LAN Manager

# LAN Manager

## Abstract

LAN Manager is a discontinued network operating system (NOS) available from multiple vendors and developed by Microsoft in cooperation with 3Com Corporation. It was designed to succeed 3Com's 3+Share network server software which ran atop a heavily modified version of MS-DOS.

## History

The LAN Manager OS/2 operating system was co-developed by IBM and Microsoft, using the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. It originally used SMB atop either the NetBIOS Frames (NBF) protocol or a specialized version of the Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocol. These legacy protocols had been inherited from previous products such as MS-Net for MS-DOS, Xenix-NET for MS-Xenix, and the afore-mentioned 3+Share. A version of LAN Manager for Unix-based systems called LAN Manager/X was also available. LAN Manager/X was the basis for Digital Equipment Corporation 's Pathworks product for OpenVMS, Ultrix and Tru64.

In 1990, Microsoft announced LAN Manager 2.0 with a host of improvements, including support for TCP/IP as a transport protocol for SMB, using NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT). The last version of LAN Manager, 2.2, which included an MS-OS/2 1.31 base operating system, remained Microsoft's strategic server system until the release of Windows NT Advanced Server in 1993.

### Versions

- 1987 – MS LAN Manager 1.0 (Basic/Enhanced)

- 1989 – MS LAN Manager 1.1

- 1991 – MS LAN Manager 2.0

- 1992 – MS LAN Manager 2.1

- 1992 – MS LAN Manager 2.1a

- 1993 – MS LAN Manager 2.2

- 1994 – MS LAN Manager 2.2a

Many vendors shipped licensed versions, including:

- 3Com Corporation 3+Open

- HP LAN Manager/X

- IBM LAN Server

- Tapestry Torus

- The Santa Cruz Operation

## Password hashing algorithm

The LM hash is computed as follows:

- The user's password is restricted to a maximum of fourteen characters.

- The user's password is converted to uppercase.

- The user's password is encoded in the System OEM code page.

- This password is NULL-padded to 14 bytes.

- The “fixed-length” password is split into two 7-byte halves.

- These values are used to create two DES keys, one from each 7-byte half, by converting the seven bytes into a bit stream with the most significant bit first, and inserting a parity bit after every seven bits (so 1010100 becomes 10101000). This generates the 64 bits needed for a DES key. (A DES key ostensibly consists of 64 bits; however, only 56 of these are actually used by the algorithm. The parity bits added in this step are later discarded.)

- Each of the two keys is used to DES-encrypt the constant ASCII string “ KGS!@#$% ”, resulting in two 8-byte ciphertext values. The DES CipherMode should be set to ECB, and PaddingMode should be set to NONE.

- These two ciphertext values are concatenated to form a 16-byte value, which is the LM hash.

## Security weaknesses

LAN Manager authentication uses a particularly weak method of hashing a user's password known as the LM hash algorithm, stemming from the mid-1980s when viruses transmitted by floppy disks were the major concern. Although it is based on DES, a well-studied block cipher, the LM hash has several weaknesses in its design. This makes such hashes crackable in a matter of seconds using rainbow tables, or in a few minutes using brute force. Starting with Windows NT, it was replaced by NTLM, which is still vulnerable to rainbow tables, and brute force attacks unless long, unpredictable passwords are used, see password cracking. NTLM is used for logon with local accounts except on domain controllers since Windows Vista and later versions no longer maintain the LM hash by default. Kerberos is used in Active Directory Environments.

The major weaknesses of LAN Manager authentication protocol are:

- Password length is limited to a maximum of 14 characters chosen from the 95 ASCII printable characters.

- Passwords are not case sensitive. All passwords are converted into uppercase before generating the hash value. Hence LM hash treats PassWord, password, PaSsWoRd, PASSword and other similar combinations same as PASSWORD. This practice effectively reduces the LM hash key space to 69 characters.

- A 14-character password is broken into 7+7 characters and the hash is calculated for each half separately. This way of calculating the hash makes it dramatically easier to crack, as the attacker only needs to brute-force 7 characters twice instead of the full 14 characters. This makes the effective strength of a 14-character password equal to only 2 × 69 7 ≈ 2 44 {\displaystyle 2\times 69^{7}\approx 2^{44}}, or twice that of a 7-character password, which is 3.7 trillion times less complex than the 69 14 ≈ 2 86 {\displaystyle 69^{14}\approx 2^{86}} theoretical strength of a 14-character single-case password. As of 2020, a computer equipped with a high-end graphics processor (GPUs) can compute 40 billion LM-hashes per second. At that rate, all 7-character passwords from the 95-character set can be tested and broken in half an hour; all 7-character alphanumeric passwords can be tested and broken in 2 seconds.

- If the password is 7 characters or less, then the second half of hash will always produce same constant value (0xAAD3B435B51404EE). Therefore, a password is less than or equal to 7 characters long can be identified visibly without using tools (though with high speed GPU attacks, this matters less).

- The hash value is sent to network servers without salting, making it susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks such as replay the hash. Without salt, time–memory tradeoff pre-computed dictionary attacks, such as a rainbow table, are feasible. In 2003, Ophcrack, an implementation of the rainbow table technique, was published. It specifically targets the weaknesses of LM encryption, and includes pre-computed data sufficient to crack virtually all alphanumeric LM hashes in a few seconds. Many cracking tools, such as RainbowCrack, Hashcat, L0phtCrack and Cain, now incorporate similar attacks and make cracking of LM hashes fast and trivial.

## Workarounds

To address the security weaknesses inherent in LM encryption and authentication schemes, Microsoft introduced the NTLMv1 protocol in 1993 with Windows NT 3.1. For hashing, NTLM uses Unicode support, replacing LMhash=DESeach(DOSCHARSET(UPPERCASE(password)), "KGS!@#$%") by NThash= MD4 (UTF-16 -LE(password)), which does not require any padding or truncating that would simplify the key. On the negative side, the same DES algorithm was used with only 56-bit encryption for the subsequent authentication steps, and there is still no salting. Furthermore, Windows machines were for many years configured by default to send and accept responses derived from both the LM hash and the NTLM hash, so the use of the NTLM hash provided no additional security while the weaker hash was still present. It also took time for artificial restrictions on password length in management tools such as User Manager to be lifted.

While LAN Manager is considered obsolete and current Windows operating systems use the stronger NTLMv2 or Kerberos authentication methods, Windows systems before Windows Vista / Windows Server 2008 enabled the LAN Manager hash by default for backward compatibility with legacy LAN Manager and Windows ME or earlier clients, or legacy NetBIOS -enabled applications. It has for many years been considered good security practice to disable the compromised LM and NTLMv1 authentication protocols where they aren't needed. Starting with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, Microsoft disabled the LM hash by default; the feature can be enabled for local accounts via a security policy setting, and for Active Directory accounts by applying the same setting via domain Group Policy. The same method can be used to turn the feature off in Windows 2000, Windows XP and NT. Users can also prevent a LM hash from being generated for their own password by using a password at least fifteen characters in length. —NTLM hashes have in turn become vulnerable in recent years to various attacks that effectively make them as weak today as LanMan hashes were back in 1998.

## Reasons for continued use of LM hash

Many legacy third party SMB implementations have taken considerable time to add support for the stronger protocols that Microsoft has created to replace LM hashing because the open source communities supporting these libraries first had to reverse engineer the newer protocols— Samba took 5 years to add NTLMv2 support, while JCIFS took 10 years.

Poor patching regimes subsequent to software releases supporting the feature becoming available have contributed to some organisations continuing to use LM Hashing in their environments, even though the protocol is easily disabled in Active Directory itself.

Lastly, prior to the release of Windows Vista, many unattended build processes still used a DOS boot disk (instead of Windows PE) to start the installation of Windows using WINNT.EXE, something that requires LM hashing to be enabled for the legacy LAN Manager networking stack to work.


Beetlejuice Beetlejuice

# Beetlejuice Beetlejuice

## Abstract

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice is a 2024 American dark fantasy comedy horror film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. A sequel to Beetlejuice (1988) and the second film of the Beetlejuice franchise, the film stars Michael Keaton, Winona Ryder, and Catherine O'Hara reprising their roles alongside new cast members Justin Theroux, Monica Bellucci, Jenna Ortega, and Willem Dafoe. Set over three decades after the first Beetlejuice, it follows Lydia Deetz, now a mother, struggling to keep her family together in the wake of a loss as the specter Betelgeuse returns to haunt her.

After the success of Beetlejuice, plans for a sequel were announced by The Geffen Film Company, its original producers, but did not materialize until 2011 when Warner Bros. Pictures hired Seth Grahame-Smith to pitch a story and went through numerous revisions before being shelved in late 2019 and eventually got revived three years later. Burton co-produced the film with Brad Pitt 's studio Plan B Entertainment, and the casting process continued till early 2023. Principal photography, supervised by cinematographer Haris Zambarloukos, took place at parts of England and United States from May to November 2023, despite being suspended for four months due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. The official title was revealed in February 2024. During post-production, editing was handled by Jay Prychidny and the musical score was composed by longtime collaborator Danny Elfman.

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice opened the 81st Venice International Film Festival on August 28, 2024, and was theatrically released overseas on September 4, 2024, and in the United States by Warner Bros. Pictures two days later. The film has received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $264 million worldwide on a $99–100 million budget.

## Plot

In 2024, Lydia Deetz is the host of a supernatural talk show called Ghost House, produced by her boyfriend Rory. During the taping of a segment, she sees visions of the ghost Betelgeuse, who haunted her family thirty-six years earlier, in the audience.

Lydia runs off set to meet with her stepmother, Delia, who shares the news about the death of her father, Charles. En route to Winter River for the funeral services, the surviving Deetz family pick up Lydia's estranged daughter, Astrid, from boarding school. Following the funeral services, Rory proposes to Lydia in front of the attendees, which she reluctantly accepts, causing Astrid to flee and meet Jeremy Frazier, who invites her over prior to the wedding on Halloween.

At Jeremy's house, Astrid learns that Jeremy is actually a ghost seeking her help to restore his life. The two enter the afterlife after he has her recite an incantation from the Handbook for the Recently Deceased. Discovering Jeremy's past as a murderer, Lydia reluctantly calls upon Betelgeuse to help retrieve Astrid. He agrees but demands that Lydia marry him, allowing him to stay in the mortal world and escape Delores, his vengeful ex-wife and murderer, in the afterlife. While this is happening, Delia conducts a ceremony at Charles' grave using two live asps she believes were defanged, which bite and kill her.

Lydia consents to the marriage, and she and Betelgeuse are transported into the afterlife train station in an attempt to stop Astrid from boarding the "Soul Train", which transports souls into the beyond. By reciting the incantation, Astrid was tricked into switching places with Jeremy in order for him to regain his life. She recognizes one of the station's employees as her deceased father, Richard, who rescues her and Lydia while Betelgeuse sends Jeremy to Hell.

Hunted by ghost detective Wolf Jackson for bringing Lydia into the afterlife, Betelgeuse agrees to help Delia find Charles if she helps him find Lydia, who along with Astrid was ushered away and returned to Winter River by Richard. At a church in the mortal world, Lydia and Astrid arrive as Rory waits at the altar. Betelgeuse, with Delia's assistance, hijacks the wedding, injecting Rory with truth serum to reveal that he never loved Lydia and only intended to marry her for her money. Enraged, she calls off the relationship and gets punched unconscious. As Betelgeuse prepares to marry Lydia, Delores arrives to confront him, as does Wolf with his team. Using the handbook as a guide, Astrid unleashes a sandworm into the church that eats Delores and Rory, while Betelgeuse subdues Wolf by freezing him and his men in place.

Astrid reveals that Betelgeuse violated the rules of the handbook by bringing Lydia into the afterlife, thwarting the wedding and allowing Lydia to return him to the afterlife. Afterward, Lydia and Astrid reassure Delia of their love for her as she is escorted to the afterlife by Wolf. She soon reunites with Charles before boarding the Soul Train for Heaven.

Sometime later, Lydia completes the final episode of Ghost House, opting to spend time with Astrid. Despite this, she continues to have nightmares about Betelgeuse, including one in which Astrid gives birth to a child Betelgeuse. After a false awakening within a lucid nightmare, wherein Betelgeuse lies beside her, Lydia looks at the side of the bed, realizing that he has not given up on pursuing her.

## Cast

- Michael Keaton as Betelgeuse (pronounced "Beetlejuice"), an afterlife ghost and "bio-exorcist" who wants to marry someone from the realm of the living. Despite political correctness being a commonality in modern films, both Keaton and director Tim Burton opted to keep the character as politically incorrect as he was in the original film due to their love for that character trait, with Burton deeming Betelgeuse as a character whose whole point is that he does not undergo any character arc or development, never evolving.

- Winona Ryder as Lydia Deetz, the former gothic teenager who was almost forced to marry Betelgeuse, now mother of Astrid Deetz and hostess of the Ghost House with Lydia Deetz show. Ryder initially imagined her character would live as a spinster in the Maitland residence's attic, but appreciated the development of her character, particularly around her relationship with daughter Astrid.

- Catherine O'Hara as Delia Deetz, Lydia's stepmother, Astrid's stepgrandmother and Charles Deetz's widow, now the hostess of a real art show located in a Soho gallery.

- Jenna Ortega as Astrid Deetz, Lydia's teenage daughter and Delia's step-granddaughter.

- Justin Theroux as Rory, Lydia's current boyfriend and a television producer. Rory was inspired by Otho, Delia Deetz's interior design and exorcist friend played by Glenn Shadix in the original film. Writers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar devised him as a character who everyone wanted to see getting his comeuppance like Otho, and enjoying the idea of Lydia being in a weird codependent relationship which everyone sees that way, herself included. Gough and Millar wanted the audience to understand why Rory is with Lydia and that he was a "schmuck," but they felt that they needed to find Rory's humanity without him being a mere punchline. Once Theroux was cast and connected with the writers over Zoom, he provided Gough and Millar with ideas they incorporated.

- Monica Bellucci as Delores, Betelgeuse's ex-wife who, in life, was a mysterious soul-sucking witch who poisoned Betelgeuse several centuries earlier during the Black Plague before he killed her with an axe in retaliation.

- Willem Dafoe as Wolf Jackson, a ghost detective who, in life, was a B movie action star.

- Arthur Conti as Jeremy Frazier, a teenage murderer who is Astrid's brief love interest.

- Burn Gorman as Father Damien, a reverend in Winter River.

- Amy Nuttall as local real estate agent Jane Butterfield Jr., the daughter of the first film's Jane Butterfield Sr., portrayed in the previous film by Rachel Mittelman.

- Santiago Cabrera as Richard, Astrid's father and Lydia's former husband who disappeared in South America.

- Danny DeVito as an afterlife janitor who died at the hands of Delores.

- Nick Kellington as Bob, a zombie considered a "shrinker" who resides in the Neitherland.

- Mark Heenhan (physical) and Charlie Hopkinson (voice) as Charles Deetz, Lydia's father and Delia's deceased husband who was decapitated by a shark, hence why he goes to the afterlife without his upper half. The character is depicted with the likeness of original actor Jeffrey Jones through various means, including archival photos, paintings and an animated stop-motion sequence that describes the character's death. The character's death was inspired by a nightmare of Burton's about his own death.

Jane Leaney and David Ayres portray Mrs. and Mr. Frazier, Jeremy's murdered parents. Georgina Beedle portrays Janet, Wolf Jackson's secretary who "keeps him real," while Filipe Cates portrays Vlad, a young man dressed as a vampire who marries Astrid in Lydia's dream.

## Production

### Development

After the success of Beetlejuice (1988), a sequel was fast-tracked by The Geffen Film Company. Two Beetlejuice sequel scripts were commissioned in 1990: the first, Beetlejuice in Love, was penned by screenwriter Warren Skaaren, who did a heavy re-write on the first film's script. In Skaaren's sequel, Betelgeuse meets Leo, who tragically plummets to his death while proposing to his girlfriend, Julia, on the Eiffel Tower. When Leo enters the afterlife, Betelgeuse escapes to the world of the living and pursues Julia. Skaaren died shortly after turning in his first draft of the In Love script. That same year, Tim Burton hired Jonathan Gems to write a potential Beetlejuice sequel titled Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian. "Tim thought it would be funny to match the surfing backdrop of a beach movie with some sort of German Expressionism, because they're totally wrong together," Gems said. The story followed the Deetz family moving to Hawaii, where Charles is developing a resort. They soon discover that his company is building on the burial ground of an ancient Hawaiian Kahuna. The spirit comes back from the afterlife to cause trouble, and Betelgeuse becomes a hero by winning a surf contest with magic. Michael Keaton and Winona Ryder agreed to do the film, on the condition that Burton directed, but both he and Keaton became occupied with Batman Returns (1992).

Burton was still interested in Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian in early 1991. Impressed with Daniel Waters ' work on Heathers (1989), which also stars Winona Ryder, Burton approached him for a rewrite. However, he eventually signed Waters to write the script for Batman Returns. By August 1993, producer David Geffen hired Pamela Norris (Troop Beverly Hills, Saturday Night Live) to rewrite. Warner Bros. approached Kevin Smith in 1996 to rewrite the script, though Smith turned down the offer in favor of Superman Lives. Smith later joked that his response was "Didn't we say all we needed to say in the first Beetlejuice? Must we go tropical?" In March 1997, Gems released a statement saying "The Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian script is still owned by The Geffen Company and it will likely never get made. You really couldn't do it now anyway. Winona is too old for the role, and the only way they could make it would be to totally recast it." Burton had considered several other sequel ideas as well over the years, saying in 2024, "We talked about lots of different things. That was early on when we were going, Beetlejuice and the Haunted Mansion, Beetlejuice Goes West, whatever. Lots of things came up," but all those initial scenarios set in Hawaii, the Wild West or Paris, France were all scrapped.

In September 2011, Warner Bros. hired Seth Grahame-Smith, who collaborated with Burton on Dark Shadows and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (both 2012), to write and produce a sequel to Beetlejuice. Grahame-Smith signed on with the intention of doing "a story that is worthy of us actually doing this for real, something that is not just about cashing in, is not just about forcing a remake or a reboot down someone's throat." He was also adamant that Keaton would return and that Warner Bros. would not recast the role. Burton and Keaton had not officially signed on but would return if the script was good enough. Grahame-Smith met with Keaton in February 2012, "We talked for a couple of hours and talked about big picture stuff. It's a priority for Warner Bros. It's a priority for Tim. been wanting to do it for 20 years and he'll talk to anybody about it who will listen."

I don't wanna be the guy that destroys the legacy and the memory of the first film, I would rather die. I would rather just not make it, I'd rather just throw the whole thing away than make something that pays no respect and doesn't live up even close to the legacy of the first film. The story would be set in a real time frame from 1988. This will be a true 26 or 27 years later sequel. What's great is that for Beetlejuice, time means nothing in the afterlife, but the world outside is a different story.

—Seth Grahame-Smith (writer)

In November 2013, Ryder hinted at a possible return for the sequel as well by saying, "I'm kind of sworn to secrecy but it sounds like it might be happening. It's 27 years later. And I have to say, I love Lydia Deetz so much. She was such a huge part of me. I would be really interested in what she is doing 27 years later." Ryder confirmed that she would only consider making a sequel if Burton and Keaton were involved. In December 2014, Burton stated, "It's a character that I love and I miss actually working with Michael. There's only one Betelgeuse. We're working on a script and I think it's probably closer than ever and I'd love to work with him again." In January 2015, writer Grahame-Smith told Entertainment Weekly that the script was finished and that he and Burton intended to start filming Beetlejuice 2 by the end of the year, and that both Keaton and Ryder would return in their respective roles. While negotiating to join the Netflix show Stranger Things as Joyce Byers in mid-2015, Ryder accepted that role under the sole request to the Duffer Brothers that if a Beetlejuice sequel ever got greenlighted, they would let her take a break from the series to film it, as she and Burton had been having conversations about the project since 2000; the Duffers agreed. In August 2015, on Late Night with Seth Meyers, Ryder confirmed she would be reprising her role in the sequel. In May 2016, Burton stated, "It's something that I really would like to do in the right circumstances, but it's one of those films where it has to be right. It's not a kind of a movie that cries out, it's not the Beetlejuice trilogy. So it's something that if the elements are right—because I do love the character and Michael's amazing as that character, so yeah we'll see. But there's nothing concrete yet." In October 2017, Mike Vukadinovich was hired to re-write the script. In April 2019, Warner Bros. stated the sequel had been shelved.

### Pre-production

In February 2022, a sequel was announced again, this time produced by Brad Pitt 's studio Plan B Entertainment, alongside Warner Bros. Burton stated in October 2022 that he was not involved in the project, but backtracked days later, saying "nothing is out of the question." Burton ultimately returned as the film's director and tried to strip everything from the story to go to the basics of working with "good people, actors and puppets," feeling that the project made him reflect why he liked making movies. Burton came up with the film's story upon thinking about Lydia Deetz, a character of his with whom he connected as a teenager, wondering what could have been of her life after the first film's events and how her family life could have developed, turning from a "cool teenager" into a "f—ed-up adult" who hosts a popular medium-related show titled Ghost House with Lydia Deetz whose daughter hates her, Burton credited the years of his life since the original film's release as the reason he couldn't do Beetlejuice Beetlejuice until then, having experienced many of those things himself, finding the project a very personal movie starring a weird family in a family-friendly and emotional story of three generations experiencing basic things everyone feels in life when growing up. Burton and Keaton agreed to not use excessive amounts of technology, and sought to make the film feel "handmade". With a plot likened to Willy Wonka 's psychedelic boat ride in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) that takes "very big swings" like unhinged and uncontrollable phantasmagoria and Burton's head being "dumped out" onto the screen, Keaton felt the film's story to be stronger than its predecessor's, with "more of a connection" to the audience in terms of characters, finding "beyond delightful" things he wasn't ready for while Ryder confidently expressed her belief that the film exceeded her high expectations and expected every generation to find something they can appreciate from the film.

In March 2023, it was reported by Variety that Jenna Ortega, who previously worked with Burton on the 2022 Netflix series Wednesday, was in talks to play Astrid Deetz, Lydia's daughter, while Burton was now expected to direct the film. Ortega and Ryder formed an "insane" and "intense" bond as they worked together, with the latter seeing a younger but a thousand times cooler version of herself in the former, while sharing hobbies like both being cinephiles and regarding the experience of working with each other special, resulting in Ortega developing her own performance for Astrid. In May, Danny Elfman announced he was returning to compose the score for the sequel, while it was also revealed Ortega was confirmed to star, and Wednesday creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar wrote the script. Justin Theroux, Burn Gorman, Arthur Conti, Filipe Cates, and Willem Dafoe would also be added to the cast, in undisclosed roles, with Dafoe's being described as an afterlife officer. Dafoe later explained to Variety at the Marrakesh Film Festival that his character is an afterlife police officer who used to be a B movie action star in life before dying in an accident, with his skills leading him to become a detective within the realm. He later regretted sharing those details about his character, fearing that Burton may get angry with him for revealing a few spoilers from the film. Conti auditioned for the role over a Zoom call with Burton and a chemistry test with Ortega, receiving the news that he got the part on April Fools' Day, leading him to initially dismiss it as a practical joke. Catherine O'Hara reprises her role as Delia Deetz, as well as Monica Bellucci joining the cast as Betelgeuse's wife Delores. Gough didn't originally write Delores' first victim, a deceased janitor, with an actor in mind, so Burton called his frequent collaborator Danny DeVito for the role and DeVito accepted it.

Colleen Atwood, a frequent collaborator of Burton, was announced to be working on the costume design for the film. Atwood disclosed that Betelgeuse's striped suit would return in the film, as it is trademark to the character's quintessential appearance in the same way the titular character of Lewis Carroll 's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) sports an iconic blue dress, though Keaton disagreed and preferred Betelgeuse's burgundy tuxedo. O'Hara later confirmed that the film would include Harry Belafonte 's 1955 song " Day-O (The Banana Boat Song) ", which was featured in the first film. The writers decided that the wedding sequence would feature a musical number with Betelgeuse "being the crazy ringleader of that whole situation" but were unsure of what song to use, and Burton suggested " MacArthur Park ", which Gough found to be "the crazy, weird, insane thing you need at the end of this movie". Keaton insisted that Betelgeuse had limited screen time in the film like the first movie, saying, "The idea was, no, no, no, you can't load it up with Beetlejuice, that'll kill it, the Beetlejuice character doesn't drive the story as much as he did in the first one. He's more part of the storyline in this one as opposed to the first one, which is a case of, this thing comes in and drives the movie a little bit."

### Filming

Filming was originally scheduled to begin in mid-2022. Later, it was delayed to an expected start date of May 10, 2023, taking place in London if the 2023 WGA strike did not lead to another delay in production. Production was officially confirmed to have begun the following day, with Haris Zambarloukos serving as cinematographer and Jay Prychidny serving as editor. On May 18, 2023, it was reported that filming was taking place around the Princess Helena College in Preston, Hertfordshire, England. Exterior filming took place in East Corinth, Vermont (the location of the original movie's outdoor scenes), in mid-2023. Filming was suspended in July due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Burton described the film, which he enjoyed making, as being "99% done." It had two days of production left, which was interrupted, with Ortega being contacted to continue filming four days after the strike had ended. Filming resumed on November 16, 2023, in Melrose, Massachusetts, and wrapped in Vermont on November 30, 2023.

### Post-production

By March 2024, Keaton had seen a completed rough cut of the film and stated that further editing would occur thereafter. Later that month, it was stated in The Hollywood Reporter that Jeffrey Jones would not reprise his role as Charles Deetz in the film, his character being revealed in the trailers to have been killed off. In April, Geena Davis stated she would not be returning as Barbara Maitland due to her age, saying: "Our characters were stuck the way they looked when they died forever, so it's been a while, it's been a minute." In August, Burton would confirm via People that Davis and Alec Baldwin didn't return for Beetlejuice Beetlejuice as the Maitlands weren't needed for the story he wanted to tell, which he admitted that he personally couldn't have done in 1989 due to it focusing on three generations within the Deetz family. To explain their absence, Burton stated that the film would reveal the Maitlands used a loophole to leave their former house during the interim between this film and the original. Gough told Entertainment Weekly that an early draft for the film had the Maitlands making a cameo appearance at the end, he and Millar discussing the idea with Burton, but all three moved on from the concept as they felt no de-aging technology would be convincing enough to make the audience believe that Davis and Baldwin hadn't aged since 1988. Also, they felt that the Maitland couple's story had been told and their appearance would clash with Burton's decision to not make any fan service. Production VFX supervisor is Angus Bickerton, working with VFX producer Alex Bicknell, supported by visual effects studios Framestore, One of Us and BUF.

## Music

Danny Elfman, who scored Beetlejuice, returned for the sequel. The soundtrack to the film featured licensed music being incorporated in the film as well as two cues from Elfman's score being included. A cover of " Day-O (The Banana Boat Song) " is performed by Alfie Davis and the Sylvia Young Theatre School Choir and was released on May 23, 2024. The 11-song soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on August 30, 2024 and a vinyl edition is set to be released by Waxwork Records.

## Release

Beetlejuice Beetlejuice opened the 81st Venice International Film Festival on August 28, 2024, at the Sala Grande in a non-competitive slot. The film was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 6, 2024, including IMAX, 4DX and ScreenX engagements. Initially, the film was supposed to be delayed to 2025, because of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, despite most of the production had been completed. However, in February 2024, the producers reiterated the release date as well as revealing the official title. At their 2024 CineEurope presentation, Warner Bros. announced that the film would be released overseas on September 4, 2024, two days before its domestic premiere.

## Reception

### Box office

As of September 15, 2024, Beetlejuice Beetlejuice has grossed $188 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $264.3 million.

In the United States and Canada, Beetlejuice Beetlejuice was released alongside The Front Room and was projected to gross $100–110 million from 4,200 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $42 million on its first day, including $13 million from Thursday night previews. The film went on to debut with $111 million, registering the second biggest opening of September (behind It), the second biggest for Burton's career (behind Alice in Wonderland), and the third biggest opening of the year (behind Deadpool & Wolverine and Inside Out 2). Around 7.7 million admissions, 73% of the total weekend's box office earnings, came from the film alone. The opening weekend gross surpassed the entire $74 million run of the original film, unadjusted for inflation. In its second weekend, the film grossed $51 million, a drop of 54%.

Internationally, the film debuted with $36.2 million from 69 markets. It had the biggest openings in the UK ($9.6 million), Mexico ($6.5 million), Australia ($2.6 million), Spain ($2.5 million) and Italy ($1.7 million).

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 77% of 300 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Michael Keaton's devious poltergeist still has plenty of juice left in this madcap return to form for Tim Burton, marrying charming practical effects and ghoulish gags to provide a fun fun time." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 62 out of 100, based on 61 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, up from the "B" earned by the first film, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it an 81% overall positive score, with 68% saying they would definitely recommend it.

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film a "fun but less edgy sequel". Xan Brooks, writing for The Guardian, stated, "Burton's game attempt to bring the 1980s horror-comedy back from the spirit world is full of gaudy set-pieces but fails to add much to the original". Margaret Roarty of The Film Magazine stated that "the filmmaker manages to create something just as wacky and weird and meaningful as the original film".

## Future

When asked about a potential third film, Burton said, "Let's do the math...it took 35 years to do this, so I'll be over 100. But I guess it's possible with the advent of science these days, but I don't think so."


Canstruct International

# Canstruct International

## Abstract

Canstruct is a facilities management, construction, and service provision company based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, with operations in the Pacific region.

The company's headquarters is located at 769 Fairfield Rd, Yeerongpilly (a suburb of Brisbane).

Canstruct has three core business divisions: Humanitarian Services; Infrastructure; and Support Services.

As of February 2022, Canstruct is owned by a holding company, Rard No 3. The holding company's directors are Robin Murphy and his three sons, Rory, Adrian and Daniel.

## Operations

The company describes their work as "logistics, facilities management, construction and engineering, education and recreation services, community engagement, and disaster and emergency relief".

Robin Murphy is a recipient of the medal of the Order of Australia for "services to the construction industry."

### Nauru contract

Canstruct held a AUD $591 million contract from the Australian Government to provide services at Nauru Regional Processing Centre - an Australian immigration detention centre on the pacific island nation of Nauru.

Canstruct had a contract with the Australian Government in Nauru since 2012 with the current contract commencing in October 2017, when Canstruct took over from Broadspectrum on Nauru.

In November 2018 the contract was ending and the company was preparing to hand over control of Nauru Regional Processing Centre to a Nauruan Government commercial entity. Between October 2017 and November 2018 Canstruct made a profit of $43 million running the detention centre.

The contract was granted to Canstruct through a limited tender process with only one bidder - Canstruct itself. The government said this was because other companies declined to bid, and added that Canstruct's experience with managing mining camps made them suitable for managing an immigration detention centre.

By April 2021, the Nauru contract had been amended six times, and Canstruct had been paid a total of AUD $1.4 billion over its course. Although, there had been no new people put into immigration detention on Nauru since 2014.

As of February 2022, the Nauru contract was held by Rard No 3, a holding company that owned Canstruct. The directors of Rard No 3 were Robin Murphy and his three sons Rory, Adrian and Daniel. The Nauru contract was the only significant contract that the company held.

Rard No 3 had $340 million in cash and investments, compared to Canstruct having only $8 million before the Nauru contract was awarded. Rard No 3 made $101 million profit in the previous financial year, about $500,000 per detainee on Nauru (of which there was 115).

It cost Australian taxpayers $12,000 per day - about $4 million per year - for each detainee held on Nauru.

The most recent contract extension was in January 2022, to 22 June 2022, for $218.5 million. There is an option to extend for six months beyond.

### Other

In April 2015 Canstruct indicated interest in a contract to Manus Regional Processing Centre on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. However, they were unsuccessful in their bid. The contract was eventually awarded to Paladin Group in a closed tender (only one bidder allowed) and was worth $423 million.

Prior to being awarded the 2017 contract, Canstruct had been operating on Nauru since 2012, though mostly in construction work rather than welfare and garrison services.

Canstruct's website indicates that they have operated in 31 countries across the Asia-Pacific, Iran, UAE, Seychelles and The Americas. Their first contract was in 1966, to construct bridges in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.

In 2009 they were involved in the Earth Connect Alliance (60% interest) with a $55 million contract constructing homes for indigenous people. The homes were being constructed in remote parts of Australia's Northern Territory as part of the Government's Strategic Indigenous Housing and Infrastructure Program. In 2010 Canstruct was removed from the contract over concerns they would not build the houses on time, and the government prepared to demolish some partly-built homes. In response, Robin Murphy said "demolishing these houses would be a scandalous waste of taxpayers' money and is a way of covering up mistakes made by SIHIP.". In September 2012 the parties agreed to fully and finally resolve all issues in relation to the project including a payment to the participants.

In 2013-2016 they were contracted for $139.5 million to re-construct bridges in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. which had been previously destroyed by Cyclone Guba.

At time of construction, the Kumusi Bridge was the largest two-lane bridge in Papua New Guinea. At the opening ceremony, Gary Juffa, Governor of Oro Province said: “We have come to know Canstruct. They have been part of our community. Even when they leave, they will still be in our hearts. They have left a footprint that we will remember forever. We want to thank the Australian people. The bridges represent a wonderful gift from Australia.”

Tuberculosis (TB) Ward

In 2017 Canstruct commenced construction of a new tuberculosis (TB) Ward in Papua New Guinea. This project was instigated by the Oro Community Development Project, (OCDP) which is an Australian humanitarian aid organisation. Canstruct provided more than $150,000 of support to undertake completed this project as a gift to the community.

Disaster Relief

On February 8, 2016, the Papua New Guinea Today publication reported Canstruct was assisting in urgent Disaster Relief operations after major flooding tore down several temporary bridges and crossings in the region

Scott Base Redevelopment, Antarctica

In February 2020, Canstruct was the only Australian firm to be shortlisted for the Scott Base research facility redevelopment project (announced on Antarctica New Zealand's website).

## Acquisitions

Canstruct's website states that:

- In 1984 they were purchased by Christiani & Nielsen, then a Danish company, but that in 1987 Robin Murphy bought Canstruct back.

- In 2004 they purchased Force 10, an engineering and construction company specialising in modular building.

Force 10's website states that in May 2017 they were taken over by Stratco (see manufacturing in Australia).

## Controversy

### Political donations

On October 10, 2017, Rory Murphy paid $3,500 to attend a Liberal National Party dinner event in Australia. This was while Canstruct were negotiating the Nauru contract with the Australian Government. On September 28, the Government had issued a letter of intent to grant Canstruct a small $8 million, 6-month contract to provide garrison services on Nauru. The Liberal National Party was in government at the time (see 2016 Australian federal election).

In November 2018, a further $3000 was donated to the LNP by a company of which Rory Murphy is a director.

Rory Murphy denied that the donations had any impact on the Government's eventual decision to grant Canstruct a $591 million contract.

As of February 2022, Canstruct had made 11 political donations to the Liberal National Party in Queensland. The lucrative Nauru detention centre management contract had been extended at least until June 2022.

### Criticism

When Canstruct was about to take up the Nauru contract in 2017, it was criticised by the Human Rights Law Centre, Amnesty International and GetUp!. HRLC (an Australian human rights advocacy group) said Canstruct was taking up a "poisoned chalice" and that it would be "complicit" in an "internationally abusive system", that there was no ethical way for it to be involved. Amnesty International's director for global issues, Audrey Gaughran, said “The company will provide the very services that sustain a system that keeps women, men and children trapped in a cycle of cruelty and desperation,”. GetUp! (an Australian left wing lobby group) said that abuse, including child abuse, had been reported on Nauru and that Canstruct would be responsible for doing business in abuse.

Keren Adams from the HRLC said “It is particularly appalling that the contract has been awarded to an engineering company with zero experience dealing with vulnerable people Canstruct is an engineering company with a background building bridges. In accepting this contract, it will be taking the job of running a cruel, open-air prison detaining people, including many children, who are deeply traumatised.”.

As of early 2019, Canstruct had transitioned all residents out of the Regional Processing Centres on Nauru into the community. No children remain in detention on Nauru.

In early 2019, ABC News reported that the Australian Government confirmed all asylum seeker children have either been removed from Nauru or are about to leave the island.


2023 in the Gambia

# 2023 in the Gambia

## Abstract

Events in the year 2023 in the Gambia.

## Incumbents

- President: Adama Barrow

- Vice-President of the Gambia: Badara Joof (until 17 January); Muhammad B.S. Jallow onwards

- Chief Justice: Hassan Bubacar Jallow

## Events

Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia

- 13 May – 2023 Gambian local elections

- 24 February – Gambian president Adama Barrow appoints Muhammad B.S. Jallow as the country's new vice-president after the previous one, Badara Joof, died last month in India.

- 6 April – The Gambia confirms a case of bird flu.

## Deaths

- 17 January — Badara Joof, 65, politician, vice-president (since 2022).

- 25 January — Edrissa Marong, 27, long-distance runner.


# The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ecuador

## Abstract

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ecuador refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Ecuador. The first missionaries arrived on October 31, 1965. Since then, the LDS Church in Ecuador has grown to more than 250,000 members in more than 300 congregations. Ecuador ranks as having the 5th most members of the LDS Church in South America and 9th worldwide

## History

The first Mormon missionaries from the Andes Mission arrived in Quito, Ecuador in October 1965 was Elder Spencer W. Kimball, one of the Twelve Apostles of the Quorum. Elder Spencer W. Kimball of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles believes that teaching descendants of ancient Andean Indians will serve the purpose of fulfilling God's promise to bring the Book of Mormon to the Lamanites. Over the next few years, Kimball visited Ecuador a few times for preaching gospel. The church established a strong presence in Quito, Guayaquil, and among indigenous Otavalans.

In January 1966, Missionaries held the very first sacrament meeting in Guayaquil and they arrived Otavalo in March 1966. Within weeks of their arrival, printed notices were surrounded among nearby Ibarra warning the local residents to avoid Latter-day Saints and a few other proselytizing sects.

The inaugural branch meeting was held in March, attended by the missionaries and Manuel Macías Caseras in Otavalo. Within the year, the branch grew to more than 18 members.

On August 1, 1999, the Guayaquil Ecuador Temple was dedicated by church president Gordon B. Hinckley. On April 3, 2016 a second temple was announced to be built in Quito.

## Missions

## Temples

- = Operating

- = Under construction

- = Announced

- = Temporarily Closed


2020 in the Gambia

# 2020 in the Gambia

## Abstract

Events in the year 2020 in the Gambia.

## Incumbents

- President: Adama Barrow

- Vice-President of the Gambia: Isatou Touray

- Chief Justice: Hassan Bubacar Jallow

## Events

- 17 March – First confirmed case of COVID-19 in the Gambia

## Deaths

- 24 January - Demba Sowe, politician, member of the national assembly (b. 1972)

- 4 April - Ousman B. Conateh, sports executives and administrators (b. 1937)

- 9 June - Ebrima „Mbat“ Jobe, national basketballplayer (b. ≈ 1950)

- 28 June – Louis Mahoney, Gambian-born British actor (b. 1938).

- 19 July – Biri Biri, footballer (b. 1948).


Baj Pomorski Theatre

# Baj Pomorski Theatre

## Abstract

## History

The Baj Pomorski Theatre was started by Irena Pikiel-Samorewiczowa – an artist, painter, and repatriate from Vilnius who came to Bydgoszcz in April 1945, with a document from The Ministry of Arts and Culture entitling her to organize the first puppet theatre in Pomerania. It was supposed to be a younger brother of Warsaw's Baj Theater, hence the name Baj Pomorski. The Bydgoszcz theatre was situated in the city's slaughterhouse, which had functioned as a German marionette theatre during Nazi occupation. On October 28, 1945, it performed its premiere for children – Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina 's Little Wandering Taylor. However, the conditions of Bydgoszcz’s stage did not meet the needs of the young puppet theatre, so Pikiel accepted the proposal to move the headquarters of Baj Pomorski to Toruń. As early as April 1946, the Theatre had been granted a building at 9 Piernikarska Street, which had previously belonged to the German Castle Theatre during the war.

The first performers at the Baj Pomorski Theatre were students from Nicolaus Copernicus University, who participated in theatrical workshops to master the intricacies of puppet animation. Despite having limited resources, the theatre was highly active, engaging in numerous touring performances across Poland. In 1947, Joanna Piekarska, an artist and director, took on the role of artistic manager. Her direction of She-Cat’s House won third place at the 1st Festival of Russian and Soviet Plays in Warsaw in 1950. This recognition, coupled with the theatre’s prolific touring, contributed significantly to the nationalization of Toruń’s puppet stage.

## Directors

From then on the rules of play planning and selection, mandated within a cultural policy, had to be consistently obeyed.The following directors of the theatre were

- Stanisław Stapf (1950–1960),

- Leszek Śmigielski (1960–1972),

- Tadeusz Petrykowski was an artistic director (1972–1979), at that time the managing directors were: Eugeniusz Synak (1972-1976), Karol Mroziński (1976-1979),

- Konrad Szachnowski (1979–1980),

- Antoni Słociński (1980–1988),

- Krzysztof Arciszewski (1988–1992),

- Wojciech Olejnik (1992–1993),

- Czesław Sieńko (1993–2003).

- Zbigniew Lisowski has been Baj Pomorski's director since August 1, 2003.

## Theatre in 1960–90

All the directors have left their ineffaceable expressions upon Toruń's puppet stage. It was when Stapf was the theatre's acting director that the days of Baj Pomorski's artistic adolescence occurred. He was the one responsible for helping modernize the theatre, making it into one of the best equipped stages in Poland; he displayed a premiere for adults (the first of its kind for the theatre – a Polish preview puppet show of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream; he initiated the North Poland Puppet Theater Festival held in Toruń – Pomerania's first event of this caliber.

During the Sixties, under Śmigielski's management, a further change was brought about in Baj Pomorski's image, from that of a traditional puppet stage to one of a theatre seeking new forms of expression, open to Toruń's artistic life. It was during this time that the largest numbers of preview shows within the history of the theatre were staged; ambitious spectacles (influenced by traditional folk theatre) were created, and innovatory stage productions by contemporary regional authors were shown. The Club of Creative Circles Azyl, formed during that time, was a unique artistic phenomenon in Poland, making Baj Pomorski the center of cultural life and the venue for many a theatrical initiative.

Thanks to Tadeusz Petrykowski the theatre reanimated its cooperation with theatre groups abroad, including those from the Czech Republic and Romania; it also increased its participation in Polish puppet festivals.

Konrad Szachnowski made his name in Baj's past by coming up with a modern concept for staging theatrical classics. His preview puppet show of Fernando de Rojas ’ Celestine found its place in Polish puppet theatre's historic lore by using an amazingly creative theatrical idea involving supermarionettes and trashy theatre.

The eight years of Antoni Słociński 's management resulted in the development of theatrical education programs for children; besides this the theatre began to mark its presence at international festivals, with cooperation with German (mainly in Göttingen – one of Toruń's partner cities) and Czech theatres, growing stronger in the process.

The following directors – Krzysztof Arciszewski and Wojciech Olejnik – presumably continued to expand upon programs based upon previously developed images of the theatre. An important modification introduced during that time was the transformation of the theatre into an institution financed by the City of Toruń.

## Theatre after 1990

Further development of Baj Pomorski occurred under the management of Czesław Sieńko. This was the era democracy being stabilized in Poland, the executive branch of the government undergoing structural changes, and transformation sweeping throughout all areas of economy, culture and social life. The repertoire included stage productions of the most interesting novels for children and teenagers which had up until then been absent from thespian arts. The theatre took its first steps in promoting new European literature for children. Innovatory scenographic suggestions taught audiences based on one's involvement in the performance. Never before in its history had Baj Pomorski spectacles received so many awards and honors. In 1994 Sieńko initiated Toruń's Meetings of Puppet Theaters. In 1999 this evolved to become Toruń's International Meetings of Puppet Theaters which has become a perpetual event in Toruń's puppet stage activity.Toruń's International Meetings of Puppet Theatres is one of the few events of this type and size in Poland. It is held in October on a yearly basis. Throughout this week of contests and challenges one can see the most interesting theatres from around the world –masters of puppetry, artists nurturing the tradition of the puppet theatre, and groups searching and experimenting within the nature of the loosely termed animation theatre. Eleven events have been held thus far, confirming the high rank of the festival from a list of theatrical events both within and beyond Poland.

The present director of Baj Pomorski has since made Toruń's puppet stage into an open theatre, vividly responding to the city's needs and present-day trends. Its message, though targeted mostly at children and teenagers, is intended to reach every student and adult. Hopes for the coming years are for the modernization and development of the theatre's main building. Planned on a wide scale it will change its look, making it one of Poland's most modern and interesting stages, and not only from the architectural point of view. By giving the building the characteristics of an enormous, magical, theatrical wardrobe, it will be transformed into a place where, for both Toruń's residents and tourists alike, it can serve as the locale for interplay, wherein the mysteries of its theatre and the beauty of its architecture enwrap together the Old and New Town settings.

## Selected reference

- Marzena Wiśniewska, History of Toruń's puppet scene in 1945-2005 in: 60 years of The Baj Pomorski Theatre, Toruń, 2005.

English translation by Agnieszka Klonowska and Wolf V. Werling


Olusola Teniola

# Olusola Teniola

## Abstract

Olusola Teniola (born 10 July 1966) in London, is a technology enthusiast based in Lagos, Nigeria. Olusola Teniola is now engaged in various new projects in West Africa. He has been Nigeria National Coordinator for the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI.org) since Nov 2019. He is the Immediate Past President of the Association of Telecommunications Companies of Nigeria (ATCON). Previously he was a Client Partner with Detecon International, a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom, Germany; responsible for Nigeria and West Africa. He was also CEO/MD and a board member of IS Internet Solutions (a Dimension Data company) in Lagos, Nigeria, from March 2013 to June 2016. In between Jan 2010 to Mar 2013, he was the COO and Director of Engineering at Phase 3 Telecom, Abuja.

Olusola is now involved in various new projects. He was briefly Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Phase3 Telecom.

He served in executive management positions at British Telecom, Alcatel-Lucent Technologies and Vodafone.

Olusola obtained an HND in Electrical & Electronic Engineering and a B.Eng with honors in Computer and Information Engineering from London South Bank University. He also holds an MBA from the University of Bath School of Management awarded in 2003. He is also a member of the Institute of Directors (MIoD) London and Nigeria


Tomorrow We Live (1943 film)

# Tomorrow We Live (1943 film)

## Abstract

Tomorrow We Live (released as At Dawn We Die in the US), is a 1943 British film directed by George King and starring John Clements, Godfrey Tearle, Greta Gynt, Hugh Sinclair and Yvonne Arnaud.

The film was made during the Second World War, and the action is set in a small town in German-occupied France. It portrays the activities of members of the French Resistance and the Germans ' tactic of taking and shooting innocent hostages in reprisal for acts of sabotage. The opening credits acknowledge "the official co-operation of General de Gaulle and the French National Committee."

Dorothy Hope is credited with "original story."

## Plot

A young French idealist (John Clements), who gives his name as Jean Baptiste, arrives in "St Pierre-le-Port", a small town near Saint-Nazaire, a major port and base of operations for the Kriegsmarine, particularly their U-boats, on the Atlantic coast. Baptiste tells a member of the French Resistance that "I come from Saint-Nazaire. I've details of the submarine base, the docks and power plant. If I can get them to England..."

The first half of the film often has a lighthearted tone; the Germans are portrayed as bumbling and easily outwitted. The German commandant is overweight and gullible. However, after the Resistance successfully sabotages a German armaments train, the SS take charge of the town, and the occupation takes a brutal turn.

## Main cast

- John Clements as Jean Baptiste

- Godfrey Tearle as Mayor Pierre DuSchen

- Hugh Sinclair as Major von Kleist

- Greta Gynt as Marie DuSchen

- Judy Kelly as Germaine Bertan

- Yvonne Arnaud as Madame L. Labouche

- Karel Stepanek as Seitz

- Bransby Williams as Matthieu

- Fritz Wendhausen as Commandant Frissette

- Allan Jeayes as Pogo

- Gabrielle Brune as Madame Frissette

- Margaret Yarde as Fauntel

- David Keir as Jacquier

- Anthony Holles as Stationmaster

- Olaf Olsen as Sergeant Major

- D.J. Williams as Boileau

- John Salew as Marcel La Blanc

- Walter Gotell as Hans

- Victor Beaumont as Rabineau

- Brefni O'Rorke as Moreau

- Gibb McLaughlin as Dupont

- Cot D'Ordan as Durand

- Walter Hertner as Schultz

- Herbert Lom as Kurtz

- Townsend Whitling as Rougemont

## Music

Nicholas Brodzsky is credited for the music, while the orchestration is credited to Roy Douglas, an English composer who was much in demand as an arranger, orchestrator, and copyist of the music of others, notably Richard Addinsell, Ralph Vaughan Williams and William Walton. However it is possible that Brodzsky actually contributed very little. In a memoir in the William Walton Archive, Roy Douglas claimed, "Brodsky was a so-called composer: I had actually composed entire film scores for him, which went under his name." In a letter to Roy Douglas dated 23 December 1943, William Walton wrote, "I'm delighted about your picture. I'll have a good deal to tell you about Brodsky when I see you. In my capacity as music adviser to Two Cities it is going to be my duty to have to tick him off!"


# Callao (Line B Buenos Aires Underground)

## Abstract

Callao is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground. The station was opened on 17 October 1930 as the eastern terminus of the inaugural section of the line between Federico Lacroze and Callao. On 22 July 1931, the line was extended to Carlos Pellegrini.

It is located in the Balvanera barrio, at the intersection of Avenida Corrientes and Avenida Callao, and named after the latter.


2002 in Georgia (country)

# 2002 in Georgia (country)

## Abstract

## Incumbents

- President of Georgia: Eduard Shevardnadze

- State Minister: Avtandil Jorbenadze

- Chairperson of the Parliament: Nino Burjanadze

## Events

- 15 January – Georgian police forces under the personal supervision of Interior Minister Koba Narchemashvili launch the first phase of anti-criminal operation in the Pankisi Gorge in Georgia's border with Chechnya.

- 2 March – Georgia's breakaway Abkhazia holds parliamentary election, not recognized by the international community as legal.

- 2 April – Georgia agrees to withdraw its Defense Ministry troops from Kodori Gorge, the only part of Abkhazia more or less under the control of Georgia.

- 25 April – The 4.8 mb Tbilisi earthquake shook the area with a maximum MSK intensity of VII–VIII (Very strong – Damaging), causing 5–6 deaths and 52–70 injuries. Damage was estimated at $160–350 million.

- 27 May – The United States -sponsored Train-and-Equip program launched in the Georgian armed forces.

- 2 June – Georgia holds the second local self-governance elections.

- 19 August – President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze announces the start of an all-out "anti-criminal and counterterrorist operation" in the Pankisi Gorge.

- 23 August – Russian fighter jets bomb the Georgian villages bordering Chechnya, killing one and injuring several civilians; the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Observers Mission to Georgia officially confirms the fact, but the Russian authorities reject it.

- 14 October – President Shevardnadze and Patriarch of Georgia Ilia II sign a constitutional agreement between the state and the Georgian Orthodox Church at the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta.

- 22 November – President Shevardnadze makes an official bid for NATO accession at the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council session in Prague.

- 3 December – Georgia ratifies the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline.

## Deaths

- 25 February – Nugzar Sajaia, Georgian National Security Council secretary (born 1942); suicide.

- 19 May – Otar Lordkipanidze, archaeologist and anthropologist (born 1930), natural causes.

- 19 December – Kote Makharadze, a popular actor and sportscaster (born 1925); cerebrovascular disease.

- 20 November – Kakhi Asatiani, businessman and former soccer star (born 1947); assassinated.


Medrano (Buenos Aires Underground)

# Medrano (Buenos Aires Underground)

## Abstract

Medrano is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground. The station was opened on 17 October 1930 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Federico Lacroze and Callao.

## Overview

It is located in the Almagro barrio, at the intersection of Avenida Corrientes and Avenida Medrano, and named after the latter.

It is the nearest subway station to the National Technological University and the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires.


# Pasteur - AMIA (Buenos Aires Underground)

## Abstract

Pasteur - AMIA is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground. It was opened on 17 October 1930 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Federico Lacroze and Callao.

It is located in the Balvanera barrio, at the intersection of Avenida Corrientes and Calle Pasteur, and named after the latter. In 2015, murals and monuments commemorating the 1994 AMIA bombing (which took place nearby) were set up in the station, while proposals were put forward to change the name of the station to Pasteur - AMIA. This was approved in July 2015, and the station was renamed.


Olusola Kehinde

# Olusola Kehinde

## Abstract

Olusola Kehinde is a Nigerian professor of plant breeding and genetics who became the Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria since 2023. He was the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Development) until his appointment as the Vice-Chancellor.


# List of NFL career passing touchdowns leaders

## Abstract

In American football, passing, along with running (also referred to as rushing), is one of two primary methods to advance the ball, typically executed by the quarterback from behind the line of scrimmage, but any offensive player can attempt a pass provided they are behind the line. A pass must move forward from the passer's hands to qualify as a passing play, whereas lateral or backward movements classify as running plays. A player who catches a forward pass is called a receiver. A touchdown pass is a pass thrown from a passer to a receiver that results in a touchdown being scored. The National Football League (NFL) records the number of touchdown passes made by players, a statistic also noted historically for the American Football League (AFL), which merged into the NFL in 1970 after operating from 1960 to 1969.

Tom Brady holds the record for most passing touchdowns with 649, followed by Drew Brees with 571 and Peyton Manning with 539. Aaron Rodgers leads all active players with 475 career passing touchdowns. Brady also is the record holder for the most career playoff passing touchdowns with 88. He is followed by Joe Montana and Rodgers, with both tied at 45. Rodgers leads all active players in career playoff passing touchdowns. The longest career passing touchdown record holder was Fran Tarkenton, who held the record from 1975 to 1994.

## Regular season career passing touchdowns leaders

Bolded player(s) indicate making their debut on list. Through Week 2 early Sunday games of 2024 season.

## Playoff leaders

Based on 15 TD passes minimum. Through 2023 playoffs.

## Historical passing touchdowns leaders

Sixteen players are recognized as having held outright or tied the record as the NFL's career passing touchdowns leader.


Hamilton City, California

# Hamilton City, California

## Abstract

Hamilton City (formerly, Hamilton) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Glenn County, California, United States. The population was 1,759 at the 2010 census, down from 1,903 at the 2000 census. Hamilton City is located 9.5 miles (15 km) east of Orland, and 10 miles west of Chico at an elevation of 151 feet (46 m). The community is inside area code 530. The default prefix used for wired telephones in the Hamilton City area is 826. The postal ZIP Code is 95951.

## Signature features

The community is located along the Sacramento River near Mile 199. Hamilton Union High School is well known locally because of its sports and agricultural programs as well as being recognized as a California Distinguished School.

The large silos of the former Holly Sugar Plant (formerly served by California Northern Railroad) are visible from all over town.

"Las Palmas" (Palm Drive; a.k.a. County Road 16) is well known to locals and is 2.1 miles (3.4 km) long. It connected Hamilton City to the now-defunct Mills Orchards, which were originally the home of James Mills, Sr. and his family.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km), all of it land.

### Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hamilton City has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

## History

The town began in 1905 with the founding of a large sugar beet processing plant, completed the following year by James Hamilton and the Alta California Sugar Beet Company (which changed its name in 1908 to Sacramento Valley Sugar Company). The plant later belonged to Holly Sugar Corporation and is known to this day as the Holly Sugar Plant. Holly Sugar was sold in 1936 to Spreckels Sugar Company and, in turn, Spreckels was later purchased by Imperial Sugar. The sugar plant closed in 2006, and in 2021 was acquired and renovated by Nutrien Company, a fertilizer producer.

The first post office at Hamilton City opened in 1906. As the town's population grew, to make room for development the local cemetery was moved to a new location about 10 miles north of Artois, California.

## Demographics

### 2010

At the 2010 census Hamilton City had a population of 1,759. The population density was 5,642.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,178.7/km). The racial makeup of Hamilton City was 834 (47.4%) White, 18 (1.0%) African American, 23 (1.3%) Native American, 15 (0.9%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 804 (45.7%) from other races, and 65 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,489 persons (84.7%).

The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.

There were 510 households, 269 (52.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 304 (59.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 79 (15.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 48 (9.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 40 (7.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 54 households (10.6%) were one person and 24 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.45. There were 431 families (84.5% of households); the average family size was 3.66.

The age distribution was 530 people (30.1%) under the age of 18, 203 people (11.5%) aged 18 to 24, 493 people (28.0%) aged 25 to 44, 359 people (20.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 174 people (9.9%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 29.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

There were 539 housing units at an average density of 1,729.1 per square mile (667.6/km),of which 510 were occupied, 289 (56.7%) by the owners and 221 (43.3%) by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.1%. 947 people (53.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 812 people (46.2%) lived in rental housing units.

### 2000

At the 2000 census there were 1,903 people, 513 households, and 431 families in the CDP. The population density was 6,043.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,333.6/km). There were 543 housing units at an average density of 1,724.6 per square mile (665.9/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 38.10% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 1.21% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 56.38% from other races, and 3.63% from two or more races. 80.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 513 households 52.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 10.5% of households were one person and 4.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.71 and the average family size was 4.00.

The age distribution was 33.4% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median household income was $33,169 and the median family income was $34,167. Males had a median income of $20,405 versus $14,191 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,047. About 17.5% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

In the state legislature Hamilton City is in the 4th Senate District, represented by Republican Marie Alvarado-Gil, and in the 3rd Assembly District, represented by Republican James Gallagher.

Federally, Hamilton City is in California's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Kevin Kiley.

## Education

The Hamilton Union High School District and Hamilton Union Elementary School Districts unified in 2009 to become the Hamilton Unified School District. Longtime Hamilton Union High School Principal/Superintendent Ray Odom served as the first Superintendent of the new Hamilton Unified School District. Mr. Odom retired in 2011. The current Superintendent is Charles Tracy and the current High School Principal is Cris Oseguera. Hamilton Unified School District includes Hamilton High School, Hamilton Elementary School, Ella Barkley High School, Hamilton Adult School, Hamilton High Community Day School, and Hamilton Elementary Community Day School.

## Emergency services

Law enforcement is provided by the Glenn County Sheriff 's Department.

Fire services are provided by the Hamilton City Fire Protection District which covers the town as well as the surrounding area, including a mutual aid agreement with Butte County Fire, the Capay Volunteer Fire Department and Ord Bend Volunteer Fire Department, eight miles south.

The Fire District consists of a full-time fire chief, a part-time division chief, and volunteer firefighters. Dispatch services for HCFPD are provided by the Tehama-Glenn Unit Headquarters of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection in Red Bluff.

## Notable people

- Kyle Lohse - Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers; attended Hamilton Union High School.

- Rigoberto Sanchez - National Football League (NFL) punter for the Indianapolis Colts; attended Hamilton Union High School.


List of Mughal grand viziers

# List of Mughal grand viziers

## Abstract

The Grand Vizier of Hindustan (Hindustani: Vazir-ul-Mamlikat-i-Hindustan) was the highest ranking minister in the Mughal Empire and the chief adviser to the emperor himself. The position acted as the de facto head of government of the Mughal Empire and had responsibility for leading the ministers of the Empire. This is the list of grand viziers (vazīr-e azam) of the Mughal Empire.

## History

The seniormost official under the Mughals, or the Prime Minister, held different titles such as Vakil, Vakil-us-Sultanat, Wazir, Diwan, Diwan-i-Ala and Diwan Wazir under different Mughal emperors. Under Babur and Humayun, the institution of the wazirat was not fully developed owing to a lack of an entrenched nobility and political upheaval. Nonetheless, individuals under both rulers did rise to positions equivalent to the position of prime minister and under Humayun reforms were first attempted to clarify the roles of Vakil and Wazir.

In the early years of Akbar 's reign, the position of prime minister was first officially held by Bairam Khan as Vakil-us-Sultanat, and he exercised considerable influence over the emperor. Over time the power of the Vakil gradually declined, and during the reign of his successor Jahangir the role of Wazir replaced the Vakil as the most important officer in government. Mughal wazirs were specifically appointed from the ahl-i-qalam(men of the pen) as distinct from the ahl-i-saif(men of the sword). With the abolishment of the post of Wakil, the post was divided into the two offices of Wazir and Mir Bakhshi, where the chief Wazir was the head of the finance department, while the Mir Bakhshi was the head of the military department. These two offices were made jointly responsible for the administration by a system of signatures and counter-signatures. Until the death of Aurangzeb, the post of Wazir was never a threat to the monarchy as the Wazir could not act too independently. However, after the death of Aurangzeb, the pre-mughal tradition in India of the Wazir being the premier noble at the court and leading counsellor of the king apart from being the head of the financial administration had been re-established.


Tokidoki

# Tokidoki

## Abstract

tokidoki (" sometimes " in Japanese) is a Japanese-inspired lifestyle brand created in 2006 by Italian artist Simone Legno and his business partners Pooneh Mohajer and Ivan Arnold. While based on the kitschy world of Japanese pop culture cartoons, and superficially resembling Japanese anime and manga, it has been described as complex and reciprocal set of cultural and economic influences between Japan, Italy and the USA, explaining its broad outreach and emotional appeal to consumers in Italy and other countries who grew up with Japanese anime and manga. This can be seen in the logo, a heart atop crossbones, which was described by Simone as “There is dark and light, there is the edgy, there is the cute.”

## History

In April 2005, the co-founder of cosmetics company Hard Candy, Pooneh Mohajer, and her husband Ivan Arnold, saw Simone Legno's personal portfolio website, which had some popularity, being listed as one of The Independent ' s top ten "websites of the week". They subsequently arranged to meet him, and Simone joined them in Los Angeles. Simone has become a recent fixture at San Diego Comic-Con and makes appearances at various locations worldwide for signings and promotions.

## Products

Simone has produced individual works as well as collaborations with other artists, such as the Karl Lagerfeld, the German fashion designer for a range of collectible dolls and accessories.

The brand has been used in numerous products including apparel, footwear, and accessories based on the art, cartoon characters and the logo designed by Simone Legno. tokidoki also has multiple business projects and collaborations with global brands such as Hello Kitty, Bearbrick, Barbie, Marvel, Nissan and Sephora. Among Simon's proudest achievements is creating merchandise for Roma, his childhood-favourite Italian Serie A football team.

Key characters include: Cactus Friends, Donutella and Her Sweet Friends, Unicorno, Moofia, Mermicorno, Til Death, and Punkstar.


Hurricane Francine (2024)

# Hurricane Francine (2024)

## Abstract

Hurricane Francine was a moderately strong tropical cyclone that brought extensive flooding to parts of the Gulf Coast of the United States, especially Louisiana, and Tamaulipas in September 2024. The sixth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season, its formation brought the end to a significant quiet period in tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic. Originating from a tropical wave that was initially spotted in the central Atlantic by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in late August, the disturbance that eventually became Francine began gradually organizing on September 7 as it exited the Yucatan Peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche. The disturbance consolidated further and was designated by the NHC as Potential Tropical Cyclone Six on September 8. The next day, it was upgraded to tropical storm status and was named Francine by the NHC.

## Meteorological history

On August 26, the NHC noted that a low-pressure area could form in the Central Tropical Atlantic. Two days later, they began tracking a tropical wave producing disorganized showers. Initially, showers from the wave were a bit more concentrated along its axis, becoming more organized by August 31. However, an unfavorable environment for development caused the wave to become disorganized. Several days later, on September 7, the wave crossed into the Bay of Campeche, becoming a low-pressure area the next day. As a result, a few hours later, it was designated Potential Tropical Cyclone Six at 21:00 UTC on September 8. Higher wind gusts in the system were enhanced by a barrier jet near the Sierra Madre Oriental. Early the next day, the disturbance intensified into Tropical Storm Francine. The nascent storm slowly moved northwest over the next day close to the Mexico–United States border before beginning to move more to the northeast due to a ridge of high pressure over the state of Florida. Steady intensification ensued, with Francine becoming a hurricane at 03:00 UTC September 11.

Beginning to accelerate northeast towards the Gulf Coast of the United States, an eyewall began developing, even as wind shear began to increase and environmental conditions worsened. Despite this, a ragged eye developed on satellite imagery later that morning, leading to a peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane. At its peak, the storm recorded maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 972 mb (28.7 inHg) at 21:00 UTC. Shortly thereafter, at 22:00 UTC, Francine made landfall in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, still maintaining Category 2 strength. Rapid weakening began after the hurricane made landfall, and at 03:00 UTC on September 12, Francine weakened into a tropical storm. The system further weakened overland, becoming a tropical depression then a post-tropical cyclone.

## Preparations

### Mexico

Tropical storm watches were issued from Barra del Tordo to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Other parts of Northeast Mexico were placed under tropical storm warning. Tamaulipas shut down schools in Matamoros, San Fernando, and Valle Hermoso.

### United States

ExxonMobil and Shell canceled operations in the Gulf of Mexico and evacuated their employees. Amtrak modified and/or suspended service to New Orleans from September 11–16.

#### Texas

South Texas was placed under a tropical storm warning as Francine approached. Galveston County raised their emergency management facility's level to two. Governor Greg Abbott mobilized water rescue teams.

#### Louisiana

Hurricane warnings were issued from Sabine Pass to Morgan City. Louisiana was placed under a state of emergency by the governor. The governor also sent 2,300 guardsmen of the Louisiana National Guard to parishes that were likely to be affected. Several school districts in Louisiana closed in preparation for Francine. Mandatory evacuations were issued for Grand Isle, Lafitte, and Barataria. Lafourche, Terrebonne, and Washington Parishes issued curfews. St. Mary and Terrebonne Parishes raised their floodgates. Iberia Parish and Baton Rouge distributed sandbags.

Louis Armstrong International Airport canceled all flights. Five USPS locations were shut down. Port Fourchon, a major supplier of offshore oil producers, and the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port were closed.

#### Elsewhere

The coast of Mississippi and Alabama was placed under a tropical storm warning. Governor of Mississippi Tate Reeves issued a declaration of a state of emergency. Jackson, Mississippi, set up a shelter in the police training academy. Several schools in the state were closed for Francine.

## Impact

### Mexico

Several areas in Matamoros flooded from 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rain; aid from the Mexican Government was requested as a result. Water pumps were set up across the city in response. Plans DN-III and Tamaulipas were initiated to provide aid to areas affected by Francine.

### United States

Exports out to the Gulf of Mexico were disrupted as a result of Francine. Reductions in production caused crude oil national prices to jump by 2% on September 11.

#### Texas

By September 9, Port O'Connor was experiencing flooding conditions. Rainfall in the state peaked at 7.44 in (189 mm) in Brownsville.

#### Louisiana

Francine made landfall near Southern Louisiana in Terrebonne Parish with sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) at 22:00 UTC on September 11. A tornado warning was issued for Plaquemines Parish. Around 450,000 people suffered from power outages, most of which were caused by fallen debris, and around 500 people took refuge in emergency shelters. Francine's winds downed numerous trees and power lines, which resulted in blocked roads. Numerous streets sustained flooding as a result of heavy rainfall. The flash flooding resulted in several flash flood emergency alerts being issued. Several rivers crested in Saint Tammany Parish. The Lafourche Parish Sheriff’s Office conducted numerous water rescues northwest of Thibodaux after rising flood waters surrounded multiple housing units, and all residents, including many small children, were safely evacuated. Other water rescues were also carried out in other parts of the Thibodaux area as well as the Kraemer area. A 39-year-old man rescued another man, who had water up to his head, from a sinking truck below an overpass in New Orleans by smashing the truck's back window with a hammer and pulling him out through it and cutting his hand in the process. Two people were injured: a Louisiana State Police officer who was struck by a falling tree while removing downed trees on Interstate 10, and a woman in Ascension Parish who was also hit and pinned by a fallen tree.

The federal government approved a FEMA declaration.

#### Mississippi

Strong winds swept through the Mississippi Coast before sunrise on September 12. The Jackson County Office of Emergency Services reported minor damage across the county, including power outages, downed trees, and flooded streets. As Francine moved further north, it was downgraded to a tropical depression, bringing heavy rainfall to Jackson and central Mississippi. South Mississippi faced significant flooding and related issues during the storm's passage. Other areas of the state also experienced downed trees and power lines. During the morning of September 12, 60,000 customers experienced power outages in Mississippi. Around 500 people were in state shelters.

#### Elsewhere

There were 39,000 reported power outages in Alabama. Trees and power lines were also downed in the western portion of the state.


Eugene Chassaignac

# Eugene Chassaignac

## Abstract

Eugène Chassaignac (1820 – January 25, 1878) was a French-American musician, professor, composer and music critic. Eugene was a prominent member of the New Orleans community and is known for desegregating Scottish Rite Freemasonic lodges in New Orleans in 1867 for which he won a gold medal. Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldipersonally sent Eugene a letter of praise for his courageous act of kindness towards people of color. His son Charles Louis Chassaignac became a prominent doctor in New Orleans and worked for Charity Hospital and was a humanitarian. His daughter Marie Chassaignac married Baron Randolph Natili. Natili's parents were involved in an interracial marriage and he was a member of the prominent Creole Dimitry Family. Natili became closely associated with Italian American composer Giuseppe Ferrata because of the marriage of his first cousin's daughter Alice. Natili's relationship with his father-in-law Eugene benefited Ferrata because of Natili's knowledge and appreciation for musical composition.

Eugène was born in Nantes, France in 1820. He studied music with French author and playwright Ludovic Halévy in Paris, France. Eugène eventually settled in New Orleans, Louisiana where he wrote about theater and music for the French-language newspapers Le Moniteur du Sud, La Chronique, Le Meschacébé, and Le Louisianais. He taught music in New Orleans and created a significant number of musical compositions including a comic opera entitled La Nuit aux echelles, which was performed in 1850 at the Théâtre de St. Martinville. Most of his music manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in Morgan City at his wife's home after his death. Some of his compositions survived and are part of the collection of Duke University and the Library of Congress.

## History

Eugene was born in Nantes, France. His brother was famous French physician Edouard Chassaignac. Eugene decided to study music with composer Ludovic Halévy in Paris. Eugene migrated to New Orleans in the 1840s where he wrote theatre and music columns for Le Meschacébé, Le Moniteur du Sud, La Chronique, and Le Louisianais. He married Elvire Porche in 1842, she was from a family of well-to-do planters. Her parents were Severin Porche (1798–1840) and Helene Porche (1800–1842), they were first cousins and their aunt was a Creole woman named Marie Louise Porche (1736–1802). Marie was the child of an unknown slave woman with rights within the wealthy Porche family. The family was from Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana where Eugene and Elvire lived during the 1850s, he taught music at the Collège de la Mobile while also presenting a comic opera, La Nuit aux echelles at the Théatre de St. Martinville. By 1857, he taught music history in New Orleans and two years later along with his friend Adolphe Elie he opened a music store called Elie et Chassaignac. The two men eventually had a disagreement which almost led to a duel which was stopped by local police. Eugéne was a captain during the American Civil War for the Confederacy.

In 1861, he was a partner in the New Orleans music publishing company Sourdes and Chassaignac. Eugene partnered with Lieutenant H.H. Strawbridge to produce Confederate Land and Lieutenant Col. A Garard to create War to the Yankees both were southern patriotic songs published in three languages. By 1864, Eugene collaborated in creating a song in New Orleans entitled Bride du Sud the text was by Louis Placide Canonge, and the music was by Eugène.

Eugene was a Freemason and the supreme grand commander of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry in Louisiana and on May 2, 1867, he ordered that white lodges under his jurisdiction welcome all without distinction as to race or color. Eugene wanted masonry to march in the forefront of the struggle against prejudice. Around this period Louisiana was emersed in racial violence and segregation Louisiana rejoined the Union on July 9, 1868, and the Opelousas massacre occurred two months later. By late 1868, Eugene was given a gold Medal for desegregating the lodges. Three years later his daughter Maria married Alexander Dimitry 's nephew Randolph Natili. Natili was a part of the Dimitry family and Marianne Celeste Dragon 's grandson. Eugene's son Charles Louis Chassaignac was an important doctor in New Orleans. He was the medical examiner for the New York Life Insurance Company and district surgeon for the Illinois Central Railroad Company in New Orleans. Most of Eugene's compositions that were in the possession of his wife after his death were lost in a fire. Some of his works can be found in the collection of Duke University and the Library of Congress.


2016 in Guatemala

# 2016 in Guatemala

## Abstract

The following lists events that happened during 2016 in Guatemala.

## Incumbents

- Acting President: Alejandro Maldonado, 3 September 2015-current

- President-elect: Jimmy Morales, will take office on 14 January

- Vice President: Juan Alfonso Fuentes Soria (until 14 January), Jafeth Cabrera (from 14 January)

## Events

- Police arrested Manuel Benedicto Lucas Garcia, brother of former President Fernando Romeo Lucas García, and 13 others on 7 January on suspicion of involvement in the murders of 558 people during the Guatemalan Civil War.

- Soldiers shoot a 13-year-old boy named Julio Rene Alvarado Ruano and his younger border on the Belieze-Guatemala border starting border tensions.


Ned Doheny

# Ned Doheny

## Abstract

Patrick Anson "Ned" Doheny (born March 26, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist from Malibu, California, who has recorded eight albums and performed with other artists including Don Henley and Glenn Frey of the Eagles, JD Souther, Linda Ronstadt, and Jackson Browne, with whom he was once in a band. As of 2015, Doheny resides in Ventura County, California.

## Career

One of his earliest compositions, "On and On", was recorded by Dave Mason in 1971. Doheny, Mason, and Cass Elliott were in a trio for a time. Doheny was the first artist signed to David Geffen 's Asylum label, which produced his first album Ned Doheny in 1972. His label mates included Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell, David Blue, and other West Coast musicians of the day. Doheny toured multiple times with a band made up of several studio musicians.

His second album Hard Candy was released by CBS in 1976. It included the composition "A Love of Your Own", which was covered by the Average White Band. Chaka Khan also had a hit with a Doheny composition, " What Cha' Gonna Do For Me ". Other Doheny songs such as "I've Got Your Number", "Get It Up For Love", and "To Prove My Love" have all charted in the US as well as the UK and Japan. His third CBS album Prone was recorded in 1977; the album has been described as a great example of the genre of yacht rock. It includes the smooth grooves, Fender Rhodes, subdued yet rhythmic drums, and relaxed vocal harmonies.

Doheny's next album, Life After Romance, was released in Japan in 1988 due to his popularity there. Between April 1990 and September 1993 he hosted a radio program called "Postcards from Hollywood" on Yokohama FM. His next studio album, Between Two Worlds, was released in 1993.

Though often categorized as a West Coast artist because of his Los Angeles roots and association with other West Coast artists, Doheny's music defies exact categorization, being variously described as pop, funk, jazz, and AOR.

In addition to original CD releases in Japan, both Hard Candy and Prone, produced by guitarist Steve Cropper, have been reissued as LP-replica CDs. All three albums are currently available as digital downloads online. In 1978, the British singer Elkie Brooks recorded "Learn to Love", written by Doheny, for her album, Shooting Star.

In 2014, the London-based reissue record label Be With Records, began an extensive vinyl-only reissue series of Doheny's albums. Hard Candy came first in September 2014 and in April 2015 they reissued the Japan-only Prone. The release was promoted via a tour of the UK and Europe.

## Discography

- Ned Doheny (1973)

- Hard Candy (1976)

- Prone (1979)

- Life After Romance (1988)

- Love Like Ours (1991)

- Postcards from Hollywood (live acoustic) (1991)

- Between Two Worlds (1993)

- The Darkness Beyond The Fire (2010)

- Separate Oceans (2014)