Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

# Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

## Abstract

Yours Truly is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Ariana Grande. It was released on August 30, 2013, by Republic Records. The album's songs were recorded over nearly a three-year period, with Harmony Samuels, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Patrick "J. Que" Smith and Grande's Victorious co-star Leon Thomas III, as well as others, handling the album's music production. Featured collaborators include Big Sean, Mika, Mac Miller, and The Wanted 's Nathan Sykes.

Yours Truly draws stylistic influences off the music of Grande's artistic inspirations, including singers Whitney Houston, Amy Winehouse, Christina Aguilera and Mariah Carey. Musically, Yours Truly is a pop and R&B record, while incorporating 1990s hip hop, 1950s piano pop, and doo-wop music within its production. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic noted that, with the help of Babyface, Grande was able to "re-create the vibe and feel of the '90s" with the album. It was acclaimed by critics upon release, with praise for Grande's vocals.

Yours Truly debuted atop the US Billboard 200 chart, with over 138,000 units sold in its first week. It made Grande the fifteenth female artist to ever debut at number-one in the United States with her debut album. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also garnered top ten peaks in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Yours Truly was featured in the Billboard 200 year-end charts of both 2013 and 2014.

The album was preceded by the release of the lead single, " The Way ", on March 26, 2013. It became a top ten hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number nine. The second single, " Baby I ", was released on July 22, 2013, and peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100. The third and final single, " Right There ", was released on August 6, 2013, and reached number 84 in the US. Yours Truly was further promoted with live renditions of the album's songs during The Listening Sessions tour in 2013.

## Background and conception

"They can expect a lot of honesty. It's like a direct... you know, it's like it used to be pages from my diary, instead of keeping a diary, I would write songs about what was happening in my life. So it's really personal. It's a Motown throwback and pop at the same time, so it's '50s and '60s inspiration mixed with today."

— Grande, on the album.

Work on Yours Truly began in August 2010 while Grande was in the process of filming Victorious and formally began to work on it with a record label after she was signed to Republic Records on August 10, 2011. By September 10 of that year, Grande already had 20 songs prepared and was going through the process of narrowing it down to 13. On December 12, 2011, Grande released " Put Your Hearts Up " as the intended first single for the album. The song was a bubblegum pop song, released with the intention of catering to Grande's core audience, which at that time was almost entirely made up by young children who knew her from Victorious.

In an interview in June 2012, Grande described everything on the album as being "50s, 60s doo-wop -inspired" and revealed that two new singles were going to be released before the album, one of which was called "Do You Love Me?" and featured Sky Blu. Song titles that leaked included "Honeymoon Avenue", "Tattooed Heart", "Daydreamin" and "Voodoo Love", all of which were included on the final album apart from "Voodoo Love", which was released on Grande's SoundCloud account in 2016. "You're My Only Shawty" did not make the final cut of the album and was eventually sold and given to Demi Lovato to record and include on her 2011 R&B-infused album Unbroken as "You're My Only Shorty".

In 2013, Grande met up with her label and expressed dissatisfaction with the direction the album was taking. In several interviews during 2013, she admitted to having completely disliked her debut single, "Put Your Hearts Up", and not having an interest in pursuing music of that genre. She expressed a desire to make the type of music she grew up listening to, which was "urban pop, 90s music". Grande's team had asked rapper Iggy Azalea to work on a feature for the album, but Azalea turned it down. The two later collaborated on " Problem ", which was featured on Grande's second album My Everything.

The album is inspired by a variety of different artists, ranging from Amy Winehouse and Christina Aguilera to Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston. Grande describes the album's first half is a "throwback" to the R&B music of the 1990s, and the second half is she describes as "something that is very unique and very special that I've sort of written" which is completely original. In summation of the record she stated: "So half of it is a throwback and like very familiar feeling, feel-good, and then half of it is something that I've created that's sort of special and unique and refreshing and wonderful and I love it".

## Composition

### Music and lyrics

The musical style of Yours Truly explores a " retro style " sound mixing 1990s pop and R&B, with certain songs incorporating influences from mid-'90s hip hop, '50s piano pop, and doo-wop. Scott Interrante from PopMatters complimented the music presented in the album and noted that compositionally and production wise, "tropes of both styles are blended together effortlessly." As he perceived, "erratic programmed drums support the rich harmonies and piano chords of the more doo-wop songs and the R&B tracks are infused with a wide-eyed optimism more associated with the ‘60s pop style." Pitchfork ' s Andrew Ryce felt that Grande opted "for a 90s hip-hop soul vibe that awkwardly sits with the more doo-wop-indebted songwriting."

### Songs

The album opens with an orchestral intro that introduces the first track "Honeymoon Avenue", a downtempo song composed in the key of F-sharp major and set in a time signature at a moderate tempo of 63 beats per minute. The song explores the 1950s musical style mixing doo-wop with an urban -inspired sound. Lyrically, "Honeymoon Avenue" uses several metaphors to speak about someone in a car being driven by her (romantic) partner. The driver is stuck to the same old route and driving mode that may make them crash. In interview with MTV, Grande explained its lyrics saying that "Honeymoon Avenue" "is about knowing you are at the end of a relationship and wishing it could not be the end and go back to the beginning and start over." The second track " Baby I " is drenched in a "retro sound" from 1990s R&B and pop sonority. Lyrically, "Baby I" is a confession on Grande's behalf admitting a special love for someone and how she can't formulate her strong feelings into words. The elements of "Baby I" are further illustrated by its use of finger snaps, a syncopated beat, horns and drums.

The third track " Right There " features guest appearance by rapper Big Sean. Musically, "Right There" also incorporates the influences frein 1990s R&B and urban music, mixing "stabbing synths ", trap -inflected beat and a hip hop groove. Reviewing the song, Jason Lipshutz from Billboard noted that "while Big Sean boasts about his sexual prowess, Grande flaunts her typically impressive melismas before ratcheting up the emotion for the finale." The fourth track "Tattooed Heart" is a doo-wop song written in the key of G major with a tempo of 72 beats per minute in compound quadruple () time while Grande's vocals spans from D to F. "Piano" is built on a hand-clapped rhythm, pulsating beats and a piano loop.

## Release and promotion

To promote her debut single " The Way ", Grande visited various radio stations, including: Y-100 Miami, 93.3 FM, Z100, KIIS-FM, and 99–7 Now. Grande performed "The Way" at several concerts produced for Top 40 radio stations, including KIIS-FM 's Wango Tango concert on May 11, 2013, in Los Angeles, 101.3 KDWB 's Star Party concert on May 17 in Minneapolis, Kiss 108 's Kiss Concert 2013 event on May 18 in Boston, 103.3 AMP Radio 's Birthday Bash concert on June 30 also in Boston, and Mix 93.3 's Red White & Boom concert on July 5 in Kansas City. Her first televised performance of the song was aired on May 29, 2013, on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.

On August 1, 2013, Grande revealed the official artwork for Yours Truly, which features her kneeling on a bed of roses in front of a pink background. Due to fan criticism, she quickly unveiled a new cover, which simply featured the singer standing beneath a spotlight in a black-and-white image. On August 7, 2013, Grande revealed the official track listing via iTunes, and Republic Records made pre-orders for the album available. A music video for " Almost Is Never Enough " a duet with The Wanted 's Nathan Sykes premiered online on Vevo on August 19 to promote the film The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The track is featured on the film's official soundtrack. The album version of the track is two minutes longer and has been slightly altered. It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84. " Popular Song " featuring Grande was released on December 21, 2012, as a single from Mika 's third studio album, The Origin of Love. The album version of the song features vocals from the original songwriter, Priscilla Renea, and contains expletives. However, the single version removes Renea and replaces her with Grande, removing the expletives.

Grande performed "The Way" and "Baby I" at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards ' Preshow on August 25, 2013. The album was released on August 30, 2013 in Great Britain, and on September 3, 2013 in the United States. Grande performed "The Way" with Mac Miller on the Today along with "Tattooed Heart" on the day of the album's US release; she also performed the latter at the 2013 Style Awards on September 4, 2013. Grande also made several other appearances throughout the week appearing on Live! with Kelly and Michael, Today and Late Night With Jimmy Fallon, where she performing an acoustic version of "The Way".

### The Listening Sessions

Grande embarked on her first solo concert tour titled The Listening Sessions in support of Yours Truly. Pre-sale tickets went on sale on July 18, 2013. Regular tickets went on sale on July 19. Pre-sale tickets had to be taken down early, as they were selling at such a fast rate that the tour was almost sold before regular tickets were available. Grande also was the opening act for the last three US dates of Justin Bieber 's Believe Tour. The performances took place in Jacksonville, Tampa, and Atlanta on August 7, August 8, and August 10, in support of the album.

## Singles

" The Way " was released to digital retailers through Republic Records in the United States on March 26, 2013, as the album's official lead single. It was written by the song's producer, Harmony Samuels, alongside Amber Streeter, Al Sherrod Lambert, Jordin Sparks, Brenda Russell and Mac Miller, who is also featured in the song. Seven hours after its release on the iTunes Store, "The Way" topped its Top Singles chart. It debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Grande and Miller's first top-10 song on the chart. This made Ariana the first top-10 arrival for a lead female artist making her first Hot 100 appearance since Yael Naim, who launched with " New Soul " in 2008. The song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. "The Way" sold over 120,000 units in the first 48 hours of release. Having sold over 219,000 units in its opening week, "The Way" holds the third best-selling first-week sales figure of 2013 behind Justin Timberlake 's " Suit & Tie " and One Direction 's " Best Song Ever ". The song received a triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

" Baby I " was released to digital retailers by Republic Records on July 22, 2013, as the second single from the album. It was written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Antonio Dixon and Patrick "J. Que" Smith. The song sold 141,000 copies in its first week and debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming her second top forty hit. It also debuted at number six on the Hot Digital Songs chart, making Grande the only woman to debut two songs in the top-10 on the Hot Digital Songs chart during 2013. Filming for the song's music video took place July 28–29, 2013. Grande hinted that the video would "travel" back to the 1990s and that there would be "lots of color" and "lots of baggy clothes".

" Right There ", featuring Big Sean, was released to digital retailers by Republic Records on August 6, 2013, as the fourth and final single. It was written by Grande, Carmen Reece, Lonny Bereal, James "J-Doe" Smith, Trey Starxx, Al Sherrod Lambert, Sean Anderson, Jeff Lorber, and Harmony Samuels, who also handled the song's production. "Right There" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 84. It was then serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio on September 10, 2013.

### Promotional single

" Almost Is Never Enough " (featuring Nathan Sykes)was released on August 19, 2013, as the promotional single from the album. It was also given to The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones.

## Critical reception

At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 based on ratings and reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average of 81, based on 9 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". At AllMusic, Matt Collar rated the album four stars out of five, saying that Yours Truly was "surprisingly sophisticated and unique" which showcases Grande's soulful R&B vocals. He stated that the album often "brings to mind the intonations of Mariah Carey which are most likely intentional." Collar closed the statement saying that Yours Truly "makes the most of her talent." Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly graded the album an A−, calling the album "pure pop bliss" and "one of the most purely enjoyable albums of the year" that is powered by her "lithe, Broadway-honed voice". At The New York Times, Jon Caramanica gave a positive review of the album, writing that television shows such as American Idol and Glee "have been responsible for an intense surge of interest in music on television, but they haven't left much of a mark on the shape of pop. That's because both shows are fundamentally conservative institutions, privileging the familiar and the unchallenging. They're about emulating, not innovating." Caramanica commended Grande for becoming the first "identifiable pop star" who takes the "rules of those enterprises, uses them as a foundation, and innovates atop them... She uses the " Glee "/" Idol " template as a jumping-off point to make modern pop-R&B with a sturdy vintage backbone."

Writing in his track-by-track review Jason Lipshutz from Billboard rated the album an eighty-six out of 100, saying that " Yours Truly carries the expectations of a young singer who has already proven herself on the pop charts, and even if the songs on her debut could not equal the quality of " The Way," Grande had the fan base and powerful pipes to survive a misfire." At PopMatters, Scott Interrante rated the album eight discs out of ten, writing that "Minor missteps aside, Yours Truly is ultimately an impressive debut for Grande." Ryan Dennehy of AbsolutePunk rated the album a 70-percent, stating that " Yours Truly is more tempered and less likely to put you in a beaming state of catatonia" that is "a missive containing some of her most personal thoughts and her oft-regrettable youthful impulses." At Pitchfork, Andrew Ryce rated the album a 6.5 out of ten, calling it "a very safe record." Lewis Conner of Digital Spy rated the album four stars out of five, writing how "The production feels fresh, the lyrics are relatable and the melodies are as cool and sweet as a dollop of raspberry ripple", and where he also states that "The tone and pace of the album rarely changes, but the songs feel accomplished, polished and vibrant". Corner concluded by calling "Yours Truly" a "little less than a triumph." At The Michigan Daily, Gregory Hicks graded the album a B, saying "most tracks are of quality composition, lyrically and melodically, but beat usage becomes excessive at times." Jim Farber of The New York Daily News rated the album three stars out of five, stating that because the "armies of song doctors" that the release is "far more tuneful than Mariah's interchangeable hits."

## Commercial performance

On September 4, 2013, Billboard reported that Yours Truly would most likely sell between 110,000 and 120,000 copies in its first week in the United States by the end of September 11, 2013. Yours Truly officially debuted at the top of the US Billboard 200 chart, with 138,000 copies sold in its first week, becoming Grande's first number-one album as a solo artist. This made Grande the fifteenth female artist ever and the first female artist to have their first album debut atop of the charts since January 2010, when Kesha 's Animal opened at number one. Grande's sales were especially strong digitally, as 108,000 of her first-week sales were from digital downloads, while the album sold 30,000 copies through physical sales. In its second week, the album dropped eight places to number nine selling 31,000 more copies, bringing its total sales in the United States to 169,000. As of June 2020, the album has sold 615,000 copies in the United States and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 22, 2016, for shipments of one million copies.

Yours Truly also debuted in the top ten in several other countries, including Australia, where it debuted at number six; the United Kingdom, where it debuted at number seven; Ireland, where it debuted at number six; and the Netherlands, where it debuted at number five. It also debuted just outside the top ten on New Zealand's top forty chart at number eleven.

In 2013, Yours Truly was ranked as the 106th most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200. It then went on to become the 68th most popular album on that chart the following year.

## Track listing

Notes

- signifies a co-producer

- signifies a vocal producer

- signifies an additional producer

- signifies a remixer

Sample credits

- "Right There" contains a sample of " Rain Dance ", performed by The Jeff Lorber Fusion and written by Jeff Lorber.

- "Lovin' It" contains a sample of " Real Love ", performed by Mary J. Blige and written by Mark Morales, Kirk Robinson, Nathaniel Robinson, Mark Rooney and Roy Hammond.

- "The Way" contains a sample of " A Little Bit of Love ", written and performed by Brenda Russell; and interpolates " Still Not a Player ", performed by Big Pun, which also samples Russell's "A Little Bit of Love".

- "Popular Song" contains an interpolation of " Popular ", from the musical Wicked, originally performed by Kristin Chenoweth and written by Stephen Schwartz.

## Personnel

Vocalists and musicians

- Ariana Grande – lead vocals

- Big Sean – featured artist

- Mac Miller – featured artist

- Nathan Sykes – featured artist

- Mika – featured artist

- Leon Thomas III – background vocals

- Carmen Reece – background vocals

- Courtney Harrell – background vocals

- India Benét – background vocals

- Giovanna Clayton – cello

- Vanessa Freebarin-Smith – cello

- Paula Hochalter – cello

- John Catchings – cello

- Anthony LaMarchina – cello

- Pamela Sixfin – string contractor, violin

- Ben Devitt – trombone

- Andrew Carney – trumpet

- Fabio Spinella – trumpet

- Monisa Angell – viola

- Kristin Wilkinson – viola

- David Angell – violin

- David Davidson – violin

- Clayton Haslop – violin

- Sharon Jackson – violin

- Songa Lee – violin

- Mark Robertson – violin

- Julie Rogers – violin

- Mary Kathryn Van Osdale – violin

- Serg Dimitrijevic – guitar

- Joe Friedman – guitar

- Randy Ellis – horn arrangements, tenor saxophone

Managerial and creative

- Kristin Hodge – album design

- Harmony Samuels – executive producer

- Scott "Scooter" Braun – executive producer

- Jones Crow – photographer

Technical

- Ariana Grande – executive producer, vocal producer (all tracks)

- Jason Nevins – additional producer, drum programming, keyboard programming, mixing

- Nick Littlemore – additional production

- Mo-Keyz – additional production

- Justin Hergett – assistant engineer, mixing assistant

- James Krausse – assistant engineer, mixing assistant

- Maximilian Jaeger – assistant engineer

- Trehy Harris – assistant

- Ryan Kaul – assistant

- Khristopher Riddick-Tynes – producer, composer, drum programming, engineer

- Harmony Samuels – instrumentation, producer

- Mika – producer, vocals

- Antonio Dixon – horn arrangements, producer

- Matt Squire – instrumentation, producer

- Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds – producer

- Rickey "Slikk" Offord – producer

- Travis Sayles – producer

- Phillip Lassiter – string arrangements

- Joel Mott – string arrangements

- James Waddell – string engineer

- Carmen Reece – vocal arrangement, vocal producer

- Rob Kinelski – vocal mixing

- Mark Asari – vocal producer

- Jo Blaq – vocal producer

- Talay Riley – vocal producer

- Peter Kent – concert master

- Bill Meyers – conductor, string arrangements

- Ivy Skoff – contractor

- Peter Stengaard – engineer, vocal producer

- Paul Boutin – engineer

- Jose Cardoza – engineer

- Larry Goetz – engineer

- Roy Hendrickson – engineer

- Carlos King – engineer

- Ian MacGregor – engineer

- Tommy Brown – instrumentation, producer

- Ced Solo – keyboard programming

- Donna Gryn – marketing

- Brad Haugen – marketing

- Tom Coyne – mastering

- Aya Merrill – mastering

- Jon Castelli – mixing engineer

- Jaycen Joshua – mixing

- Sribz Riley – vocal engineer

- Tony Maserati – mixing

- Greg Wells – producer, programming

- Nathaniel Motte – producer

- The Rascals – producer

- Henry Hey – programming

## Charts

## Yours Truly (Tenth Anniversary Edition)

Yours Truly (Tenth Anniversary Edition) is a reissue of Ariana Grande's debut studio album Yours Truly, released August 25, 2023, to commemorate the week of the tenth anniversary of the album's original release. Announced on August 19, 2023, via Grande's Instagram, the reissue includes live versions of a number of songs from the album, and was promoted with videos of those live performances as well as Q&As with Grande, a merchandise capsule collection, and a vinyl re-issue available for pre-order on August 30, 2023, the exact date of the original album's anniversary.

### Track listing

The reissue contains the original twelve tracks as well as the Spanglish version of "The Way" featuring Mac Miller, followed by the six newly recorded "live from London" performances.


# List of former Christian Science churches, societies and buildings

## Abstract

This is a list of former Christian Science churches, societies, and buildings. Following its early meteoric rise, the Christian Science Church suffered a steep decline in membership in the second half of the twentieth century. Though the Church is prohibited by the Manual of The Mother Church from publishing membership figures, the number of branch churches in the United States has fallen steadily since World War II. A 1992 study of the Christian Research Journal found that church membership had fallen from 269,000 in the 1930s to about 150,000. Some believe membership has fallen further since then, however current estimates for church membership vary widely, from under 100,000 to 600,000.

Dr. Stephen Barrett has reported that since 1971, the number of practitioners and teachers listed in the Christian Science Journal has fallen from about 5,000 to about 1,160 and the number of churches has fallen from about 1,800 to about 1,000.

The purpose of this list is to identify and quantify this decline in Christian Science institutions and those related to Christian Science, as well as catalog the buildings and spaces once used by the Christian Science Church. While it is impossible to get accurate membership figures, it is possible to determine the decline in institutions through official church publications and other sources.

## Former buildings in Canada and the United States

Notes:

- In the status column Relocated indicates that a church or society sold its building but did not dissolve or merge. Merged indicates that a church or society merged with another one and relocated.

- The NRHP column is for National Register of Historic Places or state or local listings with the highest one for a property being indicated as follows: Yes = NRHP; CP = contributing property in an NRHP district, State =state, territorial, etc., listing; Local = county, city, etc. listing; and No = none of these listings. Country = CAN for Canada or USA for the United States

### Alberta

- Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Calgary, Alberta, 617 7th West; Note: Merged with First Church in 1944.

### Manitoba

- Missing from the CS Journal First, Brandon, Manitoba, incorporated 1906 Society, Virden, Manitoba, incorporated as First, 1912 Second, Winnipeg

- First, Brandon, Manitoba, incorporated 1906

- Society, Virden, Manitoba, incorporated as First, 1912

- Second, Winnipeg

### Ontario

- Toronto, Ontario: Second Church of Christ, Scientist, 53 Donlands Avenue (now Wilkinson Jr Public School) Third Church of Christ, Scientist, 70 High Park Avenue (now a condominium tower) Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, 245 Beech Avenue (now a residence) Sixth Church of Christ, Scientist, met at the former Royal George Theatre, 1219 St Clair Avenue West

- Second Church of Christ, Scientist, 53 Donlands Avenue (now Wilkinson Jr Public School)

- Third Church of Christ, Scientist, 70 High Park Avenue (now a condominium tower)

- Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, 245 Beech Avenue (now a residence)

- Sixth Church of Christ, Scientist, met at the former Royal George Theatre, 1219 St Clair Avenue West

### Saskatchewan

- Saskatoon First, 2402 7 St E, building now mixed use commercial, church downgraded to society and meets at #2 1025 Boychuk Dr

### Florida

- First Church of Christ, Scientist, Fort Pierce, Florida, on January 31, 1996, sold its church edifice at 911 Sunrise Boulevard for $110,000 to The Pentecostal Church of God in America, Florida District, Inc., d/b/a Glad Tidings Pentecostal Church of God, by warranty deed recorded in Official Records Book 997, page 2392, St. Lucie County, Florida, public records, as accessed online September 5, 2007. First Church is no longer in existence.

- First Church of Christ Scientist, Holmes Beach, Florida, voluntary dissolution, April 5, 2004

- First Church of Christ, Scientist, Lake Worth, Florida, 918 N lakeside Drive, voluntarily dissolved, May 7, 2004 The building is now the Victory Believer's Chapel

### Iowa

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Fort Dodge, Iowa) is now the home of the Hawkeye Community Theatre.

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Humboldt, Iowa) is now a private residence at 25½ N. 6th Street.

### Kansas

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Wichita, Kansas) is now the Grand Chapel, a nonreligious wedding venue.

- Christian Science Church (Lawrence, Kansas) is now the Cat Clinic (pet supply).

### New Jersey

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Maplewood, New Jersey) is now the Burgdorff Cultural Center and a realtor office.

### Utah

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Provo, Utah) is now the Provo Community Theater.

### West Virginia

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Wheeling, West Virginia), 99 14th Street, is now the Agape Baptist Church.

## Churches and societies that were merged into another church or society

- First Church of Christ, Scientist, Hollywood, Florida, with Christian Science Society (Hollywood, Florida)

## Churches that were downgraded to societies

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Grinnell, Iowa) is now Christian Science Society (Grinnell, Iowa)

- First Church of Christ, Scientist, Hudson, New York, is now Christian Science Society, Hudson, New York.

- First Church of Christ, Scientist (Oconto, Wisconsin) on the National Register, is now Christian Science Society, Oconto, Wisconsin.

## Churches in transition

- Alvin, Texas, First Church at 713 South Lee Street is listed for sale as vacant as of December 7, 2007. The February 2007 Christian Science Journal listed a Christian Science Society at that address.

## Other related institutions and sites

- Camp Sangamon and its sister camp, Camp Betsey Cox, both located in Pittsford, Vermont, were originally run by Christian Scientists for the children of Christian Scientists. Today there are no religious restrictions.

- Christian Science Benevolent Association on the West Coast, was one of 2 BAs operated by the Mother Church.In 1973, it was turned over to a local group of Christian Scientists who continue to operate it as Arden Wood nursing home.

- Daycroft School in Greenwich, Connecticut, closed in 1991.

- Mary Baker Eddy Birthplace Monument, Bow, New Hampshire The large granite monument erected on the site was dynamited by order of the CS Board of Directors.

## Former Christian Science churches, societies and buildings in Countries other than Canada and the United States

### United Kingdom

The date in the "Deregistered" column is the month and year in which the building's registration for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 was formally cancelled. If there is no date, the church has not been formally deregistered.

## Missing churches in all countries

Note: Following the custom of early New England Congregational and Baptist churches, Churches of Christ, Scientist, in a city or town are numbered First, Second, Third, etc. Societies are not numbered, however. Since all churches and societies are listed in the monthly Christian Science Journal, it is possible to determine the numbers of most but not all missing churches. For example, if a city has listings for only second and fourth churches, at least the first and third are missing. As merged churches take the name of the older congregation, first could then be assumed to have dissolved, while third might have dissolved or merged with second. Fifth may have merged, dissolved, or never existed.

### A-B-C

- Berlin, Germany Fourth through Tenth

- Birmingham, England First.

- Chicago, Illinois Fourth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth through Fifteenth.

- Cleveland, Ohio Second Church.

### D-E-F

- Dallas, Texas First, Second, Fourth and Sixth

- Denver, Colorado Second through Fifth

- Duluth, Minnesota Second

- El Paso, Texas Second

- Evanston, Illinois, First.

### G-H-I

- Houston, Texas Second, Third, Fifth and Sixth.

- Indianapolis, Indiana Second.

### J-K-L

- Jacksonville, Florida, Third.

- Kansas City, Missouri First through Third, Fifth, Eighth and Ninth.

- Leeds, West Yorkshire, England Second.

- Liverpool, England First and Second.

- London, England, Fourth through Tenth

- Long Beach, California Second and Third.

- Los Angeles, California First, Fourth, Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Fifteenth through Nineteenth, Twenty-First through Twenty-Seventh, Twenty-Ninth through Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Seventh, Thirty-Ninth, Fortieth, Forty-Second and Forty-Third churches.

### M-N-O

- Manchester, England First and Third.

- Milwaukee, Wisconsin First and Second.

- Minneapolis, Minnesota Fifth through Sixth.

- New York, New York, includes Manhattan and Bronx: Fourth, Sixth, and Eleventh through Fifteenth

- Oakland, California Second through Ninth.

### P-Q-R

- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Third through Fifth.

- Plainfield, New Jersey First, see Independent or secessionist churches above.

- Portland, Oregon First through Fifth, Seventh and Ninth.

- Pretoria, South Africa First.

### S-T-U-V

- Sacramento, California Third and Fourth.

- Saint Louis, Missouri, Second through Fifth and Seventh.

- San Antonio, Texas, Second

- San Diego, California Third and Fifth.

- San Francisco, California Third, Sixth through Eighth and Tenth through Twelfth.

- São Paulo, Brazil, Third

- Seattle, Washington Second, Fourth through Sixth, Eighth, Ninth and Eleventh.

- Thunder Bay, Ontario First

- Tulsa, Oklahoma Second through Fifth.

- Tucson, Arizona Second.

- Vancouver, British Columbia, First and Third

### W-X-Y-Z

- Washington, D.C. Second.

- Whittier, California First. (This church was located at the southeast corner of Bailey Street and Washington Avenue. It is now the Good Shepherd Bible Church.)

- Worthing, West Sussex, England, First.


Avian influenza

# Avian influenza

## Abstract

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is enzootic (continually present) in many bird populations.

Symptoms of avian influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection, and on the species of bird or mammal affected. Classification of a virus strain as either low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is based on the severity of symptoms in domestic chickens and does not predict severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI display mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, whereas HPAI causes serious breathing difficulties, significant drop in egg production, and sudden death. Domestic poultry may potentially be protected from specific strains of the virus by vaccination.

Humans and other mammals can only become infected with avian influenza after prolonged close contact with infected birds. In mammals including humans, infection with avian influenza (whether LPAI or HPAI) is rare. Symptoms of infection vary from mild to severe, including fever, diarrhoea, and cough.

Influenza A virus is shed in the saliva, mucus, and feces of infected birds; other infected animals may shed bird flu viruses in respiratory secretions and other body fluids (e.g., cow milk). The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds. A particularly virulent strain, influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) has the potential to decimate domesticated poultry stocks and an estimated half a billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.

## Highly pathogenic avian influenza

Because of the impact of avian influenza on economically important chicken farms, a classification system was devised in 1981 which divided avian virus strains as either highly pathogenic (and therefore potentially requiring vigorous control measures) or low pathogenic. The test for this is based solely on the effect on chickens - a virus strain is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) if 75% or more of chickens die after being deliberately infected with it. The alternative classification is low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). This classification system has since been modified to take into account the structure of the virus' haemagglutinin protein. Other species of birds, especially water birds, can become infected with HPAI virus without experiencing severe symptoms and can spread the infection over large distances; the exact symptoms depend on the species of bird and the strain of virus. Classification of an avian virus strain as HPAI or LPAI does not predict how serious the disease might be if it infects humans or other mammals.

Since 2006, the World Organization for Animal Health requires all LPAI H5 and H7 detections to be reported because of their potential to mutate into highly pathogenic strains.

## Virology

Avian influenza is caused by the influenza A virus which principally affects birds but can also infect humans and other mammals. Influenza A is an RNA virus with a genome comprising a negative-sense, RNA segmented genome that encodes for 11 viral genes. The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter and elliptical or filamentous in shape. There is evidence that the virus can survive for long periods in freshwater after being excreted in feces by its avian host, and can withstand prolonged freezing.

There are two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope; hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These are the major antigens of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced. Influenza virus epidemics and epizootics are associated with changes in their antigenic structure.

Hemagglutinin (H) is an antigenic glycoprotein which allows the virus to bind to and enter the host cell. Neuraminidase (N) is an antigenic glycosylated enzyme which facilitates the release of progeny viruses from infected cells. There are 18 known types of hemagglutinin, of which H1 thru H16 have been found in birds, and 11 types of neuraminidase.

### Subtypes

Subtypes of influenza A are defined by the combination of H and N proteins in the viral envelope; for example, " H5N1 " designates an influenza A subtype that has a type-5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. The subtyping scheme only takes into account the two envelope proteins, not the other proteins coded by the virus' RNA. Almost all possible combinations of H (1 thru 16) and N (1 thru 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease.

### Influenza virus nomenclature

To unambiguously describe a specific isolate of virus, researchers use the internationally accepted Influenza virus nomenclature, which describes, among other things, the species of animal from which the virus was isolated, and the place and year of collection. As an example - A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1):

- A stands for the genus of influenza (A, B or C).

- chicken is the animal species the isolate was found in (note: human isolates lack this component term and are thus identified as human isolates by default)

- Nakorn-Patom/Thailand is the place this specific virus was isolated

- CU-K2 is the laboratory reference number that identifies it from other influenza viruses isolated at the same place and year

- 04 represents the year of isolation 2004

- H5 stands for the fifth of several known types of the protein hemagglutinin.

- N1 stands for the first of several known types of the protein neuraminidase.

Other examples include: A/duck/Hong Kong/308/78(H5N3), A/avian/NY/01(H5N2), A/chicken/Mexico/31381-3/94(H5N2), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03(H5N2).

### Genetic characterization

Analysis of the virus' genome enables researchers to determine the order of its nucleotides. Comparison of the genome of a virus with that of a different virus can reveal differences between the two viruses. Genetic variations are important because they can change amino acids that make up the influenza virus’ proteins, resulting in structural changes to the proteins, and thereby altering properties of the virus. Some of these properties include the ability to evade immunity and the ability to cause severe disease.

Genetic sequencing enables influenza strains to be further characterised by their clade or subclade, revealing links between different samples of virus and tracing the evolution of the virus over time.

### Species barrier

Rarely, humans can become infected by the avian flu if they are in close contact with infected birds. Symptoms vary from mild to severe (including death), but these instances have not sustained transmission from one person to another.

There are a number of factors that generally prevent the avian flu from causing epidemics in humans or other mammals. One of them is that the HA protein of avian influenza binds to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors, which are present in the respiratory tract and intestines of avian species, while human influenza HA binds to alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors, which are present in the human upper respiratory tract. Other factors include the ability to replicate the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, to evade host immune responses, and to transmit between individuals.

Influenza viruses are constantly changing as small genetic mutations accumulate, a process known as antigenic drift. Over time, mutation may lead to a change in antigenic properties such that host antibodies (acquired through vaccination or prior infection) do not provide effective protection, causing a fresh outbreak of disease.

The segmented genome of influenza viruses facilitates genetic reassortment. This can occur if a host is infected simultaneously with two different strains of influenza virus; then it is possible for the viruses to interchange genetic material as they reproduce in the host cells. Thus, an avian influenza virus can acquire characteristics, such as the ability to infect humans, from a different virus strain. The presence of both alpha 2,3 and alpha 2,6 sialic acid receptors in pig tissues allows for co-infection by avian influenza and human influenza viruses. This susceptibility makes pigs a potential "melting pot" for the reassortment of influenza A viruses.

## Epidemiology

### History

Avian influenza (historically known as fowl plague) is caused by bird-adapted strains of the influenza type A virus. The disease was first identified by Edoardo Perroncito in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds; in 1955 it was established that the fowl plague virus was closely related to human influenza. In 1972 it became evident that many subtypes of avian flu were endemic in wild bird populations.

Between 1959 and 1995, there were 15 recorded outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry, with losses varying from a few birds on a single farm to many millions. Between 1996 and 2008, HPAI outbreaks in poultry have been recorded at least 11 times and 4 of these outbreaks have resulted in the death or culling of millions of birds. Since then, several virus strains (both LPAI and HPAI) have become endemic among wild birds with increasingly frequent outbreaks among domestic poultry, especially of the H5 and H7 subtypes.

### Transmission and prevention

Birds - Influenza A viruses of various subtypes have a large reservoir in wild waterbirds of the orders Anseriformes (for example, ducks, geese, and swans) and Charadriiformes (for example, gulls, terns, and waders) which can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract without affecting the health of the host. They can then be carried by the bird over large distances, especially during annual migration. Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces; susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with the virus as it is shed by infected birds. The virus can survive for long periods in water and at low temperatures, and can be spread from one farm to another on farm equipment. Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with contaminated feces or surfaces.

Avian influenza outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern for several reasons. There is potential for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) to evolve into strains which are high pathogenic to poultry (HPAI), and subsequent potential for significant illness and death among poultry during outbreaks. Because of this, international regulations state that any detection of H5 or H7 subtypes (regardless of their pathogenicity) must be notified to the appropriate authority. It is also possible that avian influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans and other animals which have been exposed to infected birds, causing infection with unpredictable but sometimes fatal consequences.

When an HPAI infection is detected in poultry, it is normal to cull infected animals and those nearby in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease. This is done together with movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, and enhanced surveillance.

Humans - Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of February, 2024 there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to a few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with H5N1 and H7N9 considered the biggest threats.

In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment.

Other animals - a wide range of other animals have been affected by avian flu, generally due to eating birds which had been infected. There have been instances where transmission of the disease between mammals, including seals and cows, may have occurred.

### Pandemic potential

Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza A virus genome facilitates genetic recombination by segment reassortment in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans - a zoonotic event. It is thought that all influenza A viruses causing outbreaks or pandemics among humans since the 1900s originated from strains circulating in wild aquatic birds through reassortment with other influenza strains. It is possible (though not certain) that pigs may act as an intermediate host for reassortment.

As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide, H5N1 and H7N9. Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high case fatality rates.

### Surveillance

The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of influenza with the aim to provide the World Health Organization with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. As well as human viruses, GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially zoonotic influenza viruses.

### Vaccine

Poultry - it is possible to vaccinate poultry against specific strains of HPAI influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity.

Humans - Several "candidate vaccines" are available in case of an avian virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit among humans. There are strategic stockpiles of vaccines against the H5N1 subtype which is considered the biggest risk. A vaccine against the H7N9 subtype, which has also infected humans, has undergone a limited amount of testing. In the event of an outbreak, the "candidate" vaccine would be rapidly tested for safety as well as efficacy against the zoonotic strain, and then authorised and distributed to vaccine manufacturers.

### Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

The highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 is an emerging avian influenza virus that is causing global concern as a potential pandemic threat. It is often referred to simply as "bird flu" or "avian influenza", even though it is only one of many subtypes.

A/H5N1 has killed millions of poultry in a growing number of countries throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa. Health experts are concerned that the coexistence of human flu viruses and avian flu viruses (especially H5N1) will provide an opportunity for genetic material to be exchanged between species-specific viruses, possibly creating a new virulent influenza strain that is easily transmissible and lethal to humans.

Influenza A/H5N1 was first recorded in a small outbreak among poultry in Scotland in 1959, with numerous outbreaks subsequently in every continent. The first known transmission of A/H5N1 to a human occurred in Hong Kong in 1997, when there was an outbreak of 18 human cases resulting in 6 deaths. It was determined that all the infected people had been exposed to infected birds in poultry markets. As the disease continued to spread among poultry flocks in the territory, the decision was made to cull all 1.6 million poultry in the area and to impose strict controls on the movement and handling of ppoultry.This terminated the outbreak.

There is weak evidence to support limited human-to-human transmission of A/H5N1 in 139 outreaks between 2005 and 2009 in Sumatra. The reproduction number was well below the threshold for sustained transmission.

Between 2003 and August 2024, the World Health Organization has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.

### Influenza A virus subtype H7N9

A significant outbreak of influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) started in March 2013 when severe influenza affected 18 humans in China; six subsequently died. It was discovered that a low pathogenic strain of A/H7N9 was circulating among chickens, and that all the affected people had been exposed in poultry markets. Further cases among humans and poultry in mainland China continued to be identified sporadically throughout the year, followed by a peak around the festival season of Chinese New Year (January and February) in early 2014 which was attributed to the seasonal surge in poultry production. Up to December 2013, there had been 139 cases with 47 deaths.

Infections among humans and poultry continued during the next few years, again with peaks around the new year. In 2016 a virus strain emerged which was highly pathogenic to chickens. In order to contain the HPAI outbreak, the Chinese authorities in 2017 initiated a large scale vaccination campaign against avian influenza in poultry. Since then, the number of outbreaks in poultry, as well as the number of human cases, dropped significantly. In humans, symptoms and mortality for both LPAI and HPAI strains have been similar. Although no human H7N9 infections have been reported since February 2019, the virus is still circulating in poultry, particularly in laying hens. It has demonstrated antigenic drift to evade vaccines, and remains a potential threat to the poultry industry and public health.

Genetic and evolutionary analyses have shown that the A(H7) viruses in the Chinese outbreak probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China and then reassorted with poultry influenza A(H9N2) to generate the influenza A(H7N9) strain that affected humans. The genetic characteristics of A(H7N9) virus are of concern because of their pandemic potential, e.g. their potential to recognise human and avian influenza virus receptors which affects the ability to cause sustained human-to-human transmission, or the ability to replicate in the human host.

Between February 2013 and February 2019 there were 1,568 confirmed human cases and 616 deaths associated with the outbreak in China. The majority of human cases have reported contact with poultry in markets or farms. Transmission between humans remains limited with some evidence of small family clusters. However, there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of A/H7N9 influenza.

During early 2017, outbreaks of avian influenza A(H7N9) occurred in poultry in the USA. The strain in these outbreaks was of North American origin and is unrelated to the Asian lineage H7N9 which is associated with human infections in China.

## Domestic animals

Several domestic species have been infected with and shown symptoms of H5N1 viral infection, including cats, dogs, ferrets, pigs, and birds.

### Poultry

Attempts are made in the United States to minimize the presence of HPAI in poultry through routine surveillance of poultry flocks in commercial poultry operations. Detection of a HPAI virus may result in immediate culling of the flock. Less pathogenic viruses are controlled by vaccination.

### Cats

### Dairy cows

Avian influenza was detected in dairy cows in several US states during April 2024. In late April 2024, the United States FDA, or Food and Drug Administration, announced that fragments of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) have been found in pasteurized milk. These fragments cannot cause disease in humans.

## Global impact

In 2005, the formation of the International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza was announced in order to elevate the importance of avian flu, coordinate efforts, and improve disease reporting and surveillance in order to better respond to future pandemics. New networks of laboratories have emerged to detect and respond to avian flu, such as the Crisis Management Center for Animal Health, the Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance, OFFLU, and the Global Early Warning System for major animal diseases. After the 2003 outbreak, WHO member states have also recognized the need for more transparent and equitable sharing of vaccines and other benefits from these networks. Cooperative measures created in response to HPAI have served as a basis for programs related to other emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

HPAI control has also been used for political ends. In Indonesia, negotiations with global response networks were used to recentralize power and funding to the Ministry of Health. In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.

### Stigma

Backyard poultry production was viewed as "traditional Asian" agricultural practices that contrasted with modern commercial poultry production and seen as a threat to biosecurity. Backyard production appeared to hold greater risk than commercial production due to lack of biosecurity and close contact with humans, though HPAI spread in intensively raised flocks was greater due to high density rearing and genetic homogeneity. Asian culture itself was blamed as the reason why certain interventions, such as those that only looked at placed-based interventions, would fail without looking for multifaceted solutions.

### Economic

Approximately 20% of the protein consumed in developing countries come from poultry. A report by the FAO totalled economic losses caused by avian influenza in South East Asia up to 2005 around US$10 billion. This had the greatest impact on small scale commercial and backyard producers.

As poultry serves as a source of food security and liquid assets, the most vulnerable populations were poor small scale farmers. The loss of birds due to HPAI and culling in Vietnam led to an average loss of 2.3 months of production and US$69–108 for households where many have an income of $2 a day or less. The loss of food security for vulnerable households can be seen in the stunting of children under five in Egypt. Women are another population at risk as in most regions of the world, small flocks are tended to by women. Widespread culling also resulted in the decreased enrollment of girls in school in Turkey.


Elaine DePrince

# Elaine DePrince

## Abstract

Elaine DePrince (née DiGiacomo, c. 1947 – September 11, 2024) was an American author of non-fiction, hemophilia activist, teacher, and advocate of adoptive parenting. The mother of 11 children, she is best known as the adoptive mother of ballet star Michaela DePrince and the co-author of her autobiography, Taking Flight: From War Orphan to Star Ballerina (2014). She was interviewed in the 2011 documentary First Position. She was also the author of Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood (1997), which tells the story of how her three hemophiliac sons were infected with HIV/AIDS in the 1980s.

## Early life and education

Born Elaine DiGiacomo, she attended Camden Catholic High School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. She was a graduate of Rutgers University.

She was inspired to adopt in fifth grade, when she read The Family Nobody Wanted by Helen Doss. The book tells the true story of a family with 12 children, including children who had been considered "unadoptable" because they were non-white or had special needs. She said in interviews that she discussed her desire to adopt with Charles DePrince before they got married, and that he agreed. Elaine and Charles DePrince were married in May 1971 in Pennsauken, New Jersey.

## Adoption of sons

DePrince was born with Von Willebrand disease, a blood clotting disorder similar to hemophilia, and unknowingly passed it on to her two eldest sons. In 1980, DePrinces adopted their son Michael, nearly two, who had hemophilia and was deaf. Five years later, New Jersey officials asked them to adopt two more boys with hemophilia who had been living in a hospital, knowing that the couple was familiar with the medical care required, which included mixing freeze-dried clotting factor with sterile water and injecting them several times weekly.

In May 1988, the DePrinces had their sons tested, and were devastated to learn that their three adopted sons were HIV-positive. All three had contracted the AIDS virus from injecting contaminated blood-clotting products that were supposed to heal them. Their son Cubby died on June 9, 1993 at age 11, followed by Michael who died on March 14, 1994 at age 15. Their son Teddy continued to battle the virus with the help of new protease inhibitor drugs, but eventually died in 2004 at age 24.

### Activism and class action lawsuit

DePrince wrote that the deaths of her two young sons left her wanting to die. Rather than succumb to grief, she decided to investigate how the tainted blood products had ended up being given to hemophiliacs, and to seek justice for them and their families. She lobbied successfully to have the New Jersey legislature extend the statute of limitations so that hemophiliacs could sue for compensation.

The DePrinces joined more than 100 other New Jersey and New York families in a class action lawsuit filed in 1993, which accused clotting factor manufacturers of negligence in the early 1980s, when they failed to warn patients that their products were contaminated with hepatitis. Elaine DePrince emerged as one of the leading advocates for hemophiliacs and their families, repeatedly sharing the story of Cubby and Michael and her anger that their deaths were preventable.

In July 1997, DePrince joined other hemophilia activists in lobbying senators in Washington, D.C. to pass federal legislation awarding funds to AIDS-infected hemophiliacs or their survivors because of the infected products had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Around the same time, the DePrinces were among the families that turned down a proposed $100,000 settlement for hemophiliac AIDS victims or their survivors, arguing that it was not enough.

### Cry Bloody Murder

DePrince's book, Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood, published by Random House in July 1997, wove the story of her family's ordeal with her argument that drug companies, the FDA, and the National Hemophilia Foundation were responsible. Publishers Weekly said that, "DePrince credibly contends that the four large U.S. pharmaceutical companies that manufacture clotting-factor concentrates used to treat hemophilia had access to techniques capable of inactivating any HIV in their products years before they employed these techniques". She argued that profit-seeking and backscratching between government agencies and industry caused manufacturers to delay making their blood products safer.

## Adoption of daughters

Their son Michael had dreamt of adopting a child from a war-torn country in Africa. The DePrinces decided to honor his memory by adopting a child from Sierra Leone. Elaine returned from Sierra Leone with two girls named Mabinty, one of whom was Michaela, whom they renamed after Michael.

In total, Elaine and her husband Charles DePrince raised two biological sons and nine adopted children. They lived for many years in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. For a period, the family moved to Vermont, where Elaine and Charles had lived as newlyweds, to escape the reminders of the sons who died.

## Death

Elaine DePrince died on September 11, 2024, one day after the death of her daughter Michaela. According to the family, she was unaware of Michaela's death before she died.


Richard Garrett (author)

# Richard Garrett (author)

## Abstract

Richard Garrett (15 January 1920 – 29 July 2008) was an English author and an ex- prisoner of war.

## Biography

Richard Garrett joined up in 1939 and was made a second lieutenant in the Notts and Derby Regiment (the Sherwood Foresters) at the outbreak of war. In 1940 he formed part of the ill-fated Allied campaign in Norway. After an abortive action near Lillehammer, in which unprepared British troops underwent a determined aerial attack by the Germans, he found himself, with fifteen other men, separated from the main British force. It was decided to make for the North Sea coast, a 300-mile trek across the highest mountain range in Scandinavia. Travelling only at night the men reached the Sognefjord on Whit Sunday 1940. Since the Germans were already there, it was decided to continue to Eikfjord where a fishing boat was acquired on the strength of a £100 iou (which was honoured at the end of the war). From there they crossed the North Sea back to the Shetland Islands.

During his time stationed back in Britain he suffered a fall from a horse leaving him with severe concussion, but was finally passed as fit for service and took part in Operation Torch, the invasion of Tunisia. On 28 February 1943, whilst attempting to help one of his men who had been wounded, he was taken prisoner. Initially handed over to the Italians, he was held prisoner in Capua, Italy and near Modena. With the fall of Mussolini, prisoners of war were transported to Germany and Garrett spent most of the remainder of the war in Oflag Va, Weinsberg (see List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany) near Stuttgart. In late spring 1945 the prisoners were moved to Moosburg, near Munich, where they were Liberated by American troops. His return to England was featured in the documentary "The Day the War Ended" on BBC television.

His postwar career included founding and running a company producing house magazines for large corporations and an involvement in the British motor racing scene of the sixties and seventies. He wrote forty-five books. He died on 29 July 2008.

## Publications

- Great Sea Mysteries (1971)

- True Tales of Detection (1972)

- Narrow Squeaks: Real Life Stories of Miraculous Escapes (1973)

- General Gordon (1974)

- Famous Characters of the Wild West (1975)

- Stories of Famous Natural Disasters (1976)

- Famous Rescues at Sea (1977)

- Scharnhorst and Gneisenau: The Elusive Sisters (1978)

- Hoaxes and Swindles (1979)

- Aliens from Outer Space (1983)

- Atlantic Disaster: Man's War Against the North Atlantic (1986)

- Flight into Mystery: Reports from the Dark Side of the Sky (1986)

- Great Escapes of World War II (1989) ISBN 0-297-79416-7

- Voyage into Mystery: Reports from the Sinister Side of the Sea (1991)