Rod Trafford

# Rod Trafford

## Abstract

Rodney Trafford (born November 29, 1978, in Morristown, New Jersey) is a former American football tight end in the NFL who has played for the Buffalo Bills and the New England Patriots.

Trafford grew up in Verona, New Jersey, and played his high school football at Delbarton School. Trafford was All State quarterback He played college football for Lou Holtz at the University of South Carolina.

Trafford has also been a member of the New England Patriots, Scottish Claymores, Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, and St. Louis Rams.

## Early years

### Heart-stopping moment that saved Trafford

Trafford was in a car accident at 13 years old and was told he would never play again. His family fishing trip for Fathers Day turned out to be a blessing in disguise The fortunate part about the car accident is the doctors discovered a hole in his heart and irregular heartbeat. Repaired at 13 and a year of recovery the doctors would not release him to play football. Trafford found a doctor who would let him play with conditions. Trafford was forced to play with a Kevlar body suit to support his sternum, the material used in bulletproof vests, and for the next four years he had to take regular medication and return to the heart specialists for routine tests.

Trafford High school game, 1996 Delbarton's offensive attack is paced by quarterback Rodney Trafford (1,200 passing yards and 12 touchdowns), running back Jamaal Burcher (1,518 yards and 18 touchdowns) and wide receiver John Darden (24 receptions).

In 1996 the top young guns in this year's senior quarterback class in New Jersey are Edward Campbell of North Arlington, Darren Miller of St. Peter's Prep in Jersey City; Theodore Neals of Ferris in Jersey City, and Rodney Trafford of Delbarton in Morristown, New Jersey

Standout at Delbarton High School... Played quarterback, throwing for more than 2,800 yards and 30 touchdowns during his career... All-state his senior year... Played in the North-South New Jersey all-star game... His coach was John Kowalik.

September 1996, Trafford fueled Delbarton (5-2) past Wayne Valley High School (2-4), 39–6, with three passing touchdowns and one rushing. Trafford totaled 207 yards in the air and 80 on the ground.

Trafford, TE, Verona, NJ, 1997-2001 - high school QB walked on and became contributor and eventual starter at tight end; started 5 games in 2001; was thrown to 8 times and caught 6 for 4 first downs and a touchdown - the game winner in 37-36 victory over Alabama in 2001; played in the pros from 2003 through 2006 with Patriots, Bills, Eagles and Scottish Claymores of NFL Europe

## College career

Trafford earned three varsity letters at University of South Carolina and finished his career with seven receptions for 37 yards…over his final two years, helped lead the Gamecocks to a 17–7 record and wins in the Outback Bowl following the 2000 and 2001 seasons…part of a reversal of fortunes for the University of South Carolina program, going from an 0-11 record as a sophomore to bowl wins as a junior and as a senior…saw action in all 24 games as a junior and senior…helped the University of South Carolina running game gain 2,378 yards in 2001, averaging 4.5 yards per carry…joined the squad as a walk-on quarterback, but redshirted as a freshman in 1997 and was converted into a tight end. As a redshirted freshman Trafford catches the game-winning touchdown throw from Phil Petty against Alabama Crimson Tide to win 37 - 36.

1999 - Much-improved tight end prospect who came on towards the end of the year and impressed the coaches with his athletic savvy and his good hands in catching the football... Saw action in nine games... Had three catches for 14 yards... Had a season-long reception of 13 yards in the season finale against Clemson... Coaches believe he will contend for starting role in 2000.

2000 - Reserve tight end and special teams performer... Saw action in all 12 games... Had two receptions for 16 yards... Converted a six-yard pass play into a key first down late in the victory over Georgia... Was on the receiving end of a 10-yard pass from Kevin Sides on a fake field goal attempt against Vanderbilt that gave the Gamecocks a first down and led to an eventual touchdown.

### Trafford recalls big-time catch

2001 - Senior tight end who has had a solid season … Has started four games and played in all 11 … His clutch seven-yard touchdown reception from Phil Petty with 1:39 remaining lifted USC to a dramatic comeback win over the University of Alabama. While that is his only catch of the season, it certainly is a big one, as the Gamecocks had to fight back from a 12-point fourth quarter deficit against the Alabama Crimson Tide. Has been a steady blocker … Good athlete who came to USC as a walk-on quarterback.

## College statistics

University of South Carolina Receiving

## Career highlights: Pro

Trafford, a free agent, was not drafted when he finished college in 2002 and didn't play football last season. He was a camp director for 30 fourth-grade boys in Summit, N.J., did some sales work and research for his father's computer engineering firm, and also worked part-time for a publishing company.

2003 Trafford had a three-month Europe League experience with the Scottish Claymores will be used as a stepping stone towards NFL recognition. 2003 Scottish Claymore s Stats

Trafford helped the Scottish Claymores record a narrow win over Amsterdam Admirals - with his first touchdown since college. Trafford's score kept the Claymores on target to reach next month's World Bowl Final, and he believes his side are finding their form at the right time. The tight end has now turned his thoughts to Saturday's game at Barcelona Dragons, and he said: "It feels as if we're peaking at the right time. "For the last couple of years, the team that has won its final four games has gone to the World Bowl. "We now have to think about facing Barcelona at the weekend, but this is a huge win." The winning touchdown from Trafford on Saturday came with less than two minutes left. With quarterback Craig Nall leading the offence with great maturity—he finished with 313 yards and three touchdown passes—the Claymores led 24-10 at half-time.

Receiving/Rushing statistics

Passing statistics

### Trafford out to continue turnaround

Scottish Claymores Game Tight end Rod Trafford grabbed two passes, a tremendous 24-yard catch with a hand in his face and a five-yarder in the end zone to make the score 31–20 with less than two minutes to play. Dyshod Carters interception of Hill with 42 seconds to play iced the game and the Claymores emerged victorious 31–20.

The New England Patriots signed him in January and allocated him to the Scottish Claymores in NFL Europe. The 6-3, 245-pound northern New Jersey native had 23 catches in 10 games for the Claymores, but playing in NFL Europe forced him to miss the Patriots' minicamps and passing camps, putting him behind the other rookies. He didn't get his first look at the Patriots' playbook until he flew to Boston from Scotland. Trafford stated "the complexity of the playbook the most staggering thing about training camp in the National Football League.

Buffalo Bills signed tight end Rod Trafford to the practice squad 11/19/03. Allocated to NFL Europe for its 2003 season and drafted by the Scottish Claymores with their 11th pick in the Allocated Player Draft. Signed his first NFL contract (1/17/03) with the New England Patriots after going undrafted and remaining out of football in 2002.

2004: Signed by the Bills on Dec 8 after the team placed TE Mark Campbell on injured reserve…picked up off the Philadelphia Eagles ’ practice squad which he was on since Week 2…made his NFL debut four days later and caught his first career pass for 10 yards vs. Cle. (12/12)…played in a reserve role at tight end at Cin. (12/19)…made one reception for five yards at SF (12/26)…also tallied two unassisted special teams tackles…caught one pass for 10 yards vs. Pit. (1/2/05)…also registered two assisted special teams stops.

Receiving/Rushing statistics

Receiving by games played

## Awards

- Trafford earned All-State honors his senior year at Delbarton School.

## Personal life

Rod Trafford joined Florida branch of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute Institute in the role marketing manager. His focus will be to market and amplify the important fieldwork projects being completed by Post Docs, P.I.'s and Graduate Students while increasing developmental funds through raising awareness and support of Harbor Branch research. He was most recently with Xenith LLC as a Xenith LLC Southeast Regional Sales Manager.

At Xenith LLC Rod Trafford raised concerns about the helmets players were wearing. "The players maybe aren't wearing the correct size helmet maybe they're not being fit properly. There could be some design flaws," said Rod Trafford, a former NFL player and now southeast regional sales manager for Xenith, the newest major helmet maker. "It seems the past two or three years, it's become an epidemic." Increased number of flying helmets raises concerns

2009 Trafford made the cover of Delbarton School Today while at Xenith in an article "Defending the Brain" Delbarton Today p. 29 Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

2014 Trafford became a Master Trainer and Ambassador to teach and reinforce USA Football's Heads Up Football. That same year Trafford joined Prodeco Technologies is an ever-growing electric bicycle manufacturer as an Executive Account Director

Trafford joined Pazoo.com January 12, 2015, as a Health and Wellness expert writing about sports safety.

2015 Trafford joined i1 Biometrics, Inc. as a Regional Sales Manager to help with the growing epidemic of undiagnosed sports brain injuries.

## Activities

2005 Trafford Tackles Waves In Costa Rica The Buffalo Bills tight end wasted no time once the NFL season ended. One week after the Super Bowl, he packed his bags, got on a plane with a friend, and headed to Tamarindo, Costa Rica, a tiny city on the country's pacific coast that is known for its spectacular waves.

2013 Delbarton Catches Parros '98 in a Panthers Game.


Harry Handelsman

# Harry Handelsman

## Abstract

Harry Handelsman (born September 1949) is the founder and CEO of Manhattan Loft Corporation, a London-based property development company.

## Early life

Harry Handelsman was born in September 1949, the son of a "well-off Polish financier", Handelsman was born in Munich. He was educated in Germany, Paris and Canada, and has a master's degree in economics from York University in Toronto.

His father died in 1982, and he then took over running the business, and moved to London in 1983.

## Career

Handelsman established London-based Manhattan Loft Corporation in 1992. Since then, he has gone on to re-develop "some of London’s most admired buildings", including the Chiltern Firehouse and St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel

## Manhattan Loft Corporation developments

### Chiltern Firehouse

A collaboration with Andre Balazs, Manhattan Loft Corporation redeveloped the Grade II 19th-century Manchester Square Fire Station into a 26-suite hotel and 200 capacity restaurant. Chiltern Firehouse opened in 2014 after nearly five years of re-development

Chiltern Firehouse was designed in conjunction with Studio KO, and, in addition to its 26 suites, includes bar areas and a restaurant run by former Viajante chef Nuno Mendes – whose cuisine has been described as "unique" and "stylish".

### Hackney Fashion Hub

Launched in Spring 2016, Manhattan Loft Corporation collaborated with architect David Adjaye to create a designer fashion outlet district in London's Hackney E9.

### St Pancras Renaissance Hotel

Designed by George Gilbert Scott in the 19th century, the former Grand Midland Hotel became derelict in the late 20th-century. Planning permission to re-develop the derelict building was granted to Manhattan Loft Corporation in 2004. The upper levels of the gothic structure were developed into 67 apartments, and a 245-room hotel was opened in 2011 after the ten-year restoration work. The St Pancras Renaissance Hotel remains under Handelsman's ownership

### Ealing Studios

Ealing Studios, built in 1902, is Britain's oldest film studio. In the mid-2000s, Handelsman purchased the site along with Fragile Films' Uri Fruchtmann and Barnaby Thompson; all of whom are directors. Manhattan Loft Corporation went on to re-develop the site to include the existing Grade II listed sound stages. Manhattan Loft Corporation remains linked to Ealing Studios as the company is working on the second phase of its restoration and expansion.

### Manhattan Loft Gardens

Manhattan Loft Gardens is a 42-storey skyscraper in Stratford, East London. It has been designed by architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The double-cantilevered, 135 m tower includes 248 flats, a hotel, a restaurant, and three sky gardens. It was completed in 2019.

## Awards and recognition

In 2012, it was announced that Handelsman had received an honorary fellowship from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Handelsman was listed in the Evening Standard's "Progress 1000" in both 2015 and 2016; a list of London's 1000 most influential people.

## Other

Handelsman sits on the board of Artangel, the Southbank Centre and The South London Gallery.

## Personal life

His "long-term partner" is Elizabeth Crompton-Batt, the former wife of the late restaurant PR Alan Crompton-Batt, and they have a daughter together. They live in Bayswater, London, with Handelsman's flat tailored by Sarah Featherstone. Handelsman also has a daughter from a previous marriage.


D12 World

# D12 World

## Abstract

D12 World is the second studio album by American hip-hop group D12, released on April 27, 2004. The album sold 544,000 copies in its first week on the U.S. Billboard 200. The album is also the last D12 release to feature Proof before his death in 2006, and the second D12 album to feature Bugz on a track.

## Background

In memory of Bugz, who was killed prior to a concert on May 21, 1999, the group recorded the track "Good Die Young" in memory of him. The album also includes a skit entitled "Bugz '97", which is a 1997 recording of Bugz, originally taken from the song "Desperados". The group was often overshadowed by Eminem 's massive success, and as such, the group toured without him for promotion of the album (but the album still reached the top of the US Billboard chart). At the time, Eminem was busy recording Encore. Although shadowed by Eminem's success, members Bizarre and Proof managed to prevail with mildly successful solo careers following D12 World, with the releases of Hannicap Circus and Searching for Jerry Garcia, respectively, in 2005. Before the album's release, "6 in the Morning" was featured on Eminem's 2003 mixtape Straight from the Lab and was entitled "Come On In". Group member Kuniva stated in a podcast that most of Denaun's verses were recorded in his home studio as opposed to with the rest of the group, due to frequent arguments with Proof.

## Production

The album was executively produced by Eminem, who also handled most of the audio production for the album along with Denaun Porter, Dr. Dre, Essman, Hi-Tek, Kanye West, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo, Night & Day, Red Spyda, Trackboyz and Witt & Pep. Guest appearances on the album included Obie Trice, Dina Rae, Young Zee and B-Real.

## Commercial performance

D12 World debuted at the top of the US, UK, Irish, Canadian, Australian and NZ albums charts. It debuted at number 2 in Germany and also in the top 5 in Switzerland and Norway. It debuted in the top 10 in Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

It sold about 544,000 records in its first week of release in the United States alone. Debuting at number one on the Billboard 200, the album ended the first five-week run of singer Usher 's best-selling album, Confessions. On the week of May 22, 2004, Usher's Confessions regained the Billboard 200's number-one spot, sending D12 World to number two. The album went on to have the best performing first-week sales for a hip hop release of that year until the release of Eminem's Encore that November. Ultimately the album was certified double platinum, having a twenty-eight week stay on the chart overall.

The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with approximately 76,666 copies sold during the first week of release. Ultimately the album was certified platinum; total sales of the album stand at 323,649 as of December 2017.

" My Band ", the first single, was also successful, reaching number one in Australia and on the US Rhythmic Top 40, the Top 5 in the UK and Germany, and Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Critical reception

Upon release, D12 World received mixed reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 58, based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## Track listing

Notes

- signifies an additional producer.

- signifies a co-producer.

- The skit "Bugz" is taken from the song "Desperados", performed by DJ Butter, Eminem, Proof, Bugz & the Almighty Dreadnaughtz.

- The song "Just Like U" does not appear on the clean version of the album.

- The song "Get My Gun" is an unlockable song in the 2006 open-world game Scarface: The World Is Yours.

- The song "Barbershop" can be found on the Barbershop 2: Back in Business soundtrack.

- The clean version of the album allows "ass" to be uncensored but few uses of the word "hell", some references to alcohol use, most references to drugs, sexual content, and violence are edited out, although all sound effects remain intact.

- The song "6 in the Morning (Come on In)" was leaked in the bootleg mixtape Straight From The Lab

Sample credits

- The song "Git Up" contains a sample from " The Name Game " by Shirley Ellis

- The song "Just Like U" contains a sample from "Sir Galahad" by Rick Wakeman.

- The song "U R the One" contains a sample from "Girl Callin'" by Chocolate Milk

- The song "Good Die Young" contains a sample from " Screen Kiss " by Thomas Dolby

- The song "Keep Talkin'" contains samples from "Tortuga" by Starwood and " Halftime " by Nas

## Personnel

- B-Real – guest appearance

- Steve Baughman – mixing

- Rondell Beene – skit

- Bizarre – skit

- Joe Borges – assistant

- Bugz – skit

- Tony Campana – engineer

- Richard Castro – skit

- Larry Chatman – project coordinator

- Mike "Chav" Chavarria – engineer

- D12 – group

- Dr. Dre – producer, mixing

- Mike Elizondo – keyboards

- Eminem – producer, executive producer, mixing, skit

- Essman – producer

- 50 Cent – skit

- Brian "Big Bass" Gardener – mastering

- Richard Hunt – engineer

- Steven King – bass, guitar, engineer, mixing, skit

- Kuniva – skit

- Night and Day – producer

- Red Spyda – keyboards, producer

- Luis Resto – keyboards, producer

- Michael Strange – engineer

- Obie Trice – guest appearance

- Sacha Waldman – photography

- Young Zee – skit

- Kanye West – producer

- Paul Williams – songwriter

- J.R. Rotem – keyboards, songwriter

## Charts


Couldn't Stand the Weather

# Couldn't Stand the Weather

## Abstract

Couldn't Stand the Weather is the second studio album by American blues rock band Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble. It was released on May 15, 1984, by Epic Records as the follow-up to the band's critically and commercially successful 1983 album, Texas Flood. Recording sessions took place in January 1984 at the Power Station in New York City.

Stevie Ray Vaughan wrote half the tracks on Couldn't Stand the Weather. The album reached No. 31 on the Billboard 200 chart and the music video for "Couldn't Stand the Weather" received regular rotation on MTV. The album received mostly positive reviews, with AllMusic giving it a four out of five stars. It received praise for Vaughan’s playing and highlighted songs such as "Voodoo Child" and "Tin Pan Alley", but received criticism for the lack of original songs.

In 1999, a reissue of the album was released which contains an audio interview segment and four studio outtakes. In 2010, the album was reissued as a Legacy Edition containing two CDs with a previously unreleased studio outtake and selections from an August 17, 1984, concert at The Spectrum in Montreal, Canada, originally recorded for the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio program.

## Recording and production

During January 1984, Vaughan and Double Trouble spent 19 days at the Power Station recording studio in New York City. John Hammond was executive producer and supervised the sessions. The album was produced by the band along with Richard Mullen and Jim Capfer. The album was engineered by Mullen and Rob Eaton. Graphic artist Holland MacDonald designed the album cover art with assistance from Shostal Associates for the tornado image, a photograph of the 1957 Fargo tornado.

## Reception

The album was another commercial success for Stevie Ray Vaughan, selling 1,000,000 copies within five weeks. In a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote: "

Stevie Ray Vaughan's second album, Couldn't Stand the Weather, pretty much did everything a second album should do: it confirmed that the acclaimed debut was no fluke, while matching, if not bettering, the sales of its predecessor, thereby cementing Vaughan's status as a giant of modern blues... Vaughan didn't really push himself as hard as he could have, and the feeling that if he had, he would have come up with something a bit stronger.

Robert Christgau wrote in his review that "Though he comes close sometimes, this Texan ain't Hendrix. But between earned Jimi cover and lyric refreshment, album two is almost everything a reasonable person might hope from him: a roadhouse album with gargantuan sonic imagination."

## Track listings

### Original Release

Details are taken from the 1984 Epic Records album liner notes; reissues show several different songwriter credits.

### 1999 Reissue Bonus Tracks

"SRV Speaks" is from a studio interview with Timothy White for Westwood One Radio. The remaining bonus tracks are studio outtakes from the sessions for the album.

### 2010 Legacy Edition 2-CD reissue

## Personnel

Double Trouble

- Stevie Ray Vaughan – guitar, vocals

- Tommy Shannon – bass guitar

- Chris Layton – drums

Additional personnel

- Jimmie Vaughan – rhythm guitar on "Couldn't Stand the Weather" and "The Things That I Used to Do"

- Fran Christina – drums on "Stang's Swang"

- Stan Harrison – tenor saxophone on "Stang's Swang"

Production

- Producers – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Richard Mullen, Jim Capfer

- Executive producer – John H. Hammond

- Engineer – Richard Mullen

- Assistant engineer – Rob Eaton

- Cover art – Holland MacDonald

- Photography – Benno Friedman

1999 reissue

- Producer – Bob Irwin

- Executive producer – Tony Martell

- Mastering engineer – Vic Anesini

- Tracks 10–13 mixed by Danny Kadar

- Dialogue edited by Darcy Proper

- Research assistants – George Deahl, Al Quaglieri, Matthew Kelly, Jon Naatjes

- Art director – Josh Cheuse

- Editorial director – Andy Schwartz

- Liner notes – Bill Milkowski

2010 Legacy Edition issue

- Photography – Jean Krettler, Robert Matheu, James Minchen III

- Liner notes – Andy Aledort

## Charts


Annandrea Vitrano

# Annandrea Vitrano

## Abstract

Annandrea Vitrano (born 16 August 1985) is an Italian actress, comedian and singer.

## Career

On 3 December 2012, Vitrano and her partner Claudio Casisa formed the comedy duo I Soldi Spicci. They participated at the "Taaac" comedy workshop in Palermo, and also attended the Zelig workshop in Rome and Milan in 2013. That same year, they hosted Spicciatevi, an entertainment radio program on Radio One. In September 2014, they made their television debut on the Italia 1 's comedy show Colorado, and returned for its 2019 edition.

In 2018, the duo made their film debut with a leading role in the La fuitina sbagliata, for which they were also screenwriters. In 2019, they won the Benevento Cinema Televisione award as the revelation of the year in film. The following year, they competed in the reality show Pechino Express as the couple known as "The Palermitans". In September 2020, they began filming their second movie, Un mondo sotto social, where they served as both screenwriters and directors. They also made appearances at the Taormina Film Fest, the Giffoni Film Festival, and the Giornate di Cinema in Riccione.

In 2023, Vitrano had a role in the film Nuovo Olimpo by Ferzan Özpetek.

## Filmography


Access point (disambiguation)

# Access point (disambiguation)

## Abstract

Access point or Access Point may refer to:

- Access Point (Antarctica), a rocky point on Anvers Island, Antarctica

- Wireless access point, a device to connect to a wireless computer network

- Subject access point, a method in a bibliographic database by which books, journals, and other documents are accessed


All That Heaven Allows

# All That Heaven Allows

## Abstract

All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 American drama romance film directed by Douglas Sirk, produced by Ross Hunter, and adapted by Peg Fenwick from a novel by Edna L. Lee and Harry Lee. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson in a tale about the social complications that arise following the development of a romance between a well-to-do widow and a younger man, who owns a tree nursery. In 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

## Plot

Cary Scott is an affluent widow in the town of Stoningham, in suburban New England, whose social life revolves around the weekend visits of her college-age son and daughter, her best friend's country-club activities, and a few men vying for her affection. Feeling stuck in a rut, she becomes interested in Ron Kirby, her arborist. He is an intelligent, down-to-earth, and respectful, yet passionate, younger man, and she discovers he is content with his simple life outside the materialistic society in which they live. Ron introduces Cary to his friends, who seem to have no need for wealth or status, and their exuberance provides a welcome contrast to her staid existence.

Ron and Cary fall in love, and Ron proposes. Cary accepts, but she has concerns about the viability of their relationship, due to their different ages, classes, and lifestyles. These concerns are magnified when she tells her children and friends about the engagement and is met with a solid wall of disapproval, and, eventually, she breaks up with Ron. Particularly influential in her change of mind are her children's protestations against Cary's plan to sell the family home and move to Ron's tree nursery, as they will not want to visit her there.

After spending most of the Christmas season alone, Cary misses her life with Ron, but she thinks she has missed her opportunity for happiness because she mistakenly believes Ron is seeing another woman. On Christmas, her daughter announces she will be getting married soon and her son says that, since he is likely going to study abroad and then work overseas, they should start thinking about selling their house, which is too big for just Cary. She is overwhelmed by how pointless her sacrifice was, and her spirits are not lifted when her children give her a television set to fill her empty life.

Cary goes to see a doctor about recurrent headaches she has started having, and he suggests they are being caused by her body punishing her for ending her relationship with Ron. Leaving the appointment, she runs into one of Ron's friends, and in the course of their conversation she learns that Ron is still single. She goes to his property, but then changes her mind and leaves. Ron sees her from a precipice and excitedly, though unsuccessfully, tries to get her attention. The ground collapses out from under him, and he falls off the cliff.

That night, Ron's friend tells Cary about the accident, and she hurries over to his house. She decides she no longer wants to allow other people to dictate how she lives her life and settles in to nurse Ron back to health. When Ron regains consciousness, Cary tells him that she has come home.

## Cast

- Jane Wyman as Cary Scott

- Rock Hudson as Ron Kirby

- Agnes Moorehead as Sara Warren

- Conrad Nagel as Harvey

- Virginia Grey as Alida Anderson

- Gloria Talbott as Kay Scott

- William Reynolds as Ned Scott

- Charles Drake as Mick Anderson

- Hayden Rorke as Dr. Dan Hennessy

- Jacqueline de Wit as Mona Plash

- Leigh Snowden as Jo-Ann Grisby

- Donald Curtis as Howard Hoffer

- Alex Gerry as George Warren

- Nestor Paiva as Manuel

- Forrest Lewis as Mr. Weeks

- Tol Avery as Tom Allenby

- Merry Anders as Mary Ann

- David Janssen as Freddie Norton, Kay's boyfriend (uncredited)

- Gia Scala as Marguerita, Manuel's daughter (uncredited)

## Production

### Screenplay

Screenwriter Peg Fenwick wrote the screenplay for All That Heaven Allows based on the 394-page novel of the same name by Edna L. and Harry Lee. Notations made on various pages of a copy of the original screenplay owned by the New York Public Library indicate that the script was written in August 1954.

Some scenes in the script differ from those in the finished film. For instance, in the screenplay Rock Hudson's character, Ron Kirby, lies on the grass eating his lunch, but in the final cut of the film, he has lunch with Jane Wyman's character, Cary Scott.

Sirk considered having Hudson's character die at the end of the film, but Ross Hunter, the film's producer, would not allow it, because he wanted a more positive ending.

### Development

After the success of Magnificent Obsession in 1954, Universal-International Pictures wanted Sirk to make another film starring Wyman and Hudson. He found the screenplay for All That Heaven Allows "rather impossible", but was able to restructure it and use the big budget to film and edit the work exactly the way he wanted.

Wyman was 38 when she played the film's "older woman", who scandalizes society and her grown-up children by becoming engaged to a younger man. Hudson, "the younger man", was 29 at the time.

### Filming

Some exteriors for the film were shot on " Colonial Street ", a studio backlot built by Paramount Pictures on the property of Universal Studios four years earlier and used in the film The Desperate Hours. The set was re-designed to mimic an upper-middle class New England town. The film contains only one visible crane shot, when the camera scans over the fictional town of Stoningham during the opening credits. Tracking and dollying shots were used frequently for interior shots. The set was later featured on the television series Leave It to Beaver.

### Music

The music that recurs throughout the film is Consolation No. 3 in D-flat major by Franz Liszt, along with frequent snatches of the finale to Brahms's First Symphony, the latter re-scored and sometimes elaborated. Also heard intermittently is "Warum?" (German for "Why?") by Robert Schumann, from the Fantasiestücke, Op. 12.

## Release

The film was released in Great Britain on August 25, 1955, several months ahead of its US premiere. In the United States, it opened in Los Angeles on Christmas Day 1955, and in New York City on February 28, 1956. The US release followed an extensive advertising campaign focusing on popular women's magazines such as McCall's, Family Circle, Woman's Day, and Redbook, which referred to the film as a " woman's picture ".

Motion Picture Daily reported that the film earned $16,000 on its opening day and did “above average” business in areas like Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans, and Jacksonville.

## Reception

The film press compared the movie favorably to Magnificent Obsession (1954), which also starred Wyman and Hudson and was directed by Sirk. A review in Motion Picture Daily was generally positive and praised Sirk for his use of color and mise en scène, saying: "In a print by Technicolor, the exterior shots and the interior settings are so beautifully photographed that they point up the action of the story with telling effect."

Although Sirk's reputation waned in the 1960s—as he was dismissed as a director of dated and insubstantial Hollywood melodramas—it was revived in the 1970s due to the praise of New German Cinema directors like Rainer Werner Fassbinder and the publication of Jon Halliday 's Sirk on Sirk (1971), in which the filmmaker describes his aesthetic and (often-subversive) social perspective. His reputation, and that of All That Heaven Allows, has grown since then, with critic Richard Brody describing him as a master of both melodrama and comedy, and the film as remarkable for its use of Henry David Thoreau 's Walden as a homegrown American philosophy depicted as a "vital and ongoing experience."

On Rotten Tomatoes, All That Heaven Allows has an approval rating of 91% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The consensus summarizes: "Big heart, big drama, and even bigger colors, All That Heaven Allows is tip top Douglas Sirk."

## Awards and honors

In 1995, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

## References in other films

All That Heaven Allows inspired Fassbinder 's Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974), in which a mature woman falls in love with an Arab man. It was spoofed by John Waters with his film Polyester (1981). Todd Haynes ' Far from Heaven (2002) is an homage to Sirk's work, in particular All That Heaven Allows and Imitation of Life (1959). François Ozon 's 8 Women (8 Femmes, 2002) features winter scenes and deer reminiscent of this film.


Riftia

# Riftia

## Abstract

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora and Vestimentifera) related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

Its common name "giant tube worm" is, however, also applied to the largest living species of shipworm, Kuphus polythalamius, which despite the name "worm", is a bivalve mollusc rather than an annelid.

## Discovery

R. pachyptila was discovered in 1977 on an expedition of the American bathyscaphe DSV Alvin to the Galápagos Rift led by geologist Jack Corliss. The discovery was unexpected, as the team was studying hydrothermal vents and no biologists were included in the expedition. Many of the species found living near hydrothermal vents during this expedition had never been seen before.

At the time, the presence of thermal springs near the midoceanic ridges was known. Further research uncovered aquatic life in the area, despite the high temperature (around 350–380 °C).

Many samples were collected, including bivalves, polychaetes, large crabs, and R. pachyptila. It was the first time that species was observed.

## Development

R. pachyptila develops from a free-swimming, pelagic, nonsymbiotic trochophore larva, which enters juvenile (metatrochophore) development, becoming sessile, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the trophosome, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.

## Body structure

Isolating the vermiform body from white chitinous tube, a small difference exists from the classic three subdivisions typical of phylum Pogonophora: the prosoma, the mesosoma, and the metasoma.

The first body region is the vascularized branchial plume, which is bright red due to the presence of hemoglobin that contain up to 144 globin chains (each presumably including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for carrying oxygen in the presence of sulfide, without being inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are. The plume provides essential nutrients to bacteria living inside the trophosome. If the animal perceives a threat or is touched, it retracts the plume and the tube is closed due to the obturaculum, a particular operculum that protects and isolates the animal from the external environment.

The second body region is the vestimentum, formed by muscle bands, having a winged shape, and it presents the two genital openings at the end. The heart, extended portion of dorsal vessel, enclose the vestimentum.

In the middle part, the trunk or third body region, is full of vascularized solid tissue, and includes body wall, gonads, and the coelomic cavity. Here is located also the trophosome, spongy tissue where a billion symbiotic, thioautotrophic bacteria and sulfur granules are found. Since the mouth, digestive system, and anus are missing, the survival of R. pachyptila is dependent on this mutualistic symbiosis. This process, known as chemosynthesis, was recognized within the trophosome by Colleen Cavanaugh.

The soluble hemoglobins, present in the tentacles, are able to bind O and H S, which are necessary for chemosynthetic bacteria. Due to the capillaries, these compounds are absorbed by bacteria. During the chemosynthesis, the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanase catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of the thiosulfate anion S O to sulfur S and sulfite SO. The R. pachyptila ’s bloodstream is responsible for absorption of the O and nutrients such as carbohydrates.

Nitrate and nitrite are toxic, but are required for biosynthetic processes. The chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome convert nitrate to ammonium ions, which then are available for production of amino acids in the bacteria, which are in turn released to the tube worm. To transport nitrate to the bacteria, R. pachyptila concentrates nitrate in its blood, to a concentration 100 times more concentrated than the surrounding water. The exact mechanism of R. pachyptila ’s ability to withstand and concentrate nitrate is still unknown.

In the posterior part, the fourth body region, is the opistosome, which anchors the animal to the tube and is used for the storage of waste from bacterial reactions.

## Symbiosis

The discovery of bacterial invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbiosis, particularly in vestimentiferan tubeworms R. pachyptila and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels revealed the chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm. Scientists discovered a remarkable source of nutrition that helps to sustain the conspicuous biomass of invertebrates at vents. Many studies focusing on this type of symbiosis revealed the presence of chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria mainly in R. pachyptila, which inhabits extreme environments and is adapted to the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters. This special environment is filled with inorganic metabolites, essentially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In its adult phase, R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the trophosome, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The trophosome is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom. It retains a large number of bacteria on the order of 10 bacteria per gram of fresh weight. Bacteria in the trophosome are retained inside bacteriocytes, thereby having no contact with the external environment. Thus, they rely on R. pachyptila for the assimilation of nutrients needed for the array of metabolic reactions they employ and for the excretion of waste products of carbon fixation pathways. At the same time, the tube worm depends completely on the microorganisms for the byproducts of their carbon fixation cycles that are needed for its growth.

Initial evidence for a chemoautotrophic symbiosis in R. pachyptila came from microscopic and biochemical analyses showing Gram-negative bacteria packed within a highly vascularized organ in the tubeworm trunk called the trophosome. Additional analyses involving stable isotope, enzymatic, and physiological characterizations confirmed that the end symbionts of R. pachyptila oxidize reduced-sulfur compounds to synthesize ATP for use in autotrophic carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle. The host tubeworm enables the uptake and transport of the substrates required for thioautotrophy, which are HS, O, and CO, receiving back a portion of the organic matter synthesized by the symbiont population. The adult tubeworm, given its inability to feed on particulate matter and its entire dependency on its symbionts for nutrition, the bacterial population is then the primary source of carbon acquisition for the symbiosis. Discovery of bacterial–invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbioses, initially in vestimentiferan tubeworms and then in vesicomyid clams and mytilid mussels, pointed to an even more remarkable source of nutrition sustaining the invertebrates at vents.

## Endosymbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria

A wide range of bacterial diversity is associated with symbiotic relationships with R. pachyptila. Many bacteria belong to the phylum Campylobacterota (formerly class Epsilonproteobacteria) as supported by the recent discovery in 2016 of the new species Sulfurovum riftiae belonging to the phylum Campylobacterota, family Helicobacteraceae isolated from R. pachyptila collected from the East Pacific Rise. Other symbionts belong to the class Delta -, Alpha - and Gammaproteobacteria. The Candidatus Endoriftia persephone (Gammaproteobacteria) is a facultative R. pachyptila symbiont and has been shown to be a mixotroph, thereby exploiting both Calvin Benson cycle and reverse TCA cycle (with an unusual ATP citrate lyase) according to availability of carbon resources and whether it is free living in the environment or inside a eukaryotic host. The bacteria apparently prefer a heterotrophic lifestyle when carbon sources are available.

Evidence based on 16S rRNA analysis affirms that R. pachyptila chemoautotrophic bacteria belong to two different clades: Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota (e.g. Sulfurovum riftiae) that get energy from the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H S, HS, S) to synthesize ATP for carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle. Unfortunately, most of these bacteria are still uncultivable. Symbiosis works so that R. pachyptila provides nutrients such as HS, O, CO to bacteria, and in turn it receives organic matter from them. Thus, because of lack of a digestive system, R. pachyptila depends entirely on its bacterial symbiont to survive.

In the first step of sulfide-oxidation, reduced sulfur (HS) passes from the external environment into R. pachyptila blood, where, together with O, it is bound by hemoglobin, forming the complex Hb-O -HS and then it is transported to the trophosome, where bacterial symbionts reside. Here, HS is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S) or to sulfite (SO).

In the second step, the symbionts make sulfite-oxidation by the "APS pathway", to get ATP. In this biochemical pathway, AMP reacts with sulfite in the presence of the enzyme APS reductase, giving APS (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). Then, APS reacts with the enzyme ATP sulfurylase in presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) giving ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and sulfate (SO) as end products. In formulas:

- AMP + SO 3 2 − → A P S r e d u c t a s e APS {\displaystyle {\ce {AMP + SO3^2- -> APS}}}

- APS + PPi → A T P s u l f u r y l a s e ATP + SO 4 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {APS + PPi -> ATP + SO4^2-}}}

The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO fixation in Calvin cycle, whose presence has been demonstrated by the presence of two key enzymes of this pathway: phosphoribulokinase and RubisCO.

To support this unusual metabolism, R. pachyptila has to absorb all the substances necessary for both sulfide-oxidation and carbon fixation, that is: HS, O and CO and other fundamental bacterial nutrients such as N and P. This means that the tubeworm must be able to access both oxic and anoxic areas.

Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds requires the presence of oxidized reagents such as oxygen and nitrate. Hydrothermal vents are characterized by conditions of high hypoxia. In hypoxic conditions, sulfur -storing organisms start producing hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the production of in H S in anaerobic conditions is common among thiotrophic symbiosis. H S can be damaging for some physiological processes as it inhibits the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, consequentially impairing oxidative phosphorylation. In R. pachyptila the production of hydrogen sulfide starts after 24h of hypoxia. In order to avoid physiological damage some animals, including Riftia pachyptila are able to bind H S to haemoglobin in the blood to eventually expel it in the surrounding environment.

## Carbon fixation and organic carbon assimilation

Unlike metazoans, which respire carbon dioxide as a waste product, R. pachyptila -symbiont association has a demand for a net uptake of CO instead, as a cnidarian -symbiont associations. Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of bicarbonate HCO, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater alkaline pH and the high solubility of CO, yet the pCO of the blood of R. pachyptila may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO of deep-sea water.

CO partial pressures are transferred to the vicinity of vent fluids due to the enriched inorganic carbon content of vent fluids and their lower pH. CO uptake in the worm is enhanced by the higher pH of its blood (7.3–7.4), which favors the bicarbonate ion and thus promotes a steep gradient across which CO diffuses into the vascular blood of the plume. The facilitation of CO uptake by high environmental pCO was first inferred based on measures of elevated blood and coelomic fluid pCO in tubeworms, and was subsequently demonstrated through incubations of intact animals under various pCO conditions.

Once CO is fixed by the symbionts, it must be assimilated by the host tissues. The supply of fixed carbon to the host is transported via organic molecules from the trophosome in the hemolymph, but the relative importance of translocation and symbiont digestion is not yet known. Studies proved that within 15 min, the label first appears in symbiont-free host tissues, and that indicates a significant amount of release of organic carbon immediately after fixation. After 24 h, labeled carbon is clearly evident in the epidermal tissues of the body wall. Results of the pulse-chase autoradiographic experiments were also evident with ultrastructural evidence for digestion of symbionts in the peripheral regions of the trophosome lobules.

## Sulfide acquisition

In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide and oxygen are present in different areas. Indeed, the reducing fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, or totally, oxidized sulfur compounds like thiosulfate (S O) and ultimately sulfate (SO), respectively less, or no longer, usable for microbial oxidation metabolism. This causes the substrates to be less available for microbial activity, thus bacteria are constricted to compete with oxygen to get their nutrients. In order to avoid this issue, several microbes have evolved to make symbiosis with eukaryotic hosts. In fact, R. pachyptila is able to cover the oxic and anoxic areas to get both sulfide and oxygen thanks to its hemoglobin that can bind sulfide reversibly and apart from oxygen by functional binding sites determined to be zinc ions embedded in the A2 chains of the hemoglobins. and then transport it to the trophosome, where bacterial metabolism can occur. It has also been suggested that cysteine residues are involved in this process.

## Symbiont acquisition

The acquisition of a symbiont by a host can occur in these ways:

- Environmental transfer (symbiont acquired from a free-living population in the environment)

- Vertical transfer (parents transfer symbiont to offspring via eggs)

- Horizontal transfer (hosts that share the same environment)

Evidence suggests that R. pachyptila acquires its symbionts through its environment. In fact, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that vestimentiferan tubeworms belonging to three different genera: Riftia, Oasisia, and Tevnia, share the same bacterial symbiont phylotype.

This proves that R. pachyptila takes its symbionts from a free-living bacterial population in the environment. Other studies also support this thesis, because analyzing R. pachyptila eggs, 16S rRNA belonging to the symbiont was not found, showing that the bacterial symbiont is not transmitted by vertical transfer.

Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a R. pachyptila symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the fliC gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (flagellin) required for flagellum synthesis. Analysis showed that R. pachyptila symbiont has at least one gene needed for flagellum synthesis. Hence, the question arose as to the purpose of the flagellum. Flagellar motility would be useless for a bacterial symbiont transmitted vertically, but if the symbiont came from the external environment, then a flagellum would be essential to reach the host organism and to colonize it. Indeed, several symbionts use this method to colonize eukaryotic hosts.

Thus, these results confirm the environmental transfer of R. pachyptila symbiont.

## Reproduction

R. pachyptila is a dioecious vestimentiferan. Individuals of this species are sessile and are found clustered together around deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift. The size of a patch of individuals surrounding a vent is within the scale of tens of metres.

The male's spermatozoa are thread-shaped and are composed of three distinct regions: the acrosome (6 μm), the nucleus (26 μm) and the tail (98 μm). Thus, the single spermatozoa is about 130 μm long overall, with a diameter of 0.7 μm, which becomes narrower near the tail area, reaching 0.2 μm. The sperm is arranged into an agglomeration of around 340-350 individual spermatozoa that create a torch-like shape. The cup part is made up of acrosomes and nucleus, while the handle is made up by the tails. The spermatozoa in the package are held together by fibrils. Fibrils also coat the package itself to ensure cohesion.

The large ovaries of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as: oogonia, oocytes, and follicular cells. When the oocytes mature, they acquire protein and lipid yolk granules.

Males release their sperm into sea water. While the released agglomerations of spermatozoa, referred to as spermatozeugmata, do not remain intact for more than 30 seconds in laboratory conditions, they may maintain integrity for longer periods of time in specific hydrothermal vent conditions. Usually, the spermatozeugmata swim into the female's tube. Movement of the cluster is conferred by the collective action of each spermatozoon moving independently. Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally, fertilization in R. pachyptila is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the oviducts, it should be defined as internal-external.

R. pachyptila is completely dependent on the production of volcanic gases and the presence of sulfide -oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, its metapopulation distribution is profoundly linked to volcanic and tectonic activity that create active hydrothermal vent sites with a patchy and ephemeral distribution. The distance between active sites along a rift or adjacent segments can be very high, reaching hundreds of km. This raises the question regarding larval dispersal. R. pachytpila is capable of larval dispersal across distances of 100 to 200 km and cultured larvae show to be viable for 38 days. Though dispersal is considered to be effective, the genetic variability observed in R. pachyptila metapopulation is low compared to other vent species. This may be due to high extinction events and colonization events, as R. pachyptila is one of the first species to colonize a new active site.

The endosymbionts of R. pachyptila are not passed to the fertilized eggs during spawning, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm. R. pachyptila planktonic larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trophocores. The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a ciliated opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are phaghocytized by epithelial cells found in the midgut are then retained. Bacteria that do not represent possible endosymbionts are digested. This raises questions as to how R. pachyptila manages to discern between essential and nonessential bacterial strains. The worm's ability to recognise a beneficial strain, as well as preferential host-specific infection by bacteria have been both suggested as being the drivers of this phenomenon.

## Growth rate and age

R. pachyptila has the fastest growth rate of any known marine invertebrate. These organisms have been known to colonize a new site, grow to sexual maturity, and increase in length to 4.9 feet (1.5 m) in less than two years.

Because of the peculiar environment in which R. pachyptila thrives, this species differs greatly from other deep-sea species that do not inhabit hydrothermal vents sites; the activity of diagnostic enzymes for glycolysis, citric acid cycle and transport of electrons in the tissues of R. pachyptila is very similar to the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of shallow-living animals. This contrasts with the fact that deep-sea species usually show very low metabolic rates, which in turn suggests that low water temperature and high pressure in the deep sea do not necessarily limit the metabolic rate of animals and that hydrothermal vents sites display characteristics that are completely different from the surrounding environment, thereby shaping the physiology and biological interactions of the organisms living in these sites.


Filip Bajić

# Filip Bajić

## Abstract

Filip Bajić (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Бајић; born 18 November 1993) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Career

### Dinami Vranje

Bajić joined FK Dinamo Vranje in the summer 2019. In January 2020 it was confirmed, that Bajić had left the club.


George Washington (baseball)

# George Washington (baseball)

## Abstract

Sloan Vernon "George" Washington (June 4, 1907 – February 17, 1985) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He played all of 1935 and part of 1936 in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox.

Washington's minor league baseball career spanned twenty seasons, from 1931 until 1950. He served as player-manager of the Texarkana Bears of the Big State League in 1947-48. In 1949, while playing for the Gladewater Bears, Washington won the Class-C East Texas League batting title at age 42.

## Sources

- Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)


List of earthquakes in 2024

# List of earthquakes in 2024

## Abstract

This is a list of earthquakes in 2024. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in significant damage and/or casualties. All dates are listed according to UTC time. The maximum intensities are based on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Earthquake magnitudes are based on data from the USGS.

## By death toll

Listed are earthquakes with at least 10 dead.

## By magnitude

Listed are earthquakes with at least 7.0 magnitude.

## By month

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September


Play Safe (public information film)

# Play Safe (public information film)

## Abstract

Play Safe is a series of three public information films (PIFs) directed by David Eady and broadcast in the United Kingdom from 1978 highlighting to children the dangers of playing near overhead power lines and electrical substations. The broadcasts were sponsored by the Electricity Council, as part of wider efforts to educate the public about electricity. In a fashion typical for such broadcasts of the period, the films were made to be frightening for young children – depicting graphic electrocution scenes well before the 9pm watershed for programmes unsuitable for children. Television transmission was typically most frequent during school holidays and at times of day dedicated to children's programming.

The three individual films were in fact part of a longer 10-minute film shown in schools to highlight the dangers of electricity. The film was hosted by two animated characters, a Wise Owl voiced by actor Brian Wilde, famous for his roles in Last of the Summer Wine and Porridge, who indoctrinates a younger bird, Robin, voiced by Bernard Cribbins, in electrical dangers and then shows the three films as demonstration of the hazards described. The inclusion of these animated characters provided a reassuring presence to younger children who would have been potentially traumatized by the events depicted in the films.

Within this longer film, all three separate films differ slightly from their individual TV broadcasts with very minor changes to the music. However, the first film 'Frisbee' is notable also for about 5 seconds of additional footage not broadcast on TV, showing more of the character 'Jimmy' forcing entry through the sub-station fence, and also an additional graphic shot of his legs on fire after his electrocution.

The longer 10-minute film also features a fourth incident not released as a separate stand-alone TV PIF. This focuses on the consequences of vandalism to electrical infrastructure and opens with a teenage boy, encouraged by friends, throwing a chain up to a 132,000 volt pylon, causing an explosive short circuit which in turn triggers an area blackout. This knocks out power to local traffic lights, which results in a young girl being knocked off her bike and killed. It subsequently transpires that the dead girl is in fact the younger sister of the teenage vandal who caused the power cut.

Within both the 10-minute film and as a stand-alone PIF, the film 'Frisbee' is not narrated. However, in both formats, the other two films are narrated by Brian Wilde and also commence and end with a white on black caption with the words 'Play Safe' placed between two prongs between which a violent arc of electricity then occurs.

The 'Play Safe' campaign was superseded in 1988 by a new film called 'Powerful Stuff' which was also presented in both a longer version for schools and separate stand-alone PIFs for television broadcast. This featured brief clips from the earlier film. The tone of this later campaign, whilst broadly aimed at all ages, placed the emphasis on older children and teenagers.

## Cast

- Bernard Cribbins as Robin

- Brian Wilde as Owl

- Andrew Bagley as Jimmy

- Jayne Tottman as Amy

## Television Broadcasts

Play Safe was regularly broadcast during advertising breaks on ITV and Channel 4 well into the 1980s. The three broadcasts were:

- Frisbee: The campaign was infamous for this PIF. A young boy named Jimmy accidentally throws a Frisbee into an electricity sub-station, where it becomes wedged into an insulator. Although reluctant to do so, his sister Amy persuades him to retrieve it. He breaks through the perimeter security, climbing up onto a high voltage transformer to retrieve the Frisbee. As he reaches out to the Frisbee, he is electrocuted and killed by a 66,000 volt current arcing from the insulator string, much to his sister's horror as she cries out her brother's name. The film cuts to a radio broadcast stating that he was killed instantly by a 66,000 volt shock and that children must stay away from sub-stations. The radio is shown to be in Amy and Jimmy's home and the camera pans to the sight of Jimmy's school uniform, never to be worn by him again, hanging from the newel post before ending on a replay of the electrocution and Amy screaming.

- Kites and Planes: A young boy flies a kite near an electricity pylon (transmission tower), not realizing that the kite control cord is a conductor. The boy receives a shock when the kite makes contact with a conductor on the 132,000 volt pylon. As a stand-alone TV broadcast, it is assumed the incident is fatal. However, within the 10-minute film, it is stated afterwards by the 'Wise Owl' character that the victim was 'badly burned but didn't die'.

- Camping and Fishing: The film highlighted the dangers of using fishing rods and camping poles near overhead power lines. After depicting a few near-misses, it concludes with a boy receiving an electric shock from a wooden-pole-supported 11,000 volt wire when the mast of his boat strikes the conductor. Again, from the stand-alone TV broadcast, the incident is assumed fatal, but again the longer film clarifies otherwise, referring to the victim having been 'knocked unconscious but alright after a few days'.


BTV Chittagong

# BTV Chittagong

## Abstract

Bangladesh Television Chattogram or Bangladesh Television Chittagong, branded on-air as BTV Chittagong or BTV Chattogram, sometimes known as CTV, is a BTV -affiliated television station broadcast from Chittagong, serving southeastern Bangladesh. It is the network's first and currently the only regional television station. It was launched in 1996 and initially broadcast for one and a half hours, but the broadcast schedule significantly increased over time. It broadcasts on a full-day basis daily on both terrestrial and satellite television.

BTV Chittagong started broadcasting on satellite television in 2016. It is also a nationwide terrestrial television station along with BTV Dhaka and Sangsad Television, as it reaches 75% of the area of Bangladesh terrestrially. It is one of the five BTV-affiliated television stations serving the Chittagong Division, with the others being broadcast from Comilla, Noakhali, Rangamati, and Ukhia, all of which are relay television stations.

## History

### 1968–1996: Original plans and relay station

Originally, before the independence of Bangladesh and after the inauguration of the second television station of Pakistan Television in Dacca on 25 December 1964, there were initial plans to establish a television station in Chittagong. The station would have operated on VHF channel 5 using an ERP of 30 kilowatts and went on air by December 1968, the same time as the proposed station in Peshawar. A while after independence and prior to the establishment of the full-fledged BTV Chittagong television station, a relay station of BTV Dhaka was inaugurated in Chittagong in June 1976, broadcasting on VHF channel 5 using a 10-kilowatt transmitter, although its ERP was 80 kilowatts. As of August 1989, BTV Chittagong broadcast with an upgraded 15 kilowatt transmitter.

### 1996–2016: Initial broadcasts

On 19 December 1996, Sheikh Hasina, former prime minister of Bangladesh, inaugurated the first regional television station of Bangladesh Television in Chittagong, with financial and technical support from the Government of France. It only broadcast for one and a half hour at the time, within a 40 km limit via terrestrial television. BTV Chittagong was operated via a syndicate and had acquired programs, which were subsequently broadcast on the station. It was also reported that the same artists have constantly been shown on the station. Celebrities have urged the station's authorities to increase its daily schedule to properly showcase the culture, heritage, and the history of the Chittagong region. The authorities of BTV Chittagong was also accused of mismanagement, leading the station to be in disarray. The station's broadcast timing was later extended to two hours a day, and later to three hours.

In January 2009, BTV Chittagong filed a general diary against Ekushey Television for illegally using terrestrial signals for broadcasting in Chittagong, even after the government of Bangladesh ruled that only Bangladesh Television-affiliated stations could broadcast on terrestrial television in Bangladesh. Local police in the city later shut the terrestrial broadcasts on 6 January. Experimental broadcasts on digital terrestrial television from Chittagong commenced on 25 January 2011. Discussions for increasing BTV Chittagong's broadcast schedule took place in 2013, as an objective for the station to broadcast for twenty-four hours. For this, a project costing BDT 440 million had to be initiated.

### 2016–present: Satellite era

On 28 September 2016, BTV Chittagong began experimental broadcasts via satellite television on a four-hour basis. It was later extended to six hours on 31 December 2016. This transmission was also broadcast to 60 countries worldwide. BTV Chittagong also debuted on cable television. On 13 April 2019, BTV Chittagong began broadcasting for nine hours on a daily basis and also commenced transmissions via the Bangabandhu-1 satellite on 1 July 2019. Its broadcast time was later extended to twelve hours in December 2019.

In September 2020, a 133.5 metres (438 ft) tall tower of BTV Chittagong was built. Twelve satellite and cable channels and two terrestrial channels can be operated using the tower, and on 3 September, the transmissions of BTV Chittagong, BTV Dhaka, Sangsad Television, and BTV World commenced using the tower. On 19 December 2020, BTV Chittagong began airing English-language news programming.

On 10 January 2021, BTV Chittagong commenced transmissions for eighteen hours, which is identical to the broadcast timing of BTV Dhaka. In May 2021, BTV Chittagong was made available for streaming worldwide in the newly launched BTV app. On 17 June 2021, BTV Chittagong broadcast its first national debate. On 7 August 2021, the station broadcast live from its studios for the first time. On 19 December 2021, on its 25th anniversary, the station began broadcasting on a full day basis.

On 29 January 2022, BTV Chittagong's former controller and program manager, Mahfuza Akhter, was appointed as BTV Chittagong's new general manager, replacing Nitai Kumar Bhattacharya. On the same day, a Bangabandhu Corner dedicated to the founding father of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was inaugurated at the headquarters of BTV Chittagong. In observance of Eid al-Fitr 2022, the station broadcast the self-produced Anandamela. In May 2022, the Government of Bangladesh ordered the broadcast of BTV Chittagong, along with its sisters, in airports across the country. On 12 January 2023, Mahfuza Akhter resigned from her position and is succeeded by Nur Anwar Hossain Ranju.

## Programming

BTV Chittagong broadcasts local programming, and also programming dedicated to the Indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Its programming line primarily consists of news, music, entertainment, and talk shows. It also plays an important role in promoting the culture of the Chittagong region and developing its tourism sector.

### List of original programming

- Band Show

- Ey Shoptaher Shongshkriti

- Eto Shur Eto Gaan

- Grand Studio

- Jaltaranga

- Jugol Bondi

- Ki Prem Shikhayla

- Music Station

- Pahariya Mon

- Rupali Fitar Kotha


Mount Maria, Queensland

# Mount Maria, Queensland

## Abstract

Mount Maria is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Geography

Baffle Creek forms the south-western boundary and the south-eastern and eastern boundary (but not the southern boundary). Euleilah Creek forms the north-west boundary of the locality; it later becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek.

The mountain Mount Maria is in the south of the locality (24°32′29″S 151°50′38″E / 24.5413°S 151.8440°E) and rises to 340 metres (1,120 ft) above sea level. It presumably gives its name to the locality.

Tablelands Road enters the locality from the south (Berajondo) and exits to the north (Taunton); it is the main road through the locality.

The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Mount Maria had a population of 193 people.

In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Mount Maria. The nearest government primary schools are Lowmead State School in neighbouring Lowmead to the west, Rosedale State School in neighbouring Rosedale to the south-east, and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the east.


Last Stop: Rocafort St.

# Last Stop: Rocafort St.

## Abstract

Last Stop: Rocafort St. (Spanish: Estación Rocafort) is a 2024 Spanish horror thriller film directed by Luis Prieto starring Natalia Azahara alongside Javier Gutiérrez and Valèria Sorolla.

## Plot

After landing a night shift job in the Barcelona Metro and starting a relationship with co-worker Cris, Laura discovers the many strange deaths happening at the station she works for, Rocafort station, teaming up with troubled former cop Román in her search for truth.

## Cast

- Natalia Azahara as Laura

- Javier Gutiérrez as Román

- Albert Baró as Román (young)

- Valèria Sorolla as Cris

- Xavi Sáez as Andrés

- Francesc Albiol as Albert

- Aimar Vega as Toni

- Tatín Revenga as Luis

- Celso Bugallo as Elías

## Production

The screenplay was written by Iván Ledesma, Ángel Agudo, and Luis Prieto. The film was produced by Showrunner Films and Nostromo Pictures and it had the participation of Netflix, Mogambo, and CreaSGR. Shooting locations included Barcelona and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

## Release

The film was released theatrically in Spain on 6 September 2024 by Filmax.

## Reception

Jordi Batlle Caminal of Fotogramas rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing that it is an "an uneven film, but it possesses an contagious rapture".

Toni Vall of Cinemanía rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be "an entertaining film", "indebted to a tad too many things".

Quim Casas of El Periódico de Catalunya rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, deeming it to be "a film that is interesting in its approach, but limited in its results".

Ekaitz Ortega of HobbyConsolas gave the film 56 points ('so-so'), positively mentioning Azahara and Sorolla's performances as well as some punctual horror scenes, while negatively citing a number of clichés and that the plot displays "significant pacing problems".


William Kingdon Clifford

# William Kingdon Clifford

## Abstract

William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was a British mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termed geometric algebra, a special case of the Clifford algebra named in his honour. The operations of geometric algebra have the effect of mirroring, rotating, translating, and mapping the geometric objects that are being modelled to new positions. Clifford algebras in general and geometric algebra in particular have been of ever increasing importance to mathematical physics, geometry, and computing. Clifford was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression mind-stuff.

## Biography

Born in Exeter, William Clifford was educated at Doctor Templeton's Academy on Bedford Circus and showed great promise at school. He went on to King's College London (at age 15) and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 1868, after being Second Wrangler in 1867 and second Smith's prizeman. In 1870, he was part of an expedition to Italy to observe the solar eclipse of 22 December 1870. During that voyage he survived a shipwreck along the Sicilian coast.

In 1871, he was appointed professor of mathematics and mechanics at University College London, and in 1874 became a fellow of the Royal Society. He was also a member of the London Mathematical Society and the Metaphysical Society.

Clifford married Lucy Lane on 7 April 1875, with whom he had two children. Clifford enjoyed entertaining children and wrote a collection of fairy stories, The Little People.

### Death and legacy

In 1876, Clifford suffered a breakdown, probably brought on by overwork. He taught and administered by day, and wrote by night. A half-year holiday in Algeria and Spain allowed him to resume his duties for 18 months, after which he collapsed again. He went to the island of Madeira to recover, but died there of tuberculosis after a few months, leaving a widow with two children.

Clifford and his wife are buried in London's Highgate Cemetery, near the graves of George Eliot and Herbert Spencer, just north of the grave of Karl Marx.

The academic journal Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras publishes on Clifford's legacy in kinematics and abstract algebra.

## Mathematics

"Clifford was above all and before all a geometer."

The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry opened new possibilities in geometry in Clifford's era. The field of intrinsic differential geometry was born, with the concept of curvature broadly applied to space itself as well as to curved lines and surfaces. Clifford was very much impressed by Bernhard Riemann ’s 1854 essay "On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry". In 1870, he reported to the Cambridge Philosophical Society on the curved space concepts of Riemann, and included speculation on the bending of space by gravity. Clifford's translation of Riemann's paper was published in Nature in 1873. His report at Cambridge, " On the Space-Theory of Matter ", was published in 1876, anticipating Albert Einstein 's general relativity by 40 years. Clifford elaborated elliptic space geometry as a non-Euclidean metric space. Equidistant curves in elliptic space are now said to be Clifford parallels.

Clifford's contemporaries considered him acute and original, witty and warm. He often worked late into the night, which may have hastened his death. He published papers on a range of topics including algebraic forms and projective geometry and the textbook Elements of Dynamic. His application of graph theory to invariant theory was followed up by William Spottiswoode and Alfred Kempe.

### Algebras

In 1878, Clifford published a seminal work, building on Grassmann's extensive algebra. He had succeeded in unifying the quaternions, developed by William Rowan Hamilton, with Grassmann's outer product (aka the exterior product). He understood the geometric nature of Grassmann's creation, and that the quaternions fit cleanly into the algebra Grassmann had developed. The versors in quaternions facilitate representation of rotation. Clifford laid the foundation for a geometric product, composed of the sum of the inner product and Grassmann's outer product. The geometric product was eventually formalized by the Hungarian mathematician Marcel Riesz. The inner product equips geometric algebra with a metric, fully incorporating distance and angle relationships for lines, planes, and volumes, while the outer product gives those planes and volumes vector-like properties, including a directional bias.

Combining the two brought the operation of division into play. This greatly expanded our qualitative understanding of how objects interact in space. Crucially, it also provided the means for quantitatively calculating the spatial consequences of those interactions. The resulting geometric algebra, as he called it, eventually realized the long sought goal of creating an algebra that mirrors the movements and projections of objects in 3-dimensional space.

Moreover, Clifford's algebraic schema extends to higher dimensions. The algebraic operations have the same symbolic form as they do in 2 or 3-dimensions. The importance of general Clifford algebras has grown over time, while their isomorphism classes - as real algebras - have been identified in other mathematical systems beyond simply the quaternions.

The realms of real analysis and complex analysis have been expanded through the algebra H of quaternions, thanks to its notion of a three-dimensional sphere embedded in a four-dimensional space. Quaternion versors, which inhabit this 3-sphere, provide a representation of the rotation group SO(3). Clifford noted that Hamilton's biquaternions were a tensor product H ⊗ C {\displaystyle H\otimes C} of known algebras, and proposed instead two other tensor products of H: Clifford argued that the "scalars" taken from the complex numbers C might instead be taken from split-complex numbers D or from the dual numbers N. In terms of tensor products, H ⊗ D {\displaystyle H\otimes D} produces split-biquaternions, while H ⊗ N {\displaystyle H\otimes N} forms dual quaternions. The algebra of dual quaternions is used to express screw displacement, a common mapping in kinematics.

## Philosophy

As a philosopher, Clifford's name is chiefly associated with two phrases of his coining, mind-stuff and the tribal self. The former symbolizes his metaphysical conception, suggested to him by his reading of Baruch Spinoza, which Clifford (1878) defined as follows:

That element of which, as we have seen, even the simplest feeling is a complex, I shall call Mind-stuff. A moving molecule of inorganic matter does not possess mind or consciousness; but it possesses a small piece of mind-stuff. When molecules are so combined together as to form the film on the under side of a jelly-fish, the elements of mind-stuff which go along with them are so combined as to form the faint beginnings of Sentience. When the molecules are so combined as to form the brain and nervous system of a vertebrate, the corresponding elements of mind-stuff are so combined as to form some kind of consciousness; that is to say, changes in the complex which take place at the same time get so linked together that the repetition of one implies the repetition of the other. When matter takes the complex form of a living human brain, the corresponding mind-stuff takes the form of a human consciousness, having intelligence and volition.

Regarding Clifford's concept, Sir Frederick Pollock wrote:

Briefly put, the conception is that mind is the one ultimate reality; not mind as we know it in the complex forms of conscious feeling and thought, but the simpler elements out of which thought and feeling are built up. The hypothetical ultimate element of mind, or atom of mind-stuff, precisely corresponds to the hypothetical atom of matter, being the ultimate fact of which the material atom is the phenomenon. Matter and the sensible universe are the relations between particular organisms, that is, mind organized into consciousness, and the rest of the world. This leads to results which would in a loose and popular sense be called materialist. But the theory must, as a metaphysical theory, be reckoned on the idealist side. To speak technically, it is an idealist monism.

Tribal self, on the other hand, gives the key to Clifford's ethical view, which explains conscience and the moral law by the development in each individual of a 'self,' which prescribes the conduct conducive to the welfare of the 'tribe.' Much of Clifford's contemporary prominence was due to his attitude toward religion. Animated by an intense love of his conception of truth and devotion to public duty, he waged war on such ecclesiastical systems as seemed to him to favour obscurantism, and to put the claims of sect above those of human society. The alarm was greater, as theology was still unreconciled with Darwinism; and Clifford was regarded as a dangerous champion of the anti-spiritual tendencies then imputed to modern science. There has also been debate on the extent to which Clifford's doctrine of ' concomitance ' or ' psychophysical parallelism ' influenced John Hughlings Jackson 's model of the nervous system and, through him, the work of Janet, Freud, Ribot, and Ey.

### Ethics

In his 1877 essay, The Ethics of Belief, Clifford argues that it is immoral to believe things for which one lacks evidence. He describes a ship-owner who planned to send to sea an old and not well-built ship full of passengers. The ship-owner had doubts suggested to him that the ship might not be seaworthy: "These doubts preyed upon his mind, and made him unhappy." He considered having the ship refitted even though it would be expensive. At last, "he succeeded in overcoming these melancholy reflections." He watched the ship depart, "with a light heart…and he got his insurance money when she went down in mid-ocean and told no tales."

Clifford argues that the ship-owner was guilty of the deaths of the passengers even though he sincerely believed the ship was sound: " e had no right to believe on such evidence as was before him." Moreover, he contends that even in the case where the ship successfully reaches the destination, the decision remains immoral, because the morality of the choice is defined forever once the choice is made, and actual outcome, defined by blind chance, doesn't matter. The ship-owner would be no less guilty: his wrongdoing would never be discovered, but he still had no right to make that decision given the information available to him at the time.

Clifford famously concludes with what has come to be known as Clifford's principle: "it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."

As such, he is arguing in direct opposition to religious thinkers for whom 'blind faith' (i.e. belief in things in spite of the lack of evidence for them) was a virtue. This paper was famously attacked by pragmatist philosopher William James in his " Will to Believe " lecture. Often these two works are read and published together as touchstones for the debate over evidentialism, faith, and overbelief.

## Premonition of relativity

Though Clifford never constructed a full theory of spacetime and relativity, there are some remarkable observations he made in print that foreshadowed these modern concepts:In his book Elements of Dynamic (1878), he introduced "quasi-harmonic motion in a hyperbola". He wrote an expression for a parametrized unit hyperbola, which other authors later used as a model for relativistic velocity. Elsewhere he states:

This passage makes reference to biquaternions, though Clifford made these into split-biquaternions as his independent development.The book continues with a chapter "On the bending of space", the substance of general relativity. Clifford also discussed his views in On the Space-Theory of Matter in 1876.

In 1910, William Barrett Frankland quoted the Space-Theory of Matter in his book on parallelism: "The boldness of this speculation is surely unexcelled in the history of thought. Up to the present, however, it presents the appearance of an Icarian flight." Years later, after general relativity had been advanced by Albert Einstein, various authors noted that Clifford had anticipated Einstein. Hermann Weyl (1923), for instance, mentioned Clifford as one of those who, like Bernhard Riemann, anticipated the geometric ideas of relativity.

In 1940, Eric Temple Bell published The Development of Mathematics, in which he discusses the prescience of Clifford on relativity:

John Archibald Wheeler, during the 1960 International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (CLMPS) at Stanford, introduced his geometrodynamics formulation of general relativity by crediting Clifford as the initiator.

In The Natural Philosophy of Time (1961), Gerald James Whitrow recalls Clifford's prescience, quoting him in order to describe the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric in cosmology.

Cornelius Lanczos (1970) summarizes Clifford's premonitions:

Likewise, Banesh Hoffmann (1973) writes:

In 1990, Ruth Farwell and Christopher Knee examined the record on acknowledgement of Clifford's foresight. They conclude that "it was Clifford, not Riemann, who anticipated some of the conceptual ideas of General Relativity." To explain the lack of recognition of Clifford's prescience, they point out that he was an expert in metric geometry, and "metric geometry was too challenging to orthodox epistemology to be pursued." In 1992, Farwell and Knee continued their study of Clifford and Riemann:

hold that once tensors had been used in the theory of general relativity, the framework existed in which a geometrical perspective in physics could be developed and allowed the challenging geometrical conceptions of Riemann and Clifford to be rediscovered.

## Selected writings

- 1872. On the aims and instruments of scientific thought, 524–41.

- 1876. On the Space-Theory of Matter.

- 1877. "The Ethics of Belief." Contemporary Review 29:289.

- 1878. Elements of Dynamic: An Introduction to the Study of Motion And Rest In Solid And Fluid Bodies. Book I: "Translations" Book II: "Rotations" Book III: "Strains"

- Book I: "Translations"

- Book II: "Rotations"

- Book III: "Strains"

- 1878. "Applications of Grassmann's Extensive Algebra." American Journal of Mathematics 1(4):353.

- 1879: Seeing and Thinking —includes four popular science lectures: "The Eye and the Brain" "The Eye and Seeing" "The Brain and Thinking" "Of Boundaries in General"

- "The Eye and the Brain"

- "The Eye and Seeing"

- "The Brain and Thinking"

- "Of Boundaries in General"

- 1879. Lectures and Essays I & II, with an introduction by Sir Frederick Pollock.

- 1881. "Mathematical fragments" (facsimiles).

- 1882. Mathematical Papers, edited by Robert Tucker, with an introduction by Henry J. S. Smith.

- 1885. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, completed by Karl Pearson.

- 1887. Elements of Dynamic 2.

## Quotations

"I…hold that in the physical world nothing else takes place but this variation."

"There is no scientific discoverer, no poet, no painter, no musician, who will not tell you that he found ready made his discovery or poem or picture—that it came to him from outside, and that he did not consciously create it from within."

"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."

"If a man, holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of afterwards, keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about it in his mind, purposely avoids the reading of books and the company of men that call in question or discuss it, and regards as impious those questions which cannot easily be asked without disturbing it—the life of that man is one long sin against mankind."

"I was not, and was conceived. I loved and did a little work. I am not and grieve not."


2024–25 Indian Super League

# 2024–25 Indian Super League

## Abstract

The 2024–25 Indian Super League is the 11th season of the Indian Super League (ISL) and the 29th season of the top division premier l eague football in India.

Mohun Bagan SG are the defending champions and Mumbai City are the defending cup winners.

## Changes from last season

- This is the first season where it is no longer mandatory for ISL clubs to include at least one player from a member association of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

- Besides doing away with the Asian quota, the ISL has also increased the salary cap from Rs 16.5 crore to Rs to 18 crore, with two players, either domestic or international, from each club outside the salary cap. Until last season, only a marquee player's salary was outside the cap. The new guidelines will allow clubs to spend freely on international players, without having to worry about the salary cap.

- As per the Asian Football Confederation roadmap, relegation was to start in the ISL from 2024-25, but the AIFF decided not to implement it this season.

- New home grown player category has been added – up to 3 of whom can be excluded from the salary cap. The homegrown players are U-23 players who have been registered with a club for consecutive 3 years immediately preceding ISL 2024-25.

- Maximum of one concussion substitution in a match per team, correspondingly the opposing team will receive an additional substitution opportunity.

- Claim for wrongful dismissals for direct red cards (for obvious errors) has been introduced by AIFF and incorporated in the League Rules for ISL 2024-25.

## Teams

13 teams compete in the 11th season of Indian Super League: 12 from the previous season and one promoted from the 2023–24 I-League.

- Mohammedan

## Foreign players

The AIFF allows clubs to register a maximum of six foreign players. A maximum of four can be fielded in a match at a time.

Bold suggests the player was signed during the mid-season winter transfer window.

## League table

## Results

### Form

### Positions by round

## Attendances

## Awards