# List of council camps (Boy Scouts of America)

## Abstract

There are hundreds of local council camps of the Boy Scouts of America operated by the Boy Scouts of America.

## Active Camps

## Closed Camps

### California

Camp Cherry Valley Closed in 2024 Greater Los Angeles Area Council


List of Loganair destinations

# List of Loganair destinations

## Abstract

## Destinations

As of September 2024, Loganair serves the following destinations:


Selected Works: 1972–1999

# Selected Works: 1972–1999

## Abstract

Selected Works: 1972–1999 is a compilation box set by the Eagles, released in 2000. The box set consists of four CDs featuring their greatest hits, album tracks, previously unreleased live performances recorded on 29–31 December 1999 in Las Vegas and Los Angeles and a 44-page booklet. This set chronicles their work from their debut 1972 self-titled album Eagles to the 1999 millennium concert performed at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, December 31, 1999.

## Track listing

## Credits

- Glenn Frey – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, harmonica, keyboards, harmonium, synthesizer, piano, clavinet, Wurlitzer electric piano, slide guitar (all discs)

- Don Henley – vocals, drums, percussion, tabla, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, synthesizer (all discs)

- Randy Meisner – vocals, bass, guitarron (discs 1, all tracks except 3, 10 and 11 on disc 2 and tracks 2, 5, 10, 11 and 14 on disc 3)

- Bernie Leadon – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, banjo, mandolin, pedal steel guitar (discs 1, tracks 4, 6, 8, 12 and 13 on disc 2 and tracks 2 and 10 on disc 3)

- Don Felder – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar, pedal steel guitar, Hammond organ, backing vocals (tracks 2–3 on disc 1, all songs except tracks 6 & 8 on disc 2 and all songs on discs 3 and 4)

- Joe Walsh – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, Fender Rhodes, Hammond organ, synthesizer, piano, slide guitar (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 9–11 on disc 2, all tracks except 2 and 10 on disc 3 and all tracks on disc 4)

- Timothy B. Schmit – vocals, bass (tracks 3, 10 and 11 on disc 2, all tracks except 2, 5, 10, 11 and 14 on disc 3 and all tracks on disc 4)

Sidemen

- John Corey – guitar, keyboards, vocals

- Timothy Drury – guitar, keyboards, vocals

- Albhy Galuten – synthesizer

- Al Garth – clarinet, saxophone, violin

- Gary Grimm – keyboards, percussion

- Jim Ed Norman – piano, string arrangements

- Jay Oliver – keyboards

- David Sanborn – alto saxophone

- Scott Crago – drums, percussion

Technical

- Glyn Johns – record production, engineer

- Bill Szymczyk – record production, engineer

## Charts


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen is an upcoming NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side. as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch had the call from Turn 5 to Turn 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network had the radio call for the race, which will also be simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey wcovered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.


Bojan Mišić

# Bojan Mišić

## Abstract

Bojan Mišić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бојан Мишић; born 29 September 1978) is a Serbian former football goalkeeper.

## Career

Mišić signed for Russian Premier League side FC Khimki on 14 August 2009 until the end of the season. He played with FK Mladost Lučani and FK Mladi Radnik in the Serbian SuperLiga.


Martin Hewitt (police officer)

# Martin Hewitt (police officer)

## Abstract

Martin James Hewitt CBE KPM (born 23 March 1966) is a senior British police officer, who has served as Chairman of the National Police Chiefs' Council from May 2019 to March 2023. On 15 September 2024, Home Secretary Yvette Cooper appointed him as the UK's first Border Security Commander.

## Early life and education

Hewitt was born on 23 March 1966 in London, England. He was educated at the Salesian College, Battersea, an all-boys Catholic grammar school in London. He would later attend the University of Leicester, completing a postgraduate diploma in criminal justice studies in 2000.

Hewitt's first career was in the military, serving in the British Army for seven years. Having attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 11 April 1987. He was promoted to lieutenant on 11 April 1989. He was transferred to the reserve of officers on 31 January 1993, thereby ending his active service.

## Police career

Hewitt moved to the police, joining Kent Police in 1993 and transferring to the Metropolitan Police in 2005. He was awarded the Queen's Police Medal in 2014. He was the Metropolitan Police's Assistant Commissioner (Professionalism) until April 2016, when he became Assistant Commissioner (Territorial Policing). That role was renamed Assistant Commissioner Frontline Policing in 2018, and he held it until the end of that year.

He had been deputy chair of the National Police Chiefs' Council (NPCC) since 2015. He took up his role as chair of the NPCC in April 2019, succeeding Sara Thornton, and with Mark Simmons succeeding him as Assistant Commissioner Frontline Policing. He has also led national-level police responses to kidnap and adult sexual offences. His first interview, in January 2020, as head of the NPCC lays out his approach. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he spoke as part of the government's team for daily briefings.

Hewitt was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to policing.

## Personal life

Hewitt is divorced, with three children.

## Honours


Nathaniel Bar-Jonah

# Nathaniel Bar-Jonah

## Abstract

Nathaniel Benjamin Levi Bar-Jonah (born David Paul Brown; February 15, 1957 – April 13, 2008) was an American convicted child molester and suspected cannibalistic serial killer who was sentenced to 130 years in prison without the possibility of parole after being convicted of the kidnapping, aggravated assault and sexual assault of various children.

## Early life and criminal history

Nathaniel Bar-Jonah was born David Paul Brown in Worcester, Massachusetts, on February 15, 1957, the youngest of three children to aircraft mechanic Phillip Brown and housewife Tyra Brown. When Tyra was three months pregnant with Bar-Jonah, she was involved in a serious car accident when another driver slammed into the back of her vehicle while she was sitting at a red light, resulting in her having to wear a neck brace for the last six months of her pregnancy.

As an infant, Bar-Jonah was described as being inactive and having an insatiable appetite, which resulted in him crying incessantly when he was not otherwise being fed. This caused him to gain so much weight as a baby that he became practically immobile due to his undeveloped muscle tone, and his parents struggled to carry him. Later in life, Bar-Jonah told biographers; "I just love to eat, I can't get enough food, I'm always hungry – that's why I’m fat." Bar-Jonah also appeared to be strongly averse to being touched, and at three weeks old experienced hydrocephalus.

Shortly after Bar-Jonah's birth, his family moved to Lantana, Florida, and stayed there for six years when his father worked for McDonnell Douglas. In 1964 the family moved back to Worcester when Bar-Jonah's father became a heavy equipment mechanic at a local construction firm. According to Bar-Jonah, his father was a strict disciplinarian who frequently beat him with a thick leather belt, due to his fear that his son would grow up to be " queer " and because Bar-Jonah was a kleptomaniac who frequently stole from his siblings and other children.

In late July 1964, before the move back to Massachusetts, a then seven-year-old Bar-Jonah lured a five-year-old female neighbor into his basement, telling her that he had received a Ouija board for his birthday that could predict the future. Once in his basement, Brown attempted to choke the girl. The child's screams attracted the attention of Bar-Jonah's mother, who came to her rescue, but he got off with little to no punishment.

At age 15, Bar-Jonah cut letters and words out of magazines and composed a note that he used to attempt to entice two young boys from Webster to a cemetery, offering them $20 and a surprise. In that case, the mother of the two boys declined to press charges against Bar-Jonah, thinking it would be best if he received psychiatric treatment. The following year, in May 1974, Bar-Jonah attempted to abduct nine-year-old Mary Patrone in Woodstock, Connecticut, but released her when she screamed and resisted.

In March 1975, now aged 17, Bar-Jonah impersonated a police officer in order to abduct eight-year-old Richard O'Conner on his way to school, proceeding to sexually assault and choke the boy. A neighbor, looking out of her window, observed the abduction and notified authorities, who began searching for O'Conner. A patrol car later observed a vehicle matching that used in the abduction parked far away from others in a parking lot, and after calling for backup, ordered Bar-Jonah out of the car. A bloodied O'Conner was found inside the car, having defecated and urinated on himself from the sexual assault, and was near the point of death.

A few days before his high school graduation, Bar-Jonah drove to nearby Hartford, Connecticut, and, again impersonating a police officer, abducted a nine-year-old girl. However, after the child began vomiting and convulsing from the assault, he drove up to a sidewalk and threw the girl out of the car. A nearby witness saw the incident and got Bar-Jonah's license plate, leading to his arrest. News of this assault never reached Bar-Jonah's probation officer, and he was released from parole in May 1976 for his earlier abduction and sexual assault of O'Conner. When Bar-Jonah's probationary period was over, he received a letter thanking him for his "co-operation."

On September 24, 1977, Bar-Jonah, claiming to be an undercover FBI agent, convinced two boys coming out of a movie theater in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, to enter his vehicle. He then transported the boys to a secluded area, where he handcuffed and tortured them. After jumping repeatedly on the chest of one of the boys, the 375-pound (170 kg) Bar-Jonah believed he had killed him, then drove off with the other boy still alive in his trunk. However, the first boy regained consciousness and managed to find help, leading shortly thereafter to Bar-Jonah's arrest; the other boy was found, still alive, in the trunk. For this crime, Bar-Jonah was convicted of attempted murder and received the maximum sentence of eighteen to twenty years at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Concord, but was later transferred to the Bridgewater State Hospital for observation after sharing his violent sexual fantasies with a prison psychologist. At the conclusion of the observation period, Bar-Jonah was sentenced to an indefinite term at Bridgewater.

## Incarceration and release

On March 22, 1984, David Paul Brown legally changed his name to "Nathaniel Benjamin Levi Bar-Jonah." He gave several reasons for changing his name; he told friends and relatives that he wanted to know what it was like to be discriminated against and persecuted as a Jew. During a later 2008 interview with Dr. Michael H. Stone for the television show Most Evil, he claimed he was Jewish and wanted his name to reflect that. In fact, Bar-Jonah's ethnic ancestry was Scandinavian and his parents were both active in the Assemblies of God, a Pentecostal sect, and he did not pursue any further connection to Judaism other than the name change.

Later in 1984, Bar-Jonah, along with two psychologists that had evaluated him, won a parole hearing after the psychologists testified that he was no longer a threat to society. Superior Court Judge Walter Steele ruled that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had failed to prove that Bar-Jonah was dangerous, and ordered him released on February 12, 1991. Administrative issues prevented his release until July of that year. During this time, Bar-Jonah confided in psychiatrists that he fantasized about abducting, murdering and cannibalizing children. A psychiatrist at Bridgewater was apparently informed by Bar-Jonah that his interest in torture had long existed and that his primary means of sexual arousal came from the violent thoughts he entertained. His previous requests petitioning for his release from Bridgewater were initially turned down because his psychiatric evaluations noted his "violent fantasy life, as well as his risk to the community."

On August 9, 1991, just a month after being released from Bridgewater, Bar-Jonah observed a seven-year-old boy sitting alone in a car outside of a post office in Oxford, Massachusetts. Bar-Jonah, who weighed 275 pounds (125 kg) at the time, entered the vehicle and sat on the boy's chest. Some witnesses, along with the boy's mother, observed the event and ran to the boy's rescue, causing Bar-Jonah to flee. An officer recognised Bar-Jonah's description from over fifteen years earlier, and he was later arrested for the attack. At first, Bar-Jonah claimed that he entered the car to get out of the rain, but later admitted that he intended to kill the boy. For the attack, Bar-Jonah was given permission by the Worcester County District Attorney to enter a guilty plea to assault and battery in exchange for a two-year probationary period and the promise that he would move to Great Falls, Montana, to live with his mother.

## Arrest and discovery

On February 6, 1996, ten-year old Zachary Xerxes "Zach" Ramsay left the apartment he shared with his mother at around 7:34 a.m. to attend Whittier School, taking his usual route through an alleyway near the 400 block of north Fourth Street in Great Falls. He never arrived at school. Ramsay was wearing a blue denim jacket with green sleeves, a blue football jersey with his last name imprinted on the back in gold letters, stonewashed jeans and black high-top sneakers. A family of three who lived in an apartment overlooking the alleyway reported seeing Ramsay there that morning, and also reported seeing an off-white, four-door car nearly run him over.

Another witness reported seeing Ramsay standing in the alleyway, appearing to be "waiting for someone." Yet another witness, who lived near the end of the alleyway, reported seeing Ramsay crying with an upset obese adult male following him a few feet behind at about 7:45 a.m. A witness who personally knew Bar-Jonah reported seeing him standing beside a dumpster in the alleyway at 7:15 a.m. while taking out the trash; he was wearing a navy-blue "police-like" jacket. The same witness also reported seeing Ramsay enter the alleyway later and that Bar-Jonah was still standing beside the dumpster.

Somewhere between where the alleyway cuts into Sixth Street and comes out at Seventh, Ramsay disappeared and he was never found. School officials contacted his mother when he failed to report for classes that day. His mother filed a missing person 's report later that afternoon. Detective Bill Bellusci was given a list of local registered sex offenders by the FBI, but focused his suspicion on Bar-Jonah, who was not on the list. Bellusci requested a search warrant for the house where Bar-Jonah and his mother lived after police made an unsuccessful attempt to access the property, but he was denied. Bellusci unsuccessfully solicited a new search warrant. Shortly afterward, Bar-Jonah moved out of his mother's house.

On December 13, 1999, Bar-Jonah was seen outside an elementary school for the third time in a week. He was wearing a dark-blue jacket and a knit cap, and was carrying two cans of pepper spray, a toy gun and badge. Bellusci and the Montana attorney general charged Bar-Jonah with impersonating an officer and for carrying a concealed weapon. A judge approved a search warrant on December 15, for impersonation objects in both Bar-Jonah's new apartment and his mother's house. Police found two coats, one with a toy badge in the pocket; a second toy badge; a stun gun; and a baseball cap reading "Security Enforcement". They also found a pulley on the ceiling of Bar-Jonah's kitchen, two albums with cut-outs of children, a document about knots and bondage and an article on autoerotic asphyxia.

Police investigations conducted years after Ramsay's disappearance determined that Bar-Jonah had access to his mother's off-white, four-door 1978 Toyota Corolla the day he vanished, and that his mother and brother were out of town for a funeral. It was moreover determined that Bar-Jonah did not work on the day of the disappearance, nor on the days immediately preceding.

Two days after the property searches, Bellusci was granted a second search warrant for any documents and photographic material. While searching Bar-Jonah's apartment, detectives found a list of fifty-four boys' names called "Lake Webster," which were later identified as boys from Bar-Jonah's youth in Massachusetts, including three of whom he had been convicted of abducting in the mid-1970s – and a "Zackery Ramsey," followed by the word "DIED." Furthermore, dozens of newspaper clippings were found in Bar-Jonah's apartment following the Ramsay case. Hundreds of thousands of photographs of children, and undeveloped film containing sexual images of Bar-Jonah and three unidentified boys, were also recovered.

A former roommate of Bar-Jonah described finding clothes in his apartment which appeared to match those Ramsay was wearing the day he disappeared, in addition to bloody gloves. Another roommate claimed that Bar-Jonah sometimes spontaneously brought up Ramsay in conversations; once, a few days before he disappeared, and another time when he said that Ramsay would never be found because he had been "chopped up" and the parts scattered in different places. Investigators also found notebooks with seemingly arbitrary characters which were believed to be coded writing. With the help of the FBI, and after months of effort, the writing was decoded; in the notebooks, Bar-Jonah described torturing and eating children; there were also macabre recipes involving children's body parts.

On July 5, 2000, Montana police charged Bar-Jonah with kidnapping and sexual assault, as well as the kidnapping and sexual assault of three other boys, and the murder of Zach Ramsay. Bar-Jonah was held at the Cascade County jail in Great Falls. He pleaded innocent to all of the charges. Prosecutors announced they would be seeking the death penalty.

## Trial, imprisonment and death

Bar-Jonah was prosecuted for the abduction and molestation of three boys and convicted of kidnapping, aggravated assault and sexual assault, including charges that he had tortured one of the boys and hung him from the ceiling. Ramsay's mother was swayed by Bar-Jonah's defense team to testify for them that she believed her son was still alive, which led jurors not to convict Bar-Jonah for his murder, although they were not at all convinced Bar-Jonah was not an extreme child predator and dangerous sexual deviant. During his trial, 36-year-old Mary Patrone recognized Bar-Jonah as the man who had assaulted and attempted to abduct her in 1974. However, the statute of limitations had expired, and Bar-Jonah could not be charged with that crime. Bar-Jonah was sentenced to 130 years in prison. He maintained his innocence up until his death.

Montana authorities were unaware of Bar-Jonah's criminal record in Massachusetts, a fact that was cited by activists campaigning to force former sex offenders to register. In December 2004, the Montana Supreme Court turned down Bar-Jonah's appeals and upheld the conviction and 130-year prison sentence.

Bar-Jonah was found unresponsive in his prison cell on the morning of April 13, 2008. He had been in poor health. His postmortem found significant levels of LDL in his arteries and myocardial infarction was the determined cause of death. Despite the objections of his mother, a judge declared Zachary Ramsay legally dead in 2011.

## Further investigations

### Suspected victims

Although Bar-Jonah was never convicted of Ramsay's abduction and murder, he is still widely believed to have been responsible and is also suspected to have committed additional homicides in Montana because of the findings made in his residences. Evidence shows Bar-Jonah frequently traveled to Massachusetts, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Wyoming, Michigan and Washington State. He was also investigated for possible crimes in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, where he lived at times during the 1990s, but police found no links between him and any unsolved cases.

- Janice Kathryn Pockett, aged 7, vanished on July 26, 1973, at 3:00 p.m. after leaving her Tolland, Connecticut, home to look for a butterfly she had left under a rock in a wooded area on Rhodes Road. A road less than a mile from their house is where her mother discovered her bicycle a half-hour later. After discovering the butterfly, the authorities assumed that Pockett had been kidnapped. Investigators believe Bar-Jonah may have been involved in her case after it was discovered that he lived twenty miles away, in Webster, Massachusetts, at the time she disappeared. He would have been only sixteen years old when Janice vanished, but Pockett's disappearance occurred only ten months prior to his attempted abduction of nine-year-old Mary Patrone in Woodstock, Connecticut.

- When detectives sprayed Bar-Jonah's garage with a phosphorus chemical while investigating the Ramsay disappearance, the word "Tita" appeared, which led authorities to believe that he may have been responsible for the abduction of fifteen-year-old James Teta, a Massachusetts youth. At 11:30 a.m. on August 23, 1973, Teta left his home on Suffolk Avenue in Revere, Massachusetts, to hitchhike to Boston. He was last seen two hours later near Boston's Government Center. Teta's body was discovered on August 25, in woodland near a desolate stretch of roadway in Rindge, New Hampshire, off of Route 119. His body was nude and an autopsy revealed that he had been raped and strangled. His case remains unsolved.

- Four-year-old Andrew John Amato resided in a mobile home on Richards Avenue in Webster, Massachusetts. On the morning of September 30, 1978, Amato spent the day playing with his sister, aged 7, and their cousin, aged 6, in the woods behind the neighboring Ash Street Trailer Park. Without his sister, Amato and his cousin ventured further into the woods. Amato eventually fell and hurt himself, dropped and misplaced his favorite toy, and then started sobbing and running in circles. Amato refused to leave without the toy. By 10:30 a.m., Amato's cousin advised him to remain where he was and went back to the house to get help. Nevertheless, by the time they got back to the woods, Amato had vanished. He has not been seen or heard from since. About fifty yards from Road 52, which is now Interstate 395, the boy vanished. Some people theorize that he wandered over to the road and was picked up by a passing motorist. Bar-Jonah was investigated for possible involvement in Amato's case.

- Another case tentatively linked to Bar-Jonah was the unsolved disappearance of fourteen-year-old Amanda Dawn Gallion. On the morning of October 13, 1997, Gallion left her home on her bicycle en route to school at approximately 7:15 a.m., disappearing along the way. She was often mistaken for a boy in her Gillette, Wyoming, neighborhood. Bar-Jonah arrived in Gillette on the night of October 12, where he stayed at a small motel on the outskirts of town, and was back in his Montana residence by the following night. Gallion's bicycle was subsequently discovered along the side of the road off Interstate 90. Gallion's social security number has not been used since her disappearance.

### Allegations of cannibalism

Bar-Jonah's earliest interest in cannibalism can be traced to his childhood. Beginning at about the age of 6, he would pick at his scabs until they bled, then proceed to suck on the blood from the wound. School authorities would call his mother numerous times to notify her that his habit was upsetting to the teachers and students. When he was incarcerated in Montana State Prison, many of the staff and prisoners observed him perform the same habit. One guard reported that once Bar-Jonah had a scab in his mouth that he "appeared to be having sex." While incarcerated at Bridgewater State Hospital, Bar-Jonah confided in psychiatrists about his murderous and cannibalistic ideations. One therapist noted that his "sexual fantasies, bizarre in nature, outline methods of torture extend... to dissection and cannibalism" and that he "express a curiosity about the taste of human flesh."

Although Bar-Jonah was known to be a voracious eater, who weighed in excess of 300 pounds (140 kg), financial records indicated that he had not made any significant grocery store purchases for nearly a month after Ramsay disappeared. However, he could have also paid for any groceries using cash or have been well-stocked on food and meat. After Ramsay's disappearance, Bar-Jonah also began to hold cookouts in which he was reported to serve burgers, spaghetti, chili, meat pies, casseroles and the like to guests. At many of these cookouts, a number of persons told Bar-Jonah that the meat had a peculiar taste to it; his response was that he had gone deer hunting and used venison in the dishes. However, Bar-Jonah did not own a rifle or a hunting license, nor had he been deer hunting at any time. To one woman, who told Bar-Jonah that she found the taste of his meat to be repulsive, he replied that he had personally "hunted, killed, butchered and wrapped the meat" of the deer. He would later be accused of molesting this woman's son.

During the timeframe of Ramsay's disappearance, Bar-Jonah held a part-time job in the kitchen at Malmstrom Air Force Base and another at a Hardee's fast-food restaurant in downtown Great Falls, leading to speculation that he could have used his position at these two jobs to further get rid of evidence by feeding it to unsuspecting military personnel and customers, but there was never sufficient evidence to prove such an assertion. In Bar-Jonah's apartment, detectives also found a number of recipes using children's body parts with titles such as "little boy pot pie," "french fried kid" and phrases such as "lunch is served on the patio with roasted child" and "Barbecue bee sum young guy." In the decoded journals, Bar-Jonah also referenced serving these recipes to neighbors.

During a search at one of Bar-Jonah's previous residences in Great Falls, authorities dug up portions of the garage and sifted through nearly two tons of dirt in which they found twenty-one fragments of human bones. Although it was eventually determined that the bones were those of an unidentified African-American child, a boy believed to be between the ages of 8 and 13, DNA analysis showed that the bones were not those of Ramsay and the DNA sample also did not match human hair found in Bar-Jonah's kitchen. When investigators decided that they wanted to examine the sewer pipes beneath the house in which Bar-Jonah had previously resided, they were told by the owner that the pipes had all been replaced after Bar-Jonah moved out because they were always getting clogged.


# TNA Knockouts World Tag Team Championship

## Abstract

The TNA Knockouts World Tag Team Championship is a women's professional wrestling tag team championship owned by the professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It is contested for mainly by teams consisting of two female wrestlers in TNA, known as the TNA Knockouts; however, the championship was once held by a male. The current champions are Spitfire (Dani Luna and Jody Threat) in their second reign as a team and individually.

The creation of the championship was announced on August 20, 2009, during a backstage segment on TNA's primary television program TNA Impact!. Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won via the result of a scripted match. Sarita and Taylor Wilde were the inaugural champions. They won a four-week tournament to be crowned the first champions. The longest reigning champions were Eric Young and ODB, who held the titles for a record 478 days before the 2013 deactivation of the titles due to Eric Young being a male talent.

On October 24, 2020, at Bound For Glory, the revival of the titles were officially announced by Madison Rayne, with a tournament to award the revived championships taking place. On January 16, 2021, the tournament finals were won by Fire 'N Flava (Kiera Hogan and Tasha Steelz) at Hard To Kill.

## History

TNA Knockout (formerly Impact Knockout), or just Knockout for short, is the term used by TNA's Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (formerly Impact Wrestling) to refer to its onscreen female employees; this is similar to World Wrestling Entertainment and the Divas pseudonym they then used. In October 2007 at TNA's Bound for Glory PPV event, TNA established their first women's championship, with Gail Kim winning a 10 knockout gauntlet match to become the first TNA Women's Knockout Champion.

On the August 20, 2009 episode of Impact!, backstage interviewer Lauren, who was standing with and about to interview Christy Hemme, Tara, Taylor Wilde, and Sarita, announced that TNA were planning to host an eight-team single elimination tag team tournament to crown the first-ever TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions. After a four-way match consisting of Hemme, Traci Brooks, Sarita, and Awesome Kong, TNA commentators Mike Tenay and Taz announced that the tournament would begin on the August 27 episode of Impact!. The first champions were crowned at No Surrender, where Sarita and Taylor Wilde defeated The Beautiful People.

During the first years of the title, it was vacated twice due to one half of the champions being released. On March 8, 2010, Awesome Kong left TNA after an incident with Bubba the Love Sponge. In December of that year, Hamada was released. On February 28, 2011, ODB and Eric Young defeated Gail Kim and Madison Rayne to win the titles. Young also became the only male to win the championship. They only defended the titles two times, but held the belts for 478 days. On the June 20, 2013 episode of Impact Wrestling, Knockouts Division Executive Brooke Hogan stripped ODB and Young of the title because Young is a male. This ultimately resulted in the titles being deactivated.

On October 24, 2020 at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view, Madison Rayne announced that after nearly eight years of inactivity, Impact Wrestling would revive the Knockouts Tag Team Championship. It was also announced that an eight-team tournament would take place over the next two months to determine the next champions. The brackets were announced in November, with the final taking place at the Hard To Kill pay-per-view on January 16, 2021. At the event, Fire 'N Flava (Kiera Hogan and Tasha Steelz) defeated Havok and Nevaeh in the tournament final to win the revived titles.

## Championship Tournaments

### Inaugural championship tournament (2009)

* Madison Rayne had rejoined the Beautiful People and replaced Angelina Love due to her release prior to the finals.

### Vacated championship tournament (2010)

On the December 9, 2010, edition of Impact! TNA vacated the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, after one half of the previous champions, Hamada, had been released by the promotion, and set up a four–team tournament to determine new champions. The finals of the tournament would take place on the December 23 edition of Impact!.

* Winter replaced Velvet Sky, who had been attacked backstage by Sarita.

## Championship belt designs

The original design of the Knockout Tag Team Championship from years 2009 to 2013 has red leather, gold center and side plates with red and black designing and wording in the middle of the center of the gold middle plate that says Knockouts Tag Team TNA Wrestling Champions that is in those colors only with red and white diamonds in the middle and on the side plates as well with a shape of a world on each side plates. (This design of the title has one side plate on each side and one center plate equivalent to 3-plates total. / The TNA sign stood for the company being named TNA-Total Nonstop Action Wrestling during that time instead of Impact Wrestling which is the present company's name.)

## Reigns

Overall, there have been 25 reigns shared between 32 wrestlers and 20 teams. The inaugural champions were Sarita and Wilde, who defeated The Beautiful People (Rayne and Sky) in the finals of an eight-team tournament to crown the first TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions. At 478 days, Eric Young and ODB hold the record for the longest reign in the title's history. Jordynne Grace 's and Rachael Ellering 's reign holds the record for the shortest reign in the title's history at 20 days. Young is the first and only male wrestler to have held the title.

Spitfire (Dani Luna and Jody Threat) are the current champions in their second reign as a team and individually. They defeated Masha Slamovich and Tasha Steelz (standing in for the injured Alisha Edwards) on September 13, 2024 at Victory Road in San Antonio, Texas to win the titles.


Dark triad

# Dark triad

## Abstract

The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002, that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy. Each of these personality types is called dark because each is considered to contain malevolent qualities.

All three dark triad traits are conceptually distinct although empirical evidence shows them to be overlapping. They are associated with a callous–manipulative interpersonal style.

- Narcissism is characterized by grandiosity, pride, egotism, and a lack of empathy.

- Machiavellianism is characterized by the manipulation and exploitation of others, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a calculated focus on self-interest.

- Psychopathy is characterized by continuous antisocial behavior, impulsivity, selfishness, callous and unemotional traits (CU), and remorselessness.

High scores in these traits have been found to statistically increase a person's likelihood to commit crimes, cause social distress, and create severe problems for organizations, especially if they are in leadership positions. They also tend to be less compassionate, agreeable, empathetic, and satisfied with their lives, and less likely to believe they and others are good. However, the same traits are also associated with some positive outcomes, such as mental toughness and being more likely to embrace challenges.

A factor analysis found that among the big five personality traits, low agreeableness is the strongest correlate of the dark triad, while neuroticism and a lack of conscientiousness were associated with some of the dark triad members. Research indicates that there is a consistent association between changes in agreeableness and the dark triad traits over the course of an individual's life.

## History

In 1998, John McHoskey, William Worzel, and Christopher Szyarto provoked a controversy by claiming that narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are more or less interchangeable in normal samples. Delroy L. Paulhus and McHoskey debated these perspectives at a subsequent American Psychological Association conference, inspiring a body of research that continues to grow in the published literature. Paulhus and Kevin Williams found enough behavioral, personality, and cognitive differences between the traits to suggest that they were distinct constructs; however, they concluded that further research was needed to elucidate how and why they overlap. While some psychologists argue that Machiavellianism seems to be indistinguishable from psychopathy and that scales of Machiavellianism seem to measure the psychopathy construct, there is enough evidence to suggest that they are two separate traits, as Paulhus notes that psychopaths are impulsive and careless, which is opposed to the behavior of High Machs who are calculating and plan for the long term.

## Components

The dark triad traits have significant theoretical and empirical overlap. All three traits share characteristics such as a lack of empathy, interpersonal hostility, and interpersonal offensiveness.

A number of measures have been developed to measure all three dark triad traits simultaneously, such as the Dirty Dozen and the Short Dark Triad (SD3). Most of these measures are questionnaire-style and either self-response or observer-response (e.g., ratings from supervisors or coworkers as measured by the Dark Informant-Rated Triad). Both methods can prove problematic when attempting to measure any socially-aversive trait. Self-responders may be motivated to lie, and with observer responses—particularly for Machiavellianism—individuals who are skilled at deceiving and manipulating others should be perceived as low in deceptiveness and manipulation by others, resulting in inaccurate ratings.

One study claimed that the Dirty Dozen gives mixed results on the construct validity of previous studies done on it. To show this, the study used a sample of over 3000 people and measured the convergent validity of the traits to other measures and questionnaires. They then used the Item Response Theory to analyze all of the results. This showed that there was an uneven distribution in the traits and that the scale was better at revealing Machiavellianism and psychopathy than narcissism.

Despite these challenges and the acknowledged commonalities among the dark triad traits, there is evidence that the three traits are distinct.

### Narcissism

Individuals who score high on narcissism display grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, and superiority. Narcissism has been found to correlate positively with extraversion and openness and negatively with agreeableness. Narcissism has also been found to have a significant correlation with psychopathy.

Assessment of narcissism required clinical interviews until the popular Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was created by Raskin and Hall in 1979. Since the NPI, several other measures have emerged which attempt to provide self-report alternatives for personality disorder assessment. In addition, new instruments have been developed to study pathological narcissism as opposed to grandiose narcissism, which is what many argue the NPI measures.

### Machiavellianism

People who score high on this trait, conceptualized in 1970 by psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis, are callous, unprincipled, and are excessively motivated by self-interest. They view interpersonal manipulation as the key for life success, and behave accordingly. Individuals who are measured to have a high level of Machiavellianism tend to have low agreeableness and conscientiousness.

The original published version of the Mach-IV is the most widely used measure in empirical research.

### Psychopathy

Psychopathy is considered the most malevolent of the dark triad. Individuals who score high on psychopathy show low levels of empathy and high levels of impulsivity and thrill-seeking. With respect to the Big Five personality factors, psychopathy has been found to correlate negatively with agreeableness and conscientiousness.

Robert Hare revolutionized the study of psychopathy with his Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), and its revision (PCL-R). Hare noted that asking psychopaths to self-report on psychologically important matters does not necessarily provide accurate or unbiased data. However, efforts have been made to study psychopathy in the dimensional realm using self-reported instruments, as with the Levenson Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales, The Psychopathic Personality Inventory, and the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale.

## Other forms

Other groupings of dark personality traits have been proposed.

### Dark tetrad

Several researchers have suggested that sadism should be considered a fourth dark trait. While sadism is highly correlated with the dark triad, researchers have shown that sadism predicts anti-social behavior beyond the dark triad. Sadism shares common characteristics with psychopathy and antisocial behavior (lack of empathy, readiness for emotional involvement, inflicting suffering), although Reidy et al. (2011) showed that sadism distinctively predicted unprovoked aggression separate from psychopathy.

Furthermore, sadism predicted delinquent behavior separately from the other dark triad traits when evaluating high school students.

Harmful behavior against living creatures, brutal and destructive amoral dispositions, and criminal recidivism were additionally more prominently predicted by sadism than psychopathic traits.

Studies on how sadists gain pleasure from cruelty to subjects were applied towards testing people who possessed dark triad traits. Results showed that only people exhibiting traits of sadism derived a sense of pleasure from acts of cruelty, concluding that sadism encompasses distinctly cruel traits not covered by the rest of the dark triad, therefore deserving of its position within the dark tetrad.

### Vulnerable dark triad

The vulnerable dark triad comprises three related and similar constructs: vulnerable narcissism, secondary psychopathy, and borderline personality traits. A study found that these three constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks. Although the vulnerable dark triad members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition.

According to both research and theory, persons who are highly affected by the Dark Triad are influenced by external, controllable factors. On the contrary, those who are high in the Vulnerable Dark Triad (VDT) are driven by internal, embedded desires.

## Unification of traits

Researchers who criticize the dark triad model note that many of the theoretical characteristics that is stated to separate Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism from each other do not appear in empirical research. Machiavellianism in particular is stated to be distinguished from psychopathy in better impulse control and in the ability to form strategic long term plans, but Machiavellianism has also been correlated with reckless behavior in certain situations. Much of the traits within measures of psychopathy already include Machiavellianism and narcissism. For example, Machiavellianism is featured in most of the Factor 1 traits in the PCL-R, in the "Interpersonal Manipulation" factor within the Hare’s Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-III, and in the "Manipulation" scale in the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Narcissism is featured within the Psychopathy Checklist as "Grandiose sense of self worth". Machiavellianism and psychopathy also share the nearly exact same correlations between the Big Five personality traits, which led one research team to conclude that the results of the study supported McHoskey's claim that Machiavellianism ‘‘is a global measure of Psychopathy in non-institutionalized populations.’’ Even a recent study from 2016 notes that Machiavellianism seems to be indistinguishable from psychopathy and that scales of Machiavellianism seem to measure the psychopathy construct. Because of these issues, researchers have proposed that the dark triad traits be merged into one singular construct. Narcissism has also been viewed as interchangeable with Machiavellianism.

## Psychiatric disorders

Psychopathy and narcissism both have their clinical counterparts recognized by psychiatrists, known as narcissistic personality disorder (or NPD) and antisocial personality disorder (or ASPD). Given the dimensional model of narcissism and psychopathy, these traits are present at the subclinical level, meaning that they are present in the general population as opposed to clinical settings. People with subclinical traits can be identified using self-report assessments that are appropriate for the general population. In the general population, the prevalence rates for sub-clinical and clinical psychopathy are estimated at 1% and 0.2%, respectively.

Machiavellianism is not referenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It has been treated as strictly a personality construct.

## Behaviors

### In the workplace

Oliver James identifies each of the three dark triadic personality traits as typically being prevalent in the workplace. Furnham (2010) has identified that the dark triad is related to the acquisition of leadership positions and interpersonal influence. In a meta-analysis of dark triad and workplace outcomes, Jonason and colleagues (2012) found that each of the dark triad traits were related to manipulation in the workplace, but each via unique mechanisms. Specifically, Machiavellianism was related with the use of excessive charm in manipulation, narcissism was related with the use of physical appearance, and psychopathy was related with physical threats. Jonason and colleagues also found that the dark triad traits fully mediated the relationship between gender and workplace manipulation. All three dark triad traits lead to knowledge sabotage. The dark triad traits have also been found to be fairly well-represented in upper-level management and CEOs.

### Internet trolls

Recent studies have found that people who are identified as internet trolls tend to have dark personality traits and show signs of sadism, antisocial behavior, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The 2013 case study suggested that there are a number of similarities between anti-social and flame trolling activities, and the 2014 survey indicated that trolling is a manifestation of everyday sadism. Both studies suggest that this trolling may be linked to bullying in both adolescents and adults. A 2021 study found that the dark triad's influence may be mediated by malicious motives, and that there is no strong connection between having these traits and engaging in trolling.

### Crime

Adolescents who score higher in dark triad traits show higher amounts of violent delinquency, specifically with interpersonal violence. Individuals with low self control and dark triad traits showed more overall delinquency, however higher self control lowered the delinquency. Another study found that those who have admitted to stealing at some point in their life score higher on Machiavellianism and primary and secondary psychopathy. Those higher in psychopathy and Machiavellianism were shown to predict psychological abuse with intimate partner violence, however agreeableness was found to be the main factor.

### Cyber crime

There is a clear distinction in the methods of a cyber attack between each part of the dark triad. Psychopathy correlated with faster speeds of persistence and exploitation; narcissism correlated with faster privilege escalation, persistence, and extraction; and Machiavellianism correlated with stealth. Individuals with higher levels of psychopathy are more likely to engage in cyber bullying, with some correlation to both narcissism and Machiavellianism. Individuals with dark triad traits were also found to be more likely to commit acts of online fraud, with each trait having different impacts on factors. Machiavellianism has impacts on opportunity and motivation; psychopathy has impacts on rationalization; and narcissism has impacts on perceptions of motivation and capabilities.

### Ideology

Dark triad characteristics correlate with support for various extremist ideologies. Support for the alt-right, which is prolifically associated with online trolling and harassment, and politically correct authoritarianism both correlate with all three traits as well as measures of entitlement. To a lesser extent, support for a more liberal form of political correctness correlates negatively with psychopathy. Dark triad characteristics correlate positively with out-group threat perceptions, anti-immigrant prejudice, and social dominance orientation, a psychological disposition toward group-based supremacy. Costello et al (2022) found that left - and right-wing authoritarianism correlate similarly with psychopathy.

### Sex and relationships

Psychologists looked at how dark triad traits affected individuals in their romantic relationships. In most cases these traits cause people to have shorter-term relationships. The people who tend to be higher in these traits will be in relationship types such as "One-night stand, which is when you have sexual relations with the person only once", "hookups", "friends with benefits, which is when there is a relationship with a friend but do not define the relationship as a romantic one", "booty calls, solicitation from a non-long-term relationship for the intent of sexual relations". People who score high in dark triad traits tend to be less likely to have long-lasting relationships, and report lower relationship satisfaction. They are also more willing to terminate relationships than people who score lower on the dark triad.

According to a study published in 2020, it is likely that men who embody the dark tetrad are well-represented among the clientele of prostitutes. However, "there is a dearth of research on the personality characteristics that typify men who buy sex from those who do not", while other researchers have argued that there "is no evidence of a peculiar quality that differentiates customers in general from men who have not paid for sex."

## Origins

### Genetics and environment

In a similar manner to research on the Big Five personality traits, twin studies have been conducted in an effort to understand the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the development of dark triad traits.

All three traits of the dark triad have been found to have substantial genetic components. It has also been found that the observed relationships between the three traits, and with the Big Five, are strongly driven by individual differences in genes. Within the triad, psychopathy and narcissism have both been found to be more inheritable than Machiavellianism.

Environmental factors contribute to the development of dark triad traits, although they have less influence than genetics. During childhood and adolescence, environmental factors that are not shared with siblings (such as friends or extracurricular activities) contribute to all three dark triad traits. However, only Machiavellianism is related to environmental factors that are shared with siblings. The results of a study among German adolescents reveal a positive association between the experience of parental rejection by both parents and punishment as well as parental control and overprotection and Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. Some researchers have interpreted these findings to mean that, of the three, Machiavellianism is the trait most likely to be influenced by the environment.

### Evolution

Evolutionary theory may also explain the development of dark triad traits. Despite the relationship of these traits with clinical disorders, some argue that adaptive qualities may accompany the maladaptive ones; their frequency in the gene pool requires at least some local adaptation. The everyday versions of these traits appear in student and community samples, where even high levels can be observed among individuals who manage to get along in daily life. Even in these samples, research indicates correlations with aggression, racism, and bullying among other forms of social aversiveness.

It has been argued that evolutionary behavior predicts not only the development of dark triad personalities, but also the flourishing of such personalities. Indeed, it has been found that individuals demonstrating dark triad personality can be highly successful in society. However, this success is typically short-lived. The main evolutionary argument behind the dark triad traits emphasizes mating strategies. This argument is based on life history theory, which proposes that individuals differ in reproductive strategies; an emphasis on mating is termed a "fast life" strategy, while an emphasis on parenting is termed a "slow reproductive" strategy. There is some evidence that the dark triad traits are related to fast life history strategies; however, there have been some mixed results, and not all three dark triad traits have been related to this strategy. A more detailed approach has attempted to account for some of these mixed results by analyzing the traits at a finer level of detail. These researchers found that while some components of the dark triad are related to a fast life strategy, other components are related to slow reproductive strategies.

#### Accelerated mating strategy

Studies have suggested that, on average, those who exhibit the dark triad of personality traits have an accelerated mating strategy, reporting more sex partners, more favorable attitudes towards casual sex, lowered standards in their short-term mates, a tendency to steal or poach mates from others, more risk-taking in the form of substance abuse, a tendency to prefer immediate but smaller amounts of money over delayed but larger amounts of money, limited self-control and greater incidence of ADHD symptoms, and a pragmatic and game-playing romance style. These traits have been identified as part of a strategy that appears to be enacted by an exploitative, opportunistic, and protean approach to life in general and at work.

The evidence is mixed regarding the exact link between the dark triad and reproductive success. For example, there is a lack of empirical evidence for reproductive success in the case of psychopathy. Additionally, these traits are not universally short-term-oriented nor are they all impulsive. Furthermore, much of the research reported pertaining to the dark triad cited in the above paragraph is based on statistical procedures that assume the dark triad is a single construct, in spite of genetic and meta-analytic evidence to the contrary.

#### Physical attractiveness

Several academic studies have found evidence that people with dark triad personalities are judged as slightly better-looking than average on first sight. Two studies have determined that this is because people with dark triad traits put more effort into their appearance, and the difference in attractiveness disappears when "dressed down" with bland clothing and without makeup. Two more studies found that only narcissistic subjects were judged to be better-looking, but the other dark triad traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy had no correlation with looks. Facial features associated with dark triad traits tend to be rated as less attractive.

## Group differences

### Gender

The most pronounced group difference is in gender: numerous studies have shown that men tend to score higher than women on narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, although the magnitude of the difference varies across traits, the measurement instruments, and the age of the participants. One interesting finding related to narcissism—albeit one based on non-representative samples—is that while men continue to score higher than women, it seems that the gender gap has shrunk considerably when comparing cohort data from 1992 and 2006. More specifically, the aforementioned findings indicate that there has been a general increase in levels of narcissism over time among college students of both sexes, but comparatively, the average level of narcissism in women has increased more than the average level of narcissism in men. When looking at the Dirty Dozen measurement, one study found that men generally scored higher in narcissism and psychopathy than women, and that there was little variance between sex for Machiavellianism. One explanation was that the traditional gender roles in society contribute to these differences. A different study in 2017, using three separate samples of adults from northern Italy and an Italian version of the Dirty Dozen measurement, found that the difference in scores between men and women are not caused by measurement errors. It also found that men scored much higher than women in Machiavellianism and psychopathy than in narcissism.

### Race

There is far less information available on race differences in dark triad traits, and the data that is available is not representative of the population at-large. For instance, a 2008 research study using undergraduate participants found that Caucasians reported higher levels of narcissism relative to Asians. Similarly, another 2008 study using undergraduate participants found that Caucasians tended to score slightly higher than non-Caucasians on Machiavellianism. When attempting to discern whether there are ethnic differences in psychopathy, researchers have addressed the issue using different measurement instruments (e.g., the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and The Psychopathic Personality Inventory), but no race differences have been found regardless of the measure used. Additionally, when comparing Caucasians and African Americans from correctional, substance abuse, and psychiatric samples—groups with typically high prevalence rates of psychopathy—researchers again failed to find any meaningful group differences in psychopathy. However, in controversial research conducted by Richard Lynn, a substantial racial difference in psychopathy was found. Lynn proposes "that there are racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality conceptualised as a continuously distributed trait, such that high values of the trait are present in blacks and Native Americans, intermediate values in Hispanics, lower values in whites and the lowest values in East Asians." However this research has been heavily criticized for not distinguishing between psychopathy and other anti-social behaviors, confusing between personality and behavioral concepts of psychopathy and presuming rather than demonstrating genetic or evolutionary causes for supposed disparities.

### Generational differences

Based on analyses of responses to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory collected from over 16,000 U.S. undergraduate students between 1979 and 2006, it was concluded that average levels of narcissism had increased over time. Similar results were obtained in a follow-up study that analyzed the changes within each college campus. However, a 2017 study found little evidence of strong or widespread cohort-linked changes in disposition or behavioral strategies, although they did find some indications that the current generation is more cynical and less trusting.

An alternative perspective explored group differences in the dark triad and how they relate to positive emotion. Applying structural equation modeling and Latent Profile Analysis, a type of mixture model, to establish patterns in UK, US, and Canadian students, four groups were found: "unhappy but not narcissistic", "vulnerable narcissism", "happy non-narcissism" and "grandiose narcissism". Some extrapolations on how a person might deal with these groups of individuals in practice have been suggested.

## Relationship to other personality models

### Big Five

The five factor model of personality has significant relationships with the dark triad combined and with each of the dark triad's traits. The dark triad overall is negatively related to both agreeableness and conscientiousness. More specifically, Machiavellianism captures a suspicious versus trusting view of human nature which is also captured by the Trust sub-scale on the agreeableness trait. Extraversion captures similar aspects of assertiveness, dominance, and self-importance as narcissism. Narcissism also is positively related to the achievement striving and competence aspects of Conscientiousness. Psychopathy has the strongest correlations with low dutifulness and deliberation aspects of Conscientiousness.

### Honesty–humility

The honesty–humility factor from the HEXACO model of personality is used to measure sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty. Honesty–Humility has been found to be strongly negatively correlated to the dark triad traits. Likewise, all three dark triad traits are strongly negatively correlated with Honesty–Humility. The conceptual overlap of the three traits which represents a tendency to manipulate and exploit others for personal gain defines the negative pole of the honesty–humility factor. Typically, any positive effects from the Dark Triad and low Honesty–Humility occur at the individual level, that is, any benefits are conferred onto the one with the traits (e.g., successful mating, obtainment of leadership positions) and not onto others or society at large.

### Light triad

Influenced by the dark triad, Scott Barry Kaufman proposed a light triad of personality traits: humanism, Kantianism, and faith in humanity. High scorers on humanism are more likely to value others' dignity and self worth. High scorers on Kantianism are more likely to see others as people, not as a means to an end. High scorers for faith in humanity are more likely to believe others are fundamentally good. When comparing individuals who take both dark triad and light triad tests, the average person was more likely to exhibit light triad traits. This test is not an inversion of dark triad tests, as Kaufman instead focused on developing characteristics that were conceptually opposite from the dark triad. A reliable measure of the light triad traits was developed, and demonstrated that they are not simply the opposite of the dark triad's Big Five and HEXACO model traits. The light triad predicts positive and negative outcomes regarding Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility personality traits, and expands on understanding the dark triad as a useful contrasting analog.

Individuals who score high on light triad traits also report higher levels of religiosity, spirituality, life satisfaction, acceptance of others, belief that they and others are good, compassion, empathy, self-esteem, authenticity, sense of self, positive enthusiasm, having a quiet ego, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. Additionally, those who score higher on the light triad scale are intellectually curious, secure in their attachments to others, and more tolerant to other perspectives. These individuals typically have less motives for achievement and self-enhancement (even though the light triad was positively related to productivity and competence). In contrast to the character strengths of the dark triad, the light triad was uncorrelated with bravery or assertiveness. Lack of such characteristics may be problematic for individuals attempting to reach more challenging goals and fully self-actualizing.

### Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour

The Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour is a catalogue of 2,400 words descriptive of personality, emotion and behaviour. The words in the catalogue were scored according to a two dimensional matrix taxonomy with orthogonal dimensions of affiliation and dominance. Adjectives representing the behavioural patterns described by the Dark Triad were scored according to the atlas and visualised using kernel density plots in two dimensions. The atlas clearly delineates the three components of the Dark Triad, narcissism (Yellow), Machiavellianism (blue), and psychopathy (red).


D12 World

# D12 World

## Abstract

D12 World is the second studio album by American hip-hop group D12, released on April 27, 2004. The album sold 544,000 copies in its first week on the U.S. Billboard 200. The album is also the last D12 release to feature Proof before his death in 2006, and the second D12 album to feature Bugz on a track.

## Background

In memory of Bugz, who was killed prior to a concert on May 21, 1999, the group recorded the track "Good Die Young" in memory of him. The album also includes a skit entitled "Bugz '97", which is a 1997 recording of Bugz, originally taken from the song "Desperados". The group was often overshadowed by Eminem 's massive success, and as such, the group toured without him for promotion of the album (but the album still reached the top of the US Billboard chart). At the time, Eminem was busy recording Encore. Although shadowed by Eminem's success, members Bizarre and Proof managed to prevail with mildly successful solo careers following D12 World, with the releases of Hannicap Circus and Searching for Jerry Garcia, respectively, in 2005. Before the album's release, "6 in the Morning" was featured on Eminem's 2003 mixtape Straight from the Lab and was entitled "Come On In". Group member Kuniva stated in a podcast that most of Denaun's verses were recorded in his home studio as opposed to with the rest of the group, due to frequent arguments with Proof.

## Production

The album was executively produced by Eminem, who also handled most of the audio production for the album along with Denaun Porter, Dr. Dre, Essman, Hi-Tek, Kanye West, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo, Night & Day, Red Spyda, Trackboyz and Witt & Pep. Guest appearances on the album included Obie Trice, Dina Rae, Young Zee and B-Real.

## Commercial performance

D12 World debuted at the top of the US, UK, Irish, Canadian, Australian and NZ albums charts. It debuted at number 2 in Germany and also in the top 5 in Switzerland and Norway. It debuted in the top 10 in Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

It sold about 544,000 records in its first week of release in the United States alone. Debuting at number one on the Billboard 200, the album ended the first five-week run of singer Usher 's best-selling album, Confessions. On the week of May 22, 2004, Usher's Confessions regained the Billboard 200's number-one spot, sending D12 World to number two. The album went on to have the best performing first-week sales for a hip hop release of that year until the release of Eminem's Encore that November. Ultimately the album was certified double platinum, having a twenty-eight week stay on the chart overall.

The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with approximately 76,666 copies sold during the first week of release. Ultimately the album was certified platinum; total sales of the album stand at 323,649 as of December 2017.

" My Band ", the first single, was also successful, reaching number one in Australia and on the US Rhythmic Top 40, the Top 5 in the UK and Germany, and Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Critical reception

Upon release, D12 World received mixed reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 58, based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

## Track listing

Notes

- signifies an additional producer.

- signifies a co-producer.

- The skit "Bugz" is taken from the song "Desperados", performed by DJ Butter, Eminem, Proof, Bugz & the Almighty Dreadnaughtz.

- The song "Just Like U" does not appear on the clean version of the album.

- The song "Get My Gun" is an unlockable song in the 2006 open-world game Scarface: The World Is Yours.

- The song "Barbershop" can be found on the Barbershop 2: Back in Business soundtrack.

- The clean version of the album allows "ass" to be uncensored but few uses of the word "hell", some references to alcohol use, most references to drugs, sexual content, and violence are edited out, although all sound effects remain intact.

- The song "6 In The Morning (Come On In)" was leaked in the bootleg mixtape Straight From The Lab

Sample credits

- The song "Git Up" contains a sample from " The Name Game " by Shirley Ellis

- The song "Just Like U" contains a sample from "Sir Galahad" by Rick Wakeman.

- The song "U R the One" contains a sample from "Girl Callin'" by Chocolate Milk

- The song "Good Die Young" contains a sample from " Screen Kiss " by Thomas Dolby

- The song "Keep Talkin'" contains samples from "Tortuga" by Starwood and " Halftime " by Nas

## Personnel

- B-Real – Guest Appearance

- Steve Baughman – Mixing

- Rondell Beene – Skit

- Bizarre – Skit

- Joe Borges – Assistant

- Bugz – Skit

- Tony Campana – Engineer

- Richard Castro – Skit

- Larry Chatman – Project Coordinator

- Mike "Chav" Chavarria – Engineer

- D12 – Group

- Dr. Dre – Producer, Mixing

- Mike Elizondo – Keyboards

- Eminem – Producer, Executive Producer, Mixing, Skit

- Essman – Producer

- 50 Cent – Skit

- Brian "Big Bass" Gardener – Mastering

- Marcus Heisser – A&R

- Richard Hunt – Engineer

- Steven King – Bass, Guitar, Engineer, Mixing, Skit

- Kuniva – Skit

- Marc Labelle – A&R

- Tracy McNew – A&R

- Riggs Morales – A&R

- Night and Day – Producer

- Red Spyda – Keyboards, Producer

- Luis Resto – Keyboards, Producer

- Michael Strange – Engineer

- Obie Trice – Guest Appearance

- Sacha Waldman – Photography

- Young Zee – Skit

- Kanye West – Producer

- Paul Williams - Songwriter

- J.R. Rotem - Keyboards, Songwriter

## Charts


Church arson

# Church arson

## Abstract

Church arson is burning or attempting to burn religious property, because empty churches are soft targets, racial hatred, pyromania, prejudice against certain religious beliefs, greed, or as part of communal violence or dissent or anti-religious sentiment.

In the United States, arson of black churches was common in the south during the civil rights era. Arson continued in the 1990s, damaging many black churches. Congress passed the Church Arson Prevention Act in 1996, and President Bill Clinton formed the National Church Arson Task Force due to a sharp increase in church arson. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) was created as a division of the Treasury Department in 1972 to investigate arson (it is now a part of the Department of Justice).

## By country

### Australia

In 2015, St. James Roman Catholic Church in Brighton, Melbourne was burnt to the ground after allegations of sexual abuse came out regarding former Roman Catholic priest Ronald Pickering. Australian actress Rachel Griffiths, formerly a member of the church, said she was 'quite elated'.

St. Mary's Catholic Church in Dandenong, also connected to Pickering, was burnt as well. St. Mary's Church in St Kilda East was damaged by a suspicious fire after being connected to former priest and convicted child sex offender Kevin O'Donnell.

### Canada

The historic St. John's Anglican Church of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia caught fire in a suspected arson on Halloween night, 2001. It was later rebuilt and reopened on June 12, 2005.

Police in Merritt, British Columbia in January 2019 arrested and charged a man with a fire that destroyed the 143-year-old Murray United Church, and two other more minor church fires nearby.

In November 2020, St. Andrew’s Anglican Church and South Caradoc United Church, both in Muncey, Ontario, were destroyed by fire. Its pastor said "anger from things that happened, that may have something to do with it,” while the diocese cautioned against speculation and called for responsible reporting. Former Anglican clergyman and pedophile priest David Norton was convicted of sex crimes against children in his parish.

After the 2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries, some B.C. Catholic churches on First Nations land were deliberately burned to the ground. AnAnglican church in B.C. was also set on fire but the fire was isolated and put out. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and band governments and chiefs have condemned the arsonists. Harsha Walia, the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, tweeted "burn it all down," and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs expressed "strong solidarity with (Harsha Walia) in condemning the brutally gruesome genocide of residential ‘school’ system by Canada and Church".

### Chile

Prior to Pope Francis 's visit to Chile in January 2018, a number of arsons at churches in took place in the capital city of Santiago. Most involved firebombs accompanied by sprayed accelerants. A barrel believed to contain flammable liquid was discovered in one evangelical church. However the damage was insignificant. Pamphlets addressing the pontiff left at the scene of one of the fires read: "The next bombs will be in your cassock." The papal visit was dominated by the sex crimes of Fernando Karadima, whose protégé, Bishop Juan Barros was protected by the Pope, despite accusations of complicity. Chilean President Michelle Bachelet addressed the "strange" firebombing of the churches on radio: "In a democracy, people can express themselves as long as they do it in a peaceful way."

### India

During the 1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat, the Human Rights watch reported dozens of churches and prayer halls burned down by the Sangh Parivar organizations.

Hundreds of churches were set on fire and burnt in the 2008 Kandhamal violence in the Kandhamal district of Odisha.

St. Sebastian's Church in Delhi was badly damaged by fire in December 2014. Although authorities initially said that the fire was structural, the police later announced that it had been caused by arson.

### Niger

Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, 45 churches were burned down by Islamists in Niger.

### Norway

On 6 June 1992, the Fantoft Stave Church was burnt down. The wooden structure had been built built in 1150 in Fortun, when the Vikings converted to Christianity, and moved to Bergen in 1883. At first the fire was attributed to lightning and electrical failure. In January 1993 Varg Vikernes, also known as "Count Grishnackh", was interviewed by a local journalist in his apartment decorated with 'Nazi paraphernalia, weapons, and Satanic symbols'. Vikernes, a proponent of White nationalism, survivalism and racialist neopagan ideology, declared that he wanted to blow up Blitz House and Nidaros Cathedral. He had publicly supported black metal fans burning down eight churches in Norway. He used a photo of the charred remnants of one church taken soon after the fire on his band Burzum 's album titled Aske (Norwegian for ashes). Following his statement, Norwegian authorities began to clamp down on the black metal scene.

In 1994, Vikernes was found guilty of murder, arson and possession of illegal weapons (including explosives) and given the maximum sentence under Norwegian law of 21 years in prison. He was released in 2009.

### Pakistan

On August 16, 2023, in the city of Jaranwala, Pakistan, thousands of Muslims engaged in church arsons and Bible desecrations. These included at least twenty-one churches that were burnt down. According to the BBC, "police appear to watch on" as this took place.

### Sweden

The Södra Råda Old Church, built around 1320, was considered of high cultural value thanks to its beautiful and well preserved medieval wall-paintings and original wooden walls. It was burnt down in 2001. A replica of the church opened in 2022.

### United Kingdom

In 1973, St Mary's Church in Putney, London was badly damaged in by arson. On 20 October 1987 the Church of England parish of St Peter's Church, Eaton Square in central London was set on fire by an anti-Catholic arsonist, who mistook the building for a Roman Catholic church.

In 1998 the church of St Bartholomew Allen's Cross in Northfield, a district of the UK's second city, Birmingham, was attacked by arsonists. The church was deemed beyond repair and demolished in 2008. St Barnabas' Church in Erdington, Birmingham was badly damaged by fire in 2007, arson is suspected.

### United States

#### History

Within the Hate Crime Statistics Act, blacks are one of the groups that are the targets of the most hate crimes of any type, one of which is arson to their places of worship. An African-American scholar and historian, C. Eric Lincoln, wrote in his book, Coming Through the Fire: Surviving Race and Place in America, that the first recorded church arson to a black church happened in 1822 in South Carolina. Arsons also occurred by white mobs in Cincinnati in 1829 and through the 1830s in Philadelphia. In the 1950s and 1960s, as civil rights activism and the desegregation of public places such as schools and restaurants were starting to increase, so was the burning and bombing of black churches. A notorious bombing in September 1963 at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four young girls. Arson of African American churches continued in the southern United States in the early 1990s. The arsonists were generally young white males with racist beliefs, often under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Although arson began happening at white churches in January 1995, it was still mostly directed towards black churches. The motive for these church burnings began crossing from racial hatred to other motives such as revenge, vandalism, and the influence of media. A gang of Georgia teenaged high school dropouts robbed, vandalized, and burnt 90 churches, both black and white. They told police that they did this if they couldn’t get money.

#### Church Arson Prevention Act

The S. 1980 (104th): Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 was introduced to Congress on June 19, 1996, but died because the Senate Committee found some places for improvement of the bill. It was sponsored by congressman Duncan Faircloth. On May 23, 1996, the House of Representatives introduced H.R. 3525 (104th): Church Arson Prevention Act. The Act was passed by both houses in Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton on July 3, 1996. This bill became law number Pub.L. 104-155. It was sponsored by Republican Henry Hyde. The bill was summarized by the Congressional Research Service as follows: “ makes Federal criminal code prohibitions against, and penalties for, damaging religious property or obstructing any person’s free exercise of religious beliefs applicable where the offense is in or affects, interstate commerce.” One of the changes in the bill was the sentence increase for “defacing or destroying any religious real property because of race, color, or ethnic characteristics…” from 10 to 20 years. It also changed the statute of limitations from five years to seven years after the date the crime was committed. It reauthorizes the Hate Crimes Statistics Act.

#### National Church Arson Task Force

President Clinton created the National Church Arson Task Force (NCATF) to look for any connections among the church arsons and help take off some loads of overburdened state and local police forces. According to a first-year report to the president in June 1997, they opened investigation to 429 cases of arson, bombings, or attempted bombings of churches since January 1, 1995. In a second-year report in October 1998 to the president, they opened 241 more cases that happened between January 1, 1995, and September 8, 1998, making a total of 670 opened investigations. In a third-year report in January 2000 to the president, NCATF opened an investigation to another 157 cases making it a total of 827. They helped to solve many of these arson and bombing cases. The Task Force is now disbanded, but the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) continues to investigate church burnings that occur. The number of church arsons decreased drastically (82 percent) from 1,320 in 1980 to 240 in 2002 according to the National Fire Protection Association.

A 2013 National Fire Protection Association report found that 16% of fires at religious buildings were intentionally lit.

#### 2015

After the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, a number of suspected church arson attacks were documented.