Timeline of GB News

# Timeline of GB News

## Abstract

This is a timeline of the history of GB News, a free-to-air television and radio news channel in the United Kingdom.

## Timeline

### 2019

- 25 September – All Perspectives Ltd is founded as the holding company of GB News.

### 2020

- January – All Perspectives Ltd is granted a licence to broadcast by the media regulator Ofcom.

- 25 September – It is announced that Andrew Neil, who has presented live political programmes on the BBC for 25 years, will leave the corporation after leading its coverage of the 2020 United States presidential election. On the same day, he is announced as the presenter of a prime time evening programme on GB News, due to launch early the next year.

- October – Sir Robbie Gibb stands down as an editorial adviser.

- December – Sir Paul Marshall, a hedge-fund manager, is in talks to invest £10 million into GB News.

### 2021

#### January 2021

- 6 January – GB News reaches its £60 million fundraising aim, which it says is oversubscribed. The majority of the £60 million came from the American multinational Discovery, Inc., the United Arab Emirates-based investment firm Legatum, and Marshall, who says he is investing in a personal capacity. GB News says it will recruit 140 staff, including 120 journalists, and will also launch "streaming, video-on-demand and audio services".

- 25 January – The recruitment drive begins.

- 28 January – It is announced that Dan Wootton will leave News UK to join the channel as the host of a daily show, five days a week.

#### February 2021

- 8 February – The pressure group Stop Funding Hate calls for advertisers to boycott the channel, based on what it thinks it will represent.

- 10 February – Sky News ' Colin Brazier is reported to be the host of a news, interview and debate daytime programme.

- 18 February – It is announced that Darren McCaffrey will join the channel as political editor and Tom Harwood as a political correspondent.

- 19 February – Michelle Dewberry is named as the host of a five-day-a-week prime time show.

#### March 2021

- 2 March – Inaya Folarin Iman, a 24-year-old journalist and former Brexit Party candidate, is announced as another five-day-a-week host.

- 5 March – Former Brexit Party Member of the European Parliament Alex Phillips is hired.

- 10 March – Following Piers Morgan 's departure from Good Morning Britain on 9 March, Neil expresses interest in Morgan joining GB News instead.

- 13 March – It is announced that Liam Halligan will join the channel as economics and business editor.

- 14 March – In an episode of BBC Radio 4's The Media Show, Neil states that his nightly news programme will contain segments such as "Wokewatch" and "Mediawatch".

- 18 March – The channel announces that comedian Andrew Doyle will join it to host a weekly current affairs show.

- 23 March – It is announced that Euronews ' Rosie Wright will join the channel's breakfast presenting team.

- 25 March – It is said that BBC News newsreader Simon McCoy will present an afternoon show.

- 29 March – It is announced that broadcaster Kirsty Gallacher will join the breakfast team.

#### April 2021

- 2 April – Former ITV News presenter Alastair Stewart is announced as the host of a weekend news and current affairs programme.

- 16 April – Archaeologist Neil Oliver is hired to host a weekly current affairs and interview programme.

- 19 April – Former Labour Party Member of Parliament Gloria De Piero is hired to host an afternoon programme.

- 23 April – It is announced that Mercy Muroki will co-host a daytime programme tackling everyday issues.

#### May 2021

- No events.

#### June 2021

- 8 June – Neil says that talks with Piers Morgan were affected by a disagreement: "he's got his own idea of what he is worth and we have a slightly different idea of what he's worth".

- 11 June – Isabel Webster joins the channel as the co-host of a weekly news review programme.

- 13 June – GB News commences broadcasting at 20:00 BST. 336,000 viewers tune in to see the launch. The launch soon becomes the subject of ridicule due to the perceived poor production quality of the channel and frequent technical issues. Ofcom receives complaints relating to a monologue made on the opening night's edition of Tonight Live with Dan Wootton in which he argues against the government's extension of the COVID-19-related lockdowns in the UK.

- GB News commences broadcasting at 20:00 BST. 336,000 viewers tune in to see the launch. The launch soon becomes the subject of ridicule due to the perceived poor production quality of the channel and frequent technical issues.

- Ofcom receives complaints relating to a monologue made on the opening night's edition of Tonight Live with Dan Wootton in which he argues against the government's extension of the COVID-19-related lockdowns in the UK.

- 16 June – Comments made by guest Lady Colin Campbell seemingly in defence of the deceased child molester Jeffrey Epstein, and his relationship with Prince Andrew – such as saying that criticism of Andrew is "a distraction" to keep Bill Clinton "out of the frame" – draw derision. By this day, several brands including Vodafone, IKEA, Kopparbergs Brewery, Grolsch, Nivea, Pinterest, Specsavers and Octopus Energy have paused their advertising on the channel, expressing concerns over its content. Some of these advertisements had been placed on the brands' behalf without their knowledge, by Sky Media through their advertising opt-outs during GB News' schedule.

- Comments made by guest Lady Colin Campbell seemingly in defence of the deceased child molester Jeffrey Epstein, and his relationship with Prince Andrew – such as saying that criticism of Andrew is "a distraction" to keep Bill Clinton "out of the frame" – draw derision.

- By this day, several brands including Vodafone, IKEA, Kopparbergs Brewery, Grolsch, Nivea, Pinterest, Specsavers and Octopus Energy have paused their advertising on the channel, expressing concerns over its content. Some of these advertisements had been placed on the brands' behalf without their knowledge, by Sky Media through their advertising opt-outs during GB News' schedule.

- 19 June – The culture secretary, Oliver Dowden, criticises Stop Funding Hate and what he describes as "a vocal Twitter minority" for calling for the advertising boycott.

- 20 June – Nigel Farage and Dehenna Davison join GB News as contributors to host the Sunday morning political discussion programme The Political Correction.

- 24 June – Neil takes a break from presenting on the channel, less than two weeks after its launch.

#### July 2021

- 5 July – Ofcom decides not to pursue any of the complaints relating to Dan Wootton's monologue on 13 June, a spokesperson saying, "Our rules allow for rigorous debate around the response to coronavirus... consistent with the right to free expression".

- 13 July – Senior executive producer Gill Penlington, formerly of CNN, ITV and Sky News, leaves the channel.

- 14 July – Audience figures drop so low they are reported as zero by the ratings measurement board the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board at least twice on the day, attributed to regular viewers boycotting the station after one of its presenters, Guto Harri, took the knee on-air in solidarity with the England football team.

- 16 July – GB News suspends Guto Harri for taking the knee. It is reported by The Guardian that John McAndrew, director of news and programmes, formerly of Sky News and Euronews, had stood down from his role.

- GB News suspends Guto Harri for taking the knee.

- It is reported by The Guardian that John McAndrew, director of news and programmes, formerly of Sky News and Euronews, had stood down from his role.

- 17 July – It is announced that Nigel Farage, already a contributing presenter, will host Farage, a prime-time evening show, from 19 July.

- 18 July – Guto Harri confirms he has permanently left the channel.

- 19 July – It is announced that Mark Dolan will join the channel with Tonight Live with Mark Dolan on 23 July and that Nana Akua will move to a new self-titled programme on Saturday and Sunday afternoons while continuing to host The Great British Breakfast. The first episode of Nigel Farage's show airs.

- It is announced that Mark Dolan will join the channel with Tonight Live with Mark Dolan on 23 July and that Nana Akua will move to a new self-titled programme on Saturday and Sunday afternoons while continuing to host The Great British Breakfast.

- The first episode of Nigel Farage's show airs.

#### August 2021

- 5 August – It is announced that Talkradio 's Patrick Christys will join the channel to present To the Point on weekday mornings alongside Mercy Muroki. The programme will replace Brazier & Muroki. This leaves Colin Brazier's sole presenting role as filling in for Neil in the 8 pm slot.

- 7 August – After Simon McCoy moves permanently to the breakfast show, McCoy & Phillips is replaced by Alex Phillips' own show, The Afternoon Agenda.

- 10 August – The channel announces four political programmes to launch within weeks: The Briefing: AM with Tom Harwood, The Briefing: Lunchtime with Gloria De Piero, The Briefing: PM with Darren McCaffrey, and The Briefing: PMQs.

#### September 2021

- 3 September – The channel announces that political journalist Isabel Oakeshott will host a weekly show.

- 13 September – Neil resigns from GB News as chairman and lead presenter and announces he will enter a new role as a guest contributor.

- 14 September – Neil is replaced as a presenter by Colin Brazier in what The Telegraph describes as a "fight back by swinging to the right". Brazier is given a permanent programme at 8 pm called Brazier.

- 17 September – On the BBC's Question Time, Neil says that he had become a "minority of one" on the channel's board, due to disputes over its approach to journalism.

- 22 September – Neil says he will not return to GB News.

#### October 2021

- Following the launch announcement of rival TalkTV, GB News introduces half-hourly news bulletins and it is reported that Sunday Express editor Mick Booker will join as editorial director.

#### November 2021

- 17 November – Neil calls his decision to lead the channel the "single biggest mistake" of his career, adding "The mistake was that I put my face on the tin and yet I quickly discovered that I really had no say over what was going into that tin".

- 26 November – Kirsty Gallacher steps back from her role on The Great British Breakfast because of an ear tumour.

#### December 2021

- 10 December – It is announced that Eamonn Holmes and Isabel Webster will present a Monday to Thursday breakfast show, Breakfast with Eamonn and Isabel. It is announced that Simon McCoy will leave the channel in January "for personal reasons".

- It is announced that Eamonn Holmes and Isabel Webster will present a Monday to Thursday breakfast show, Breakfast with Eamonn and Isabel.

- It is announced that Simon McCoy will leave the channel in January "for personal reasons".

- 21 December – It is announced that Stephen Dixon and Anne Diamond will present the breakfast show Friday to Sunday.

### 2022

#### January 2022

- Colin Brazier's 8 pm weeknight show is moved to 4 to 6 pm, and the 8 pm Monday to Friday slot is filled by a new show, Steyn, hosted by Mark Steyn.

- We Need to Talk About... hosted by Alex Phillips begins at 2 pm on weekdays targeting women.

- Alastair Stewart's weekend programme begins also airing on Friday afternoons.

- Mick Booker joins as editorial director.

- 4 January – GB News Radio, an audio simulcast of the station, becomes available on DAB+ radio. Eamonn Holmes and Isabel Webster are the first to be heard on the simulcast when their television breakfast show starts.

- 17 January – GB News announces it will play " God Save the Queen " at the start of live programming every day.

- 18 January – The channel begins playing the National Anthem.

#### February 2022

- No events.

#### March 2022

- 2 March – Company accounts are published for the period ending 31 May 2021 for All Perspectives Ltd, that made a loss of £2.7 million.

- 31 March – The first episode of a weekly comedy panel show called The Ministry of Offence is recorded in London.

#### April 2022

- 16 April – The comedy panel show Ministry of Offence makes its debut on GB News.

- 25 April – TalkTV, GB News' main news rival, launches. Audience figures for TalkTV's opening night show its ratings outperforming GB News for the debut edition of its flagship show, Piers Morgan Uncensored (aired at 8 pm), but higher figures for GB News for the night as a whole.

#### May 2022

- 18 May – Figures published by RAJAR indicate GB News Radio received an average audience of 239,000 listeners during its first three months on air.

#### June 2022

- 14 June – GB News confirms it will air coverage of the Twelfth of July parade from Belfast after the BBC decided not to broadcast the event. Former Northern Ireland First Minister Dame Arlene Foster will present coverage of the parade.

#### July 2022

- 12 July – GB News airs coverage of the Twelfth of July parade in Northern Ireland. The event, presented by Dame Arlene Foster, the channel's Northern Ireland correspondent Dougie Beattie and former Coronation Street actor Charles Lawson, draws a peak audience of 98,000 viewers.

- 28 July – Ofcom is to launch an investigation into GB News after presenter Mark Steyn made misleading claims about COVID-19 booster vaccines on the 21 April edition of his show. Steyn had alleged that British people were being killed by having the booster and that there was a media silence on the issue.

- 31 July – The Telegraph reports that TalkTV and GB News are in a bidding war to secure Channel 604 on Virgin Media. The news channels currently occupy channels 626 and 627, but a move would increase their profile by putting them next to larger rivals such as BBC News and Sky News.

#### August 2022

- 4 August – The latest RAJAR figures are published, covering radio listening in the United Kingdom during the second quarter of 2022. They show a percentage increase in listeners for both Talkradio and GB News, with the audience increase at 6% and 16% respectively when compared with the previous quarter.

- 8 August – The Telegraph reports that GB News have beaten TalkTV to secure a channel move on Virgin Media to Channel 604, giving it a higher news channel ranking, and placing it between Sky News and BBC Parliament. An Ofcom investigation clears Nigel Farage's "Talking Pints" segment of breaching standards following an interview on 23 August 2021 that featured darts player Bobby George using what was described as "offensive language". The decision means GB News remains clear of any reprimands from Ofcom since its launch.

- The Telegraph reports that GB News have beaten TalkTV to secure a channel move on Virgin Media to Channel 604, giving it a higher news channel ranking, and placing it between Sky News and BBC Parliament.

- An Ofcom investigation clears Nigel Farage's "Talking Pints" segment of breaching standards following an interview on 23 August 2021 that featured darts player Bobby George using what was described as "offensive language". The decision means GB News remains clear of any reprimands from Ofcom since its launch.

- 10 August – GB News airs The People's Forum with Liz Truss from Leigh, Greater Manchester, with Conservative leadership candidate Liz Truss answering questions from an audience.

- 11 August – Rachel Sweeney announces she is leaving her role as GB News' North East correspondent.

- 18 August – It is reported that GB News has secured £60 million of new investment, having approached investor Sir Paul Marshall for further funding. American multinational Warner Bros. Discovery announces its intention to sell its stake in GB News. GB News announces that co-founders Andrew Cole and Mark Schneider have resigned as directors and sold their stakes in the business. It is reported that The Telegraph journalist Camilla Tominey will become a political presenter on the channel and that the Daily Mail ' s Andrew Pierce will launch his own show later in the year. It is also reported that Michael Portillo will be supporting GB News' political coverage and presenting a new programme in the autumn.

- It is reported that GB News has secured £60 million of new investment, having approached investor Sir Paul Marshall for further funding. American multinational Warner Bros. Discovery announces its intention to sell its stake in GB News. GB News announces that co-founders Andrew Cole and Mark Schneider have resigned as directors and sold their stakes in the business.

- It is reported that The Telegraph journalist Camilla Tominey will become a political presenter on the channel and that the Daily Mail ' s Andrew Pierce will launch his own show later in the year. It is also reported that Michael Portillo will be supporting GB News' political coverage and presenting a new programme in the autumn.

- 19 August – GB News airs a two-hour Conservative leadership hustings from Manchester featuring the two candidates, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak, and hosted by GB News presenter Alastair Stewart.

- 28 August – GB News attracts criticism from Jewish community groups after Peter Imanuelsen, a journalist and alleged Holocaust denier, appeared on the previous evening's edition of Neil Oliver 's programme to talk about population decline in the UK. Imanuelsen rejects claims of denying the Holocaust, blaming "fake, photoshopped screenshots" created by those attempting to "smear" him.

- 31 August − GB News performs a shakeup of its daytime schedule which will take effect from the first week in September, giving Gloria de Piero and Philip Davies and Esther McVey new shows, while Alexandra Phillips and Colin Brazier are axed from the channel.

#### September 2022

- 7 September – GB News appoints Nicole O'Shea as commercial director, responsible for advertising on the channel.

- 8 September – GB News suspends advertising following news of the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

- 19 September – The channel covers Queen Elizabeth II's state funeral, and is one of a number of British television channels to take pooled footage of the funeral proceedings from the BBC.

- 21 September – Helen Warner, chief creative officer at broadcast production company Whisper and former head of daytime at ITV and Channel 4, is appointed GB News head of television as the channel seeks to expand its programme content.

#### October 2022

- 2 October – The Sunday Times reports that the value of GB News has more than halved since Discovery sold its stake in the news channel. Michael Portillo's new show, called Portillo, launches, covering politics and the arts.

- The Sunday Times reports that the value of GB News has more than halved since Discovery sold its stake in the news channel.

- Michael Portillo's new show, called Portillo, launches, covering politics and the arts.

- 6 October – It is reported that GB News has appointed Reach plc executive Geoff Marsh as its chief digital officer.

- 10 October – Actor John Cleese confirms he will present a programme for GB News from 2023, where he will work alongside Andrew Doyle.

- 14 October – Ofcom announces an investigation into GB News over its coverage of matters relating to COVID-19 vaccination following an interview with the author Naomi Wolf that aired on 4 October, and during which she claimed women were being harmed by COVID-19 vaccines as part of an effort "to destroy British civil society", while likening the behaviour of the medical profession to that of Nazi Germany. Ofcom's investigation will cover whether the interview broke "rules designed to protect viewers from harmful material", and is the second such investigation into the news channel.

#### November 2022

- 7 November – Ofcom finds GB News Radio in breach of the broadcasting code Rule 6.0 for not providing notification of all parties and candidates standing in the 2022 Birmingham Erdington by-election during an on air discussion on 2 March. While the channel did show onscreen details of the candidates during the To the Point debate on 2 March, the same information was not provided for its radio simulcast.

#### December 2022

- 21 December – News company The News Movement confirms that Becca Hutson, GB News' former head of digital who left the channel in October, is joining to become its UK head of news.

### 2023

#### January 2023

- 9 January – It is reported that GB News has hired comedian Dapper Laughs as a commentator on its late night newspaper review show, Headliners.

- 13 January – It is reported that former GB News presenter Mercy Muroki has been hired by the UK government to advise Kemi Badenoch, the Minister for Women and Equalities, on gender policy.

- 17 January – GB News head of television Helen Warner leaves her post after four months with the channel.

- 26 January – GB News announces it has hired Conservative MP and former Business Secretary Jacob Rees-Mogg to present a show.

#### February 2023

- 6 February – Mark Steyn, who used his GB News show to cast doubt on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines, quits the channel after claiming its bosses tried to make him pay fines issued by Ofcom following two investigations into his programme.

- 8 February – The Board of Deputies of British Jews and the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism urge the media regulator Ofcom and GB News to tackle what it describes as the channel's indulgence in conspiracy theories. The comments follow the 4 February edition of Neil Oliver 's programme in which he described a "silent war" by generations of politicians to take "total control of the people" by creating a "one-world government".

- 14 February – It is reported that former Loose Women presenter Saira Khan will join Eamonn Holmes on GB News on the Monday and Tuesday editions of The Great British Breakfast.

- 21 February – The Telegraph journalist Christopher Hope announces he is joining GB News as head of politics and political editor later in the year.

- 28 February – Intelligence tool Foresight News appoints GB News deputy news editor Jamie Micklethwaite as its deputy editor.

#### March 2023

- March – GB News moves from its gbnews.uk URL to gbnews.com at the start of March to help build its presence outside the UK. The new website also includes new features such as dedicated pages for each show and a full catch-up service.

- 5 March – It is announced that Dame Arlene Foster will expand her role at GB News, taking on further presenting duties alongside making documentaries for the channel. Her first documentary, looking at the role of faith in politics, is to come out later in the year.

- 6 March – GB News confirms it will air coverage of the Twelfth of July parade from Belfast for the second year running. Foster will again present coverage of the parade. Ofcom says that GB News broke broadcasting rules in April 2022 when Mark Steyn made "potentially harmful and materially misleading" claims about COVID-19 vaccines.

- GB News confirms it will air coverage of the Twelfth of July parade from Belfast for the second year running. Foster will again present coverage of the parade.

- Ofcom says that GB News broke broadcasting rules in April 2022 when Mark Steyn made "potentially harmful and materially misleading" claims about COVID-19 vaccines.

- 7 March – GB News announces that Conservative MP Lee Anderson is to host a show on the channel.

- 9 March – GB News reports a loss of £30 million for its first year on air, from June 2021 to June 2022. It also had a turnover of £3.6 million over the same period.

- 11 March – GB News airs The Alternative Match of the Day, hosted by Mark Dolan and Patrick Christys, following the BBC's announcement that Gary Lineker would be taking a "step back" from presenting Match of the Day after Lineker's criticism of the UK's asylum policy via Twitter. The programme does not show any actual football coverage, and is panned on social media by viewers who believed it to be a parody.

- 19 March – GB News airs the final edition of Alastair Stewart & Friends. Alastair Stewart announces his retirement a few days later.

- 23 March – GB News announces plans to expand its political coverage and establish a new studio in Westminster. It is reported that Lee Anderson will be paid £100,000 a year for his new presenting role with the channel.

- GB News announces plans to expand its political coverage and establish a new studio in Westminster.

- It is reported that Lee Anderson will be paid £100,000 a year for his new presenting role with the channel.

#### April 2023

- 3 April – Ofcom launches an investigation into GB News over potential impartiality following a programme in which Chancellor Jeremy Hunt was interviewed by presenters and Conservative MPs Esther McVey and Philip Davies. Ofcom will look at whether the programme, aired on 11 March, broke its rules "requiring news and current affairs to be presented with due impartiality".

- 8/9 April – GB News airs The GB News Easter Special, a programme in which Calvin Robinson, an Anglican transitional deacon, discusses faith and contemporary issues with four Christian academics. The programme also includes singing and readings from religious text.

#### May 2023

- 2 May – While broadcasting live from Buckingham Palace on GB News, Jacob Rees-Mogg is told to evacuate by police as a controlled explosion is carried out following the arrest of a man for throwing shotgun cartridges into the palace grounds.

- 3 May – Former US President Donald Trump is a guest on Nigel Farage 's GB News show.

- 9 May – Ofcom finds GB News in breach of broadcasting regulations over its October 2021 edition of Mark Steyn's programme in which it was claimed the COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom amounted to "mass murder". The regulator finds that GB News did not do enough to protect its viewers from harmful content, and rules that GB News must now attend a meeting with Ofcom.

#### June 2023

- 21 June – Ofcom have received 61 complaints about the 18 June edition of GB News's Headliners in which comedian Lewis Schaffer made a string of claims about COVID-19, including that it was not a real virus.

- 23 June – Debut of Lee Anderson 's new show, Lee Anderson's Real World, on GB News. The first edition sees him joined by fellow MP Brendan Clarke-Smith, who he spoon feeds baked beans as part of a taste test.

- 29 June – Conservative MP Lee Anderson faces censure from the Serjeant at Arms of the House of Commons for filming a promotional video for his GB News programme on Parliamentary property without permission.

#### July 2023

- 3 July – Ofcom launches investigations into an episode of Jacob Rees-Mogg's State of the Nation that aired on GB News on 9 May, and an edition of Richard Tice presented by Alex Salmond on TalkTV on 2 April, both of which covered news stories, but were presented by politicians. The State of the Nation investigation will establish whether the edition of the programme, which covered a jury verdict on former US President Donald Trump, complies with broadcast regulations, while the Richard Tice investigation will look at whether the programme was presented with due impartiality. The former received 40 complaints after airing, while the latter received two.

- 7 July – Ofcom launches an investigation into a GB News campaign that urges the UK government to introduce legislation to stop "Britain becoming a cashless society" following a complaint. The "Don't Kill Cash" petition, which has been signed by more than 166,000 people, potentially breaches Ofcom's rules that require broadcasters to not comment on "matters of political and industrial controversy or current public policy".

- 10 July – The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards opens an investigation into Conservative MP Lee Anderson for using the roof of his Westminster office to film a promotional video for his GB News show.

- 18 July – GB News presenter Dan Wootton says that he has made "errors of judgement in the past" but denied any criminality following allegations he offered to pay colleagues several thousand pounds for explicit pictures of themselves.

- 28 July – BBC News Online reports that a clip of GB News presenter Neil Oliver accusing the BBC "and others" of "driving fear" over climate change by using "supposedly terrifying temperatures", has been viewed more than two million times on social media since Oliver made the comments four days earlier during a discussion about the 2023 Rhodes wildfires.

#### August 2023

- 3 August – Figures published by RAJAR for the second quarter of 2023 indicate a 14% year-on-year increase of listeners to GB News Radio, with 317,000 in the second quarter of 2023 compared to 277,000 during the second quarter of 2022. Following a protest by Greenpeace activists, who climbed on to the roof of Rishi Sunak's house, GB News stages a stunt in retaliation for the demonstration. Reporter Ben Leo is sent to Greenpeace's London offices without invitation. During the visit he speaks to Greenpeace officials, wonders around the premises, and makes himself a cup of tea.

- Figures published by RAJAR for the second quarter of 2023 indicate a 14% year-on-year increase of listeners to GB News Radio, with 317,000 in the second quarter of 2023 compared to 277,000 during the second quarter of 2022.

- Following a protest by Greenpeace activists, who climbed on to the roof of Rishi Sunak's house, GB News stages a stunt in retaliation for the demonstration. Reporter Ben Leo is sent to Greenpeace's London offices without invitation. During the visit he speaks to Greenpeace officials, wonders around the premises, and makes himself a cup of tea.

- 7 August – Ofcom launches four separate investigations into impartiality at GB News, three of them relating to programmes presented by Jacob Rees-Mogg, Phillip Davies and Esther McVey, and the fourth concerning an edition of Laurence Fox 's show presented by Martin Daubney. The investigations concern politicians presenting news coverage.

- 10 August – Byline Times reports several allegations of "racism, sexism and misogyny" involving staff and senior figures at GB News.

- 22 August – GB News have appointed Chris Rogers as editor of their breakfast programme and say they have "ambitious" plans for the show.

#### September 2023

- 6 September – The Glasgow Herald reports that controversial GB News presenter Neil Oliver has resigned from the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

- 9 September – A clip of GB News presenter Martin Daubney presenting a breaking news article about the arrest of prison escapee Daniel Khalife goes viral after Daubney becomes flustered while trying to report the story.

- 18 September – An Ofcom investigation into a GB News programme during which Esther McVey and Phillip Davies interviewed Chancellor Jeremy Hunt before the 2023 budget finds the programme failed to include an "appropriately wide range of significant views".

- 21 September – GB News says it is continuing to "monitor" allegations against Dan Wootton, but that they have not been "proved by an independent body".

- 27 September – GB News suspends Laurence Fox and Dan Wootton after comments made on the previous evening's edition of Tonight with Dan Wootton during which Fox asked "what self-respecting man" would "climb into bed" with journalist Ava Evans. GB News says it will formally apologise to Evans for the remarks.

- 28 September – Ofcom launches an investigation into the 26 September edition of the GB News programme Dan Wootton Tonight after receiving 7,300 complaints about comments made by Laurence Fox, while MailOnline terminates its contract with Wootton, who wrote a twice weekly column for the newspaper.

- 29 September – GB News boss Angelos Frangopoulos tells the BBC Laurence Fox's comments about Ava Evans were "way past the limits of acceptance" and that GB News is conducting its own investigation into what happened, which he expects "to be resolved very quickly". Laurence Fox apologises for his comments about Ava Evans, describing them as "demeaning" and "not representative of who I am". Calvin Robinson, who presents a religious affairs programme for GB News, becomes the third presenter to be suspended by the news channel after voicing his support for Dan Wootton in an online post. Robinson said he would not appear on Dan Wootton Tonight without Wootton, claiming "if he falls, we all fall". Ahead of the broadcast of an interview with Conservative Home Secretary Suella Braverman conducted by Conservative deputy chair and GB News presenter Lee Anderson, the chief executive of Ofcom, Melanie Dawes, says there are no present rules to prevent GB News using Anderson to interview Braverman.

- GB News boss Angelos Frangopoulos tells the BBC Laurence Fox's comments about Ava Evans were "way past the limits of acceptance" and that GB News is conducting its own investigation into what happened, which he expects "to be resolved very quickly".

- Laurence Fox apologises for his comments about Ava Evans, describing them as "demeaning" and "not representative of who I am".

- Calvin Robinson, who presents a religious affairs programme for GB News, becomes the third presenter to be suspended by the news channel after voicing his support for Dan Wootton in an online post. Robinson said he would not appear on Dan Wootton Tonight without Wootton, claiming "if he falls, we all fall".

- Ahead of the broadcast of an interview with Conservative Home Secretary Suella Braverman conducted by Conservative deputy chair and GB News presenter Lee Anderson, the chief executive of Ofcom, Melanie Dawes, says there are no present rules to prevent GB News using Anderson to interview Braverman.

- 30 September – Media outlets, including The Observer, report that British banker George Farmer, the former boss of Parler and husband of US pro-Trump Conservative commentator Candace Owens, has joined the board of GB News.

#### October 2023

- 2 October – Allegations surface that GB News is employing at least five people who have faced allegations of sexual impropriety, including one accused of rape.

- 4 October – Laurence Fox and Calvin Robinson are sacked from GB News following the controversy over comments made by Fox about journalist Ava Evans. The number of Ofcom complaints received about the edition of Dan Wootton Tonight in which Fox made his comments about Ava Evans has passed 8,000.

- Laurence Fox and Calvin Robinson are sacked from GB News following the controversy over comments made by Fox about journalist Ava Evans.

- The number of Ofcom complaints received about the edition of Dan Wootton Tonight in which Fox made his comments about Ava Evans has passed 8,000.

- 17 October – GB News is removed from the internal television system of the Senedd following comments made by Laurence Fox, which a spokesman for the Presiding Officer describes as "deliberately offensive".

- 23 October – Ofcom finds GB News breached its regulations on impartiality during a programme which aired on 16 June. Former Brexit Party MEP Martin Daubney was standing in for Laurence Fox when he interviewed Reform Party leader Richard Tice and discussed immigration. Ofcom finds Tice was not "sufficiently challenged" on his views and "the limited alternative views presented were dismissed". However, Ofcom decides that Lee Anderson's interview with Home Secretary Suella Braverman did not breach their impartiality rules as it was a current affairs programme.

- 25 October – Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies appears on Nigel Farage 's GB News programme, later facing criticism from a senior Welsh Government minister for "appalling misogyny" for suggesting that Senedd Convenor Elin Jones was too "busy doing her hair" to appear on the programme.

- 26 October – RAJAR audience figures for the third quarter of 2023 show GB News Radio with an average weekly audience of 398,000 listeners.

- 27 October – GB News have hired former Prime Minister Boris Johnson to present a series "showcasing the power of Britain around the world"; he will also help to provide coverage of the next UK and US elections.

- 29 October – The first episode of The Dinosaur Hour hosted by comedian and presented John Cleese is broadcast.

#### November 2023

- 3 November – Patrick Christys raises over £234,000 in a fundraiser launched on his show on 30 October for the Royal British Legion.

- 12 November – Ofcom chair Michael Grade tells Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg that Ofcom does not "want to be in the business of telling broadcasters, licensees, who they can employ, who they can't employ". The comment comes in response to questions as to whether GB News should be allowed to employ politicians as presenters on its channel.

- 15 November – Senedd Presiding Officer Elin Jones announces an independent review of television channels that will be available in the Senedd building following her previous ban of GB News.

- November – In response to an advertiser boycott, GB News introduces an online paywall with three membership tiers. This it part of a strategy to obtain fresh income streams following substantial financial losses in its first year.

#### December 2023

- 6 December – Television and radio presenter Carol Vorderman discloses that she rejected an offer from GB News after leaving BBC Radio Wales over the BBC's new social media guidelines.

- 11 December – Sky News reports that GB News has asked its investors for a further £30m in capital.

- 18 December – Ofcom rules that GB News broke impartiality rules with an edition of The Live Desk that promoted its "Don't Kill Cash" campaign.

- 20 December – Ofcom reveals that the edition of Dan Wootton Tonight featuring Laurence Fox's comments about journalist Ava Evans was the most complained about TV show of 2023, with 8,867 viewer complaints received by the watchdog.

### 2024

#### January 2024

- 8 January – Ofcom delays the publication of research into politicians presenting news programmes until it has ruled on investigations open into GB News.

- 11 January – The Liberal Democrats ask Ofcom to investigate GB News over alleged bias in its coverage of the Post Office scandal, including what the party's deputy leader, Daisy Cooper, describes as "a fictitious monologue" Nigel Farage delivered about the Liberal Democrat leader, Sir Ed Davey, which she says contained "a number of factual inaccuracies".

- 17 January – An error with the calculation of viewing figures that had given GB News a million viewers for its New Year's Eve coverage is corrected by BARB, and shows the channel actually had 33,000 viewers that evening.

#### February 2024

- 1 February – RAJAR figures for the final quarter of 2023 indicate GB News Radio had an average weekly audience of 430,000.

- 12 February – Prime Minister Rishi Sunak appears on an hour long GB News People's Forum, where a selected audience of undecided voters are invited to ask him questions. The programme is presented by Stephen Dixon.

- 19 February – Ofcom launches an impartiality investigation into GB News's Q&A session with prime minister Rishi Sunak.

- 20 February – GB News announces it has ended its radio advertising and sponsorship contract with Bauer Media, and that it is launching its own advertising sales operation.

- 21 February – The Metropolitan Police says it will take no further action over allegations that Dan Wootton offered to pay colleagues for sexually explicit pictures of themselves.

- 24 February – Lee Anderson is suspended from the Conservative Party after "refusing to apologise" for claiming "Islamists" had "got control" of London Mayor Sadiq Khan during an edition of his GB News show the previous day.

#### March 2024

- 4 March – Following its investigation into the episode of GB News 's Dan Wootton Tonight during which Laurence Fox made comments about journalist Ava Evans, Ofcom concludes that the programme was in breach of its regulations. The watchdog says the comments "constituted a highly personal attack on Ms Evans and were potentially highly offensive to viewers", and says that it has "significant concerns about GB News' editorial control of its live output" and is requiring it "provide further detailed information about its compliance practices in this area".

- 5 March – Dan Wootton announces his departure from GB News following the previous day's Ofcom ruling.

- 18 March – Ofcom finds that five episodes of GB News shows, presented by Jacob Rees Mogg, Esther McVey and Phillip Davies, broke their rules, and warns the channel about its use of Conservative MPs to host news content.

#### April 2024

- 4 April – GB News hires Steven Edgington as its North America correspondent, making him the channel's first international correspondent.

- 11 April – Sky News reports that hedge fund manager Sir Paul Marshall is to relinquish his seat on the board of All Perspectives Ltd, the company that owns GB News, as the television channel faces a major restructuring process.

- 19 April – GB News chief executive Angelos Frangopoulos announces 40 redundancies at the channel after it previously posted heavy financial losses.

#### May 2024

- 20 May – Ofcom says it is considering imposing a statutory sanction against GB News after concluding its programme People's Forum: The Prime Minister, a Q&A session with prime minister Rishi Sunak that aired in February, broke impartiality rules.

- 23 May – GB News announces plans to launch legal action against Ofcom after the regulator ruled the channel had broken broadcasting rules.

#### June 2024

- No events.

#### July 2024

- 2 July – Eamonn Holmes is forced to leave his GB News breakfast show half way through the programme due to ill health.

- 11 July – A week after his election to Parliament, GB News announces that Nigel Farage is returning to his show on the channel, presenting on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 16 July.

- 16 July – The Radio Today website reports that sports bulletins on GB News Radio are now being powered by Artificial Intelligence and voiced by a virtual newsreader.

#### August 2024

- 29 August – Newsreader Ray Addison announces his departure from GB News after reading his final news bulletin for the channel.

#### September 2024

- 9 September – Ofcom discontinues five impartiality investigations into GB News's "Don't Kill Cash" campaign as the channel had already been reprimanded over the campaign.


Ruthie Davis

# Ruthie Davis

## Abstract

Ruthie Davis is an independent American female designer and entrepreneur known for her eponymous brand Ruthie Davis. Her designs are endorsed and worn by fashion icons such as Lady Gaga, Beyoncé, Zendaya, and Ariana Grande.

She was named “The Queen of Footwear” by Bella magazine.

## Early life and education

Growing up in Connecticut, Davis excelled in skiing and tennis. During her teenage years at the Loomis Chaffee School, she became the first girl ever to make the boys' ski team at the high school. After graduating with honors, she attended Bowdoin College in Maine, where she received a degree in English Literature and Visual Arts and captained the tennis and squash teams.

Davis also developed communication, creative and entrepreneurial skills throughout her educational years by serving as the editor-in-chief for the Loomis Chaffee school yearbook, writing Bowdoin Orient’s “Mainely Health” column on ways to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and publishing Babson’s newsletter “MBA Communique” where she pursued an MBA in entrepreneurship from the F.W. Olin Graduate School of Business.

## Career

### Early work

Davis worked as a sportswriter for the Hartford Courant and ESPN. In 1989, she started her first independent entrepreneurial venture in Vermont, a hybrid fitness business that combined a workout studio and a sports gear store.

### Corporate career

Davis transitioned into the footwear industry by joining Reebok as an Associate Product Manager. She became director of the Reebok Classic division in four years. There, she reimagined the sports brand as a fashion staple, adding colored bottoms and unconventional materials to the classic white sneakers.

After leaving Reebok, Davis served in multiple executive positions at major fashion brands. As VP of Marketing and Design at UGG Australia in the early 2000s, she championed a campaign to transform the public's vision of UGG boots. It was Davis's work that helped UGG enter the fashion scene with their fleece-lined boots known for functionality. UGGs were then “one of the most popular statement pieces,” with major celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Paris Hilton caught wearing them in paparazzi shots.

An offer to work at Tommy Hilfiger as the VP of Marketing and Design for Women's Footwear brought Davis from California to New York. Having accumulated years of experience in footwear design, Davis determined that it was time to launch her own brand in 2006, the eponymous Ruthie Davis.

### The brand

A typical Ruthie Davis shoe has been described as “clean, minimal, functional, sleek, sexy.” Her designs often reference architecture, modernism, future technology, and her passion for ‘60s Italian cinema.

Featured in global retailer establishments including Neiman Marcus and Harvey Nichols and on top-tier magazines like Vogue and Elle, within a few years the Ruthie Davis brand gained an international reputation. A-list celebrities such as Lady Gaga and Beyoncé ordered custom shoes for their red-carpet events. It was Ruthie Davis’s SS19 collection that Lady Gaga wore to the A Star Is Born premier.

The Ruthie Davis brand is recognized for its many collaborations. One of its most notable is the Disney x Ruthie Davis collection, which debuted on January 15, 2017. The first collection was inspired by Snow White in celebration of the Disney franchise’s 80th anniversary. This collection included eight styles, including sneakers, booties, and stiletto sandals. In the following years, she reimagined a series of Disney princess franchises in the collection, from Cinderella to Frozen to Mulan. This long-standing collaboration eventually involved all eleven Disney princesses. In 2019 at the American Image Awards, she and Disney were awarded Collaboration of the Year by the American Apparel & Footwear Association.

The “One People” sneaker was designed collectively by Ruthie Davis, DEVIATE, and BGCSM (Boys and Girls Club of Southeastern Michigan) youth designers. In 2015, Davis was recognized for her collaboration with designer and animal activist John Bartlett on a vegan shoe line, for which they were nominated for the WGSN Global Fashion Collaboration Award.

Davis pulled out of her retailer relationships to shift her brand to a direct-to-consumer e-commerce model in 2020. Focusing on social media engagement, the brand has a following of 400k on Instagram and 150k on Facebook.

### Outside the brand

Davis has served as a fashion expert on mainstream TV and podcast channels, such as Bravo, E!, Bloomberg, CNBC, Fox News, and Yahoo Finance.

She has also been involved in the educational sphere. She has taught several courses at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York and the University of Delaware. She serves on the University of Delaware’s Fashion Advisory Board, the Loomis Chaffee Head Council, the New Britain Museum of American Art's Education Committee, and the Scholarship Program Selection Committee of the Council of Fashion Designers of America.

## Awards and coverage

- American Apparel & Footwear Association, Footwear Designer of the Year, 2014

- American Apparel & Footwear Association, Collaboration of the Year, 2019

- Council of Fashion Designers of America, Accredited Member, since 2014

- WGSN Global Fashion Awards, Global Fashion Collaboration Award (nomination w/ John Bartlett), 2015

- Babson College, Entrepreneur Hall of Fame, 2015

- Acquisitions International, Fashion Footwear Designer of the Year, 2016

- FashInvest NYC, Fashpreneur Award, 2016

- Goldman Sachs, 100 Most Intriguing Entrepreneurs, 2013

- Footwear News, 20 Directional Design Stars, 2013 and 2014


List of films with post-credits scenes

# List of films with post-credits scenes

## Abstract

Many films since the 1980s and earlier have featured mid- and post-credits scenes, also known as credit cookies. Such scenes often include comedic gags, plot revelations, outtakes, and/or hints about sequels.


# 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada

## Abstract

The 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada will be held on November 5, 2024, to elect the four U.S. representatives from the State of Nevada, one from all four of the state's congressional districts. The elections will coincide with the 2024 U.S. presidential election, as well as elections from the other 49 states to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. The primary elections were held on June 11, 2024.

## District 1

The 1st district expands from inner Las Vegas towards its southeastern suburbs and some rural parts of Clark County, taking in the cities of Paradise, Henderson, and Boulder City. The incumbent is Democrat Dina Titus, who was reelected with 51.6% of the vote in 2022.

### Democratic primary

#### Nominee

- Dina Titus, incumbent U.S. Representative

### Republican primary

#### Nominee

- Mark Robertson, professor and nominee for this district in 2022

#### Eliminated in primary

- Jim Blockey, retired teacher and candidate for this district in 1998 and 2000

- Michael Boris, appliance repair contractor and comedian

- Flemming Larsen, restaurateur

- Evan Stone, pornographic actor

#### Endorsements

- Americans for Prosperity

### Third-party and independent candidates

#### Declared

- Gabriel Cornejo (Independent), businessman and Democratic candidate for president in 2024

- David Goossen (Independent), casino worker and perennial candidate

- David Havlicek (Libertarian)

- William Hoge (Independent American), former California state assemblyman, nominee for lieutenant governor in 2022, and nominee for state treasurer in 2018

- Ron Quince (Independent), business consultant

- Victor Willert (Independent), CPR instructor and Republican candidate for the 3rd district in 2020

### General election

#### Endorsements

Endorsements in bold were made after the primary election.

- Independent American Party of Nevada

- Gabby Giffords, U.S. representative from Arizona's 8th congressional district (2007–2012)

- AIPAC

- Brady PAC

- Democratic Majority for Israel

- EMILY's List

- Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund

- Feminist Majority PAC

- Giffords

- Humane Society Legislative Fund

- Jewish Democratic Council of America

- National Organization for Women PAC

- Natural Resources Defense Council

- NextGen America PAC

- Planned Parenthood Action Fund

- Population Connection Action Fund

- Sierra Club

- Silver State Equality

- AFSCME Nevada

- Association of Flight Attendants

- Culinary Workers Union

- LiUNA Local 872

- Nevada AFL-CIO

## District 2

The 2nd district includes White Pine County and part of Lyon County, and contains the cities of Reno, Sparks, and Carson City. The incumbent is Republican Mark Amodei, who was reelected with 59.7% of the vote in 2022.

### Republican primary

#### Nominee

- Mark Amodei, incumbent U.S. representative

#### Eliminated in primary

- Fred Simon, doctor and candidate for Governor of Nevada in 2022

### Third-party and independent candidates

#### Declared

- Lynn Chapman (Independent American), treasurer of the Independent American Party of Nevada

- Greg Kidd (Independent), investor and former Federal Reserve senior analyst

- Javi Tachiquin (Libertarian), martial arts instructor and nominee for lieutenant governor in 2022

### Endorsements

Endorsements in bold were made after the primary election.

- AIPAC

- Independent American Party of Nevada

- Jacky Rosen, U.S. Senator from Nevada (2019–present) (Democratic)

## District 3

The 3rd district comprises the western Las Vegas suburbs, including Spring Valley, Summerlin South, and Sandy Valley. The incumbent is Democrat Susie Lee, who was reelected with 52.0% of the vote in 2022.

### Democratic primary

#### Nominee

- Susie Lee, incumbent U.S. Representative

#### Eliminated in primary

- RockAthena Brittain, lounge singer

### Republican primary

#### Nominee

- Drew Johnson, marketing consultant

#### Eliminated in primary

- Elizabeth Helgelien, former state senator from the 9th district (2010–2012)

- Steve London, accountant

- Brian Nadell, professional poker player and perennial candidate

- Martin O'Donnell, composer

- Steven Schiffman, attorney and perennial candidate

- Dan Schwartz, former Nevada State Treasurer (2015–2019), candidate for this district in 2020, candidate for lieutenant governor in 2022, candidate for governor in 2018, and candidate for the 4th district in 2012

#### Withdrawn

- Heidi Kasama, state assemblywoman (2020–present) (running for re-election)

#### Declined

- April Becker, attorney and nominee for this district in 2022 (running for Clark County Commission)

#### Endorsements

- Matt Gaetz, FL-01 (2017–present)

- Cory Mills, FL-07 (2023–present)

- Cresent Hardy, NV-04 (2015-2017)

- Robert List, former Governor of Nevada (1979–1983)

- Andy Matthews, Nevada State Controller (2023–present)

- Scott Hammond, state senator from the 18th district (2012–present)

- Jeff Stone, state senator from the 20th district (2022–present)

- Joe Lombardo, Governor of Nevada (2023–present)

- Kevin McCarthy, former U.S. representative from California's 20th congressional district (2007–2023) and former Speaker of the House (2023)

- Joe Lombardo, Governor of Nevada (2023–present) (switched endorsement to O'Donnell after Kasama withdrew)

### Third-party and independent candidates

#### Declared

- John Kamerath (Independent American), nurse

### General election

#### Endorsements

Endorsements in bold were made after the primary election.

- Cresent Hardy, NV-04 (2015-2017)

- Robert List, former Governor of Nevada (1979–1983)

- Andy Matthews, Nevada State Controller (2023–present)

- Scott Hammond, state senator from the 18th district (2012–present)

- Jeff Stone, state senator from the 20th district (2022–present)

- Seth Moulton, U.S. representative from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district (2015–present)

- AIPAC

- Asian American Action Fund

- Brady PAC

- Democratic Majority for Israel

- EMILY's List

- Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund

- Feminist Majority PAC

- Giffords

- Humane Society Legislative Fund

- Jewish Democratic Council of America

- Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs

- League of Conservation Voters

- NARAL Pro-Choice America

- Natural Resources Defense Council

- NextGen America PAC

- Population Connection Action Fund

- Sierra Club

- Silver State Equality

- AFSCME Nevada

- Culinary Workers Union

- LiUNA Local 872

- Nevada AFL-CIO

## District 4

The 4th district covers parts of northern Las Vegas, taking in the Las Vegas Strip, as well as its northern suburbs and rural central Nevada. The incumbent is Democrat Steven Horsford, who was reelected with 52.4% of the vote in 2022.

### Democratic primary

#### Nominee

- Steven Horsford, incumbent U.S. Representative

#### Eliminated in primary

- Levy Shultz, industrial security professional

### Republican primary

#### Nominee

- John Lee, former mayor of North Las Vegas (2013–2022), former state senator from the 1st district (2004–2012), candidate for governor in 2022, and Democratic candidate for this district in 2012

#### Eliminated in primary

- David Flippo, financial advisor

- Bruce Frazey, certified public accountant and consultant

#### Endorsements

- Cresent Hardy, former U.S. representative from Nevada's 4th congressional district (2015–2017)

- Las Vegas Sun (Republican primary only)

- Donald Trump, former President of the United States (2017–2021)

- Joe Lombardo, Governor of Nevada (2023–present)

### Third-party and independent candidates

#### Declared

- Russell Best (Independent American), retired businessman and perennial candidate

- Timothy Ferreira (Libertarian), software developer and candidate for Lieutenant Governor of California in 2018

### General election

#### Endorsements

Endorsements in bold were made after the primary election.

- Independent American Party of Nevada

- Donald Trump, former President of the United States (2017–2021)

- Joe Lombardo, Governor of Nevada (2023–present)

- Gretchen Whitmer, Governor of Michigan (2019-present)

- Gabby Giffords, U.S. representative from Arizona's 8th congressional district (2007–2012)

- AIPAC

- Brady PAC

- Democratic Majority for Israel

- End Citizens United

- Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund

- Giffords

- Humane Society Legislative Fund

- Jewish Democratic Council of America

- Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs

- NARAL Pro-Choice America

- National Organization for Women PAC

- Natural Resources Defense Council

- NextGen America PAC

- Planned Parenthood Action Fund

- Population Connection Action Fund

- Sierra Club

- Silver State Equality

- AFSCME Nevada

- Culinary Workers Union

- LiUNA Local 872

- Nevada AFL-CIO


# List of recipients of honorary degrees from Central Connecticut State University

## Abstract

Central Connecticut State University has awarded 55 honorary doctoral degrees since 1985. Awardees have included the CEOs or Chairmen of seven major corporations, eight heads of state, and a variety of others. About half of these degrees have been awarded at commencement exercises at the university, and in most such cases, the conferee has given the commencement address.

Although significant non-degree honors have historically been awarded by the institution, honorary doctorates were not conferred until after Central Connecticut State College was renamed Central Connecticut State University in 1983. U.S. President Jimmy Carter became the first recipient on April 16, 1985, receiving a Doctor of Humane Letters.

## President's Medal

CCSU presidents have presented other honorary awards such as the President's Medal, "the university's highest non-academic distinction". While there does not appear to be an official, published list of recipients, they include

- Provincial president Bruno Marziano of Siracusa, Sicily, who assisted CCSU in enrolling Sicilian students in CCSU's MBA program, "for his leadership and service to the University, to international endeavors and to the province of Siracusa", in 2002;

- Hartford Courant journalist Stan Simpson for Leadership and distinction in Journalism in Public Affairs, in 2003; and

- Sue Ann Collins, a senior vice president and chief actuary at TIAA-CREF, and member of the board of directors of the CCSU Foundation, in 2018.


Interlake High School

# Interlake High School

## Abstract

Interlake High School (IHS) is a public secondary school in Bellevue, Washington, one of the four traditional high schools in the Bellevue School District. Its mascot is a Saint Bernard named Bernie, and the school's sports teams are known as the "Saints."

## History

Interlake High School opened in 1968. In 1997, Interlake began offering the International Baccalaureate program.

In 2003, most of the school was torn to the ground and rebuilt while its students continued to attend class in portables. The new building opened at the beginning of the 2005-2006 school year.

## Students

### Clubs and Activities

Interlake High School hosts multiple clubs, which include co-ed sports clubs such as the Badminton Club and the Ping-Pong club, which won state in its first year. A variety of STEM clubs also exist, including clubs such as an Aviation Club, a Robotics Club, a Programming and Computer Vision club, Game Development, Rocketry Club, Coding for Medicine Club, Science Club, Research Club, and Math Club. Other clubs include National Honor Society,Speech and Debate, Junior State of America, DECA, History Club, Key Club, a Model United Nations club, HOSA, newspaper club known as the Interlake Inquirer, a Stocks club and Taichi club and Spirit Squads like Cheer and Drill.

### AL Program

The AL program at Interlake is part of the Advance Placement program offered in the Bellevue School District for grades 2 through 12.

The AL program is a selective program; in which applicants must have a minimum score of 144 on the Cognitive Abilities Test. Reading and Quantitative scores must be of the 90th percentile or higher, one of which must be at or above the 97th percentile. Students who usually partake in the AL Program usually graduate from the middle school AL Program offered in two Bellevue School District schools; Odle Middle School and Tyee Middle School. The high school AL program continued from the middle school AL Program extends the science, English, and social studies classes further in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. In the IB program, AL students complete the IB diploma during 10th and 11th grade, rather than the usual 11th and 12th grade.

## Notable alumni

- Michael Allan – former NFL tight end

- Larry Andersen – former MLB pitcher

- Brad Barquist – highest finishing American in the 10k at the 1996 Olympics and current Interlake cross country and track coach

- Chris DeGarmo – former Guitarist for the Grammy-nominated band Queensrÿche

- Luke Esser – former state senator and chairman of the Washington State Republican Party

- Tom Flick – former NFL quarterback

- Alex Love – flyweight boxer

- Bobby McAllister – soccer player and the cofounder of Sozo Sports

- Dick McCormick – former U.S. soccer midfielder

- Jim Mora – former NFL head coach

- John Olerud – former MLB first baseman

- Timothy Omundson – professional actor, currently on Psych (USA Network)

- Scott Pelluer – former NFL linebacker

- Steve Pelluer – former NFL quarterback

- Matt Pitman – former public address announcer of the NBA 's Seattle SuperSonics

- Chuck Swirsky – radio play by play announcer of the NBA's Chicago Bulls

- Greg Whiteley – film director, producer, and writer

- Nancy Wilson – co-leader (with sister Ann) of the band Heart

- Michael Wilton – lead guitarist for the Grammy-nominated band Queensrÿche

- Brian Wood – anchor and reporter for KATU-TV in Portland, Oregon

- Valkyrae – American live streamer and YouTuber. Co-Owner of gaming organization 100 Thieves


Sal Romano

# Sal Romano

## Abstract

Salvatore J. Romano (born October 12, 1993) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Milwaukee Brewers, and New York Yankees.

## Early life

Romano was born in Syosset, New York, and raised in Southington, Connecticut. He attended Southington High School and played for the school's baseball team. He was the Gatorade State Player of the Year in 2011, his senior year.

## Career

### Cincinnati Reds

The Cincinnati Reds selected Romano in the 23rd round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Reds rather than play college baseball for the University of Tennessee. He had moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, and taken two courses before he signed with the Reds just before the August 17 signing deadline.

After signing, Romano made his professional debut with the Billings Mustangs and he spent the whole season there, going 5–6 with a 5.32 ERA in 15 starts. He spent 2013 with the Dayton Dragons where he compiled a 7–11 record and 4.86 ERA in 15 starts, and he returned there in 2014, going 8–11 with a 4.12 ERA in 28 starts. He spent 2015 with the Daytona Tortugas and Pensacola Blue Wahoos, compiling a combined 6–9 record and 4.82 ERA in 26 games (25 starts). After the season, the Reds added him to their 40-man roster. In 2016, Romano returned to Pensacola where he pitched to a 6–11 record with a 3.52 ERA and 1.22 WHIP in 27 starts.

Romano began the 2017 season with the Louisville Bats. He was recalled to the Reds on April 16 and he made his major league debut that same day. Romano was sent back down to Louisville two days later. He was recalled from Louisville multiple times during the season before being recalled for the last time on July 18. In ten starts for Louisville he was 1–4 with a 3.47 ERA, and in 16 starts for Cincinnati, he compiled a 5–8 record and 4.45 ERA.

Romano began 2018 as a member of Cincinnati's starting rotation. He ended the season with a record of 8–11 and a 5.31 ERA in 39 games (25 starts). Romano began 2019 as a relief pitcher with Louisville. On July 22, Romano was recalled back to Cincinnati. The next day, Romano would pitch three innings while giving up only three hits and one earned run and recorded two strikeouts en route to recording a save in a win over the Milwaukee Brewers.

Romano was designated for assignment by the Reds on February 5, 2020. On September 13, 2020, Romano was added to the Reds’ active roster. He pitched 1.1 shutout innings in 2020. After recording a 5.23 ERA in 14 appearances, Romano was again designated for assignment on May 14, 2021. On May 17, Romano cleared waivers and elected free agency.

### New York Yankees

On May 19, 2021, Romano signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees organization. Romano recorded a 3.63 ERA in 17 games with the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders before he was released on July 18. Romano re-signed with the Yankees organization on a new minor league contract the same day. The Yankees selected Romano's contract to the major league roster on July 22. In two appearances for the Yankees, Romano pitched 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 scoreless innings with three strikeouts. On July 31, Romano was designated for assignment by the Yankees.

### Milwaukee Brewers

Romano was claimed off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers on August 3, 2021. In 1 inning pitched for the Brewers, Romano gave up 3 runs. On August 10, 2021, Romano was designated for assignment by the Brewers. On August 13, Romano elected free agency.

### New York Yankees (second stint)

On August 14, 2021, Romano signed a minor league contract to return to the New York Yankees. He was assigned to Triple-A Scranton. The Yankees selected his contract on September 8, and he made 1 appearance, getting 2 outs while giving up 1 run. On September 10, 2021, The Yankees designated Romano for assignment. On September 13, Romano cleared waivers, but rejected his outright assignment, making him a free agent. The next day, Romano re-signed a major league contract with the Yankees. Romano once again only made 1 appearance for the Yankees, getting 1 out and giving up 1 run. After being injured and placed on the 10-day IL, the Yankees released Romano on September 20.

### Seattle Mariners

On March 22, 2022, Romano signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. On April 4, Romano retired from professional baseball.

### Gastonia Honey Hunters

On April 12, 2023, Romano came out of retirement to sign with the Gastonia Honey Hunters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 28 games (15 starts), he logged a 4.91 ERA with 75 strikeouts across 84 + 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched. Romano became a free agent following the season.

### Boston Red Sox

On April 26, 2024, Romano signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox. In 15 games for the Triple–A Worcester Red Sox, he struggled to a 9.24 ERA with 15 strikeouts across 25 + 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched. Romano was released by the Red Sox organization on July 13.

### Long Island Ducks

On July 26, 2024, Romano signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.


Avior Airlines

# Avior Airlines

## Abstract

Avior Airlines C.A. (legally Aviones de Oriente C.A.) is an airline based in Barcelona, Venezuela. It operates scheduled and charter services within Venezuela and the southern Caribbean out of its main hub at Generál José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport. It is currently the largest private capital airline in Venezuela in terms of fleet, destinations and its more than 1,800 employees nationally and internationally.

## History

Founded by Jorge Luis Añez Dager and Rafael Ciarcia Walo, the airline was established as Avior Express, and started operations on June 30, 1995, initially using a single five-seat Cessna Skymaster for charter flights to Margarita Island and Canaima. It is fully owned by Jorge Añez Dager.

In 2009, Avior Airlines entered a temporary bankruptcy crisis, leading to the suspension of most of its routes as well as the sale of all of their 12 Beechcraft 1900D.

For 2012, Avior Airlines announced the creation of a new subsidiary, Avior Regional, that would cover the old routes suspended in 2009, as well as the purchase of 4 Boeing 737-400s for international flights. In 2013, the first of them arrived, as did the first Fokker 50 intended for Avior Regional. Due to delays in the process of getting the new airline certified by the National Institute of Civil Aviation, the Fokker 50 were employed by the parent company until mid-2015, when they were transferred to Avior Regional's fleet.

In 2015, Avior started an ambitious process of expanding its fleet and destinations, intending to encourage Venezuelan air connectivity, as a result of the reduction of flights from foreign airlines to the country, it is currently the Venezuelan airline with a greater number of destinations outside of Venezuelan territory.

On December 3, 2017, Avior was added to the list of airlines banned in the European Union, due to failing to meet the EU's safety requirements.

In December 2018, the company received the IOSA certification, which recognizes airlines' operational processes and control systems in terms of their safety.

## Destinations

As of April 2024, Avior Airlines flies to the following destinations:

## Fleet

### Current

As of February 2024, the Avior Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft:

### Former

Avior Airlines formerly operated the following aircraft:

## Accidents and incidents

- On July 15, 1998, a Beechcraft 1900D was hijacked by four armed masked hijackers during a domestic flight. The hijackers were among 22 people on board the aircraft, which was flying from Caracas to Barinas. The hijackers forced the plane to divert to a remote airstrip at a cattle ranch. The hijackers released the passengers and crew and took the plane to Colombia, where it was later recovered.

- On July 30, 1999, another Beechcraft 1900D (registered YV-466C) was hijacked, this time by three men and two women. The aircraft was flying from Caracas to Guasdualito, via Barinas. Coordinates were given to the flight crew and landed the plane in Arauca, Colombia.

- On January 7, 2009, a Boeing 737-200 (registered YV1360), flying from Oranjestad to Valencia, made an emergency landing after an engine fire was reported. The aircraft diverted to Simón Bolívar International Airport where the aircraft landed safely. All 81 occupants on board were uninjured.

- On October 31, 2014, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV2946) suffered a tire burst during takeoff at General José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport. The flight crew aborted the takeoff and the aircraft stopped with a burst and deflated tire on the left-hand main landing gear. None of the 144 occupants on board were injured.

- On March 3, 2018, a Boeing 737-400 flying from Barcelona to Guayaquil ran off the runway during landing at José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport. No injuries were reported and the aircraft suffered no structural damage. The causes of this inconvenience were mainly due to the wet track and the heavy rain that fell in the city.

- On November 22, 2019, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV3012) was servicing a flight between Valencia and Bogotá. Upon landing at El Dorado International Airport, its right main landing gear suffered a serious malfunction causing it to collapse, which led to an evacuation once the aircraft came to a halt.

- On December 6, 2019, a Boeing 737-400 (registered YV3011) took off at 8AM flying from Lima to Caracas when it suffered a depressurization 45 minutes after takeoff. There were 133 passengers and 8 crew members on board. Some passengers suffered a lack of oxygen, including a six-month-old child. The aircraft had to make a sharp descent landing emergency in the city of Tarapoto, Peru. The airline enabled an aircraft to comply with the scheduled itinerary.


Branko Pauljević

# Branko Pauljević

## Abstract

Branko Pauljević (Serbian Cyrillic: Бранко Пауљевић; born 12 June 1989) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a right-back for Budapest Honvéd. His main asset is remarkable speed.

## Club career

Pauljević spent three years with Hajduk Kula between 2009 and 2012, making 59 appearances and scoring one goal in the top national division. Meanwhile, he had a loan spell with lower tier Senta in 2010.

On 23 May 2012, Pauljević was officially presented as a Partizan player, after signing a four-year contract. In the summer of 2013, he was sent on a season-long loan to Radnički Niš.

## Honours

- Serbian SuperLiga (1): 2012–13

- Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season (1): 2011–12


Clayton Tune

# Clayton Tune

## Abstract

Clayton Tune (born March 23, 1999) is an American professional football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Houston and was selected by the Cardinals in the fifth round of the 2023 NFL draft.

## Early life

Tune attended Hebron High School in Carrollton, Texas. During his career he had 6,686 passing yards with 66 passing touchdowns and 1,074 rushing yards and 20 rushing touchdowns. He originally committed to the University of Kansas to play college football but later changed his commitment to the University of Houston.

## College career

In his first year at Houston in 2018, Tune appeared in five games and made two starts as a backup to D'Eriq King. He started the final two games of the year in place of an injured King. For the season, he completed 59 of 117 passes for 795 yards with eight touchdowns and two interceptions. Tune entered 2019 again as the backup to King but took over as the starter after King decided to sit out the rest of the season. He completed 106 of 179 passes for 1,533 yards, 11 touchdowns and nine interceptions. Tune started all eight games in 2020, completing 170 of 285 passes for 2,048 yards, 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. In 2021, he started all 14 games and completed 287 of 421 passes for 3,546 yards with 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions.

## Professional career

Tune was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the fifth round (139th overall) of the 2023 NFL draft. Due to Joshua Dobbs being benched, Tune made his first NFL start on November 5, 2023, against the Cleveland Browns. As a rookie, he appeared in seven games and made one start in the 2023 season.

## Personal life

Tune's great-great uncle was Jim Lawrence, the fifth overall pick in the 1936 NFL draft.


Sindiso Magaqa

# Sindiso Magaqa

## Abstract

Sindiso Magaqa (died 4 September 2017) was a South African politician from KwaZulu-Natal. A member of the African National Congress (ANC), he was assassinated while serving as a local councillor in Umzimkhulu Local Municipality. He was formerly the secretary general of the ANC Youth League from June 2011 to April 2012, when he was found guilty of misconduct and suspended from the party for a year.

## Early life and career

Magaqa was born in the township of Ibisi in Umzimkhulu, which was a part of the Eastern Cape until it joined KwaZulu-Natal in 2006. He joined the Congress of South African Students while still in primary school, and he went on to become an active member of the African National Congress, joining the ANC Youth League (ANCYL) in 1997. In tandem with his political career, he studied law at the University of South Africa and for a time was employed as a project manager in the Umzimkhulu Local Municipality.

## ANC Youth League

### Political rise

He would stand for nomination at every elective conference, from branch level... the only thing that prevented him from standing for elections at Women's League conferences was because he is a man.

– Thabiso Zulu on Magaqa's political ambition, 2011

Magaqa rose to political prominence in the ANCYL, first in the league's regional executive committee in Alfred Nzo (in the Eastern Cape) and then as the regional chairperson, for four terms, of the league's Harry Gwala branch (in KwaZulu-Natal). In May 2010, he was elected as the deputy provincial chairperson of the ANCYL's KwaZulu-Natal branch. He and the newly elected provincial chairperson, Mthandeni Dlungwana, were both elected as part of a slate of candidates aligned to the provincial secretary, Bheki Mtolo.

After only a year in the provincial branch, Magaqa emerged as the frontrunner to succeed Vuyiswa Tulelo as national secretary general of the ANCYL. As the leadership elections approached, he had the support of eight of the league's nine provincial branches; his opponent, Ayanda Matiti, was the chairperson of the Eastern Cape branch and attracted its support. The ANCYL's 24th national conference was held in June 2011 at Gallagher Estate in Midrand and Magaqa was elected as secretary general, with Kenetswe Mosenogi as his deputy.

### ANC suspension

Magaqa entered the ANCYL secretariat at the outset of the second term of league president Julius Malema, who had already clashed several times with the leadership of the mainstream ANC. The Mail & Guardian regarded Magaqa as a close ally of Malema, and he adopted a similarly provocative stance. In particular, in August 2011, he published an ANCYL statement that was highly critical of Malusi Gigaba, the incumbent Minister of Public Enterprises. The statement accused Gigaba of "pleasing imperialists " by publicly criticising the ANCYL's policy on the nationalisation of mines.

Later in August 2011, after Malema issued a particularly provocative statement of his own, the ANC's National Executive Committee took disciplinary action against the entire top leadership of the ANCYL. Magaqa appeared with the others at a disciplinary tribunal at Luthuli House on 30 August. On 10 November, the ANC's National Disciplinary Committee, chaired by Derek Hanekom, found Magaqa found guilty of misconduct for his public attacks on Minister Gigaba. As sanction, his ANC membership was suspended and he was ordered to apologise publicly to Gigaba.

Through a complicated internal appeals process, this sentence was reconsidered once by the National Disciplinary Committee (which increased it to a three-year suspension), and twice by Cyril Ramaphosa 's National Disciplinary Committee of Appeals. At the conclusion of the process in April 2012, Ramaphosa's committee ultimately handed Magaqa a one-year suspension from the ANC.

### Aftermath

While Magaqa was serving his suspension, the leadership corps of the ANCYL was disbanded, and a new leadership was not elected until September 2015, when Njabulo Nzuza was elected to succeed Magaqa as ANCYL secretary general. Malema was expelled from the ANC at the same time that Magaqa was suspended, and Magaqa continued to defend Malema publicly. Indeed, Malema later claimed that Magaqa had considered joining his breakaway political party, the Economic Freedom Fighters.

Nonetheless, when Magaqa's suspension ended in April 2013, he said that he would remain a "fighter for economic freedom" under the ANC banner. In the August 2016 local elections, he was elected to represent the ANC as a local councillor in Umzimkhulu Local Municipality, his hometown.

## Assassination

### Shooting and death

On the evening of 13 July 2017, Magaqa and two other local politicians – Nonsikelelo Mafa and Jabu Mzizi – were shot and wounded in an apparent assassination attempt. The trio were on a car trip together and were ambushed when they stopped at a general store near Magaqa's home in Idisi. The South African Police Service said that about 15 shots were fired into the car by at least two gunmen, who wielded an R1 rifle and a pistol. All three of the victims were hospitalised and stabilised, though Magaqa, who had been driving the car, was critically injured.

Magaqa died at the Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital in Durban on 4 September 2017, aged 35. Although family members suspected that he had been poisoned, arguing that he had made a full recovery in the weeks before his death, his official cause of death was the gunshot wounds he had sustained in the July shooting. His funeral was held on 16 September in Umzimkhulu.

The apparent assassination of Magaqa was part of a broader wave of political violence in the region in 2016 and 2017, which had begun ahead of the 2016 local elections and which intensified in the run-up to the ANC's 54th National Conference. Some observers linked the shooting to factionalism in the ANC. More specifically, Magaqa's relatives and friends – particularly his ANC comrade Thabiso Zulu – told the press that Magaqa was targeted because he had blown the whistle on corruption in Umzimkhulu Municipality. Similar evidence was heard by the Moerane Commission, an inquiry established to investigate political killings in KwaZulu-Natal. Blueprint for Free Speech gave Zulu a whistleblowers' award for testifying about Magaqa's murder at the Moerane Commission despite threats to his own security.

### Murder trial

In 2018, the police made its first arrests in connection with the shooting, and in March 2019, four men were charged with common-purpose murder in the Umzimkhulu magistrate's court. They were former policeman Sbonelo Myeza, Tenderprenuer Mbulelo Mpofana, Umzimkhulu municipal manager Zweliphansi Skhosana, and, most prominently, politician Mluleki Ndobe, who at the time was the mayor of Harry Gwala District Municipality. However, the charges against Skhosana and Ndobe were dropped soon afterwards, and two new defendants – Mlungisi Ncalane and Sibusiso Ncengwa – were charged. Their trial began in the Pietermaritzburg High Court in April 2023, and they pled not guilty. Charging them with conspiracy to commit murder, murder, and attempted murder, the state alleged that the motive for the shooting stemmed from the mismanagement of funds in Umzimkhulu Municipality. The trial resumed in early 2024 after a prolonged postponement.

## Honours

A student residence at the Nelson Mandela University in George is named after Magaqa.


Walygator Grand-Est

# Walygator Grand-Est

## Abstract

Walygator Grand-Est is an amusement park located in Maizières-les-Metz, Lorraine, France. Since its opening in 1989, the park has had a succession of different names: Big Bang Schtroumpf (Smurf), Walibi Schtroumpf, Walibi Lorraine and now Walygator Parc.

## History

First designed within the extant halls of Sacilor's Laminoir by the Leisure division HHCP Architects in Maitland, Florida, the theme park was named The New World of the Smurfs, or Le Nouveau Monde des Schtroumpfs. After a decision was made to abandon the mill, the park was re-designed by Grady Larkins and eventually opened up on May 9, 1989, as Big Bang Schtroumpf. Built on the site of the former steel mills of Sacilor, the park was then managed by Sorépark, a company headed by Pierre Jullien. Construction costs topped €110 million.

- In 1991, the park, on the verge of bankruptcy, is taken over by Walibi Group. Walibi's orange kangaroo mascot is brought alongside Peyo 's little blue men: Walibi Schtroumpf was born.

- In 1998, parent Walibi Group is bought out by Premier Parks. At this point, the land on which Walibi Schtroumpf sits, totals 162 hectares of which only 42 are in use.

- In 2003, Walibi Schtroumpf becomes Walibi Lorraine and the Smurfs characters are removed from the park.

- In 2004 Six Flags (Premier Parks' successor), which had ownership of the park since 1998, divests itself of its European operations (apart from Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid, which was sold back to Time Warner and renamed Parque Warner Madrid in 2006). The park changes hands to Star Parks, of London-based Palamon Partners.

- In 2006 Star Parks, in turn, sells the park to brothers Claude and Didier Le Douarin. Around the same time, the Walibi brand is sold to French leisure giant Compagnie des Alpes. The new management team is left with no option but to adopt a new name.

- In 2007, the park opens its doors under a new name: Walygator Parc.

- In 2010, the park opens a new roller coaster, " The Monster ", an inverted roller coaster by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard. The ride had previously anchored Expoland in Japan, and is a clone of Raptor at Cedar Point.

- In 2013, the park, once again on the verge of bankruptcy, is sold to a group of investors made of Jacqueline Lejeune, Franck Déglin and Francois-Jérôme Parent.

- In 2016, Jacqueline Lejeune and Franck Déglin sell Walygator Parc to Aspro Parks.

- In 2020, the park was renamed Walygator Grand-Est following the purchase of Walibi Sud-Ouest and renaming as Walygator Sud-Ouest.

## Location

The park is located 15 km north of Metz, at 47.15984 N,2.988281 E.

It is served by the eponymous SNCF station.


1909 in Germany

# 1909 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1909 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Bernhard von Bülow until 14 July, then Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick II

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick V

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – George, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (who assumed the title "Prince of Schwarzburg" from 28 March)

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Charles Gonthier, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen to 28 March, then Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line as regent)

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Theodor Seitz (3rd term) to 10 February, then Wilhelm Peter Hansen (acting governor) to October, the again Theodor Seitz (4th and final term)

- Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Oskar von Truppel

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Georg Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Albert Hahl (2nd term)

- German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) – Wilhelm Solf

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Bruno von Schuckmann

- Togoland – Johann Nepomuk Graf Zech auf Neuhofen

## Events

- 19 December: German football club Borussia Dortmund was founded.

- Summer – German Chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch first demonstrate the Haber process, the catalytic formation of ammonia from hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen under conditions of high temperature and pressure.

### Undated

- Bavaria 09 Berlin, German association football club founded.

- A team under German chemist Fritz Hofmann first synthesizes synthetic rubber (Methylkautschuk).

- Linde–Frank–Caro process was invented by Adolf Frank and developed with Carl von Linde and Heinrich Caro.

(Methylkautschuk).

## Births

- 4 January – Cilly Aussem, German tennis player (died 1963)

- 8 January – Willy Millowitsch, German actor (died 1999)

- 15 January – Jean Bugatti, German automobile designer (died 1939)

- 31 January – Yosef Burg German-born Israeli politician and rabbi (died 1999)

- 3 February – Kurt Petter, physician, youth leader and educational administrator (died 1969)

- 20 February – Heinz Erhardt, German comedian (died 1979)

- 19 March – Otto John, German lawyer (died 1997)

- 27 March – Golo Mann, German historian, essayist and writer (died 1994)

- 2 April – Otto Haxel, German nuclear physicist (died 1998)

- 23 April – Karl Klasen, German banker (died 1991)

- 24 April: Bernhard Grzimek German zoo director, zoologist, book author, editor, and animal conservationist in postwar West-Germany.(died 1987)

- Konrad Frey, German gymnast (died 1974)

- Werner Jacobs, German film director (died 1999)

- 25 April – Ludwig Martin, German lawyer (died 2010)

- 26 April – Marianne Hoppe, German actress (died 2002)

- 8 May – Paul May, German film director (died 1976)

- 11 May – Georg von Holtzbrinck, German publisher (died 1983)

- 22 May – Willi Geiger, German judge (died 1994)

- 25 May – Alfred Kubel, German politician (died 1999)

- 21 June — Helmut Möckel, youth leader and politician (died 1945)

- 22 June – Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort, German officer (died 1944)

- 4 July – Alex Seidel, German weapons manufacturer (died 1989)

- 7 July – Gottfried von Cramm, tennis player (died 1976)

- 22 July – Franz-Josef Röder, politician (died 1979)

- 9 August – Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat (died 1944)

- 13 August – Werner Otto, German businessman (died 2011)

- 5 September – Hans Carste, German composer and conductor (died 1971)

- 7 September – Kurt A. Körber, German entrepreneur (died 1992)

- 14 October – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (died 1938)

- 25 October – Dieter Borsche, German actor (died 1982)

- 30 October – Carl Lange, German actor (died 1999)

- 7 November – Ezriel Carlebach, German-born Israeli journalist and publicist (died 1956)

- 1 December – Hans-Heinrich Sievert, German decathlete (died 1963)

- 2 December – Marion Dönhoff, German journalist (died 2002)

- 3 December – Charlotte Kretschmann, German supercentenarian (died 2024)

- 23 December – Joachim Werner, German archaeologist (died 1994)

## Deaths

- 22 January – Emil Erlenmeyer, chemist (born 1825)

- 2 February – Adolf Stoecker, German pastor and politician (born 1835)

- 26 February – Hermann Ebbinghaus, psychologist (born 1850)

- 24 March – Alfred Messel, German architect (born 1853)

- 28 March – Charles Gonthier, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, nobleman (born 1830)

- 30 April – Albert Langen, German publisher (born 1869)

- 9 May – Margarete Steiff, German seamstress and company founder (born 1847)

- 13 May – Heinrich Limpricht, German chemist (born 1827)

- 19 May - Gustav zu Bentheim-Tecklenburg, German politician (born 1849)

- 24 May – Georg von Neumayer, German polar explorer (born 1826)

- 3 June - Theodor Barth, German politician and publicis (born 1849)

- 8 June – Fritz Overbeck, German painter (born 1869)

- 3 July – Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel, German gynecologist (born 1862)

- 13 October – Julius Ruthardt, German violinist and composer (born 1841)

- 30 October – Leopold Sonnemann, German newspaper publisher (born 1831)

- 16 December – Ludwig Friedländer, German philologist (born 1824)


Potosi, Missouri

# Potosi, Missouri

## Abstract

Potosi is a city in Washington County, Missouri, United States. Potosi is seventy-two miles southwest of St. Louis. The population was 2,538 as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Washington County.

Located in the Lead Belt, the city was founded in 1763 by French colonists as Mine à Breton or Mine au Breton. After the United States acquired this area, American Moses Austin renamed the community for the Bolivian silver-mining city of Potosí. He was involved in lead mining.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.33 square miles (6.03 km), all land.

Potosi is located in the Lead Belt region of Missouri, as such, it has mining operations in the area. It is also geographically considered part of the St. Francois Mountain Range, meaning it has hilly terrain typical of the region.

The city is within proximity to many nature areas, including Mark Twain National Forest and Washington State Park.

### Climate

## History

A lead mining settlement at this spot, "Mine à Breton" or Mine au Breton, was founded between 1760 and 1780 by Francis Azor, of Brittany, France. Moses Austin came here in 1798 with his family, including his son Stephen F. Austin. Moses obtained a grant of 7,153 arpents of land from the Spanish Empire and started large-scale mining operations, building his town to support it. Moses named the town after Potosí in Bolivia, which was famous for its vast silver mines. Austin's tomb and the foundation of his home Durham Hall can still be seen. Another mining entrepreneur in Potosi at the time of Moses Austin was James Bryan. Firmin Rene Desloge, who emigrated from Nantes, France in 1822 as the progenitor of the Desloge Family in America, located in Potosi and established a mercantile, distillery, fur trading and lead smelting business. The Desloge lead mining business Desloge Lead Company and later Desloge Consolidated Lead Company was later relocated to Bonne Terre, MO and also Desloge, MO by his son Firmin V. Desloge.

Potosi was designated county seat in 1814.

Potosi is also home to the oldest standing Presbyterian church west of the Mississippi River. It is located on West Breton Street, also home to the graveyard that contains the tomb of Moses Austin and his wife Maria Brown Austin.

The Potosi Correctional Center, which opened in 1989, housed Missouri's death row and the state's executions were handled at the prison until 2005. The Potosi Center conducted all but one of the 62 Missouri executions between 1989 when capital punishment was reinstated and 2005 when executions were moved 25 miles east to the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonne Terre, Missouri.

The George Cresswell Furnace, Palmer Historic Mining District, Washington County Courthouse, and Washington State Park CCC Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Demographics

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,660 people, 1,114 households, and 657 families living in the city. The population density was 1,141.6 inhabitants per square mile (440.8/km). There were 1,230 housing units at an average density of 527.9 per square mile (203.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.2% White, 2.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.

There were 1,114 households, of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.0% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the city was 39.1 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 18.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.1% male and 55.9% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,662 people, 1,103 households, and 677 families living in the city. The population density was 1,218.9 inhabitants per square mile (470.6/km). There were 1,211 housing units at an average density of 554.5 per square mile (214.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.60% White, 2.14% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population.

There were 1,103 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $17,702, and the median income for a family was $23,958. Males had a median income of $31,548 versus $16,976 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,417. About 28.1% of families and 31.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.7% of those under age 18 and 13.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and infrastructure

Potosi is the county seat of Washington County, therefore hosts both city and county government offices. Namely, City Hall and The Washington County Courthouse and government offices within.

The United States Postal Service operates the Potosi Post Office.

The Potosi Correctional Center of the Missouri Department of Corrections is located in an unincorporated area in Washington County, near Potosi. The prison houses male death row inmates.

## Education

Public education in Potosi is administered by the Potosi R-III School District. Potosi has a public library, the Washington County Library.

## Notable people

- Moses Austin, American settlement colonizer in St. Genevieve, Missouri and father of Stephen Austin of the Republic of Texas

- Jeremy Boyer, NHL & MLB organist

- Dylan Coleman, MLB pitcher

- Firmin Rene Desloge, progenitor of the Desloge Family in America

- Firmin V. Desloge, founder Desloge Consolidated Lead Company and Desloge, Missouri and Bonne Terre, Missouri

- Tom Huck, artist/printmaker

- John A. Lankford, architect

- Donne Wall, baseball player