiol (EF Education–EasyPost)

- Winner: Alberto Bettiol (EF Education–EasyPost)

- May 23–26: 2024 Tour of Norway in Norway Winner: Axel Laurance (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Axel Laurance (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- May 29: 2024 Circuit Franco–Belge in Belgium Winner: Biniam Girmay (Intermarché–Wanty)

- Winner: Biniam Girmay (Intermarché–Wanty)

- June 2: 2024 Brussels Cycling Classic in Belgium Winner: Jonas Abrahamsen (Uno-X Mobility)

- Winner: Jonas Abrahamsen (Uno-X Mobility)

- June 8: 2024 Dwars door het Hageland in Belgium Winner: Gianni Vermeersch (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- Winner: Gianni Vermeersch (Alpecin–Deceuninck)

- June 12–16: 2024 Tour of Belgium in Belgium Winner: Søren Wærenskjold (Uno-X Mobility)

- Winner: Søren Wærenskjold (Uno-X Mobility)

- June 12–16: 2024 Tour of Slovenia in Slovenia Winner: Giovanni Aleotti (Bora–Hansgrohe)

- Winner: Giovanni Aleotti (Bora–Hansgrohe)

- July 7–14: 2024 Tour of Qinghai Lake in China Winner: Jefferson Alveiro Cepeda (Caja Rural–Seguros RGA)

- Winner: Jefferson Alveiro Cepeda (Caja Rural–Seguros RGA)

- July 22–26: 2024 Tour de Wallonie in Belgium Winner: Matteo Trentin (Tudor Pro Cycling Team)

- Winner: Matteo Trentin (Tudor Pro Cycling Team)

- August 5–9: 2024 Vuelta a Burgos in Spain Winner: Sepp Kuss (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- Winner: Sepp Kuss (Visma–Lease a Bike)

- August 8–11: 2024 Arctic Race of Norway in Norway Winner: Magnus Cort (Uno-X Mobility)

- Winner: Magnus Cort (Uno-X Mobility)

- August 14–18: 2024 Danmark Rundt in Denmark Winner: Arnaud De Lie (Lotto–Dstny)

- Winner: Arnaud De Lie (Lotto–Dstny)

- August 21–25: 2024 Deutschland Tour in Germany Winner: Mads Pedersen (Lidl–Trek)

- Winner: Mads Pedersen (Lidl–Trek)

- September 1: 2024 Maryland Cycling Classic in the United States Cancelled

- Cancelled

- September 1–8: 2024 Tour of Britain in Great Britain Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- Winner: Stephen Williams (Israel–Premier Tech)

- September 8: 2024 GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano in Italy Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- September 8: 2024 Grand Prix de Fourmies in France Winner: Arvid de Kleijn (Tudor Pro Cycling Team)

- Winner: Arvid de Kleijn (Tudor Pro Cycling Team)

- September 12: 2024 Coppa Sabatini in Italy Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- Winner: Marc Hirschi (UAE Team Emirates)

- September 18: 2024 Grand Prix de Wallonie in Belgium

- September 18–22: 2024 Tour de Luxembourg in Luxembourg

- September 21: 2024 Super 8 Classic in Belgium

- September 29–October 6: 2024 Tour de Langkawi in Malaysia

- October 3: 2024 Münsterland Giro in Germany

- October 5: 2024 Giro dell'Emilia in Italy

- October 6: 2024 Paris–Tours in France

- October 7: 2024 Coppa Bernocchi in Italy

- October 8: 2024 Tre Valli Varesine in Italy

- October 10: 2024 Gran Piemonte in Italy

- October 10–13: 2024 Tour of Taihu Lake in China

- October 16: 2024 Giro del Veneto in Italy

- October 20: 2024 Japan Cup in Japan

- October 20: 2024 Veneto Classic in Italy

## Cycling – Track

### World & Continental Championships

- January 10–14: 2024 UEC European Track Championships in Apeldoorn Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Emma Finucane (f) Team sprint winners: Netherlands (m) / Germany (f) Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / Italy (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Lea Sophie Friedrich (f) Omnium winners: Ethan Hayter (m) / Anita Stenberg (f) Madison winners: Germany (m) / France (f) Time trial winners: Matteo Bianchi (m) / Katy Marchant (f) Individual pursuit winners: Daniel Bigham (m) / Josie Knight (f) Points race winners: Niklas Larsen (m) / Lotte Kopecky (f) Scratch winners: Iúri Leitão (m) / Clara Copponi (f) Elimination race winners: Tobias Hansen (m) / Lotte Kopecky (f)

- Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Emma Finucane (f)

- Team sprint winners: Netherlands (m) / Germany (f)

- Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / Italy (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Lea Sophie Friedrich (f)

- Omnium winners: Ethan Hayter (m) / Anita Stenberg (f)

- Madison winners: Germany (m) / France (f)

- Time trial winners: Matteo Bianchi (m) / Katy Marchant (f)

- Individual pursuit winners: Daniel Bigham (m) / Josie Knight (f)

- Points race winners: Niklas Larsen (m) / Lotte Kopecky (f)

- Scratch winners: Iúri Leitão (m) / Clara Copponi (f)

- Elimination race winners: Tobias Hansen (m) / Lotte Kopecky (f)

- January 10–14: 2024 Track Cycling CAC African Championships in Cairo Sprint winners: Jean Spies (m) / Shahd Mohamed (w) / Samuel Dupuy (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj) Team sprint winners: South Africa (m) / Egypt (w) / Egypt (mj) / Egypt (wj) Team pursuit winners: Algeria (m) / Egypt (w) / South Africa (mj) / Egypt (wj) Keirin winners: Jean Spies (m) / Ainslii de Beer (w) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj) Omnium winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Gustav Roller (mj) / Alaliaa Darwish (wj) Madison winners: Algeria (m) / South Africa (w) / South Africa (mj) / Egypt (wj) Time trial winners: Johannes Mayburgh (m) / Shahd Mohamed (w) / Morgan Jones (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj) Individual pursuit winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / S'annara Grove (m) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Habiba Osama (wj) Points race winners: Mohamed Nadjib Assal (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Alaliaa Darwish (wj) Scratch winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Gustav Roller (mj) / Habiba Osama (wj) Elimination race winners: Yacine Chalel (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Anes Riahi (m) / Habiba Osama (wj)

- Sprint winners: Jean Spies (m) / Shahd Mohamed (w) / Samuel Dupuy (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj)

- Team sprint winners: South Africa (m) / Egypt (w) / Egypt (mj) / Egypt (wj)

- Team pursuit winners: Algeria (m) / Egypt (w) / South Africa (mj) / Egypt (wj)

- Keirin winners: Jean Spies (m) / Ainslii de Beer (w) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj)

- Omnium winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Gustav Roller (mj) / Alaliaa Darwish (wj)

- Madison winners: Algeria (m) / South Africa (w) / South Africa (mj) / Egypt (wj)

- Time trial winners: Johannes Mayburgh (m) / Shahd Mohamed (w) / Morgan Jones (mj) / Sara Anwar (wj)

- Individual pursuit winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / S'annara Grove (m) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Habiba Osama (wj)

- Points race winners: Mohamed Nadjib Assal (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Rhys Burrell (mj) / Alaliaa Darwish (wj)

- Scratch winners: Mahmoud Bakr (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Gustav Roller (mj) / Habiba Osama (wj)

- Elimination race winners: Yacine Chalel (m) / Ebtissam Mohamed (w) / Anes Riahi (m) / Habiba Osama (wj)

- February 14–18: 2024 Oceania Track Championships in Cambridge Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Liliya Tatarinoff (wj) Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / Australia (w) / Australia (mj) / New Zealand (wj) Team pursuit winners: New Zealand (m) / New Zealand (w) / New Zealand (mj) / New Zealand (wj) Keirin winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Caitlin Kelly (wj) Omnium winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Matthew Davidson (mj) / Elena Worrall (wj) Madison winners: New Zealand (m) / New Zealand (w) / New Zealand (mj) / Australia (wj) Time trial winners: Thomas Cornish (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Liliya Tatarinoff (wj) Individual pursuit winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Bryony Botha (m) / Oscar Gallagher (mj) / Lilyth Jones (wj) Points race winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Daniel Morton (mj)/ Mya Wolfenden (wj) Scratch winners: Kelland O'Brien (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Oscar Gallagher (mj) / Ella Liang (wj) Elimination race winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Magnus Jamieson (mj) / Lilyth Jones (wj)

- Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Liliya Tatarinoff (wj)

- Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / Australia (w) / Australia (mj) / New Zealand (wj)

- Team pursuit winners: New Zealand (m) / New Zealand (w) / New Zealand (mj) / New Zealand (wj)

- Keirin winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Caitlin Kelly (wj)

- Omnium winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Matthew Davidson (mj) / Elena Worrall (wj)

- Madison winners: New Zealand (m) / New Zealand (w) / New Zealand (mj) / Australia (wj)

- Time trial winners: Thomas Cornish (m) / Kristina Clonan (w) / Tayte Ryan (mj) / Liliya Tatarinoff (wj)

- Individual pursuit winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Bryony Botha (m) / Oscar Gallagher (mj) / Lilyth Jones (wj)

- Points race winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Daniel Morton (mj)/ Mya Wolfenden (wj)

- Scratch winners: Kelland O'Brien (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Oscar Gallagher (mj) / Ella Liang (wj)

- Elimination race winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Ally Wollaston (w) / Magnus Jamieson (mj) / Lilyth Jones (wj)

- February 21–26: 2024 Asian Track Cycling Championships in New Delhi Sprint winners: Yuta Obara (m) / Wang Lijuan (f) / Park Jun-seon (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj) Team sprint winners: Japan (m) / China (f) / South Korea (mj) / India (wj) Team pursuit winners: Japan (m) / Japan (f) / Chinese Taipei (mj) / South Korea (wj) Keirin winners: Kento Yamasaki (m) / Nurul Izzah Izzati Asri (f) / Norasetthada Bunma (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj) Omnium winners: Eiya Hashimoto (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) / Li Jing-feng (mj) / Hyeon Yu-mi (wj) Madison winners: Japan (m) / Japan (f) / Japan (mj) / Kazakhstan (wj) Time trial winners: Li Zhiwei (m) / Nurul Izzah Izzati Asri (f) / Park Jun-seon (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj) Individual pursuit winners: Shoi Matsuda (m) / Maho Kakita (f) / Kazuma Miura (mj) / Mariya Yelkina (wj) Points race winners: Naoki Kojima (m) / Tsuyaka Uchino (f) / Julian Abi Manyu (mj) / Aruzhan Rakhmzhan (wj) Scratch winners: Terry Yudha Kusuma (m) / Liu Jiali (f) / Yerdaulet Yegizbay (mj) / Huang Wen-xin (wj) Elimination race winners: Shunsuke Imamura (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) / Park Woo-jin (mj) / Huang Wen-xin (wj)

- Sprint winners: Yuta Obara (m) / Wang Lijuan (f) / Park Jun-seon (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj)

- Team sprint winners: Japan (m) / China (f) / South Korea (mj) / India (wj)

- Team pursuit winners: Japan (m) / Japan (f) / Chinese Taipei (mj) / South Korea (wj)

- Keirin winners: Kento Yamasaki (m) / Nurul Izzah Izzati Asri (f) / Norasetthada Bunma (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj)

- Omnium winners: Eiya Hashimoto (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) / Li Jing-feng (mj) / Hyeon Yu-mi (wj)

- Madison winners: Japan (m) / Japan (f) / Japan (mj) / Kazakhstan (wj)

- Time trial winners: Li Zhiwei (m) / Nurul Izzah Izzati Asri (f) / Park Jun-seon (mj) / Park Ye-been (wj)

- Individual pursuit winners: Shoi Matsuda (m) / Maho Kakita (f) / Kazuma Miura (mj) / Mariya Yelkina (wj)

- Points race winners: Naoki Kojima (m) / Tsuyaka Uchino (f) / Julian Abi Manyu (mj) / Aruzhan Rakhmzhan (wj)

- Scratch winners: Terry Yudha Kusuma (m) / Liu Jiali (f) / Yerdaulet Yegizbay (mj) / Huang Wen-xin (wj)

- Elimination race winners: Shunsuke Imamura (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) / Park Woo-jin (mj) / Huang Wen-xin (wj)

- April 3–7: 2024 Pan American Track Cycling Championships in Carson Sprint winners: Nicholas Paul (m) / Daniela Gaxiola (w) Team sprint winners: Colombia (m) / Mexico (w) Team pursuit winners: United States (m) / United States (w) Keirin winners: Nicholas Paul (m) / Martha Bayona (w) Omnium winners: Chris Ernst (m) / Jennifer Valente (w) Madison winners: United States (m) / United States (w) Time trial winners: Santiago Ramírez (m) / Martha Bayona (w) Individual pursuit winners: Anders Johnson (m) / Emily Ehrlich (m) Points race winners: Peter Moore (m) / Jennifer Valente (w) Scratch winners: Fernando Nava Romo (m) / Jennifer Valente (w) Elimination race winners: Grant Koontz (m) / Jennifer Valente (w)

- Sprint winners: Nicholas Paul (m) / Daniela Gaxiola (w)

- Team sprint winners: Colombia (m) / Mexico (w)

- Team pursuit winners: United States (m) / United States (w)

- Keirin winners: Nicholas Paul (m) / Martha Bayona (w)

- Omnium winners: Chris Ernst (m) / Jennifer Valente (w)

- Madison winners: United States (m) / United States (w)

- Time trial winners: Santiago Ramírez (m) / Martha Bayona (w)

- Individual pursuit winners: Anders Johnson (m) / Emily Ehrlich (m)

- Points race winners: Peter Moore (m) / Jennifer Valente (w)

- Scratch winners: Fernando Nava Romo (m) / Jennifer Valente (w)

- Elimination race winners: Grant Koontz (m) / Jennifer Valente (w)

- July 9–14: 2024 UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior) in Cottbus

- October 16–20: 2024 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Ballerup

### 2023 UCI Track Cycling Champions League

- October 21, 2023: TCL #1 in Mallorca Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Katie Archibald (f) Scratch winners: Eiya Hashimoto (m) / Lily Williams (f)

- Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Katie Archibald (f)

- Scratch winners: Eiya Hashimoto (m) / Lily Williams (f)

- October 28, 2023: TCL #2 in Berlin Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Elimination Race winners: Jules Hesters (m) / Katie Archibald (f) Scratch winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Lily Williams (f)

- Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Jules Hesters (m) / Katie Archibald (f)

- Scratch winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Lily Williams (f)

- November 4, 2023: TCL #3 in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f) Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Katie Archibald (f) Scratch winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Sarah Van Dam (f)

- Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Katie Archibald (f)

- Scratch winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Sarah Van Dam (f)

- November 10, 2023: TCL #4 in London Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f) Keirin winners: Kevin Quintero (m) / Martha Bayona (f) Elimination Race winners: William Tidball (m) / Katie Archibald (f) Scratch winners: Roy Eefting -Bloem (m) / Dannielle Khan (f)

- Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Alessa-Catriona Pröpster (f)

- Keirin winners: Kevin Quintero (m) / Martha Bayona (f)

- Elimination Race winners: William Tidball (m) / Katie Archibald (f)

- Scratch winners: Roy Eefting -Bloem (m) / Dannielle Khan (f)

- November 11, 2023: TCL #5 in London Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Elimination Race winners: Tuur Dens (m) / Lara Gillespie (f) Scratch winners: Mark Stewart (m) / Neah Evans (f)

- Sprint winners: Matthew Richardson (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Tuur Dens (m) / Lara Gillespie (f)

- Scratch winners: Mark Stewart (m) / Neah Evans (f)

### 2024 UCI Track Cycling Nations Cup

- February 2–4: TNC #1 in Adelaide Sprint winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Hinze (f) Keirin winners: Azizulhasni Awang (m) / Mina Sato (f) Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Ally Wollaston (f) Omnium winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Ally Wollaston (f) Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / United Kingdom (f) Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / New Zealand (f) Two team races winners: New Zealand (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- Sprint winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Hinze (f)

- Keirin winners: Azizulhasni Awang (m) / Mina Sato (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Ally Wollaston (f)

- Omnium winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Ally Wollaston (f)

- Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / New Zealand (f)

- Two team races winners: New Zealand (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- March 15–17: TNC #2 in Hong Kong Sprint winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Finucane (f) Keirin winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Finucane (f) Elimination Race winners: William Perrett (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) Madison winners: Aaron Gate & Campbell Stewart (m) / Maho Kakita & Tsuyaka Uchino (f) Omnium winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f) Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / United Kingdom (f) Team pursuit winners: Denmark (m) / New Zealand (f)

- Sprint winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Finucane (f)

- Keirin winners: Kaiya Ota (m) / Emma Finucane (f)

- Elimination Race winners: William Perrett (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f)

- Madison winners: Aaron Gate & Campbell Stewart (m) / Maho Kakita & Tsuyaka Uchino (f)

- Omnium winners: Aaron Gate (m) / Yumi Kajihara (f)

- Team sprint winners: Australia (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- Team pursuit winners: Denmark (m) / New Zealand (f)

- April 12–14: TNC #3 in Milton Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Mathilde Gros (f) Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f) Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Jennifer Valente (f) Madison winners: Lindsay De Vylder & Robbe Ghys (m) / Katie Archibald & Neah Evans (f) Omnium winners: Ethan Hayter (m) / Katie Archibald (f) Team sprint winners: Netherlands (m) / Netherlands (f) Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- Sprint winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Mathilde Gros (f)

- Keirin winners: Harrie Lavreysen (m) / Ellesse Andrews (f)

- Elimination Race winners: Dylan Bibic (m) / Jennifer Valente (f)

- Madison winners: Lindsay De Vylder & Robbe Ghys (m) / Katie Archibald & Neah Evans (f)

- Omnium winners: Ethan Hayter (m) / Katie Archibald (f)

- Team sprint winners: Netherlands (m) / Netherlands (f)

- Team pursuit winners: United Kingdom (m) / United Kingdom (f)

- Overall winners:

## Cycling – Trials

### World Championships

- December 17–21: 2024 UCI Urban Cycling World Championships in Abu Dhabi

## Cycling – Gran Fondo

- 2023–24 UCI Gran Fondo Calendar here.

### World Championships

- August 29 – September 1: 2024 UCI Gran Fondo World Championships in Aalborg


Issaquah High School

# Issaquah High School

## Abstract

Issaquah High School (also known as IHS or Issaquah) is a four-year public secondary school in Issaquah, Washington, United States, a suburb east of Seattle. It is one of three high schools in the Issaquah School District and serves students in grades 9 – 12 from the central portion of the district. Issaquah High serves the cities of Issaquah, Sammamish, and Bellevue.

## History

Founded in 1901, IHS was the only high school in the school district until Liberty High School opened in 1977. Previously located near the Issaquah Middle School campus, IHS moved to its present site in southeast Issaquah in 1962.

Growth of enrollment at IHS has coincided with the growth of the Issaquah community. The Issaquah School District completed the construction of the Pacific Cascade Freshman Campus in 2005, making it the new home to the freshman class of IHS and nearby Skyline High School. IHS enrolled only three school grades (10–12) for five academic years (2005–10) while an extensive remodeling of the school took place. The cost of the remodel totaled $61,500,000. IHS is now the district's largest school. The three stories accommodate 1,850 students. There are three classroom wings, science labs, a main and auxiliary gym, commons, and administrative spaces.

### Mascot change

In 2003, the school changed its team name from "Indians" to "Eagles". The change came after The Church Council of Greater Seattle adopted a resolution calling for an end to all Native American imagery in school mascots in 2002.

### Controversies

In 2013 a bracket entitled "May Madness" was posted anonymously to Facebook. It included photos of 64 girls and invited others to vote for which girl they believed to be the hottest.

In March 2019, a female student held a poster with a reference to black slavery in order to ask out a male classmate to Tolo, an annual school dance, which many deemed offensive. As a response to the resulting media coverage surrounding the incident, IHS students staged a walkout in which they denounced hate and racism.

In October 2023 AI-generated pornographic material of a number of female students and a staff member were circulated, but the school administration did not inform police despite being mandated reporters.

## Academics

Issaquah High offers the Advanced Placement program, with more than 16 college-level courses. In 2013, IHS had 11 National Merit Finalists and 24 National Merit Commended Scholars. More than 90% of IHS students earned a 3 or better in AP exams.

The Advanced Sports Med Class placed 1st at National Competition and were the WCTSMA Team State Champions.

## Staff

In 2013–14 IHS staff includes 103 certified and 44 classified staff. Over half of the certificated staff have master's degrees.

## Notable alumni

- Isaac Brock - lead singer of Modest Mouse

- Colin Curtis - MLB outfielder for the New York Yankees (class of 2003)

- Kate Deines - Women's Professional Soccer player for the Seattle Sounders Women

- Alec Diaz - professional soccer player for the Tacoma Defiance (class of 2020)

- Don Hover - NFL linebacker for the Washington Redskins (class of 1973)

- Keana Hunter - synchronized swimmer

- Jennie Reed - world and U.S. national champion track cyclist and Olympian

- Brian Yorkey - Broadway writer and lyricist

- Kamden Na - member of the kpop group Ampers&One


Socialism in Greece

# Socialism in Greece

## Abstract

The Socialism in Greece has a significant history, with various activists, politicians and political parties identifying as socialist. Socialist movements in Greece began to form around the early 20th century, including the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) (1920–present), the Socialist Party of Greece (1920-1953) and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Socialist ideology is present in ΚΚΕ also known as the Communist party of Greece.

## History

The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) emerged in 1974 following the military dictatorship, with Andreas Papandreou as the party's leader. PASOK established itself as a party that represented social and political change, differentiating itself from right-wing and the traditional left-wing parties. During this time, the political party New Democracy returned to governance, with Constantine Karamanlis as the Prime Minister from 1974 to 1980. In 1977, politics in Greece experienced a leftward shift, with PASOK gaining popularity and maintaining 25.2% of the vote and 93 seats in parliament.

Proceeding the 1981 election, PASOK became the first left-wing socialist party in history to govern Greece, defeating New Democracy. The previous government under New Democracy experienced various economic and administrative complications leading to a general dissatisfaction amongst various social groups. PASOK's campaign emphasised the importance of assisting “non-privileged” individuals which encompassed a large segment of the Greek population, allowing them to gain popularity. In 1981, the KKE became the third largest party and aimed to represent traditional far-left wing ideology. In 1982, PASOK's party membership increased from 60,000 during its first term in government to over 200,000 in 1982. PASOK gave more responsibilities to the local government and were “significantly expanded”, becoming responsible for waste management and renewable energy production.

In 1993, PASOK won another election, with Papandreou restoring left wing power. Papandreou was accused of nepotism and received criticism for employing family members as he gave his wife, Dimitra Liani-Papandreou, the position of director of his private political office. Three years later, Costas Simitis replaced Andreas Papandreou as the leader of PASOK after Papandreou's hospitalisation with heart disease. Simitis modernised PASOK, transforming it from a democratic socialist party to one of neoliberalist ideals. These new values and strategies were then altered due to Greece's economic crisis during 2010.

In 2000, notable socialist figure, George Papandreou, visited Turkey as the first foreign minister in 40 years. This aimed at restoring political peace between Turkey and Greece. In 2004, Costas Simitis resigned as leader of PASOK and was replaced with George Papandreou, son of Andreas Papandreou. Despite the leadership change, New Democracy won the March election. In 2004, the democratic socialist party, ‘Syriza’ was formed, led by Alekos Alavanos.

The KKE held its 17th conference in 2005, discussing the importance of the “workers’ movement”. Three years later, Greek socialists and communists around the globe celebrated the 90th anniversary of the KKE, with functions held in Australia including a celebration at the Hall of the Greek-Australian Welfare Society. Alexis Tsipras, a self-identified democratic socialist, became the leader of Syriza in 2008. Syriza went on to win the 2015 election with 145 seats in Hellenic parliament, four less than the previous election.

In 2019, Syriza won the “confidence vote” in Greek parliament proceeding upcoming elections in late May 2019. Prime minister Alexis Tsipras retained 153 votes. In late May, Tsipras called an early election for June 2019 after being defeated by New Democracy in the European parliamentary elections.

## Ideology

Socialism in Greece has often encompassed concepts such as anti-establishment, gender equality, communism and social progressivism. There also exists a “dualism” of ideology in socialist parties, with the KKE focusing on “pro-soviet orthodox” ideals and other parties identifying as reformist rather than distinctively communist. Historically, left-wing politics in Greece has been largely associated with communist ideology and this remains to be true in contemporary times. The “resonance of communist ideas” to certain social groups in Greece created specific socialist organisations such as the Socialist Workers’ Party of Greece, which was established in 1971. In the late 1970s, the KKE followed “rigid Marxist-Leninist” ideology whilst also supporting the Soviet Union and opposing Greece's membership with NATO.

Socialist ideology was also present within the political party PASOK as they traditionally focused on the representation of trade unions. Socialist ideologies of economic progressivism are currently apparent within the political party Syriza, the coalition of the radical left. An interview with a political representative from Syriza named Panagiotis Pantos revealed that the party actively supports gay rights, the right to seek asylum and immigration. During the height of Greece's economic recession, Syriza promised to “roll back austerity measures and renegotiate Greece's debt” and as a result, the party won the election in 2015. In early 2019, Syriza revealed that the government would be providing a range of monetary handouts due to the ongoing negative effects of the Greek economic crisis. Prime minister, Alexis Tsipras, believed that these handouts would benefit individuals that suffered the most during the economic downturn and that they would also decrease New Democracy's place in the opinion polls.

## People

### Andreas Papandreou

Andreas Papandreou was a prominent figure within Greek politics as he was the first socialist prime minister. Papandreou was in office as prime minister from 1981-1989 and again from 1993-1996 where he led the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Papandreou founded PASOK as well as the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK) following the military dictatorship that subsided in 1974. Papandreou was the son of Georgios Papandreou, who also served as the prime minister of Greece for three terms where he put an end to far right-wing governance in 1963. Andreas Papandreou also advocated for social progressivism and described himself as a “non-dogmatic Marxist”. He introduced various socialist reforms that aided low income groups, he decreased the voting age to 18 and endorsed trade unions and workers’ councils.

### George Papandreou

George Papandreou is the third son of his family to serve as the leader of PASOK and as the prime minister of Greece. As a result, some claim that Papandreou was a part of “Greece's most enduring modern political dynasty”. George Papandreou led PASOK as a centre-left party until November 2011 where he was replaced by Evangelos Venizelos. In 2004, Papandreou lost the march election to New Democracy and following his resignation, he founded the political group called the “Democratic Socialist Movement”. PASOK released a statement following Papandreou's resignation stating that he was trying to destroy the party that his father had established.

### Alexis Tsipras

Alexis Tsipras is the current leader of Syriza and the former prime minister of Greece (2015 - 2019). He has identified himself as a democratic socialist and has been affiliated with the communist party (before 1991). Tsipras had demonstrated his belief in democratic socialism throughout his time as prime minister. Tsipras decided to increase the minimum wage to €650 per month, that was expected to increase consumption and stimulate the economy. This 11% increase in the minimum wage is a progressive policy as it is expected to help around 800,000 Greek citizens. Tsipras has also recently won the confidence vote in Greek parliament, maintaining the majority of 153 votes in Hellenic Parliament.

### Vasiliki Katrivanou

Vasiliki Katrivanou is a Greek politician, self-identified socialist and former member of the political party Syriza. During her time involved with Syriza, Katrivanou focused on LGBTI rights, women's rights and immigration policy, often following socialist and progressive left-wing ideology. For example, in 2015, Syriza legislated for civil partnership recognition for same-sex couples, with Katrivanou stating that it was a step towards achieving “legal equality in Greece”.

### Aleka Papariga

Aleka Papariga is a greek retired politician and communist who served as the General Secretary of the KKE for 22 years (from 1991 to 2013), making her the longest serving political leader in Greece. She is notable for managing to keep the KKE united and strong after a series of splits, defeating the revisionist faction inside the KKE and posthumously reinstating Nikos Zachariadis, Aris Velouchiotis and Nikos Ploumpidis.

## Criticisms

### Failure to effect change

While Syriza has been in office, the party has faced various criticisms, including its failure to effect change in Greece and improve the state of the economy. Critics of Syriza's socialist policies have claimed that the party has failed to “deliver on its promises” such as removing austerity measures and assisting the large majority of financially disadvantaged citizens. In 2016, a year after Alexis Tsipras was elected as Prime Minister, Syriza implemented the austerity measures that the party campaigned against prior to their electoral victory. Others have also criticised the division present within Syriza, as various politicians in the party disagree with each other in regards to Greece's affiliation within the Eurozone.

### Populism

Populist policy is also a prominent criticism of socialist organisations, particularly PASOK and Syriza. Following the military dictatorship in the early 1970s, PASOK often appealed to the “non-privileged” citizens of Greece by advocating for social justice issues and for standing up against capitalist establishments that upheld economic privilege. Andreas Papandreou managed to adopt a populist rhetoric and emphasised socialist and nationalist ideologies which enabled him to gain support for PASOK and win the election in 1981. However, critics claim that Greece is an example of a “populist experiment” evidenced by PASOK and Syriza's failure to improve the state of economic affairs in Greece.

### Opposing organisations

The shortcomings of socialism has given rise to the support for right-wing parties and the “resurgent in right-wing politics, economic stagnation and popular disenchantment”. For example, Golden Dawn and LAOS are both examples of far-right political organisations that have expressed various criticisms towards socialism and socialist policies in Greece. A former socialist minister was violently assaulted by golden dawn supporters on the 45th anniversary of the 1967 military dictatorship. In addition, Golden Dawn minister Ilias Kasidiaris expressed his contempt for socialist ideology after he assaulted Liana Kanelli, a communist politician, on live television.


Tuğba Ekinci

# Tuğba Ekinci

## Abstract

Tuğba Ekinci (born 9 June 1977) is a Turkish pop singer of Azerbaijani origin.

## Discography

### Albums

- O Şimdi Asker (26 January 2005)

- Condom (14 April 2008)

### EPs

- Yanma Demezler (16 July 2010)

- 100 Derece (3 August 2011)

- Hadi Kizim / Bi Kere Ara Be (25 September 2013)

### Singles

- "Boynuz" (11 June 2007)

- "Para Babası" (5 September 2016)

- "Türkiye'nin Aslanları" (22 March 2018)

- "Son Dakika" (3 July 2020)

- "Bende Maske Yok" (28 May 2022)

- "Kahpe Kader" (28 July 2023)

### As a featured artist

- "Bi' Gorsem" (feat. Tuğba Ekinci) – single (1 November 2011)


Crofton Downs railway station

# Crofton Downs railway station

## Abstract

Crofton Downs railway station is one of eight stations on the Johnsonville Branch, a commuter branch railway north of Wellington in New Zealand ’s North Island. It serves the suburb of Crofton Downs. Its name is similar to the pre-1908 name for the different Ngaio station, Crofton.

Electric multiple unit trains are operated by Transdev under the Metlink brand through this station in both directions to Johnsonville (to the north) and Wellington (to the south). The station is one of four stations on the line located on a curve.

## History

Crofton Downs is the most recent station on the Johnsonville Branch, having been opened in 1963 to serve the then new suburb of Crofton Downs. Patronage of the station was light in its early years, not becoming popular until housing in the area was well developed.

## Services

Trains run in both directions through this station, departing at half-hourly intervals, supplemented by a 13/13/26 schedule at peak times on weekdays.

The 22 bus route connects the station to Johnsonville and Wellington.

## Facilities

This station has a single side platform, passenger shelter, and commuter car park. Behind the station is a Mitre 10 hardware store and customer car park.

In 2019/20 the GWRC planned to "renew" the Crofton Downs railway station.

## Footnotes


National Liberation Front (Algeria)

# National Liberation Front (Algeria)

## Abstract

The National Liberation Front (Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني, romanized: Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī; French: Front de libération nationale) commonly known by its French acronym FLN, is a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989.

The FLN was established in 1954 following a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army, participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election, and has generally remained in power until 2007, when it started forming coalitions with other parties.

## History

### Colonial era

The background of the FLN can be traced back to the growing anti-colonialism and Algerian nationalist sentiments since the outbreak of WWII. The repression against the Algerian Muslim population intensified as Abdelhamid Ben Badis got placed under house arrest and Marshal Pétain 's government banned the Algerian Communist Party and Algerian People's Party. As the war turned gradually more in favor of the Western Allies, given the US's global engagement and its ideological campaign against colonialism, the core sentiment amongst the Algerian nationalists was to use the victory in Europe to promote the independence of the country, which is reflected by the issuing of the Manifesto of the Algerian People by Ferhat Abbas. As this objective failed to materialize, a new party Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTDL) founded by the just-released Messali Hadj started to gain momentum and took the lead in the nationalist movement.

However, the Algerian Assembly's double electoral college system stipulated an equal number of 60 representation between the French settlers and the Muslim community while the Muslim community was significantly larger than the settlers. The underrepresentation combined with the unfair election in 1948 limited the MTDL's ability to gain further political power. Consequently, the Algerian nationalists veered to a more military approach as noted in their participation in the Special Organisation (Algeria), which is a paramilitary component of the MTLD and included the important figures in Algerian politics such Ahmed Ben Bella, Hocine Aït Ahmed, and Mohammed Boudiaf.

Later in 1951, the capture of Ahmed Ben Bella and the subsequent dismantling of the Special Organisation temporarily subdued the nationalist movement but sparkled the desire inside the Special Organisation militants to form a new organization – Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA). It initially had a five-man leadership consisting of Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Larbi Ben M'hidi, Rabah Bitat, Mohamed Boudiaf and Mourad Didouche. They were joined by Krim Belkacem in August, and Hocine Aït Ahmed, Ahmed Ben Bella and Mohamed Khider later in the summer.

The FLN was established on 10 October 1954. It succeeded the CRUA which had been formed earlier in the year because the CRUA failed to provide unity within the MTLD Party. On 1 November 1954, the FLN launched the Algerian War after publishing the Declaration of 1 November 1954 written by journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui. Didouche was killed on 18 January 1955, whilst both Ben Boulaïd and Bitat were captured by the French. Abane Ramdane was recruited to take control of the FLN's Algiers campaign, and went on to become one of its most effective leaders. By 1956, nearly all the nationalist organizations in Algeria had joined the FLN, which had established itself as the main nationalist group through both co-opting and coercing smaller organizations; the most important group that remained outside the FLN was Messali Hadj 's Algerian National Movement (MNA). At this time the FLN reorganized into something like a provisional government, consisting of a five-man executive and legislative body, and was organized territorially into six wilayas, following the Ottoman -era administrative boundaries.

The FLN's armed wing during the war was called the National Liberation Army (ALN). It was divided into guerrilla units fighting France and the MNA in Algeria (and wrestling with Messali's followers over control of the expatriate community, in the " Café Wars " in France), and another, stronger component more resembling a traditional army. These units were based in neighbouring Arab countries (notably in Oujda in Morocco, and Tunisia), and although they infiltrated forces and ran weapons and supplies across the border, they generally saw less action than the rural guerrilla forces. These units were later to emerge under the leadership of army commander Colonel Houari Boumediene as a powerful opposition to the political cadres of the FLN's exile government, the GPRA, and they eventually came to dominate Algerian politics.

#### FLN violence

The Algerian war resulted in between 300,000 and 400,000 deaths. The FLN is considered responsible for over 16,000 civilians killed and over 13,000 disappeared between 1954 and 1962. After the ceasefire of 19 March 1962, the FLN is thought to have massacred thousands of harkis, Muslim Algerians who had served in the French army and whom the French, contrary to promises given, had denied a "repatriation" to France. An example of an FLN massacre is the Philippeville massacre.

### Independence and one-party state

The war for independence continued until March 1962, when the French government finally signed the Évian Accords, a ceasefire agreement with the FLN. In July of the same year, the Algerian people approved the cease-fire agreement with France in a referendum, supporting economic and social cooperation between the two countries as well. Full independence followed, and the FLN seized control of the country. Political opposition in the form of the MNA and Communist organizations was outlawed, and Algeria was constituted as a one-party state. The FLN became its only legal and ruling party.

Immediately after independence, the party experienced a severe internal power struggle. Political leaders coalesced into two large camps: a Political Bureau formed by the radical Ahmed Ben Bella, who was assisted by the border army, faced off against the political leadership in the former exile government; Boumédiène's army quickly put down resistance and installed Ben Bella as president. The single most powerful political constituency remained the former ALN, which had returned largely unscathed from exile and was now organized as the country's armed forces; added to this were regionally powerful guerrilla irregulars and others who jockeyed for influence in the party. In building his one-party regime, Ben Bella purged remaining dissidents (such as Ferhat Abbas), but also quickly ran into opposition from Boumédiène as he tried to assert himself independently from the army.

In 1965, the tension between Boumédiène and Ben Bella culminated in a coup d'état, after Ben Bella had tried to sack one of the Colonel's closest collaborators, Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika (who was elected President of Algeria in 1999). A statist- socialist and anticolonial nationalist, Boumédiène ruled through decree and "revolutionary legitimacy", marginalizing the FLN in favor of his personal decision-making and the military establishment, even while retaining the one-party system. Boumédiène held tight control over party leadership until his death in 1978, at which time the party reorganized again under the leadership of the military's next candidate, Col. Chadli Bendjedid. The military remained well-represented on the FLN Central Committee and is widely thought to have been the real power-broker in the country. During the 1980s the FLN toned down the socialist content of its programme, enacting some free-market reforms and purging Boumédiène stalwarts.

### Multi-party era

It was not until 1988 that massive demonstrations and riots jolted the country towards major political reform. The riots led to the constitution being amended to allow a multi-party system. The first multi-party elections were the 1990 local elections, which saw the FLN heavily defeated by the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (ISF), which won control of over half the local councils; the FLN received just over a quarter of the vote, retaining control of a similar number of councils. The first round of the parliamentary elections the following year saw the ISF win 188 of the 231 seats, whilst the FLN won only 16, placing third behind the Socialist Forces Front. However, shortly afterwards, due to fears of the ISF forming an Islamic state, a military coup d'état cancelled the election process and forced president Bendjedid to resign, sparking the Algerian Civil War.

Algeria was under direct military rule for several years, during which the party remained in opposition to the government during the first part of the war, notably in 1995 signing the Sant'Egidio Platform, which was highly critical of the military establishment. After internal power struggles and a leadership change, it returned to supporting the presidency. After formal democracy was restored, the FLN initially failed to regain its prominent position; in the 1997 parliamentary elections it emerged as the third-largest party, receiving 14% of the vote and winning 69 of the 231 seats. However, it won a landslide victory in the 2002 elections, winning 199 of the 389 seats.

The party nominated Ali Benflis as its candidate for the 2004 presidential elections. He finished as runner-up to the incumbent Abdelaziz Bouteflika, but received only 6.4% of the vote. In 2005 FLN formed the Presidential Alliance with the National Rally for Democracy (RND) and the Movement of Society for Peace (MSP).

The 2007 parliamentary elections saw the FLN reduced to 163 seats, although the FLN's Abdelaziz Belkhadem remained Prime Minister. Bouteflika was the party's candidate in the 2009 presidential elections, which he won with 90% of the vote.

In 2012, MSP left the Presidential Alliance and joined the Green Algeria Alliance. Despite that, the FLN remained the largest party following the 2012 parliamentary elections, winning 208 of the 462 seats. Bouteflika was re-elected on the FLN ticket in the 2014 presidential elections with 82% of the vote. The elderly and ailing Bouteflika is widely seen as a mere frontman for what has often described as a "shadowy" group of generals and intelligence officers known to the Algerians collectively as le pouvoir (“the power”) and whose individual members are called décideurs with The Economist writing in 2012 "The most powerful man in the land may be Mohamed Mediène, known as Toufiq who has headed military intelligence for two decades". General Mohamed Mediène, the chief of military intelligence from 1990 to 2015 was known to be a leading décideur within le pouvior and for his secrecy with The Economist reporting on 21 September 2013: "Despite his leading role in defeating Islamic militants in a brutal civil war between 1991 and 2000, and his less public role as kingmaker in the pouvoir, General Mediene’s face remains unknown; it is said that anyone who has seen it expires soon after." On 13 September 2015, it was announced that Mediène was retiring and President Bouteflika had appointed General Athmane Tartag to succeed him. Mediène's dismissal was viewed as the culmination of a long "behind-the-scenes power struggle" with Bouteflika, leaving the latter fully in charge and giving him more power to determine his own successor.

In the 2017 parliamentary elections, FLN won 164 of the 462 seats, thus losing 44 seats; however, thanks to the good performance of the RND (which won 100 seats), the Presidential Alliance was able to maintain a parliamentary majority and continue to rule the country.

#### Relationship with Jewish Algerians

Jews in Algeria were given French citizenship during the colonial era starting in 1870, while Muslims were denied citizenship by the French. The Jews in Algeria were seen as a go-between for French-Muslim relations; however, the lack of citizenship on behalf of the Muslims created tension between the two groups. During the Algerian War, Jews felt as if they were being forced to choose sides; they were either Algerian and fighting with the FLN for independence, or they were French and fighting with the French to keep Algeria as a colony. At the start of the Algerian War, the FLN offered Jews the opportunity to join their efforts, and in return Jews would be given Algerian citizenship when Algeria won independence. Most of the Jews in Algeria sided with the French Government, much to the dismay of the FLN and their supporters. During the course of the war, Jews in Algeria began to feel as if the FLN was targeting Jews and not just the French people living in Algeria. This led to increased tensions between Jews and Muslims in the area. After the war, Algerian citizenship was only extended to Muslims whose fathers and grandfathers were Muslim at the time the FLN won independence from the French Government and those who participated directly or indirectly in the national liberation movement. Algerian Jews were no longer considered Algerian, but they still retained French citizenship. With their French citizenship, the majority of Jews in Algeria decided to emigrate to France, with a small number of Jews deciding to emigrate to Israel and an even smaller number of Jews deciding to stay in Algeria under the rule of the FLN. Between 1961 and 1962, 130,000 out of Algeria's 140,000 Jews left for France, while around 10,000 immigrated to Israel.

## Ideology

The FLN's ideology was primarily Algerian nationalist, understood as a movement within a wider Arab nationalism and also a pan-Arab solidarity. It essentially drew its political self-legitimization from three sources: Nationalism, and the revolutionary war against France; Socialism, loosely interpreted as a popular anti-exploitation creed; Islam, defined as the main foundation for the national consciousness, and a crucial factor in solidifying the Algerian identity as separate from that of French Algerians or pied-noirs.

As the name implies, it viewed itself as a "front" composed of different social sectors and ideological trends, even if the concept of a monolithic Algerian polity gradually submerged this vision. A separate party ideology was not well developed at the time of independence, except insofar as it focused on the liberation of Algeria. This latter aspect led to the denial of or refusal to deal with the separate Berber identity held by Algerian Berbers who made up about 20% of Algeria, something which caused fierce opposition and led to the splintering of the movement immediately after independence, as Hocine Aït Ahmed set up the Berberist and pro-democracy Socialist Forces Front (FFS) in Tizi Ouzou and began a rebellion in Kabylia which was defeated by the government in 1965.

### Anti-colonialism and Islamism

Anti-Colonialism is widely considered as the core value in Algerian official discourse during its entire contemporary political and social history, especially during the formation of the FLN and later during the Islamist movement. The Muslim population had been discriminated against at a constitutional level, as illustrated by the fact that French settlers formed up to 80% of the membership in three departmental councils in 1875; and at a local level, the metropolitan model composed of a major and municipal council only granted voting right to 5% of the adult male Muslim population until 1919, when the number increase to 25%. Therefore, its nationalist outlook was also closely interwoven with anti-Colonialism and anti-imperialism, something which would remain a lasting characteristic of Algerian foreign policy.

Islamism pertained its dominance in Algerian politics because of the specific social contexts during different periods. The humiliating failure of the Mokrani Revolt in 1871 facilitated the pro-Islamism sentiment in the society as people generally regarded Islam as the long-lasting and never-fading symbolic opposition towards the French rule; also the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911 provoked sympathy in the Muslim community and strengthened the Islamic cultural identity and these two events together consolidated the Islamism-Colonialism opposition rhetoric.

The politicization of the Islamism started with the noticeable wave of Islamic discourse led by religious scholars such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838–97), Mohammed Abduh (1849–1905) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935) that focused on resisting the foreign economic control and establishing an Islamic country based on the sharia, which were the core values of the Algerian Ulama. The movement absolutely rejected atheism and was not overtly secularist, contrary to widespread perception in the West, and Islamism was perhaps the most important mobilizing ideology during the Algerian War. Still, after independence, the party would in practice assume a strongly modernist interpretation of Islam, supported the social transformation of Algerian society, the emancipation of women, etc., and worked only through secular institutions.

Before Col. Chadli Bendjedid came into power in 1971, the Islamic movement had been rather successfully monitored and subdued by the government during the previous 20 years, but the Iranian Revolution rekindled the movement and posed a greater threat to the state. Since the Algerian independence, Religion had been relegated to the role of legitimizing factor for the party-regime, especially under the presidency of Col. Houari Boumédiènne (1965–78), but even then Islam was considered the state religion and a crucial part of Algerian identity, as Boumédiènne himself took pride in his Quranic training. His predecessor Ahmed Ben Bella (1962–65) was more committed to the Islamic component of the regime, although always viewed as more of an Arab nationalist than an Islamic activist (and he remains far removed from what is today referred to as Algeria's Islamists). During the mid- to late-1980s, Bendjedid reintroduced religiously conservative legislation in an attempt to appease growing Islamist opposition. During and after the Algerian Civil War, the party's position has remained that of claiming Algerian Islam as a main influence, while simultaneously arguing that this must be expressed as a progressive and modern faith, even if the party generally keeps in line with the conservative social mores of Algeria's population. It has strongly condemned the radical- fundamentalist religious teachings of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) and other Islamist groups, even while supporting the inclusion of non-violent Islamist parties in the political system and working with them.

### Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism

Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism are considered core principles of the FLN and Algerian nationalism. Arab themes were glorified as the foundation of Algerian nationalism that would fit into Pan-Arabism. Albert Camus argued that Algerian nationalism was closely tied to Nasserism and Pan-Arabism in an essay titled 'Algeria 1958'. A prominent member of the Algerian independence movement, Abdel-Hamid ibn Badis (1889–1940), emphasized the Arab and Muslim character of Algeria through his Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema, and famously coined the often-cited phrase: "Islam is our religion, Algeria is our homeland, Arabic is our language", while his fellow 'alim Ahmad Tawfiq al-Madani (1889–1983) wrote extensive historical writings in Arabic celebrating the Muslim and Arab ancestors of Algeria.

During the Algerian war of independence, the FLN emerged as the main socialist group after uniting with several smaller independence groups, and was strongly committed to Pan-Arabism. A major supporter of the Algerian independence movement was Gamal Abdel Nasser, whose mixture of Arab nationalism and revolution appealed to the Arabs in North Africa. He provided financial, diplomatic and military support to the FLN, and based the Algerian provisional government in Cairo. This played a major role in France's decision to wage war against him during the 1956 Suez Crisis. Once Algeria gained independence in 1962, Arab nationalist leader Ahmed Ben Bella was elected president after winning elections with 99.6 per cent of the votes. He composed the Algerian constitution in October 1963, which asserted that Islam was the state religion, Arabic was the sole national and official language of the state, Algeria was an integral part of the Arab world, and that Arabization was the first priority of the country to reverse French colonization.

Ben Bella was succeeded by Houari Boumédiène in 1965, who also pursued Arab socialist and Pan-Arabist policies. He drafted a new Algerian constitution in 1976 which declared "the unity of the Arab people is written in the community of the destinies of these people. When there will be the conditions for a unity based on the liberation of the popular masses, Algeria will engage itself in the promotion of the formulas of union, integration or fusion that may fully respond to the legitimate and deep aspirations of the Arab people". Like Ben Bella, Boumédiène imposed Arab socialism as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion. He was more assertive than Ben Bella in carrying out Arabization, especially between 1970 and 1977. The year 1971 was declared the "year of Arabization". Chadli Bendjedid had talks with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 1988 about forming an Algeria-Libya Arab union. Instead the Arab Maghreb Union was formed in 1989.

### Socialism

A historical reference of socialist values is the implementation of the Warnier Law of 1873, which allowed the selling of community land at an individual base toppled the economic power of the Algerian indigenous elites; the elimination of class structure undertoned the later FLN populism and socialist agendas. Such egalitarianism, which implies a liberation struggle, reflects the FLN's militant socialism during Ben Bella's period, who considered the struggle was to invent a new society to release the peasantry's potential.

This ideological construct of the FLN is controversial and disputed but can be analyzed through lenses of different socio-economic contexts. Given the global background of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War, Algeria was considered the entry point into the Third World in this ideological conflict; the FLN's ideologies under Ben Bella and Boumédiène were largely shaped by the fundamental needs of the country such as radical economic reforms, getting international aids and recognition, along with the domestic Islamic pressure.

Facing the grave economic consequences of the Algerian War of Independence that included the destruction of 8,000 villages and millions of acres of land, a centralized authority, in this case, the FLN, was forced to act and redress the problem through a Leninist and corporatist framework. In response, Ben Bella also experimented the socialist autogestion among the Muslim workers who entered industrial and agricultural businesses that featured profit-sharing and equity. Ben Bella and his supporters in the FLN believed in the harmony between religion and socialism and it was in their political interest to renew the FLN party by leading a popular revolution to integrate Islam and socialism.

Despite being challenged by the Algerian Ulema and other domestic conservatives who criticized Ben Bella on the shallowness of his intentionally Islamism-leaning policies, the FLN kept its Marxist–Leninist organization principles that featured a secular institutional dominance over religion. The later FLN's ideological change towards anti-socialism and anti-communism can be illustrated by Kaid Ahmed's opposition towards Boumédiène's leftist agenda, which featured the radical agrarian revolution that hurt rich landowners who defended themselves on the religious ground and fueled the Islamic movement, which gradually took over the national sentiment later in the century. Starting in 1971 and ending in 1992, the government under Chadli Bendjedid was authoritative but collegial, less rigid on ideologies but more moderate on domestic and international issues, while Bendjedid and his advisers believed in socialism.

### Communism

The organization initially committed itself to socialism, but understood this along the lines of Arab socialism, and opposed orthodox Marxism. The existence of different classes in Algerian society was generally rejected, even if several of the party's top ideologues were influenced to varying degrees by Marxist analysis.

Borrowed Marxist terminology was instead commonly reinterpreted by party radicals in terms of the conflict with France, e.g. casting the colonizer in the role of economic exploiter-oppressor as well as national enemy, while the label of " bourgeoisie " was applied to uncooperative or pro-French elites. The FLN absorbed some communist activists into its ranks during the War of Independence for pragmatic reasons but refused to allow them to organize separately from the FLN after the war. The FLN then quickly moved to dissolve the pro-Moscow Algerian Communist Party (PCA). However, since independent Algeria was set up as a one-party system under the FLN soon thereafter, many communist intellectuals were later co-opted into the regime at various stages. The cooperation occurred during the early Ben Bella and late Boumédiènne years when the Socialist Vanguard Party (PAGS), established in 1966, cooperated and tactically consulted with the FLN and recognized the FLN as the sole legitimate party in the country.

### Contemporary developments

During all periods of Algerian post-colonial history, except for a few years between 1990 and 1996, the FLN has been a pillar of the political system and has primarily been viewed as a "pro-system" party. Its role as Algeria's liberators has remained the absolute cornerstone of the party's self-perception, and the defining feature of its otherwise somewhat fluid ideology. The FLN was close to former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who was made honorary chairman. It mixes its traditional populist interpretations of Algeria's nationalist- revolutionary and Islamic heritage with a pro-system conservatism, and support for gradual pro-market reform qualified by statist reflexes. Since the breakdown of the one-party system and its detachment from the state structure in ca. 1988–1990, the FLN has been in favor of multi-party democracy, whereas it upheld itself as the only organization representing the Algerian people before this period.

The FLN was admitted into Socialist International (SI) as a consultative member at the SI's spring congress on 4–5 February 2013. It was expelled from the Socialist International during the 2019 protests in Algeria.

## Electoral history


2024 Davis Cup Finals

# 2024 Davis Cup Finals

## Abstract

The Finals, formerly known as World Group, is the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 2024. The group stage will take place from 10 to 15 September and the knockout stage from 19 to 24 November 2024. The ties are contested in a best-of-three rubbers format and played on one day. There are two singles followed by a doubles. Italy is the defending champion.

## Knockout stage

### Bracket

All knockout stage matches will take place on indoor hard courts at the Martin Carpena Arena, Málaga, Spain.

## Group stage

### Participating teams

16 nations will take part in the group stage of the finals. The qualification was as follows:

- 2 finalists of the 2023 Finals (Australia and Italy)

- 2 wild card teams (Great Britain and Spain)

- 12 winners of the qualifying round, in February 2024

TH = Title holder, 2023F = Finalist from the 2023 tournament, WC = Wild card, H = Host

### Seeds

The seedings were based on the Davis Cup Ranking as of 18 March 2024. The winner of the 2023 Finals Italy were seeded No. 1 and Australia, as runners-up in 2023, were seeded No. 2, with Canada and Germany also seeded based on the latest Davis Cup nations ranking.

- Italy

- Australia

- Canada

- Germany

The remaining 12 nations were distributed in Pots 2–4 according to the latest Davis Cup nations ranking. Three host nations, Great Britain, Italy and Spain were placed in different groups.

### Format

The 16 teams were divided in four round robin groups of four teams each. The top two teams in each group will qualify for the quarterfinals. Group A will be hosted in Bologna, Group B in Valencia, Group C in Zhuhai, and Group D in Manchester.

### Team nominations

SR = Singles ranking, DR = Doubles ranking.

Rankings are as of 9 September 2024.

## Group stage results

### Overview

G = Group, T = Ties, M = Matches, S = Sets

### Group A

### Group B

#### Czech Republic vs. Spain

Note: Alcaraz's retirement victory over Macháč counted as a 6–7, 6–1, 6–0 win.

#### Australia vs. Czech Republic

Note: Popyrin's retirement victory over Macháč counted as a 6–0, 6–0 win.

### Group C

### Group D


Both Sides of the Sky

# Both Sides of the Sky

## Abstract

Both Sides of the Sky is a compilation album by Jimi Hendrix, released by Legacy Recordings and Experience Hendrix on March 9, 2018. The 13-track album, including ten previously unreleased recordings, were recorded with either the Jimi Hendrix Experience or the Band of Gypsys lineups, and features guest appearances from Stephen Stills, Johnny Winter and Lonnie Youngblood.

The album is the third (and final) release in a trilogy of posthumously released "archival recordings" compilation albums highlighted as intended for a follow-up to Electric Ladyland (1968), starting with Valleys of Neptune (2010) and continuing with People, Hell and Angels (2013).

## Critical reception

In a review for AllMusic, Sean Westergaard noted that some of the material had been previously released on bootlegs, "but the truly surprising thing about this collection is the amount of material even hardcore Hendrix collectors may not have heard yet". Westergaard identifies the instrumental "Cherokee Mist", for which Hendrix plays an electric sitar, as an album highlight and concludes with "While a bit uneven in spots, Both Sides of the Sky is well worth it for an avid Hendrix fan."

## Track listing

All songs recorded in New York City at the Record Plant Studios, except for "Sweet Angel" recorded at Olympic Studios in London. All tracks were written by Jimi Hendrix, except where noted.

## Personnel

- Jimi Hendrix – guitar on all tracks, except 11; vocals on all tracks, except 5, 7, 9, 11, 13; bass guitar on track 10, 11; vibraphone track 10; sitar track 13

- Johnny Winter – guitar on track 8

- Billy Cox – bass guitar tracks 1, 2, 4–7, 12

- Buddy Miles – drums tracks 1, 2, 4–7, 11, 12

- Mitch Mitchell – drums tracks 3, 8–10, 13

- Noel Redding – bass guitar track 3

- Stephen Stills – vocals and organ on tracks 5, 11

- Lonnie Youngblood – vocals and saxophone on track 9

## Charts