The Boy with a Thorn in His Side

# The Boy with a Thorn in His Side

## Abstract

The Boy with a Thorn in His Side is a 2005 comedy film, produced and directed by Mark Jeavonsa as his feature film debut, and starring Alec Sedgley as Billy Heinlickburger.

## Background

Boy With A Thorn was shot in Birmingham and Wolverhampton in the West Midlands, England over a period of 17 days, because that was the length of time director Mark Jeavonsa was allowed to use the equipment. The director relates that he devoted most of 2004 in preparing to make the film, spending the first half of the year seeking funding for a feature before learning about the government-funded 'Media Vault' program that would allow West Midlands filmmakers access to filming equipment, but for only 17 days. The first draft of the film had been written in 2001. After arranging for the use of the equipment for a period three months later, he re-wrote the draft to create it as a project that could be shot within his time constraints and began his pre-production and casting.

The film premiered 18 May 2009 at the Cannes Film Festival, and later screened at independent cinemas in the United Kingdom

## Synopsis

Billy Heinlickburger (Alec Sedgley) is 18, has no job, and no friends. He daydreams about a becoming rock star or artist or best-selling author, but fails to follow through with any of his aspirations due to his not wanting to work. He wishes to get back together with his slightly older ex-girlfriend, Susan (Morgan Lees). She has moved forward with her life, but agrees to a few dates anyway. Billy's German parents, Jurgen Heinlickburger (Graham Pollard) and Gertrude Heinlickburger (Sue Kimberley), are both eccentric. Jurgen has for 30 years maintained a monotonous diet of Spam sandwiches and raw carrots. Gertrude is simply and totally paranoid about everything. But they both pressure Billy continually to leave home and get a job. This constant friction forces Billy to decide once and for all if he will change his ways.

## Cast

- Alec Sedgley as Billy Heinlickburger

- Graham Pollard as Jurgen Heinlickburger

- Sue Kimberley as Gertrude Heinlickburger

- Morgan Lees as Susan

- Neil Harris as Felix

- Emily Dormer as Emma

- Michael Haynes as Farmer

- Rob Leetham as Job Interviewer

- Martin Nigel Davey as TV Reporter

- Victoria Broom as Office worker

- Gary Stevens as Security Guard

## Reception

Microfilmmaker Magazine wrote that this was an interesting story, in that it could apply to many different person's lives. They offered that "Alec Sedgley did a good job at portraying the rather lazy and childish Billy", due to his seeming to personally understand the problems and frustrations faced by a young adult. They also offered that actress Morgan Lees did a good job as Susan in her "portraying the sympathetic and down-to-earth ex-girlfriend, who is trying to be encouraging." They also approved of Neil Harris' portrayal of Susan's roommate Felix who, even though verbally referred to in context as a boyfriend to her, dresses and acts in a flamboyant manner leading viewers to assume Felix was more interested in men than in women. Itwa stressed though that the best acting in the film was done by Graham Pollard and Sue Kimberley in their portrayal of Billy's very odd German parents.


Zazoo U

# Zazoo U

## Abstract

Zazoo U is an American animated television series that aired on Fox Children's Network block on Saturday mornings from September 8 to December 8, 1990. The show was created by children's author Shane DeRolf.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide.

## Plot

The series follows the antics of a university college populated by different animals.

## Voice cast

- Michael Horton as Boink

- Jerry Houser as Grizzle

- Brian Cummings as Bully

- Neil Ross as Logan Chomper

- Tress MacNeille as Ms. Devine

- Susan Silo as Tess

- S. Scott Bullock as Slogo Bonito

- Stu Rosen as Dr. Russell

- Danny Mann as Rarf

- Lee Thomas as Seymour

- Dorian Harewood as Buck, Rawld-O

## Crew

- Stu Rosen - Voice Director


Path profile

# Path profile

## Abstract

In telecommunications, a path profile is a graphic representation of the physical features of a propagation path in the vertical plane containing both endpoints of the path, showing the surface of the Earth and including trees, buildings, and other features that may obstruct the radio signal.

Profiles are drawn either with an effective Earth radius simulated by a parabolic arc--in which case the ray paths are drawn as straight lines--or with a "flat Earth"-- in which case the ray paths are drawn as parabolic arcs.


Homerazzi

# Homerazzi

## Abstract

" Homerazzi " is the sixteenth episode of the eighteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 25, 2007. The episode was written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Matthew Nastuk.

In this episode, Homer becomes a celebrity photographer until they seek revenge by photographing him on his worst behavior. J. K. Simmons guest starred as the tabloid editor, and Jon Lovitz guest starred as Enrico Irritazio. Betty White appeared as herself. The episode received positive reviews.

## Plot

After failing to blow out the candles on his birthday cake, an exhausted Homer falls asleep on the cake, igniting his party hat. The burning house is saved by the Springfield Fire Department, and Marge purchases a fire-proof safe to protect the family's valuables, including the family photo album, as a precaution. Each family member places one item in the safe, but after it is closed, the items combine to start a fire that destroys both them and the safe. Refusing to accept the loss of all their memories, Marge restages all the family photos. One shot captures a celebrity sex scandal in the background, and Homer sells the photo to a tabloid. Tasting success and seeing money to be made, Homer takes to the streets as one of the paparazzi.

Homer begins taking photos of celebrities going about their daily lives. He and Bart provoke several local celebrities to commit embarrassing or criminal acts, and then he takes pictures of them. He insults Drederick Tatum and photographs him as Tatum punches him. Homer receives praise for selling the photos to the tabloid. He turns Lisa 's bedroom into a darkroom to develop photographs. Marge asks Homer to stop exploiting celebrities but admits to liking the tabloid stories. Later, he invades the secluded wedding of Rainier Wolfcastle and Maria Shriver-Kennedy Quimby, prompting Wolfcastle to get revenge.

Wolfcastle gathers the celebrities and says he has hired top paparazzo Enrico Irritazio to photograph Homer on his worst behavior. After photos of Homer are published in the tabloid, he gives up the paparazzi business. As the celebrities celebrate across the street from Moe's Tavern, Lenny and Carl persuade Homer to resume his work using a camera that Moe had hidden in the ladies' room. Homer bursts in on the celebrities and takes many compromising photos. Wolfcastle asks Homer what he plans to do with the pictures. Homer says that he will not make them public if the celebrities start treating their fans with more respect and stop taking them for granted. Wolfcastle agrees and, in a show of good faith, invites the Simpsons to a barbecue at an offshore "party platform" he owns. Here, Marge shows Wolfcastle a screenplay she has written but turns her down. Later, she and Homer find that Wolfcastle has stolen the idea and turned it into a movie. Marge does not mind the theft because the movie got produced.

## Casting

Recurring actor Jon Lovitz, who has played several characters in the series, guest starred as Enrico Irritazio. J. K. Simmons guest-starred as a tabloid editor. Simmons guest starred earlier in the season in the episode " Moe'N'a Lisa " as J. Jonah Jameson. Actress Betty White appeared as herself. White previously appeared in the eleventh season episode " Missionary: Impossible ". Actor Harry Hamlin and musician Peter Wolf were announced as guest stars but did not appear.

## Reception

### Viewing figures

The episode earned a 2.5 rating and was watched by 6.97 million viewers, which was the 43rd most-watched show that week.

### Critical response

Robert Canning of IGN praised this episode, calling it clever, ingenious, and one of the most memorable of the season.

Adam Finley of TV Squad thought the episode had many sight gags but said the episode could have been better. He wrote that it was a "silly episode with no serious point" and the long couch gag indicated that the episode would be shorter.

On Four Finger Discount, Guy Davis and Brendan Dando enjoyed the episode and thought the quality matched the episodes of the classic Simpsons era of the 1990s. They also felt it could not have been made in that era due to the perception of paparazzi at the time.

The couch gag was one of the longest in the history of the series. In 2015, IGN named it the second-best couch gag in the history of the series. In 2022, Comic Book Resources named it the third-best couch gag.

### Themes and analysis

Sergio Yagüe-Pasamón wrote that this episode demonstrates that the stereotypical male role in Western society is public-facing while the female role is hidden in private. When Marge's photos are destroyed in the safe, she "cried over the loss of the family album of photographic memories. The symbolic importance of the photo collection is noteworthy, as Marge acknowledges it to integrate 'a record of my accomplishments' and compares it to the 'resumé of a man.'"


Baffle Creek, Queensland

# Baffle Creek, Queensland

## Abstract

Baffle Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 155 people.

The neighbourhood of Wartburg is within the locality (24°30′07″S 151°55′52″E / 24.50194°S 151.93111°E).

## Geography

Baffle Creek (the watercourse) forms the southern and south-western boundaries.

## History

The area on Baffle Creek was first settled in 1908 by Prussian and German immigrants who were recruited by Apostle. H. F. Niemeyer of the Apostolic Church of Queensland in Hatton Vale near Ipswich. The government land orders they had expected to receive were not available, so they had to wait for six months living on a hill that they called Wartburg meaning waiting place.

In 1911, a sugar mill was built by Albert Kleinschmidt (who had another sugar mill in Bundaberg). The mill produced brown sugar which was taken elsewhere for further refining. The mill was closed in 1919 as it was not a successful venture.

Wartburg State School opened on 11 August 1913.

In 1921, a shop storeroom off the Coast Road was remodelled to become St Paul's Lutheran Church. It was officially opened on Sunday 17 July 1921. It was 10 miles (16 km) from Rosedale near the Baffle Creek. It is on the south-western corner of the Coast Road and Bayfield Road leading to the creek (24°30′16″S 151°55′48″E / 24.5045°S 151.9299°E). The church bell was installed in 1923. The church was enlarged and the bell tower was remodelled in 1947.

On 26 November 2018, the Queensland Government ordered the evacuation of Baffle Creek, Deepwater and Rules Beach due to a "dangerous and unpredictable" bushfire 50-kilometre (31 mi) wide and covering 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) with flames of 10 to 12 metres (33 to 39 ft) high during an extreme heatwave.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Baffle Creek had a population too low to separately report and was aggregated with the neighbouring locality of Deepwater which had a combined population of 548 people.

In the 2016 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 156 people.

In the 2021 census, Baffle Creek had a population of 155 people.

## Heritage listings

Baffle Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

- Coast Road: Baffle Creek Sugar Mill (remains)

- Coast Road: St Pauls's Lutheran Church

## Education

Wartburg State School is a government primary (Early Childhood - Year 6) school for boys and girls at 585 Coast Road in Baffle Creek. In 2013, the school had 55 students and 4 teachers (3 full-time equivalent). In 2023, the school had 19 students.


The Brave Little Toaster

# The Brave Little Toaster

## Abstract

The Brave Little Toaster is a 1987 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Jerry Rees. It is based on the 1980 novella of the same name by Thomas M. Disch. The film stars Deanna Oliver, Timothy E. Day, Jon Lovitz, Tim Stack, and Thurl Ravenscroft, with Wayne Kaatz, Colette Savage, Phil Hartman, Joe Ranft, and Jim Jackman in supporting roles. It is set in a world where domestic appliances and other consumer electronics come to life, pretending to be lifeless in the presence of humans. The story focuses on five anthropomorphic household appliances—a toaster, gooseneck lamp, electric blanket, radio and vacuum cleaner —who go on a quest to search for their owner.

The film was produced by Hyperion Pictures and The Kushner-Locke Company. Many CalArts graduates, including the original members of Pixar Animation Studios, were involved in its production. The rights to the book were acquired by Walt Disney Studios in 1982. John Lasseter, then employed at Disney, wanted to do a computer-animated film based on it, but it was turned down. While the film received a limited theatrical release, The Brave Little Toaster received positive reviews and was popular on home video. It was followed by two sequels, The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue in 1997 and The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars in 1998.

## Plot

In a small wooden cabin, five anthropomorphic electric appliances – Toaster, Radio, a desk lamp named "Lampy", an electric blanket named "Blanky" and a vacuum cleaner named " Kirby " – await the return of a young boy named Rob (whom they refer to as "the Master") who used to vacation at the cabin with his family, but has not come by in some years. One day, upon seeing that the cabin is about to be sold, the appliances decide to venture out and find Rob themselves. They turn Kirby into a makeshift vehicle by attaching a rolling office chair, a power strip and a car battery to him, and set out towards the city.

Along their journey, the appliances have numerous harrowing adventures. When their battery runs low, the group stops for the night in a forest, with Blanky serving as a tent. During the night, a storm blows Blanky up into the trees, and Lampy uses himself as a lightning rod to recharge the battery. After recovering Blanky, the appliances try to cross a waterfall, but everyone except Kirby falls into the murky water below. Kirby dives in and rescues the others; but with the chair, strip and battery lost, the group resorts to pulling the disabled Kirby through a swamp. They are almost swallowed up by a giant bog of quicksand, but are saved by Elmo St. Peters, who takes them to his appliance parts store. There, St. Peters prepares to extract and sell Radio's vacuum tubes, but the other appliances frighten St. Peters by pretending to be a ghost, causing him to knock himself unconscious. The appliances subsequently escape from the store.

Meanwhile, Rob, now a young adult, goes out to the cottage with his girlfriend Chris to retrieve the appliances to take with him to college. The group arrives at Rob's apartment, but his family's newer appliances, resentful that Rob favors the older appliances, demonstrate how much more technologically advanced they are and throw the group out of the apartment and into a dumpster. Rob and Chris return home empty-handed; but an old television set in the apartment, a friend of the five appliances who formerly resided in the cottage with them, plays fictional advertisements for the junkyard the appliances have been taken to, convincing Rob and Chris to go there and find them.

At the junkyard, the appliances despair, believing Rob no longer wants them. They are picked up by a large scowling electromagnet, and are about to be destroyed by a crusher, but after seeing Rob arrive at the junkyard, they regain hope and attempt to rejoin him. The magnet thwarts their escape and forces them onto the conveyor belt leading to the crusher. Rob spots all the appliances except Toaster on the conveyor belt and attempts to rescue them, but the magnet picks them all up and drops them back on the belt. Toaster jumps into the crusher's gears, stopping it just before it flattens Rob and the others, but is badly mangled in the process. Back at the apartment, Rob repairs Toaster, and he and Chris depart for college with all five appliances in tow.

## Voice cast

- Deanna Oliver as Toaster, a pop-up two-slice toaster who is the leader of the group of minor electrical appliances. Toaster is courageous, intelligent, kind, thoughtful and warmhearted, and is the one who devises the idea of going on a journey to locate the appliances' master Rob. While voiced by an actress, Toaster's gender is left ambiguous in the film.

- Timothy E. Day as Blanky, an electric blanket with an innocent demeanor. Child-like and insecure, Blanky is the youngest appliance who is deeply distressed over Rob's absence and wants nothing more than to be reunited with him. Toaster and Blanky share a warm, older sibling-younger sibling relationship. Day also voices Young Rob in several flashbacks.

- Day also voices Young Rob in several flashbacks.

- Tim Stack as Lampy, an easily impressed yet slightly irascible tensor gooseneck desktop lamp. While he can be ironically dim-witted at times despite being "bright" due to his light, he is shown to be clever and resourceful when things get dire. Stack also voices a customer at the spare parts shop named "Zeke".

- Stack also voices a customer at the spare parts shop named "Zeke".

- Jon Lovitz as Radio, a wisecracking vacuum-tube-based dial A.M. radio alarm clock with a personality that parodies loud and pretentious announcers. Jerry Rees as Radio's singing voice.

- Jerry Rees as Radio's singing voice.

- Thurl Ravenscroft as Kirby, a deep-voiced, individualistic upright vacuum cleaner who dons a cynical, cantankerous attitude towards the other appliances, though deep inside he cares about them greatly.

- Wayne Kaatz as "Master" Rob McGroarty, the original human owner of the five appliances. After appearing as a child in flashbacks, Rob as a young adult is leaving for college. While in the book, Rob plans to sell the cabin along with the appliances, in the film, Rob still has sentimentality towards appliances and takes them to college in the end.

- Colette Savage as Chris, Rob's tomboyish, sarcastic, supportive girlfriend.

- Phil Hartman as Air Conditioner, a sardonic and bitter air conditioner who resides in the cabin with the rest of the clan. Hartman also voices the Hanging Lamp, a Peter Lorre -inspired tensor desktop lamp stand with extension cords for arms in the spare parts shop.

- Hartman also voices the Hanging Lamp, a Peter Lorre -inspired tensor desktop lamp stand with extension cords for arms in the spare parts shop.

- Joe Ranft as Elmo St. Peters, the owner of a spare appliance parts shop where he disassembles appliances and sells the parts. Ranft also voices the evil clown in Toaster's nightmare.

- Ranft also voices the evil clown in Toaster's nightmare.

- Beth Anderson as the Mae West -inspired magneto phone open-reel tape recorder in "It's a B-Movie" and the wooded wagon in "Worthless".

- Janice Liebhart as the fan in "It's a B-Movie", the phone in "Cutting Edge" and the pink convertible in "Worthless".

- Judy Toll as Mishmash, a mish-mash hybrid device consisting of a can opener, a gooseneck desktop lamp and an electric shaver.

- Darryl Phinnessee as various characters in "It's a B-Movie" and "Cutting Edge" and the hearse in "Worthless".

- Jonathan Benair as TV, a black and white TV set who has moved to Rob's apartment and is an old member of the clan.

- Jim Jackman as Plugsy, a pear-shaped night table lamp stand who is the leader of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment. While they are benevolent in the novel, in the film, they are initially jealous and antagonistic towards the clan.

- Mindy Stern as Rob's mother, an unseen character. Toll and Stern also voice the Two-Faced Sewing Machine, one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.

- Toll and Stern also voice the Two-Faced Sewing Machine, one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.

- Randy Bennett as Computer, one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.

- Randall William Cook as Entertainment Complex, a stereophonic entertainment complex system, one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.

- Susie Allanson as the toaster oven in Rob's apartment.

## Production

### Conception and financing

The film rights to The Brave Little Toaster, the original novella by Thomas M. Disch, were purchased by the Walt Disney Studios in 1982, two years after its appearance in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. After animators John Lasseter and Glen Keane had finished a short 2D/3D test film based on the book Where the Wild Things Are, Lasseter and producer Thomas L. Wilhite decided they wanted to produce a whole feature with the same technique.

The story they chose was The Brave Little Toaster, and this became the first CGI film Lasseter ever pitched, but in their enthusiasm, they ran into issues pitching the idea to two high-level Disney executives, animation administrator Ed Hansen, and Disney president Ron W. Miller. Ron Miller asked about the cost after the pitch and when Lasseter replied that it would cost no more than a traditionally animated film, Miller rejected the pitch, saying that the only reason to use computers would be if it was "faster or cheaper".

A few minutes after the meeting, Lasseter received a phone call from Hansen and was instructed to come down to his office, where Lasseter was informed that he was dismissed. Originally set to commence at the Disney studios with a budget of $18 million, development was then transferred to the new Hyperion Pictures, which had been created by former Disney employees Tom Wilhite and Willard Carroll, who took the production along with them after Wilhite successfully requested the project from then-president Ron Miller. As a result, the film was financed as an independent production by Disney, with the aid of electronics company TDK Corporation and video distributor CBS/Fox Video.

The budget was reduced by $12.06 million to $5.94 million as production began, approximately a third of the budget offered when in-house. Despite providing funds to get it off the ground, Disney was not involved with production of the film. Rees later commented that there were external forces at work that had the right to say this was a cheap film that could be shipped overseas, which the staff objected to and therefore were willing to make sacrifices to improve the quality of the film despite its limited budget.

### Writing

In 1986, Hyperion began to work on the story and character development. Jerry Rees, a crew member on two previous Disney films, The Fox and the Hound and Tron, and co-writer of the screenplay along with Joe Ranft, was chosen to direct the project. He had been working on an animated adaptation of Will Eisner 's The Spirit with Brad Bird, and received a call from Wilhite asking him to develop, write, and direct, explaining that The Brave Little Toaster was being adapted into a short, but that a feature film was possible if handled correctly. Joe Ranft and Rees worked on developing the story. The storyboards were designed by Rees, Ranft, along with Alex Mann and Darrell Rooney. When animators ran out of pages to storyboard, Rees sat down and wrote more of the script.

The work was significantly adapted from the original story. Only about four lines of dialogue from the book ended up in the finished film. Rees decided to move the junkyard sequence from the middle of the story to its end because of the junkyard's symbolism as a graveyard for appliances. He also wanted a definitive moment that earned Toaster the title of "brave", so he had Toaster jump into the gears to save the Master, a plot point that wasn't in the book. Having the character's voices in his head when writing the script helped Rees to personalize the dialogue. He even reworked some of the already-completed script in order to customize sections based on the actors' personalities. After cutting together the storyboards and scene-planning in Taipei, production manager Chuck Richardson explained the logistics issues—the film would be 110 minutes long. As a result, Rees decided to cut around 20 minutes' worth of the story — the deleted scenes have not been released to the public.

### Casting

Rees was still in the process of writing when he decided to find actors. Many auditioners presented cartoony, exaggerated voices, which displeased him, because they did not believe their characters or bring a reality to the role. As a result, he sought out voice talent from The Groundlings improvisational group upon recommendation by Ranft, and he appreciated the honesty and naturalism they gave to their performances. Many of their members, including Jon Lovitz (Radio), Phil Hartman (Air Conditioner/Hanging Lamp), Tim Stack (Lampy), Judy Toll (Mishmash), and Mindy Sterling (Rob's mother) voiced characters in the film. Already established as an actor through Tony the Tiger and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! Thurl Ravenscroft was cast as Kirby the vacuum cleaner. Heading the ensemble cast were Groundlings performer Deanna Oliver as Toaster, and newcomer Timothy E. Day as Blanky.

Oliver originally auditioned for Air Conditioner using a Bette Davis impression, but accepted the lead when offered. Rees, who had conceived Toaster as a female character, later recalled an anecdote where a crew member "slammed the door and walked out" because he had hired a woman to play the lead role. Day had never done acting work before, and had asked his mother to take him to auditions after becoming fascinated with a child actor voice-over.

### Recording

Recording sessions took place at a small derelict property in Hollywood. Rees's direction primarily consisted of ensuring the performances were as natural and realistic as possible. When recording, Rees first had each scene delivered as written, and then allowed the voice actors to play around with the dialogue and ended up using many of the improvised lines in the final film. Unusual for the time, some of the recordings were done in group sessions.

After being cast, Jon Lovitz got an opportunity to appear on Saturday Night Live. Because Rees had written the part of Radio specifically for Lovitz, he tried to find a way to keep Lovitz in the film. They ended up doing a marathon recording session, recording all of Lovitz's lines of dialogue in one night. Rees then stood in for Lovitz when the others were recording.

Rees described Timothy Day as an "amazing performer", who would ask about his character's motivation and the context of each scenario before recording his lines. Day was nicknamed "one-take Timmy" due to nailing the emotional truth of the text so quickly, such as crying loudly or delivering a line with a quiver in his voice. Comparing this film to the sequels, where a high note was dubbed by another singer due to being off-key, Oliver noted that in this film it would have been kept in due to being part of the character.

### Animation

The crew initially worked on pre-production for six months in Los Angeles in 1985, and then a staff of ten people moved to Taiwan with Rees for another six months to work with Wang Film Productions Company Limited in Taipei (headed by James Wang) for the principal animation, then returned for a third six-month work period for post-production in the U.S. Rees's wife Rebecca was the film's directing animator, and she taught classes to the Taiwanese animators in order to improve the quality of their output.

The animators also had a mixture of ex-Disney employees and college graduates from CalArts. Every day, they had to do what would normally be done across a two-week period at Disney. The colour stylist was veteran Disney animator A. Kendall O'Connor, a member of Disney's feature animation department from its first feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Oliver likened the light-hearted frog sequence to Merrie Melodies. A massive TDK sign was included by Rees as the company was a big sponsor. The animators used many visual cues to help inform the audience about plot and character. For example, during the nightmare sequence at the beginning of the film, Toaster burns toast and emits smoke, which symbolizes guilt and fear of being responsible.

They deduced toasters would be afraid of things like forks and falling into the bathtub while plugged in, so they included them in this sequence. Oliver described the transition from bathtub sparks to lightning outside the house as proper filmmaking. Similarly, Blanky being a certain shade of yellow bears significance to the plot. In the beginning of their journey, the other characters dismiss him, even Toaster. Then Toaster encounters a flower that is the same color, who also wants to snuggle. After explaining it is just a reflection, he walks away, thereby making the flower wilt. The next moment shows Toaster proactively rescuing Blanky. The idea is that the flower informs Toaster that his actions will make Blanky wilt too.

### Music and sound

The film score of The Brave Little Toaster was composed and conducted by David Newman and performed by the New Japan Philharmonic. Newman's score for this movie was one of his earlier works and apparently one that he felt very close to. He did not view it as a cheerful one and decided to give the film a dramatic score to reinforce the serious nature of many of the film's themes. Rees admired his "rich, classical style", and chose him so that the film wouldn't have "cartoon music". Rees stated that Newman would attempt to get into the headspace of the characters and thought in the terms of the inanimate objects being real characters.

Rees said that Newman's score was as "grand as anything he would ever do", rather than composing the music differently due to the medium being animation. He wove death, joy, love, loss, and struggle into the work. Newman's composing style was influenced by his philosophy that behind every "chord of joy" lies an element of sadness, whether it being the knowledge it won't last forever, that it is a facade for a deeper emotion, or that joy itself comes from sadness. He used lush strings in the opening scenes to convey a sense of longing. As the characters are introduced, the score becomes more lively, and each character has their own theme, influenced by their personality. For example, Kirby is a grumpy and old vacuum cleaner, and so Newman provides a theme consisting of low chords, whereas Radio was given a brassy fanfare to reflect his self-important personality. These musical motifs wove their way into the entire movie score.

At some points, the style of music was used to provoke an emotional response, for example when the Air Conditioner breaks down, the orchestra first trembles and then bursts with energy. After this the music returns to a somber tone, as the appliances start to realize that there is truth to what he said. When they explore the outside world for the first time, the music fills with a "pastoral grandeur", and when they enter the woods, strings, flutes, bells and brass are used to convey the simultaneous magic and danger of the outdoors. The film also contains a Busby Berkeley Italian opera-esque sequence containing a fish. The score was finally given a limited release in 2004. The film contains four original songs ("City of Light", "It's a B-Movie", "Cutting Edge", and "Worthless") that were written by Van Dyke Parks. Rees "felt uncomfortable with the full Broadway book musical approach", and his philosophy was that the songs should be part of the action and plot without stopping for a big production number.

Rees specifically wanted characters to be able to break out into song whenever they wanted to, similar to the films of the Hollywood Golden Age. Once they were written, Newman used the songs in his own score. For example, the first song in the film, "City of Light", displays the character's naivety and apprehension, and contains a motif that gets more complex as the film goes on. This approach made the score more cohesive. "It's a B-Movie" is filled with black humor and an ominous pipe organ as the mutant appliances scare the main characters. The synthesizer driven "Cutting Edge" sees the master's state-of-the-art appliances boast about how great they are. The poignant number "Worthless" is a track filled with piano, strings, guitar, and vocals which are abruptly cut off when the singing cars are crushed. The junkyard sequence's climax evokes feelings of desperation, danger, suspense and real-world peril. Newman "reprises the score's subtle and varied themes over the end credits". Newman wrote and orchestrated the score over a 50-hour period, which included embarking on a 12-hour flight to Japan to record with the orchestra in Maeda Hall.

The New Japan Philharmonic gave the score a "luxurious sound" that was impressive given the limited resources available. The sound effects were not from a library, and were instead, exclusively made Foley sounds, with various real-world objects around Los Angeles being used in the score, such as objects in antique stores. This technique was used because Rees wanted to create new characters with new sounds. The sound mixers, including former Disney studio mixer Shawn Murphy who recorded the score, asked how they would do their job due to the film being animated, and Rees explained that they should mix it like any other film, instead of thinking of it like it were a cartoon.

## Music

David Newman 's score for The Brave Little Toaster was his first for an animated work; Van Dyke Parks wrote the songs' music and lyrics. In most of the songs, Beth Anderson, Janice Liebhart, and Darryl Phinnessee perform the singing voices of various background characters, while also doubling as the chorus. In addition, the songs " Tutti Frutti " and " My Mammy " are played by the character Radio during the film.

The Orlando Sentinel ' s Jay Boyar wrote in October 1989: "The songs (by Van Dyke Parks)...are clever. The best of a very good batch is 'Cutting Edge', a Talking Heads -for-kids-style ditty in which a gang of high-tech gadgets amazes and frightens Toaster's band with some electronic prowess". Thomas Glorieux gave the soundtrack three stars in a c. 2000s review.

### Songs

Original songs performed in the film include:

## Themes

Director Jerry Rees described the main message the film asks as: "what would it be like to be an appliance, and feel good when you're useful, and help people..."? He also explained that the film's themes included a "fear of being abandoned and wanting to be reunited with somebody that you love..."—the opposing forces of feeling like you're worthless and the joy of redemption". Another important notion was that of "valuing things from the past and taking them...into the future", both in terms of objects and relationships. All of the main characters have personalities that are unique twists on the appliance functionality.

Blanky is an electric security blanket but is insecure without its owner, the bright Lampy is mentally dim, Kirby is supposed to hold everything inside but has a nervous breakdown, Toaster is warm and reflective so can easily empathize, and Radio is constantly switched on and entertaining. He has the philosophy that despite being inanimate, they each symbolized things that humans actually feel. As the foundation for writing the story, Rees reasoned that the characters would only be happy if they were being used by the Master. As a result of this, a major aspect of the film is about inanimate objects becoming alive when someone is not observing them.

As opposed to other films of the time, The Brave Little Toaster was able to include dark, scary, edgy, or risqué content due to being an independent feature. The filmmakers were able to explore the "wouldn't it be fun if" places that Disney would not allow. They rejected the false dichotomy of being joke-driven or overly sincere, and instead incorporated both elements as that is how real conversations work.

## Release and home media

### United States

The film's premiere was at Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles on July 10, 1987. With the producer's help, the film premiered in various festivals, including the Los Angeles International Animation Celebration in 1987, and the Sundance Film Festival in 1988. It made history as the first original animated film ever exhibited at Sundance (Faith Hubley 's The Cosmic Eye, a compilation film featuring several shorts she made with spouse John Hubley, was screened in the 1986 festival) and remained the only one until 2001's Waking Life.

Though the prize went to Rob Nilsson 's Heat and Sunlight, before the awards ceremony, Rees claims he was told by the judges that they considered Toaster the best film, but they decided not to give the award to a cartoon as they considered people would not take the festival seriously afterwards. Though it is sometimes thought that the film was not released in cinemas because it failed to find a distributor, in reality arthouse film distributor Skouras Pictures took on the distributing rights for the theatrical release, and was going to do evening screenings, noting it was more for college students and young adults than children.

However, Disney, who had invested in the video and television rights, according to Rees did not want competition so moved their television premiere date up and ended up preventing it from being financially successful in theatres, forcing Skouras to withdraw their deal. The film premiered on the Disney Channel on February 27, 1988. To compensate, Hyperion continued its plan to enter the film into various festivals and managed to secure limited theatrical airings at arthouse facilities across the United States, such as spending two weeks at New York's Film Forum in May 1989, and shortly in Washington, D.C., in March 1990.

Rees thinks most people discovered the film through syndication on the Disney Channel, or through home video releases. In July 1991, Walt Disney Home Video released the film to home video format via VHS and Laserdisc. A DVD release was released in 2003; like most budget Disney releases from the time, the DVD uses the transfer from the LaserDisc release.

While the sequels, The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue and The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars, are available, the original film has yet to appear on Disney+ or any video on demand services. An unofficial 4K transfer of one of the film's 35mm prints, sanctioned by Jerry Rees and Brian McEntee, was uploaded to YouTube on July 13, 2023.

### International

ITC Entertainment held international distribution rights to the film (except for Japan, which kept by Disney) and began syndicating the film starting with the ATPE 1991 TV trade show.

In the UK, the VHS tapes were released under PolyGram Video (1990s) and Carlton Video (2000s), while in Australia, Roadshow Home Video held the rights.

In Spain, Divisa Home Video and Aurum Producciones were in charge of distribution, the former during the 2000s.

In September 2003, Prism Leisure, under license from Carlton Communications (the then-owners of ITC Entertainment's library), released the film on DVD in the UK to tie in with its 15th anniversary. This DVD release, compared to the US Disney version, uses a brand new remastered transfer sourced from an international print. Their license has since expired, but the disc can still be found on UK shopping sites.

## Reception and legacy

The film has garnered a 77% rating on the reviews website Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.31/10. Mary Houlihan-Skilton of Chicago Sun-Times gave a positive review, but found a problem with the storytellers using caricatures of Bette Davis, Peter Lorre, Jack Nicholson, Mae West, Joan Rivers and others to portray them, feeling that became "so old that it has been used forever and should be given a rest".

The Washington Post called it "a kid's film made without condescension", while The New York Times said that the film visually "has a smooth-flowing momentum and a lush storybook opulence". Time Out said the film had "a winning combination of inventive characters, amusing dialogue, excellent voice-overs, likeable tune and first-rate animation". Deseret News wrote it is "a wonder of the movie industry...a funny, occasionally thrilling animated feature aimed at kids, but with a sophisticated sensibility intended to reach their parents as well". Halliwell's Film Guide called it an "odd fantasy of pots and pans with no more than adequate animation".

Projection Booth, Film Freak Central, Arizona Daily Star, and Leonard Maltin all gave the film similar praise, describing it as "among the finest animated films Disney never made", " Blade Runner for children", "an overlooked classic utterly rewatchable fable", and "a real breath of fresh air in contemporary cartoons" respectively. Needcoffee.com gave the film a 4/5, writing that despite the film having a questionable premise, "it's an actually cute and extremely fun animated flick". Las Vegas Review-Journal, Movie Mom at Yahoo! Movies, and eFilmCritic.com all gave the same score, the latter describing it as a "perfectly charming kid's flick about adventuring appliances". Northwest Herald gave a 3/5, EmanuelLevy.Com and Talking Pictures gave a 2/5 rating.

This film is unique in that it attracted a substantial amount of talent from both old and new sources. Many of the cast and crew members went on to have successful careers in the animation industry. Co-writer Joe Ranft became a script supervisor at Pixar, while animators Kirk Wise and Kevin Lima went on to animate and co-direct films of the Disney Renaissance, such as The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Pocahontas, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Tarzan. Effects animator Mark Dindal directed Disney's The Emperor's New Groove and Chicken Little, as well as Warner Bros. ' Cats Don't Dance and Sony Pictures ' The Garfield Movie. Character designer Rob Minkoff directed The Lion King, Stuart Little, Stuart Little 2, Mr. Peabody & Sherman and Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank. After directing the financially unsuccessful film The Marrying Man in 1991, Jerry Rees went on to direct numerous multimedia productions at Disney's theme parks. Voice actors Jon Lovitz and Phil Hartman wound their way onto animated series such as The Simpsons and The Critic. Many have noted that this film shares similarities to the Toy Story franchise, also worked on by John Lasseter. Rees saw it as "the next inanimate object feature".

Despite its limited release, the cult following of the film has seen the cast and crew get substantial recognition throughout the world. Rees recalled a situation where a person he was doing an online project with messaged him on IMDb, discovering his work on TBLT, and explained how deeply the film affected him due to teaching life lessons. He appreciated this genuine reaction from a real person. Oliver went to the Afghanistan deployment ceremony for her son in June 2010, and he had told Brave Company his mother played Toaster, so they brought toasters with them for her to sign, which the soldiers took to the country with them. She also received fan art from one of the soldiers. The consensus among people who worked on the film such as Tom Wilhite and Donald Kushner is that the original is the one that has the cult following as opposed to the sequels. Rees said that when his future Pixar friends saw the film, they appreciated it despite the animation due to the heavy financial and time constraints.

### Sequels

The Brave Little Toaster was followed by two sequels a decade later: The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars and The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue. The former (Mars) is based on the sequel to Disch's novella while the latter (Rescue) is a brand new story. While reuniting most of the cast and producers, they had a different director in Robert C. Ramirez and new crew members. Rees noted that the original film was made out of pure love and not thought of as a kids' film or a product, and that he had heard the new approach was a more commercial venture. Deanna Oliver felt that despite Ramirez being a talented director who handled the franchise with care, instead of "film" and "character-driven", the project seemed more about getting it done because it could be made. Neither Rees nor Oliver have admitted to watching the finished sequels.

#### Cancelled fourth film and remake

In 2006, the official website of Hyperion Pictures posted an image of a possible fourth film in CGI, but that film was never produced. The website was inactive for years before being re-updated in 2019. Waterman Entertainment planned a remake, but was never produced.

### Awards and nominations


John Ogilby

# John Ogilby

## Abstract

John Ogilby, Ogelby, or Oglivie (17 November 1600 – 4 September 1676) was a Scottish translator, impresario, publisher and cartographer. He was probably at least a half-brother to James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Airlie, though neither overtly acknowledged this. Ogilby's most-noted works include translations of the works of Virgil and Homer, and his version of the Fables of Aesop.

Ogilby established Ireland's first theatre in Werburgh Street, Dublin, and following the Restoration, that country's first Theatre Royal. Ogilby played a significant part in arrangements for the coronation of King Charles II. Following the Great Fire of 1666, Ogilby's large-scale map of the City of London was founded on precise survey work, and his Britannia is the first road atlas of England and Wales to be based on surveys and measurements, and drawn to scale.

## Life

### Childhood and youth (1600–1618)

John Ogilby's birthplace and parentage are historically uncertain; most early biographies of Ogilby rely on the notes of his assistant John Aubrey that were made for Aubrey's Brief Lives, a collection of biographies of Ogilby and others. The accuracy of Aubrey's account is questionable; Aubrey noted Ogilby was evasive about his origins, saying only he was born "near Edinburgh" in 1600 "of a gentleman's family". Later scholarship has discovered in 1653, Ogilby consulted the noted astrologer Elias Ashmole, and that Ashmole subsequently included Ogilby's horoscope in a personal collection of his horoscopes of notable people. The horoscope required precise data; Ashmole gives the exact location of Ogilby's birth as "Killemeure" (Kirriemuir near Dundee) and the exact date and time as 17 November 1600 at 04:00.

Ogilby believed himself to be at least a half-brother to James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Airlie, given at birth to John Ogilby (senior), a well-off gentleman's tailor in Edinburgh, to be adopted. He was most likely educated at the Merchant Taylors' grammar school in London. At eleven years old, Ogilby was indentured as an apprentice to John Draper, one of just three licensed dance masters in London. At the time, a dancing master had expertise in "grammar (elocution), rhetoric, logic, philosophy, history, music, mathematics and in other arts": ability to dance in "Old Measures" was considered an essential skill for the upper classes. In 1617, Draper became a barrister at Gray's Inn and released Ogilby, who by then was highly accomplished as a dancer and a teacher, from the apprenticeship, allowing him to set up as a master in his own right and to take part in theatrical performances. A fall while dancing in a masque in February 1619 (aged 18), however, lamed him for life and ended his career as a dancer, though not as a teacher.

### Early adulthood (1619−1633)

Information about John Ogilby's early adulthood is limited. According to Ashmole's horoscope, in 1625, Ogilby suffered from a "double quotidian ague" – a form of malaria – he most probably contracted while fighting in the Low Countries under Colonel Sir Charles Rich. In May 1626, he is recorded as holding the rank of lieutenant in the army of Count Mansfield, subsequently becoming a prisoner of war in Dunkirk from July 1626 to June 1627. From June to November 1627, Ogilby was one of the few survivors of the ill-fated English Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, returning to England as acting Captain of a supply ship.

### Ireland (1633−1646)

In August 1633, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, the newly appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, invited Ogilby to Ireland to be dancing tutor to his wife and children, and a member of his troop of guards. While in Dublin, Ogilby established Ireland's first theatre, the Werburgh Street Theatre. In 1637, as a consequence of this enterprise and to discourage competitors, Wentworth appointed Ogilby Master of the Revels for Ireland, with power to permit and forbid performances. The theatre remained open for four years; it had mixed success but it had to be closed as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. With theatre and dancing ruled out, Ogilby spent his time learning Latin and then translating the complete works of Virgil.

### Writer and publisher, marriage (1647−1660)

Ogilby returned to England in January 1647, being shipwrecked on his homeward journey. The manuscript of his Virgil translation, which he had carefully placed in waterproof wrapping, survived the incident and was published in October 1648 with the sponsorship of Royalist gentlefolk and nobility.

In 1650, Ogilby married rich heiress Christian Hunsdon, a widow in her sixties and about 17 years Ogilby's senior. The following year, he published the first edition of his work The fables of Aesop paraphras'd in verse, and adorn'd with sculpture and illustrated with annotations, which was illustrated by Francis Cleyn. Ogilby's version of the text was very successful, running to five editions in the following 15 years.

During the next few years, Ogilby learnt Greek with the intention of creating and publishing a new translation of Homer 's Iliad; he planned it to be a magnificent undertaking with an estimated production cost of £5,000. The venture required sponsorship to pay for the engraved illustrations, each of which would cost about £10, but he secured only 47 sponsors. When the work published in March 1660, it had 600 pages but was substantially less illustrated than Ogilby had planned. With his known Royalist sympathies, Ogilby was a risk to potential patrons who needed to avoid offending the Puritan Commonwealth government.

### Restoration of the monarchy, the Great Fire and Royal Cosmographer (1661–1676)

The Restoration of Charles II brought favour back to Ogilby. In 1661, he was granted the unpaid title "Master of the Royal Imprimerie " (King's Printer). With Charles' coronation scheduled for 23 April 1661 – St. George's Day – the Common Council of the City of London contracted Ogilby to "compose speeches, songs and inscriptions" for the coronation procession from the Tower of London to Whitehall.

A year later, Ogilby was again made Master of the Revels in Ireland, and he started building a new theatre in Smock Alley, Dublin. The libretto of Katherine Philips ' musical play Pompey, which was performed at Smock Alley in 1663, credits Ogilby as the composer of the tunes. His second sojourn in Ireland was short-lived; in July 1664, he returned to plague-stricken London, leaving his step-son to take his place. In 1665, he published a second, revised edition of The Fables of Aesop, which was this time illustrated with prints by Wenceslaus Hollar.

During the Great Fire of London in 1666, Ogilby's house in Shoe Lane, together with its printing works and most of his stock, was destroyed; he estimated he had lost £3,000. After the Great Fire, the Corporation of London appointed Ogilby and his wife's grandson William Morgan as "sworn viewers", members of a group of four trustworthy gentlemen directed by Robert Hooke, to plot disputed property in the city. Ogilby later made what he called "the most accurate Survey of the City of London and Libertyes therof that has ever been done". By 1668, he had a new house in Whitefriars, and was ready to resume his printing and publishing work.

Ogilby's next major venture was a series of atlases of China, Japan, Africa, Asia and America. The first of these was An Embassy from the East India Company of the United Provinces..., first published in 1669 for Ogilby by John Macock and then reprinted in better quality by Ogilby himself in 1673. This book was substantially a translation of Johan Nieuhof 's Dutch publication of the same name with English copies of the Dutch engravings, supplemented by the first English translation of sections of Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata, relating various information from the Jesuit China Mission. Ogilby's Africa appeared in 1670 and was followed in rapid succession by Atlas Japanennsis (1670), America (1671), Atlas Chinensis (1671) and Asia (1673). In 1671, in response to his proposal to make a detailed survey and atlas of Great Britain, the King appointed Ogilby Royal Cosmographer. Thus, at about the age of 70 and with the scientific advice of Robert Hooke, Ogilby began work on Britannia, the project for which he is best known among cartographers.

#### Britannia

In 1675, Ogilby issued his atlas, which he titled Britannia, in the form of a strip map for each major route. The work contains 100 strip road maps that are accompanied by a double-sided page of text giving additional advice for the map's use, and notes on the towns shown and the pronunciations of their names. The roads were measured using a surveyor's wheel, which Ogilby called his "way-wiser", and were plotted at one inch to the statute mile – a scale of 1:63,360 – an Ogilby innovation. The maps include details such as the configurations of hills, bridges and ferries, and the relative sizes of towns. Ogilby is noted in cartography for these innovations.

The cost of the survey and the resulting maps is not known but in a prospectus, Ogilby quotes a preiminary estimate made by the "Lords Referees" – advisors to the Privy Council – as £14,000 (equivalent to about £ 2.9 million today). Ogilby worked hard to raise this considerable sum by holding lotteries, and with the help of Robert Hooke, who made multiple petitions to the Crown, the Court of Common Council and Court of Aldermen of the Corporation of London and to noble families. Writing in 1925, geographer Sir Herbert Fordham said:

twice only... has there been such: that of John Ogilby, in 1671-5, and that of John Cary, quite at the end of the following century. In neither case, singularly enough, did the Government take any steps for the publication of the results of the survey, everything being left, in this respect, to private and commercial enterprise.

### Death

Ogilby died in September 1676 and was buried in the vault of St Bride's Church, one of Sir Christopher Wren 's new London churches. In his will, dated 27 February 1675, Ogilby bequeathed his entire estate to "my deare wife Christian Ogilby and to William Morgan, her grandchild". The value of his estate is not recorded but the British Museum has a copy of an announcement by Robert Morden, a factor, of a sale of "undisposed" books and maps from Ogilby's collection with an asserted value of £517.50 (equivalent to about £ 115,000 today).

## Legacy

In the years that followed his death, Ogilby's reputation as a poetic translator suffered from attacks made on him by John Dryden in his satirical work MacFlecknoe, and by Alexander Pope in The Dunciad. Following their lead, Scottish philosopher David Hume used Ogilby's work to illustrate the idea that common sense frequently appeals to a "standard of taste" in aesthetic matters:

Whoever would assert an equality of genius and elegance between Ogilby and Milton, or Bunyan and Addison, would be thought to defend no less an extravagance, than if he had maintained a mole-hill to be as high as Teneriffe, or a pond as extensive as the ocean.

Other writers were even more critical; Ogilby's entry in the Encyclopaedia Londinensis (about 1800) reads:

The chief merit of his Homer consists in a commendable and uniform fidelity to the sense of his author. As a poet, his pretensions to praise of any kind can scarcely be supported: he has neither animation of thought, accuracy of taste, sensibility of feeling, nor ornament of diction.

Such judgements stuck, and it is only since the mid-20th century that Ogilby's work has again been given scholarly attention, particularly his versions of Aesop's Fables. These, according to a short biography published by Theophilus Cibber in 1753, were "generally confessed to have exceeded whatever hath been done before in that kind". They renewed interest in the fable as a literary medium and arguably initiated suggestions of their adaptation to the troubled politics of the time.

## Gallery


1890 Surinamese general election

# 1890 Surinamese general election

## Abstract

Partial general elections were held in Suriname in March 1890 to elect three of the nine elected members of the Colonial States.

## Electoral system

The Colonial States consisted of nine elected members and four appointed by the Governor-General. Elected members served six-year terms, with three members elected every two years. The 1890 elections were to replace the three members elected in 1884, G.H. Barnet Lyon, Marcus Samson van Praag and Abraham Salomons, all three of whom ran for re-election.

The elections were held using the two-round system, with suffrage restricted to men meeting certain criteria. Voters had multiple votes, and any candidate receiving a number of votes equivalent to over 50% of the valid ballots cast was elected in the first round. If not all seats were filled, a second round was held with twice the number of candidates as seats remaining, who were the candidates who received the most votes but failed to be elected in the first round.

## Results

As there were 167 valid ballots cast, candidates required 84 votes to be elected in the first round. All three incumbents were easily re-elected, with no other candidate receiving more than ten votes.

## Aftermath

Governor-General Maurits Adriaan de Savornin Lohman reappointed David Juda and Salomon Matthijs Swijt as nominated members, together with Pieter van den Broek and Henry Barnett. The newly elected States met for the first time in May, with Juda remaining chairman.

A by-election was held in November 1890 following the resignation of Coenraad van Lier (elected in 1886) due to him moving to Amsterdam. Nominated member Henry Barnett was elected, and was replaced as a nominated member by Jacob Kalff. Kalff was subsequently involved in a dispute with the Governor-General, removed from the States and replaced by Anthonis Hendrik van Geyt.

Johannes Cateau van Rosevelt, who also been elected in 1886, died in 1891.


Clay County High School (Kentucky)

# Clay County High School (Kentucky)

## Abstract

Clay County High School is a high school in Manchester, Clay County, Kentucky, United States. It is the only high school in the county.

## Notable alumni

- Bert T. Combs

- Richie Farmer


Stoned & Dethroned

# Stoned & Dethroned

## Abstract

Stoned & Dethroned is the fifth studio album by the Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. After spending most of 1992 touring, including a slot on that year's Lollapalooza tour, the band went into the studio during January 1993 with the notion of recording an acoustic album. For the first time since Psychocandy, JAMC recorded with a full band with Steve Monti from Curve playing drums and touring bassist Ben Lurie. The recording took longer than planned, lasting the better part of a year. The album also features lead vocals from guests Shane MacGowan from The Pogues on "God Help Me" and Mazzy Star 's Hope Sandoval, singing a duet with Jim Reid on " Sometimes Always ", which was the album's first single.

As of May 1998 the album has sold 121,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.

## Track listing

All songs written by William Reid, except where noted.

- "Dirty Water" – 3:08

- "Bullet Lovers" – 3:39

- " Sometimes Always " – 2:32

- " Come On " (J. Reid) – 2:13

- "Between Us" – 2:59

- "Hole" (Jim Reid) – 2:15

- "Never Saw It Coming" – 3:32

- "She" (Jim Reid) – 3:08

- "Wish I Could" – 2:42

- "Save Me" (J. Reid, W. Reid) – 2:43

- "Till It Shines" – 3:17

- "God Help Me" – 2:47

- "Girlfriend" – 3:16

- "Everybody I Know" – 2:13

- "You've Been a Friend" (J. Reid) – 3:37

- "These Days" – 2:31

- "Feeling Lucky" – 2:18

## Personnel

### The Jesus and Mary Chain

- Jim Reid – vocals (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 10, 13–15), guitar, bass (tracks 6, 12, 13, 14), shaker (track 17), production

- William Reid – vocals (tracks 5, 7, 9–11, 16, 17), guitar, bass (track 17), production

- Ben Lurie – guitar, harmonica, organ, bass

- Steve Monti – drums, percussion

### Additional personnel

- Hope Sandoval – vocals (track 3)

- Shane MacGowan – vocals (track 12)

- Alan Moulder – engineer (tracks 1, 2, 9, 11, 14), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 14)

- Dick Meaney – engineer (tracks 3 to 8, 10, 12, 13, 15 to 17), mixing (tracks 3 to 6, 8, 10 to 12, 15 to 17)

- Stylorouge – design

- Sophie Muller – photography


Kazuya Ichijō

# Kazuya Ichijō

## Abstract

Kazuya Ichijō (一条 和矢, Ichijō Kazuya, born April 11, 1966) is a Japanese voice actor. He is married to Minami Hokuto, better known by her stage name Hitomi. He also provided the voice of adult video games.

## Notable voice roles

### Anime

- Nintama Rantarō (Terai-Mawa, Hachimijiogan, Takuro Seppa)

- Zenki (Inugamiro)

- Juu Senshi Gulkeeva (Greyfus)

- B'tX (Fou Raffine)

- Hikarian - Great Railroad Protector (Seven)

- Kindaichi Shounen no Jikenbo (Takashi Inukai)

- Chō Mashin Eiyūden Wataru (Dream)

- Sexy Commando Gaiden: Sugoi yo!! Masaru-san (Machahiko Kondo)

- Ojarumaru (Aobee, Makoto Tamura, Icchoku Honda, Sam, Cow)

- If I See You in My Dreams (Youhei Kaizuka)

- Crest of the Stars (Kahyul)

- Iketeru Futari (Chief Kuroki)

- To Heart (Hiroyuki Fujita)

- Jubei-Chan The Ninja Girl - Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch (Tenryō Tsumura, Makojiro Hattori)

- Puppet Master Sakon (Tsutomu Saeki)

- Di Gi Charat (Mister Manager)

- Mushrambo (Gitai)

- Brigadoon (Saiban-chou)

- Gear Fighter Dendoh (Gurumet, Keisuke Kusanagi, Meteor)

- Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo (Godboy)

- Banner of the Stars II (Kahyul)

- Digimon Frontier (Baromon)

- Witch Hunter Robin (Kazuya Misawa)

- Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (Guru Guru)

- Ashita no Nadja (Dancho)

- Di Gi Charat Nyo! (Michel Usada)

- Yugo the Negotiator (Shekin)

- Burst Angel (Jei)

- Beet the Vandel Buster (Bruzamu)

- Kakyuusei 2 (Sukekiyo Kôdaiji)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha (Shiro Takamachi)

- ToHeart - Remember my memories (Hiroyuki Fujita)

- Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny (Captain Todaka)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha A's (Zafira)

- Hell Girl (Koichiro Kisaragi)

- Beet the Vandel Buster Excellion (Hangu)

- Going Wild (Mondo)

- Yamato Nadeshiko Shichi Henge <3 (Captain Wing)

- Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple (Daimonji, Shinnosuke Tsuji)

- Demashitaa! Powerpuff Girls Z (Aji Monster)

- GeGeGe no Kitarō (Hiruda)

- My Bride Is a Mermaid (Sword Master)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha StrikerS (Zafira)

- Lovely Complex (Principal)

- Suteki Tantei Labyrinth (Echigo)

- Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de (Assassin)

- Bus Gamer (Maezono)

- S.A (President)

- Chaos;Head (Yasuji Ban)

- Fairy Tail (Hot Eye, Wally, Wonderful Gotch)

- Dance in the Vampire Bund (Takashi Saijo)

- The Legend of the Legendary Heroes (Count Klasbel)

- And Yet the Town Moves (Usher)

- Togainu no Chi (Motomi)

- Fortune Arterial: Akai Yakusoku (Masanori Aoto)

- Denpa Onna to Seishun Otoko (Maekawa's father)

- Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan: Demon Capital (Kyōkotsu)

- Natsume's Book of Friends (Rokka)

- Bakumatsu Gijinden Roman (Oya, Nagai, Kuroda Kanbee)

- DD Hokuto no Ken (Raoh)

- Gifū Dōdō!! Kanetsugu to Keiji (Fake Keiji)

- Outbreak Company (Prime Minister Zahaa)

- One Piece (Breed)

- Re:_Hamatora (Natsukawa)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid (Zafira)

- One Piece (Charlotte Moscato)

- Magical Girl Ore (Kokoro-chan)

2024

- The Fable (Master)

- Rinkai! (Headmaster Sawamitsu)

- The Ossan Newbie Adventurer (Snape Resurrect)

### OVA and Movies

- Jungle Emperor Leo (Alan)

- Animation Runner Kuromi (Go, Nonki Hayama, Seiichiro Haryu)

- Triangle Heart: Sweet Songs Forever (Shirō Takamachi)

- Animation Runner Kuromi 2 (Seiichiro Haryu)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha the Movie 2nd A's (Zafira)

- Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Reflection (Zafira)

- Servamp -Alice in the Garden- (Mikado Alicein)

### Drama CD

- Amai Tsumi no Kajitsu (Kazuomi Toudou)

- GENE Tenshi wa Sakareru (Baruto)

- Gouka Kyakusen de Koi wa Hajimaru series 4, 5, 7, 8 (Rin)

- Kizu (Yuusuke Ariga)

- News Center no Koibito (Masahiko Sashou)

- Pearl series 2: Yokubari na Pearl (Reiji)

- Pearl series 3: Wagamama na Pearl (Reiji)

- Pearl series 4: Kimagure na Pearl (Reiji)

- Trinity Blood (Abel Nightlord, Cain Knightlord)

- Ze (Waki Yoshiwara)

- Romeo (Diager)

### Video games

- The King of Fighters '99 (Jhun Hoon)

- The King of Fighters 2000 (Jhun Hoon)

- The King of Fighters 2003 (Jhun Hoon)

- The King of Fighters 2002: Unlimited Match (Jhun Hoon)

- The King of Fighters All Star (Jhun Hoon)

### Eroge

- Floralia (Shigeru Sawatari, Koichi Tamura)

- Enzai (Evan)

- Sore ga Bokura no Renai Seikatsu (Toshihiro Hakushou)

- Take Off! (Shiro Sagami)

- Clover Heart's (Saionji-sensei)

- Yin-Yang! X-Change Alternative (Renji Saotome)

- Fanatica (Curtis Lindstrom, Bertrand)

- Togainu no Chi (Motomi)

- Zettai Fukujuu Meirei (Lawless Streich)

- Gekkou no Carnevale (Guglielmo)

- Touka Gettan (Hiroto Kaga)

- Fortune Arterial (Masanori Aoto)

- Axanael (Jaburu)

- Aiyoku no Eustia (Varrius Meisner)

### General

- 3x3 Eyes: Kyuusei Koushu (Varanasi)

- Natsuiro no Sunadokei (Gahaku Saeki)

- Groove Adventure Rave: Mikan no Hiseki (Lance, Aniki)

- Unlimited Saga (Bel Bend, Clyde)

- Angel's Feather (Shingo Souma)

- Chaos;Head (Yasuji Ban)

- Chaos;Head Noah (Yasuji Ban)

- Touka Gettan: Tsuki no Nai Kao II (Hiroto Kaga)

- Mahou Shoujo Lyrical Nanoha A's Portable: The Battle of Aces (Zafira)

### Tokusatsu

- Ressha Sentai ToQger (Soap Shadow (ep. 21))

- Kamen Rider Drive (Gamma Assault (ep. 48))

- Kamen Rider Ghost (Narration)

- Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger (Narration)

### Japanese Dub

- LEGO Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu (Master Wu & Lord Garmadon)

- Ninjago: Dragons Rising (Master Wu)


Hurricane Sally

# Hurricane Sally

## Abstract

Hurricane Sally was a destructive and slow-moving Atlantic hurricane that was the first hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. state of Alabama since Ivan in 2004, coincidentally on the same date in the same place. The eighteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Sally developed from an area of disturbed weather which was first monitored over the Bahamas on September 10. The system grew a broad area of low-pressure on September 11, and was designated as a tropical depression late that day. Early the next day, the depression made landfall at Key Biscayne and subsequently strengthened into Tropical Storm Sally that afternoon. Moderate northwesterly shear prevented significant intensification for the first two days, but convection continued to grow towards the center and Sally slowly intensified. On September 14, a center reformation into the center of the convection occurred, and data from a hurricane hunter reconnaissance aircraft showed that Sally had rapidly intensified into a strong Category 1 hurricane. However, an increase in wind shear and upwelling of colder waters halted the intensification and Sally weakened slightly on September 15 before turning slowly northeastward. Despite this increase in wind shear, it unexpectedly re-intensified, reaching Category 2 status early on September 16 before making landfall at peak intensity at 09:45 UTC on September 16, near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 millibars (28.5 inHg). The storm rapidly weakened after landfall before transitioning into an extratropical low at 12:00 UTC the next day. Sally's remnants lasted for another day as they moved off the coast of the Southeastern United States before being absorbed into another extratropical storm on September 18.

Numerous watches and warnings were issued in anticipation of the imminent approach of Sally, and several coastline counties and parishes on the Gulf Coast were evacuated. In South Florida, heavy rain led to localized flash flooding while the rest of peninsula saw continuous shower and thunderstorm activity due to the asymmetric structure of Sally. The area between Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola - Gulf Breeze, Florida took the brunt of the storm with widespread wind damage, storm surge flooding, and over 20 inches (510 mm) of rainfall in the first 24 hours and over 30 inches in 48 hours. Numerous tornadoes also occurred as well. Damage is estimated at $7.3 billion (2020 USD). Sally was the costliest of several destructive 2020 hurricanes whose names were not retired by the World Meteorological Organization following the season, along with: Isaias, Delta, and Zeta.

## Meteorological history

On September 4, a surface trough formed on the south and southwest side of then- Tropical Depression Omar near Bermuda. Omar would dissipate the next day and its remnants moved northeastward while the trough moved slowly south-southwestward over the Western Atlantic over the next several days, showing little to no signs of organization. At 00:00 UTC on September 10, the NHC began to monitor the area of disturbed weather as it was over the Bahamas for possible development. Over the next two days, convection rapidly increased, became better organized, and formed a broad area of low-pressure on September 11. At 18:00 UTC, the system had organized enough to be designated as Tropical Depression Nineteen. Just after 06:00 UTC on September 12, the depression made landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida, with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg). The system maintained its strength as it moved west over Florida, but the NHC noted that a strong convective burst near the center of the cyclone had weakened considerably. Despite this, the depression strengthened over land and became Tropical Storm Sally at 12:00 UTC that same day while over The Everglades, becoming the earliest 18th tropical or subtropical storm in an Atlantic hurricane season, surpassing the old mark of October 2, which was previously set by Hurricane Stan in 2005. As Sally moved offshore into the Gulf of Mexico at around 15:00 UTC and turned north-northwestward, it strengthened some more to 60 mph (97 km/h) before northwesterly shear from a nearby upper-level low halted its intensification and gave the system a sheared appearance. As shear relaxed some and became westerly, a huge burst of convection and a center reformation caused Sally to rapidly intensify into a hurricane by 16:00 UTC on September 14 before reaching its initial peak intensity with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) and a pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg).

This increase in strength did not last long as six hours later, as another increase in wind shear and upwelling of colder waters caused by the storm's slow motion weakened Sally slightly early the next day. Despite its weakening, Sally began to develop a ragged eye, as shown on radar imagery, although it was open on its southern side. Sally continued to maintain its intensity as it slowed down tremendously and meandered first before turning northward, moving at only 2 mph (3.2 km/h), although its pressure continued to fall. Unexpectedly, as Sally approached the coast, its eye quickly became better defined and it abruptly began to reintensify. By 05:00 UTC on September 16, the storm had reached into a Category 2 hurricane and was still strengthening as its northern eyewall began to move ashore in Baldwin County, Alabama. The storm then reached as a high-end Category 2 status at 08:00 UTC before reaching its peak intensity as it made its final landfall at around 09:45 UTC near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg). Sally's eye quickly disappeared as the storm rapidly weakened while it moved slowly inland. It was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 13:00 UTC, and then to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. Sally further weakened to a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on September 17 before becoming an extratropical low at 12:00 UTC that day. The low continued northeastward off the coast of the Carolinas, before losing its identity within a cold front around 12:00 UTC on September 18.

## Preparations

Due to the possibility of the storm making landfall as a tropical storm, a tropical storm watch was issued for the coast of Southeastern Florida from south of Jupiter Inlet to north of Ocean Reef when advisories were first issued at 21:00 UTC on September 11. At 03:00 UTC on September 12, another tropical storm watch was issued for the Florida panhandle from the Ochlockonee River to the Okaloosa / Walton County line. That same day, numerous storm surge, tropical storm, and hurricane watches were then issued for a large portion of the US Gulf Coast east of New Orleans at 21:00 UTC, three hours after Sally was named. Many of these watches were then upgraded to warnings at 09:00 UTC on September 13 with more watches and warnings issued in the hours that followed. Several tornado, flash flood, and flood watches were issued.

States of emergency were declared in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama in preparation for Sally's arrival. Emergencies were also declared in the East Baton Rouge and St. Bernard parishes in Louisiana and Escambia, Santa Rosa and Okaloosa counties in Florida as well as New Orleans and Pensacola, Florida. The National Park Service shut down the entirety of Gulf Islands National Seashore on September 12.

### Louisiana

The mayor of New Orleans, LaToya Cantrell, issued an evacuation for areas outside the levee system of the city, due to expected storm surge. The governor of Louisiana declared a state of emergency for the entire state, which was still recovering from the devastating effects of Hurricane Laura just three weeks earlier. Several parishes and areas were put under mandatory evacuation orders including all of St. Charles Parish, and parts of Orleans Parish, Jefferson Parish, Plaquemines Parish, and St. John the Baptist Parish. Shelters were opened while public school and university classes were cancelled throughout southeastern Louisiana for September 15. FEMA declared that they will be bringing additional resources to Louisiana for the storm's aftermath and not diverting resources away from Hurricane Laura 's relief efforts. Lakeshore Drive along Lake Pontchartrain was closed before the storm as well.

### Mississippi

A state of emergency was declared on the night of Sunday, September 13, 2020. Mississippi governor Tate Reeves urged residents to prepare for Sally, which he said could produce up to 20 inches (510 mm) of rain in the southern part of the state. Some shelters were opened, although officials urged people who were evacuating to stay with friends, relatives, or in hotels, if possible, because of the threat of coronavirus superspreading. Mandatory evacuations were ordered for parts of Harrison County and Hancock County.

### Alabama

Alabama governor Kay Ivey closed all beaches on the coast and called for evacuations of low-lying and flood prone areas. Additionally, Dauphin Island mayor Jeff Collier strongly encouraged all people to evacuate the west end after water started to encroach on the main roadway. A state of emergency was declared by governor Kay Ivey on September 14, 2020, as public schools and university classes were either cancelled or moved online in anticipation of the storm.

### Florida

On September 14 at 6:00pm, the Pensacola International Airport closed.

## Impact

Warm and humid southerly flow associated with the circulation of Sally brought scattered showers and thunderstorms to western and central areas of Cuba on September 12–13.

The re-intensification and sudden track to the east by Sally prior to landfall caught many by surprise. Additionally, the storm's slow movement caused coastal areas between Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida, to be in the northern eyewall for hours. Over 500,000 customers in Louisiana, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia lost power and parts of I-10, including the Escambia Bay Bridge, were shut down. Widespread tornado, special marine, severe thunderstorm, and flash flood warnings were issued, including several flash flood emergencies. Sally was the most destructive storm to strike the Alabama–Florida border region in nearly 20 years, which included Baldwin County in Alabama and Escambia County in Florida.

### Florida

Due to the asymmetrical structure of Sally, almost all of Florida saw continuous shower and thunderstorm activity starting on September 12. A low-topped supercell in the outer rainbands of Sally prompted a tornado warning east of Tampa near Sebring on September 12. The next day, another storm prompted two tornado warnings in southwestern Lee County. Several special marine warnings were also issued for the Florida coast due to possible waterspouts. An EF0 tornado south of Marianna damaged a shed and uprooted several trees on September 16. Sally caused heavy rainfall and moderate flooding in South Florida and the Florida Keys, with nearly 8.5 inches (220 mm) falling over Marathon, over 10 inches (250 mm) in Key West and peaking at 12 inches (300 mm) in Lower Matecumbe Key. Tropical storm-force gusts were reported in portions of the Miami metropolitan area.

The Panhandle area east of where Sally made landfall suffered the brunt of the storm in Florida. In Escambia County, which includes Pensacola, the sheriff kept police deputies out helping residents "as long as physically possible". In Santa Rosa County, the City of Gulf Breeze was impacted with widespread wind damage, storm surge flooding, and over 20 inches (510 mm) of rainfall in the first 24 hours and over 30 inches in 48 hours. Several area tornadoes also occurred. Damage totals are estimated to be $7 million to Gulf Breeze public facilities. The unincorporated Tiger Point saw 36 inches (91 cm) of rain, while Bellview saw 30 inches (76 cm). In Pensacola itself, over 24 inches (61 cm) of rain fell and storm surge flooding reached 5.6 feet (1.7 m), the third highest surge ever recorded in the city. Many streets were flooded and several parked cars were totaled when water got into their engines. Late on September 15, twenty-two barges in the Pensacola Bay broke loose due to heavy surf. Five of the barges washed up near downtown while the sixth was involved in another collision. The seventh lodged itself underneath the Garcon Point Bridge while the final one became lodged underneath the Pensacola Bay Bridge, located between cities of Pensacola and the Gulf Breeze causing the bridge to be temporarily closed. The next morning, a crane fell onto the same bridge, destroying a portion of the roadway. The Florida Department of Transportation was unable to assess any possible damage to the bridge due to ongoing high Water main breaks occurred inside the Gulf Breeze, causing the city to shut off water from the south side of Highway 98 inside city limits, where the majority of water main breaks occurred in order to isolate the leaks. Water main break also occurred in nearby Pensacola Beach, causing officials to advise residents to fill their bathtubs with water. The city of Panama City reported releases of raw sewage from several locations due to flooding from Hurricane Sally, prompting The Florida Department of Health to issue advises against swimming in Panama City until further notice. In Pensacola, a 27-year-old boater went missing when he left his home in a 12-foot jon, in an attempt to find his mother's pontoon boat that became untethered in the strong currents and whipping winds brought on by the hurricane; one week after his disappearance, his body was found washed ashore near the Blue Angel Recreation Park. Another person in Pensacola also died after succumbing to carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor generator use. The body of another missing boater, a 45-year-old female kayaker who had also gone missing at the height of the storm, was discovered, marking the third fatality of Pensacola and the state of Florida. The Shoal River in Okaloosa county saw its highest level in 20 years as a result of all the rain that fell from Sally. This resulted in parts of Crestview, Florida being evacuated and bridges on I-10 and SR 85 being closed to all traffic. Damage in Florida totaled to $180.113 million.

### Alabama

Continuous onshore flow from Sally caused storm surge flooding to occur on Dauphin Island beginning early on September 14. Two unoccupied riverboat casinos in Bayou La Batre near Mobile broke loose due to the constant wave action with one of them hitting a dock. Fort Morgan, Alabama reported a wind gust of 121 miles per hour (195 km/h) while Mobile reported a wind gust of 83 miles per hour (134 km/h). Major structural damage was recorded at the landfall point in Gulf Shores as well as Mobile. A pier in Gulf Shores that was destroyed in Hurricane Ivan in 2004 was partially destroyed again by storm surge from Sally just days after it had reopened following renovations. There were also several reports of damage to condos in the Gulf Shores with a few being destroyed. Meanwhile, in Downtown Mobile, a street light snapped, swinging wildly on its cable. A gas station was destroyed in Spanish Fort, Alabama. Several sewage overflows were reported across Mobile County following heavy rain from Hurricane Sally, causing contamination to Dog River and Rabbit Creek. One person was declared dead and one other missing in Orange Beach, an area most impacted by flooding. Another person died in Foley during the storm cleanup process. Over 2,000 broken poles and 4,300 trees on power lines left over 71,000 households and businesses in southern and central Baldwin County without power, representing 95% of the service area of a local electrical cooperative, Baldwin EMC. Only 5 of 22 substations remained in service the day after the storm. Two days after landfall, on September 18, Alabama governor Kay Ivey said in a news conference that 103,000 customers were still without power in Baldwin County, and another 60,000 in Mobile County. Five days after landfall, Baldwin EMC had restored power to close to 60,000 meters, representing 75% of their subscribers, but 18,197 meters remained without power.

Total damages in Alabama reached $311.895 million (2020 USD).

### Elsewhere

The winds from the outer bands of Sally caused the south side of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana to overflow its banks, flooding Lakeshore Drive. However, no serious damage was reported as the storm veered farther east than originally forecast. Sally brought flooding to Mississippi, with the worst in Jackson County. At the peak of the storm, more than 10,000 people were without power along the Gulf Coast. Pascagoula police reported downed power lines and traffic lights in the city and a power outage on the eastern side of the city. Some parts of South Mississippi also reported uprooted trees and downed signs. Overall damage in Mississippi was expected to be much greater, but was reduced because the storm shifted east. In Georgia, six tornadoes were confirmed, of which two were rated EF1 while the other four were rated EF0. One person was killed and two others were injured after a large oak tree fell onto two homes and several cars in Atlanta. Two other fatalities occurred in metro Atlanta, one in Cobb County where a man died after a slick road caused a driver to lose control of his vehicle and hit the bus stop where the man was waiting at, and another in Gwinnett County where a 71-year-old woman was killed when a tree fell across the roadway, pinning her underneath it. In North Carolina and South Carolina, 16 more tornadoes were also confirmed from September 17–18. Two of them were rated EF1 and two others were rated EFU, while all the others were rated EF0. One person was injured indirectly as he was cleaning up debris from his mobile home following an EF0 tornado in Sardis, South Carolina.

## Aftermath

The storm caused widespread power outages across Baldwin County. Restoration of power took several days to bring back to 100%. The cities of Gulf Shores and Foley suffered the most extensive damage in Baldwin County. Due the large amount of damage in the city, a curfew was imposed in Mobile, Alabama, starting on September 16. Immediately after the storm, the Cajun Navy, a nonprofit rescue organization, began surveying damage in Alabama. The agricultural industry of Alabama, which was already under stress due to COVID -related impacts, suffered another devastating blow with many farmers' fields completely flooded, crops torn apart, and structures destroyed. Strong winds and heavy rainfall devastated crops, leaving many farmers across the state without hopes for a successful harvest.


Cnemaspis graniticola

# Cnemaspis graniticola

## Abstract

Cnemaspis graniticola is a species of diurnal, rock-dwelling, insectivorous gecko endemic to India. It is distributed in Andhra Pradesh.


Municipality of Rhineland

# Municipality of Rhineland

## Abstract

The Municipality of Rhineland is a rural municipality (RM) in the Pembina Valley Region of Manitoba. The RM had a population of 5,945 as of the 2016 Canada Census. The average age in the municipality is 31.

It surrounds, but does not include, the Town of Altona.

## History

The municipality was incorporated on January 1, 2015, via the amalgamation of the Rural Municipality of Rhineland and the towns of Gretna and Plum Coulee. It was formed as a requirement of The Municipal Amalgamations Act, which required municipalities with a population less than 1,000 to amalgamate with one or more neighbouring municipalities by 2015. The Government of Manitoba initiated the amalgamations for municipalities to meet the 1997 minimum population requirement of 1,000 to incorporate a municipality.

The original RM of Rhineland was incorporated as a rural municipality on February 14, 1880, along with the neighbouring RM of Douglas, which was absorbed into Rhineland in February 1891.

In 1882, the community of Rosenfeld was founded in the RM as a CPR station. Though becoming an unincorporated village in 1949, it was later turned into a Local Urban District in Rhineland in 1996 with the rewriting of the Manitoba Municipal Act, and exists as an LUD to this day.

Rhineland takes its name after a district in the Rhine valley in western Germany.

## Communities

- Gretna

- Neubergthal

- Plum Coulee

- Rosenfeld

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Rhineland had a population of 5,819 living in 1,641 of its 1,748 total private dwellings, a change of -2.1% from its 2016 population of 5,945. With a land area of 958.48 km (370.07 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.1/km (15.7/sq mi) in 2021.


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Career

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.


# January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex

## Abstract

A large and robust storm system, unofficially named Winter Storm Finn by The Weather Channel, brought widespread impacts to much of the contiguous United States early in January 2024. In the northern United States, heavy snow, hail, and gusty winds affected areas from the Great Plains to New England. In the southern United States, a widespread tornado outbreak along the Gulf Coast caused two fatalities and numerous injuries.

## Meteorological synopsis

On January 2, 2024, meteorologists from the Storm Prediction Center began tracking a large upper-level trough forecast to move across the United States, with multiple embedded shortwave perturbations. By January 4, evidence of strong surface cyclogenesis pointed towards an intensifying and negatively tilted trough in the south, with a strong surface-low response to the north. These elements were conducive to strong thunderstorms across the country, with intensifying winter storm potential across the north and discrete supercell formation in the southeast. By January 5 as forecast, a powerful winter storm formed in the Gulf of Alaska from the trough, which dove southwards through British Columbia and the Western United States. The now mid-latitude cyclone then moved eastwards, bringing blizzard conditions to the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains on January 7. Six states recorded whiteout conditions during this time. The storm continued to intensify and further severe weather in the east was forecast—more specifically, strong shortwaves from the initial trough were predicted to become robust and affect the south-southeast portions of the United States, as well as create wind-threats for the east coast.

During the early morning hours of January 8, a powerful mid-level shortwave trough was observed moving east across the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. This feature initiated blizzard conditions and heavy snow across Southeast Colorado, the Raton Mesa of northeast New Mexico and far western Kansas. As the storm moved east on January 8 and 9th, the cyclone remained negatively tilted, and formed a tornado outbreak in the Deep South, whilst portions of Indiana recorded record low pressure. Strong mid-level to low-level flow contributed to extreme weather, allowing storms to mature at the mesoscale, with strong moisture return near the coast, and CAPE values in excess of 500-1000 j/kg. The strongest tornado from the outbreak formed near the coast of Panama City, FL, moving on shore and producing EF3 damage.

As the storm moved into the Northeastern United States on January 9, heavy rain and flooding occurred, with snow falling in Northern New England. Freezing conditions were reported, as well as extreme wind and snow. The system moved northward into Canada on January 10.

## Impact

Across the United States, over 600,000 customers lost power and 7,000 flights were cancelled.

### Western United States

Due to the winter storm in the Sierra Nevada, chains were required for driving on I-80 and US 50. I-80 was also briefly closed. In Reno, Nevada, around 27,000 customers briefly lost power. Heavy snow also fell in Coconino County, Arizona, with Forest Lakes receiving 14 in (36 cm) of snow. Portions of I-40 and SR 89A shut down due to the snow.

On January 7, in Colorado, I-70 was closed from Watkins, Colorado to the Kansas state line due to the storm. High winds were also reported in the region, with winds in Colorado gusted up to 80 mph (130 km/h), while winds in the state of New Mexico reached 76 mph (122 km/h). Snowfall totals in the state of Colorado reached up to 21 in (53 cm) in Wolf Creek Pass.

### Midwest

As the storm continued on January 8, many highways were closed in Kansas, including significant portions of I-70, K-4, K-149, K-15 and US 56. Visibility in Kansas due to the blizzard dropped as low as 15 feet (4.6 m). Portions of I-80 in Nebraska also closed due to the snowfall. Blizzard conditions also occurred in the Texas Panhandle, where 4 in (10 cm) of snow fell in Dalhart and winds gusted up to 70 mph (110 km/h). Further south, the storm resulted in a leak at NRG Stadium before the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship.

Record snowfall fell in Des Moines on January 9, with 8.3 in (21 cm) of snow, with the event total being 11.2 in (28 cm). Portions of Iowa recorded 15 in (38 cm) of snow. Snow was lighter in the Chicago metropolitan area, with a peak of around 3.5 in (8.9 cm); the snowfall resulted in a ground stop at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Slushy roads led to two fatalities in the Midwest – one in Wisconsin and one in Michigan.

### Northeast

The storm resulted in flooding across the Northeastern US. The Delaware River in Philadelphia exceeded its all time crest record. The severe storms also produced over 4 in (100 mm) of rain in spots. The storm resulted in 110,000 customers losing power in New York, 70,000 customers losing power in Pennsylvania, 56,000 customers losing power in New Jersey, and 28,000 customers losing power in Maine. Dozens of Amtrak trains were cancelled due to the storm. An evacuation order was briefly issued along the Yantic River in Norwich, Connecticut due to a partial dam failure from the heavy rain. The National Park Service shut down parts of Fire Island National Seashore due to flooding. Flooding also resulted in Lodi Public Schools canceling school on January 10. High winds also affected the Northeast, with a peak gust of 95 mph (153 km/h) at Isle au Haut, Maine. Parts of Acadia National Park closed due to the storm, and the park suffered heavy damage. Reid State Park in Maine was also shut down due to the storm. Western New York was hit hard by high winds, with winds gusting to 74 mph (119 km/h) in Dunkirk and 78 mph (126 km/h) in Watertown; the National Weather Service 's Buffalo office warned in an Area Forecast Discussion that gusts from the southeast descending from Tug Hill could reach "potentially generational" levels.

## Tornado outbreak

Severe weather tore through the southeastern United States on January 8 into January 9th, resulting in 4 fatalities, with 2 of them being tornadic: one each in Alabama and North Carolina. Additional non-tornadic fatalities occurred in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The first January EF3 or stronger tornado in Florida history occurred. The tornado outbreak led to a ground stops at Orlando International Airport.

### Confirmed tornadoes

#### Graceville, Florida/Cottonwood–Gordon, Alabama

This large, long-tracked tornado developed over remote swampland north of Chipley, Florida in Jackson County and moved north-northeastward along Hickshill Road at EF1 intensity, snapping or uprooting trees and damaging an outbuilding. The tornado then turned northeastward, continuing to damage trees along with the roof of a double-wide mobile home along Piano Road. Continuing northeastward, the tornado continued to snap and uprooted trees and damaged another outbuilding. South of Graceville along SR 77, the tornado damaged homes, blew out the windows of a mobile home, heavily damaged or destroyed outbuildings, and snapped or uprooted countless trees. It also destroyed a pair of 90-foot-tall (27 m) concrete silos along Cliff Road. Southeast of town, more trees were snapped or uprooted and a home along CR 169 suffered considerable roof damage in this area. Another home along Shiloh Church Loop also suffered significant roof damage to the east of Graceville. The tornado then crossed SR 2, snapping or uprooting more trees and causing minor roof damage to another home before moving over open terrain, where little if any damage occurred. Right before crossing the Florida – Alabama state line, the tornado inflicted minor roof damage to a small business along with minor damage to an outbuilding as it crossed US 231.

Continuing northeastward, the tornado then crossed the state line into Houston County, Alabama while still at EF1 intensity. South of Madrid, the tornado struck a large McLane Company warehouse, which had multiple exterior walls blown out. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, and a power pole was damaged. Beyond this point, several houses, mobile homes, and outbuildings had roofing material torn off, a few power poles were snapped, and countless trees were snapped or uprooted along this segment of the path as well. The tornado briefly reached EF2 intensity as it approached Cottonwood, completely destroying a well-anchored mobile home. The tornado then moved directly through Cottonwood, where several homes and businesses had major roof damage, and one business in the downtown area sustained a total collapse of its front masonry wall. A couple of churches also had roof and window damage and a metal building was left with a large dent in it and had wall panels removed. Much of the peak damage in Cottonwood was rated EF1, but a small area of EF2 damage occurred along SR 53, where a two-story house had its roof torn off. Another area of EF2 damage occurred as the tornado left the town when it leveled a cinderblock Moose Lodge building and a third area of EF2 damage occurred from large trees being snapped. The tornado continued northeastward, continuing to snap trees with a mobile home suffering minor damage. The tornado then briefly reached its peak intensity of high-end EF2 along September Road where a double-wide mobile home was leveled, resulting in a fatality. After moving over another area of open terrain, the tornado caused EF1 tree damage along Creek Church Road. A small outbuilding was also knocked over and at least one power pole was snapped. After crossing US 84 at EF0 strength, the tornado caused some additional tree damage. One final area of EF1 damage occurred along Ed Tolar Road, where a home suffered minor roof damage before the tornado dissipated as it reached CR 95 northwest of Gordon.

The tornado traveled 34.76 miles (55.94 km) and reached a width of 1,000 yards (910 m). One person was killed, and five others were injured.