Sudha Malhotra

# Sudha Malhotra

## Abstract

Sudha Malhotra (born 30 November 1936) is an Indian playback singer. She also acted in some Bollywood films and as a playback singer, worked in popular Bollywood movies in the 1950s and 1960s, like Arzoo, Dhool Ka Phool, Ab Dilli Door Nahin, Girl Friend, Barsaat Ki Raat, Didi and Dekh Kabira Roya. She was last heard in Raj Kapoor 's Prem Rog (1982) in the song "Yeh Pyar Tha Ya Kuch Aur Tha". Apart from Hindi songs, Malhotra sang many popular Marathi songs (Bhavgeet) with Arun Date.

She was awarded the Padma Shri by Government of India in 2013.

## Early life and education

Sudha Malhotra was born in New Delhi to a Punjabi Hindu family and grew up in Lahore, Bhopal and Firozpur. She is the eldest of 4 siblings - Arun, Vijay, Kiran and herself. She did her graduation in music from Agra University.

## Career

Malhotra was discovered as a child artist by Ghulam Haider (a prominent music director of the 1940s). She debuted in the movie Arzoo. She retired from film industry in 1960, following her marriage with businessman Giridhar Motwani (whose family owned the Chicago Radio Mike Company). She recorded for a few albums in the following years, including for Jagjit Singh 's In a Mood of Love. She also sang for Raj Kapoor 's Prem Rog in 1982.

Some of her popular Marathi songs are (Bhavgeet) - "Shukratara Mandwara", "Haat Tuza Haataat" and "Divas Tujhe he Fulayche", all duets with Arun Date. She has sung 264 songs in 155 films.

## Personal life

Malhotra married Giridhar Motwani, whose family owned the Chicago Radio. After her marriage, photographs of her with the lyricist Sahir Ludhianvi were published in the Blitz magazine. She repeatedly denied their relationship, and later, Blitz released an apology. It is believed that Ludhianvi wrote the song Chalo Ek Baar Phir Se when Malhotra's marriage was finalised.

## Filmography

- Arzoo

- Ab Dilli Door Nahin

- Girl Friend

- Dekh Kabira Roya (1957)

- Dhool Ka Phool (1959)

- Barsaat Ki Raat (1960)

- Gauhar

- Dil-e-Naadan (1953)

- Babar

- Didi

- Prem Rog (1982)


Saud bin Hilal Al Busaidi

# Saud bin Hilal Al Busaidi

## Abstract

Sayyid Saud bin Hilal bin Hamad Al Busaidi is the Governor of Muscat in Oman since August 2020. He is also an executive at Vodafone Oman.

## Personal life

Al Busaidi graduated from Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States in 2000, Royal Holloway, University of London in 2006 and Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia in 2012.


Andrija Luković

# Andrija Luković

## Abstract

Andrija Luković (Serbian Cyrillic: Андрија Луковић; born 24 October 1994) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a centre midfielder in the Azerbaijani club Zira.

## Club career

### Rad

Luković made his professional debut on March 9, 2013, in a match against Smederevo under coach Marko Nikolić at the age of 18. In November 2013, he went on trial with R.S.C. Anderlecht and played a friendly match for Anderlecht against NAC Breda, after which it was announced that Anderlecht would consider signing Luković in the upcoming winter transfer window.

### PSV

On 2 August 2014, Luković signed a three-year deal with Dutch Eredivisie side PSV Eindhoven.

### Red Star Belgrade

On 21 June 2016, Luković signed a three-year deal with Red Star Belgrade.

### Voždovac

On 30 August 2017, Luković joined Voždovac on a one season long loan.

### Famalicão

On 5 August 2020, Luković joined Famalicão, at zero cost, by signing a three-year contract (ending at the end of the 2022–23 season, 30 June 2023) with the Portuguese club in the 2020–21 season.

### Belenenses SAD

On 29 July 2021, he moved to Belenenses SAD.

## International career

In his first major international tournament, Luković scored a total of two goals in the 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. He scored against Turkey U19 on July 20, 2013, and then scored the game-winning goal in the 2013 UEFA European U19 Final match against France U19.


1974 Cincinnati Reds season

# 1974 Cincinnati Reds season

## Abstract

The 1974 Cincinnati Reds season saw the Reds finishing in second place in the National League West with a record of 98–64, four games behind the NL West and pennant -winning Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds were managed by Sparky Anderson and played their home games at Riverfront Stadium.

The Reds' 98 victories were second-best in all of Major League baseball to the Dodgers' 102 victories. The Dodgers had finished in second place from 1970 to 1973, three of those years the Reds won the NL West, (except for 1971, when the San Francisco Giants won). In the offseason, the Dodgers added center fielder Jimmy Wynn in a trade from Houston and acquired future Cy Young Award winning reliever Mike Marshall from Montreal. The Reds added a solid starter in 12-game winner Clay Kirby in the offseason.

Just as they had done the previous season, the Dodgers started hot and built a large lead on the Reds in the division, due largely to their success against the Reds heads-up. The Dodgers won nine of their first ten games against the Reds. After losing 6–3 to the Dodgers on August 5, the Reds trailed the Dodgers by 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 games despite a solid 66–45 record. By August 15, the Reds had cut the lead to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 games after winning the first two of a three-game set at Dodger Stadium marking 9 losses in 11 games for Los Angeles. In the third game, Wynn hit a seventh-inning grand slam to break open a tight game as the Dodgers rallied to a 7–1 victory, which helped keep the Dodgers ahead in the NL West. The Reds would get no closer than two games the rest of the season.

Johnny Bench put up one of his best seasons (career-highs in 108 runs scored and 160 games played, 33 home runs, 129 RBI and 315 total bases) to finish fourth in the NL MVP voting to winner Steve Garvey, runner-up Lou Brock, and Marshall. Wynn was fifth.

The 1974 season also marked the first with future Hall of Fame broadcaster Marty Brennaman. Brennaman replaced another nationally known broadcaster, Al Michaels, who moved to San Francisco to take the same position with the Giants.

## Offseason

- December 3, 1973: Mario Soto was signed as an amateur free agent by the Reds.

- December 4, 1973: Ross Grimsley and Wally Williams (minors) were traded by the Reds to the Baltimore Orioles for Merv Rettenmund, Junior Kennedy and Bill Wood (minors).

- December 12, 1973: Steve Blateric was traded by the Reds to the Cleveland Indians for Roger Freed.

- Prior to 1974 season: Dan Dumoulin was signed as an amateur free agent by the Reds.

## Regular season

### Season standings

### Record vs. opponents

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

#### Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

## Farm system


Macario (film)

# Macario (film)

## Abstract

Macario is a 1960 Mexican supernatural drama film directed by Roberto Gavaldón, starring Ignacio López Tarso and Pina Pellicer. It is based on the novel of the same name by B. Traven, loosely based in an old border legend, set in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (modern-day Mexico).

It was the first Mexican film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Additionally, it was also entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival. Macario has been widely regarded by critics and audiences as one of the greatest Mexican films ever made.

## Plot

The story centers on Macario, a poor Indigenous woodcutter, during Colonial Mexico, on the eve of the Day of the Dead, who lives embittered for being so poor and hungry. His economic situation keeps him and his family at the edge of starvation. After he sees a procession of roast turkeys, his dream is to eat a whole roast turkey just by himself. He announces in front of his wife and children that he will not eat until his dream comes true. His worried wife steals a turkey and gives it to Macario before he heads to the mountains to work.

However, just as Macario prepares to eat the turkey, three men appear to him. The first one is the Devil in the guise of a fine gentleman, who tempts Macario in order to get a piece of the turkey. The second one is God in the guise of an old man. Macario refuses to share the turkey with either, since he believes that they both have the means necessary to get themselves what they want.

When a third figure —a peasant like himself— appears to him, he gladly shares the turkey with the man. The third man is none other than Death itself. Death is unsure why Macario has shared his turkey with him and not with the Devil and God. Macario responds, "Whenever you appear, there is no time for anything else." Macario hoped to forestall what he assumed to be his imminent death by gaining the time it would take for him and Death to eat. Death is amused and as a compensation, names Macario his "friend" and gives him miraculous water that will heal any disease. If Death appears at the feet of the sick person, they can be healed with the water - but if Death appears by the person's head he or she is condemned to die. This "friendship" lasts for years, but they never speak to each other, they merely stare.

Death hints that Macario will meet him later that day. Macario returns home to find his son unconscious and badly injured from falling into a well. Macario heals his son with the water and eventually becomes known as a miraculous healer. Macario becomes wealthy from selling his cures, but creates such a commotion that he is arrested and accused of heresy. The Viceroy, however offers him freedom if he will cure his sick son.

Unfortunately for Macario, Death "has to take the child," so Macario, in despair, begs and tries to escape, only to enter Death's cavern and is reprimanded for turning his "gift" into merchandise. Death shows him the candles that the cavern is filled with, thousands of candles, each representing a person's life. The making of the wax and length of the candle all factor into the lifespan of a given person. Death then snuffs out the candle of the Viceroy's son before Macario's eyes. When Macario sees how short his candle is, he begs Death to save it but Death refuses. In desperation, Macario snatches up his candle and runs out of the cavern, not heeding the shouts of Death behind him.

The last scenes begin at twilight on the day that Macario shared the turkey with Death. He has not come home, and his wife and some villagers are looking for Macario out in the woods only to find him peacefully dead, next to a turkey divided in halves: one of which is eaten, the other being intact, as if he died not fulfilling his dream of eating a complete turkey for himself.

## Cast

- Ignacio López Tarso as Macario

- Pina Pellicer as Macario's wife

- Enrique Lucero as Death

- Mario Alberto Rodríguez as Don Ramiro

- Enrique García Álvarez as Member of the Inquisition

- Eduardo Fajardo as Viceroy

- José Gálvez as The Devil

- José Luis Jiménez as God

### Comparison to novel

The film is adapted from the story " The Third Guest " by B. Traven (based on the story of brothers Grimm Godfather Death), and differs from the plot in that in the book, Death appears to already know the course of events that will lead to Macario's downfall ("once men will know about it, you will not be able to stop") and that Death will allow one last favor, out of gratitude for restoring Death's energy for another 100 years, saving Macario's family and Macario himself from the public dishonor brought by the Inquisition verdict.

## Reception

Macario received critical acclaim from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 100% approval rating based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 9.0/10. It was one of the most successful Mexican films of the year, grossing $80,000 in its first five weeks at the Alameda Theatre in Mexico City.


Breadth-first search

# Breadth-first search

## Abstract

Breadth-first search (BFS) is an algorithm for searching a tree data structure for a node that satisfies a given property. It starts at the tree root and explores all nodes at the present depth prior to moving on to the nodes at the next depth level. Extra memory, usually a queue, is needed to keep track of the child nodes that were encountered but not yet explored.

For example, in a chess endgame, a chess engine may build the game tree from the current position by applying all possible moves and use breadth-first search to find a win position for White. Implicit trees (such as game trees or other problem-solving trees) may be of infinite size; breadth-first search is guaranteed to find a solution node if one exists.

In contrast, (plain) depth-first search (DFS), which explores the node branch as far as possible before backtracking and expanding other nodes, may get lost in an infinite branch and never make it to the solution node. Iterative deepening depth-first search avoids the latter drawback at the price of exploring the tree's top parts over and over again. On the other hand, both depth-first algorithms typically require far less extra memory than breadth-first search.

Breadth-first search can be generalized to both undirected graphs and directed graphs with a given start node (sometimes referred to as a 'search key'). In state space search in artificial intelligence, repeated searches of vertices are often allowed, while in theoretical analysis of algorithms based on breadth-first search, precautions are typically taken to prevent repetitions.

BFS and its application in finding connected components of graphs were invented in 1945 by Konrad Zuse, in his (rejected) Ph.D. thesis on the Plankalkül programming language, but this was not published until 1972. It was reinvented in 1959 by Edward F. Moore, who used it to find the shortest path out of a maze, and later developed by C. Y. Lee into a wire routing algorithm (published in 1961).

## Pseudocode

Input: A graph G and a starting vertex root of G

Output: Goal state. The parent links trace the shortest path back to root

### More details

This non-recursive implementation is similar to the non-recursive implementation of depth-first search, but differs from it in two ways:

- it uses a queue (First In First Out) instead of a stack (Last In First Out) and

- it checks whether a vertex has been explored before enqueueing the vertex rather than delaying this check until the vertex is dequeued from the queue.

If G is a tree, replacing the queue of this breadth-first search algorithm with a stack will yield a depth-first search algorithm. For general graphs, replacing the stack of the iterative depth-first search implementation with a queue would also produce a breadth-first search algorithm, although a somewhat nonstandard one.

The Q queue contains the frontier along which the algorithm is currently searching.

Nodes can be labelled as explored by storing them in a set, or by an attribute on each node, depending on the implementation.

Note that the word node is usually interchangeable with the word vertex.

The parent attribute of each node is useful for accessing the nodes in a shortest path, for example by backtracking from the destination node up to the starting node, once the BFS has been run, and the predecessors nodes have been set.

Breadth-first search produces a so-called breadth first tree. You can see how a breadth first tree looks in the following example.

### Example

The following is an example of the breadth-first tree obtained by running a BFS on German cities starting from Frankfurt:

## Analysis

### Time and space complexity

The time complexity can be expressed as O (| V | + | E |) {\displaystyle O(|V|+|E|)}, since every vertex and every edge will be explored in the worst case. | V | {\displaystyle |V|} is the number of vertices and | E | {\displaystyle |E|} is the number of edges in the graph.Note that O (| E |) {\displaystyle O(|E|)} may vary between O (1) {\displaystyle O(1)} and O (| V | 2) {\displaystyle O(|V|^{2})}, depending on how sparse the input graph is.

When the number of vertices in the graph is known ahead of time, and additional data structures are used to determine which vertices have already been added to the queue, the space complexity can be expressed as O (| V |) {\displaystyle O(|V|)}, where | V | {\displaystyle |V|} is the number of vertices. This is in addition to the spacerequired for the graph itself, which may vary depending on the graph representation used by an implementation of the algorithm.

When working with graphs that are too large to store explicitly (or infinite), it is more practical to describe the complexity of breadth-first search in different terms: to find the nodes that are at distance d from the start node (measured in number of edge traversals), BFS takes O (b) time and memory, where b is the " branching factor " of the graph (the average out-degree).

### Completeness

In the analysis of algorithms, the input to breadth-first search is assumed to be a finite graph, represented as an adjacency list, adjacency matrix, or similar representation. However, in the application of graph traversal methods in artificial intelligence the input may be an implicit representation of an infinite graph. In this context, a search method is described as being complete if it is guaranteed to find a goal state if one exists. Breadth-first search is complete, but depth-first search is not. When applied to infinite graphs represented implicitly, breadth-first search will eventually find the goal state, but depth first search may get lost in parts of the graph that have no goal state and never return.

## BFS ordering

An enumeration of the vertices of a graph is said to be a BFS ordering if it is the possible output of the application of BFS to this graph.

Let G = (V, E) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} be a graph with n {\displaystyle n} vertices. Recall that N (v) {\displaystyle N(v)} is the set of neighbors of v {\displaystyle v}.Let σ = (v 1, …, v m) {\displaystyle \sigma =(v_{1},\dots,v_{m})} be a list of distinct elements of V {\displaystyle V}, for v ∈ V ∖ { v 1, …, v m } {\displaystyle v\in V\setminus \{v_{1},\dots,v_{m}\}}, let ν σ (v) {\displaystyle \nu _{\sigma }(v)} be the least i {\displaystyle i} such that v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} is a neighbor of v {\displaystyle v}, if such a i {\displaystyle i} exists, and be ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } otherwise.

Let σ = (v 1, …, v n) {\displaystyle \sigma =(v_{1},\dots,v_{n})} be an enumeration of the vertices of V {\displaystyle V}.The enumeration σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is said to be a BFS ordering (with source v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}}) if, for all 1 < i ≤ n {\displaystyle 1<i\leq n}, v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} is the vertex w ∈ V ∖ { v 1, …, v i − 1 } {\displaystyle w\in V\setminus \{v_{1},\dots,v_{i-1}\}} such that ν (v 1, …, v i − 1) (w) {\displaystyle \nu _{(v_{1},\dots,v_{i-1})}(w)} is minimal. Equivalently, σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a BFS ordering if, for all 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ n {\displaystyle 1\leq i<j<k\leq n} with v i ∈ N (v k) ∖ N (v j) {\displaystyle v_{i}\in N(v_{k})\setminus N(v_{j})}, there exists a neighbor v m {\displaystyle v_{m}} of v j {\displaystyle v_{j}} such that m < i {\displaystyle m<i}.

## Applications

Breadth-first search can be used to solve many problems in graph theory, for example:

- Copying garbage collection, Cheney's algorithm

- Finding the shortest path between two nodes u and v, with path length measured by number of edges (an advantage over depth-first search)

- (Reverse) Cuthill–McKee mesh numbering

- Ford–Fulkerson method for computing the maximum flow in a flow network

- Serialization/Deserialization of a binary tree vs serialization in sorted order, allows the tree to be re-constructed in an efficient manner.

- Construction of the failure function of the Aho-Corasick pattern matcher.

- Testing bipartiteness of a graph.

- Implementing parallel algorithms for computing a graph's transitive closure.


Rue (surname)

# Rue (surname)

## Abstract

Rue or Rué is the surname of:

- Gérard Rué (born 1965), French former cyclist

- Jean-Baptiste Rué (born 1974), French former rugby union player

- Joe Rue (1898-1984), American Major League Baseball umpire

- Joseph Rue, French World War II vice-admiral

- Lea Rue, stage name of Belgian singer-songwriter Emma Lauwers (born 1993)

- Loyal Rue (born 1944), American philosopher and writer

- Marcel Rué (born 1926), Monegasque sports shooter

- Nancy Rue, American Christian novelist

- Rob Rue, American politician

- Rosemary Rue (1928-2004), British physician and civil servant

- Sander Rue (born 1954), American politician

- Sara Rue, American television actress born Sara Schlackman in 1979


Filip Jović

# Filip Jović

## Abstract

Filip Jović (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Јовић; born 6 August 1997) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Napredak Kruševac.


List of earthquakes in 2024

# List of earthquakes in 2024

## Abstract

This is a list of earthquakes in 2024. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in significant damage and/or casualties. All dates are listed according to UTC time. The maximum intensities are based on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Earthquake magnitudes are based on data from the USGS.

## By death toll

Listed are earthquakes with at least 10 dead.

## By magnitude

Listed are earthquakes with at least 7.0 magnitude.

## By month

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September


Magic in the Water

# Magic in the Water

## Abstract

Magic in the Water is a 1995 American family adventure fantasy film directed by Rick Stevenson and written by Icel Dobell Massey and Stevenson from a story by Stevenson, Icel and Ninian Dunnett. It stars Mark Harmon, Joshua Jackson, Harley Jane Kozak and Sarah Wayne. The plot follows two siblings and their preoccupied father who take them on a vacation to a remote Canadian lake in British Columbia, where the siblings discover the lake is said to be inhabited by a mysterious lake monster. The film was distributed by TriStar Pictures and produced by Triumph Films released to generally negative reviews.

## Plot

Ashley Black is depressed because her father Jack spends all his time focusing on his job instead of her and her older brother Joshua. She constantly records his radio show and listens to it. One day, her father takes them to a remote Canadian lake that is popular with tourists due to a myth about an aquatic monster named Orky. They rent a cabin next to an elderly First Nations man who uses a wheelchair. Jack meets a local psychiatrist, Dr. Wanda Bell, who is trying to aid some local men who claim that they have been possessed by Orky. When Ashley runs away, Jack also has the same experience while looking for her. As a result, he becomes more devoted to his children.

Ashley and Joshua find out that the reason that Orky is possessing people is to try and tell them that he is dying because an evil businessman is dumping toxic waste into the lake. Ashley and Joshua help the old man in the cabin next to theirs find a totem pole in the woods. With the help of Hiro, the son of Japanese monster seekers, they expose the businessman's illegal dumping. Orky, however, still dies from the poisonous waste. The old man summons a lightning bolt which enters a hole in the cave where Orky lives. Ashley and Hiro stay on the dock overnight and leave some cookies out. When she realizes that the cookies have been eaten, Ashley screams with joy, which suggests that Orky is still alive, or reincarnated.

## Cast

- Mark Harmon as Jack Black

- Joshua Jackson as Joshua Black

- Harley Jane Kozak as Wanda

- Sarah Wayne as Ashley Black

- Willie Nark-Orn as Hiro

- Adrien Dorval as Wright Hardy

- Mark Acheson as Lefty Hardy

- Anthony Towe as Taka

- John Procaccino as Frank

- Tom Cavanagh as Simon

## Reception

Magic in the Water received generally negative from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 21% based on 24 reviews.

Critic Leonard Maltin wrote in his book that "All the magic must be in the water; there's certainly none on the screen. Routine family film feels like recycled Spielberg." Roger Ebert criticized the film's special effects, describing the creature Orky as an "ashen Barney ". He also notes that Orky barely appears in the film at all.

At the 16th Genie Awards, the film won for cinematography and sound.


Marcus Morris Sr.

# Marcus Morris Sr.

## Abstract

Marcus Thomas Morris Sr. (born September 2, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The forward played college basketball at Kansas before being drafted 14th overall by the Houston Rockets in the 2011 NBA draft. He has also played for the Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Boston Celtics, Los Angeles Clippers, and the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Cleveland Cavaliers.

## Early life

Morris was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Thomasine "Angel" Morris. He has four brothers, Donte, Blake, David and twin Markieff, who also plays in the NBA.

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Morris was listed as the No. 10 power forward and the No. 29 player in the nation in 2008.

## College career

Morris attended the University of Kansas, where he majored in American studies. Morris was named the 2010–11 Big 12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year. He also was named a second team All-American for his play in the 2010–11 basketball season by both the Associated Press and the National Association of Basketball Coaches, and a third team All-America by Fox Sports. On March 30, 2011, Morris was named to the ten-member John R. Wooden Award Men's All American team. Morris and his brother signed with a sports agent from Los Angeles, and announced that they would enter the 2011 NBA draft.

## Professional career

### Houston Rockets (2011–2013)

Morris was selected by the Houston Rockets with the 14th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft, five minutes after his brother Markieff was taken with the 13th pick by the Phoenix Suns. Morris was assigned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League on January 2, 2012. In his first game in the D-League on January 6, 2012, he recorded 33 points and 16 rebounds in a narrow 105–103 loss to the Dakota Wizards. Morris returned to the Rockets on January 16, was reassigned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on February 3, and returned to the Rockets again on February 20.

After an injury to Patrick Patterson, Rockets head coach Kevin McHale named Morris the opening day starter at power forward for the 2012–13 season. When told he would be starting, Morris thought McHale was kidding, since he rarely played his rookie season and was hurt during the preseason. During the course of the season, Morris was the backup power forward to Patterson, and started 17 games while Patterson was injured. His three-point shot was much improved from his rookie season, more than tripling the percentage from 12% to 38%.

### Phoenix Suns (2013–2015)

On February 21, 2013, Morris was traded to the Phoenix Suns, reuniting him with his brother Markieff. The next day, Morris played his first game with his brother in the last six minutes of a loss to the Boston Celtics, as he recorded seven points, two steals, and a rebound, despite having no formal training from the Suns before entering the game. This marked the second time that twin brothers played for the same NBA team; Dick and Tom Van Arsdale also played together for the Suns during the 1976–77 season. On March 1, 2013, Morris scored 16 points to help the Suns defeat the Atlanta Hawks 92–87. He made four out of five three-point attempts. Morris went on to start alongside Markieff on March 9, 2013, against his former team, the Rockets, which made the Morris twins the first set of twins to ever start for the same NBA team.

On September 29, 2014, Morris signed a multi-year contract extension with the Suns. In the Suns' 2014–15 season opener on October 29, 2014, he recorded 21 points in the 119–99 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On January 7 game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Morris received a technical foul and was caught on national TV berating head coach Jeff Hornacek about the situation. It resulted in Morris not playing for the rest of the game. His other antics during his final season with the Suns and afterwards, though, led to AZCentral.com labeling him one of Arizona's biggest sports villains.

On February 6, 2015, Morris recorded his first career double-double with career highs of 34 points and 12 rebounds in a 100–93 victory over the Utah Jazz. Morris' double-double off the bench marked him as just the second player after Brook Lopez in 2014–15 to record a 30-point, 10-rebound game off the bench. The last Suns player to do it was Danny Manning in 1997. On March 22 against the Dallas Mavericks, the Morris twins had double-doubles in the same game for the first time in their professional careers.

### Detroit Pistons (2015–2017)

On July 9, 2015, Morris was traded to the Detroit Pistons, along with Reggie Bullock and Danny Granger, in exchange for a 2020 second-round draft pick. He made his debut for the Pistons on October 27, 2015, in the team's season-opener against the Atlanta Hawks. In 37 minutes of action as a starter, Morris recorded 18 points and 10 rebounds in a 106–94 victory. On April 1, 2016, he scored a season-high 31 points in a 98–89 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. The Pistons finished the regular season as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 44–38 record, earning a playoff berth for the first time since 2009. In their first-round series against the top-seeded eventual champion Cleveland Cavaliers, the Pistons were swept 4–0.

On February 3, 2017, Morris scored a career-high 36 points in a 116–108 victory over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On February 28, he set a new career high with 37 points in a 120–113 overtime victory over the Portland Trail Blazers.

### Boston Celtics (2017–2019)

On July 7, 2017, Morris was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Avery Bradley and a 2019 second-round draft pick. On March 31, 2018, he scored 25 points in a 110–99 victory over the Toronto Raptors. It was Morris' fourth straight game with at least 20 points, setting a career high.

### New York Knicks (2019–2020)

On July 16, 2019, Morris signed with the New York Knicks. On January 5, 2020, Morris scored a career-high 38 points and tied his career high for field goals made (13) in a 135–132 loss against the Los Angeles Clippers.

### Los Angeles Clippers (2020–2023)

On February 6, 2020, the Knicks traded Morris to the Los Angeles Clippers in a three-team trade with the Washington Wizards, sending Maurice Harkless to New York and Jerome Robinson to Washington; the Clippers also acquired Isaiah Thomas from the Wizards in the trade.

Morris debuted for the Clippers on February 9, 2020, scoring 10 points in a 133–92 victory over the Cleveland Cavaliers. In the first round of the 2020 NBA playoffs, he was ejected during Game 6 after committing a flagrant foul on Luka Dončić and was fined $35,000, but was never suspended. In the 2020 Western Conference Semifinals, Morris notably had an altercation with Paul Millsap as the Clippers fell in seven games after the Nuggets came back from a 3–1 series deficit. Morris averaged 11.8 points and 4.8 rebounds during the playoffs.

On November 25, 2020, Morris re-signed with the Clippers on a 4-year, $64 million contract.

### Philadelphia 76ers (2023–2024)

On November 1, 2023, the Philadelphia 76ers acquired Morris, Nicolas Batum, Kenyon Martin Jr. and Robert Covington from the Clippers in exchange for James Harden, P. J. Tucker, and Filip Petrušev. As part of the trade, the Clippers dealt a first-round pick, two second-round picks, a pick swap, and cash considerations to the 76ers, while sending a pick swap and cash considerations to the Oklahoma City Thunder.

On February 8, 2024, Morris was traded to the San Antonio Spurs in a three-team deal involving the Indiana Pacers. However, he did not play any games for the Spurs, and was waived on February 29.

### Cleveland Cavaliers (2024)

On March 18, 2024, Morris signed a 10-day contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers, and on March 29, he signed for the rest of the season.

## Career statistics

### NBA

## Personal life

Morris is seven minutes younger than his identical twin brother, Markieff. He is a fan of his hometown Philadelphia Eagles while Markieff roots for the rival Dallas Cowboys. His nicknames are "Mook" and "Flask Dad". Morris' girlfriend Amber Soulds gave birth to a son, Marcus Jr., on July 20, 2018. Beginning with the 2018–19 season, Morris donned "Morris Sr." on the back of his gameday jersey.

The Morris brothers and former teammates Goran and Zoran Dragić all briefly played for the Suns during the fourth quarter of the team's January 2, 2015 112–96 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers. It marked the first time in the NBA's history that two pairs of brothers were on the court for the same team at the same time.

On February 26, 2012, the state of Kansas filed battery charges against Morris and another assailant, Julius K. Harris, for punching an employee of the Cave, a bar and nightclub in Lawrence, Kansas in which they had been watching the final Border War basketball match between Kansas and Missouri. Morris and Harris entered a diversion agreement for the battery charge, with Morris paying a $300 diversion fee, $60 in court fees, and agreeing not to come in contact with the victim or The Cave for one year.

On January 24, 2015, Marcus and Markieff Morris were involved in two aggravated assault cases as five different men (including the twins and former Baltimore Ravens safety Gerald Bowman) allegedly assaulted 36-year-old Eric Hood outside the Nina Mason Pulliam Recreation Center in Phoenix, Arizona. Hood mentored the Morris twins from high school until the end of their college careers; the brothers assaulted Hood for "sending an inappropriate text message" to their mother. The case against the Morris brothers was first brought on August 3, 2015; the trial concluded on October 3, 2017, with the twins and Gerald Bowman found not guilty and the accused Julius Kane and Christopher Melendez Jr. confessing their guilt in September 2017. In spite of the resolution the incident was considered a catalyst for the Suns trading Marcus to the Pistons on July 9, 2015 and a factor in dealing his brother to the Washington Wizards on February 18, 2016.

On January 11, 2024, Morris was awarded the key to the City of Philadelphia for his contributions on and off the court. The Morris twins helped create the Family Over Everything Foundation, an organization that assists members of under-served communities in Philadelphia and other cities.


2024 Emilia-Romagna regional election

# 2024 Emilia-Romagna regional election

## Abstract

The 2024 Emilia-Romagna regional election will take place in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, on 17–18 November 2024.

The elections were called following Stefano Bonaccini 's election to the European Parliament, a position incompatible with his post as the regional president. He resigned on 12 July 2024, on the same day, the Democratic Party unanimously nominated Mayor of Ravenna Michele De Pascale as its candidate. On 25 July, the centre-right coalition announced the candidacy of Elena Ugolini, a former undersecretary of state and school principal, without a party affiliation.

## Electoral system

In Emilia-Romagna, a new electoral law was approved by the Legislative Assembly in July 2014, abolishing the blocked list.

The voter can express one or two preference votes for the candidates on the chosen list; in the case of the expression of two preferences, these must concern candidates of different sex according to "gender preference" (under penalty of annulment of the second preference). As regards the election of the councilors, the law guarantees in any case at least 27 seats on the lists that support the elected president (majority prize), obtaining effects that are very similar to those of the list but acting on the provincial lists. The first 40 seats are distributed on a proportional basis. A seat is then attributed to the candidate for president who came second. The remaining 9 seats are assigned by majority method to the lists that support the elected president if these lists have obtained less than 25 seats with the previous procedure, otherwise the "prize" will be only 4 seats. If, at the end of these assignments, the majority lists have not obtained at least 27 seats, these will be guaranteed by removing some of the seats already assigned to the opposition lists.

## Opinion polls


Marcus Morris Sr.


2024 Emilia-Romagna regional election


Riftia

# Riftia

## Abstract

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

Its common name "giant tube worm" is, however, also applied to the largest living species of shipworm, Kuphus polythalamius, which despite the name "worm", is a bivalve mollusc rather than an annelid.

## Discovery

R. pachyptila was discovered in 1977 on an expedition of the American bathyscaphe DSV Alvin to the Galápagos Rift led by geologist Jack Corliss. The discovery was unexpected, as the team was studying hydrothermal vents and no biologists were included in the expedition. Many of the species found living near hydrothermal vents during this expedition had never been seen before.

At the time, the presence of thermal springs near the midoceanic ridges was known. Further research uncovered aquatic life in the area, despite the high temperature (around 350–380 °C).

Many samples were collected, including bivalves, polychaetes, large crabs, and R. pachyptila. It was the first time that species was observed.

## Development

R. pachyptila develops from a free-swimming, pelagic, nonsymbiotic trochophore larva, which enters juvenile (metatrochophore) development, becoming sessile, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the trophosome, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.

## Body structure

Isolating the vermiform body from white chitinous tube, a small difference exists from the classic three subdivisions typical of phylum Pogonophora: the prosoma, the mesosoma, and the metasoma.

The first body region is the vascularized branchial plume, which is bright red due to the presence of hemoglobin that contain up to 144 globin chains (each presumably including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for carrying oxygen in the presence of sulfide, without being inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are. The plume provides essential nutrients to bacteria living inside the trophosome. If the animal perceives a threat or is touched, it retracts the plume and the tube is closed due to the obturaculum, a particular operculum that protects and isolates the animal from the external environment.

The second body region is the vestimentum, formed by muscle bands, having a winged shape, and it presents the two genital openings at the end. The heart, extended portion of dorsal vessel, enclose the vestimentum.

In the middle part, the trunk or third body region, is full of vascularized solid tissue, and includes body wall, gonads, and the coelomic cavity. Here is located also the trophosome, spongy tissue where a billion symbiotic, thioautotrophic bacteria and sulfur granules are found. Since the mouth, digestive system, and anus are missing, the survival of R. pachyptila is dependent on this mutualistic symbiosis. This process, known as chemosynthesis, was recognized within the trophosome by Colleen Cavanaugh.

The soluble hemoglobins, present in the tentacles, are able to bind O and H S, which are necessary for chemosynthetic bacteria. Due to the capillaries, these compounds are absorbed by bacteria. During the chemosynthesis, the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanase catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of the thiosulfate anion S O to sulfur S and sulfite SO. The R. pachyptila ’s bloodstream is responsible for absorption of the O and nutrients such as carbohydrates.

Nitrate and nitrite are toxic, but are required for biosynthetic processes. The chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome convert nitrate to ammonium ions, which then are available for production of amino acids in the bacteria, which are in turn released to the tube worm. To transport nitrate to the bacteria, R. pachyptila concentrates nitrate in its blood, to a concentration 100 times more concentrated than the surrounding water. The exact mechanism of R. pachyptila ’s ability to withstand and concentrate nitrate is still unknown.

In the posterior part, the fourth body region, is the opistosome, which anchors the animal to the tube and is used for the storage of waste from bacterial reactions.

## Symbiosis

The discovery of bacterial invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbiosis, particularly in vestimentiferan tubeworms R. pachyptila and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels revealed the chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm. Scientists discovered a remarkable source of nutrition that helps to sustain the conspicuous biomass of invertebrates at vents. Many studies focusing on this type of symbiosis revealed the presence of chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria mainly in R. pachyptila, which inhabits extreme environments and is adapted to the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters. This special environment is filled with inorganic metabolites, essentially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In its adult phase, R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the trophosome, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The trophosome is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom. It retains a large number of bacteria on the order of 10 bacteria per gram of fresh weight. Bacteria in the trophosome are retained inside bacteriocytes, thereby having no contact with the external environment. Thus, they rely on R. pachyptila for the assimilation of nutrients needed for the array of metabolic reactions they employ and for the excretion of waste products of carbon fixation pathways. At the same time, the tube worm depends completely on the microorganisms for the byproducts of their carbon fixation cycles that are needed for its growth.

Initial evidence for a chemoautotrophic symbiosis in R. pachyptila came from microscopic and biochemical analyses showing Gram-negative bacteria packed within a highly vascularized organ in the tubeworm trunk called the trophosome. Additional analyses involving stable isotope, enzymatic, and physiological characterizations confirmed that the end symbionts of R. pachyptila oxidize reduced-sulfur compounds to synthesize ATP for use in autotrophic carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle. The host tubeworm enables the uptake and transport of the substrates required for thioautotrophy, which are HS, O, and CO, receiving back a portion of the organic matter synthesized by the symbiont population. The adult tubeworm, given its inability to feed on particulate matter and its entire dependency on its symbionts for nutrition, the bacterial population is then the primary source of carbon acquisition for the symbiosis. Discovery of bacterial–invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbioses, initially in vestimentiferan tubeworms and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels, pointed to an even more remarkable source of nutrition sustaining the invertebrates at vents.

## Endosymbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria

A wide range of bacterial diversity is associated with symbiotic relationships with R. pachyptila. Many bacteria belong to the phylum Campylobacterota (formerly class Epsilonproteobacteria) as supported by the recent discovery in 2016 of the new species Sulfurovum riftiae belonging to the phylum Campylobacterota, family Helicobacteraceae isolated from R. pachyptila collected from the East Pacific Rise. Other symbionts belong to the class Delta -, Alpha - and Gammaproteobacteria. The Candidatus Endoriftia persephone (Gammaproteobacteria) is a facultative R. pachyptila symbiont and has been shown to be a mixotroph, thereby exploiting both Calvin Benson cycle and reverse TCA cycle (with an unusual ATP citrate lyase) according to availability of carbon resources and whether it is free living in the environment or inside a eukaryotic host. The bacteria apparently prefer a heterotrophic lifestyle when carbon sources are available.

Evidence based on 16S rRNA analysis affirms that R. pachyptila chemoautotrophic bacteria belong to two different clades: Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota (e.g. Sulfurovum riftiae) that get energy from the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H S, HS, S) to synthesize ATP for carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle. Unfortunately, most of these bacteria are still uncultivable. Symbiosis works so that R. pachyptila provides nutrients such as HS, O, CO to bacteria, and in turn it receives organic matter from them. Thus, because of lack of a digestive system, R. pachyptila depends entirely on its bacterial symbiont to survive.

In the first step of sulfide-oxidation, reduced sulfur (HS) passes from the external environment into R. pachyptila blood, where, together with O, it is bound by hemoglobin, forming the complex Hb-O -HS and then it is transported to the trophosome, where bacterial symbionts reside. Here, HS is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S) or to sulfite (SO).

In the second step, the symbionts make sulfite-oxidation by the "APS pathway", to get ATP. In this biochemical pathway, AMP reacts with sulfite in the presence of the enzyme APS reductase, giving APS (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). Then, APS reacts with the enzyme ATP sulfurylase in presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) giving ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and sulfate (SO) as end products. In formulas:

- AMP + SO 3 2 − → A P S r e d u c t a s e APS {\displaystyle {\ce {AMP + SO3^2- -> APS}}}

- APS + PPi → A T P s u l f u r y l a s e ATP + SO 4 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {APS + PPi -> ATP + SO4^2-}}}

The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO fixation in Calvin cycle, whose presence has been demonstrated by the presence of two key enzymes of this pathway: phosphoribulokinase and RubisCO.

To support this unusual metabolism, R. pachyptila has to absorb all the substances necessary for both sulfide-oxidation and carbon fixation, that is: HS, O and CO and other fundamental bacterial nutrients such as N and P. This means that the tubeworm must be able to access both oxic and anoxic areas.

Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds requires the presence of oxidized reagents such as oxygen and nitrate. Hydrothermal vents are characterized by conditions of high hypoxia. In hypoxic conditions, sulfur -storing organisms start producing hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the production of in H S in anaerobic conditions is common among thiotrophic symbiosis. H S can be damaging for some physiological processes as it inhibits the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, consequentially impairing oxidative phosphorylation. In R. pachyptila the production of hydrogen sulfide starts after 24h of hypoxia. In order to avoid physiological damage some animals, including Riftia pachyptila are able to bind H S to haemoglobin in the blood to eventually expel it in the surrounding environment.

## Carbon fixation and organic carbon assimilation

Unlike metazoans, which respire carbon dioxide as a waste product, R. pachyptila -symbiont association has a demand for a net uptake of CO instead, as a cnidarian -symbiont associations. Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of bicarbonate HCO, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater alkaline pH and the high solubility of CO, yet the pCO of the blood of R. pachyptila may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO of deep-sea water.

CO partial pressures are transferred to the vicinity of vent fluids due to the enriched inorganic carbon content of vent fluids and their lower pH. CO uptake in the worm is enhanced by the higher pH of its blood (7.3–7.4), which favors the bicarbonate ion and thus promotes a steep gradient across which CO diffuses into the vascular blood of the plume. The facilitation of CO uptake by high environmental pCO was first inferred based on measures of elevated blood and coelomic fluid pCO in tubeworms, and was subsequently demonstrated through incubations of intact animals under various pCO conditions.

Once CO is fixed by the symbionts, it must be assimilated by the host tissues. The supply of fixed carbon to the host is transported via organic molecules from the trophosome in the hemolymph, but the relative importance of translocation and symbiont digestion is not yet known. Studies proved that within 15 min, the label first appears in symbiont-free host tissues, and that indicates a significant amount of release of organic carbon immediately after fixation. After 24 h, labeled carbon is clearly evident in the epidermal tissues of the body wall. Results of the pulse-chase autoradiographic experiments were also evident with ultrastructural evidence for digestion of symbionts in the peripheral regions of the trophosome lobules.

## Sulfide acquisition

In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide and oxygen are present in different areas. Indeed, the reducing fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, or totally, oxidized sulfur compounds like thiosulfate (S O) and ultimately sulfate (SO), respectively less, or no longer, usable for microbial oxidation metabolism. This causes the substrates to be less available for microbial activity, thus bacteria are constricted to compete with oxygen to get their nutrients. In order to avoid this issue, several microbes have evolved to make symbiosis with eukaryotic hosts. In fact, R. pachyptila is able to cover the oxic and anoxic areas to get both sulfide and oxygen thanks to its hemoglobin that can bind sulfide reversibly and apart from oxygen by functional binding sites determined to be zinc ions embedded in the A2 chains of the hemoglobins. and then transport it to the trophosome, where bacterial metabolism can occur. It has also been suggested that cysteine residues are involved in this process.

## Symbiont acquisition

The acquisition of a symbiont by a host can occur in these ways:

- Environmental transfer (symbiont acquired from a free-living population in the environment)

- Vertical transfer (parents transfer symbiont to offspring via eggs)

- Horizontal transfer (hosts that share the same environment)

Evidence suggests that R. pachyptila acquires its symbionts through its environment. In fact, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that vestimentiferan tubeworms belonging to three different genera: Riftia, Oasisia, and Tevnia, share the same bacterial symbiont phylotype.

This proves that R. pachyptila takes its symbionts from a free-living bacterial population in the environment. Other studies also support this thesis, because analyzing R. pachyptila eggs, 16S rRNA belonging to the symbiont was not found, showing that the bacterial symbiont is not transmitted by vertical transfer.

Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a R. pachyptila symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the fliC gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (flagellin) required for flagellum synthesis. Analysis showed that R. pachyptila symbiont has at least one gene needed for flagellum synthesis. Hence, the question arose as to the purpose of the flagellum. Flagellar motility would be useless for a bacterial symbiont transmitted vertically, but if the symbiont came from the external environment, then a flagellum would be essential to reach the host organism and to colonize it. Indeed, several symbionts use this method to colonize eukaryotic hosts.

Thus, these results confirm the environmental transfer of R. pachyptila symbiont.

## Reproduction

R. pachyptila is a dioecious vestimentiferan. Individuals of this species are sessile and are found clustered together around deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift. The size of a patch of individuals surrounding a vent is within the scale of tens of metres.

The male's spermatozoa are thread-shaped and are composed of three distinct regions: the acrosome (6 μm), the nucleus (26 μm) and the tail (98 μm). Thus, the single spermatozoa is about 130 μm long overall, with a diameter of 0.7 μm, which becomes narrower near the tail area, reaching 0.2 μm. The sperm is arranged into an agglomeration of around 340-350 individual spermatozoa that create a torch-like shape. The cup part is made up of acrosomes and nucleus, while the handle is made up by the tails. The spermatozoa in the package are held together by fibrils. Fibrils also coat the package itself to ensure cohesion.

The large ovaries of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as: oogonia, oocytes, and follicular cells. When the oocytes mature, they acquire protein and lipid yolk granules.

Males release their sperm into sea water. While the released agglomerations of spermatozoa, referred to as spermatozeugmata, do not remain intact for more than 30 seconds in laboratory conditions, they may maintain integrity for longer periods of time in specific hydrothermal vent conditions. Usually, the spermatozeugmata swim into the female's tube. Movement of the cluster is conferred by the collective action of each spermatozoon moving independently. Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally, fertilization in R. pachyptila is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the oviducts, it should be defined as internal-external.

R. pachyptila is completely dependent on the production of volcanic gases and the presence of sulfide -oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, its metapopulation distribution is profoundly linked to volcanic and tectonic activity that create active hydrothermal vent sites with a patchy and ephemeral distribution. The distance between active sites along a rift or adjacent segments can be very high, reaching hundreds of km. This raises the question regarding larval dispersal. R. pachytpila is capable of larval dispersal across distances of 100 to 200 km and cultured larvae show to be viable for 38 days. Though dispersal is considered to be effective, the genetic variability observed in R. pachyptila metapopulation is low compared to other vent species. This may be due to high extinction events and colonization events, as R. pachyptila is one of the first species to colonize a new active site.

The endosymbionts of R. pachyptila are not passed to the fertilized eggs during spawning, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm. R. pachyptila planktonic larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trophocores. The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a ciliated opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are phaghocytized by epithelial cells found in the midgut are then retained. Bacteria that do not represent possible endosymbionts are digested. This raises questions as to how R. pachyptila manages to discern between essential and nonessential bacterial strains. The worm's ability to recognise a beneficial strain, as well as preferential host-specific infection by bacteria have been both suggested as being the drivers of this phenomenon.

## Growth rate and age

R. pachyptila has the fastest growth rate of any known marine invertebrate. These organisms have been known to colonize a new site, grow to sexual maturity, and increase in length to 4.9 feet (1.5 m) in less than two years.

Because of the peculiar environment in which R. pachyptila thrives, this species differs greatly from other deep-sea species that do not inhabit hydrothermal vents sites; the activity of diagnostic enzymes for glycolysis, citric acid cycle and transport of electrons in the tissues of R. pachyptila is very similar to the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of shallow-living animals. This contrasts with the fact that deep-sea species usually show very low metabolic rates, which in turn suggests that low water temperature and high pressure in the deep sea do not necessarily limit the metabolic rate of animals and that hydrothermal vents sites display characteristics that are completely different from the surrounding environment, thereby shaping the physiology and biological interactions of the organisms living in these sites.


Apple A18

# Apple A18

## Abstract

The Apple A18 and Apple A18 Pro are a pair of 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series. They are used in the iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Pro lineups, and built on a second generation 3 nm process by TSMC. Announced on September 9th, 2024, they are the successors to the Apple A16 Bionic and the Apple A17 Pro processors, respectively.

## Design

The Apple A18 and A18 Pro feature an Apple-designed 64-bit ARMv9.2-A six-core CPU with two high-performance cores and four energy-efficient cores, a penta-core (A18) and six-core (A18 Pro) GPU and a NPU with 16 cores.

### CPU

Apple claims the new A18 chip is up to 30% faster in CPU performance compared to iPhone 15 with the A16 Bionic chip and 50% compared to the iPhone 14 with the A15 Bionic chip. Also it can deliver the same CPU performance of the A16 Bionic chip while consuming 30% less power.

The A18 Pro is up to 15% faster in CPU perfomance than the A17 Pro chip, and it can deliver the same CPU performance of A17 Pro chip while consuming 20% less power. Apple claims the A18 Pro chip has larger caches than the non-Pro A18 chip.

### GPU

The A18 chip integrates a new Apple-designed five-core GPU, now adding hardware accelerated ray tracing and mesh shading support to the non-Pro lineup. Apple claims the new A18 chip is up to 40% faster in GPU performance compared to iPhone 15 with the A16 Bionic chip, and it can deliver the same GPU performance of the A16 Bionic chip while consuming 35% less power.

The A18 Pro has one more GPU core, making it a six-core GPU, and it can deliver 20% faster performance compared to the GPU on the A17 Pro chip. Apple says it has 2x faster hardware ray tracing, although it’s not clear if it’s an exclusive feature of the A18 Pro chip compared to the non-Pro variant.

### NPU

Apple claims that the new 16-core Neural Engine is capable of 35 trillion operations per second, with 2x faster machine learning compared to the A16 Bionic chip. The A18 Pro, compared to the A17 Pro, can run Apple Intelligence features up to 15% faster. As shown on benchmarks, all chips in the A18 series have 8 GB of RAM, and both chips have 17% more memory bandwidth.

The NPU of the A18, with 35 TOPS, is approximately 58.33 times more powerful than the NPU of the Apple A11 (600 billion operations per second versus 35 trillion operations per second), which was the first Apple chip with a Neural Engine. The A11 was introduced in 2017.

#### Neural processing comparison between chip generations

* Although the A18 is theoretically capable of the same amount of operations per second as the A17 Pro, real world perfomances may be superior due to improvements on other parts of the SoC, as of the larger memory bandwidth. In fact, Apple claims that the A18 Pro is 15% faster on Apple Intelligence tasks compared to the A17 Pro.

### Additional aspects

The A18 Pro also differentiates itself from the non-Pro variant by its advanced media features, including new display engines, faster USB controllers and new video and image signal processors. Apple claims that the new video encoder processes 2 times more data than the A17 Pro chip. The A18 has a legacy USB 2.0 controller capable of only 480 Mbit/s through the USB-C port. The A18 Pro has a USB 3.2 Gen 2 controller capable of 10 Gb/s.

## See Also

- Apple Intelligence


List of Trailer Park Boys episodes

# List of Trailer Park Boys episodes

## Abstract

Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg and a continuation of Clattenburg's 1999 film of the same name. The series focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents, some of whom are ex-convicts, living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

## Main series overview

## Episodes

### Original series

All episodes from seasons 1 to 7 are directed by series creator Mike Clattenburg who also co-wrote every episode. John Paul Tremblay who plays Julian and Robb Wells who plays Ricky also co-wrote all episodes. Producer Barrie Dunn who also plays Ray, co-wrote all episodes during the first two seasons, as well as co-writing one season three episode. Season 6 was the last season featuring Trevor (Michael Jackson) after which, he left the show. Corey Bowles, who plays Corey, also left the show after Season 6, but returned in Season 8. Jackie Torrens, sister of cast member Jonathan Torrens, co-wrote the third-season episodes, and Michael Volpe who serves as a producer, co-wrote an episode. Mike Smith who plays Bubbles, began co-writing episodes from season four to six. Iain MacLeod, who is also a story editor, began co-writing various episodes beginning with season four, and co-wrote all season six and seven episodes. Jonathan Torrens who plays J-Roc began co-writing episodes in season five and six. Timm Hannebohm joined the writing staff in season seven, and co-wrote all episodes.

### Revival

Starting with season 8, Mike Clattenburg no longer directs or writes any episodes and has no formal involvement in the show after selling the rights to the trio. He is credited at the end of every episode of the revived series as "Based on the original Trailer Park Boys series produced by Mike Clattenburg, Barrie Dunn and Mike Volpe." Each episode is written by the series stars John Paul Tremblay (as JP Tremblay), Robb Wells and Mike Smith and is directed by various directors.

#### Season 8 (2014)

On July 4, 2013, it was announced that John Paul Tremblay, Robb Wells and Mike Smith acquired the rights to Trailer Park Boys and confirmed it would return with an eighth season, that would be broadcast on their Internet channel, SwearNet.com. However, on March 5, 2014, it was announced season 8 would premiere exclusively on Netflix, and the streaming service would also make a ninth season.

#### Season 9 (2015)

On March 5, 2014, it was confirmed that Netflix would air seasons 8 and 9. All episodes of season 9 were released on Netflix on March 27, 2015.

## Specials & Webisodes

### Webisodes

#### Season 7.5 (2014)

Leading up to the premiere of season 8, six short web clip episodes were made available for their website, called Season 7.5.

## Spin-offs

### Trailer Park Boys: Out of the Park: Europe (2016)

Set in-between the events of Seasons 10 and 11, this mini-series was released on Netflix. Official description: "The Trailer Park Boys are thrilled to get a free trip to Europe, until they arrive and learn about their corporate sponsor's unusual requirements."

### Trailer Park Boys: Out of the Park: USA (2017)

This mini-series was released on Netflix between Seasons 11 and 12. Official description: "The boys are back on the loose as Bubbles, Julian and Ricky head south of the Canadian border for some outrageous American adventures."

### Trailer Park Boys: The Animated Series (2019–2020)

### Trailer Park Boys: Jail (2021)

## Films


Krasiński Garden

# Krasiński Garden

## Abstract

The Krasiński Garden (Polish: Ogród Krasińskich) is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland, within the neighbourhood of Muranów in the Downtown district. It is located between Świętojerska, Andersa, Stare Nalewki, and Długa Street, and borders Krasiński Square to the east.

The park was designed in Baroque style, and developed in 1676, as a garden complex of the Krasiński Palace. With the original area of 3.4 ha, it was the largest parks in Warsaw, until the opening of the Saxon Garden in 1724. In 1765, it was bought by the state, and turned into a public park opened in 1768. It was heavily redesigned between 1891 and 1895 by the main city gardener, Franciszek Szanior, and redeveloped in the style of an English landscape garden. After the end of the Second World War, it was enlarged to its current area of 11.8 ha. It was renovated between 2012 and 2014.

## History

The Krasiński Garden was founded in 1676, as the garden complex of the Krasiński Palace, which was constructed between 1677 and 1695, as a residence of Jan Dobrogost Krasiński, the voivode of the Płock Voivodeship. The garden was designed in the Baroque style, and with the area of 3.4 ha, it was the largest parks in Warsaw, until the opening of the Saxon Garden in 1724.

The palace and its gardens were bought in 1765 by the state, and turned into a park opened to the public on 1 April 1768. It was heavily redesigned between 1891 and 1895 by the main city gardener, Franciszek Szanior, and redeveloped in the style of an English landscape garden. There was also created an artificial lake, known as the Krasiński Garden Pond.

In the evening of 29 November 1830, during the November Uprising, the insurgents fought and won in a skirmish at the western edge of the park, which subsequently allowed them to capture the Royal Arsenal and weaponry that was stored there. Currently, the event is commemorated with a plaque on a rock, placed in the park near Andersa Street.

In 1940, during the Second World War, while the city remained under the German occupation, outside the park, allongside current Świętojerska and Stare Nalewski Streets, were erected the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto. In 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising the park and surrounding area became a sight of fighting between Polish insurgents and German forces. This included the Chrobry I Battalion of the Home Army, which set up there a redoubt blocking the access to the Old Town. It was placed in the ruins of Simons Passage store complex. It was bombed on 31 August 1944, by the German Air Force. In the event died over 200 people, 120 of whom, were soldiers of the Polish resistance. After the war, the park was enlarged to 11.8 ha, incorporating the land, which was previously occupied by the formerly-neighbouring it buildings, that were destroyed in the war.

In the 1930s, prior to the war, under the park was constructed the bunker for the city mayor, then Stefan Starzyński. While he never used it, it became a shelter for the population of the nearby tenements during the conflict. After the war, it was used by the government as the archives. It survives to the present day. It has eight rooms with the height of 2.5, and enforced walls which are 1.3 m thick.

On 12 November 1963, at the garden square next to the park, near Andersa Street, was unveiled the monument dedicated to the soldiers of the First Polish Army that fought in the Second World War. It was designed by Xawery Dunikowski.

In 1965, the garden and the palace complex was given the statues of a protected cultural property.

On 31 August 1989, in the park, near Stare Nalewski Street, was unveiled a monument dedicated to the soldiers of the Chrobry I Battalion, designed by Jerzy Pietras. It was placed in the location of the former Simons Passage building. On 30 May 1999, in the garden square right outside the park's western gate at Stare Nalewski Street, was unveiled the monument dedicated to the Allies soldiers that fought in the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944 during the Second World War. It was designed by Gustaw Zemła and Wojciech Zabłocki.

At the turn of 20th century, the trees and plants of the park were allowed to spread naturally across the park, altering its original landscape concept, while enriching its biodiversity.

The park underwent major renovation works between 2012 and 2014, with the goal of restoring it to its 19th-century design. There was erected a fence around the park, and the historic entrace gate at Stare Nalewki Street was renovated. 337 trees, one third of parks supply, were cut down. According to the renovators, half of them were removed due to their health. It causes controversies among local inhabitants as well as ecological scientists, who argued that it would negativity inpact the biodiversity in the park, as well as local animals. There was also staged a protest, supported by local celebrities, such as actor Olgierd Łukaszewicz. In 2024, there were also planeted new 97 trees and over 10,500 bushes.

Between 2013 and 2014, in the northern portion of the park was conducted archeological excavation, attempting to find the archives of the General Jewish Labour Bund. For this, there were excavated the cellars of former tenements at 38 and 40 Świętojerska Street. While the archives were not found, therr were discovered human bones, everyday objects, and bucher tools. The fundings provided valuable insights to the everyday lives of the city inhabitants during the conflict.

On 2 October 2021, at the Krasiński Square, next to the park entrance, was unveiled the monument dedicated to the women of the Warsaw Uprising. It was designed by Monika Osiecka.

## Characteristics

The park is located in the neighbourhood of Muranów, within the Downtown district. It is placed between Świętojerska, Andersa, Stare Nalewki, and Długa Street, and borders Krasiński Square to the east. It is surrounded by a fence, and has the total area of 11.8 ha.

Its western portion includes the Krasiński Palace, which dates to 1695, while in its western part, near Stare Nalewski Street is located a historic Baroque entrace gate. The entire park is surrounded by a fance. To the south of the park, allongside Długa Street are located buildings such as Maria Radziwiłłtwa Palace, Palace of the Four Winds, and the Royal Arsenal, which housed the National Museum of Archaeology. Near it, at Stare Nalewski Street is also the monument dedicated to the soldiers of the Chrobry I Battalion, that fought in the Warsaw Uprising. It was designed by Jerzy Pietras, and consists of a commemorative plaque, a metal cross and four large rocks stylised to resemble gravestones. It is located in the location of the former Simons Passage store complex, which was bombed on 31 August 1944, by the German Air Force. In the event died over 200 people, 120 of whom, were soldiers of the Polish resistance.

In the park centre is located an artificial lake, known as the Krasiński Garden Pond, which was formed in the 1890s. It has an area of 0.1443 ha. Within it is place a sculpture by Leon Machowski, which depicts five fisherman on a boat that carries a large fish.

Near the entrace to the park, at Krasiński Square, is placed the monument dedicated to the women who served and died during the Warsaw Uprising. It was designed by Monika Osiecka, and consists of statues of three women holding hands.

A section of the park, known as the Wondering Solders Square (Polish: Skwer Żołnierzy Tułaczy), placed between Andersa and Stare Nalewski Streets, is located outside the fence. In its centre is placed the monument dedicated to the Allies soldiers that fought in the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944 during the Second World War. It was designed by Gustaw Zemła and Wojciech Zabłocki, and consists of a sculpture of Nike, a headless and winged goddess from Greek mythology, made from reinforced concrete and covered in white marble. Additionally, there are several other commemorative plaques. This includes:

- a plaque to Władysław Anders, a commander of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during the Second World War, and later in life a politician and prominent member of the Polish government-in-exile in London;

- a plaque thanking the government and people of the Kolhapur State in India (now part of Maharashtra, India) for accommodating refugees from Poland between 1943 and 1947, that were displaced during the Second World War;

- a plaque thanking Iran for accommodating Polish refugees from the Soviet Union in 1942

- a plaque commemorating the skirmish of 29 November 1830, fought during during the November Uprising, between the insurgents and the Russian forces;

- and a bountry markers of the former wall of the Warsaw Ghetto, near the intersection of Andersa and Świętojerska Street.

On the other side of Andersa Street is also located the Stalinism Political Prisoners Square (Polish: Skwer Więźniów Politycznych Stalinizmu, a garden square located between Andersa, Anielewicza, Nowolipki, and Zamenhofa Streets. In its centre is placed the monument dedicated to the soldiers of the First Polish Army that fought in the Second World War. It was designed by Xawery Dunikowski, and consists of a 8-metre-tall granite statue depicting a soldier of the Polish Armed Forces in the East.

Krasiński Garden has the status of a protected cultural property.

Underneath the park is buried the bunker dating to the 1930s, which was used during the Second World War. It has eight rooms with the height of 2.5, and enforced walls which are 1.3 m thick.