2024 San Francisco Giants season

# 2024 San Francisco Giants season

## Abstract

The 2024 San Francisco Giants season is the 142nd season for the franchise in Major League Baseball, their 67th year in San Francisco, and their 25th at Oracle Park. This is their first season under new manager Bob Melvin, after former manager Gabe Kapler was fired during the 2023 season. They attempt to improve upon their disappointing 79–83 record from their 2023 season, make the playoffs and clinch their division for the first time since 2021.

## Events

### Offseason

- November 17, 2023 − The Giants avoided arbitration with OF Austin Slater and OF Mike Yastrzemski agreeing to one-year deals.

- December 14, 2023 – The Giants signed OF Jung-hoo Lee to a six-year contract.

- December 19, 2023 – The Giants acquired OF TJ Hopkins in a trade with the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for cash considerations or a player to be named later.

- December 23, 2023 – The Giants signed C Tom Murphy to a two-year contract with a club option for the 2026 season.

- January 5, 2024 – The Giants acquired RHP Robbie Ray in a trade with the Seattle Mariners in exchange for OF Mitch Haniger, RHP Anthony DeSclafani, and cash considerations.

- January 11, 2024 − The Giants avoided arbitration with 1B/OF LaMonte Wade Jr., 2B Thairo Estrada, and RHP Tyler Rogers agreeing to one-year deals.

- January 18, 2024 − The Giants signed RHP Jordan Hicks to a four-year contract.

- February 2, 2024 – The Giants acquired OF Jonah Cox in a trade with the Oakland Athletics in exchange for RHP Ross Stripling and cash considerations.

- February 18, 2024 – The Giants signed OF Jorge Soler to a 3-year contract.

- March 3, 2024 – The Giants signed 3B Matt Chapman to a one-year contract that also included player options for the 2025 and 2026 seasons and a mutual option for the 2027 season.

- March 19, 2024 – The Giants signed LHP Blake Snell to a 2-year contract that included an opt-out after the 2024 season.

### Regular Season

- April 20, 2024 – The Giants acquired RHP Mitch White in a trade with the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for cash considerations.

- May 10, 2024 – The Giants acquired cash considerations in a trade with the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for RHP Mitch White.

- July 7, 2024 – The Giants acquired LHP Alex Young in a trade with the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for OF Austin Slater and cash considerations.

- July 29, 2024 – The Giants acquired LHP Tyler Matzek and minor league INF Sabin Ceballos in a trade with the Atlanta Braves in exchange for OF Jorge Soler and RHP Luke Jackson.

- July 30, 2024 – The Giants acquired minor league LHP Jacob Bresnahan and a player to be named later in a trade with the Cleveland Guardians in exchange for RHP Alex Cobb.

- July 30, 2024 – The Giants acquired OF Mark Canha in a trade with the Detroit Tigers in exchange for minor league RHP Eric Silva.

- July 30, 2024 – The Giants acquired cash considerations in a trade with the Los Angeles Angels in exchange for RHP Mike Baumann.

## Season standings

### National League West

### National League Wild Card

### Record vs. opponents

Updated with the results of all games through September 12, 2024.

## Game Log

## Current roster

### MLB debuts

Giants players who made their MLB debuts during the 2024 regular season:

- March 28: Jung-hoo Lee

- March 31: Kai-Wei Teng

- April 1: Nick Avila

- May 6: Mason Black

## Farm system

Source:


# NA-252 Musakhel-cum-Barkhan-cum-Loralai-cum-Duki

## Abstract

NA-252 Musakhel-cum-Barkhan-cum-Loralai-cum-Duki (این اے-252، موسیٰ خیل-کم-بارکھان-کم-لورالائی-کم-ڈُکی) is a newly created constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It comprises the districts of Loralai, Musakhel, Ziarat, Duki and Harnai from the province of Balochistan.

## Members of Parliament

## Election 2018

General elections were held on 25 July 2018.

## Election 2024

General elections were held on 8 February 2024. Sardar Yaqoob Nasar won the election with 55,003 votes.


Glen Innes railway station

# Glen Innes railway station

## Abstract

Glen Innes railway station is located on the North Island Main Trunk line in New Zealand. Eastern Line services of the Auckland railway network are the only regular services that stop at the station. It has an island platform layout. Every hour it has at least three services towards Manukau and at least three towards Waitematā. In 2006 the station had a major upgrade and is one of the most used non-terminus stations by the public.

## History

The station was originally constructed, along with five others, in 1929 on the route of the Westfield Deviation, which was being built to divert the Auckland–Westfield section of the North Island Main Trunk line (NIMT) via a flatter, faster eastern route to link up with the original NIMT tracks at Westfield Junction.

The station closed in March 2023 for Stage 2 of the Rail Network Rebuild, with an expected reopening in January 2024. The Eastern Line closed between Ōtāhuhu and Waitematā for major track renewal work and to prepare the Eastern Line for the opening of the City Rail Link.

## Services

Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services between Waitematā and Manukau via Glen Innes. The basic weekday off-peak timetable is:

- 3 tph to Waitematā

- 3 tph to Manukau

Bus routes 74, 75, 76, 650, 744, 747 and the Tāmaki Link serve Glen Innes station.


Cinemax

# Cinemax

## Abstract

Cinemax, also known as Max, is an American pay television network owned by Home Box Office, Inc., a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. Launched on August 1, 1980, as a "maxi-pay" service to complement the offerings of its parent network, Home Box Office (HBO), Cinemax initially focused on recent and classic films. Today, its programming primarily includes recent and classic theatrically released films, original action series, documentaries, and special behind-the-scenes features.

It operates eight 24-hour linear channels and offers a traditional subscription video-on-demand service called Cinemax On Demand. Cinemax previously provided a TV Everywhere streaming platform, Cinemax Go, which is no longer available. However, its linear channels are accessible through multichannel video programming distributors such as Apple TV, Amazon Video, and Roku.

## History

Home Box Office, Inc., owned by Time Inc. 's Time-Life Broadcasting unit, launched a movie-centered pay service called Take 2 on April 1, 1979, as a companion to HBO. However, Take 2 struggled with subscriber growth and was discontinued in February 1981. HBO then announced the launch of Cinemax, a "maxi-pay" channel designed to complement HBO and compete with other movie channels. Cinemax debuted on August 1, 1980, focusing on theatrical films with no commercials or edits for content.

Cinemax initially aired on 56 cable systems in the Eastern and Central time zones, with a West Coast feed launching on September 1, 1980. The channel transitioned to a 24-hour schedule on January 1, 1981. Cinemax offered uncut films and was marketed as a premium addition to HBO, often bundled with HBO for a discount.

In October 1983, Cinemax faced a trademark infringement lawsuit from Tulsa 23 Limited Partnership over its promotional slogan, "We Are Your Movie Star." The court ruled in favor of Tulsa 23, and Cinemax was ordered to discontinue the slogan.

As competition increased, Cinemax adjusted its programming strategy by including more adult-oriented films and launching the "Friday After Dark" late-night block in 1984. The channel also introduced original music programming and series, including Second City Television and The Max Headroom Show. In February 1988, the network premiere of Lethal Weapon became one of Cinemax's highest-rated broadcasts.

On March 4, 1989, Warner Communications announced its intent to merge with HBO's parent company, Time Inc., for $14.9 billion. Despite legal challenges from Paramount Communications, the merger was completed on January 10, 1990, creating Time Warner (later WarnerMedia, now Warner Bros. Discovery), which remains the parent company of Cinemax and HBO.

In August 1991, Cinemax, along with HBO, was among the first American pay TV services to introduce multiplexed channels. Starting in 1992, Cinemax reintroduced television series development with adult-oriented scripted series, such as Erotic Confessions, Hot Line, Passion Cove, Lingerie, and Co-Ed Confidential.

From 1992 to 1997, Cinemax featured daily movie showcases centered on specific genres, identified by pictograms. This practice ended in September 1997, with Cinemax adopting a simplified branding strategy that included "Max Hits at 8" and "Max Prime at 10."

On March 1, 1994, Cinemax, HBO, Showtime, and The Movie Channel introduced a content advisory system to inform viewers about program content. A revised system with content codes was implemented on June 10, 1994.

In 1998, Cinemax began offering "sneak preview" blocks for its multiplex channels, ActionMax and ThrillerMax. Classic films, once a staple of the Cinemax schedule, were increasingly featured on multiplex channels like 5StarMax. By the mid-2000s, the main channel's programming focused on films from the 1990s to the present.

In 2001, Cinemax began premiering select blockbuster and lesser-known films before their HBO debut. In February 2011, Cinemax shifted its focus to original programming, launching action-themed series to compete with other premium and streaming services, and to rebrand its image from being primarily known for softcore pornographic content.

Following AT&T's acquisition of Time Warner in 2018, Cinemax's focus shifted significantly. Adult programming on Cinemax and HBO's multiplexes, as well as on-demand services, nearly disappeared due to increased availability of such content online and competition from other providers.

In January 2020, WarnerMedia announced that with the upcoming launch of HBO Max, Cinemax would cease commissioning original programming but would continue as a movie-focused service through existing distributors. Cinemax's original programming, although available internationally, was not included in HBO Max. Len Amato, the executive overseeing Cinemax and HBO's film and miniseries division, left WarnerMedia on August 14, 2020, marking the end of Cinemax's original programming efforts.

On May 17, 2021, AT&T and Discovery, Inc. announced a Reverse Morris Trust agreement, wherein WarnerMedia would spin-off from AT&T and merge with Discovery for $43 billion. This merger, completed in spring 2022, resulted in the formation of Warner Bros. Discovery, led by David Zaslav. On May 23, 2023, the merged company's streaming service was rebranded as Max.

## Channels

On May 8, 1991, Home Box Office Inc. announced plans to launch multiplexed companion channels for HBO and Cinemax, offering additional programming options at no extra charge. The test launch on August 1, 1991, introduced Cinemax 2, HBO2, and HBO3 (now HBO Signature) to select TeleCable customers, providing distinct programming from their parent channels. John K. Billock, HBO’s EVP of marketing, cited subscriber dissatisfaction with program scheduling as a reason for the multiplex expansion. A November 1991 ACNielsen survey showed positive impacts from the multiplex channels, including reduced negative opinions on pricing and improved overall usage.

In February 1996, Home Box Office announced plans to expand to twelve channels, including two additional Cinemax channels and a fourth HBO channel, projected for a Spring 1997 launch. The Cinemax multiplex expanded on December 1, 1996, with the launch of Cinemax 3, and the introduction of Mountain Time Zone feeds.

The Cinemax multiplex was marketed as "MultiChannel Cinemax" in September 1994, rebranded to "MultiMax" in April 1998, and later applied to the expanded four-channel package. This included MoreMax (formerly Cinemax 2), ActionMax (formerly Cinemax 3), and the new ThrillerMax channel.

On May 17, 2001, four additional themed channels were launched: OuterMax, WMax (later MovieMax), @Max (later Max Latino), and 5StarMax. Max Latino was rebranded as Cinemáx on April 1, 2015, mirroring the flagship Cinemax schedule with Spanish-language dubs. MovieMax started as a family-oriented channel and now focuses on recent and classic movies.

### List of channels

Cinemax offers up to eight 24-hour multiplex channels, available in both standard and high definition, with regional feeds based on time zones. These channels include a subscription video-on-demand service, Cinemax on Demand. Maintenance periods, ranging from 30 minutes to two hours, occur monthly during early morning hours before the 6:00 a.m. ET/PT start of the broadcast day.

Cinemax transmits its channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. The time zone-based feeds are usually packaged together, resulting in a maximum three-hour difference in local airtimes between geographic locations. The opposite-region feed serves as a timeshift channel, allowing viewers to watch programs up to three hours later or four hours earlier than their local airtime. While most providers offer only the East and West Coast feeds of the main Cinemax channel, timeshifted feeds for other multiplex channels are available on platforms like DirecTV, YouTube TV, and Hulu live TV.

### Other services

#### Cinemax HD

Cinemax HD broadcasts in 1080i resolution with Dolby Digital 5.1 sound. Cinemax provides high definition simulcast feeds for its main channel and all seven multiplex channels. Initially, from the 2008 rollout of HD simulcasts for the multiplex feeds, most pay television providers only offered the main Cinemax channel in HD, with HD availability for multiplex channels varying by market. As of 2020, most providers offer all eight Cinemax multiplex channels in HD, either on a dedicated HD channel tier or as hybrid SD/HD feeds. The flagship network switched to exclusive high definition programming on September 1, 2008.

#### Cinemax On Demand

Cinemax On Demand is the network’s companion subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service, available at no extra charge to subscribers of the linear television service. Launched in 2002, it offers VOD content through select virtual MVPD services such as DirecTV Stream and Hulu, as well as on Cinemax’s dedicated OTT video channels via Apple TV Channels, Amazon Video Channels, and The Roku Channel.

#### Cinemax Go

Cinemax Go (formerly MAX Go) was a TV Everywhere streaming service for Cinemax subscribers, available as a desktop website and through apps for Apple and Google Play devices, as well as most digital media players and game consoles. Launched on September 13, 2010, it mirrored the content of Cinemax On Demand, excluding live simulcasts of the linear channels. New episodes of the network's original programming were available at the same time as their wireline release.

The service was available to subscribers of AT&T U-verse, Cox Communications, DirecTV, Dish Network, Suddenlink Communications, and Charter Communications. The MAX Go app was discontinued on April 30, 2020, and the desktop website, renamed Cinemax Go, continued until July 31, 2022. The service was phased out as Warner Bros. Discovery consolidated its streaming efforts under HBO Max, rebranded as Max on May 23, 2023.

## Programming

Cinemax schedules movies for 20-24 hours daily on its main channel and 24 hours on its multiplex channels. Since June 2000, new theatrical and original movies have premiered every Sunday at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT. First-run films typically debut 10 months to a year after their theatrical release and within six months of DVD or VOD release.

### Original programming

On August 12, 2011, Cinemax expanded into original programming with the U.S. premiere of the British action series Strike Back. The series, which had originally aired in the UK, was produced in partnership with HBO. Cinemax's second original series, Hunted, premiered on October 19, 2012, in collaboration with BBC One. This was followed by Banshee in 2013, and in 2014, Sandbox and The Knick.

In 2020, Cinemax announced it would stop commissioning original programming to focus on HBO Max. The martial arts drama Warrior was the last original series on Cinemax, with its third season moving to HBO Max in April 2021.

#### Former program blocks

- Drive-In Saturday Night – Running Saturday nights at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time from 1984 to 1993 (competing against a similar block, "Joe Bob's Drive-In Theater" on The Movie Channel, during that period), the "Drive-In Saturday Night" block featured a broad mix of cult films and action movies.

- Cinemax Comic Relief – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1988, showcasing a selection of four or five different comedy films each month.

- Cinemax Comedy Experiment – Running from February 16, 1985, to 1988, the "Cinemax Comedy Experiment" was a showcase of original comedy specials that were more free-form in style (some featuring elements of the sketch comedy and improv genre) than the conventional stand-up format (such as the first special under the banner, Howie Mandel: Live at Carnegie Mall).

- Rising Star – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1986, showcasing feature films from up-and-coming actors.

- Cinemax Film Discovery – This film block ran in varied primetime timeslots from 1985 to 1990, showcasing feature films not previously seen on television or in wide theatrical release.

- Military Max – Running from 1985 to 1988, this showcase featured a mix of four or five different military-themed feature films (most commonly war films, although with occasional broadcasts of military-themed films of other genres).

- Cinemax Director's Chair – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1993, showcasing a selection of notable films from an acclaimed director.

- Beyond the Screen - This in-between bumper shows behind the scene looks of an upcoming movie or a movie that will soon be aired on Cinemax.

- Cinemax Western Roundup – Running from 1985 to 1993, this weekend block featured a mix of film westerns.

- Cinemania – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of comedic films.

- Cinemax Classic Collection – Running from 1985 to 1993, this block showcased a selection of film classics from the 1930s to the 1960s.

- Cinemax From the Heart – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of romantic comedies and dramas.

- Vanguard Cinema – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of critically acclaimed films from the United States and abroad (the block was divided into three sub-blocks: "Cinemax Documentary", featuring first-run documentary films; "New Wave Films", featuring acclaimed recent movies; and "Cinemax Imports", originally a standalone block that began in 1985, which showcased film releases from other countries).

- Max Crime Time – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1997, showcasing a selection of crime dramas, detective films or film noirs.

- Starring... – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1997, showcasing a selection of hits as well as some early films from a particular film actor throughout the month.

- Summer of 1000 Movies – "The Summer of 1000 Movies" annual film festival ran from 1992 to 2005, and ran until the mid-2000s, in which the channel ran 1,000 films (many with a similar subject) over the course of each summer without repeats.

- Max Hits at 8 – Running from 1997 to 2001, this block showcased a popular feature film each night at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

- Max Prime at 10/Max Time – Debuting in 1997 under the "Max Prime" banner, this block showcased a particular choice movie of various genres each night at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time (or on weeknights only between 1998 and 2000, as a result of the creation of the "ActionMax on Cinemax" and "ThrillerMax on Cinemax" blocks).

#### Max After Dark

Cinemax's late-night block, Max After Dark, featured softcore pornographic films and original series with TV-MA or R ratings, primarily for strong sexual content and nudity. This block, which began on May 4, 1984, as "Cinemax Friday After Dark," expanded to seven nights a week by the late 1990s. Programs included Lingerie, Life on Top, Femme Fatales, and Topless Prophet. The block was known for its lenient scheduling around mainstream films and series and was often humorously referred to as "Skinemax."

The adult content was not limited to the main Cinemax channel but also aired on multiplex channels like MoreMax, ActionMax, ThrillerMax, and OuterMax. However, channels like MovieMax and 5StarMax avoided adult programming. The block's presence, alongside other HBO channels, was partly due to the FCC’s content regulations not applying to cable networks.

By 2013, Cinemax began reducing Max After Dark content to focus more on original programming, as internet porn's prevalence made the block's content seem relatively tame compared to HBO's original series.

## International distribution

Latin America

Cinemax launched on September 5, 1993, offering classic and recent movies, television series, and miniseries. Starting June 1, 2010, it became an ad-supported basic cable channel in the region. Original series aired on HBO's premium suite in Latin America.

Asia

Cinemax began broadcasting in 1996, featuring action, comedy, science fiction, and western movies. The channel was known as Max from 2009 to 2012.

Central Europe

Launched in February 2005, Cinemax focused on festival, indie, European, and classic films. Cinemax and Cinemax 2 are available in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, and expanded to certain Balkan countries in 2009. Initially a timeshift channel, Cinemax 2 started airing a distinct schedule from 2016.


Operation Undergo

# Operation Undergo

## Abstract

Operation Undergo was an attack by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on the German garrison and fortifications of the French port of Calais, during September 1944. A subsidiary operation was executed to capture German long-range, heavy artillery at Cap Gris Nez, which threatened the sea approaches to Boulogne. The operation was part of the Clearing the Channel Coast undertaken by the First Canadian Army, following the success of Operation Overlord and the break-out from Normandy. The assault on Calais used the tactics of Operation Wellhit at Boulogne, sealing the town, bombardments from land, sea and air, followed by infantry assaults supported by armour, including flame-throwing tanks and creeping barrages.

The city had been declared a fortress (Festung) but when pressed, its second-rate garrison needed little persuasion to surrender. This reluctance to fight to the end was repeated at Cap Gris Nez. The 7th and 8th Canadian Infantry Brigades started the main attack from south-west of Calais and cleared the outer defences on the southern and western sides of the port. The 8th Canadian Brigade was then transferred to the eastern side and the inner defensive lines were attacked from both sides. The Germans called for a truce which, after some misunderstanding, led to an unconditional surrender of the garrison. The 9th Brigade took the heavy batteries on Cap Gris Nez at the same time.

## Background

### Allied break-out

In northern France, all German armed forces (Wehrmacht) retreated after the disaster at Falaise and the Allied break-out. There were no reserve defences to fall back on, as Adolf Hitler had forbidden their construction. The rapid Allied advances into eastern France and through Belgium stretched Allied supply lines and the capture of ports for supply was the task given to the First Canadian Army by General Bernard Montgomery, who judged that he needed the Channel ports of Le Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk to supply the 21st Army Group, if an attempt was to be made to advance into Germany without opening Antwerp first. Most of the ports had been fortified and were to be held by their garrisons for as long as possible.

After his surrender, the fortress commander, Oberstleutnant Ludwig Schroeder, called the garrison, consisting of 7,500 sailors, airmen and soldiers, of whom only 2,500 were fit for use as infantry, "mere rubbish". Many of the garrison troops were Volksdeutsche ("ethnic Germans" born in foreign countries) and Hiwis (foreign volunteers); morale was low and the troops were susceptible to Allied propaganda. A report of the post battle interrogations of prisoners concluded that,

Army personnel were old, ill, and lacked both the will to fight and to resist interrogation; naval personnel were old and were not adjusted to land warfare; only the air force A.A. gunners showed any sign of good morale and were also the only youthful element of the whole garrison.

Schroeder was judged by his interrogators as a "mediocre and accidental" leader, who became commander by coincidence.

### Terrain

The French coast goes northwards from Boulogne and turns sharply at Cap Gris Nez to a line roughly south to north-east, which continues beyond the Belgian border. There are no large natural harbours but important docks have been formed in the low-lying land at Calais. The landscape around Cap Gris Nez and Cap Blanc Nez nearby, is a continuation of the rolling rural Boulonnais hills, Calais is on the coastal edge of a low flat plain drained by the River Aa and man-made watercourses. The city had been fortified for centuries; the defences were used by the British and French in the siege of Calais in June 1940 and were added to the German Atlantic Wall coastal defence system built after 1940. In 1944 the Germans had 42 heavy guns in the vicinity of Calais, including five batteries of cross-channel guns, Batterie Lindemann (four 406 mm guns at Sangatte), Batterie Wissant (150 mm guns near Wissant), Batterie Todt (four 380 mm guns), Grosser Kurfurst (four 280 mm guns) and Gris Nez (three 170 mm guns). The Germans had broken the drainage systems, flooding the hinterland and added large barbed wire entanglements, minefields and blockhouses.

## Prelude

The Allies judged it essential to silence the German heavy coastal batteries around Calais which could threaten Boulogne-bound shipping and bombard Dover and inland targets. Spry devised a plan similar to Operation Wellhit, the capture of Boulogne, earlier in September. A bombardment from land, sea and air was to "soften up" the defenders, even if it failed to destroy the defences. Infantry assaults would follow, preceded by local bombardments to keep the defenders under cover until too late to be effective and accompanied by Churchill Crocodile and Wasp flame-throwing vehicles to act as final "persuaders". Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers would be used to deliver infantry as close to their objectives as possible.

The assaults were planned to approach Calais from the west and south-west, avoiding the worst inundations and the main urban areas. The attack of the 8th Canadian Brigade from the west was against the positions at Escalles, near Cape Blanc Nez and Noires Mottes. The 7th Canadian Brigade was to assault the garrisons of Belle Vue, Coquelles and Calais. The eastern side of the city was screened by The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa to prevent a break-out; the 9th Canadian Brigade would take over from the 7th Reconnaissance Regiment at Cape Gris Nez and prepare to capture the batteries there.

Montgomery had been directed to bring Antwerp into operation and ordered General Harry Crerar, commander of the First Canadian Army, quickly to capture the Channel Ports. Crerar recognised the considerable effort being used to capture the ports and the time needed to bring them back into use. Having obtained the Royal Navy's views he decided that he was prepared to accept the "masking" (isolating the enemy garrison with a reduced force) of Calais and redeployment of the troops and equipment to Antwerp, a more significant port but this was not passed on to Spry, who continued with the assault on Calais.

## Battle

### Wissant

The 7th Canadian Brigade had sealed off Calais in early September and the Regina Rifles captured the coastal town of Wissant, isolating the Cap Gris Nez batteries from Calais and took Batterie Wissant with its four 150 mm guns. This success prompted Spry to attack Cap Gris Nez with two battalions but the attempt failed and the area was left for later.

### Calais

The 7th and 8th Canadian Infantry Brigades opened their attack on Calais and its western coastal defences at 10:15 a.m., on 25 September after a day's delay, following preparatory air and artillery bombardments. The Régiment de la Chaudière were to advance through Escalles, taking Cap Blanc Nez and link up near Sangatte with the North Shore Regiment. The North Shores had the difficult task of taking the fortified Noires Mottes, high ground near Sangatte and the site of Batterie Lindemann. To shield Canadian activity around Cap Blanc Nez and Calais from observation and interference from the batteries at Cap Gris Nez, a large smoke screen was established along a 3 km (1.9 mi) line inland from Wissant, for five days. The capture of Cap Blanc Nez proved to be unexpectedly easy. As soon as the Chaudieres' assault reached the first defences, the garrison offered to surrender. This was completed just two hours later, most defenders reportedly being dead drunk.

The North Shores' attack on Noires Mottes was supported by flail tanks from the 79th Armoured Division and gunfire from the 10th Armoured Regiment on the approach through minefields and by Crocodiles to reduce fortifications. Early attempts by small groups of Germans to surrender were discouraged when they were shot down by their own side. The advance was held up by the defenders and bomb craters that obstructed the Crocodiles before nightfall. Negotiations were opened with the help of German prisoners and the Noires Mottes garrison surrendered at first light on the following morning, 26 September. A formidable defensive position and nearly 300 prisoners had been captured cheaply; the Sangatte battery was also surrendered. Examination of the forts showed that they had been extensively booby-trapped.

The early success of the 8th Canadian Brigade had captured ground that overlooked the attack front of the 7th Canadian Brigade, which greatly helped the attacks on the Belle Vue Ridge and Coquelles. The 1st Canadian Scottish, the Regina Rifles and The Royal Montreal Regiment were to attack through the Belle Vue fortifications to the seafront just east of Sangatte. At first, following closely the creeping artillery barrage, the Canadians overran the first defences. Much had been missed by the bombardment and the Reginas suffered many casualties until the reserves, the Canadian Scots and flame-throwing Crocodiles overcame the defenders. The 8th Canadian Brigade reached Sangatte on the morning of 26 September, with its objectives complete, it was transferred to the eastern side, relieved the Camerons and applied pressure from another direction.

The next stages would be the 7th Canadian Brigade advance through Coquelles and flooded ground to Fort Nieulay and a frontal attack on Calais by the Regina Rifles, following a railway by boat across more flooded ground to the south-west of the city's factory area. These advances were difficult, the defenders held their ground and had to be overrun step-by-step. The Canadian Scots were ordered to make a night attack along the coast to Fort Lapin. On 27 September, the Canadians withdrew temporarily during an attack by heavy bombers on German strongpoints. Fort Lapin fell only after further air attacks and support from tanks and flame-throwing tanks. The Winnipegs, again assisted by flame-throwing tanks, captured Fort Nieulay and the Reginas reached their immediate target, the factory district.

Further advances were made by the 7th Canadian Brigade on 28 September but two companies of the Canadian Scots, having crossed the canal protecting Calais' western side, were pinned down and cut off until the truce. Plans were in hand for further crossings into the city when Schroeder requested that Calais be declared an open city. This was rejected as a delaying tactic but a truce was agreed on 29 September to allow the safe evacuation of 20,000 civilians. Plans were laid for an attack on Calais supported by more air attacks as soon as the truce expired at noon on 30 September.

The Canadians attacked immediately after the truce expired, despite German attempts to surrender; Crerar said that "the Hun, if they wished to quit, could march out with their hands up, without arms, and flying white flags in the normal manner". Schroeder had ordered the garrison to cease resistance and the 7th Canadian Brigade, entering from the west, met no opposition, German troops surrendering everywhere. It required a Canadian officer, Lt Colonel P. C. Klaehn (C.O. of the Cameron Highlanders), at some personal risk, to enter Calais during an artillery bombardment to accept the formal surrender. Schroeder left Calais at 7:00 p.m. and went into captivity.

### Cap Gris Nez

The first attempt by elements of the 7th Canadian Brigade to take Cap Gris Nez from 16 to 17 September failed; the brigade was redeployed for its role at Calais and it was replaced by the 7th Reconnaissance Regiment until a stronger force was available. The 9th Canadian Brigade, with armoured support from the 1st Hussars (6th Armoured Regiment) and flail tanks, Churchill Crocodiles and Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) from the 79th Armoured Division, was deployed to Cap Gris Nez to take the three remaining heavy batteries. On the right, The Highland Light Infantry of Canada (HLI) would attack the two northern batteries, Grosser Kürfurst at Floringzelle and Gris Nez about 1.25 km (1 mi) south-east of Cap Gris Nez. On the left, The North Nova Scotia Highlanders (NNS) faced Batterie Todt at Haringzelles, 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Batterie Grosser Kürfurst. On the landward side, the guns were protected by minefields, barbed wire, blockhouses and anti-tank positions.

The infantry were preceded by attacks by 532 aircraft from RAF Bomber Command on 26 September and by 302 bombers on 28 September. Although these probably weakened the defences as well as the defenders' will to fight, cratering of the ground impeded the use of armour, causing tanks to bog down. Accurate shooting by Winnie and Pooh, British heavy guns at Dover, disabled Batterie Grosser Kürfurst. The battery had fired inland and caused some casualties among the British artillery assembled inland of Wissant, despite the smokescreen.

On 29 September, artillery opened fire at 6:35 a.m. and the infantry attack began after ten minutes behind a creeping barrage that kept the defenders under cover. The Germans readily surrendered once the attackers were among them. The HLI had captured Batterie Grosser Kurfurst by 10:30 a.m., fewer than three hours from H-Hour and Gris Nez was taken during the afternoon. The NNS encountered even less resistance, reaching the gun houses without opposition. The concrete walls were impervious even to AVRE petard mortars but their noise and concussion, along with hand grenades thrown into embrasures, induced the German gunners to surrender by mid-morning. The NNS continued on to capture the local German headquarters at Cran-aux-Oeufs. Despite the impressive German fortifications, the defenders refused to fight on and the operation was concluded at relatively low cost in casualties.

## Aftermath

The damage to the port was severe and the facilities were not available until November, after Antwerp had been opened. Even then, traffic was limited to personnel. The reduction of the German heavy coastal batteries allowed use of Boulogne; mine-sweeping had commenced within hours of the success of the 9th Canadian Brigade. The capture of the German guns on Cap Gris Nez ended four years of artillery exchanges. Five military personnel and 16 civilians were killed by shelling in Dover from 23 to 26 September, when the town was hit by the last artillery barrage. The mayor of Dover was sent a German flag from the batteries to mark the event.

The Canadians were criticised for their performance at Calais and the other Channel ports; their progress was compared unfavourably with that of other Allied units. Montgomery commented that the Canadian Army had been "badly handled and very slow". Montgomery had a low opinion of Crerar and there has been speculation that Crerar's departure on sick leave was a euphemism for his removal from command. His replacement, the energetic Guy Simonds, was much preferred by Montgomery and he commanded the forces that cleared the approaches to Antwerp.

The commander of 84 Group, RAF, Air Vice Marshal Leslie Brown, displeased Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham by his close co-operation with the Canadian Army. Coningham wished to see the air force act independently, not in close co-operation with the army and looked for "someone less subservient to the army". Once Antwerp had been opened, he replaced Brown with Air-Vice Marshal Edmund Hudleston.

## Orders of battle

Allied

- Canadian 3rd Infantry Division (All data from Monahan, Appendix C (1947) unless specified.) 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars) The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (machine gun) 7th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 12th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 13th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 14th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 3rd Anti-tank Regiment 4th Light Anti-aircraft Regiment 16th Field Company 3rd Canadian Divisional Signals, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals No. 3 Defense and Employment Platoon (Lorne Scots) "C" Flight, 660 (Air Observation Post) Squadron, RAF

- 7th Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars)

- The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (machine gun)

- 7th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 12th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 13th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 14th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 3rd Anti-tank Regiment

- 4th Light Anti-aircraft Regiment

- 16th Field Company

- 3rd Canadian Divisional Signals, Royal Canadian Corps of Signals

- No. 3 Defense and Employment Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- "C" Flight, 660 (Air Observation Post) Squadron, RAF

- 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade The Royal Winnipeg Rifles The Regina Rifle Regiment, less 1 company 1 company, Royal Montreal Regiment 1st Battalion The Canadian Scottish Regiment 7 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- The Royal Winnipeg Rifles

- The Regina Rifle Regiment, less 1 company

- 1 company, Royal Montreal Regiment

- 1st Battalion The Canadian Scottish Regiment

- 7 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada Le Régiment de la Chaudière North Shore Regiment 8 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada

- Le Régiment de la Chaudière

- North Shore Regiment

- 8 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade The Highland Light Infantry of Canada The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders The North Nova Scotia Highlanders 9 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

- The Highland Light Infantry of Canada

- The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders

- The North Nova Scotia Highlanders

- 9 Canadian Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (Lorne Scots)

Artillery

- 9th Army Group Royal Artillery 9th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery 10th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery 11th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery 107th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery 51st Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery

- 9th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery

- 10th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery

- 11th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery

- 107th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery

- 51st Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery

- 2nd Army Group Royal Canadian Artillery 3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 4th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery 15th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery 1st Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery "C" Flight, 661 (Air Observation Post) Squadron, RAF

- 3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 4th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

- 15th Medium Regiment Royal Artillery

- 1st Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery

- "C" Flight, 661 (Air Observation Post) Squadron, RAF

Tanks and specialist vehicles

- 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade (part of) 6th Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars) 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse)

- 6th Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars)

- 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse)

- 79th Armoured Division (part of) 141st Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps (Churchill Crocodile (flamethrowing tanks) 6th Assault Regiment Royal Engineers (AVRE) 1st Lothians and Border Horse (flail tanks) "C" Squadron, 22nd Dragoons (flail tanks) 25th Canadian Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgins) (part of) 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron

- 141st Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps (Churchill Crocodile (flamethrowing tanks)

- 6th Assault Regiment Royal Engineers (AVRE)

- 1st Lothians and Border Horse (flail tanks)

- "C" Squadron, 22nd Dragoons (flail tanks)

- 25th Canadian Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgins) (part of)

- 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron

- 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (part of) 12th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery 13th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery 14th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery

- 12th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery

- 13th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery

- 14th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery

German garrison

- Luftwaffe anti-aircraft troops

- Kriegsmarine coastal battery detachments 242nd Naval Coastal Artillery Battalion (Cap Gris Nez) Infantry (various)

- 242nd Naval Coastal Artillery Battalion (Cap Gris Nez)

- Infantry (various)


Cemal Kafadar

# Cemal Kafadar

## Abstract

Cemal Kafadar (born 1954) is Professor of History and the Vehbi Koç Professor of Turkish Studies in the Harvard University Department of History. He is an honorary member of the Turkish Historical Society.

Kafadar graduated from Robert College, then Hamilton College, and received his PhD from the McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies in 1987 and taught for two years in Princeton's Near Eastern Studies department before going to Harvard. Kafadar teaches seminars related to popular culture, hagiography and Ottoman historiography as well as the early modern history of the Middle East and Balkans. He is a member of the editorial board of the Historians of the Ottoman Empire and was a member of the jury of the Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival in 2009.

He is the author of the book Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (1995).

## Selected publications

- Gülru Necipoğlu, Cemal Kafadar, and Cornell Fleischer, eds. (2019). Treasures of Knowledge. An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4). 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.


Position tolerance

# Position tolerance

## Abstract

Position Tolerance (symbol: ⌖) is a geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) location control used on engineering drawings to specify desired location, as well as allowed deviation to the position of a feature on a part.

Position tolerance must only be applied to features of size, which requires that the feature have at least two opposable points.


# List of defunct retailers of the United States

## Abstract

Below is a list of notable defunct retailers of the United States.

Across the United States, a large number of local stores and store chains that started between the 1920s and 1950s have become defunct since the late 1960s, when many chains were either consolidated or liquidated. Some may have been lost due to mergers, while others were affected by a phenomenon of large store closings in the 2010s known as the retail apocalypse.

## Automotive

- Al's Auto Supply – Chain that operated in Washington, California, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada and Alaska; purchased by CSK Auto. Founded by Abe "Al" Wexler in Everett, Washington in the late 1950s; sold 15 store chain to Paccar in 1987; Paccar sold chain (along with Grand Auto) in 1999 to CSK Auto which eventually rebranded stores as Schucks.

- Auto Palace – A New England-based chain that had 112 stores in six states before it was acquired and rebranded by AutoZone in 1998

- Auto Works – Began in Michigan in 1976 by Perry Drug Stores and which grew mostly through acquisitions prior to being sold to Northern Automotive in 1988. In turn, Northern became CSK and CSK sold Auto Works to Hahn Automotive in 1993 before Hahn finally closed Auto Works in 1997. At its height, there were 252 stores in eight states.

- Chief Auto Parts – acquired and rebranded by AutoZone in 1998

- CSK Auto – (CSK = Checker, Schucks, Kragen) based in Phoenix, Arizona with stores nationwide; bought by O'Reilly Auto Parts in 2008

- Parts America – Sears created the Parts America store concept in 1995 and tried to convert full service Western Auto stores into the parts only Parts America brand until it sold the stores to Advance Auto Parts in 1998. Upon merger, Parts America stores were rebranded Advance Auto Parts and the website partsamerica.com became a web only store for Advance Auto Parts. With financial backing from Sears, Advance Auto Parts decided to make the partsamerica.com into a portal for web purchasing of auto parts as part of a joint venture with CSK Auto. The website appeared to have been deactivated by 2009.

- Super Shops – filed for bankruptcy in 1998

- Trak Auto – Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and West Coast; founded by Robert Haft (Crown Books) in 1981; purchased and rebranded by Advance Auto Parts in 2002

- Western Auto – nationwide, once had 1,800 locations, purchased by Sears in 1987 and sold to and rebranded by Advance Auto Parts in 1998

## Camping, sports or athletic stores

- Davega Stores – bankrupt in 1963

- Galyan's Trading Post – acquired by Dick's Sporting Goods in 2004

- Gander Mountain – rebranded as Gander Outdoors in 2019 following bankruptcy and reorganization

- G.I. Joe's – Oregon and Washington; rebranded as Joe's in 2007, went bankrupt and closed in 2009; seven locations taken over by Dick's Sporting Goods

- Golfsmith – went bankrupt in 2016 and acquired by Dick's Sporting Goods; 36-38 locations rebranded as Golf Galaxy

- Herman's World of Sporting Goods – went bankrupt in 1993 and closed in 1996

- Just for Feet – bankrupt in 1999, acquired by Footstar, final stores closed in 2004

- MC Sports – filed for bankruptcy and closed in 2017

- Modell's Sporting Goods – first store opened in 1889. On March 11, 2020, the company filed for bankruptcy, and announced it would close all 115 stores. At the time of the announcement, Modell's was the world's oldest sporting goods chain

- Olympia Sports – the company was founded in 1975, and on July 22, 2022, the company filed for bankruptcy and announced it would close all 35 stores by September 30th

- Oshman's Sporting Goods – founded in Houston in 1933; acquired by Gart Sports in 2001; most stores rebranded as Sports Authority

- Sportmart – merged with Gart Sports in 1998 and closed in 2000

- Sports Authority – bankrupt in 2016 and liquidated. Brand was acquired by Dick's Sporting Goods

- Sports Unlimited – First store in 1983. In 2008 closed all stores and moved online.

- Sport Chalet – went bankrupt and closed in 2016

- Sportswest – owned by Pay 'n Save and spun off in 1984; acquired by Big 5 Sporting Goods in 1988

- Sunny's Surplus – went bankrupt in 2000 but emerged in 2001; filed for bankruptcy again in 2007 and closed most locations; three reopened in late 2007 but shut down again in 2008

## Catalog showrooms

- Best Products – filed for bankruptcy for the second time in September 1996 and closed all of its stores by the following February

- Brendle's – became bankrupt and liquidated in 1996

- Consumers Distributing – sought bankruptcy protection in 1996

- Ellman's – acquired by Service Merchandise in 1985

- H. J. Wilson Co. – Southern states, based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; acquired by Service Merchandise in 1986

- K's Merchandise Mart – liquidated in 2006

- Luria's – originally L. Luria & Son, was a chain of catalog showroom stores in Florida, from 1961 to 1997.

- Service Merchandise – closed all its retail stores by early 2002; the name was resurrected in 2004 for an online retail operation

- Witmark – operated in southwestern Michigan; founded 1969, liquidated 1997

## Clothing, shoe and specialty stores

- Abby Z. – plus size design label founded by Abby Zeichner in 2004. The Abby Z flagship store opened in SoHo, New York at 57 Greene Street in 2008 and closed in 2009 when its parent company filed for bankruptcy.

- Anchor Blue – youth-oriented mall chain, founded in 1972 as Miller's Outpost. The brand had 150 stores at its peak, predominantly on the West Coast. Anchor Blue declared bankruptcy in 2009 and shuttered more than 50 stores, and gradually shrank to include stores solely in California. It went bankrupt once more in 2011, with the remaining stores closed before Easter of that year.

- Anderson-Little – men's specialty retailer originally associated with a large Massachusetts -based men's clothing manufacturer; also known as Anderson Little-Richman Brothers; owned for many years by F. W. Woolworth Company. Ceased operations in 1998, revived as a small online retailer in 2008.

- Casual Corner – liquidated in 2005

- Chess King – sold to Merry-Go-Round in 1993; liquidated along with that chain in 1995

- Christopher & Banks – bankrupted in 2021 from financial loss, because of the COVID-19 pandemic

- County Seat – founded in 1973, the denim-focused mall retailer expanded in the 1980s to nearly 500 stores. It filed for bankruptcy in 1996 and shuttered stores, and another bankruptcy in 1999 put the company out of business.

- Cygnet Shops – women's fashion store that closed in 1975

- DEB – closed its stores in 2015, and returned later that year as an online-only retailer selling plus-size clothing

- Delia's – founded in 1993 as a juniors' clothing catalog, Delia's (stylized as dELiA*s) expanded to more than 100 physical locations before cheaper competitors sent it to bankruptcy in 2014. It was reopened in 2015 as an online retailer, but this was unsuccessful and has been licensed by online fashion company Dolls Kill since 2018.

- Disney Store – owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company. Closed the majority of its retail stores in 2021 mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with merchandise moved online and to department stores such as Target and JCPenney.

- Edison Brothers Stores – operator of numerous shoe and clothing chains, including Bakers Shoes, Wild Pair, J. Riggings, Oaktree, Foxmoor and Fashion Conspiracy. Company was liquidated in 1999, though some chains it operated, including Bakers, have survived.

- Fashion Bug – plus-size women's clothing retailer that once spanned more than 1000 stores. Parent company Charming Shoppes, which owned other plus-size retailers including Lane Bryant, shuttered the brand in early 2013.

- Florsheim – mall shoe store; still sells online

- Gadzooks – Founded in 1983 as a T-shirt store, Gadzooks grew to a 250-store mall fashion retailer before making an ill-advised decision to discontinue menswear. The company was purchased by competitor Forever 21 out of bankruptcy in 2005, with its stores either closed or converted to F21 formats.

- Gantos – a women's specialty clothing retailer based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In late 1993, the company announced bankruptcy reorganization, closing 50 stores between 1993 and 1994, and the chain announced the liquidation of its remaining 114 stores by the end of the decade, ceasing operations in 2000.

- Gottschalks – Founded in 1904, this middle-market regional department store was once the largest independently owned, publicly traded department store in the United States. Bankruptcy claimed the brand in 2009.

- Hahn's Shoes (1876–1995) – Washington, D.C. region

- Harold's – founded in 1948 in Norman, Oklahoma, and liquidated through bankruptcy in 2008

- Hess Shoe Store (1872–1999) – Baltimore, Maryland region.

- J. Brannam – a unit of the F. W. Woolworth Company established in 1979 that operated primarily in the southern U.S.; closed in 1985

- J. Byrons – Florida-based retailer, sold to Uptons, closed in 1996

- Jay Jacobs – Seattle-based clothier; founded in 1941 and closed in 1999

- Kids "R" Us – a division of Toys "R" Us, created in 1983 to sell children's and preteen clothing; folded in 2003

- Kinney Shoes – manufacturer and retailer established in 1894 and purchased by F.W. Woolworth in 1963

- Kleinhans – a men's clothier in Buffalo, New York that operated from 1893 until 1992

- Klopfenstein's – a men's clothier in the Seattle-Tacoma area founded in 1918 and in operation until 1992

- The Limited – filed for bankruptcy and liquidated in 2017. Its products became available again online after the brand was acquired by Sycamore Properties.

- Margo's LaMode – Dallas-based women's clothing store that closed in 1996 after corporate parent underwent bankruptcy reorganization

- Martin + Osa – Established in 2006 as the more mature counterpart to American Eagle Outfitters, the chain grew to 28 stores before millions in losses forced its parent company to discontinue it. The brand's stores and e-commerce site disappeared in 2010.

- Merry-Go-Round – Merry-Go-Round had more than 500 locations during its heyday in the 1980s. It went bankrupt in 1995.

- Mervyn's – a California-based regional department store founded in 1949. Mervyn's ill-fated expansion out of West Coast markets in the months before a recession sent the company into bankruptcy in 2008.

- Miller's Outpost – see "Anchor Blue" above

- Payless (footwear retailer) – Filed for bankruptcy twice and closed all stores in Canada and the US in 2019.

- Raleigh's – also known as Raleigh Haberdasher; a men's and women's clothing store in Washington, D.C., 1911–1992

- Robert Hall – clothing store that existed from 1938 to 1977. At its peak, the store had locations in both New York City and Los Angeles. In addition, the firm invented the big box concept where all non-clothing lines were leased by other retailers.

- Rogers Peet – New York City based men's clothing retailer established in late 1874. Among the chain's innovations: Rogers Peet showed actual merchandise in their advertising, advertised fabric types on merchandise, and put price tags on merchandise. The chain went belly-up in 1981.

- Roos/Atkins – a San Francisco menswear retailer formed in 1957 and expanded throughout the Bay Area in the 60s. The brand went into decline in the 1980s and ceased operations by 1995.

- Ruehl No.925 – concept brand launched by Abercrombie & Fitch in 2004; poor sales and operating losses led to A&F ceasing operations of Ruehl in early 2010

- The Sample – Western New York based retailer founded in Buffalo in 1928 when its founder brought a sample set of 48 dresses back from New York City. At its peak, the retailer was noted for its semi-annual clearance known as the Pup Sale. The demise of The Sample was in 1991 following the death of the chain's chairman a year earlier.

- Sibley's Shoes – a show retailer founded by Harry Rosenfield in 1920; had locations in Michigan and Ohio and closed in 2003 when the company's executives decided to not save the company

- Steve & Barry's – "extreme value" retail clothing chain that operated 276 stores in 39 states.

- Sycamore Shops – an Indianapolis-based women's clothing retailer; spun off from L.S. Ayres; was later forced into bankruptcy and liquidated by early 1996

- Thom McAn – shoe retailer founded in 1922; had over 1,400 stores at its peak in the 1960s. In 1996, the parent company decided to close all remaining stores, but Thom McAn footwear is available in Kmart stores.

- Today's Man – a men's suiting store that began in the 1970s and expanded rapidly in the 1980s and 90s. Overexpansion brought the brand to bankruptcy in 1996.

- Virginia Dare Dresses, Incorporated – merged with Atlantic Thrift Centers, Inc in 1963

- Warner Brothers Studio Store – Meant to be the WB answer to the rapidly growing Disney Store, the Warner Bros. Studio Stores sold collectibles and apparel based around WB properties including Looney Tunes and DC Comics. The Studio Stores were a victim of the AOL-Time Warner merger, and shuttered operations in 2001.

- Yellow Front Stores – Founded in the 1950s as an army surplus store, Yellow Front transitioned to become a camping gear retailer before going bankrupt in 1990.

## Drug stores

### A–M

- A. L. Price – Metro Detroit; part of Perry Drug Stores

- Adams Drug Company

- Arbor Drugs – Michigan-based chain; acquired by CVS Pharmacy

- Big "B" Drugs

- Brooks Pharmacy – chain of more than 330 pharmacies located throughout New England and New York with corporate headquarters were located in Warwick, Rhode Island; was acquired by Rite Aid in 2007

- Cunningham Drug Stores – Metro Detroit, Michigan area; founded 1889, dissolved in 1982

- Dart Drug – converted to Fantle's

- Dorb the Chemist, Inc. – filed for bankruptcy in 1932

- Drug Emporium

- Drug Fair – Alexandria Virginia based drug chain.

- Eckerd Corporation – acquired by CVS Pharmacy in the South and Rite Aid in the Northeast–Mid atlantic Region

- Fantle's

- Farmacias El Amal – San Juan, Puerto Rico, firm; 20 locations bought by Walgreens in 2008; remaining closed in 2011

- Fay's Drug

- G. O. Guy – acquired by Thrifty PayLess

- Genovese Drug Stores

- Gray Drug – purchased by Rite Aid

- Haag Drug Company

- Happy Harry's – acquired by Walgreens

- Hook's Drug Stores – acquired by Revco

- K&B (also known as Katz & Bestoff) – a New Orleans, Louisiana-based pharmacy and general merchandise store chain

- Kinsley & Darling Druggists

- LaVerdiere's Super Drug Stores – a Maine-based pharmacy acquired by Rite Aid in 1994

### N–Z

- Osco Drug & Sav-on Drugs – freestanding locations acquired by CVS Pharmacy; Osco still exists as the pharmacy within Jewel

- Pay 'n Save

- Peoples Drug – acquired by CVS Pharmacy

- Perry Drug Stores – acquired by Rite Aid in 1995

- Phar-Mor – bankrupt due to $500 million embezzlement; some assets acquired by Giant Eagle

- Read's Drug Store

- Reliable Drug Stores

- Revco – Most locations acquired by CVS Pharmacy and Some Locations In Virginia and Binghamton Were Acquired by Eckerd Corporation

- Rexall

- Rx Place – Woolworth

- Sav-on

- Schwab's Pharmacy – Hollywood, California, hangout for movie actors; closed in 1983

- Skaggs Drug Centers – became part of Albertsons, Inc.

- Snyder Drug Stores – acquired by Walgreens in 2010

- Standard Drug Company – was part of Melville Corporation

- SupeRx – Kroger created the first SupeRx store in 1961 with most stores next door or very close to existing Kroger stores

- Thrift Drug – merged into Eckerd after J.C. Penney bought Eckerd

- Thrifty PayLess – acquired by Rite Aid in 1996

- Treasury Drug – acquired by J.C. Penney, then shuttered in 1980

- Value Giant

- Wellby Super Drug

## Electronics stores

- 47th Street Photo

- Allied Radio – Chicago, Illinois, acquired by Radio Shack in 1970; some stores sold to Schaak Electronics in 1973, a few stores converted to Radio Shack, and the rest closed

- Bernie's

- Bryn Mawr Stereo

- Circuit City – filed for bankruptcy in 2008 and liquidated on March 8, 2009; reopened online through Tiger Direct in April 2009; closed again in late December 2012; intellectual property was sold again to Circuit City Corp. in January 2016, which plans to open an online operation and retail stores

- CompuAdd – bankrupted in 1993

- CompUSA – on November 2, 2012, it was announced that Systemax would drop both the CompUSA and Circuit City storefront brands; CompUSA was relaunched in 2018 as an online retailer.

- Computer City – CompUSA quickly closed this chain after purchasing it from Tandy in 1998

- Crazy Eddie – liquidated in 1989

- Davega Stores – bankrupt in 1963

- Douglas TV

- DOW Stereo/Video

- Erol's

- Federated Group

- Fretter

- Fry's Electronics – Closed permanently in 2021 after 35 years as a result of low sales, and potentially bankruptcy and liquidation due to online competition and the COVID-19 pandemic

- Future Shop – Closed in the US 1999. Bought out by Best Buy 2001. March 28, 2015, Best Buy announced the dissolution of the Future Shop brand and the closure of 66 of its locations.

- Gateway Country – operated by Gateway from 1996 to 2004

- Good Guys – purchased by CompUSA in 2003

- H. H. Gregg, Inc. Went bankrupt and closed in 2017; relaunched as an online retailer in 2017 and opened its first brick and mortar store in 2019 following bankruptcy.

- HiFi Buys

- Highland Superstores – liquidated in 1993

- Incredible Universe – closed in 1997; six stores acquired by Fry's Electronics and the rest shut down

- J&R – major New York City electronics and music store officially closed in April 2014

- Lafayette Radio

- Lechmere

- Luskin's – Baltimore, Maryland-based appliance and electronics retailer

- Mars Music – Founded in 1996, over-expansion, a struggle to raise financial capital and a failed reorganization attempt led to Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2002.

- Newmark and Lewis

- Olson Electronics (currently a redirect that needs expansion) – a nationwide electronics store chain founded in 1927 by brothers Sidney, Philip and Irving Olsen in Akron, Ohio; at one time had more retail locations than Radio Shack; sold to Teledyne in 1968 and rebranded Teledyne Olson Electronics; later sold to 3 Chicago investors in August 1984 who later filed for bankruptcy just 15 months later; filed for bankruptcy in 1985

- Polk Brothers

- RCA

- Schaak Electronics – liquidated in 1986 after filing for bankruptcy the second time in a decade

- Sharper Image – filed for bankruptcy in 2008 only to relaunch in 2009.

- Silo

- Sound Advice

- Steinberg's

- Sun Television and Appliances – bankrupt and liquidated in 1998

- Video Concepts

- Tech HiFi

- TigerDirect – In 2015, TigerDirect phased out brick-and-mortar retail operations. Online operations continued until March 31, 2023 when parent company Insight officially retired the brand.

- Tweeter – Went bankrupt in 2008; original company remains as a shell company.

- Ultimate Electronics

- United Audio Centers

- The Warehouse

- The Wiz

## Five-and-dime; variety stores

- Ames

- Ben Franklin (company)

- Caldor

- Danners 5 & 10

- E. J. Korvette

- F. W. Woolworth Company – successor corporation is Foot Locker Inc.

- Fred's

- G. C. Murphy

- GEM

- Gemco

- H. L. Green

- Hills

- Hudson Brothers'

- J.G. McCrory

- Modell's Shopper's World

- J.J. Newberry

- Jamesway

- King's Department Stores

- Kuhn's Big K – acquired by Walmart in 1981

- MacFrugals – merged into Big Lots!

- McLellan's

- Neisner's

- Otasco – Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas

- Richman Gordman – business model was overhauled and name shortened to Gordmans in the late 1990s

- Rodgers – Oregon

- S. Klein

- S. H. Kress

- S. S. Kresge – sold all original S.S. Kresge stores, renamed Kmart in 1977

- Shopper's City

- Sky City

- Sprouse-Reitz

- TG&Y

- Times Square Stores

- Two Guys

- W.T. Grant – went bankrupt in 1976; more a small scale department store than a 5 and 10 variety store

- Woolco – big box store version of Woolworth – owned by F.W. Woolworth

- Zody's

- Zayre

## Furniture stores

- Art Van Furniture – Founded in 1959 in Warren, MI, and operated over 300 stores and outlets in 7 states. On March 5, 2020, Art Van Furniture announced it would liquidate all of their company owned stores and file for chapter 11 bankruptcy.

- Barker Bros. – Los Angeles-based furniture store chain which was at one time the largest furniture store chain on the west coast for nearly a century before it filed for bankruptcy in 1992

- Bombay Company – U.S. stores

- Castro Convertibles – primarily Northeast and Southeast U.S.

- Fradkin Brothers Furniture – Baltimore County, Maryland

- Georg Jensen Inc. (New York, NY) (1935-1968)

- Harden Furniture – was in business for 175 years before ceasing operations

- Heilig-Meyers

- Levitz Furniture – was in business for nearly 100 years before liquidating in bankruptcy in early 2008

- Linens 'n Things

- Mattress Barn – Florida

- Rhodes Furniture

- The Room Store

- Seaman's Furniture – merged into Levitz Furniture in 2005

- Sleepy's – merged into Mattress Firm in 2016

- Wickes Furniture – went bankrupt February 3, 2008

## Grocery stores and supermarkets

### A–M

- 365 by Whole Foods Market – convert to regular Whole Foods stores in 2019 after Amazon acquired Whole Foods

- A&P – also known as The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company; filed for bankruptcy for the second time in July 2015 and closed its last store in November 2015

- ABC Markets

- ABCO Foods - former Arizona division of Alpha Beta spun off in 1984; stores closed by 2003

- AJ Bayless - Arizona; stores sold to Bashas' in 1993

- Alpha Beta – converted to Ralphs or Food 4 Less in 1994

- Big Bear Stores – Columbus, Ohio based chain; stores closed or sold to Kroger by 2004. Unrelated chain in San Diego with same name sold to Fleming Companies and Albertsons in 1994

- BI-LO – dissolved in 2021

- Bohack

- Bottom Dollar Food – acquired by Aldi 2015

- Boys Markets – converted to Ralphs or Food 4 Less in 1994

- Bruno's

- Buehler Foods – operated as Buehler's Buy-Low

- Buttrey Food & Drug – Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota; sold to Albertsons in 1998

- Cala Foods and Bell Markets – rebranded as DeLano's IGA; others sold to other retailers

- Carter's Foods

- Chatham Supermarkets – chain headquartered in Southeastern Michigan founded by Royal Supermarkets in the mid-1950s, bankrupt in 1987, acquired by Kroger after defunct

- Clemens Markets – suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; acquired by Giant in 2006

- Colonial Stores Big Star Markets

- Big Star Markets

- Dahl's Foods – Des Moines, Iowa -based chain; acquired by Associated Wholesale Grocers after bankruptcy and rebranded as Price Chopper and Cash Saver in 2015

- Delchamps

- Dick's Supermarket – Southwestern Wisconsin; acquired by Piggly Wiggly in 2006

- Dominick's – Chicagoland; operated by Safeway from 1998 until the last closures in January 2014; some locations acquired by Jewel, Whole Foods Market, Mariano's Fresh Market, and Heinen's Fine Foods

- Eagle Food Centers - Midwest chain; ceased operations by 2003

- Earth Fare – as of 2021, 19 stores reopened

- Eisner Food Stores – downstate Illinois chain acquired by Jewel Food Stores, stores converted to the Jewel name by 1985

- Family Mart – Florida-based Family Mart division of A&P was closed in 1999

- Farmer Jack – Metro Detroit; acquired by A&P in 1989, closed July 7, 2007, then liquidated

- Fazio's – originally was Fisher Foods; in California, first known as Fazio's Shopping Bag and then just Fazio's

- Finast (also known as First National Stores) – purchased by Ahold; rebranded Edwards

- Fisher Foods – was named Fazio's after a merger in 1965

- Food Fair – later Pantry Pride

- Fresh & Easy – California, Nevada, Arizona; American subsidiary of British retailer Tesco

- Furrs Supermarkets – New Mexico/West Texas; went bankrupt in 2001.

- Genuardi's – defunct as of 2012 as a chain; 2015 all locations

- Giant – Ralphs big box format; Southern California

- Giant Open Air – merged with Farm Fresh Food & Pharmacy

- Haggen – west coast regional chain, acquired by Albertsons. Several locations still exist.

- Hills Supermarkets

- Hinky Dinky – Nebraska chain acquired by Nash Finch in 2000

- Hughes Markets – a Southern California-based supermarket chain that was first acquired by QFC in 1996 and then merger into Ralphs the following year when the parent companies of both Hughes and Ralphs were simultaneously acquired by Fred Meyer

- Jewel T – founded by the Jewel Companies as their discount chain, but was sold to Save-A-Lot in 1984 when Jewel was acquired by American Stores

- Jitney Jungle

- Kash n' Karry – became Sweetbay Supermarket

- Kessel Food Market — Michigan chain sold to Kroger

- Kohl's Food Stores – Wisconsin chain acquired by A&P and closed by 2003

- Laneco – Eastern Pennsylvania/Western New Jersey; closed in 2001

- Loblaws – Northeastern Ohio, Northwestern Pennsylvania and Western New York. Stores in California sold in 1976.

- Market Basket (California) – Former Kroger associated chain that operated in Southern California from 1930 to 1982. Not related to similar named chains in Texas, Louisiana, or New England.

- Mars (supermarket) – Maryland grocery chain which operated from 1943 to 2016.

- Marsh Supermarkets – Indiana and Ohio chain that was liquidated in 2017

### N–Z

- National Tea

- O'Malia's Food Markets – Central Indiana chain that was liquidated in 2017

- Omni Superstore – Dominick's big-box format

- Pantry Pride

- Pathmark

- Pay'n Takit – acquired by Safeway

- Penn Dutch – south Florida chain that shut liquidated in 2019

- Penn Fruit

- Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets — Cleveland area chain acquired by Finast

- Purity Supreme – Boston area

- QFI

- Quality Markets – owned by Penn Traffic, Western New York; acquired by Tops Friendly Markets

- Rainbow Foods – Twin Cities chain owned by Fleming Companies, then Roundy's. Roundy's exited Minnesota in 2014.

- Red Food – Chattanooga, Tennessee, area; acquired by Bi-Lo Stores

- Red Owl – Upper Midwest; acquired by Supervalu in 1988

- Sage's – Sage's Complete Markets based in San Bernardino, California, chain that was liquidated in 1973.

- Sav-A-Center – A&P in the New Orleans, Louisiana, region

- Schwegmann Brothers Giant Supermarkets – New Orleans, Louisiana; acquired by National Tea

- Seaway Food Town – Northwest Ohio chain sold to Spartan Stores in 2000; remaining stores closed or sold by 2003

- Seessel's Supermarkets – Memphis chain acquired by Schnucks

- Shopping Bag Food Stores – Southern California chain that was founded in 1930 and later acquired by Vons and then Fazio's before it was rebranded and later sold to Albertsons in 1978

- Skaggs-Alpha Beta

- Sunflower Market – SuperValu-owned natural foods market; closed in 2008; never affiliated with the southwestern US chain of the same name

- Super Duper

- Super Fresh

- Super Saver Foods

- Twin Valu – hypermarket launched by SuperValu (owner of Cub Foods and ShopKo) in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio in 1989 and Euclid, Ohio (1990); closed March 1995

- Ukrop's – Richmond, Virginia chain acquired by Ahold and converted to Martin's in 2010; notable for pioneering ready-to-eat foods in the 1980s

- Victory Supermarkets – Greater Boston chain sold to Hannaford

- Waldbaum's – New York metropolitan area (liquidated in 2015)

- Weingarten's – Houston area, Arkansas, Louisiana; sold to Safeway in 1983

- White Hen Pantry – merged with 7-Eleven in mid-2007

- Wild Oats Markets

## Home decor and craft stores

- A.C. Moore

- Bombay Company

- Frank's Nursery & Crafts

- Hancock Fabrics – bankrupt 2016; intellectual property acquired by Michaels

- Leewards

- Old America – bankrupt 1999 and liquidated remaining stores

- Pier 1 Imports – permanently closed all 540 of its stores in 2020

- Waccamaw's Homeplace/Waccamaw Pottery

- Wicks 'N' Sticks

## Home improvement

- Builder's Emporium

- Builder's Square – subsidiary of Kmart; sold to Hechinger

- Channel Home Centers

- Contractor Supply

- Eagle Hardware & Garden – bought by Lowe's in 1999

- Ernst Home Centers – Seattle, Washington

- EXPO Design Center

- Forest City – became Handy Andy

- Furrow Building Materials

- Gamble-Skogmo – bought by Our Own Hardware in 1986

- Handy Andy Home Improvement Center

- Handy Dan

- Hechinger

- Home Quarters Warehouse (HQ)

- HomeBase

- Hugh M. Woods Building Materials

- Knox Lumber

- Lechters Housewares – a kitchenware and home decor store

- Lumberjack Building Materials

- Orchard Supply Hardware – closed by Lowe's in 2018

- Pay 'N Pak

- Payless Cashways – included Furrows & Payless; all assets liquidated as of November 2001

- Pergament Home Centers

- Rickel

- Scotty's Builders Supply

- Somerville Lumber

- Yardbirds Home Center

## Music, booksellers, and video stores (records, tapes, books, CDs, DVDs, etc.)

### A–M

- B. Dalton – closed in 2010

- Blockbuster Music – sold to Wherehouse Music in 1998; some locations converted to Wherehouse Music; majority were closed

- Blockbuster Video – sold to Dish Network in 2011; all company-owned stores were closed January 12, 2014, but 1 franchise store remains open in Bend, Oregon.

- Bookstop

- Borders Books – filed for bankruptcy in 2011; some locations purchased by Books-A-Million; borders.com website acquired by Barnes & Noble Booksellers

- Camelot Music – converted to FYE stores

- CD World – converted to FYE

- Coconuts Music – converted to FYE

- Crown Books – founded by Robert Haft in 1977; liquidated in 2001 after second bankruptcy

- Disc Jockey – converted to FYE

- Encore Books – permanently closed in 1999

- Family Christian Stores – filed for bankruptcy in April 2015, forced to liquidate all stores in 2017

- Harmony House – Michigan

- Hastings Entertainment – filed for bankruptcy in June 2016. Remaining stores closed October 31, 2016

- Hollywood Video – ceased operations in May 2010

- Incredible Universe – Several stores bought by Frys

- J&R – New York City; closed their music store at the beginning of 2014

- Kim's Video and Music

- King Karol – New York City

- Kroch's and Brentano's – Chicago-based bookstore chain; filed for bankruptcy in 1995

- Licorice Pizza – Southern California chain that was started in Long Beach by James Greenwood in 1969, acquired by Record Bar in 1985, acquired by Musicland in 1986, and rebranded Sam Goody. In November 2021, director Paul Thomas Anderson released a movie with the same name loosely based on this chain.

- Media Play – closed and dissolved in 2006; a media superstore (books, music, and video) concept created by Musicland in 1992

- Movie Gallery – operated stores under the Hollywood Video, Movie Gallery, and Game Crazy brands; liquidated and closed in 2010

- MovieStop (purchased by Hastings Entertainment shortly before bankruptcy)

- Music Plus – Southern California-based chain that was acquired by Blockbuster and converted

- Musicland – founded in Minneapolis in 1955, acquired by American Can in 1977; Musicland Group acquired Sam Goody in 1978 while keeping brand separate until 1997 when the Musicland Group decided to rebrand all existing Musicland stores as Sam Goody; Musicland Group acquired by Best Buy in 2001 and eventually sold to Trans World Entertainment

### N–Z

- National Record Mart – a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based company that went bankrupt in 2002

- Planet Music – converted to FYE

- Record Bar – malls; acquired by Blockbuster in 1993 and converted

- Record Town – store name changed to FYE by parent company Trans World Entertainment

- Record World – company also operated The Record Shops at TSS; was purchased by W.H. Smith after declaring bankruptcy in 1992; rebranded The Wall the following year

- Sam Goody – most locations converted to FYE, but two locations continue to operate as Sam Goody

- Saturday Matinee – converted to FYE

- Sound Warehouse – Dallas, Texas based chain; acquired by Blockbuster in 1992 and all stores converted to Blockbuster Music.

- Spec's Music – Florida-based chain; last store closed in 2013

- Strawberries Music – converted to FYE

- Streetside Records – converted to FYE

- Suncoast Motion Picture Company – converted to FYE, though three continue to operate as Suncoast Motion Picture Company.

- Tape World – a store concept created by Trans World Entertainment in 1979 but later replaced by its f.y.e. store concept

- Tower Records – founded in 1960 in Sacramento, California; all retail stores were liquidated in 2006 and the name was purchased for use as an online-only retailer

- Turtle's Records & Tapes – Atlanta, Georgia based chain with most stores located in Georgia and Florida; acquired by Blockbuster in 1993 and converted

- Virgin Megastores – all Megastores in the United States were closed in 2009 and the remaining airport stores closed a few years later

- Waldenbooks – in 2011 the chain was liquidated after parent Borders filed for bankruptcy in 2011

- Wallichs Music City – the largest music retailer on the West Coast during the 1950s and 1960s; founded by Glenn Wallich, founder of Capitol Records; had stores in California and briefly in Arizona before it went bankrupt in 1977

- West Coast Video – permanently closed in 2009

- Wherehouse Music – filed for bankruptcy in 2003; Trans World took control of 111 stores and liquidated nearly a third of them

## Jewelers

- Bailey Banks & Biddle (1832-2020)

- Crescent/Friedman's Jewelers

- J. E. Caldwell & Co. (1839-2009)

- Georg Jensen Inc. (New York, NY) (Fifth Ave., Manhattan)(1935-1968)

## Office-supply stores

- J. K. Gill Company – Pacific Northwest; stationery, office supplies, books; all stores closed by 1999

- Office Warehouse – a Virginia-based office supply chain that was acquired and absorbed by OfficeMax in 1992

## Pet stores

- Petland Discounts – permanently closed in 2019.

## Toy stores

- All Wound Up – acquired by Borders in 1999 and closed in 2001

- Child World (also known as Children's Palace) – liquidated in 1992

- Circus World – acquired by Melville in 1990 and converted to KB Toys

- Disney Store – The Disney Store closed by the end of January 19, 2022 as the retail moves to Target stores.

- F.A.O. Schwarz – sold to Toys 'R Us after bankruptcy in 2009; all stores closed except original NYC flagship store, which closed in 2015. The chain was bought out by ThreeSixty group and opened two new locations in Rockefeller Center, and LaGuardia airport, with plans to open up to 30 more in the future.

- KB Toys – liquidated February 9, 2009, which closed all of the remaining stores; sold to Toys "R" Us and then to Strategic Marks, LLC; although it planned to reopen stores in 2019, this never happened due to a lack of funding.

- Lionel Kiddie City – founded in 1957 by Leonard Wasserman; liquidated in 1993

- Lionel Playworld – liquidated in 1993

- Noodle Kidoodle – acquired in 2000 by Zany Brainy and rebranded

- Toys "R" Us – liquidated most stores in 2018; still active in Canada and other countries. The company was bought and reformed by its lenders as a brand owned by TRU Kids. On November 27, 2019, Toys "R" Us re-entered the American market with a retail store at Westfield Garden State Plaza in Paramus, New Jersey. On December 7, 2019, a second location was opened at The Galleria in Houston, Texas. Both stores were permanently closed in early 2021. A new stand alone location was later opened in the American Dream Mall in New Jersey. On August 19, 2021, Macy's bought Toys "R" Us and announced they will be opening store-within-a-store locations in 400 Macy's locations.

- Warner Bros. Studio Store – stores closed in 2001

- Zany Brainy – liquidated in 2003 after parent company filed for bankruptcy

## Video games and personal computing software

- Babbage's

- Egghead Software

- FuncoLand

- GameCrazy

- Rhino Video Games

- Software Etc.

## Warehouse clubs and membership department stores

- E.J. Korvette – gradually liquidated by 1981 after declaring bankruptcy

- Fedco

- GEM – initially called Government Employees Mutual Stores, and later Government Employees Mart before settling on G. E. M. Membership Department Stores, a profit-making company that was aimed at the governmental employees market; first store was opened in Denver in 1956; after several expansions, the company filed for bankruptcy in 1974

- Gemco – acquired by Lucky Stores in 1961; closed in 1986 and stores sold to Target; known as Memco in the Chicago and Washington, D.C. metropolitan areas

- Pace Membership Warehouse – founded in Denver in 1983 and quickly expanded to the East Coast; acquired by Kmart in 1989; later sold to Sam's Club in 1993 and rebranded

- Price Club – merged with Costco in 1993 and rebranded


Cyera Hintzen

# Cyera Hintzen

## Abstract

Cyera Makenzie Hintzen (born October 28, 1997) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for USL Super League club Dallas Trinity FC.

## College career

### Texas Longhorns

Hintzen was highly recruited out of high school. She received offers from: SMU, Oklahoma, TCU and UCLA among others. However, she decided to join the University of Texas, where she was regarded as one of the team's most important players.

During her college career, Hintzen earned numerous accolades including Big 12 Conference Offensive Player of the Year (2018), Freshman of the Year (2016), and All-Big 12 Conference First Team honors in 2017 and 2018. Hintzen also lead the Longhorns in goals and assists in 2017 and 2018.

## Club career

Hintzen was selected 31st overall by the Utah Royals in the 2020 NWSL draft. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NWSL cancelled the 2020 regular season and Hintzen did not sign with the team.

### Valur & Perth Glory

Between 2021 and 2023, Hintzen played in two leagues with opposite seasons: Valur in Iceland and Perth Glory in Australia.

#### Valur

Hintzen signed her first professional contract with Icelandic club Valur, contributing to the team's consecutive league titles in 2021 and 2022. She made her professional debut on July 6, 2021, as a 59th-minute substitute in a 2–1 victory over Selfoss. Later that month, she scored her first professional goal against Fylkir in the 17th minute. Hintzen recorded her first career brace on August 20, 2021, during the UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying rounds against Zürich.

During the 2022-23 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying rounds, Hintzen scored two goals, helping Valur advance to the second round, where they were ultimately eliminated by Slavia Prague.

#### Perth Glory

Hintzen signed with Australian club Perth Glory in September 2021. She scored her first goal for the team during her debut on January 1, 2022, in a 4–2 loss to Adelaide United. Hintzen was Perth's top scorer for the 2021–22 season with five goals and was named A-League Players' Player of the Year in her second season.

### Gotham FC

In July 2023, Hintzen signed with NJ/NY Gotham FC on a National Team replacement contract and made two appearances for Gotham in the NWSL Challenge Cup.

### Dallas Trinity FC

Hintzen returned to Texas in July 2024, signing with Dallas Trinity ahead of the inaugural USL Super League season, joining college teammate Haley Berg in the process.

## International career

Hintzen was called up to the United States under-19 team in 2015.

## Style of play

Hintzen mainly operates as a striker and has been described as her "physical upper body strength combined with pace and sharpness in front of goal have marked her out". She is left-footed.

## Personal life

Hintzen is a native of Garland, Texas, United States. She went to and played for Sachse High School, helping them make the Class 6A regional playoffs in her senior year.

## Career statistics

### Club

## Honors and awards

Individual

- Big 12 Conference Offensive Player of the Year: 2018

- Perth Glory A-League Women's Most Glorious Player: 2022–23

- Perth Glory A-League Players' Player of the Year: 2022–23

### Valur

- Besta deild kvenna: 2021, 2022

- Women's Cup: 2022

- Super Cup Women: 2022

### NJ/NY Gotham FC

- NWSL Championship: 2023


Annandrea Vitrano

# Annandrea Vitrano

## Abstract

Annandrea Vitrano (born 16 August 1985) is an Italian actress, comedian and singer.

## Career

On 3 December 2012, Vitrano and her partner Claudio Casisa formed the comedy duo I Soldi Spicci. They participated at the "Taaac" comedy workshop in Palermo, and also attended the Zelig workshop in Rome and Milan in 2013. That same year, they hosted Spicciatevi, an entertainment radio program on Radio One. In September 2014, they made their television debut on the Italia 1 's comedy show Colorado, and returned for its 2019 edition.

In 2018, the duo made their film debut with a leading role in the La fuitina sbagliata, for which they were also screenwriters. In 2019, they won the Benevento Cinema Televisione award as the revelation of the year in film. The following year, they competed in the reality show Pechino Express as the couple known as "The Palermitans". In September 2020, they began filming their second movie, Un mondo sotto social, where they served as both screenwriters and directors. They also made appearances at the Taormina Film Fest, the Giffoni Film Festival, and the Giornate di Cinema in Riccione.

In 2023, Vitrano had a role in the film Nuovo Olimpo by Ferzan Özpetek.

## Filmography


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen is an upcoming NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side. as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch had the call from Turn 5 to Turn 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network had the radio call for the race, which will also be simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey wcovered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.


A. J. Epenesa

# A. J. Epenesa

## Abstract

Andrew Jared Epenesa (born September 15, 1998) is an American professional football defensive end for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa, and was drafted by the Bills in the second round of the 2020 NFL draft.

## Early life

Playing at Edwardsville High School in Edwardsville, Illinois, Epenesa garnered All-American honors in both football and track. His father, Eppy, walked on to the Iowa football team after moving from American Samoa, and A. J. showed leanings towards Iowa throughout the recruiting process. On January 17, 2016, Epenesa committed to Iowa. He became the highest-rated recruit to play for a Kirk Ferentz -led team at Iowa. He also played in the Army All-American Bowl and Polynesian Bowl after his senior year.

Epenesa also won Illinois state titles in discus throw his junior and senior years.

## College career

After his freshman season, Epenesa was named to the All-Freshmen Big Ten Conference team. Notably, his first college sack came against future Buffalo Bills teammate Josh Allen during a game against Wyoming.

Epenesa did not start any games during his sophomore season, but still broke into the double digits for sacks and returned a fumble recovery for a touchdown. His 11 sacks on the year led the Big Ten, and his four fumble recoveries tied for the conference lead. He was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week after games against Iowa State and Illinois. Epenesa was named first-team All-Big Ten by the media and second-team by the coaches.

Before his junior season, Epenesa was projected as a first-round pick in the 2020 NFL draft, with some estimations placing him as high as second. Scouts touted both his strength and work ethic on the field. Following a junior season with 11.5 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, and 49 tackles, Epenesa announced that he would forgo his senior year and declare for the 2020 NFL Draft. After three seasons, he finished tied for 4th on Iowa's career sacks list.

Epenesa, who is of Samoan ethnicity, was named to the preseason Polynesian College Player of the Year Watch List in 2018 and 2019. He was one of five finalists for the award in 2018.

## Professional career

The Buffalo Bills selected Epenesa in the second round, 54th overall, of the 2020 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.877 million contract, including a $1.834 million signing bonus, with the Bills on May 7, 2020.

In Week 3 of the 2020 season, Epenesa recorded his first career sack in a 35–32 win over the Los Angeles Rams, tackling quarterback Jared Goff during the first quarter. Epenesa finished his rookie season with 1 sack and 14 tackles, playing mainly as a backup defensive end, but earned a more prominent role on the team by the end of the season and dropped 20 pounds from his college playing weight of 280 pounds.

After the drafting of Gregory Rousseau in the first round of the following draft and the Bills signing All-Pro pass rusher Von Miller the 2022 offseason, Epenesa continued as a rotational piece on the Bills' defensive line the next two years. He notably had a strong performance during a 35–0 Bills win against the Miami Dolphins in week 2 of the 2021 season, recording a team-leading 8 quarterback pressures and 2 quarterback hits, including one that knocked Dolphins quarterback Tua Tagovailoa out of the game.

Epenesa had a breakout season in 2022, recording 6.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hits, 14 quarterback pressures, 16 total tackles, and 5 passes deflected, in addition to a fumble recovery, all career highs. In week 5 of the 2022 season against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Epenesa was ejected from the game with one minute left after he elbowed referee John Hussey in response to being pushed by the former during a brief ruckus between the Bills and Steelers that began when Pittsburgh quarterback Kenny Pickett shoved Bills defender Shaq Lawson for a late hit. His best game of the season came against the New York Jets in week 14, in which he had a sack, five tackles, and a pass breakup on what would become New York's final offensive snap to seal a 20–12 Bills win. The Bills defensive line as a whole performed well despite a season-ending injury to Miller the previous week.

In week 3 of the 2023 season against the Washington Commanders, Epenesa scored his first career defensive touchdown, intercepting Washington quarterback Sam Howell and returning the pass for a 32-yard touchdown during the Bills' 37–3 win. He notably became the first alumnus of Edwardsville High School to score a touchdown in the NFL since Morris Bradshaw in 1982.

On March 11, 2024, Epenesa signed a two-year contract extension with the Bills.

## Personal life

Epenesa's cousin, Jacob Tuioti-Mariner, is also a professional defensive end and is currently a free agent. Epenesa's second cousin is Riley Patterson, a kicker for the Jacksonville Jaguars. In 2024, Epensa's brother Iose, who plays football at Edwardsville High School in Illinois, is a four star 6-foot-4 and 270 pound defensive lineman recruit to the Iowa Hawkeyes football team beginning in the 2025 season.

Epenesa grew up and went to high school with professional basketball player, Kate Martin. Martin's dad, Matt Martin, was Epenesa's and New York Jets cornerback Craig James 's football and track coach and Riley Patterson 's football coach during their time at Edwardsville High School.

## NFL career statistics