Alexis de Tocqueville

# Alexis de Tocqueville

## Abstract

Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859), was a French aristocrat, diplomat, sociologist, political scientist, political philosopher, and historian. He is best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.

Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 's 2 December 1851 coup and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution. Tocqueville argued the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. He believed the failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals.

Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government and was skeptical of the extremes of majoritarianism. During his time in parliament, he was first a member of the centre-left before moving to the centre-right, and the complex and restless nature of his liberalism has led to contrasting interpretations and admirers across the political spectrum.

## Life

Tocqueville came from an old aristocratic Norman family. He was the great-grandson of the statesman Malesherbes, who was guillotined in 1793. His parents, Hervé Louis François Jean Bonaventure Clérel, Count of Tocqueville, an officer of the Constitutional Guard of King Louis XVI; and Louise Madeleine Le Peletier de Rosanbo narrowly escaped the guillotine due to the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in 1794. Under the Bourbon Restoration, Tocqueville's father became a noble peer and prefect. Tocqueville attended the Lycée Fabert in Metz.

Tocqueville, who despised the July Monarchy (1830–1848), began his political career in 1839. From 1839 to 1851, he served as member of the lower house of parliament for the Manche department (Valognes). He sat on the centre-left, defended abolitionist views and upheld free trade while supporting the colonisation of Algeria carried on by Louis-Philippe 's regime.

In 1842, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

In 1847, he sought to found a Young Left (Jeune Gauche) party which would advocate wage increases, a progressive tax, and other labor concerns in order to undermine the appeal of the socialists. Tocqueville was also elected general counsellor of Manche in 1842 and became the president of the department's general council between 1849 and 1852; he resigned as he refused to pledge allegiance to the Second Empire. According to one account, Tocqueville's political position became untenable during this time in the sense that he was mistrusted by both the left and right and was looking for an excuse to leave France.

### Travels

In 1831, Tocqueville obtained from the July Monarchy a mission to examine prisons and penitentiaries in the United States and proceeded there with his lifelong friend Gustave de Beaumont. While he did visit some prisons, Tocqueville traveled widely in the United States and took extensive notes on his observations and reflections. He returned within nine months and published a report, but the more well-known result of his tour was De la démocratie en Amérique, which appeared in 1835. Beaumont also wrote an account of their travels in Jacksonian America: Marie or Slavery in the United States (1835). During this trip, Tocqueville made a side trip to Montreal and Quebec City in Lower Canada from mid-August to early September 1831.

Apart from North America, Tocqueville also made an observational tour of England, producing Memoir on Pauperism. In 1841 and 1846, he traveled to the French colony of Algeria. His first travel inspired his Travail sur l'Algérie, in which he criticized the French model of colonisation which emphasized assimilation to Western culture, advocating that the French government instead adopt a form of indirect rule, which avoided mixing different populations together. He went as far as openly advocating racial segregation as a form of consociationalism between European colonists and Arabs through the implementation of two different legislative systems for each ethnic group (a half century before implementation of the 1881 Indigenous code based on religion).

In 1835 Tocqueville journeyed through Ireland. His observations provide one of the best pictures of the state of Ireland before the Great Famine (1845–1849). They chronicle the growing Catholic middle class and the appalling conditions in which most Catholic tenant farmers lived. Tocqueville made clear both his opposition to aristocratic power and his affinity for his Irish co-religionists.

After the fall of the July Monarchy in the French Revolution of 1848, Tocqueville was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1848, where he became a member of the commission charged with the drafting of the new Constitution of the Second Republic (1848–1851). He defended bicameralism and the election of the President of the Republic by universal suffrage. As the countryside was thought to be more conservative than the labouring population of Paris, he conceived of universal suffrage as a means to counteract the revolutionary spirit of Paris.

During the Second Republic, Tocqueville sided with the Party of Order against the socialists. A few days after the February 1848 insurrection, he anticipated that a violent clash between the Parisian workers' population led by socialists agitating in favour of a "Democratic and Social Republic" and the conservatives, which included the aristocracy and the rural population, would be inescapable. Indeed, these social tensions eventually exploded in the June Days Uprising of 1848.

Led by General Cavaignac, the suppression of the uprising was supported by Tocqueville, who advocated the "regularization" of the state of siege declared by Cavaignac and other measures promoting suspension of the constitutional order. Between May and September, Tocqueville participated in the Constitutional Commission which wrote the new Constitution. His proposals, such as his amendment about the President and his reelection, reflected lessons he drew from his North American experience

### Minister of Foreign Affairs

A supporter of Cavaignac and of the Party of Order, Tocqueville accepted an invitation to enter Odilon Barrot 's government as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 3 June to 31 October 1849. During the troubled days of June 1849, he pleaded with Interior Minister Jules Armand Dufaure for the reestablishment of the state of siege in the capital and approved the arrest of demonstrators. Tocqueville, who since February 1848 had supported laws restricting political freedoms, approved the two laws voted immediately after the June 1849 days which restricted the liberty of clubs and freedom of the press.

This active support in favor of laws restricting political freedoms stands in contrast of his defense of freedoms in Democracy in America. According to Tocqueville, he favored order as "the sine qua non for the conduct of serious politics. He to bring the kind of stability to French political life that would permit the steady growth of liberty unimpeded by the regular rumblings of the earthquakes of revolutionary change″.

Tocqueville had supported Cavaignac against Louis Napoléon Bonaparte for the presidential election of 1848. Opposed to Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup which followed his election, Tocqueville was among the deputies who gathered at the 10th arrondissement of Paris in an attempt to resist the coup and have Napoleon III judged for "high treason" as he had violated the constitutional limit on terms of office. Detained at Vincennes and then released, Tocqueville, who supported the Restoration of the Bourbons against Napoleon III's Second Empire (1851–1871), quit political life and retreated to his castle (Château de Tocqueville).

Against this image of Tocqueville, biographer Joseph Epstein has concluded: "Tocqueville could never bring himself to serve a man he considered a usurper and despot. He fought as best he could for the political liberty in which he so ardently believed—had given it, in all, thirteen years of his life. He would spend the days remaining to him fighting the same fight, but conducting it now from libraries, archives, and his own desk". There, he began the draft of L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution, publishing the first tome in 1856, but leaving the second one unfinished.

### Death

A longtime sufferer from bouts of tuberculosis, Tocqueville would eventually succumb to the disease on 16 April 1859 and was buried in the Tocqueville cemetery in Normandy.

Tocqueville's professed religion was Roman Catholicism. He saw religion as being compatible with both equality and individualism, but felt that religion would be strongest when separated from politics.

## Democracy in America

In Democracy in America, published in 1835, Tocqueville wrote of the New World and its burgeoning democratic order. Observing from the perspective of a detached social scientist, Tocqueville wrote of his travels through the United States in the early 19th century when the Market Revolution, Western expansion and Jacksonian democracy were radically transforming the fabric of American life.

According to political scientist Joshua Kaplan, one purpose of writing Democracy in America was to help the people of France get a better understanding of their position between a fading aristocratic order and an emerging democratic order and to help them sort out the confusion. Tocqueville saw democracy as an enterprise that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as for the community. However, on a negative note, Tocqueville remarked that "in democracies manners are never so refined as amongst aristocratic nations."

Tocqueville was an ardent supporter of liberty. "I have a passionate love for liberty, law, and respect for rights", he wrote. "I am neither of the revolutionary party nor of the conservative. Liberty is my foremost passion". He wrote of "Political Consequences of the Social State of the Anglo-Americans" by saying: "But one also finds in the human heart a depraved taste for equality, which impels the weak to want to bring the strong down to their level, and which reduces men to preferring equality in servitude to inequality in freedom".

The above is often misquoted as a slavery quote because of previous translations of the French text. The most recent translation by Arthur Goldhammer in 2004 translates the meaning to be as stated above. Examples of misquoted sources are numerous on the internet such as "Americans are so enamored of equality that they would rather be equal in slavery than unequal in freedom", but the text does not contain the words "Americans were so enamored by equality" anywhere.

His view on government reflects his belief in liberty and the need for individuals to be able to act freely while respecting others' rights. Of centralized government, he wrote that it "excels in preventing, not doing".

Tocqueville continues to comment on equality by saying: "Furthermore, when citizens are all almost equal, it becomes difficult for them to defend their independence against the aggressions of power. As none of them is strong enough to fight alone with advantage, the only guarantee of liberty is for everyone to combine forces. But such a combination is not always in evidence".

Tocqueville explicitly cites inequality as being incentive for the poor to become rich and notes that it is not often that two generations within a family maintain success and that it is inheritance laws that split and eventually break apart someone's estate that cause a constant cycle of churn between the poor and the rich, thereby over generations making the poor rich and the rich poor. He cites protective laws in France at the time that protected an estate from being split apart among heirs, thereby preserving wealth and preventing a churn of wealth such as was perceived by him in 1835 within the United States.

### On civil and political society and the individual

Tocqueville's main purpose was to analyze the functioning of political society and various forms of political associations, although he brought some reflections on civil society too (and relations between political and civil society). For Tocqueville, as for Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx, civil society was a sphere of private entrepreneurship and civilian affairs regulated by civil code. As a critic of individualism, Tocqueville thought that through associating for mutual purpose, both in public and private, Americans are able to overcome selfish desires, thus making both a self-conscious and active political society and a vibrant civil society functioning according to political and civil laws of the state.

According to political scientist Joshua Kaplan, Tocqueville did not originate the concept of individualism, instead he changed its meaning and saw it as a "calm and considered feeling which disposes each citizen to isolate himself from the mass of his fellows and to withdraw into the circle of family and friends. ith this little society formed to his taste, he gladly leaves the greater society to look for itself". While Tocqueville saw egotism and selfishness as vices, he saw individualism as not a failure of feeling, but as a way of thinking about things which could have either positive consequences such as a willingness to work together, or negative consequences such as isolation and that individualism could be remedied by improved understanding.

When individualism was a positive force and prompted people to work together for common purposes and seen as "self-interest properly understood", then it helped to counterbalance the danger of the tyranny of the majority since people could "take control over their own lives" without government aid. According to Kaplan, Americans have a difficult time accepting Tocqueville's criticism of the stifling intellectual effect of the "omnipotence of the majority" and that Americans tend to deny that there is a problem in this regard.

Others such as the Catholic writer Daniel Schwindt disagree with Kaplan's interpretation, arguing instead that Tocqueville saw individualism as just another form of egotism and not an improvement over it. To make his case, Schwindt provides citations such as the following:

Egoism springs from a blind instinct; individualism from wrong-headed thinking rather than from depraved feelings. It originates as much from defects of intelligence as from the mistakes of the heart. Egoism blights the seeds of every virtue; individualism at first dries up only the source of public virtue. In the longer term it attacks and destroys all the others and will finally merge with egoism.

### On democracy and new forms of tyranny

Tocqueville warned that modern democracy may be adept at inventing new forms of tyranny because radical equality could lead to the materialism of an expanding bourgeoisie and to the selfishness of individualism. "In such conditions, we might become so enamored with 'a relaxed love of present enjoyments' that we lose interest in the future of our descendants...and meekly allow ourselves to be led in ignorance by a despotic force all the more powerful because it does not resemble one", wrote The New Yorker' s James Wood. Tocqueville worried that if despotism were to take root in a modern democracy, it would be a much more dangerous version than the oppression under the Roman emperors or tyrants of the past who could only exert a pernicious influence on a small group of people at a time.

In contrast, a despotism under a democracy could see "a multitude of men", uniformly alike, equal, "constantly circling for petty pleasures", unaware of fellow citizens and subject to the will of a powerful state which exerted an "immense protective power". Tocqueville compared a potentially despotic democratic government to a protective parent who wants to keep its citizens (children) as "perpetual children" and which does not break men's wills, but rather guides it and presides over people in the same way as a shepherd looking after a "flock of timid animals".

### On the American social contract

Tocqueville's penetrating analysis sought to understand the peculiar nature of American political life. In describing the American, he agreed with thinkers such as Aristotle and Montesquieu that the balance of property determined the balance of political power, but his conclusions after that differed radically from those of his predecessors. Tocqueville tried to understand why the United States was so different from Europe in the last throes of aristocracy. In contrast to the aristocratic ethic, the United States was a society where hard work and money-making was the dominant ethic, where the common man enjoyed a level of dignity which was unprecedented, where commoners never deferred to elites and where what he described as crass individualism and market capitalism had taken root to an extraordinary degree.

Tocqueville writes: "Among a democratic people, where there is no hereditary wealth, every man works to earn a living. Labor is held in honor; the prejudice is not against but in its favor". Tocqueville asserted that the values that had triumphed in the North and were present in the South had begun to suffocate old-world ethics and social arrangements. Legislatures abolished primogeniture and entails, resulting in more widely distributed land holdings. This was a contrast to the general aristocratic pattern in which only the eldest child, usually a man, inherited the estate, which had the effect of keeping large estates intact from generation to generation.

In contrast, landed elites in the United States were less likely to pass on fortunes to a single child by the action of primogeniture, which meant that as time went by large estates became broken up within a few generations which in turn made the children more equal overall. According to Joshua Kaplan's Tocqueville, it was not always a negative development since bonds of affection and shared experience between children often replaced the more formal relation between the eldest child and the siblings, characteristic of the previous aristocratic pattern. Overall, hereditary fortunes in the new democracies became exceedingly difficult to secure and more people were forced to struggle for their own living.

As Tocqueville understood it, this rapidly democratizing society had a population devoted to "middling" values which wanted to amass through hard work vast fortunes. In Tocqueville's mind, this explained why the United States was so different from Europe. In Europe, he claimed, nobody cared about making money. The lower classes had no hope of gaining more than minimal wealth while the upper classes found it crass, vulgar and unbecoming of their sort to care about something as unseemly as money and many were virtually guaranteed wealth and took it for granted. At the same time in the United States, workers would see people fashioned in exquisite attire and merely proclaim that through hard work they too would soon possess the fortune necessary to enjoy such luxuries.

Despite maintaining that the balance of property determined the balance of power, Tocqueville argued that as the United States showed, equitable property holdings did not ensure the rule of the best men. In fact, it did quite the opposite as the widespread, relatively equitable property ownership which distinguished the United States and determined its mores and values also explained why the United States masses held elites in such contempt.

### On majority rule and mediocrity

Beyond the eradication of old-world aristocracy, ordinary Americans also refused to defer to those possessing, as Tocqueville put it, superior talent and intelligence and these natural elites could not enjoy much share in political power as a result. Ordinary Americans enjoyed too much power and claimed too great a voice in the public sphere to defer to intellectual superiors. This culture promoted a relatively pronounced equality, Tocqueville argued, but the same mores and opinions that ensured such equality also promoted mediocrity. Those who possessed true virtue and talent were left with limited choices.

Tocqueville said that those with the most education and intelligence were left with two choices. They could join limited intellectual circles to explore the weighty and complex problems facing society, or they could use their superior talents to amass vast fortunes in the private sector. He wrote that he did not know of any country where there was "less independence of mind, and true freedom of discussion, than in America".

Tocqueville blamed the omnipotence of majority rule as a chief factor in stifling thinking: "The majority has enclosed thought within a formidable fence. A writer is free inside that area, but woe to the man who goes beyond it, not that he stands in fear of an inquisition, but he must face all kinds of unpleasantness in every day persecution. A career in politics is closed to him for he has offended the only power that holds the keys". According to Kaplan's interpretation of Tocqueville, he argued in contrast to previous political thinkers that a serious problem in political life was not that people were too strong, but that people were "too weak" and felt powerless as the danger is that people felt "swept up in something that they could not control".

### On enslavement, black people, and Indigenous communities

Uniquely positioned at a crossroads in American history, Tocqueville's Democracy in America attempted to capture the essence of American culture and values. Although a supporter of colonialism, Tocqueville could clearly perceive the evils that black people and natives had been subjected to in the United States. Tocqueville devoted the last chapter of the first volume of Democracy in America to the question while his travel companion Gustave de Beaumont wholly focused on slavery and its fallouts for the American nation in Marie or Slavery in America. Tocqueville notes among the American races:

The first who attracts the eye, the first in enlightenment, in power and in happiness, is the white man, the European, man par excellence; below him appear the Negro and the Indian. These two unfortunate races have neither birth, nor face, nor language, nor mores in common; only their misfortunes look alike. Both occupy an equally inferior position in the country that they inhabit; both experience the effects of tyranny; and if their miseries are different, they can accuse the same author for them.

Tocqueville contrasted the settlers of Virginia with the middle class, religious Puritans who founded New England and analyzed the debasing influence of slavery:

The men sent to Virginia were seekers of gold, adventurers without resources and without character, whose turbulent and restless spirit endangered the infant colony. Artisans and agriculturalists arrived afterwards hardly in any respect above the level of the inferior classes in England. No lofty views, no spiritual conception presided over the foundation of these new settlements. The colony was scarcely established when slavery was introduced; this was the capital fact which was to exercise an immense influence on the character, the laws and the whole future of the South. Slavery dishonors labor; it introduces idleness into society, and with idleness, ignorance and pride, luxury and distress. It enervates the powers of the mind and benumbs the activity of man. On this same English foundation there developed in the North very different characteristics.

Tocqueville concluded that return of the Black population to Africa could not resolve the problem as he writes at the end of Democracy in America:

If the colony of Liberia were able to receive thousands of new inhabitants every year, and if the Negroes were in a state to be sent thither with advantage; if the Union were to supply the society with annual subsidies, and to transport the Negroes to Africa in government vessels, it would still be unable to counterpoise the natural increase of population among the blacks; and as it could not remove as many men in a year as are born upon its territory within that time, it could not prevent the growth of the evil which is daily increasing in the states. The Negro race will never leave those shores of the American continent to which it was brought by the passions and the vices of Europeans; and it will not disappear from the New World as long as it continues to exist. The inhabitants of the United States may retard the calamities which they apprehend, but they cannot now destroy their efficient cause.

In 1855, Tocqueville wrote the following text published by Maria Weston Chapman in the Liberty Bell: Testimony against Slavery:

I do not think it is for me, a foreigner, to indicate to the United States the time, the measures, or the men by whom Slavery shall be abolished. Still, as the persevering enemy of despotism everywhere, and under all its forms, I am pained and astonished by the fact that the freest people in the world is, at the present time, almost the only one among civilized and Christian nations which yet maintains personal servitude; and this while serfdom itself is about disappearing, where it has not already disappeared, from the most degraded nations of Europe. An old and sincere friend of America, I am uneasy at seeing Slavery retard her progress, tarnish her glory, furnish arms to her detractors, compromise the future career of the Union which is the guaranty of her safety and greatness, and point out beforehand to her, to all her enemies, the spot where they are to strike. As a man, too, I am moved at the spectacle of man's degradation by man, and I hope to see the day when the law will grant equal civil liberty to all the inhabitants of the same empire, as God accords the freedom of the will, without distinction, to the dwellers upon earth.

French historian of colonialism Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison argues that Tocqueville (along with Jules Michelet) was ahead of his time in his use of the term " extermination " to describe what was happening during the colonization of Western United States and the Indian removal period.

### On policies of assimilation

According to Tocqueville, assimilation of black people would be almost impossible and this was already being demonstrated in the Northern states. However, assimilation was the best solution for Native Americans, and since they were too proud to assimilate, they would inevitably become extinct. Displacement was another part of America's Indian policy. Both populations were "undemocratic", or without the qualities, intellectual and otherwise needed to live in a democracy. Tocqueville shared many views on assimilation and segregation of his and the coming epochs, but he opposed Arthur de Gobineau 's theories as found in The Inequality of Human Races (1853–1855).

### On the United States and Russia as future global powers

In his Democracy in America, Tocqueville also forecast the preeminence of the United States and Russia as the two main global powers. In his book, he stated: "There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, seem to be advancing toward the same goal: the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hands the destinies of half the world".

### On civil jury service

Tocqueville believed that the American jury system was particularly important in educating citizens in self-government and rule of law. He often expressed how the civil jury system was one of the most effective showcases of democracy because it connected citizens with the true spirit of the justice system. In his 1835 treatise Democracy in America, he explained: "The jury, and more especially the civil jury, serves to communicate the spirit of the judges to the minds of all the citizens; and this spirit, with the habits which attend it, is the soundest preparation for free institutions. It invests each citizen with a kind of magistracy; it makes them all feel the duties which they are bound to discharge toward society; and the part which they take in the Government".

Tocqueville believed that jury service not only benefited the society as a whole, but enhanced jurors' qualities as citizens. Because of the jury system, "they were better informed about the rule of law, and they were more closely connected to the state. Thus, quite independently of what the jury contributed to dispute resolution, participation on the jury had salutary effects on the jurors themselves".

## Views on Algeria

Alexis de Tocqueville was an important figure in the colonization of Algeria. A member of French parliament during the French conquest of Algeria and subsequent July Monarchy, Tocqueville took it upon himself to become an expert on the “Algeria Question,” and to this end penned a number of discourses and letters. He also made a point of studying Islam, the Quran, and the Arabic language, in order to better understand the country.

### 1837 letters on Algeria

In a series of letters penned by Alexis de Tocqueville, he describes the situation of France as well as the geography and society of Algeria at the time.

“Suppose that the Emperor of China, landing in France at the head of an armed power, should make himself master of our largest cities and of our capital. That after having burned all the public registers before suffering to read them, and having destroyed or dispersed all of the civil service without inquiring into their various attributions, he should finally seize every functionary⸺from the head of the government to the campesino guards, the peers, the deputies, and in general the whole ruling class⸺and deport them all at once to some distant country. Do you not think that this great prince, in spite of his powerful army, his fortresses and his treasures, will soon find himself extremely unprepared in administering the conquered country; that his new subjects, deprived of all those who conducted or could conduct affairs of state, will be unable to govern themselves, while he, coming from the antipodes, knows neither the religion, nor the language, nor the laws, nor the habits, nor the administrative customs of the country, and who has taken care to remove all those who could have instructed him in them, will be in no state rule them. You will therefore have no difficulty in foreseeing that if the parts of France which are materially occupied by the victor obey him, the rest of the country will soon be given over to an immense anarchy.”

Despite being initially critical of the French invasion of Algeria, Toccqueville also believed that geopolitical necessities of the time would not allow for a withdrawal of military forces for two reasons: first, his understanding of the international situation and France's position in the world; and second, changes in French society. Tocqueville believed that war and colonization would "restore national pride; threatened", he believed, by "the gradual softening of social mores" in the middle classes. Their taste for "material pleasures" was spreading to the whole of society, giving it "an example of weakness and egotism".

### 1841 discourse on the conquest of Algeria

Tocqueville expressed himself in an 1841 essay concerning the conquest of Algeria in which he called for a dual program of “domination” and “colonization.”

For my part, I have brought back from Africa the distressing notion that at the moment we are waging war in a much more barbaric manner than the Arabs themselves. At present, theirs is the side of civilization. This way of waging war seems to me as stupid as it is cruel. It can only enter into the crude and brutal mind of a soldier. It was not worth putting displacing the Turks to reproduce that which in them deserved the detestation of the world. That, even from the point of view of interest, is much more harmful than useful; because, as another officer said to me, if we only aim to equal the Turks we will be by the fact in a position much lower than them: barbarians among barbarians, the Turks will always have on us the advantage of being Muslim barbarians. It is thus to a principle superior to theirs that we must appeal.

I have often heard in France men whom I respect, but whom I do not agree with, say that it wrong to burn the harvests, to empty the silos and finally to imprison unarmed men, women and children. These are, in my opinion, unfortunate necessities, but ones to which any people who want to make war on the Arabs will be obliged to submit. And, if I must say what I think, these acts do not revolt me more or even as much as several others which the law of war obviously authorizes and which take place in all the wars of Europe. Why is it more odious to burn harvests and take women and children prisoner than to bombard the harmless population of a besieged city or to seize merchant ships belonging to the subjects of an enemy power at sea? The one is, in my opinion, much crueler and less justifiable than the other.

Applauding the methods of General Bugeaud, Tocqueville went so far to claim that "war in Africa is a science. Everyone is familiar with its rules and everyone can apply those rules with almost complete certainty of success. One of the greatest services that Field Marshal Bugeaud has rendered his country is to have spread, perfected and made everyone aware of this new science".

Tocqueville advocated racial segregation as a form of consociationalism in Algeria with two distinct legislations, one for European colonists and one for the Arab population.

Without doubt, it would be as dangerous as it would be useless to try to suggest to them our morals, our ideas, our customs. It is not in the direction of our European civilization that we must now push them, but in the direction of their own civilization; we must ask of them what they desire and not what they despise. Individual property, industry, sedentary living are not contrary to the religion of Mohammed. Arabs have known or know these things elsewhere; they are appreciated and enjoyed by some of them in Algeria itself. Why should we despair of making them familiar to the greatest number? It has already been attempted on some points with success. Islam is not absolutely impenetrable to the Enlightenment; it has often admitted in its bosom certain sciences or certain arts. Why should we not try to make these flourish under our empire? Let us not force the natives to come to our schools, but let us help them to raise theirs, to multiply those who teach there, to train the men of law and the men of religion, of whom the Muslim civilization cannot do without any more than us.

Such a two-tier arrangement would be fully realised with the 1870 Crémieux decree and the Indigenousness Code, which extended French citizenship to European settlers and Algerian Jews whereas Muslim Algerians would be governed under the Code de l'indigénat. However Tocqueville hoped for an eventual mixing of the French and Arab populations into a single body:

Every day the French are developing clearer and more accurate notions about the inhabitants of Algeria. They learn their languages, become familiar with their customs, and one even sees some who show a kind of unthinking enthusiasm for them. On the other hand, the whole of the young Arab generation in Algiers speaks our language and has already taken on some of our customs. There is therefore no reason to believe that time cannot succeed in amalgamating the two races. God does not prevent it; only the faults of men could impede it.

### Opposition to the invasion of Kabylia

In opposition to Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, Jean-Louis Benoît said that given the extent of racial prejudices during the colonization of Algeria, Tocqueville was one of its "most moderate supporters". Benoît said that it was wrong to assume Tocqueville was a supporter of Bugeaud despite his 1841 apologetic discourse. It seems that Tocqueville modified his views after his second visit to Algeria in 1846 as he criticized Bugeaud's desire to invade Kabylia in an 1847 speech to the Assembly.

Although Tocqueville had favoured retention of distinct traditional law, administrators, schools and so on for Arabs who had come under French control, he compared the Berber tribes of Kabylia (in his second of Two Letters on Algeria, 1837) to Rousseau's concept of the "noble savage", stating:

If Rousseau had known the Kabyles he would not have spouted so much nonsense about the Caribbean and other American Indians: He would have looked to the Atlas for his models; there he would have found men who are subject to a kind of social police and yet almost as free as the isolated individual who enjoys his wild independence in the depths of the woods; men who are neither rich nor poor, neither servants nor masters; who appoint their own chiefs, and scarcely notice that they have chiefs, who are content with their state and remain in it

Tocqueville's views on the matter were complex. Although in his 1841 report on Algeria he applauded Bugeaud for making war in a way that defeated Abd-el-Kader 's resistance, he had advocated in the Two Letters that the French military advance leave Kabylia undisturbed and in subsequent speeches and writings he continued to oppose intrusion into Kabylia.

In the debate about the 1846 extraordinary funds, Tocqueville denounced Bugeaud's conduct of military operations and succeeded in convincing the Assembly not to vote funds in support of Bugeaud's military columns. Tocqueville considered Bugeaud's plan to invade Kabylia despite the opposition of the Assembly as a seditious act in the face of which the government was opting for cowardice.

### 1847 "Report on Algeria"

In his 1847 "Report on Algeria", Tocqueville declared that Europe should avoid making the same mistake they made with the European colonization of the Americas in order to avoid the bloody consequences. More particularly he reminds his countrymen of a solemn caution whereby he warns them that if the methods used towards the Algerian people remain unchanged, colonization will end in a blood bath.

Tocqueville includes in his report on Algeria that the fate of their soldiers and finances depended on how the French government treats the various native populations of Algeria, including the various Arab tribes, independent Kabyles living in the Atlas Mountains and the powerful political leader Abd-el-Kader.

The latter stresses the obtainment and protection of land and passageways that promise commercial wealth. In the case of Algeria, the Port of Algiers and the control over the Strait of Gibraltar were considered by Tocqueville to be particularly valuable whereas direct control of the political operations of the entirety of Algeria was not. Thus, the author stresses domination over only certain points of political influence as a means to colonization of commercially valuable areas.

Tocqueville argued that though unpleasant, domination via violent means is necessary for colonization and justified by the laws of war. Such laws are not discussed in detail, but given that the goal of the French mission in Algeria was to obtain commercial and military interest as opposed to self-defense, it can be deduced that Tocqueville would not concur with just war theory 's jus ad bellum criteria of just cause. Further, given that Tocqueville approved of the use of force to eliminate civilian housing in enemy territory, his approach does not accord with just war theory's jus in bello criteria of proportionality and discrimination.

## The Old Regime and the Revolution

In 1856, Tocqueville published The Old Regime and the Revolution. The book analyzes French society before the French Revolution —the so-called Ancien Régime —and investigates the forces that caused the Revolution.

## References in popular literature

Tocqueville was quoted in several chapters of Toby Young 's memoirs How to Lose Friends and Alienate People to explain his observation of widespread homogeneity of thought even amongst intellectual elites at Harvard University during his time spent there. He is frequently quoted and studied in American history classes. Tocqueville is the inspiration for Australian novelist Peter Carey in his 2009 novel Parrot and Olivier in America.

Tocqueville and his memoir Recollections are mentioned in Ada Palmer 's novel Too Like the Lightening to describe someone with divided loyalty.

## Works

- Travels in Algeria, The United Empire Loyalists, translated by Yusuf Ritter (Tikhanov Library, 2023, ISBN 9781777646097), 252 pages. Includes an essay by W. Stewart Wallace on the history of English Canada.

- Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont in America: Their Friendship and Their Travels, edited by Olivier Zunz, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (University of Virginia Press, 2011, ISBN 9780813930626), 698 pages. Includes previously unpublished letters, essays, and other writings.

- Du système pénitentaire aux États-Unis et de son application en France (1833) – On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application to France, with Gustave de Beaumont.

- De la démocratie en Amérique (1835/1840) – Democracy in America. It was published in two volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. English language versions: Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. and eds, Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, University of Chicago Press, 2000; Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Arthur Goldhammer, trans.; Olivier Zunz, ed.) (The Library of America, 2004) ISBN 9781931082549.

- L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856) – The Old Regime and the Revolution. It is Tocqueville's second most famous work.

- Recollections (1893) – This work was a private journal of the Revolution of 1848. He never intended to publish this during his lifetime; it was published by his wife and his friend Gustave de Beaumont after his death.

- Journey to America (1831–1832) – Alexis de Tocqueville's travel diary of his visit to America; translated into English by George Lawrence, edited by J.-P. Mayer, Yale University Press, 1960; based on vol. V, 1 of the Œuvres Complètes of Tocqueville.

- L'État social et politique de la France avant et depuis 1789 – Alexis de Tocqueville

- Memoir on Pauperism: Does public charity produce an idle and dependant class of society? (1835) originally published by Ivan R. Dee. Inspired by a trip to England. One of Tocqueville's more obscure works.

- Journeys to England and Ireland, 1835.


Once Upon a Time in Phuket

# Once Upon a Time in Phuket

## Abstract

Once Upon a Time in Phuket (Swedish: En gång i Phuket) is a 2012 Swedish film directed by Staffan Lindberg.

## Cast

- Peter Magnusson as Sven

- Susanne Thorson as Anja

- Jenny Skavlan as Gitte

- David Hellenius as Georg

- Grynet Molvig as Sven's mother

- Alexandra Rapaport as Siri

- Claes Månsson as the priest

- Frida Westerdahl as Estelle

- Frida Hallgren as Karin

- Matias Varela as Jean-Luc

- Henrik Norlén as Johan Pålman

- Yngve Dahlberg as Druve

- Johan Hallström as Magnus

- Mårten Klingberg as Fredrik

- Ella Fogelström as Sonja

- Lisbeth Johansson


New London, Connecticut

# New London, Connecticut

## Abstract

New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, which empties into Long Island Sound. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region.

New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Connecticut College, Mitchell College, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to both the Coast Guard's cutter Coho and their tall ship Eagle. The city had a population of 27,367 at the 2020 census. The Norwich –New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people.

## History

### Colonial era

The area was called Nameaug by the Pequot Indians. John Winthrop, Jr. founded the first English settlement here in 1646, making it about the 13th town settled in Connecticut. Inhabitants referred to it informally as Nameaug or as Pequot after the tribe. In the 1650s, the colonists wanted to give the town the official name of London after London, England, but the Connecticut General Assembly wanted to name it Faire Harbour. The citizens protested, declaring that they would prefer it to be called Nameaug if it could not be officially named London. The legislature relented, and the town was officially named New London on March 24, 1658.

### American Revolution

The harbor was considered to be the best deep water harbor on Long Island Sound, and consequently New London became a base of American naval operations during the American Revolutionary War and privateers where it has been said no port took more prizes than New London with between 400–800 being credited to New London privateers including the 1781 taking of supply ship Hannah, the largest prize taken during the war. Famous New Londoners during the American Revolution include Nathan Hale, William Coit, Richard Douglass, Thomas and Nathaniel Shaw, Gen. Samuel Parsons, printer Timothy Green, and Bishop Samuel Seabury.

New London was raided and much of it burned to the ground on September 6, 1781, in the Battle of Groton Heights by Norwich native Benedict Arnold in an attempt to destroy the Patriot privateer fleet and supplies of goods and naval stores within the city. It is often noted that this raid on New London and Groton was intended to divert General George Washington and the French Army under Rochambeau from their march on Yorktown, Virginia. The main defensive fort for New London was Fort Griswold, located across the Thames River in Groton. It was well known to Arnold, who had already informed the British of this so that they could avoid its artillery fire. British and Hessian troops subsequently attacked and captured New London's Fort Trumbull, while other forces moved in to attack Fort Griswold across the river, then held by Lieutenant-Colonel William Ledyard. The British suffered great casualties at Fort Griswold before the Americans were finally forced to surrender—whereupon Arnold's men stormed into the fort and slaughtered most of the American troops who defended it, including Ledyard. All told, more than 52 British and 83 American soldiers were killed, and more than 142 British and 39 Americans were wounded, many mortally. New London suffered over 6 defenders killed and 24 wounded, while Arnold's men suffered an equal amount.

Connecticut's independent legislature made New London one of five cities simultaneously brought from de facto to formalized incorporations in its January session of 1784.

### 19th century

After the War of 1812 began, the Royal Navy established a blockade of the East Coast of the United States, including New London. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British ship of the line HMS Ramillies while it was lying at anchor in New London's harbor with torpedoes launched from small boats. This prompted the captain of Ramillies, Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, to warn the Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans caused them to abandon such attempts with immediate effect.

For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was one of the three busiest whaling ports in the world, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The New Haven and New London Railroad connected New London by rail to New Haven and points beyond by the 1850s. The Springfield and New London Railroad connected New London to Springfield, Massachusetts, by the 1870s.

Many distinctive structures built in the 19th century remain, but the First Church built in 1853 collapsed in January 2024.

### Military presence

Several military installations have been part of New London's history, including the United States Coast Guard Academy and Coast Guard Station New London. Most of these military installations have been located at Fort Trumbull. The first Fort Trumbull was an earthwork built 1775–1777 that took part in the Revolutionary War. The second Fort Trumbull was built 1839–1852 and still stands. During the Red Summer of 1919, there were a series of racial riots between white and black Navy men stationed in New London and Groton.

By 1910, the fort's defensive function had been superseded by the new forts of the Endicott Program, primarily located on Fishers Island. The fort was given to the Revenue Cutter Service and became the Revenue Cutter Academy. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard in 1915, and the Academy relocated to its current site in 1932.

During World War II, the Merchant Marine Officers Training School was located at Fort Trumbull. From 1950 to 1990, Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines. In 1990, the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island, and the New London facility was closed in 1996.

The Naval Submarine Base New London is physically located in Groton, but submarines were stationed in New London during World War II and from 1951 to 1991. The submarine tender Fulton and Submarine Squadron 10 were based at State Pier in New London during this time. Squadron Ten was usually composed of eight to ten submarines and was the first all-nuclear submarine squadron. In the summer of 1960, peace activists from around the country gathered in New London to protest the all-nuclear submarines being based there. Participants held daily vigils and marches, handed out leaflets and talked with workers. Unable to achieve their goals by the end of the summer, some activists stayed in Connecticut and established the New England Committee for Non-Violent Action.

USS Fulton was decommissioned, after 50 years of service, in 1991 and Submarine Squadron 10 was disbanded at the same time. In the 1990s, State Pier was rebuilt as a container terminal.

### Fort Trumbull

The neighborhood of Fort Trumbull once consisted of nearly two-dozen homes, but they were seized by the City of New London using eminent domain. This measure was supported in a 5–4 ruling in the 2005 Supreme Court case Kelo v. City of New London, and the homes were ultimately demolished by the city as part of an economic development plan. The site was slated to be redeveloped under this plan, but the chosen developer was not able to get financing and the project failed. The empty landscape of the Fort Trumbull area has been widely characterized as an example of government overreach and inefficiency.

## Geography

In terms of land area, New London is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km) is land.

The town and city of New London are coextensive. Sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns between 1705 and 1801. The towns of Groton, Ledyard, Montville, and Waterford, and portions of Salem and East Lyme, now occupy what had earlier been the outlying area of New London.

New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford on the east by the Thames River and Groton and on the south by Long Island Sound.

### Principal communities

- Downtown New London

- Ocean Beach

Other minor communities and geographic features include Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill.

### Towns created from New London

New London originally had a larger land area when it was established. Towns set off since include:

- Stonington in 1649 This large area ran from the Mystic River to the Pawcatuck River, including Pawcatuck, Wequetequock, and the easterly half of Mystic. It stretched inland from Long Island Sound to Lantern Hill. North Stonington was created from the northern half of Stonington in 1807.

- This large area ran from the Mystic River to the Pawcatuck River, including Pawcatuck, Wequetequock, and the easterly half of Mystic. It stretched inland from Long Island Sound to Lantern Hill.

- North Stonington was created from the northern half of Stonington in 1807.

- Groton in 1705 Ledyard (originally North Groton) created from a part of Groton in 1836.

- Ledyard (originally North Groton) created from a part of Groton in 1836.

- Montville in 1786. Salem created from parts of Montville, Colchester, and Lyme in 1819

- Salem created from parts of Montville, Colchester, and Lyme in 1819

- Waterford in 1801. East Lyme created from parts of Waterford and Lyme in 1839.

- East Lyme created from parts of Waterford and Lyme in 1839.

- Fishers Island officially left Connecticut and became part of New York in 1879.

### Climate

Using the Köppen climate classification New London has a warm temperate climate. This zone is defined as having a monthly mean temperature above 26.4 °F (−3 C) but below 64.4 °F (18 C) in the coldest month.

The city experiences long, hot and humid summers, and cool to cold winters with snowfall on occasion. The city averages 2,300 hours of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). New London lies in the broad transition zone between continental climates to the north in New England and southern Canada, and the humid subtropical climates to the south along the lower East Coast.

From May to late September, the southerly flow from the Bermuda High creates hot and humid tropical weather conditions. Daytime heating produces occasional thunderstorms with heavy but brief downpours. Daytime highs in summer are normally near 80 °F, with occasional heat waves bringing high temperatures into the 90's °F. Spring and Fall are mild in New London, with daytime highs in the 55° to 70 °F range and lows in the 40° to 50 °F range. The seaside location of the city creates a long growing season compared to areas inland. The first frost in the New London area is normally not until late October or early November, almost three weeks later than parts of northern Connecticut. Winters are cool with a mix of rainfall and snowfall, or mixed precipitation. New London normally sees fewer than 25 days annually with snow cover. In mid-winter, there can be large differences in low temperatures between areas along the coastline and areas well inland, sometimes as much as 15 °F.

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes/tropical storms) have struck Connecticut and the New London metropolitan area, although infrequently. Hurricane landfalls have occurred along the Connecticut coast in 1903, 1938, 1944, 1954 (Carol), 1960 (Donna), 1985 (Gloria). Tropical Storm Irene (2011) also caused moderate damage along the Connecticut coast, as did Hurricane Sandy (which made landfall in New Jersey) in 2012.

The Connecticut shoreline (including New London) lies within the broad transition zone where so-called "subtropical indicator" plants and other broadleaf evergreens can successfully be cultivated. New London averages about 90 days annually with freeze, about the same as Baltimore, Maryland. As such, many varieties of Southern Magnolia, Needle Palms, Loblolly and Longleaf Pines, Crape Myrtles, Aucuba japonica, Camellia, trunking Yucca, hardy bananas, Monkey Puzzle, copious types of evergreen Hollies, many East Asian (non-holly) broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs, and certain varieties of figs may be grown in private and public gardens. The growing season is quite long in New London. Like much of coastal Connecticut and Long Island, NY, it averages close to 200 frost free days. The new 2023 USDA Garden Zone Map has New London in zone 7a. New London falls into the same garden zone as locations like Trenton, New Jersey, Wilmington, Delaware, or Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. By the mid-to-late 21st century, the area is expected to fall within USDA zone 8 according to some models.

## Demographics

### Recent estimates on demographics and economic status

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, non-Hispanic whites made up 54.6% of New London's population. Non-Hispanic blacks made up 14.0% of the population. Asians of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.6% of the city's population. Multiracial individuals of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.3% of the population; people of mixed black and white ancestry made up 1.7% of the population. In addition, people of mixed black and Native American ancestry made up 1.0% of the population. People of mixed white and Native American ancestry made up 0.7% of the population; those of mixed white and Asian ancestry made up 0.4% of the populace. Hispanics and Latinos made up 21.9% of the population, of which 13.8% were Puerto Rican.

The top five largest European ancestral ethnicities were Italian (10.5%), Irish (9.7%), German (7.4%), English (6.8%), and Polish (5.0%)

According to the survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home.

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 27,374 people and 11,125 households. The population density was 4,868.7 per square mile (1,879.8/km). There were 12,119 housing units at an average density of 2,156.4 per square mile (832.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 56.2% White, 29.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 17.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 16.7% from other races, and 10.8% from two or more races.

There were 11,125 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 34.1% had a female householder with no partner present, and 27.8% had a male householder with no partner present. 14.7% of households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.5% under the age of 18, 19.4% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $56,237, and the median income for a family was $65,357. About 21.5% of the population was below the poverty line, including 36.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Economy

New London was one of the world's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century, along with Nantucket and New Bedford, Massachusetts. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but had gradually lost most of its industrial heart. The State Pier (south of the Gold Star Memorial Bridge) is being converted to support some of the offshore wind power in the United States.

## Arts and culture

### Eugene O'Neill

Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) lived in New London and wrote several plays in the city. An O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College, and the family home, Monte Cristo Cottage, is a museum and national historic landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center.

### Music

Notable artists and ensembles include:

- Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1946 and led by Toshiyuki Shimada, who is also conductor of the Yale Symphony Orchestra in New Haven.

- The Idlers of the United States Coast Guard Academy, an all-male vocal group specializing in sea shanties and patriotic music.

- United States Coast Guard Band, founded in 1925 with the assistance of John Philip Sousa. Stationed at the United States Coast Guard Academy and attracting talented musicians from all parts of the country, the band is the official musical representative of the nation's oldest continuous seagoing service.

- The Can Kickers, a folk punk band.

### Literature

In her Scenes in My Native Land, 1845, Lydia Sigourney includes the poem Sunrise at New London with descriptive passages relating to the district.

### Sites of interest

- Lyman Allyn Art Museum

- Ocean Beach Park

- New London County Historical Society, Shaw-Perkins Mansion (1758)

- New London Maritime Society, U.S. Custom House (1833), landing site of Amistad (1839)

- Fishers Island (7 miles off the coast of New London, but part of New York)

- Connecticut College Arboretum

- Fort Griswold (Groton)

- Fort Trumbull

- United States Coast Guard Academy

- Coast Guard Station New London

- Flock Theatre

- Garde Arts Center

- Hygienic Arts Gallery

- Joshua Hempsted House (1678)

- Monte Cristo Cottage & Eugene O'Neill Theater Center (Waterford)

- USS Nautilus (Groton)

- Ye Antientist Burial Ground

- Winthrop Mill (1650)

- Former Second Congregational Church (1870)

- The Pequot Chapel (1872)

## Government

In 2010, New London changed their form of government from council-manager to strong mayor-council after a charter revision. Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed and technically continue; however, they now govern exactly the same territory and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Bus service includes regional Southeast Area Transit buses, Estuary Transit District buses, and interstate Greyhound Lines buses. Interstate 95 passes through New London.

New London Union Station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional rail service, and Shore Line East commuter rail service. The Providence and Worcester Railroad and New England Central Railroad handle freight.

Ferries include Cross Sound Ferry to Long Island, Fishers Island, and Block Island. New London is also visited by cruise ships.

The Groton-New London Airport, a general aviation facility, is located in Groton. Scheduled commercial flights are available at T. F. Green Airport and Tweed New Haven Regional Airport.

## Notable people

- Eliphalet Adams (1677–1753), clergyman

- Theresa Andrews (born 1962), winner of two Olympic gold medals

- Peter C. Assersen (1839–1906), Rear Admiral in the United States Navy

- James Avery (1620–1700), politician and military commander

- Valerie Azlynn (born 1980), actress

- Scott Barlow (born 1992), pitcher for the Cleveland Guardians

- Nathan Belcher (1813–1891), congressman

- James M. Bell (1837–1919), U.S. Army brigadier general, retired to New London

- Augustus Brandegee (1828–1904), judge, congressman, abolitionist

- Frank B. Brandegee (1864–1924), congressman and senator

- Amy Brenneman (born 1964), actress

- Henry Burbeck (1754–1848), brigadier general

- Daniel Burrows (1756–1858), congressman

- John Button (soldier) (1772–1861), American-born Upper Canada settler (founder of Buttonville, Ontario), sedentary Canadian militia officer and founder of the 1st York Light Dragoons

- William Colfax (1756-1838), soldier and settler

- Frances Manwaring Caulkins (1795–1869), historian, genealogist, author

- Thomas Humphrey Cushing (1755–1822), brigadier general in the War of 1812 and collector of customs

- John M. K. Davis (1844-1920), U.S. Army brigadier general; lived in New London during his retirement

- Harry Daghlian (1921–1945), physicist at Los Alamos National Lab, first person to die as a result of a criticality accident

- A. J. Dillon (born 1998), American football running back

- David Dorfman (born 1955), choreographer

- Richard Douglass (1746–1828), cooper and soldier

- Grace L. Drake, Ohio state legislator

- Doug DuBose (born 1964), NFL player

- Kris Dunn (born 1994), point guard for the Chicago Bulls

- Larry Elgart (born 1922), musician

- John Ellis (born 1948), baseball player

- Elsie Ferguson (1883–1961), stage and film actress

- Richard P. Freeman (1869–1944), congressman

- William Goddard (publisher) (1740–1817), Co-founded US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin

- L. Patrick Gray (1916–2005), lawyer and Watergate figure

- Nathan Hale (1755–1776), schoolmaster and patriot

- Doc Hammer (born 1967), multimedium artist and co-creator of the Venture Brothers

- Matt Harvey (born 1989), MLB pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds

- Glenne Headly (1955–2017), actress

- Barkley L. Hendricks (born 1945), painter

- Jedediah Huntington (1743–1818), Revolutionary War General and New London Customs Collector

- Linda Jaivin (born 1955), Australian author

- Sarah Kemble Knight (1666–1727), diarist, teacher and businesswoman

- Madeline Kripke (1943–2020), book collector

- John Law (1796–1873), congressman

- Bryan F. Mahan (1856–1923), congressman

- Richard Mansfield (1857–1907), actor

- Gaten Matarazzo (born 2002), actor

- John McCain (1936–2018), senator and Republican presidential nominee (lived in New London as a child when his father, John S. McCain, Jr., worked at the naval submarine base)

- Lansing McVickar (1895–1945), career officer with the United States Army

- Thomas Minor (1608–1690), founder and early New England diarist

- Casey Neistat (born 1981), filmmaker

- James R Newby (born 1844), was a Civil War veteran who served in the first regiment of volunteer African Americans in the United States and a 19th-century African-American missionary to present-day Nigeria, Cameroon, and Liberia

- Hannah Ocuish (1774–1786), believed to be the youngest person executed in the United States

- James O'Neill (1847–1920), actor, father of Eugene O'Neill

- Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953), playwright

- Walter Palmer (1585–1661), founder

- Elias Perkins (1767–1845), congressman

- Mary Philips (1901–1975), actress

- Edward Clark Potter (1857–1923), sculptor

- Ellen Culver Potter (1871–1958), physician, public health official

- Renee Prahar (1879–1962), sculptor

- Art Quimby (1933–2010), basketball player

- Jordan Reed (born 1990), tight end for the Washington Redskins

- Tim Riordan (born 1960), gridiron football player

- Dawn Robinson (born 1965), singer

- Dudley Saltonstall (1738–1796), naval officer

- "Magic Dick" Salwitz (born 1945), musician

- Thomas R. Sargent III (1914–2010), Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard

- C. John Satti (1895–1968), Secretary of the State of Connecticut

- Samuel Seabury (1729–1796), bishop

- Signe Margaret Stuart (b. 1937), artist

- Benjamin Stark (1820–1898), senator

- Sigmund Strochlitz (1916–2006), activist and Holocaust survivor

- Dana Suesse (1909–1987), composer, songwriter, musician

- Ron Suresha (born 1958), author and editor

- Flora M. Vare, (1874–1962), Pennsylvania State Senator from 1925 to 1928

- Cassie Ventura (born 1986), singer

- John T. Wait (1811–1899), former U.S. Representative for Connecticut

- Thomas M. Waller (1839–1924), Mayor of New London and 51st Governor of Connecticut

- Mary Way (1769–1833), portrait miniaturist

- John Winthrop the Younger (1606–1676), statesman and founder

- Tyson Wheeler (born 1975), former Denver Nuggets basketball player

- Abisha Woodward (1752–1809), early American lighthouse builder

## Mayors of New London

Notable mayors include:

- Richard Law (1784–1806)

- Elias Perkins (1829–1832)

- Noyes Billings (1835–1837)

- John Perkins Cushing Mather (1845–1850)

- Hiram Willey (1862–1865)

- Augustus Brandegee (1871–1873)

- Thomas M. Waller (1873–1879)

- Bryan F. Mahan (1903–1909, 1909-1915)

- Ernest E. Rogers (1915–1918)


2024 Copa Perú

# 2024 Copa Perú

## Abstract

The 2024 Peru Cup season (Spanish: Copa Perú 2024), the largest amateur tournament of Peruvian football. The District Stage (Spanish: Ligas Distritales) started in February - March, and the National Stage (Spanish: Etapa Nacional) started in November. The winner and runner-up will be promoted to the Liga 2 and the 24 Departmental champions will be promoted to Liga 3.

## Departmental stage

Departmental Stage: 2024 Ligas Departamentales del Perú

The following list shows the teams that qualified for the National Stage.

## National Stage

In 2024 the National Stage has grown to 50 teams, and the new National Stage, designed by matchVision, is played under Regional using the POT System, with all the Regions of Peru represented. The National Stage starts in the second week of October.

This phase features the 50 teams that qualified from the Departmental Stage. Each team plays 3 games at home and 3 games away, for a total of 6 games against 3 different geographical rivals. The departmental stage winners only play against departmental runners-up, and vice versa. All the teams are positioned in one general table. After 6 matches, the team in places 1 to 32 are qualified directly to the Round of 32. The teams in places 33 to 50 are eliminated.

The winner and runner-up of the National Stage will be promoted to the Liga 2.

### League table

## Final Rounds

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final


Brad Stuver

# Brad Stuver

## Abstract

Bradley Stuver (born April 16, 1991) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Austin FC.

## Youth and college

Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Stuver attended Twinsburg High School in Twinsburg, Ohio. He played soccer all four years for the Tigers, appearing as a goalkeeper and midfielder. As a senior, he was named to the 2008 Plain Dealer All-State team and was named First Team All-Ohio by the OSSCA. He finished his prep career having kept 24 shutouts, and tallied 12 goals and three assists out of the midfield.

Stuver played college soccer for the Vikings of Cleveland State University. His freshman season overlapped with the senior season of Josh Williams, who Stuver would later be teammates with at Columbus Crew SC. He started the season as the backup keeper behind Nick Harpel, but became the number one goalkeeper by the end of the season. He made his collegiate debut on September 5, 2009, against Santa Clara, making four saves in a 3–2 defeat at the UC Irvine College Classic. Stuver would finish the season with four clean sheets in 14 appearances, starting 10 matches. His.817 save percentage led the team, and the 10 saves he tallied in a 0–0 double overtime draw at Milwaukee were tied for the most in the league in a single game. Stuver took over the starting job full-time as a sophomore, starting 19 of 20 games in 2010. He kept three shutouts, including holding No. 6 Butler to a 0–0 draw on November 5. He was named as the Horizon League Goalkeeper of the Year and named to the All-HL First Team Stuver also earned three Horizon League Player of the Week nods, most of any player in the conference.

Stuver continued as the unquestioned starting goalkeeper his junior season, starting 18 games and keeping five clean sheets in 2011. He made 11 saves in a 2–1 victory over UIC, a performance good enough to earn him recognition as Horizon League Player of the Week. After finishing the season with 66 saves, Stuver was named to the All-Horizon League Second Team. As a senior in 2012, Stuver started all 20 games and was the only Vikings goalkeeper to play on the season. He kept nine shutouts in 20 games, while making 81 saves. He made six of those saves on October 3 versus Belmont, a performance that earned him recognition as the HL Defensive Player of the Week. For a second consecutive season, Stuver was named to the All-HL Second Team. He capped his career with a Horizon League Tournament title and a first career appearance in the NCAA Tournament. The Vikings were defeated in the First round, falling 2–1 to Michigan State to end Stuver's collegiate career. He finished his collegiate career with 71 appearances over four seasons.

### Cleveland Internationals

After his sophomore season at Cleveland State, Stuver joined Cleveland Internationals in the USL PDL for the 2010 PDL season. The Internationals struggled to a last-place finish in the Great Lakes Division, finishing 2–2–12 with a -26 goal differential. At the end of the season, the Internationals folded after seven years of operation, but continued to exist as a youth club. Although Stuver split time with Anthony Ponikvar, he finished the season with nine appearances for Cleveland in the club's final season.

### Akron Summit Assault

For a second consecutive offseason, Stuver appeared for a USL PDL club, signing on to expansion club Akron Summit Assault for the 2011 PDL season. Stuver started exactly half of the club's games, alternating time with Carl Contrasciere and Richard Ott. The Summit Assault finished the season at 5–3–8, 11 points outside the playoff positions in the Great Lakes Division. At the end of the season, the club folded for "undisclosed reasons". Stuver finished the season having made eight appearances for Akron in the franchise's lone season.

## Club career

After his senior season of college, Stuver was invited to the 2013 MLS Combine. He was the only Horizon League player selected to the combine, and was one of seven collegiate goalkeepers to earn a spot. On January 17, 2013, Stuver was drafted in the second round (32nd overall) of the 2013 MLS SuperDraft by Montreal Impact. He was the first goalkeeper chosen in the draft. However, he was not signed by the Impact, as the club instead chose to keep Maxime Crépeau, an academy graduate, as their third-string keeper.

Stuver was signed by MLS as a pool goalkeeper for the 2013 season, allowing him to be called up by any team in the league "in the event of an emergency." Although Stuver spent the majority of the season training with Columbus Crew, he made his first appearance on a MLS gameday roster with Chivas USA. Stuver sat behind Patrick McLain on May 12 as Chivas was defeated 3–0 by Portland Timbers. On September 14, he was on the bench for New England Revolution, serving as the backup to Bobby Shuttleworth as the Revolution were defeated 3–2 by Chicago Fire. A week later, Stuver served as the backup to Matt Lampson for Columbus for a 3–0 victory over Chicago. He also trained with Real Salt Lake, and appeared on the bench for their reserve side in the MLS Reserve League.

### Columbus Crew SC

Stuver was selected by Columbus Crew in the 2013 MLS Waiver Draft. He was chosen with the fourth overall pick, and was one of just two players drafted, along with Paolo DelPiccolo. Stuver had previously made three appearances with Columbus' reserve team in the MLS Reserve League in 2013, appearing against the reserve sides of Houston Dynamo, FC Dallas and Chicago Fire over two months.

Stuver spent the entirety of the 2014 season on loan in USL Pro, with Dayton Dutch Lions and Wilmington Hammerheads FC. He did spend two months in Columbus while recovering from an arthroscopic surgery on his left ankle, but did not dress for the Crew during that span.

Stuver was promoted to the backup role for Columbus Crew SC to begin the 2015 season, jumping Matt Lampson on the depth chart. He made his debut for Crew SC in a friendly against Valencia CF on May 27, conceding a goal to Álvaro Negredo in the 33rd minute of a 1–0 defeat for Columbus. Stuver also started both U.S. Open Cup matches, a 3–1 victory against Richmond Kickers in the Fourth Round and a 2–0 defeat against MLS expansion side Orlando City SC in the Fifth Round.

In 2016, Stuver again made his season debut in an international friendly. He started on May 11 against Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz, making five saves as part of a 1–0 victory for Columbus. Stuver again started both cup matches, keeping a clean sheet against Tampa Bay Rowdies as part of a 4–0 victory in the Fourth Round, and conceding twice to David Accam in a 2–1 defeat against Chicago Fire in the Fifth Round. After starting keeper Steve Clark went down injured at the end of the season, Stuver made his MLS debut against the New York Red Bulls on October 16. He saved an early penalty kick from Sacha Kljestan, but gave up a brace to Bradley Wright-Phillips in a 3–2 defeat. Stuver also started the season finale away to New York City FC on October 23, but made just two saves in a 4–1 defeat for Crew SC.

Although Columbus declined the contract options for Matt Pacifici and previous starting goalkeeper Steve Clark, Stuver was passed for the starting job by Zack Steffen to begin the 2017 season. He missed time early in the season with a right elbow strain, although Steffen played every minute of the seven games Stuver was unavailable. He made his season debut on June 14, in the Fourth Round of the U.S. Open Cup against FC Cincinnati. Stuver made two saves, but conceded a 64th-minute goal to Djiby Fall as Crew SC were defeated 1–0 in the first-ever Hell is Real Derby. Stuver again went the full 90 minutes in a friendly for Columbus, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt on July 17. Stuver did not make an appearance the rest of the season, sitting behind Steffen throughout Columbus' run to the Eastern Conference Finals. He finished the season having made just the one official appearance, although he was on the bench for 31 of the club's 40 matches in all competitions.

On December 1, 2017, Crew SC declined Stuver's contract option, ending his four-year tenure with the club. During his time in Columbus, Stuver made seven appearances for Crew SC in official competition. He appeared just twice in league play.

#### Loan to Dayton Dutch Lions

On March 12, 2014, Stuver was sent on loan to Columbus' USL Pro affiliate club, Dayton Dutch Lions, one of five players sent to Dayton by the Crew. He made his league debut for the Dutch Lions on May 25 against Sacramento Republic FC, conceding goals to Dakota Collins and Octavio Guzmán in a 2–1 defeat. Stuver also appeared in two U.S. Open Cup matches for Dayton, a 2–0 victory in the Second Round over Schwaben AC and a 5–2 defeat in the third round against NASL expansion side Indy Eleven. He was recalled by Columbus in June to undergo an arthroscopic surgery on his left ankle.

#### Loan to Wilmington Hammerheads

After undergoing ankle surgery in June, Columbus announced on August 4, 2014, that Stuver would again be sent on loan, this time to Wilmington Hammerheads FC of USL Pro. He made his debut for Wilmington on August 9 against his former club, Dayton Dutch Lions, conceding goals to Joe Broekhuizen and Karamba Janneh in a 2–1 defeat. Stuver picked up his first win with the Hammerheads in his fourth start, coming August 23 away to Orange County Blues. He conceded to Jiovanni Santana but saw Ashani Fairclough score in the 90th minute to deliver a 2–1 victory for Wilmington. Stuver started 10 regular-season games with the Hammerheads, keeping three shutouts. He helped Wilmington make it to the first round of the USL Pro playoffs as the seventh seed, where they were defeated by eventual league champions Sacramento Republic FC, 4–1.

### New York City FC

On December 14, 2017, Stuver was traded by Columbus to New York City FC in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft.

### Austin FC

On December 28, 2020, Stuver was acquired by Austin FC as a free agent. He made a career high 9 saves in Austin's match against Sporting Kansas City on June 12, 2021. He was named Defensive Player of the Year by the club

2022 was a busy year off the field for Stuver, who was recognized for his community support and activism by being nominated for the 2022 ESPY Muhammad Ali Sports Humanitarian Award. In addition to the honor by ESPN, Stuver was recognized by 4ATX Foundation as a Legend of the Year for his work with the Laundry Project. In Austin's first-ever playoff game, Stuver saved two out of the three unsuccessful Real Salt Lake penalties in a 3–1 shootout win (2–2 at 120 minutes).

## Coaching career

While still playing professionally, Stuver started coaching the goalkeepers for the Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops men's soccer program in 2015.


Lincoln Tech

# Lincoln Tech

## Abstract

Lincoln Tech is an American group of for-profit postsecondary vocational institutions headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. Each campus is owned and operated by Lincoln Educational Services Corporation (Nasdaq: LINC), a provider of career-oriented post-secondary education.

As of March 31, 2019, Lincoln had 10,680 students enrolled at 22 campuses.

## Accreditation

Lincoln schools are accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC)

## History

The founder and first president of Lincoln was J. Warren Davies. The first Lincoln Technical Institute was established in 1946 in Newark, New Jersey, to serve World War II veterans returning from overseas. At Lincoln, these veterans found training programs to help them learn career-specific skills, and transition into civilian careers in installation and servicing of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Automotive courses were added in 1948. Lincoln established traveling schools to offer NAPA-certified training, which certified over 11,000 mechanics between 1955 and 1965.

In 1969, Ryder acquired Lincoln Technical Institute and two other technical schools with campuses in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. By 1977, Lincoln Technical Institute had ten campuses in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington, D.C. Lincoln Technical Institute acquired court reporting school The Cittone Institute and its three campuses in 1994, leading the group to have 14 campuses by the school's 50th anniversary in 1996.

Stonington Partners and Hart Capital purchased Lincoln Technical Institute in 2000. The school continued expanding, acquiring Denver Automotive and Diesel College and Computer-Ed Business Institutes in 2001, Lincoln College of Technology in Nashville (previously the Nashville Auto-Diesel College) in 2003, and the Southwestern College of Business and New England Technical Institute in 2004.

Lincoln Educational Services Corporation made its initial public stock offering in 2005, trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol LINC. California Regent Richard C. Blum (Dianne Feinstein 's husband) was a key investor, with $24,000,000 in stock.

Also in 2005, the group acquired the Euphoria Institute of Beauty Arts and Sciences. Further acquisitions include the Harrison Career Institute in 2007, Briarwood College in December 2008 and the Baran Institute of Technology schools (Baran Institute of Technology, Connecticut Culinary Institute, Americare School of Nursing, Engine City Technical Institute, and Clemens College) in 2009. Lincoln completed the purchase of Florida Medical Training Institute in 2012 and abruptly closed all campuses in 2014 without a teach-out.

In 2014, The New York Times reported that 50% of all Lincoln schools failed proposed gainful employment regulations. Sixty of Lincoln Tech's programs had passing rates, thirteen had "zone" rates, and five programs failed. Of the failing programs three have been closed and the remaining two are being taught-out.

In 2018, the Lincoln College of New England campus in Southington, Connecticut was closed.

## Campuses

Lincoln Educational Services operates through the following brands: Lincoln Technical Institute, Lincoln College of Technology, Euphoria Institute of Beauty Arts and Sciences, and Lincoln Culinary Institute.

- Headquarters: 200 Executive Drive, West Orange, NJ 07052 (Corporate Office – No classrooms at this location)

- Lincoln Technical Institute:

- New Britain, Connecticut

- Shelton, Connecticut

- Columbia, Maryland

- Somerville, Massachusetts

- Iselin, New Jersey

- Mahwah, New Jersey

- Moorestown, New Jersey

- Paramus, New Jersey

- South Plainfield, New Jersey

- Union, New Jersey

- Queens, New York City, New York

- Allentown, Pennsylvania

- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

- Lincoln, Rhode Island

- Lincoln College of Technology:

- East Windsor, Connecticut

- Denver, Colorado

- Marietta, Georgia

- Melrose Park, Illinois

- Indianapolis, Indiana

- Grand Prairie, Texas

- Nashville, Tennessee (formerly Nashville Auto Diesel College)

- Lincoln Culinary Institute:

- Shelton, Connecticut

- Columbia, MD

- Euphoria Institute of Beauty Arts and Sciences:

- Las Vegas, Nevada

### Closed locations

- Lincoln College of New England: Southington, Connecticut (2018)

## Programs

Lincoln Tech structures program offerings to provide students with a practical, career-oriented education and position for them for attractive entry-level job opportunities in their chosen fields. As of December 31, 2017, Lincoln Tech offers training in five program verticals; Automotive, Health Sciences, Skilled Trades, Hospitality Services, and Business/I.T. Twelve campuses offer training in five automotive fields, eleven campuses offer training in nine healthcare fields, thirteen campuses offer training in five skilled trade fields, three campuses offer training in five hospitality service fields, and seven campuses offer training in 6 business/IT fields.

## Lawsuits and investigations

Lincoln Educational Services faced an investor lawsuit on behalf of those who purchased company stock between March 3, 2010, and August 5, 2010. The plaintiffs alleged that Lincoln Educational Services issued a series of materially false and misleading statements related to its business and operations in violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The case was dismissed by the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in September 2011.

In 2013, USA Today, based on data from 2009 to 2010, called one of the company's 31 campuses a "Red Flag school", one which has "a higher loan default rate than graduation rate."

In October 2014, Massachusetts state attorney general Martha Coakley announced an investigation into Lincoln's for-profit schools in the state of Massachusetts.

In 2015, Lincoln Educational Services agreed to repay approximately $1 million to graduates of its criminal justice program in Somerville and Lowell, Massachusetts. The Massachusetts' Attorney General found that students were unable to find work in their fields of study, and the company included unrelated jobs in its placement data. According to the Boston Globe, "The school also allegedly told recruiters to 'establish unhappiness, create urgency,' and 'bring out the pain' to pressure prospective students to attend the school instead of military or community college. The for-profit school instructed recruiters to contact students at least seven times within the first three days to convince them to enroll."

In 2022, Lincoln Educational Services was one of 153 institutions included in student loan cancellation due to alleged fraud. The class action was brought by a group of more than 200,000 student borrowers, assisted by the Project on Predatory Student Lending, part of the Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School. A settlement was approved in August 2022, stating that the schools on the list were included "substantial misconduct by the listed schools, whether credibly alleged or in some instances proven." Lincoln Educational Services challenged the settlement. The Supreme Court rejected the challenge in April 2023.


Linda Arroz

# Linda Arroz

## Abstract

Linda Arroz is a speaker, author, and former spokesperson, plus-size model, stylist and magazine editor, originally from Flint, Michigan. She was one of the first plus-size models to get a contract with a major brand.

## Career

Arroz began her career in 1979 in Flint, Michigan, working at Chevrolet’s V8 Engine Plant as an assembly line worker. When she was laid off, she moved to Oklahoma to work at the General Motors Oklahoma City Assembly Plant. She then attended the University of Oklahoma.

Arroz worked as an image and career consultant until 1989, when she was discovered by two representatives for the Spiegel catalog, which had just launched a plus-size division. She signed a three-year contract as a spokesmodel for For You from Spiegel, making her one of the first plus-size models to get a contract with a major brand. As a spokesmodel, she began making appearances on television and in public.

When her contract ended in 1991, Arroz was hired as the fashion editor for Big Beautiful Woman magazine, which was one of several mainstream titles owned by Larry Flynt 's publishing company and was one of the first magazines to focus on plus-size style. In 1993, she was at the helm of two fashion magazines when she became editor-in-chief at Maternity Fashion & Beauty magazine. In 1995, she appeared on the cover of Big Beautiful Woman.

Since then, she has made numerous television appearances and has been a spokesperson for the fashion industry, promoting self-esteem, body confidence, and media technology. She has been quoted as a fashion stylist in such publications as The New York Times, Market Watch, and Forbes.com has made appearances on Good Morning America, FashionTelevision, Entertainment Tonight, and Leeza; and has appeared as a guest on Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus; Good Day L.A.; Richard Simmons ' DreamMaker and Caryl & Marilyn: Real Friends. In 1994, she played herself in a cameo appearance on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. In 2019, Arroz appeared in the feature film Before You Know It, directed by Hannah Pearl Utt and featuring Jen Tullock, Mandy Patinkin, Judith Light, and Alec Baldwin.

As marketing director and spokesperson for fashion designer Carole Little, Arroz represented the brand’s plus-size collection on the Home Shopping Network and Q2, a former division of QVC. From 1998 to 2001, she was the editor and a columnist at Real Size, an early adopter in the nascent realm of hybrid publications incorporating community with integrated sales of apparel featured in the editorial. She has also published numerous articles on fashion and fitness for such outlets as California Apparel News and worked with celebrities as a fashion stylist.

In 2012, she co-wrote Affordable Couture (Vivays Publishing), a how-to guide for collecting and shopping for vintage and couture clothing.


Ibsen Martínez

# Ibsen Martínez

## Abstract

Ibsen Martínez (20 October 1951 – 11 September 2024) was a Venezuelan columnist, mathematician, journalist, and playwright from Caracas. Ibsen was a graduate from Central University of Venezuela in pure mathematics.

From 1995, he wrote a weekly column for El Nacional. His writings have appeared in El Nuevo Herald, The New York Times, Letras Libres, and El País. Martinez also wrote several plays for the theatre.

Martínez also wrote telenovelas. One of them was " Por Estas Calles " (Along these streets) a television drama, in 1992.

Martínez died from a heart attack on 11 September 2024, at the age of 72.


The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch

# The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch

## Abstract

The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch is a reality television series that follows a team investigating Skinwalker Ranch, located in Uintah County, Utah, United States. The show began airing on the History Channel in March 2020 and to date has run for four seasons. Season Five began airing on April 23, 2024. Season 10 is the final Season of the Series in 2029.

## Overview

The series is set at Skinwalker Ranch, a 500-acre ranch that is the site of purported paranormal and UFO -related activities, and follows a team of investigators and skeptics investigating the reports. Team members include Brandon Fugal, the ranch's owner, and aerospace engineer Travis S. Taylor.

The show features the team utilizing technologies such as ground-penetrating radar to investigate purported anomalies such as ionizing radiation, dire wolves, UFOs and cattle mutilation. The Pentagon UFO videos are also frequently featured. Guests on the show include SETI scientist Seth Shostak, journalist Linda Moulton-Howe, Colonel John B. Alexander, former Governor of Utah Gary Herbert, Utah senator Mike Lee, Attorney General of Utah Sean Reyes, Lunasonde CEO Jeremiah Pate, and others.

Season four premiered with Travis Taylor revealing that he had secretly been working as chief scientist on the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF).

## Development

The series was developed by the producers of The Curse of Oak Island for the History Channel, which green-lit the show for air in 2019. The first season premiered on March 31, 2020, and ran for eight episodes, concluding on June 2, 2020. A second season was greenlit and began airing on May 4, 2021. Season 3 followed with more publicity on January 26, 2022. Season 4 premiered April 18, 2023. Season 5 premiered April 23, 2024.

## Reception

Author Jason Colavito characterized the myths about the ranch as "entirely a modern creation, fabricated in the late twentieth century". He described the Secret of Skinwalker Ranch series as "a slow-paced effort to reproduce Curse of Oak Island ", a show that had been running since 2014 on the same network.

Science writer Russell Moul criticized the show as presenting no actual evidence to support claims about the ranch. According to Moul, "The show is presented as attempting to bring a scientific approach to prove the existence of all the things that have apparently occurred at the ranch. And while it may be very entertaining to watch and has caused much excitement on social media, the team have yet to provide anything to back up their supposed experiences."

Common Sense Media reviewer Stephanie Morgan criticized the show as unsuitable for children, saying that "the intention of the series is to create fear, sometimes by obviously staged scenes of people in peril. Pseudoscientific methods are presented as credible proof of paranormal activity. People carry guns and tell stories of encountering evil, other worldly beings". Morgan also criticized the experts presented by the show as "white men, many of whom take it upon themselves to 'explain' the history and beliefs of the Navajo and Ute Tribes in relation to the ranch".

## Episodes

### Series overview

## Beyond Skinwalker Ranch

On June 6, 2023, the History Channel added a new series, Beyond Skinwalker Ranch, where investigators such as ex- CIA agent Andy Bustamante and journalist Paul Beban join Erik Bard, Travis Taylor, Dragon and Brandon Fugal to investigate ranches in other parts of the world and compare them to the one in Utah. The first season aired 9 episodes in 2023. A second season of 8 episodes began airing June 4, 2024.


Mike Kreevich

# Mike Kreevich

## Abstract

Michael Andreas Kreevich (June 10, 1908 – April 25, 1994) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a center fielder in Major League Baseball from 1931 to 1945. He batted and threw right-handed.

## Early life

Kreevich was born in Mount Olive, Illinois. He started working in coal mines in late 1924 at the age of 16. Although short of stature (five feet and seven and a half inches tall), he developed a muscular physique while coal mining for almost five years. With the Great Depression, the coal mines closed in 1930. It was about this time that he was invited to play for a team in McCook, Nebraska. Kreevich soon went from that small town team to the National League's Chicago Cubs, thanks to a scout who recognized the talent in him.

## Career

Kreevich began his career in 1931 with the Chicago Cubs, but only played five games for them. In 1935, he joined the cross-town Chicago White Sox, but did not become a regular until 1936. In 1937 he led the American League in triples and sacrifice flies while batting.302, and finishing 10th in the American League MVP Award voting. In 1939, he again finished 10th in the American League MVP Award voting, while batting.323. He was also named to the American League All-Star team in 1938.

After the 1941 season, Kreevich was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics. He was released after only one season, and signed with the St. Louis Browns before the 1943 campaign. While with the Browns he played in the all- St. Louis 1944 World Series against the Cardinals. In the middle of the 1945 season, he was purchased by the Washington Senators; he finished his career after that season in the nation's capital.

In 1,241 games played over 12 seasons, Kreevich compiled a.283 batting average (1321-4676) with 676 runs, 221 doubles, 75 triples, 45 home runs, 514 RBIs, 115 stolen bases, 446 bases on balls,.346 on-base percentage and a.391 slugging percentage. His career fielding percentage was.981.


2024–25 Primeira Liga

# 2024–25 Primeira Liga

## Abstract

The 2024–25 Liga Portugal (also known as Liga Portugal Betclic for sponsorship reasons) is the 91st season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs and the fourth season under the current Liga Portugal title. This is the eighth Primeira Liga season to use video assistant referee (VAR). Sporting CP are the defending champions, having won their 20th title the previous season.

## Teams

### Changes

Santa Clara (after one year absence), Nacional (after three years absence) and AVS (promoted for the first time in their history), were promoted from the 2023–24 Liga Portugal 2, replacing Vizela, Chaves and Portimonense (relegated after three, two and seven years on the top flight, respectively).

## League table

## Results

### Positions by round

The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.

## Statistics

### Top goalscorers

#### Hat-tricks

(H) – Home team (A) – Away team

## Awards