Lufthansa Flight 181

# Lufthansa Flight 181

## Abstract

Lufthansa Flight 181, a Boeing 737-230C jet airliner (reg. D-ABCE) named Landshut, was hijacked on 13 October 1977 by four militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine while en route from Palma de Mallorca, Spain, to Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. The hijacking aimed to secure the release of eleven notorious Red Army Faction leaders held in West German prisons and two Palestinians held in Turkey. This event was part of the so-called German Autumn, intended to increase pressure on the West German government. The hijackers diverted the flight to several locations in a harrowing odyssey before ending in Mogadishu, Somalia, where the crisis concluded in the early morning hours of 18 October 1977 under the cover of darkness. The West German counter-terrorism unit GSG 9, with ground support from the Somali Armed Forces, stormed the aircraft, rescuing all 87 passengers and four crew members. Tragically, the captain of the flight was killed by the hijackers earlier in the ordeal.

## Background

The hijacking was a dramatic escalation in the so-called German Autumn of 1977, a period marked by a series of terrorist activities in West Germany. It was directly linked to the dramatic kidnapping in Braunsfeld, Cologne, of Hanns Martin Schleyer, a prominent West German industrialist, by the Red Army Faction (RAF) " Commando Siegfried Hausner " group on 5 September 1977. Militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), working in concert with the RAF, hijacked the Lufthansa Landshut plane to secure the release of their imprisoned leaders and comrades, predominantly held in the West German supermax Stammheim Prison, as well as two Palestinians held in Turkey. The hijacking was intended to increase pressure on the West German government to meet these demands. It culminated in the West German GSG 9 rescue operation, codenamed "Feuerzauber" (German for "Magic Fire"), which resulted in the liberation of all 87 passengers and four of the five crew members. Three hijackers were killed during the rescue, and one was captured alive.

## Lufthansa crew

Two flight crew and three cabin crew operated the round-trip flight from Frankfurt to Palma de Mallorca:

## Hijackers

At the time, the hijackers' names remained unknown to the passengers and crew of Lufthansa Flight 181, other than Captain Mahmoud's alias, so the passengers and crew referred to them by nicknames. To this day, the survivors still refer to them as "the little one," "the fat one," "the boy," and "Captain Mahmoud".

During the five-day ordeal, the hijackers terrorized the passengers and crew with verbal abuse, physical assaults, and restraint, subjecting them to psychological torture and threats of further physical harm or death. They also sifted through the passengers' passports, luggage, and personal possessions, searching for clues indicating Jewish identity. At one point, Mahmoud found a Montblanc pen in a passenger's luggage. Mistaking the snowcap logo on the cap of the pen for the Star of David, he accused the passenger of being Jewish. Despite the passenger's desperate denial, Mahmoud declared, "You report for shooting tomorrow morning at 8:30, understood?" Almost as feared as the leader Mahmoud was Andrawes Sayeh, whom some passengers later described as equally zealous.

## Key West German rescue personnel

## Hijacking

At 13:55 Central European Summer Time (CEST) on Thursday, 13 October 1977, Lufthansa flight LH 181, a Boeing 737 named Landshut, took off from Palma de Mallorca Airport en route to Frankfurt Airport with 87 passengers (91 including the 4 hijackers) and five crew members. The hijackers were able to board the aircraft carrying two concealed pistols, four hand grenades, and 500 grams (18 oz) of plastic explosive due to lax airport security in Palma, Spain. The flight was piloted by Captain Jürgen Schumann, with co-pilot Jürgen Vietor at the controls.

About 30 minutes later, while overflying Marseille, the aircraft was hijacked by four militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), who called themselves "Commando Martyr Halima" in honour of fellow German militant Brigitte Kuhlmann. Kuhlmann, who used the nom de guerre "Halima", had been killed in Operation Entebbe in Uganda the previous year. The leader of the hijacker group, adopting the alias "Captain Mahmoud", angrily burst into the cockpit, brandishing a fully loaded pistol. He forcibly removed Vietor from the cockpit, sending him to the economy class area to join the passengers and flight attendants, leaving Schumann at the flight controls. As the other three hijackers knocked over food trays and ordered the hostages to put their hands on their heads, Mahmoud coerced Captain Schumann to fly east to Larnaca in Cyprus but was told that the plane had insufficient fuel and would have to land in Rome first.

### Rome

The hijacked aircraft changed course at around 14:38 CEST, as reported by air traffic controllers in southern France near Aix-en-Provence, diverting eastward and landing at Fiumicino Airport in Rome at 15:45 CEST for refuelling. At around 17:00 CEST, the hijackers made their first demands via the control tower, acting in concert with a Red Army Faction group, the Commando Siegfried Hausner group, which had kidnapped West German industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer five weeks earlier. They demanded the release of all "comrades" imprisoned in the Federal Republic (West Germany), specifically the eleven Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorists detained predominantly at the supermax Stammheim Prison in Stuttgart.

The West German government expected active support for its tough anti-terrorism policy from its NATO and EC partners. West German Interior Minister Werner Maihofer contacted his Italian counterpart Francesco Cossiga and urged that the take-off of the hijacked plane be prevented by all means possible—whether by blocking the runway, which was initiated hesitantly or by shooting out the tyres during take-off. Cossiga never considered this, because the airport administration had unilaterally complied with the kidnappers' request to refuel the plane. Firing on the plane as it took off could easily have led to an explosion and thus a bloodbath among the passengers. After consulting with his colleagues, Cossiga decided that the most desirable solution for the Italian government was to rid itself of the problem altogether and not become a target of international terrorism through forceful action. At 17:42 CEST, the Landshut took off unhindered towards Cyprus, even without obtaining clearance from Rome air traffic control.

### Hijackers demands and ultimatum

While maintaining a rigorous news blackout, the West German government, stalling for time—a strategy they had already adopted early in the crisis of the kidnapping of West German industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer on 5 September—asked the hijackers to "clarify" some points in their communiqué. The West German government had previously proposed Geneva lawyer Denis Payot, president of the Swiss League for Human and Citizen Rights (Ligue suisse des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), as a middleman for negotiations with Schleyer's kidnappers. Payot, a 35-year-old lawyer, was first mentioned by Schleyer's kidnappers when they demanded that Payot and Martin Niemoeller, an 85-year-old German theologian, Lutheran pastor, and former opponent of the Nazi regime, accompany the eleven Red Army Faction members on a flight to a country that would be named after they were freed from prison.

A letter in English, dated 13 October by the hijackers but received on Friday night, 14 October, addressed to Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, was delivered to Payot, as well as the French newspaper France-Soir, the Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Paris, and the Frankfurter Rundschau. The hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 had intensified the pressure on the West German government to have the Red Army Faction prisoners flown out, reaching an extreme level. Observers in the Federal Chancellery in Bonn were now firmly expecting a prisoner-hostage exchange.

The letter, which Payot said contained "demands and precise deadlines," was immediately forwarded to the Federal Chancellery in Bonn. Payot kept an earlier promise to the West German government that he would not divulge details of the messages that went through his office. Schleyer's kidnappers had contacted the lawyer fourteen times by telephone between September 6 and 17. Telephone calls made from West Germany to Payot's number were intercepted by the West German Federal Criminal Police Agency from the Frankfurt telecommunications office, and a "call trace" was also set up that allowed these calls to be traced back to telephone booths in Cologne. The French authorities discovered that Payot had also been called several times from Gare du Nord in Paris. The letter received by Payot from the hijackers, addressed to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, stated:

Ultimatum to the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.

We hereby inform you that the passengers and crew of Lufthansa aircraft 737, flight number LH 181, from Palma to Frankfurt (M) are under our complete control and responsibility. The lives of the passengers and crew and the life of Dr. Hanns Martin Schleyer depends on your fulfilling the following demands:

- Release of the following RAF comrades from West German prisons: Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Jan Carl Raspe, Verena Becker, Werner Hoppe, Karl-Heinz Dellwo, Hanna Krabbe, Bernd Rössner, Ingrid Schubert, Irmgard Möller, Günter Sonnenberg. Each person is to receive DM 100,000.

- Release of the following Palestinian F.L.P. comrades from prison in Istanbul: - Mahdi - Hussein.

- The payment of 15 million US dollars according to the attached instructions.

- Make arrangements with one of the following countries to receive the comrades who have been released: Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Republic of Somalia, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.

- The German prisoners should be taken to their destination in an aircraft provided by you, you should fly via Istanbul and take on the two Palestinian comrades released from the prison there. The Turkish Government is well informed of our demands. All prisoners should reach their destination by Sunday, 16 October 1977, 08:00 GMT. The money should be handed over within the same period in accordance with the enclosed instructions.

- If all prisoners are not released and reach their destination and the money is not handed over as instructed within the specified time, Hanns Martin Schleyer and all passengers and the crew of Lufthansa aircraft 737, flight LH 181, will be killed immediately.

- If you comply with our instructions, everyone will be released.

- We will not attempt to contact you again. This will be our last contact with you. You will be held responsible for any error or failure in releasing the above prisoners or in handing over the specified ransom as instructed.

- Any attempt at delay or deception on your part will result in the immediate expiration of the ultimatum and the execution of Hanns Martin Schleyer, the passengers and the crew of the aircraft.

13 October 1977, Organization for the Fight against World Imperialism.

The letter to the Federal Republic of West Germany comprised two statements from the hijackers, who identified themselves as members of an "Organization for the Fight against World Imperialism." The first statement reiterated the demands made by Schleyer's kidnappers, while the second statement, titled "Operation Kafr Qaddum " was addressed to "all revolutionaries in the world," "all free Arabs," and "our Palestinian masses," attempting to provide a political justification for their actions. Additionally, a third statement was provided by the Commando Siegfried Hausner Red Army Faction, who were holding Hanns Martin Schleyer hostage.

Because this demand from the hijackers included prisoners held in Turkey, the West German Federal Government was in constant contact with the Turkish government from 14 October until the hostages' liberation on 18 October.

### Larnaca

The Landshut landed in Larnaca, Cyprus, at 20:28 CEST. After about an hour, a local Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representative arrived at the airport and, over the radio, tried to persuade Mahmoud to release the hostages. This only provoked a furious response from Mahmoud, who angrily screamed at him in Arabic until the PLO representative gave up and left. The aircraft was then refuelled, and Schumann asked flight control for routing to Beirut. He was told that Beirut Airport was blockaded and closed to them, and Mahmoud suggested that they fly to Damascus instead. The Landshut took off at 22:50 CEST, heading for Beirut, but was refused permission to land there at 23:01 CEST. After also being denied landing permission in Damascus at 23:14 CEST, Baghdad at 00:23 CEST (14 October), and Kuwait at 00:58 CEST, they flew to Bahrain.

### Bahrain

Schumann was informed by a passing Qantas airliner that Bahrain International Airport was also closed to them. Schumann radioed flight control and stated that they had insufficient fuel to fly elsewhere. Despite being told again that the airport was closed, he was suddenly given an automatic landing frequency by the flight controller. The plane finally touched down in Bahrain at 01:52 CEST on 14 October. Upon arrival, the aircraft was immediately surrounded by armed troops. Mahmoud radioed the control tower, threatening to shoot the co-pilot unless the soldiers were withdrawn. After a stand-off with the control tower, during which Mahmoud set a five‑minute deadline and held a loaded pistol to Vietor's head, the troops were withdrawn. The aircraft was then refuelled and took off for Dubai at 03:24 CEST.

### Dubai

Approaching Dubai, the 737 was again denied landing permission. Overflying Dubai International Airport in the early light of dawn, the hijackers and pilots saw the runway blocked with military jeeps, trucks, and fire engines. Running short of fuel, Schumann radioed the control tower to announce that they were going to land anyway. As they made a low pass over the airport, the vehicles were finally being removed. At 05:40 CEST, the pilots made a smooth touchdown on the airport's main runway at sunrise. The plane was parked at the parking bay around 05:51 CEST, at daybreak.

In Dubai, the hijackers instructed the control tower to send airport crew staff to empty the toilet tanks, supply food, water, medicine, and newspapers, and take away the rubbish. Captain Schumann was able to communicate the number of hijackers on board, specifying that there were two male and two female hijackers by dropping different types of cigarettes on the tarmac from the cockpit window. In an interview with journalists, this information was revealed by Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, then Minister of Defence. The hijackers learned about this, possibly from the radio, causing an enraged Mahmoud to angrily threaten Schumann's life for secretly sharing this coded message.

The aircraft remained parked on the tarmac at Dubai International Airport throughout Saturday, 15 October, during which the jet airliner experienced technical snags with the electrical generator, air conditioning, and auxiliary power unit breaking down. The hijackers demanded that engineers fix the plane. On the morning of Sunday, 16 October, Mahmoud threatened to start shooting hostages if the aircraft was not refuelled, and Dubai authorities eventually agreed to refuel the plane.

In the meantime, Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, the West German minister responsible for handling the hijacking crisis, Oberleutnant Ulrich Wegener, commander of the elite West German counter-terrorism tactical intervention unit GSG 9, along with his adjutants, and Gerhard Boeden, head of the counter-terrorism department at the West German Federal Criminal Police Agency, arrived in Dubai to persuade the United Arab Emirates government to allow the GSG 9 to storm the Lufthansa aircraft and rescue the hostages. However, after permission was granted, senior operatives from GSG 9, supported by two SAS operatives who had joined the German officials in Dubai at the behest of the British government, insisted on additional rehearsals and dry-runs on an adjacent airstrip.

There are many legends surrounding the use of stun grenades in the rescue operation. The British SAS (Special Air Service Regiment) offered these new types of grenades, which were tested for effectiveness in Dubai. Due to the high phosphorus content, the grenades were deemed unsuitable and were not used in the plane. Reports suggest that up to 45 hours of training were conducted while in Dubai, totaling over 80 hours.

While Wegener was contemplating his options, the jet airliner was on the move again after the hijackers fully refuelled the Landshut plane and the pilots started up the engines. At 12:19 CEST on Sunday, 16 October, it took off, bound for Salalah and Masirah Island in Oman, where permission to land was once again denied and both airports were blockaded. After Riyadh in Saudi Arabia also closed and blockaded its airport runways at 14:50 CEST on 16 October (three days after the hijacking began), a course was set to Aden in South Yemen, at the limit of the plane's fuel range.

### Aden

Approaching Aden airspace, the flight was once again denied permission to land at Aden International Airport, just as it had been at the other airports in the region. Both main runways and the apron were blocked by military jeeps, tanks, and other vehicles. With the plane running dangerously low on fuel, the Aden airport authorities adamantly refused to clear the runways, leaving co-pilot Vietor little choice but to make a forced landing on an unpaved sand strip roughly parallel to both runways at 15:55 CEST.

The plane remained largely intact following the ground roll. However, when the Aden authorities instructed the hijackers and pilots to fly away, both pilots were concerned about the aircraft's airworthiness after its rough landing on rugged, rocky, and sandy terrain. They deemed it unsafe to take off and fly the jet airliner again until a thorough engineering inspection had been conducted. After the engineers claimed that the airframe was intact, Mahmoud allowed Schumann to check the condition of the landing gear and engines. Both engines had ingested a copious amount of sand and dirt at maximum reverse thrust and were clogged. The landing gear had not collapsed, but its structure was weakened, and its extension/retraction mechanism was damaged.

Schumann did not immediately return to the plane after inspecting it, despite numerous calls from the hijackers threatening to detonate the aircraft due to his absence. The reasons for his prolonged absence remained unclear for a long time. It was only in 2008, as part of a television documentary, that the man who had met Schumann at the airport in Aden was identified: Sheikh Ahmed Mansur, an Air Force General in command of a special Yemeni unit, who controlled the airport and surrounded the plane. Mansur testified that the captain, concerned for the lives of his passengers, demanded that they comply with the hijackers' demands. "I told him: I can fulfill any other request, but it is impossible for the passengers to disembark and the hijackers to negotiate from Yemeni soil. The conversation lasted eight to nine minutes," Mansur said. He only spoke to me. The ex-general also recalled Schumann's last words: "I'm going back now. I'm sure they're going to kill me."

Schumann subsequently boarded the plane, only to face the wrath of Mahmoud. In a fit of rage, Mahmoud furiously forced him to kneel on the passenger cabin floor and, without giving him a chance to explain himself, fatally shot him in the head. The hijacked plane was refuelled at 01:00 CEST on 17 October. At 02:02 CEST, with co-pilot Vietor at the controls, it dangerously and sluggishly took off from Aden, bound for the Somali capital of Mogadishu.

### Mogadishu

On the morning of 17 October at daybreak, around 04:34 CEST, the Landshut made an unannounced and textbook landing on the main runway at Mogadishu International Airport. The Somali government had initially refused the plane permission to land but relented when the jet airliner appeared in Somali airspace, fearing for the passengers' lives. The chief hijacker, Mahmoud (Akache), told co-pilot Vietor that he was very impressed by Vietor's flying skills and that he was free to disembark and flee since the crippled plane was in no state to fly elsewhere. Vietor, however, chose to stay on board with the 87 passengers and three remaining crew members.

After the twin‐engine aircraft was parked in front of the main airport terminal, it was surrounded at a distance by armed Somali troops. Schumann's corpse, which had been stored in a coat closet on board the flight throughout the final leg of the journey, was dumped via the aircraft's right rear door onto the tarmac and whisked away in an ambulance. During the day, the hijackers asked for food and medication, which were sent after the Somali government gave its permission; a Somali request that the hijackers release the women and children in exchange for the supplies was rejected. The hijackers set a 16:00 CEST deadline for the Red Army Faction (RAF) prisoners to be released, threatening to blow up the aircraft. The hijackers poured duty-free perfume and spirits over the hostages, telling them it would make them burn better, in preparation for the destruction of the aircraft, which ultimately did not occur. The hijackers were then told that the West German government had agreed to release the RAF prisoners and that their transfer to Mogadishu would take several more hours, but this was a ruse. The hijackers agreed to extend the deadline to 02:30 CEST the following morning (18 October). Mahmoud, now in high spirits, projected himself as the victor as the hijackers untied the hostages. But unbeknownst to them, the West German counter-terrorism unit GSG 9 was preparing to storm the Lufthansa aircraft and bring the dramatic hijacking to a decisive end.

## Rescue

### Operation Feuerzauber: The German GSG 9 assault

While West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt attempted to negotiate an agreement with Somali President Siad Barre from Bonn, special envoy Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, GSG 9 commander Ulrich Wegener, and his adjutants Dieter Fox and officer Frieder Baum, who had all been trailing the hijacked Landshut flight and monitoring the situation as part of Wischnewski's mobile crisis management team, arrived at Mogadishu from Jeddah.

In West Germany, a team of approximately 60 GSG 9 Federal Border Guard (Bundesgrenzschutz) counter-terrorism commandos consisting of two units as well as technicians, field telecoms engineers, and paramedics, led by Wegener's deputy commander, Leutnant Klaus Blatte, had already assembled at Sankt Augustin-Hangelar near Bonn and were on standby, awaiting instructions. One of the GSG 9 units had already despatched from West Germany to trail the Landshut and had landed at a NATO military base in Crete, expecting to be deployed while the Landshut was in Cyprus.

On the evening of 16 October, the 1st unit GSG 9, flew from the Porz-Wahn military airfield to a NATO military base in Crete to meet the 3rd unit GSG 9. After the Landshut captain, Jürgen Schumann, was shot dead in Aden (Yemen), the probability of GSG 9 being deployed increased. They were ordered to follow the Landshut with an unspecified destination. The Lufthansa Boeing 707 aircraft, Stuttgart, carrying the GSG 9 assault team, flew from Crete towards Africa and finally to Mogadishu. It was co-piloted by Rüdiger von Lutzau, Gabriele Dillmann 's fiancé.

While the GSG 9 assault team was waiting in Djibouti airspace, an agreement was reached, and Somalia gave the green light for the rescue operation at Mogadishu. Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt then held a telephone conversation with GSG 9 commander Ulrich Wegener, ending with words implying, "Over to you." To this end, the West German government not only pledged considerable financial resources to Somalia but – much more importantly for the incumbent Somali 'president' Siad Barre, in reality, a coup plotter – covert support in the purchase of weapons for the war against neighbouring Ethiopia.

On 17 October, the aircraft carrying the GSG 9 assault team landed at Mogadishu International Airport at 17:30 CEST with all its lights off to avoid detection by the hijackers. It parked about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away on the joint-use military airport side. The Somali Air Force had flown outdated MiGs over the airport all day, taking off and landing as a diversion. This ensured the terrorists in the hijacked plane would not notice the 707 with Wegener's GSG 9 assault team landing, as Mogadishu airport had been closed to civilian traffic.

After four hours of unloading all of their equipment and conducting the necessary reconnaissance, Wegener and Blatte finalised the assault plan, scheduled to begin at 00:01 CEST on 18 October. They decided to approach from the tail of the aircraft, its blind spot. Six GSG 9 assault teams would use aluminium ladders with tips bound in rubber to gain access to all entry and exit doors, as well as the escape hatches in the fuselage via the overwing doors. Meanwhile, German representatives in the airport tower fed Mahmoud a fictitious progress report on the journey of the released prisoners. Mahmoud was informed that the plane carrying the prisoners had departed from Cairo after refuelling. He was then asked to provide the conditions for the prisoner-hostage exchange over the radio.

Eight GSG 9 observation and sniper commandos, led by deputy commander Blatte, strategically positioned themselves approximately 200 metres (660 ft) away, encircling the Lufthansa Landshut aircraft. They reported all significant events and movements, securing the approach for the GSG 9 assault teams. At 23:15 CEST, six GSG 9 assault teams, along with GSG 9 technicians and paramedics, began their cautious and slow approach to the tail of the Landshut aircraft. By 23:52 CEST, the GSG 9 assault teams had taken up positions under the fuselage of the aircraft.

The GSG 9 assault team relied on their Somali counterparts to create a diversion. Moments before the GSG 9 assault, Somali soldiers set off a massive explosion about 300 metres (980 ft) in front of the jet airliner as a distraction tactic. This prompted Mahmoud and one of the other three hijackers to rush to the cockpit to observe what was happening, isolating them from the hostages in the cabin.

After the GSG 9 observation and sniper command reported over the radio that the two male hijackers and the co-pilot were in the cockpit, the assault teams approached their assigned aircraft doors, put up their rubber-tipped aluminum ladders, and waited for the order to enter. At 00:05 CEST, GSG 9 commander Wegener gave the order "Feuerzauber" (Magic Fire). Two British SAS operators threw new types of diversionary "flashbang" stun grenades into the air over the front exterior of the cockpit as a distraction to blind and disorient the hijackers. Whilst the GSG 9 observation and sniper command surrounding the aircraft provided cover, the GSG 9 assault teams swiftly climbed up their ladders, tore open the aircraft doors, and entered. Wegener, leading one of two groups, opened the forward doors. Two other groups, one led by Joachim Hümmer, stormed the aircraft using ladders to climb up onto the wings and simultaneously open both overwing emergency doors. Meanwhile, two teams, one led by Dieter Fox, each opened the rear doors. Though the GSG 9 assault teams were armed with Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns, only the Heckler & Koch P9S semi-automatic pistols with special hollow-point ammunition were to be used inside the aircraft. Wegener himself carried a.38 S&W Special M19 service revolver. Each GSG 9 assault team consisted of two men holding a ladder, three climbing it, one opening the door, and another, weapon ready, storming into the plane, followed by the rest of the team. Fox found himself with a clear path, with the hijackers further up the plane. He grabbed Birgitt Röhll, one of the first passengers, and her 10-year-old son, Stephan, and rushed them to the exit. With this, the first evacuation of hostages through the rear aircraft doors had begun.

A firefight lasting around two minutes ensued, during which the leader of the hijackers, Mahmoud, was killed appearing from the cockpit, and a young male hijacker and a female hijacker were critically wounded in the first-class aisle. The young male hijacker was able to detonate a hand grenade as he died, wounding stewardess Gabriele Dillmann in the legs. Fortunately, the grenade did not have a fragmentation casing. The other young female hijacker, Hind Alameh, was initially unspotted and feared to have hidden among the evacuating passengers. After a brief search, she emerged from taking cover in the forward lavatory and was fatally shot when she opened fire through the door gap on the GSG 9 commandos.

Shouting in German and English for the passengers and crew to get their heads down, the GSG 9 assault teams shot all four terrorists, killing Hind Alameh, Wabil Harb, and Zohair Akache (Mahmoud), and critically wounding Souhaila Andrawes Sayeh. One GSG 9 member was wounded in the neck by return fire from the hijackers. Three passengers and a flight attendant, Gabriele Dillmann, were slightly wounded by the hijacker's grenade explosion.

During the assault, as gunfire was exchanged, the evacuation of hostages first began through the rear aircraft doors, followed by the emergency wing exits. The passengers and crew were urgently ordered and ushered to evacuate the aircraft. Just seven intense minutes after the assault had began, GSG 9 commander Wegener gave the codeword: "Frühlingszeit!" (Springtime!), signaling the successful completion of the operation. Moments later, a crucial telex message reached Chancellor Schmidt in Bonn: "Four opponents down – hostages free – four hostages slightly wounded – one border guard commando slightly wounded." The tension broke, replaced by a wave of relief and triumph.

An American passenger, Christine Santiago, aboard the plane described the rescue: "I saw the door open and a man appears. His face was painted black and he started shouting in German "We're here to rescue you, get down!" (Wir sind hier, um euch zu retten, runter!) and they started shooting."

In press news footage, one female hijacker who survived her gunshot wounds, Andrawes Sayeh, was seen lying on a stretcher covered in blood after being shot in the legs and lungs. After the passengers were freed, as she was wheeled through the arrivals hall of Mogadishu airport, she raised her hand in a victory sign and uttered, "Kill me, we will win!".

The rescuers safely escorted all 87 passengers and 4 crew members off the Lufthansa Landshut aircraft. A few hours later, they were all flown to Cologne Bonn Airport, landing in the early afternoon of Tuesday, 18 October. The GSG 9 assault team received a hero's welcome at the airport, while the hostages, arriving on a separate flight, were met with overwhelming emotional relief.

### Global praise

On 20 October, at the Federal Chancellery in Bonn, GSG 9 commander Ulrich Wegener and the GSG 9 assault team members were each awarded the Federal Cross of Merit for their exceptional bravery and immense courage in the successful rescue of the hostages of Lufthansa Flight 181. The two British SAS operatives, who returned on the same flight with the GSG 9 assault team at the insistence of West German officials, met German Chancellor Schmidt in Bonn. He paid them the highest compliment, and both later received awards from the British government for their supporting role.

After the successful rescue operation, commendations from around the world poured into Bonn, many accompanied by requests for police training from the elite West German GSG 9 counter-terrorism unit.

### British government and SAS role

Practical help came from West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt 's telephone conversations with British Prime Minister James Callaghan, whom the Chancellor had asked to influence Dubai, given the significant British influence in the Gulf sheikhdoms. Chancellor Schmidt's goal was to apply influence on Dubai to prevent the Landshut from continuing further and allow the West German GSG 9 to rescue the hostages, as Dubai was then considered the only suitable place in the Middle East for such an operation. An ad hoc team was then set up in London, consisting of representatives of the British Foreign and Defence Ministries, the MI6 Secret Service, other Arabia experts, and the ambassador of the United Arab Emirates. The foreign policy office in the West German Federal Chancellery, led by Jürgen Ruhfus, was also involved. In addition to maps, the British government provided two security experts from their Special Air Service (SAS), later known as Major Alastair Morrison accompanied by Sergeant Barry Davies from the SAS's legendary Pagoda Team, as well as new types of diversionary "flashbang" stun grenades and special bulletproof vests, which were later used in Mogadishu.

For a long time, there were persistent rumours that the two SAS operators had helped to draw up the operational plan. However, Wegener, the commander of the GSG 9 rescue operation, dismissed these claims as complete nonsense. He said the SAS operators proposed a completely different tactic from the one we preferred. Our concept involved penetrating the aircraft through all entrances and exits (rather than just one).

There are also many legends surrounding the use of stun grenades in the rescue operation. Wegener said in an interview that the British SAS (Special Air Service Regiment) offered the grenades, which were tested for effectiveness in Dubai. Due to the high phosphorus content, the grenades were deemed unsuitable and were not used in the plane; they also would not have contributed to the success of the operation. However, GSG 9 commander Wegener assigned the two British SAS operatives to participate in the GSG 9 assault operation, specifically deploying the British special "flash-bang" stun grenades around the front exterior of the Lufthansa Landshut aircraft at the very moment the GSG 9 assault teams would storm the aircraft.

In the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II awarded Major Alastair Morrison the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and Sergeant Barry Davies the British Empire Medal (BEM) for their crucial roles in aiding West German officials. Their intimate knowledge of the Persian Gulf states and the Horn of Africa, gained during their SAS service, along with practical support under the direction of the British government, facilitated co-operation from local authorities in the region for the West German officials. This support aided the West German government's rescue efforts and contingency planning for operations on the southern coastline of the Arabian Peninsula.

## Aftermath

News of the rescue of the hostages was followed by the deaths (and alleged suicides) on the same night of RAF (Red Army Faction) members Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe at the supermax Stammheim Prison in Stuttgart. RAF member Irmgard Möller also attempted suicide with a breadknife but survived her injuries.

On Wednesday, 19 October, the body of German industry president Hanns Martin Schleyer, who had been kidnapped by the RAF some five weeks before the hijacking and was held hostage for 43 days, was found in the trunk of a green Audi 100 with Bad Homburg registration plates on a side street, Rue Chades Peguy, in Mulhouse, France, close to the French-Swiss and French-German borders. The RAF had shot him dead upon hearing about the deaths of their imprisoned comrades. They contacted the French newspaper Libération to announce his 'execution'; a subsequent post-mortem examination indicated that he had been killed the previous day.

Of the 20 people identified as perpetrators in Schleyer's kidnapping, 17 were caught and convicted, two were shot during arrest. One person was not captured and was considered missing. Those involved who are still alive did not reveal the name of the individual responsible for the execution for a long time. In September 2007, former RAF member Peter-Jürgen Boock publicly stated that Rolf Heißler and Stefan Wisniewski were the perpetrators.

After the Landshut crisis, the West German government demonstrated its resolve to never negotiate with terrorists, as it had done in 1972 with the Lufthansa Flight 649 and Lufthansa Flight 615 hijackers, and in the 1975 Peter Lorenz kidnapping. Chancellor Helmut Schmidt was widely praised among Western countries for his decision to storm the aircraft to rescue the hostages, although some criticized the risky action.

West German - Somali relations received a significant boost after the successful rescue operation. Lufthansa henceforth serviced all Somali Airlines planes in West Germany, while Frankfurt became Somali Airlines' new gateway to Europe. As a sign of gratitude, the West German government issued two multi-million dollar loans to the Somali government to assist in the development of the country's fisheries, agriculture, and other sectors.

## The aircraft

Originally built in January 1970, the Landshut is a Boeing 737 -230C (manufacturer's serial number 20254, Boeing line number 230, registration D-ABCE) with two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A engines, named after the city of Landshut in Bavaria. While under the control of the hijackers, the plane had traveled 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi). The damaged aircraft was ferried back to Germany, repaired, and returned to service in late November 1977. It continued to fly for Lufthansa until September 1985 and was sold three months later to US carrier Presidential Airways. It subsequently changed hands several times.

### Purchase

The plane ultimately ended up in the fleet of Brazilian carrier TAF Linhas Aéreas, which purchased it for US$4,708,268 from Transmille Air Services of Kuala Lumpur. The Brazilian company subsequently went bankrupt and was unable to continue paying off the debt. TAF stopped service of the aircraft under registration PT-MTB in January 2008, owing to severe damage that made it unairworthy, and placed it in storage in Fortaleza Airport for years. On 14 August 2017, after Mr Kurpjuweit made inquiries to Fraport about scrapping seven or more abandoned aircraft at the airport, an ex-pilot group suggested bringing the plane back to Germany. David Dornier, former director of the Dornier Museum, along with the German Foreign Ministry, subsequently agreed to the project. Informed of the plans, Kurpjuweit helped the museum director with a feasibility project involving the transport of the aircraft in a Volga-Dnepr Airlines An-124. The 737 was acquired from TAF for R$75,936 (€20,519) in an agreement with the Fortaleza Airport administration for payment of taxes. On 15 August 2017, an MD-11F (registration D-ALCC) was sent to the airport with 8.5 tonnes of equipment and 15 Lufthansa Technik mechanics to dismantle the 737. On 21 and 22 September 2017, an An-124 and Il-76, also from Volga-Dnepr Airlines, arrived at Fortaleza. The An-124 carried the wings and fuselage back to Europe, while the Il-76 carried the engines and seats. After a refuelling stop in Cape Verde, both arrived in Friedrichshafen on 23 September 2017, for a total cost of €10 million paid by the Foreign Ministry. Smaller parts and equipment were sent to Germany in two cargo ship containers. Upon arrival, the parts were presented to approximately 4,000 people during a special event. The recovered Landshut aircraft was scheduled to be restored and exhibited by October 2019.

### Storage

The disassembled plane has since been stored in a hangar at Airplus Maintenance GmbH in Friedrichshafen. The plan to restore and display it in its original 1977 Lufthansa livery was never carried out. Funding issues and questions over competing responsibilities between ministries delayed the project, as did uncertainty over €300,000 in yearly costs. In February 2020, a proposal to transfer the plane parts to Berlin Tempelhof was rejected by the Ministry. After three years in a hangar and with the 737's fate unresolved, David Dornier stepped down in September 2020 as museum director and was replaced by attorney Hans-Peter Rien. He and Culture Minister Monika Grütters (CDU) never agreed on further financing, and the project was placed on hold. By 2023, a new shelter will be rented, and an opening for a kind of "museum" was planned for 2026.

### Studies

The federal government looked into whether the aircraft could be exhibited in the Air Force Museum in Berlin-Gatow. The plans did not meet with approval from historians and experts, due to its remote location and lack of connection between the German army and the "Landshut" aircraft. CSU members of the Munich city council proposed bringing the aircraft to Munich, and an application was filed to see if the plane could be exhibited at former Munich Riem Airport. The city highlighted to Culture Minister Grütters the aircraft's connection to Munich, where it had been christened on 7 August 1970 in a Riem Airport hangar in the presence of a large delegation from Landshut. After exactly three years, plans to exhibit the 737 in Dornier Museum were effectively over.

## Display

The Federal Agency for Civic Education (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, bpb) has confirmed that the "Landshut" display will be relocated to Hall Q in October 2024. The display will be housed in a reconstructed hall. The renovation costs have not been specified, but the monthly rent for the hall, which measures 2,700 square metres (29,000 sq ft) plus nearly 1,700 square metres (18,000 sq ft) of open space, is 47,000 Euros. The lease is fixed for 15 years. This rent includes the costs for the now-completed renovations. It has now been decided that the aircraft, which has been rebuilt several times and most recently used as a cargo plane, will not be restored to its 1977 condition. "The focus is on preserving a special historical object with a varied history," said the Federal Agency for Civic Education. Work was being carried out in Hall Q, adjacent to the Spacetech Arena in Friedrichshafen Airport. The opening of the "Learning Place Landshut" project for public visits is finally approaching, with hopes to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the hostage rescue in 2027.

€15 million was made available from the German federal government, in the following allotments:

- €7.5 million: €2.5 million: aircraft maintenance and restoration, which will not happen. €2.5 million: hangar reconstruction, rented and refurbished. €1.5 million: provision of technical equipment €1.0 million: implementation of teaching concept

- €2.5 million: aircraft maintenance and restoration, which will not happen.

- €2.5 million: hangar reconstruction, rented and refurbished.

- €1.5 million: provision of technical equipment

- €1.0 million: implementation of teaching concept

- €7.5 million: operating subsidy for the 10-year period, tied to the requirement to limit "museum" entrance fees to 5 euros per person

## Use of the name Landshut in other airplanes

The name Landshut has been used by Lufthansa on three other planes since 1985:

- Boeing 737-200 D-ABHM (1985-1996)

- Airbus A319-100 D-AILK (1997-2001)

- Airbus A330-300 D-AIKE (2007-2021)

## Notable hostages

- Horst-Gregorio Canellas, German football official responsible for breaking the 1971 Bundesliga scandal was one of the hostages on board, along with his daughter.

## In popular culture

The song "122 Hours of Fear" by The Screamers, recorded in 1978, was inspired by the hijacking.

The song "RAF" by Brian Eno and Snatch (Judy Nylon and Patti Palladin) was created using sound elements from a Baader Meinhof ransom message available by public telephone at the time of the hijacking.

The hijacking and the hostage rescue operation were portrayed in two German television films: Death Game in 1997 and Mogadischu, directed by Roland Suso Richter, in 2008.

The hijacking and rescue were also portrayed in the Black Ops television series, season 2 episode 76, titled "Operation Fire Magic".

The 2015 video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege used Lufthansa Flight 181, along with other historical hostage extraction operations, as inspiration for the game and as research for making the game more accurate.

The hijacking and rescue were also a subplot device in the 2018 film Suspiria.


2027 FIFA Women's World Cup

# 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup

## Abstract

The 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup is scheduled to be the tenth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international women's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will include 32 teams for the second time after FIFA announced the expansion of the tournament in July 2019. Spain are the defending champions, having won their first title in 2023.

On 17 May 2024, FIFA announced that Brazil won the hosting rights, making this the first FIFA Women's World Cup in South America. Brazil will become the sixth country—after Sweden, the United States, Germany, France, and Canada—to host both the men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the former in 1950 and 2014. It is also the first country to host eight different FIFA competitions, having hosted the.

## Host selection

On 23 March 2023, FIFA announced that bidding had begun for the 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup. Member associations interested in hosting the tournament had to submit a declaration of interest by 21 April, and provide the completed bidding registration by 8 December.

Fourteen countries initially indicated interest in hosting the events, two of which were joint bids. These were Belgium-Germany-Netherlands, Brazil, Chile, Italy, Mexico, Denmark-Finland-Iceland-Norway-Sweden (Nordic bid), South Africa and United States. Chile, Italy, the Nordic bid and South Africa would later drop out, some of which stated their expressions to host the following tournament in 2031. The Mexican Football Federation and the United States Soccer Federation would later merge their bids in a joint submission. Brazil and the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands joined them in submitting their bid books to FIFA by 8 December. However, the Mexico-United States withdrew their bid in April 2024, just weeks before the host selection, refocusing their efforts on a bid to host the 2031 edition instead.

### Voting

The voting took place on 17 May 2024, during the 74th FIFA Congress in Bangkok, and it was opened to all 204 eligible members. The Brazilian bid won with 119 valid ballots, while the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands bid received 78 valid ballots. Curaçao, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Libya, Namibia, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo abstained while Norway and the Philippines were unable to vote due to technical difficulties.

## Format

The Women's World Cup, since the 2023 edition, opens with a group stage consisting of eight groups of four teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 16 teams. The number of games played overall is 64.

## Venues

Between 10 to 12 venues will be used for the tournament. From the twelve stadiums that hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup games, the Arena da Baixada in Curitiba is the only venue being left out for Women's World Cup.

After Brazil received the hosting rights, the local government in Natal, expressed an interest to become a venue for the Women's World Cup.

On 22 August 2024, it was confirmed by the CBF that the Mangueirão in Belém would also be one of the host city candidates, the only city that did not host the 2014 World Cup to make the shortlist. Belém was originally part of the Brazilian bid back in March 2023. However, the city was left out of the final September project due to the fact that Mangueirão was still in the final stages of its renovation.

On 3 September 2024, Belém and Natal were included in the FIFA's selection process. Inspection visits will commence between September and November 2024.

The following are the host cities and stadiums selected for Brazilian bid:

- 1 Belém

- 2 Belo Horizonte

- 3 Brasília

- 4 Cuiabá

- 5 Fortaleza

- 6 Manaus

- 7 Natal

- 8 Porto Alegre

- 9 Recife

- 10 Rio de Janeiro

- 11 Salvador

- 12 São Paulo

## Teams

### Qualification

FIFA's confederations organise their qualifications through continental championships, with the exception of UEFA, which organises its own qualifying competition. The host Brazil qualified automatically for the tournament, leaving most of the remaining FIFA member associations eligible to enter qualification if they chose to do so. An exception may be Russia, which is currently under suspension by FIFA and UEFA from all competitions since 28 February 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The allocation of slots below is based upon the allocation for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. The slot for the host nation will be taken directly from the quotas allocated to their confederation.

- AFC (Asia): 6 slots

- CAF (Africa): 4 slots

- CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean): 4 slots

- CONMEBOL (South America): 3 slots (including hosts Brazil)

- OFC (Oceania): 1 slot

- UEFA (Europe): 11 slots

- Inter-confederation play-off tournament: 3 slots

A ten-team play-off tournament will decide the final three spots at the Women's World Cup. The play-off slot allocation is as follows:

- AFC (Asia): 2 slots

- CAF (Africa): 2 slots

- CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean): 2 slots

- CONMEBOL (South America): 2 slots

- OFC (Oceania): 1 slot

- UEFA (Europe): 1 slot


List of Doug characters

# List of Doug characters

## Abstract

This is a list of characters from the Nickelodeon / Disney animated television series Doug.

## Main characters

- Douglas Yancey "Doug" Funnie (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series and by Thomas McHugh in the Disney series) is depicted as an unlucky, average, self-conscious, naïve, and occasionally sensitive 11-(later 12)-year-old boy who wants to fit in with the crowd, but is very creative and imaginative, and has a strong sense of right and wrong, making him more likely to stand out. He has a talent for writing and he plays a banjo in his spare time. Doug narrates every episode, and writes his experiences in his journal. His alter ego, Quailman, was inspired by Jinkins' and Roberts' home movies as children, posing as superheroes. Billy West, the original voice behind Doug, was assigned by executive Vanessa Coffey, to Jinkins' initial reluctance. Despite this, he would come to view it as the best possible voice for the character. West, in recording lines for Doug, noted that "There's a lot of me in there, because I'm going through my own experiences in there, because I have a conscience." Quailman is Doug's superhero alter-ego, harnesses the powers of the quail. Often accompanied by his sidekick, Quaildog (Porkchop). Smash Adams is another alter-ego of Doug's, a British spy agent parodying James Bond. Race Canyon is a seldom-seen alter-ego, an adventurous archaeologist parodying Indiana Jones. Doug dresses as him for Halloween in "Doug's Halloween Adventure".

- Quailman is Doug's superhero alter-ego, harnesses the powers of the quail. Often accompanied by his sidekick, Quaildog (Porkchop).

- Smash Adams is another alter-ego of Doug's, a British spy agent parodying James Bond.

- Race Canyon is a seldom-seen alter-ego, an adventurous archaeologist parodying Indiana Jones. Doug dresses as him for Halloween in "Doug's Halloween Adventure".

- Porkchop (voiced by Fred Newman) is Doug's anthropomorphic 4-(later 5)-year-old pet dog and sidekick who accompanies him nearly everywhere he goes. He sometimes assists Doug in making decisions and acts as his conscience. He is also very talented in many things such as acting. He lives in an igloo -shaped doghouse in the Nickelodeon series, and a tipi in the Disney series. During a Christmas special it shown that Doug got Porkchop as a Christmas gift and that Porkchop once saved Beebe Bluff's life when she was about to fall through some thin ice. Porkchop, along with Doug, originally first appeared in ID spots for the USA children's block, USA Cartoon Express.

- Mosquito "Skeeter" Valentine (voiced by Fred Newman) is Doug's blue-skinned best friend. He is part of Doug's main circle of friends in both the Nickelodeon and Disney series. He is famous in both series for the honking sounds he frequently makes. As Skeeter and his family have lived in Bluffington for some time, he initially helps Doug order food from the popular Bluffington restaurant Honker Burger in the series premiere (resulting in their friendship), and later helps Doug learn how to dance. He and Doug are fans of the rock group The Beets (based on The Beatles, The Who, and The Rolling Stones). Skeeter also occasionally works as a DJ. Although he is at best an average student, he is highly intelligent – he once got a perfect score on an IQ test, leading him to contemplate leaving elementary school for college (for which Doug resented him, until Skeeter decided not to go, since his would-be college classmates smoked and disdained things like air guitar). The character was based on Jinkins' high school best friend, Tommy Roberts.

- Patricia "Patti" Mayonnaise (voiced by Constance Shulman) is Doug's orange-skinned love interest and closest female friend. She is another character part of Doug's main circle of friends. Patti is a star athlete with a Southern drawl, multiple talents and popular with her classmates. She is usually kind and helpful towards others but is not without her faults, namely a tendency to be very competitive, being gullible, and to get easily angered if pushed too far. Jinkins based the character on his adolescent crush from junior high to high school, and culled her name from two girls from his childhood, Pam Mayo and a girl named Patty. Her mother died when she was a little girl in a car accident that left her father paralyzed from the waist down. In the final episode she asked Doug out on a "date date". In the early 1990s, Shulman appeared in a series of Kraft mayonnaise commercials.

- Roger M. Klotz (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series and by Chris Phillips in the Disney series) is Doug's green-skinned archrival and the town's local school bully. He is a source of anxiety for Doug and his friends. He's older than others in his class, as it took him three years to graduate from sixth grade. Roger and his divorced mother lived in a trailer park in the Nickelodeon series; in the Disney series, Roger's family becomes wealthy from a real-estate deal struck between the owner of the trailer park and the Bluff family. Roger's character was based on a real bully who lived in the same neighborhood as Jinkins. He adopted the bully's neighbors' last name, Klotz, for the character. In "Doug's Worst Nightmare" it is revealed that Roger has a crush on Judy. He tries to skate, learn Shakespeare (with misplaced words and malapropisms) and plays music to win her love. After he is rebuffed, he moves on as he saw that she wasn't really what he wanted. In "Doug's in Debt" after Judy takes her Napoleon hat back from him he says smiling, "she sure is forceful" hinting he still loves her. In "Doug Gets Booked" she even kisses him. Roger secretly takes ballet lessons and hopes to have his own gas station someday. He has also expressed interest at purchasing his own cow. Roger successfully put together a garage band in "Doug's No Dummy" called "Roger and the Ulcers". Roger is occasionally shown to not be as tough as he lets on – he is afraid of snakes, which Doug briefly contemplates using against him as payback for his bullying, and he is left virtually speechless in the episode "Doug Throws a Party" when Connie punches him in the gut and calls him a big baby when he teases her about her bad haircut. The relationship between Doug and Roger in the Disney series becomes more similar to that of Bart Simpson and Nelson Muntz from The Simpsons: Roger, though still continuing his role as the school bully, becomes less antagonistic towards Doug and acts as more of friend towards him (even to the point where he actually replaces Connie in Doug's main circle of friends, though that was likely a writer choice more than a character choice), although Roger is still prone to bullying him and, when doing so, is shown to be more prone to ridicule and verbal humiliation rather than obnoxious pranks. Roger's pet is a magenta-furred cat with a white muzzle named Stinky, who follows him around almost everywhere Roger goes and the cat seems to be the counterpart to Porkchop as Roger is to Doug—well, Roger is Doug's bully anyway; and Roger's pet being a cat may be to shadow the fact that Doug's pet is a dog. Roger is somewhat of a stereotype of a school bully to Doug since he will only address Doug by last name.

- Beebe Bluff (voiced by Alice Playten) is the stereotypically spoiled heiress to the Bluff family fortune and one of Doug's friends. She is also part of Doug's main circle of friends. Beebe is the daughter of Bill Bluff, the richest man in the town and a friend of Mayor White. The Bluff family is the namesake of the town of Bluffington, and in the second series, the school is even named after Beebe. Despite a certain air of superiority over her peers, Beebe maintains friendships with Patti Mayonnaise and most of her other contemporaries. Doug had his first kiss with her in the episode Doug's Secret Admirer, although it was out of gratitude rather than love, since she already has a crush on Skeeter.

- Judith Anastasia "Judy" Funnie (voiced by Becca Lish) is Doug's older sister and the extrovert of the family, she is obsessed with the works of William Shakespeare, and is an aspiring actress and artist who attends a special art school for gifted individuals. She is embarrassed by how "boring" her family is compared to her friends and classmates. She and Doug have normal bouts of sibling rivalry, but usually put it aside whenever faced with a problem and deeply respect each other. She affectionately calls her brother, "Dougie." She is a beatnik that is always seen wearing a beret and dark glasses. Judy was inspired in name from Jinkins' first girlfriend, and in appearance from his wife's sisters. In recording her character, Lish would provide lines as written, and then provide several more takes incorporating improvisation into her lines. She is Roger's love interest although she does not return it and rebuffs his affections with an eloquent Shakespearean poem. However, she actually kisses him in "Doug Gets Booked" implying she has romantic feelings for him after all.

## Recurring characters

- Chalky Studebaker (voiced by Doug Preis) is a friendly and helpful school jock with light green skin, who is part of Doug's main circle of friends in both series. Chalky wants to follow the footsteps of his older brother, Cliff, whom he is often compared to. He comes from a family to whom winning "just comes naturally". This can put him under pressure at times along with his extremely busy extracurricular schedule.

- Connie Benge (voiced by Becca Lish) is a sweet and naïve schoolgirl who is Patti's best friend, Beebe's closest friend, and also one of Doug's friends. In the former series, Connie was shown to have a small crush on Doug, although he does not return any of her feelings, and only considers her a friend. This relationship with him remains in the Disney series, though she also tries to develop a similar relationship with Roger. Although she was rather heavy-set in the first series, she lost weight between the two series, grew taller than both Patti and Beebe, and got a new wardrobe and hairstyle after visiting a beauty farm, making her look quite different in either show. During the first season on Nickelodeon, she had purple skin and blond hair, and was never mentioned by name until the second season, when she was changed to have pea-green skin and dark-blue hair.

- Bud Dink (voiced by Fred Newman) is a slightly eccentric, purple-skinned, dimwitted writer who lives next door to the Funnies with his wife and foil, Tippy (voiced by Doris Belack). Doug frequently goes to Mr. Dink for advice, but sometimes it is useless. His and his wife's last name comes from an acronym: Dual Income, No Kids. In later Nickelodeon episodes, Mrs. Dink becomes mayor of Bluffington, a role she continues in the Disney version.

- Theda Funnie (voiced by Becca Lish) is Doug, Judy, and Dirtbike's mother, generally portrayed as a housewife, but sometimes a working mother too. She manages the Deja Vu Recycling Center. Her skin is slightly brighter than Doug's, her hair is blue, and is shown to be rather meek, but also an outgoing environmentalist.

- Phil Funnie (voiced by Doug Preis) is Doug, Judy, and Dirtbike's father who works as a photographer for the Busy Beaver department store. He quit to start his own studio toward the end of the Nickelodeon series, but then decided to go back to his old job because running his own business was too stressful and took time away from the family. His personality is friendly, outgoing, and sometimes clumsy. His skin has a hint of orange, and he can be seen giving Doug advice, most of which is relatively useless. He is shown to be a very skilled kite maker.

- Al and Moo Sleech (both voiced by Eddie Korbich) are stereotypical nerdy twin brothers. They are also friends with Doug and Skeeter. Doug looks to them for technical help whenever he needs it. In the Disney series, they skip all of the middle school grades and end up going to a high school, but their relationship with Doug and others are still intact. They are each shown to have a crush on Judy. The two try to hide the fact that their father is not as intelligent as them and is a hardworking doughnut baker.

- Willie White (voiced by Doug Preis) is one of Roger's three main sidekicks and the son of former mayor Bob White. He is somewhat dumb and dimwitted. Willie is not much of a bully and, just like Roger and the rest of his posse, is friends with Doug. He runs against Doug for class treasurer in "Doug Runs", although neither are elected after getting carried away with unrealistic promises.

- Ned Cauphee (voiced by Fred Newman) is one of Roger's three main sidekicks. He is the smartest and most vocal member of Roger's gang. He has ten brothers and twin sisters. Ned's most unusual feature among most characters is that he has two different-looking eyes.

- Boomer Bledsoe (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series and by Chris Phillips in the Disney series) is one of Roger's three main sidekicks. Despite being a bully, Boomer is shown to be noticeably nicer toward Doug and other characters than his gang friends are. He once got blamed for making a funny doodle of Mrs. Wingo, even though it was Doug that did it.

- Lamar Bone (voiced by Doug Preis): Assistant/vice-principal Lamar Bone is the stereotypical "mean principal" of Doug's schools, and is one of Doug's antagonists. Mr. Bone is generally uptight and serious about his job, he is bossy, corrupt, he has a bad-temper, and commonly threatens to put even the smallest mistakes on permanent records. During one episode, after having surgery to remove a wart, he remembered his youth and began playing pranks on teachers and students. In his personal life, he enjoys yodeling and clog dancing which have earned him many accolades and trophies, some of which he kept at Bluffington Elementary. Mr. Bone's speech and appearance are akin to that of Don Knotts. He has a nephew named Percy Femur who visits on occasion, who turns out to be a much more aggressive bully than Roger. Despite his strictness and meanness, however, he can be reasoned with (for example, when he refused to allow the students' favorite band, The Beets, to play a free concert at the school, he changed his mind when the students agreed to allow his yodeling group to do the opening act).

- Mrs. Wingo (voiced by Doris Belack) is Doug's elementary school teacher. Although a generally nice teacher, she is also shown to be stern at certain times. In the Disney series, she only appears in the final episode.

- Cleopatra "Dirtbike" Funnie (voiced by Fred Newman) is Doug's baby sister, appearing only in the Disney series. She debuts in the episode "Doug's Secret Christmas". She gets her name from Judy snatching Doug's Christmas list and making fun of the names listed on it and then sarcastically making relevant suggestions, one of them Cleopatra. In the end, Theda, who had been present at the time, says that she took a name suggestion from each of them.

- Stinky (voiced by Fred Newman) is Roger's magenta anthropomorphic cat. Stinky, first and foremost, loves her owner, Roger Klotz. Briefly, Judy Funnie develops a liking for Stinky in the episode "Doug's Fat Cat". That episode also reveals that Stinky is a girl after she gives birth to three kittens. She despises Doug's dog, Porkchop, and the two usually do not get along (although Porkchop was seen at the end of "Doug's Fat Cat" playing with Stinky's kittens). Stinky accompanies Roger frequently in the Nickelodeon series, but is less prominently featured in the Disney series.

- Principal Buttsavitch is an unseen character mentioned throughout the series, mostly by Assistant/vice-principal Bone who assumes the disciplinary duties of the principal who is, as explained by Mr. Bone, to be extremely busy. The character is male, but remains unseen and not heard by the audience, as well as most of the characters throughout the series. The last episode of the 91-94 Nickelodeon series features a plot device where Doug skips out on his graduation ceremony in order to find Principal Buttsavitch. Doug misses his chance due to the principal attending the very ceremony Doug did not attend. The character is named after the series creator Jim Jinkins 's elementary school principal.

- Bob White (voiced by Greg Lee, impersonating George H. W. Bush) is the scatterbrained yet happy-go-lucky mayor of Bluffington for most of the Nickelodeon series and principal of Beebe Bluff Middle School in the Disney series; a stereotypical fast talking, slick politician. He is best known for his campaign slogan "Vote for me!" He is eventually voted out of his mayor's position late in the Nickelodeon series in favor of Tippy Dink (partly because he wasted all his campaign time on attempting to get his son Willie elected class treasurer), after which he takes the role of middle school principal (and Bone's superior) in the Disney series, a role he uses (somewhat unethically) to campaign for his old office back.

- William Hornblower Bluff III (voiced by Doug Preis) is Beebe's father, the richest man in Bluffington, and the descendant of Bluffington's founder. His company, BluffCo, is the towns largest factory and employer. He is portrayed as a stereotypical tycoon with a haughty southern accent. He is fairly close with former Mayor White, suggesting that Bluff uses White as a pawn through lucrative campaign contributions. His relation with Doug seems to be vary, sometimes refusing him access to his land when Doug is convinced he has found dinosaur bones; other times being supportive when Doug has been granted a work study at BluffCo, and even acting as a mentor to Doug in business careers. In Doug's 1st Movie, he serves as the film's main antagonist.

- Walter "Skunky" Beaumont (voiced by Doug Preis) is a typical slacker surfer dude, with a voice that is reminiscent of the Fast Times At Ridgemont High character Jeff Spicoli. In the Nickelodeon series, he was commonly mentioned but never seen, however heard in the episode Doug Didn't Do It. He becomes a regular character in the Disney series.

- Fentruck Stimmel (voiced by Fred Newman) is a foreign exchange student from Yakistonia. While he is first introduced in Doug Meets Fentruck, he is a minor character in the Nick series. In the Disney series however, he becomes much more prominent as a character. He is friends with Doug and the rest of the group.

- Larry (voiced by Alan J. Higgins and Alice Playten in "Doug Rocks the House" and by Chris Phillips in the Disney series) is a schoolkid who is a member of the A. V. Club. In the first season of the Nickelodeon series, he has green skin; while he has pink skin in subsequent seasons of both series. In the Disney series, Larry appears as part of the Beebe Bluff Middle School paper staff, rather than still being in the A. V. Club.

- Brian (voiced by Phil Proctor) is a yellow-skinned schoolkid with orange hair. He is an A. V. Club member.

- Percy Femur (voiced by Billy West) is Lamar Bone's nephew and Doug's bully who first appeared in "Doug Saves Roger". When he first met Roger, he was his school bully; proving to be more mean than obnoxious (like Roger), but can be easily tricked as he was seen again in "Doug's Big Feat". In the Disney version, he was only seen in "Doug's Hoop Nightmare".

- Guy Graham (voiced by Guy Hadley) is a purple-skinned 8th grader appearing only in the Disney series, a very handsome but rather selfish and inconsiderate kid. He is editor-in-chief for the school newspaper and is both Doug's boss and his rival for Patti's love (though Guy doesn't know about Doug's crush on her). He is usually nice to Doug compared to Roger, who ironically Guy thinks is the loser. In Doug's Quailman fantasies, he has the villain identities of Golden Salmon, Rupert Schmupert, Lord of the Polka, and an unnamed space slug. He was named after his own actor.

- Joe Valentine (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series and by Fred Newman in the Disney series) is Skeeter's father. He had a tendency to have short-term memory loss. He also has a foul temper, normally trying to count on himself, but he always skips to 10 after getting to 2, and normally turning beet red when angered (Mostly at Doug and Skeeter).

- Ruby Valentine (voiced by Doris Belack & Alice Playten) is Skeeter's mother.

- Dale Valentine (voiced by Fred Newman) is Skeeter's toddler brother, who looks like a smaller version of him. His first words were "cool" (which he said twelve times at his preschool) and "man" (which he said six times), and his first full sentence was "Hiya, Big Nose," which he said to Doug when he first met him. He has appeared in several episodes, usually causing all sorts of trouble to Doug, Skeeter, or both of them. He is a very precocious toddler, but nonetheless lovable to those who meet him.

- Coach Spitz (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series and by Jeff Bergman in the Disney series) is Doug's sexist, super meany-head, incompetent, and lazy baseball and football coach. He has no tolerance for anyone who is not strong, or cannot squeeze the guts out of vegetables. He spends very little of doing his job as a coach which causes problems. He assumes his players are born good athletes and doesn't bother to coach them to improve their skills. He seems to worry more about the players than about his experience on how to coach.

- Mr. Swirly (voiced by Bruce Bayley Johnson) is the owner of Swirly's Ice Cream. He seems to be unsure what to do in dire situations, although other times he did take charge. When Doug admitted that candy bars he was selling for his scout troop were substandard and Mr. Swirly realized they were made by his own company, he got to the root of the problem immediately. In the Disney series, he had a more prominent role as the owner of a new Swirly's restaurant that immediately became the new hangout for Doug and his friends.

- Emily Kristal (voiced by Fran Brill) is Doug's permanent teacher for middle school, appearing only in the Disney series. She has a friendly, understanding manner, and tends to get highly into whatever book she reads to the class. In the final season, she becomes the new girlfriend of Patti's father Chad, much to Patti's anger and frustration, but eventually learns how to deal with it, as Emily and Chad are married in the Disney series finale.

- Loretta Lequigly (voiced by Fran Brill) is a minor character in the last two seasons of the Nickelodeon series, on whom Skeeter develops a crush. A transfer student whose family hails from Yakestonia, she is introduced in the episode Doug and the Little Liar, in which she puts up false pretenses to get Skeeter to like her (including claiming to be fluent in Yakestonian when in reality she can speak only a few key phrases). Loretta does not appear in the Disney series although she is mentioned by Patti in one episode.

- The Beets are a popular band from Liverpool, inspired by Jinkins' favorite bands growing up, The Beatles, The Who and Led Zeppelin. The band breaks up in the Disney series, in a break-up similar to The Beatles. Monroe Yoder (voiced by Doug Preis) is the bassist and singer of the band. He is noted for the bandana that he is usually wearing and his striking resemblance to John Lennon, as well as shades of Roger Daltrey. Clyde "Chap" Lipman (voiced by Doug Preis) is the drummer and leader of the band. Similar to Monroe resembling Lennon, Lipman resembles his Beatles counterpart, Ringo Starr. Wendy Nespah (voiced by Becca Lish) is the keyboard/ keytar player and the only female member of the group. Following the band's break-up, she goes to college in order to learn how to read contracts and ultimately moves into a mansion, with Monroe as her butler. Nespah is bald with a prominent golden earring. It is likely her surname comes from the French phrase " n'est-ce pas. " She loosely resembles Eurythmics frontwoman Annie Lennox. Flounder is the lead guitarist of the band. Following the band's break-up, he later becomes the judge of a rock-and-roll star song contest and reveals to Connie, who nearly won before losing to Skeeter, Al, and Moo's accidental song Monster Call, that quitting school, just like she intended to do and like he did, got the band into trouble. Later afterwards, he attempts to start a new band and searches for talent, ultimately working with Judy briefly. Flounder resembles Peter Tork of The Monkees.

- Monroe Yoder (voiced by Doug Preis) is the bassist and singer of the band. He is noted for the bandana that he is usually wearing and his striking resemblance to John Lennon, as well as shades of Roger Daltrey.

- Clyde "Chap" Lipman (voiced by Doug Preis) is the drummer and leader of the band. Similar to Monroe resembling Lennon, Lipman resembles his Beatles counterpart, Ringo Starr.

- Wendy Nespah (voiced by Becca Lish) is the keyboard/ keytar player and the only female member of the group. Following the band's break-up, she goes to college in order to learn how to read contracts and ultimately moves into a mansion, with Monroe as her butler. Nespah is bald with a prominent golden earring. It is likely her surname comes from the French phrase " n'est-ce pas. " She loosely resembles Eurythmics frontwoman Annie Lennox.

- Flounder is the lead guitarist of the band. Following the band's break-up, he later becomes the judge of a rock-and-roll star song contest and reveals to Connie, who nearly won before losing to Skeeter, Al, and Moo's accidental song Monster Call, that quitting school, just like she intended to do and like he did, got the band into trouble. Later afterwards, he attempts to start a new band and searches for talent, ultimately working with Judy briefly. Flounder resembles Peter Tork of The Monkees.

- Chad Mayonnaise (voiced by Doug Preis) is Patti's father. He is a kind, charismatic man, bound in a wheelchair following the same accident that killed Patti's mother. He and Patti are very close, and he is also friendly to Doug. He is one of the more levelheaded adults in town. After working at a different job in the Nickelodeon series, he becomes a history teacher in the Disney series. He eventually gets remarried to Ms. Kristal.

- Todd Bentley (voiced by Melissa Greenspan) is a second grader who idolized and follows Doug everywhere he goes after watching Doug performing a magic trick. He later returns in the Disney series as a fellow Bluffscout and gets added into Doug's team, much to Doug's dismay..


# List of Eastern Kentucky University alumni

## Abstract

Eastern Kentucky University is a public university in Richmond, Kentucky. Following is a list of some of its notable alumni.


Tamiang Layang

# Tamiang Layang

## Abstract

Tamiang Layang (abbreviated: TML), a sub-district in the district of Dusun Timur, is the regency seat of East Barito Regency and also one of the towns in Central Kalimantan. This town is at a distance of 287 km east of Palangka Raya city, the capital of Central Kalimantan Province. The population of this town is roughly 10,780 people as of 2021.

## Geography

Tamiang Layang is located at the eastern part of Central Kalimantan. To be precise, this town is located at 2.1160 S and 115.1691 E. Tamiang layang is also the most eastern town in Central Kalimantan and this makes it 81 km closer to the city of Banjarbaru, the capital of South Kalimantan than to Palangka Raya City, the capital of its province, Central Kalimantan. The total area of this town is about 45.56 km² which makes it roughly 1.2% of the total area of East Barito Regency.

Tamiang Layang is traversed by Sirau River, one of the major rivers crossing the East Barito Regency. This town is situated on a flat land of eastern Central Kalimantan with the elevation only reaching 11 metres above sea level. The climate of this town is tropical rainforest (Af) with huge amounts of precipitation almost all year long, constant high humidity, and temperature always above 20 °C.

## Demographics

The population of Tamiang Layang as of 2021 is about 10,780 inhabitants which represents 37.8% of the population of Dusun Timur district and 9.5% of the entire population of East Barito Regency. The population density of this town is roughly 236.6/km². In Tamiang Layang as of 2021, there are roughly 2,601 households and the average household size of the town is about 4.1 people. The sex ratio of this town is 102 which means there are 102 males to every 100 females

## Education

As of 2021, there are currently six primary schools (five public schools & one Catholic private school), four middle schools (all public schools), one public high school, two public vocational schools, and one Christian theological college.

## Public facilities

For health facility, Tamiang Layang currently has one general hospital, nine pharmacies, and one public health centre. For economic facilities, this town currently has six shopping complexes, one big market, two minimarkets, 31 grocery stores, 241 restaurants, 289 food stalls, six hotels, and two inns. Also, this town has more than 20 religious facilities. There are currently twelve Islamic religious facilities, eleven Protestant churches, and one Catholic church.


Kathryn Beaumont

# Kathryn Beaumont

## Abstract

Kathryn Beaumont Levine (born 27 June 1938) is a British actress. She is best known for voicing Alice in Alice in Wonderland (1951) and Wendy Darling in Peter Pan (1953), for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1998.

## Early life

Kathryn Beaumont was born to Evelyn and Kenneth Beaumont in London, England on 27 June 1938. Evelyn was a professional dancer, while Kenneth was a singer.

Beaumont was an infant when World War II began. Though authorities in war-torn England urged Evelyn to send her daughter to safety on the SS Athenia, Evelyn refused. Authorities were very upset at first, but when the ship sank, they "ceased to scold" her for her decision. However, after frequent bombing raids—and witnessing the death of a close friend—Evelyn and Kathryn moved to the safer, smaller area of Bangor, Wales. When the war ended in 1945, all three of the Beaumonts moved back to London.

Beaumont's first experience with acting came when Evelyn enrolled her in school "when she was still very small." There, she played in a school pantomime and later in a play. After watching Beaumont perform, her teacher told her mother that she had a talent for acting.

## Career

Beaumont made her feature film debut in It Happened One Sunday (1944), which drew interest from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who offered her a contract. She recalled: "MGM was planning to have films with British characters and British-type stories. However, as ideas come and go, they must have shelved the idea because they brought me over and put me under contract, then nothing happened." In spite of this, she did play small parts in MGM's On an Island with You (1948), where she did a Jimmy Durante impression in front of Durante's character, a non-speaking, uncredited role in The Secret Garden (1949) and another uncredited role in Challenge to Lassie (1949), though she did appear on one of its film posters.

After Beaumont had relocated to Los Angeles, Walt Disney Pictures began auditioning young British actresses to portray Alice in their animated version of Alice in Wonderland (1951). Beaumont auditioned three times and received the role, working under voice director Winston Hibler. While filming Alice in Wonderland, Beaumont's mother and tutor stayed on set with her. Though she worked four hours a day, she still studied three. After filming finished, she went on a promotional tour, which included several on-screen appearances with Walt Disney.

Disney subsequently cast her in the voice role of Wendy Darling in their following feature, Peter Pan (1953). In addition to providing her voice, Beaumont also served as the performance model for both characters for live-action reference to help the animators. When performing as Wendy, Beaumont was suspended in the air to simulate flight, although she had a fear of heights. When asked how she overcame her fear of heights, Beaumont answered, " gritted my teeth! That’s about all you can do. I thought, ‘Oh, well, I have to do what I have to do.’ So you grit your teeth and you do it." Walt Disney personally cast Beaumont in the role of Wendy after seeing the film, On an Island with You.

Beaumont reprised her voice acting role as Alice in two episodes of the animated series House of Mouse (2001–2003) and as both Alice and Wendy in the 2002 video game Kingdom Hearts. In 1998, Beaumont was awarded a Disney Legend award for her voice work on the films Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.

In 2005, Beaumont retired from acting; the roles of Alice and Wendy were taken over by Hynden Walch. She made a brief return to voice acting in 2010 when she voiced Kairi 's grandmother in Disney's Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep. In 2023, she once again returned to voice acting by guest-starring as the original Alice in season 2 of Alice's Wonderland Bakery.

## Personal life

After completing Peter Pan, Beaumont enrolled in high school, where she joined a drill team and ran for a position in student government. After graduating, Beaumont enrolled at the University of Southern California, where she graduated with a degree in education. Upon graduating from college, Beaumont worked as an elementary school teacher in Los Angeles for 36 years.

Beaumont has been married to her husband, Allan Levine, since 1985. She never had children.

As of 2024, she is the last surviving cast member of It Happened One Sunday (1944) and Alice in Wonderland (1951).

## Filmography