LSXX Tour

# LSXX Tour

## Abstract

The LSXX Tour was a series of sixty concerts by the Breeders in 2013 to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the release of their 1993 album Last Splash.

## Background

In the early 1990s, Kim Deal was a member of both the Breeders and the Pixies; the latter broke up in 1993. When the Breeders released their second album Last Splash that same year—on 4AD Records—the group consisted of Kim and her twin sister Kelley Deal on guitar and vocals, Jim Macpherson on drums, and Josephine Wiggs on bass and vocals. The album sold well, reaching platinum status in the USA, and gold or silver in France, Australia, Canada, and the UK.

Between 1992 and September 1994, the Breeders had an intense schedule including touring and recording, and by autumn 1994 most of the band members were tired. During the Lollapalooza tour in summer 1994, Deal mentioned to those around her that she wanted her next project to be solo, "something quick and dirty, under the radar... without the pressure of following up ' Cannonball '".

That autumn and winter, Deal wrote songs inspired by her life where she lived in Dayton, Ohio, and practiced them in her basement. In November 1994, Kelley Deal was arrested on drug-related charges, and had to attend rehabilitation sessions. The following year, an opportunity for Kim Deal to record some of her new compositions came up when Guided by Voices abandoned a recording session that she was producing, and she was able to use leftover studio time. Trying to distract her sister from her drug problems, Deal recruited Kelley to play on three songs. Kelley's involvement changed Deal's mind about her current project being solo, and she began to conceptualize the album as a band release.

Wiggs chose not to work with Deal in the mid-90s—she was instead involved with multiple projects with members of Luscious Jackson —and there have been different accounts for why. In 2013, Wiggs said to interviewers including Spin ' s Amanda Petrusich that in 1995 she had offered to rejoin if the next album would be a Breeders' release, but that she was convinced Deal wanted to do a side project. Deal told Petrusich that she had wanted to record as the Breeders in 1995, but that Wiggs declined to be involved, wishing to take some time off.

Whatever Deal's motivation, in 1995 she formed a group named the Amps, with fellow Daytonians Macpherson, Luis Lerma, and Nate Farley; Kelley had to leave the project due to her drug treatment. In 1996, Deal reformed the Breeders using the Amps' lineup of herself, Macpherson, Farley, and Lerma, as well as Carrie Bradley and Michelle Bodine. In several interviews in 1997, Deal complained that she had formed the Amps out of respect for Kelley and Wiggs, who needed time off, but that even in May 1996, around the end of the Amps' touring, Kelley and Wiggs still told her that they were not yet ready to rejoin the Breeders; Deal wished then that she had instead recruited Farley and Lerma for the Breeders in 1994 after Lollapalooza, instead of forming the Amps.

During Deal's attempted recording sessions in 1997, bandmates and studio musicians found her behavior and demanding musical standards to create a difficult working environment; members including Macpherson quit the group. Deal has recalled of Macpherson's departure that he "took his drums and I never saw him again. E-ver. And it hurt my heart, cos he’s such a great guy and I felt dumb and I’m sure he did too, whatever, we don’t even know"; Macpherson recalls that for 15 years "Kim thought I hated her, and I thought she hated me". By the time of the Breeders' next album, 2002's Title TK, Mando Lopez, José Medeles, and Richard Presley had replaced Wiggs and Macpherson; this same lineup, without Presley, performed on 2008's Mountain Battles and the Fate to Fatal EP (2009). Meanwhile, Deal joined multiple reunion tours by the Pixies between 2004 and 2011, before officially quitting this group in 2013.

Kim Deal has recalled that in the spring of 2012: "Kelley was on the couch... and she said in a year it will be the 20th anniversary for Last Splash, and she wondered if would do shows with us." When Kim texted Wiggs, and Kelley contacted Macpherson, they found both enthusiastic about the prospect of reuniting for a 2013 tour. Following the initial contact, there were several months of waiting before more concrete plans could be made, during which "there was a process of getting people involved, booking agents and promoters", and waiting for organizers to begin planning music festivals. The Deal sisters received the blessing of existing members Lopez and Medeles to work with Wiggs and Macpherson again.

## Performances

The Breeders performed sixty concerts in 2013 for the LSXX Tour. Prior to this, they performed a warm-up concert on March 29 at the Bell House in Brooklyn; it was noted that this date was not officially part of the tour. In addition to the Bell House show, an initial 21 tour dates for the period of May 3 to June 21 were announced. These consisted of eight performances in the USA, one in Toronto, Canada, and twelve in Europe. Concert locations that were subsequently for May and June included a May 2 show at Oberlin College in the Breeders' home state of Ohio, as well as music festivals in Alabama and in Nîmes, France. The band also later added legs of the tour in South and North America, and Australia, in July to October, and further dates in the USA in December, finishing with a New Year's Eve performance in Austin, Texas. Support bands on the tour included the Connections, Parquet Courts, Beach Day, Speedy Ortiz, and Imperial Teen.

On each date of the tour, the Breeders performed the entire Last Splash album. Another song they added later in the tour was "Walking with a Killer", which Kim Deal had originally released in 2012 as an independent solo 7" single; a full-band studio version of this composition was later released on the Breeders' 2018 album All Nerve.


Pilgrim's Pride

# Pilgrim's Pride

## Abstract

Pilgrim's Pride Corporation is an American, multi-national food company, currently one of the largest chicken producers in the United States and Puerto Rico and the second-largest chicken producer in Mexico. It exited bankruptcy in December 2009 and relocated its U.S. headquarters to Greeley, Colorado, in 2011. It is majority-owned by JBS S.A. Pilgrim's Pride purchased Gold'n Plump for $350 million in late November 2016.

## Description of firm

Pilgrim's Pride is a multi-national corporation and employs about 38,000 people with sales of $8.1 billion in 2012, and has operations in 12 states, Mexico and Puerto Rico. It has the capacity to process about 36 million birds per week resulting in almost 9.5 billion pounds of live chicken annually.

Pilgrim's Pride products are distributed primarily through foodservice and retail outlets.

Pilgrim's traces its origins to a feed store opened in 1946 in Pittsburg, Texas, by Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim and his older brother, Aubrey. They were known to give away free chicks with the bags of feed they sold, thereby expanding their business. Bo, wearing traditional Pilgrim clothing, with a pet chicken named "Henrietta" under his arm, was featured in Pilgrim's Pride advertisements. He became the president of the company after Aubrey died of a heart attack in 1966. Today, Pilgrim's Pride is vertically integrated, meaning the company has its own divisions for every process from "egg to table".

Pilgrim's Pride is a supplier of Kentucky Fried Chicken and was named its "supplier of the year" in 1997. Other customers include Walmart, Publix, and Wendy's. By 2012, Pilgrim's was the exclusive rotisserie chicken supplier for Costco, supplying 50 million 3-pound marinated chickens, ready to be placed into a rotisserie.

## News events in the 2000s/2010s

On October 12, 2002, Pilgrim's Pride recalled 27.4 million pounds of sliced deli poultry after finding a strain of Listeria monocytogenes in the drain of one of their facilities. It was the largest food recall in the US at the time. The outbreak killed 7 people, sickened 46, and caused 3 miscarriages.

In 2003, Pilgrim's Pride acquired Pierce Chicken (formerly owned by ConAgra Foods and before that part of Hester Industries). Pierce Chicken is best known for its brand-name Wing Dings, Wing Zings, and various other prepared food products.

In May 2004, Pilgrim's Pride experienced an outbreak of avian influenza in Hopkins County in northeast Texas; 24,000 breeder hens were destroyed to contain the outbreak.

On July 20, 2004, PETA released a video showing cruelty to chickens at a Pilgrim's Pride plant in West Virginia. The video showed Pilgrim Pride employees strangling, stomping, and flinging live chickens into a wall. Pilgrim's Pride investigated, dismissed 11 employees including managers, and has provided ongoing animal welfare training to its work force after KFC owner Yum Brands threatened to cease purchasing from the company following the incident; none of the employees faced any criminal charges.

Pilgrim's is also a supplier of cattle feed to various ranching operations in East Texas. The supply of cattle feed was criticized because of the alleged use of "inedible" chicken parts being used for protein content. This is a common practice in the poultry industry known as protein conversion, so as to profit from all parts of the bird. Protein conversion uses techniques to convert inedible parts of the animal, for example keratin in feathers and skin, into digestible protein to be used for livestock and pet food.

On December 4, 2006, Pilgrim's Pride announced the successful acquisition of Gold Kist (formerly the third largest chicken company) for $21.00 a share. Although there was initial resistance from Gold Kist, the board members of both companies voted unanimously to combine the two companies.

On December 17, 2007, Pilgrim's Pride's CEO, O.B. Goolsby Jr., died after suffering a stroke while on a hunting trip in South Texas with customers.

On April 16, 2008, after an investigation US Immigration and Customs Enforcement raided plants in Batesville, Arkansas; Live Oak, Florida; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Mount Pleasant, Texas; and Moorefield, West Virginia. Officials arrested 311 foreign national employees on suspicion of identity theft. Of those employees, 91 were formally charged.

On December 1, 2008, Pilgrim's Pride filed for bankruptcy.

On May 27, 2014, the company announced a $6.4 billion cash and debt offer to acquire the shares in Hillshire Brands. A rival bid from Tyson Foods came two days later. On June 9, 2014, the company announced it was withdrawing its bid for Hillshire after Tyson Foods had increased its offer to $8.55 billion.

On July 21, 2017, the company's co-founder, Lonnie "Bo" Pilgrim, died at the age of 89.

On September 23, 2020, Pilgrim's Pride announced the appointment of Fabio Sandri as CEO, replacing Jayson Penn. Penn went on leave in June following an indictment earlier this year on charges of price-fixing and bid-rigging. In February 2021, Pilgrim's Pride agreed to pay a $107 million fine on charges of bid rigging and price fixing.

## Purchase by JBS S.A.

On September 17, 2009, JBS USA Holdings, Inc. announced the purchase of 64% of the shares of Pilgrim's Pride. JBS USA. is a subsidiary of Brazilian multinational JBS S.A., the largest meat processor in the world, and the largest by revenue. Currently JBS USA Holdings, Inc. owns 78.5% of the company.

As a result, Pilgrim's Pride closed its corporate offices in Texas and Georgia and moved its headquarters to Greeley, Colorado. The move caused the former headquarters in Pittsburg, Texas, and a location in nearby Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to cut employment by a total of 160 people. Other locations which lost jobs included sites in Atlanta, Dallas, and Broadway, Virginia.

## COVID-19 pandemic

In late April 2020, an outbreak of COVID-19 began at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Lufkin, Texas. On May 8, a worker at the Lufkin plant was found dead in her home after being diagnosed with COVID-19. After the West Virginia National Guard conducted coronavirus tests of 520 (out of 940) workers at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Moorefield, West Virginia, 18 workers tested positive. By May 11, 2020, 194 COVID-19 cases had been diagnosed among workers at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Cold Spring, Minnesota, which employs about 1,100 workers. On the same day, 75 to 85 cars filled with workers drove around the plant, honking horns and demanding over a loudspeaker that it be closed for two weeks.

At least one worker tested positive at the Pilgrim's Pride plant in Chattanooga and other workers tested positive at the company's plant in Timberville, Virginia, where dozens of workers protested in early April 2020. The company has declined to release the number of cases in Timberville.


Soul to Soul (album)

# Soul to Soul (album)

## Abstract

Soul to Soul is the third studio album by American blues rock band Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble released on September 30, 1985, by Epic Records. Recording sessions took place between March and May 1985 at the Dallas Sound Lab in Dallas, Texas. Vaughan wrote four of Soul to Soul' s ten tracks; two songs were released as singles. The album went to #34 on the Billboard 200 chart and the music video for "Change It" received regular rotation on MTV. In 1999, a reissue of the album was released, which includes an audio interview segment and two studio outtakes.

Soul to Soul received generally positive reviews, with acclaim for Vaughan’s style and playing, and criticism for a lack of inspiration and Vaughan’s “hit or miss songwriting.”

In 1999, a reissue of the album was released which contains an audio interview segment and studio outtakes. In 2014, Analogue Productions Remaster used the original master tape for the first time since the first CD edition. The lyrics before the guitar solo on "Life Without You" have been restored audibly, whereas on other CD editions since 1999 they had been edited out.

## Track listing

### Original release

All tracks are written by Stevie Ray Vaughan, except where noted

### 1999 reissue bonus tracks

"SRV Speaks" is from a studio interview with Timothy White for Westwood One Radio. The remaining bonus tracks are studio outtakes from the sessions for the album.

## Personnel

- Stevie Ray Vaughan – guitar, vocals, drums on "Empty Arms"

- Tommy Shannon – bass, vocals on "Say What!"

- Chris Layton – drums, vocals on "Say What!"

- Reese Wynans – keyboards, vocals on "Say What!"

- Joe Sublett – saxophone on "Lookin' Out the Window" and "Look at Little Sister"

- Producers – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Richard Mullen

- Executive producer – John H. Hammond

- Engineer – Richard Mullen

- Assistant engineer – Ron Cote

- Cover art – Holland MacDonald

- Producer – Bob Irwin

- Executive producer – Tony Martell

- Mastering engineer – Vic Anesini

- Tracks 11–13 mixed by Danny Kadar

- Dialogue edited by Darcy Proper

- Research assistants – Al Quaglieri, Matthew Kelly

- Art director – Josh Cheuse

- Editorial director – Andy Schwartz

- Liner notes – Timothy White


Lyme Art Association

# Lyme Art Association

## Abstract

Lyme Art Association (LAA) is a nonprofit art organization established in 1914, with roots going back to 1902. The LAA maintains a historic art gallery located at 90 Lyme Street in the Old Lyme Historic District, Old Lyme, Connecticut. The gallery was built in 1921 to a design prepared by the architect and artist Charles A. Platt. The association holds exhibitions throughout the year, featuring the work of member artists as well as visiting ones, with an emphasis on representational art The building has a north-light studio, where the association conducts classes year-round.

## Origins

The LAA is an outgrowth of the Old Lyme art colony, established by Henry Ward Ranger, a leading tonalist painter from New York. After visiting Old Lyme in 1899, Ranger returned the following year with like-minded tonalist painters. Boarding at the house of Florence Griswold, now the Florence Griswold Museum, they painted scenes of the local countryside.

In the summer of 1902, the administrators of the nearby public library invited the group to hold a two-day exhibition at the library. Art enthusiasts travelling to the show from New York and Boston boosted sales and some of the proceeds were donated to the library. The show, consisting entirely of landscape paintings depicting the local countryside, included the work of Tonalists such as Henry Ward Ranger, Allen Butler Talcott, Clark Voorhees, Frank DuMond, William Henry Howe, Gifford Beal, Walter Griffin, Louis Paul Dessar, Arthur Dawson, and Lewis Cohen.

Each summer, large crowds would travel to the annual exhibitions, travelling by train to see the work at the library. In 1903, Childe Hassam was the sole Impressionist among the tonalist exhibition, and his presence marked a turning point among the painters toward a more impressionist style. In 1905, the Impressionist painter Willard Metcalf exhibited two works at the library. Over the course of the twentieth century, artists such as Bruce Crane, Henry Rankin Poore, Robert Vonnoh, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Matilda Browne, Charles Bittinger, Lawton S. Parker, Everett Warner, Ivan Olinsky, George Henry Bogert, Wilson Irvine, Edward Volkert, Carleton Wiggins, Guy C. Wiggins, Harry L. Hoffman, Edward F. Rook, Lydia Longacre, Clifford Grayson, Lawton S. Parker, Gertrude Nason, W. Langdon Kihn, Henry Kreis, Alphaeus P. Cole, Roger Dennis, Hugh DeHaven, Elisabeth Gordon Chandler, Jessie Hull Mayer, William S. Robinson, Frank Bicknell and Will Howe Foote would exhibit in the annual shows.

## The group incorporates

By 1913, the artists began to discuss building a permanent art gallery in town. Poor lighting at the library had become an issue. Furthermore, as many as forty artists were now exhibiting in the summer shows, and the library’s gallery space was inadequate. In April 1914, the artists held an exhibition in New York City, managed by Florence Griswold, to raise money for a new building.

On Friday, June 26, 1914, the artists and a group of local townspeople held a meeting at Griswold’s house, at which they approved articles of incorporation for the association (later renamed the Lyme Art Association) drawn up by Judge Walter C. Noyes. The group elected Noyes to be the association’s first president.

In July 1914, the group filed a certificate of incorporation with the State of Connecticut, signed by Noyes, Joseph S. Huntington, and artists Lewis Cohen, William S. Robinson, and Frank Bicknell. The new organization stated its intention to raise $40,000 for the construction of a permanent art gallery in Old Lyme.

They sought to build, as one newspaper put it:

"...the long dreamed of Temple of Art, home of the association and the center to be, of an artistique manifestation that will have a greater national influence than ever."

## Building the gallery

In 1914, the association commissioned plans for an art gallery from New York architect Richard A. Walker, to cost $14,000, but with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it postponed plans to build a new gallery.

The association did not choose a site for the new building until 1917, when it purchased land from Florence Griswold, on Lyme Street, just south of her house. The cost was $1,000.

In July 1919, the association voted to join forces with the town of Old Lyme to build a new town hall, with the agreement that the association could hold their annual exhibition in the new building for one month each summer. The LAA withdrew from the project in December, when the town objected to any group having exclusive use of the town hall.

In 1920, the association commissioned American Renaissance architect Charles A. Platt to design the association’s new gallery, a design that he donated to the group. Due to the fact the artists were self-funding and the resources were limited, the artists asked him to lower the skylights of his initial design, which he reluctantly agreed to do. New London-based contractors Canning & Leary were awarded the contract to construct Platt's final design, for a building cost of $20,000. Artist Lawton S. Parker chaired the building committee for LAA working with Charles Platt. Work on the construction of the gallery began in September 1920.

On August 6, 1921, the Lyme Art Association Gallery was unveiled. The building measured 25'x88' with a wing 25'x32' and one high story. The gallery was built in a T-shape, with trellises wrapping around the back of the structure, which were ready to collect the vines that were beginning to grow. The building featured "white-dipped" shingles. The New York Times wrote about the unveiling:

"Greater appropriateness, beauty of proportions and refinement of taste could hardly be found. The building belongs to the location as completely as a Connecticut wildflower to the countryside...to come upon it in the pleasant landscape is recognize it immediately as an embodiment of art in harmony with its natural surroundings"

Inside, the walls were "dusky-blue" with "a faint suggestion of gold". The lighting from the skylights was considered perfect, with an even distribution of natural light on the walls. This was made possible by a translucent ceiling of white muslin laylights below the skylights. Inside the gallery, four large pillars stand, which can be removed to create one hall.

Florence Griswold was the first gallery manager of the new building.

## Goodman Gallery

On June 11, 1938 the Lyme Art Association unveiled an additional wing, which it named the Goodman Gallery. Funds for the gallery were given by Erna Sawyer Goodman in memory of her husband, lumber tycoon William O. Goodman, who had been an honorary president of the association and a sponsor of many of its prizes. The builder of the new gallery, L.H. Tiffany, copied Platt's original design for the new gallery, but built it several steps lower, with two French doors leading out to a balcony that once overlooked a lily pond.

## Art studio

In 1975 sculptor Elisabeth Gordon Chandler was elected president of LAA. In 1976, she founded a separate institution, Lyme Academy of Fine Arts, and made extensive alterations to accommodate it.

In 1978, she completed a two-story art studio, and transformed the basement to accommodate a library, offices, and storage rooms. Artists such as Robert Brackman, Deane G. Keller, and Lou Bonamarte, along with Chandler, taught in the space leased by the Academy.

In June 1982, an historic flood hit Old Lyme. A brook running behind the association was blocked with debris, causing five feet of water to fill the studio and downstairs offices occupied by the Academy. Nevertheless, the academy continued to hold classes at the LAA until 1996 when its twenty-year lease expired.

## Exhibitions and events

In 1921, during the 20th annual exhibition, Wilson Irvine was awarded the William S. Eaton Purchase Prize for his painting "Lingering Snow". The 20th annual exhibition in the new gallery had a paid attendance of over 5,000, with sales of artwork exceeding $10,000.

In the 21st Annual Exhibition in 1922 Ivan Olinsky was awarded the first award under the Museum Purchase Plan, a program instituted to place LAA member work in associate museum members. Olinsky's painting "Leonore in a Russian Blouse" was allotted to the Dayton Art Institute.

1933 saw Lyme Art Association extend the exhibition season with their First Annual Autumn Exhibition.

In October 1971, Lyme Art Association was included in the Old Lyme Historic District which was named to the National Register of Historic Places. This process was carried out by Mrs. John Crosby Brown, then President of the Lyme Historical Society-Florence Griswold Association.

In 1972, heating was installed in the LAA gallery, allowing exhibitions to take place during the colder months.

The Center Gallery was renamed the Alphaeus P. Cole Gallery in 1976. Cole, a noted local artist and member of LAA, was honored by the association in tribute of his 100th birthday.

In 1996, a major retrospective at LAA was held to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the gallery. Works by Henry Ward Ranger, Bruce Crane, Robert Vonnoh, Willard Metcalf, Childe Hassam, Carleton Wiggins, Guy C. Wiggins and William Chadwick were featured. Artwork by Ornithologist Roger Tory Peterson was also on display. Also featured was the Goodman Presentation Case, consisting of 35 small works by early Lyme artists, which were originally presented to LAA honorary President William O. Goodman.

In 1997, a footbridge linking Florence Griswold Museum and LAA was built, a project proposed by the museum.

In 2002 LAA held a centennial exhibition to commemorate the first exhibition at the Phoebe Griffin Noyes Library in 1902. 130 early works of 76 of the early members were displayed along with work by current members. During the exhibition, Lieutenant Governor Jodi Rell visited the gallery and declared July 8 "Lyme Art Association Day" to honor the centennial. Additionally, LAA featured a retrospective of the work of Deane G. Keller, entitled "Go Figure", concurrent with the Centennial Exhibition.

In 2005, the gallery held a retrospective exhibition of the architect of Lyme Art Association, Charles A. Platt, featuring many of his paintings and etchings.

In 2010, a flood sent two feet of water into the basement of LAA, causing more than $60,000 worth of damage, and the loss of archival material.

In 2014, the widow of artist and teacher Foster Caddell gave a generous gift to LAA's endowment. The south gallery was renamed Caddell Gallery during the 94th Annual Elected Artist Exhibition the following year.

LAA is embarking on a Second Century Campaign, to restore the historic gallery building.

A large collection of Lyme Art Association archives was donated by Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts to the association in 2017. The archival material, from the estate of Elisabeth Gordon Chandler, is to be on permanent display in the Lyme Art Association gallery.

In 2018, Laurie Pavlos was named executive director of the organization.

During March 2020, LAA made the decision to cancel the opening reception to "Yin and Yang" show, and close the gallery until the end of the month due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The gallery officially reopened to the public on June 26, 2020 with two new exhibitions.

The Florence Griswold Museum is holding a "Centennial of the Lyme Art Association Gallery" exhibition during 2020 and 2021, commemorating the anniversary of the building of the gallery and the Twentieth Annual Exhibition. Beginning in 2021, Lyme Art Association is embarking on phase two of its Second Century Campaign, to replace the gallery's skylights and laylights, as well as add insulation to the historic structure.

## Association presidents

Presidents of Lyme Art Association:

- Walter C. Noyes 1914-1921

- William Henry Howe 1921-1922

- William O. Goodman 1922-1932

- William S. Robinson 1932-1934

- E. Gregory Smith 1934-1958

- Will S. Taylor 1958-1964

- Bertram G. Bruestle 1964-1967

- Frederick Buchholz 1967-1971

- Edwin R. Maynard 1971-1975

- Elisabeth Gordon Chandler 1975-1978

- H. Gil Roberts 1978-1980

- Sultana Hanniford 1980-1982

- William Babcock 1982-1994

- Norman W. Legassie 1994-1996

- Donna Gilberto 1996-1997

- Joann Ballinger 1997-1998

- Mary Worthen 1998-1999

- Anne Bingham Pierson 1999-2001

- Richard J. Christofferson 2001-2002

- Jerry Litner 2002-2006

- Rich Nazzaro 2006-2007

- Barbara Lussier 2007-2008

- Katherine Simmons 2008-2019

- Emily Reynolds 2019-2020

- Harley Bartlett 2020-2022

- Beverly Schirmeier 2022-


The Thacher School

# The Thacher School

## Abstract

The Thacher School is a private co-educational day and boarding school in Ojai, California. Founded in 1889 as a boys' school, it began admitting girls in 1977 and is California's oldest co-educational boarding school, as well as the oldest private boarding school west of the Mississippi River. The school educates approximately 250 students in grades 9–12, who come from 21 states and 12 countries.

Originally a ranch, Thacher's 540-acre campus supports formal horse and outdoors programs. School founder Sherman Day Thacher believed in the power of the outdoors to help shape students: “Come West, breathe deep, let these hills be your teachers.” In 2019, the school's older buildings were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## History and overview

### Origins

In 1887, Sherman Day Thacher moved to the Casa de Piedra ("CdeP") orange ranch in Nordhoff, California (later renamed to Ojai) with his brother, who was seeking a "fresh air" cure for his tuberculosis. Thacher's father Thomas was a professor at Yale, and in 1889, Thacher's friend Henry W. Farnam (another Yale professor) asked Thacher to tutor his son for Yale's entrance exams. Thacher agreed to do so, provided that the son move to California for his lessons. According to the Los Angeles Times, Thacher is the oldest private boarding school west of the Mississippi.

At CdeP, Thacher tutored the younger Farnam in both academics and maturity, blending classroom studies with outdoor living and horsemanship. Tuition was $14 a week, "washing excluded." Soon other friends were sending their sons out to California to receive Thacher's instruction, and a school was born. By 1900, Thacher educated 45 students and its advertisements counted the presidents of Yale, Harvard, Stanford, and Berkeley as references.

Sherman Thacher served as an inspiration (direct or indirect) for various other college-preparatory boarding schools. His Yale roommate Horace Dutton Taft visited CdeP in 1889, and Taft's experience helped crystallize his decision to found Connecticut's Taft School the following year. In addition, Curtis Cate taught English at Thacher in the 1900s before establishing Thacher's athletic rival Cate School in 1910. Due to the school's popularity, the admissions office was oversubscribed. As a result, Sherman Thacher encouraged Thompson Webb to move from Tennessee to Claremont, California and establish The Webb School of California, which opened in 1922.

Thacher incorporated the school as a nonprofit in 1924, but continued running the school until his death in 1931. He was succeeded by Morgan Barnes, who led the school for five years until Thacher's son Anson (CdeP 1923) was ready to take over. Anson Thacher served as head of school from 1936 to 1949, and was the last member of the Thacher family to lead the school. He continued teaching math at Thacher until 1970.

### Horse and outdoor programs

When founding the school, Sherman Thacher imposed "the unusual requirement that each student must care for a horse," remarking that "there's something about the outside of a horse... that's good for the inside of a boy." (There was also a practical element to the horse program: "students had to ride the five-mile trek into Ojai every day just to pick up the mail.") Today, the Horse Program requires students to ride and care for a horse during all athletic seasons their freshman year at Thacher, while students who join at later grades complete the requirement during one athletic season. An annual gymkhana event provides students the opportunity to demonstrate horsemanship in competition. Though Western-style riding is required, the Horse Program offers an English riding elective in grades 10–12.

As part of the Outdoors Program, students are encouraged to take weekend camping trips into the local mountains, in addition to week-long trips each fall and spring that include backpacking, rock climbing, cycling, sailing, horse camping, canyoneering, backcountry skiing and kayaking.

### Evolution

Under Sherman Thacher, the size of the student body was limited to approximately 60 students. Anson Thacher expanded enrollment to 94 boys by the time of his retirement, but Thacher's primary period of expansion came in the 1960s and mid-1970s; the school educated 189 students by 1975. In 1977, Thacher began admitting female students.

### Recent developments

From 1999 to 2008, Thacher conducted a $82 million fundraising campaign that both increased endowments for faculty salaries and student financial aid, and funded new buildings on campus (including a performing arts center, student commons, and dormitories).

The school launched a $160 million fundraising campaign in 2017. In 2018, Thacher reported that the campaign had helped grow the school endowment from $125 to $171 million. In 2020, Thacher further reported that its financial aid budget increased by 50.7% and the percentage of students on financial aid had increased by 5%. The campaign also funded a new academic building and dining hall, improved faculty housing, and a solar power facility that contributes more than 90% of the school's energy needs.

## Admissions and student body

In 2024, the school's admission rate was 16%. 79% of admitted students chose to enroll at Thacher. In 2016, Business Insider ranked Thacher as the most selective boarding school in the United States; that year, its admission rate was 12%.

In the 2024–25 school year, Thacher educated 225 boarders and 20 non-faculty day students. 45% of boarding students came from outside California, and 14% of students came from abroad. 31% of Thacher students received financial aid. The average award was $64,993, equivalent to 83% of boarding tuition.

## Academics

### Curriculum

Thacher students engage in a rigorous, college preparatory curriculum and are required to complete four years of Mathematics and English with three years of Science, History, and a foreign language of choice, plus two years of Art. Students must take five solid courses (defined as classes with substantial written homework) each term. Students are placed in and choose from more than 80 courses, ranging from English I to Advanced Music Theory. Classes such as Latin, Global Crises and Solutions, Astronomy Research, Modern Middle East, Advanced Actors Studio, Multivariable Calculus, Perspectives on Nature, Field Biology and Conservation are on offer.

Thacher uses the Harkness method in its classrooms. "Daily preparation, thoughtful participation, analytical thinking and intellectual rigor" are part of life in the Thacher classroom.

All seniors exhibit mastery on a topic by designing and researching a topic of choice. This Senior Exhibition must have an oral and written component and be presented to the Thacher community.

### Test scores

For the Class of 2023, Thacher reported a middle-50% SAT score range of 1300-1520 and an average ACT score of 30.

### Observatory program

Thacher has an astronomical research program, where students participate in astrophysics research in collaboration with teams at Harvard University, Boston University, the University of California at Santa Cruz, and the Las Cumbres Observatory.

The observatory was brought to campus in 1965 by Caltech and UCLA as part of the Summer Science Program. It was renovated in 2016 into a state-of-the-art, research-grade facility and now houses a PlaneWave CDK-700 telescope with a 0.7m aperture and a fully robotic dome. The observatory uses a flexible dispatch schedule for full automation.

## Campus and facilities

The campus, located in the foothills in the northeast corner of the Ojai Valley, about 85 miles north of Los Angeles, was originally the Casa de Piedra ranch. Buildings reflect a variety of architectural styles, including California Craftsman and Spanish Colonial Revival.

In addition to the normal boarding school mix of athletic facilities like a gymnasium, tennis courts, track, three fields, fitness center, and pool (although the pool is not used for athletic events), the campus has barns, pastures, arenas, and fields for equestrian use, including a network of trails that links the campus to the adjacent Los Padres National Forest. The school maintains base camps in the Sespe Wilderness and the Eastern Sierra's Golden Trout Wilderness, which it uses for backcountry trips, educational programs and alumni retreats. The school also hosts a game room, sand volleyball courts and two wellness centers.

## Mascot and traditions

While The Thacher School's symbol has always been the pegasus, its mascot is the toad, chosen, according to the founder's grandson, Nick Thacher, for its quiet humility and persistence.

## 2021–23 sexual misconduct investigation

### Internal and county investigations

In 2020, reports of sexual misconduct at Thacher circulated on social media. In response, the school hired law firm Munger, Tolles & Olson (MTO) to investigate these reports and other allegations of misconduct. Thacher published MTO's 91-page report in June 2021 and a 168-page supplemental report in February 2023. As summarized by the Los Angeles Times, MTO investigators "laid out episodes of alleged rape, groping, unwanted touching and inappropriate comments dating back 40 years in a level of detail surprising for a private institution." Collectively, the reports identified ten alleged perpetrators by name, collected incidents related to other, unnamed, alleged perpetrators, and disclosed allegations that former school administrators covered up student complaints. MTO said that it did not receive any "firsthand, credible reports" of sexual misconduct by current school employees.

In 2023, the Ventura County Sheriff's Office declined to file criminal charges, citing a variety of reasons, including the statute of limitations, a lack of proof for certain allegations, and victims who declined to press charges. Civil litigation is ongoing.

In 2021, a current Thacher student made an allegation of student-on-student physical abuse, but the school administration inadvertently (that is, "not due to any deliberate effort to obfuscate") delayed reporting the allegation to law enforcement for a period of months. The same year, the school had promptly reported a contemporary allegation of student-on-student sexual abuse.

### School response

Following publication of the 2021 report, the school's board of trustees issued a statement acknowledging that "many suffered lasting harm not just from the sexual misconduct itself but also from the school’s handling of the misconduct." The board added that the school "tolerated and at times fostered a culture that valued the experiences and voices of boys and men over those of girls and women and that allowed sexual misconduct to be minimized, ignored, and dismissed."

The school created a support fund to help victims pay for therapy. It also revised its sexual misconduct reporting process and hired several outside organizations to train its administrators and staff on how to prevent further instances of abuse in the future. In addition, the board of trustees removed the names of two former heads of school from the campus dining hall, the athletic field, and a hiking trail. The first administrator had "fail to protect Thacher students from harm," and the second had been credibly accused of sexual misconduct.

Thacher's head of school resigned in August 2022. Jeff Hooper became the acting/interim Head of School in 2021 and the permanent Head of School in 2023.

## Notable alumni

- Phil Angelides, 31st California State Treasurer

- Max Barbakow, screenwriter and director (Palm Springs)

- Riley P. Bechtel, Bechtel CEO

- Laurel Braitman, science historian, New York Times bestselling author, and TED Fellow

- Rukmini Maria Callimachi, journalist and poet

- Donald Cooksey, physicist

- Jennifer Crittenden, television writer (The Simpsons, Everybody Loves Raymond, Seinfeld)

- Paul B. Fay, Jr., businessman and adviser to President John F. Kennedy

- Sidney D. Gamble, renowned photographer and sociologist of early 20th century China

- Glen David Gold, author of Carter Beats the Devil, Sunnyside, and I Will Be Complete: A Memoir.

- James Newton Howard, composer

- Ye Htoon, Burmese lawyer and political dissident

- Howard Hughes, aviator and industrialist. Thacher was the second prep school that he attended. He enrolled when he and his parents moved to California, and he was still at Thacher when his mother died.

- Roger Kent, Naval officer and political advisor

- Sherman Kent, intelligence analyst

- D. Andrew Kille, writer, teacher, and scholar of psychological biblical criticism

- Josh Klausner, screenwriter and director (Date Night, Shrek Forever After, Wanderland)

- Michael E. Knight, actor (All My Children)

- Sarah Konrad, Olympian: the first American woman to compete in two different disciplines at the same Winter Olympics (United States at the 2006 Winter Olympics).

- John Lenczowski, founder and president of The Institute of World Politics

- Norman Livermore, environmentalist, lumberman and official serving under Governor Ronald Reagan.

- J.P. Manoux, actor (Aaron Stone)

- John Wescott Myers, World War II test pilot

- Charles Nordhoff, co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty

- Wheeler J. North. marine biologist

- Leland Orser, actor (Taken)

- William Horsley Orrick Jr., United States federal judge

- Clay Pell

- Michel Raoul Duval, Special Counsel to the President; investment banker; attorney

- Joely Richardson, actress (Nip/Tuck)

- Matt Shakman, director

- Jonathan Tucker, actor (Justified)

- Charles L. Tutt, III, engineer and hotelier

- Thornton Wilder, one of Thacher's most notable alumni, playwright and author. He began writing plays while at Thacher.

- Barry Wood, College Football Hall of Fame inductee

- Noah Wyle, television actor (ER)

- Suriya Evans-Pritchard Jayanti, diplomat and journalist

## Notable faculty

- Stacy Margolin (born 1959), tennis player

- David Lavender, historian


2024 European floods

# 2024 European floods

## Abstract

In May, June and September 2024, several European countries were affected by severe floods caused by prolonged heavy rains. Several were catastrophic, causing deaths and widespread damage due to overflowing river basins and landslides. Countries affected included Germany, Austria, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.

## Impact

### Germany

Flooding in Germany caused at least nine deaths, insured property damage of €2.2 billion, and over 3,000 displaced individuals.

In May 2024, over 100 liters of rain per square meter came down in less than 24 hours over Saarland. A woman in Saarbrücken was injured during an evacuation and later died, while a Red Cross worker died following a rescue operation from heart failure.

In June 2024, significant flooding struck Southern Germany, striking the most in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. Dozens of villages had to be evacuated across Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria due to the straining and failure of several dams and dykes caused by the persistent heavy rainfall. Among the rivers whose water levels significantly rose include the Danube, the Isar, the Zusam, the Weilach, the Ilm, the Paar, the Schmutter, the Roth, and the Leibi. Many places had more rainfall in 24 hours than their whole monthly average, and in many areas, the water reached levels that were present only "once in a century" according to the Bavarian Flood Information Service.

An inflatable rescue raft containing four firefighters capsized while evacuating citizens in Pfaffenhofen from floodwaters from the overflowing Ilm River, resulting in the death of one firefighter. Another firefighter was missing, as well as a woman in Schrobenhausen which was later found dead. Carriages of a train were derailed by a landslide caused by the heavy raining near Schwaebisch Gmund. None of the 185 passengers were injured.

On 4 June, a 57-year-old woman lost control with her car on a flooded road. She was later found dead. The Falkenstein Castle in Upper Bavaria partially collapsed to the north due to heavy rainfall, causing the evacuation of 50 residents under the castle complex. On 5 June, a 79-year-old woman which was missing since 2 June was found dead.

The second wave is planned to start in East Germany on September 16.

### Austria

Concurrently with flooding in Germany in early June, rising river levels on the Danube River reached 6.86 meters on the morning of 4 June, causing it to burst its banks in Linz, submerging areas close to the river. All river traffic along the Danube in the Lower Austria area was halted.

The flooding caused significant disruptions to the 2024 European Parliament elections, particularly in the province of Styria. The heavy rainfall rendered several polling stations in Deutschfeistritz, Hartberg-Fürstenfeld District, and Graz inaccessible or destroyed, necessitating rapid responses from local authorities to ensure that voters could still participate in the election process. In addition, The Übelbach river burst its banks due to the intense rainfall, causing mudslides that destroyed houses and washed away cars in Übelbach.

### Hungary

Rainfall and upstream flooding from Germany and Austria caused several tidal surges along the banks of the Danube and the Rába in Hungary starting on 6 June 2024. The Danube tidal surge forced closure of the Budapest Public Road along a section of the "lower quay of Buda between Mozaik Street and Rákóczi Bridge " and a part of "the lower quay of Pest between Népfürdő Street and Közraktár Street". The "main building" of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics was closed due to elevated river levels.

By 10 June 2024, alerts were activated along 912.4 kilometers of river sections, with the highest degree alerts in place along 10.42 kilometers of these sections. The Rába faced record water at 4.22m at Szentgotthárd, initiating a third-degree flood alert and prompting the National Water Management Directorate (OVF) to mobilize over 400 staff members to build up extensive flood defense efforts, including placing 120,000 sandbags to construct a 2.5 km flood barrier in Körmend. The Strém and Pinka rivers nearly received the monthly rainfall average in six hours, the latter recording its highest water level ever at 5.08m in Felsőcsatár.

Overflow in the Danube and Rába in turn caused several mosquito breeding sites to arise in Sopron, Debrecen, and Miskolc, requiring the National Directorate General for Disaster Management to use biological control to prevent further spread of mosquito-borne disease.

### Spain

From 11 to 13 June, heavy flooding caused by torrential rain severely affected the regions of Costa Blanca, Murcia and Mallorca in Spain. Heavy flooding in Murcia prompted 113 emergency calls, requiring the local Emergency Coordination Centre to respond to 324 issues. Damage by heavy rainfalls were exacerbated by inadequate drainage and road blockages caused by fallen trees and other debris. In Calasparra, a person trapped in their car while attempting to cross a flooded road was rescued by the fire brigade and taken to the hospital with hypothermia.

In Mallorca, Storm Tamara caused 71.8 mm of rainfall in four hours at the Palma Airport, flooding its runways and leading to its temporary closure. Videos from the terminal showed floodwaters nearly reaching the bottom of airplane engines. Over 100 flights were canceled or delayed, affecting British tourists traveling to and from Gatwick, Luton, and Bristol airports. In Costa Blanca, a sudden 20-minute downpour causing hail and significant flooding, with several recorded videos showing violent waters flowing through town centers and trapped citizens in cars, producing more rain than the entire summer's average.

### France

In 8–9 June, heavy rains caused flooding and mudslides across Southern France in Eauze, Montréal, and Fourcès in Gers. The flooding required over 100 fire brigade interventions.

On 29 June 2024, three people in their 70's and 80's died in Aube after the car they were traveling in was crushed by a fallen tree during intensive storms, heavy rainfall, and strong winds, with a fourth passenger requiring critical care.

### Switzerland

In late June, a series of violent thunderstorms and melting snow triggered severe flooding and landslides in southern Switzerland, resulting in the deaths of at least ten individuals, with four others reported missing, including one from Binn. The cantons of Ticino and Valais in Switzerland were significantly affected. In the Ticino canton, three people lost their lives in a landslide in the Valle Maggia. Their bodies were recovered in the Fontana area of the valley. A bridge downstream from the disaster area was submerged, complicating rescue efforts. One campsite in the Valle Maggia was evacuated by helicopter, in addition to 300 participants in a local soccer tournament.

Another person was reported missing in the Lavizzara side-arm of the valley. In the Valais canton, a man was found deceased in a Saas-Grund hotel, which Swiss police said was likely due to unexpected flooding exacerbated by melting snow. Another individual was reported missing in a different area in Valais.

### Italy

Concurrently with the late June flooding in Switzerland, the Valle d'Aosta and Piedmont regions in Italy were impacted with significant flooding. Approximately 200 residents in the Valle d'Aosta region had to be evacuated by helicopter from their homes in Cogne due to flooding and mudslides. Around 120 people in the Piedmont region were evacuated from Alpine villages following torrential rain.

### Poland

From 13 September, storms and excessive rainfall struck Opole Voivodeship and Lower Silesia, leading to flooding on 14-15 September. Two people were reported dead as a result of floods in Silesia. Severe flooding alerts were reached in 82 measuring stations, primarily in the river basin of the Oder.

On 14 September the town of Głuchołazy water overflew flood barriers and destroyed a temporary bridge on the Biała Głuchołaska river, leading to a mandatory evacuation. Schools in the towns of Nysa, Kłodzko and Jelenia Góra were closed. Trains in the region were suspended due to multiple cases of track erosion and fallen trees.

On 15 September flood barriers failed in the towns of Kłodzko and Nysa, leading to flooding up to 150cm in the town centre of Kłodzko, with mayors calling for evacuation. The dam in Międzygórze overflew and was deemed out of control by the Regional Water Management Board in Wrocław. The Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, declared a state of natural disaster. Somewhere around 3 or 4 PM, the first house got destroyed in Stronie Śląskie. Multiple water reservoirs are already overflowing.

### Romania

Five people are reported dead as the result of floods in Romania.

### Czech Republic

The 2024 floods in the Czech Republic began on 13 September after heavy raining. Over 200 rivers were reported to spill over their banks as of 15 September. The most critical situation was in North Moravia, especially in the region of Jeseníky mountains, followed by North-East Moravia where thousands of people had to be evacuated. Jeseník and Opava were among the worstly hit places where a few houses were destroyed by the overflown river. The evacuation operation there started already on the night of 14/15 September in the major residential area of Kateřinky. The biggest city hit by the floods was Ostrava. Only some parts of the city, however, were hit. There is an ongoing threat in handful of places in the South Bohemian Region. For the whole country, four people are reported missing, thousands were displaced and around 250 thousands without electricity. Several roads and railroads were closed and water also leaked into 1 station of Prague Metro, but it remained operational.

On 15 September, Martin Kupka, the Czech transport minister, announced that the railway operation around Ostrava region, one of the major regions in the country, will remain suspended for at least a week to eliminate the damage caused by heavy rain and following floods.

### Slovakia

After a strong wind on the night of Saturday, 14 September to Sunday, 15 September 2024, which was preceded by several days of heavy rains, water streams in Slovakia also rose. The worst hydrological situation occurred in basins of Kysuca and Myjava rivers, and smaller Small Carpathians basins. The rivers Danube and Morava also rose. The 2nd and 3rd level of flood activity was issued for Western Slovakia on 15 September.

## See Also

- 1910 European Floods - Historic flooding in Central Europe that resulted in the deaths of more than a thousand people.

- 2023 Slovenia floods

- 2021 European floods

- 2013 European floods

- 2012 Romanian floods

- 2010 Central European floods

- 2009 European floods

- 2002 European floods

- 1997 Central European flood


Imre Varadi

# Imre Varadi

## Abstract

Imre Varadi (born 8 July 1959) is an English former professional footballer, forward who appeared for 16 clubs at all levels of professional football in England.

## Playing career

Varadi was born in Paddington, London, to a Hungarian father and Italian mother. He started out in non-League football with Letchworth before joining Sheffield United in 1978, shortly before his nineteenth birthday.

Varadi went on to become a nomadic journeyman, who rarely spent more than two years with any club and never made 100 league appearances in the colours of any team he played for.

From Sheffield United, he moved on to Everton, Newcastle United, Sheffield Wednesday, West Bromwich Albion, Manchester City, Swansea Town, Sheffield Wednesday again, Leeds United, Luton Town, Oxford United, Rotherham United, Mansfield Town, Boston United, Scunthorpe United and finally had a spell as player-manager at Matlock Town.

He was part of the Leeds United side that won the old First Division in 1992 but only played in three matches which was not enough games to earn a winner's medal. He was also part of the Sheffield Wednesday side that won promotion to the First Division in 1984, after 14 years away. He was sold to West Bromwich Albion a year later and was their top scorer with nine league goals in 1985–86, but was unable to prevent them from being relegated in bottom place with just four wins in the league. He was then sold to Manchester City, and was unable to prevent their relegation the following season, although he did help them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in his second campaign there. He was nicknamed "Imre Banana" by the City fans, following the inflatable banana craze which the club's fans helped start that season. He scored 26 league goals in two seasons at Maine Road.

He left Maine Road to sign for Sheffield Wednesday for a second time in the summer of 1988, and spent two seasons there, but after 18 months he was sold to their Yorkshire rivals Leeds United in February 1990. He spent three years at Elland Road, helping them win promotion to the First Division on his arrival, but rarely played for Leeds in the First Division due to the arrival of new players in the midfield and forward positions. He did not make enough appearances in 1991–92 to earn a league title medal. He had loan spells at Luton Town and Oxford United before finally exiting Elland Road and dropping down two divisions to sign for Rotherham United in the summer of 1993.

He spent two seasons at Millmoor, scoring 25 Division Two goals, before brief spells at Mansfield Town and Scunthorpe United. He called time on his professional career in 1995 when he became player-manager of non-league Matlock Town, before joining Guiseley.

In the spring of 1997, Varadi signed with the South Jersey Barons of the USISL D-3 Pro League in the United States. He only played in two league games before returning home to England with his manager Matt Driver citing "personal reasons." He scored his lone goal of his brief stint with the Barons against the New Hampshire Phantoms on 3 May 1997 in the club's first-ever home game at Carey Stadium in Ocean City, New Jersey.

He broke his retirement for one game for Stalybridge Celtic in 1998.

## Post-retirement

He became a fully licensed FIFA Agent in March 2004 and provides commentary on games for both PA Sport (for the Football Live project) and BBC Radio Sheffield.


Macroom Oatmeal

# Macroom Oatmeal

## Abstract

Macroom Oatmeal is a traditional stone-ground Irish oatmeal produced in Macroom, County Cork, Ireland, at Walton's Mill, the last surviving stone mill in Ireland. Slow Food selected it as the exemplar of stone ground Irish oatmeal, which was taken aboard its Ark of Taste in 2011.

## History

The mill has been operated continuously by the same family since the 1700s. Donal Creedon, great-great-great-great-grandson of founder Richard Walton, now operates the mill. Michelin star -winning chef Myrtle Allen developed the Macroom Biscuit recipe which appears on the package.

## Production method

Macroom oatmeal is stone-ground, then kiln-toasted.

## Reception

Saveur Magazine called it "different from anyone else's in Ireland, full of flavor when simply cooked and immensely satisfying in its grainy texture." Food writer John Thorne said it "may well be the best oatmeal I've ever eaten." Fodor's Ireland mentions Macroom Oatmeal. Darina Allen of Ballymaloe House, where Macroom Oatmeal is served for breakfast, said that Macroom Oatmeal has "a cult following both at home and abroad." James Beard 2010 Cookbook of the Year The Country Cooking of Ireland says "(t)he best oatmeal for Stirabout...is Macroom, milled by Donal Creedon in the town of that name in County Cork."


Papilio machaon

# Papilio machaon

## Abstract

Papilio machaon, the Old World swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. The butterfly is also known as the common yellow swallowtail or simply the swallowtail (a common name applied to all members of the family, but this species was the first to be given the name). It is the type species of the genus Papilio. This widespread species is found in much of the Palearctic (it is the only swallowtail in most of Europe) and in North America.

## Etymology

This species is named after Machaon (Ancient Greek: Μαχάων, romanized: Makháōn) a figure in Greek mythology. He was a son of Asclepius. The specific epithet machaon refers to Machaon, son of Asclepius in the works of Homer.

## Taxonomy

Papilio machaon was named by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758, alongside nearly 200 other species of butterfly. Later, Pierre André Latreille designated it as the type species of the genus Papilio.

## Subspecies

There are 41 recognized subspecies, that include:

- P. m. aliaska Scudder, 1869 (Chukot Peninsula, Alaska to northern British Columbia)

- P. m. annae Gistel, 1857

- P. m. archias Fruhstorfer, 1907 (southern Sichuan)

- P. m. asiaticus Ménétriés, 1855

- P. m. baijangensis Huang & Murayama, 1992 (China: Xinjiang)

- P. m. bairdii Edwards, 1866 (Nevada to Kansas, Arizona, Colorado)

- P. m. birmanicus Rothschild, 1908 (southern Shan States)

- P. m. britannicus (Seitz, 1907) (Great Britain)

- P. m. brucei Edwards, 1893 (Alberta, Saskatchewan to Nebraska, Utah)

- P. m. centralis Staudinger, 1886 (Turan, western Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai, western Pamirs)

- P. m. chinensis Verity, 1905 (Sichuan)

- P. m. gorganus Fruhstorfer, 1922 (southern Europe, Ural, Caucasus Major)

- P. m. hippocrates C. & R. Felder, 1864 (Japan)

- P. m. hudsonianus Clark, 1932 (Alberta to Quebec)

- P. m. kamtschadalus Alphéraky, 1897 (Kamchatka)

- P. m. kiyonobu Morita, 1997 (Tibet)

- P. m. kunkalaschani Eller, 1939 (western Sichuan)

- P. m. ladakensis Moore, 1884 (eastern Pamirs)

- P. m. lapponica Verity, 1911 (northern Europe)

- P. m. machaon (Central Europe)

- P. m. mauretanica Verity, 1905 (North Africa)

- P. m. maxima gen.aest. angulata Verity, 1911

- P. m. melitensis Eller, 1936 (Malta)

- P. m. montanus Alphéraky, 1897 (western Sichuan, south-western Gansu, eastern Qinghai, north-western Yunnan)

- P. m. muetingi Seyer, 1976 (southern Arabia, United Arab Emirates)

- P. m. neochinensis Sheljuzhko, 1913 (Ta-tsien-lu)

- P. m. oregonius Edwards, 1876 (southern British Columbia to Oregon, Idaho)

- P. m. oreinus Sheljuzhko, 1919 (Tian-Shan)

- P. m. orientis Verity, 1911 (Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia, northern Amur, Far East)

- P. m. pikei Sperling, 1987 (Quebec, British Columbia)

- P. m. sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911 (Sakhalin)

- P. m. schapiroi Seyer, 1976 (southern Ussuri)

- P. m. septentrionalis Verity, 1911 (Kurils)

- P. m. sikkimensis Moore, 1884 (Tibet)

- P. m. suroia Tytler, 1939 (Manipur, Assam, northeastern India)

- P. m. sylvina Hemming, 1933 (Taiwan)

- P. m. syriacus Verity, 1908 (Caucasus Minor, Armenia, Talysh Mountains)

- P. m. taliensis Eller, 1939 (northern Yunnan)

- P. m. ussuriensis Sheljuzhko, 1910 (southern Amur, northern and central Ussuri)

- P. m. verityi Fruhstorfer, 1907 (northern Burma, Shan States, southern Yunnan)

- P. m. weidenhofferi Seyer, 1976 (Kopet-Dagh)

Papilio machaon gorganus is strongly migratory in Europe and may be found in almost all habitats. In the UK, P. m. britannicus is an endemic subspecies, but occasionally individuals of the continental subspecies P. m. gorganus breed temporarily on the south coast. Subspecies P. m. britannicus differs from the continental subspecies in being more heavily marked in black. The Maltese Islands are home to another endemic subspecies, P. m. melitensis.

## Distribution and status

This butterfly is present throughout the entire Palearctic region, ranging from Russia to China and Japan, (including the Himalayas and Taiwan), and across into Alaska, Canada, and the United States, and thus, is not restricted to the Old World, despite the common name. In Asia, it is reported as far south as Saudi Arabia, Oman, the high mountains of Yemen, Lebanon, Iran and Israel. In southern Asia, it occurs in Pakistan and Kashmir, northern India (Sikkim, to Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan, and northern Myanmar.

This butterfly is widespread in Europe. In the United Kingdom, it is limited to a few areas in the Norfolk Broads of East Anglia. It is the UK's largest resident butterfly. The monarch (Danaus plexippus) is slightly larger, but is only a rare vagrant.

As P. machaon is widespread throughout Eurasia and often common, it is not threatened as a species. It is listed as "vulnerable" in the South Korean and Austrian Red Data Books, and in the Red Data Book of the former Soviet Union. In Armenia the species demonstrates stable population trend and is assessed as Least Concern.

In some countries, P. machaon and its subspecies are protected by law. Papilio machaon machaon is protected by law in six provinces of Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova. The species is protected in the United Kingdom, and subspecies verityi is protected in India.

In late 2017, P. machaon was among several species of butterflies selected by the Estonian Society of Lepidopterists as contenders for the National Butterfly of Estonia. Nearly 5,000 members of the public voted online, with P. machaon receiving 2,664 votes, overwhelmingly winning the title. As well as becoming the National Butterfly of Estonia, P. machaon was named as the Butterfly of the Year for 2018; an honorary title given to a native butterfly species in Estonia annually.

## Description

The imago typically has yellow wings with black vein markings, and a wingspan of 65–86 millimetres (2.6–3.4 in). The hindwings of both sexes have a pair of protruding tails which give the butterfly its common name from the resemblance to the birds of the same name. Just below each tail is one red and six blue eye spots.

In the caterpillar stage, P. machaon has a length of 45 millimetres (1.8 in). When young, the caterpillar resembles a bird dropping, giving it camouflage. The caterpillar also protects itself using a large orange fork which protrudes behind its head.

It can be distinguished from Papilio hospiton, which occurs sympatrically with it on Corsica and Sardinia, by the longer "tails" on the hindwings. It can be told apart from the Algerian species Papilio saharae only by counting the segments on the antennae.

## Ecology

The butterfly has a strong and fast flight, but frequently pauses to hover over flowering herbs and sip nectar. It frequents alpine meadows and hillsides, and males are fond of ' hilltopping ', congregating near summits to compete for passing females. At lower elevations, it can be seen visiting gardens.

Unlike other swallowtails which specialise on Rutaceae, this species mostly feeds on plants of family Umbelliferae, females laying eggs singly. Milk parsley (also known as marsh hog's fennel) is normally the only food plant used by the caterpillars of the British subspecies. The food plants of the swallowtail in Europe, Asia, and North America are more varied than in the UK. It uses a wide variety of umbellifers including wild carrot (Daucus carota), wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and hogweeds (Heracleum). In the Maltese Islands, the caterpillar feeds on plants such as rue (Ruta chalepensis) in addition to Umbelliferae such as fennel.

In Kashmir, the common yellow swallowtail, as Papilio machaon is called there, inhabits alpine meadows in the Himalayas occurring from 2,000 feet (610 m) in Kashmir valley to 16,000 ft (4,900 m) in the Garhwal Himalayas. In India, in Himachal Pradesh, it is found over 4,000 ft (1,200 m) only and in Sikkim over 8,000 ft (2,400 m) only.

At lower elevations, these butterflies fly from March to September; at higher elevations, they are limited by the short summer seasons.

The British subspecies P. m. brittanicus is less mobile than its European continental counterpart and stays within, or close by, its fenland habitat.

## Life cycle

There are usually two to three broods in a year, but in northern areas, the species may be univoltine. In some places such as the UK, some will pupate and emerge in the same year and others will overwinter as pupae before emerging the following year, a situation known as being partially bivoltine.

The caterpillar spends the first part of its life with the appearance of a bird dropping, an effective defense against predators. As the caterpillar grows larger, it becomes green with black and orange markings. It has a defense against predators in the form of an osmeterium, which consists of retractable, fleshy projections behind its head that can release a foul smell if disturbed, which deters insects, but not birds.

## Breeding

Old World swallowtails can easily be bred in captivity. Butterflies can be lured to lay eggs in a backyard garden by keeping plenty of caterpillar food plants in it. Common rue plants are highly appropriate for this.

Once eggs or young caterpillars have been collected, they can be kept in a pot with holes on its top to allow air circulation. More than one caterpillar may be kept in a single pot since they do not attack each other (although they might sometimes get frightened by other caterpillars moving). They can be fed any of their food plants. Fennel is one of the easiest to find in the wild. Care must be taken with fennel as well as dill, though, because they will not eat hard, woody stems; they need to be fed the tender leaves. They can also be fed rue or milk parsley. Feeding them with unsuitable plants will lead to death from starvation.

Caterpillars are very fast eaters; they will spend their time eating or resting before they resume their eating again. Once a sufficient size has been attained, they will attach themselves to any available structure with their silky threads. They will then stay still until they become pupae. This will take about a day.

Once in the pupa stage, they can be very carefully removed from the pot and placed in a warm location. The time the butterfly takes to form and come out depends on the temperature. If kept in warm summer temperatures, it will take about one or two weeks to form. On the other hand, if the temperature is lower, it might take as long as several months until it feels the weather is warm enough.

Pupae should not be kept on an impermeable surface, since when they eclose a bit of liquid will be released, this means the butterfly would stay wet and might not be able to fly. Absorbing paper such as the one used in kitchens is advisable.


Nadezhda Azarova

# Nadezhda Azarova

## Abstract

Nadezhda Petrovna Azarova (Russian: Надежда Петровна Азарова; born 18 September 1983), née Polivoda, is a Belarusian chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman International Master (WIM, 2006).

## Biography

In 2000s, Nadezhda Azarova was one of the leading Belarusian chess players. She won six medals in Belarusian Women's Chess Championships.

Azarova played for Belarus in the Women's Chess Olympiads:

- In 2006, at first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+1, =2, -6),

- In 2008, at third board in the 38th Chess Olympiad (women) in Dresden (+5, =4, -0).

In 2006, she received the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title.


# Judicial Conference of the United States

## Abstract

The Judicial Conference of the United States, formerly known as the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, was created by the United States Congress in 1922 with the principal objective of framing policy guidelines for administration of judicial courts in the United States. The Conference derives its authority from 28 U.S.C. § 331, which states that it is headed by the chief justice of the United States and consists of the chief justice, the chief judge of each court of appeals federal regional circuit, a district court judge from various federal judicial districts, and the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

## History

Responding to a backlog of cases in the federal courts, in 1922 Congress enacted a new form of court administration that advanced the institutionalization of an independent judiciary. The establishment of an annual Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, later to be known as the Judicial Conference of the United States, culminated more than a decade of public debate on the reform of judicial administration. The Conference of Senior Circuit Judges provided the first formal mechanism by which members of the federal judiciary might develop national administrative policies, reassign judges temporarily, and recommend legislation.

Chief Justice William Howard Taft, appointed to the Supreme Court in 1921, had led a public campaign for federal judicial reform since leaving the White House in 1913. Taft proposed the appointment of at-large judges, what he called a "flying squadron", that could be assigned temporarily to congested courts. In Taft's plan, a conference of judges would serve primarily to assess the caseload of the lower courts and assign the at-large judges to courts in need. Taft, supported by a group of federal judges and legal scholars, hoped that the establishment of a more efficient federal judiciary would deflect the efforts of Senator George W. Norris and others who advocated an end to life tenure on the federal bench and the restriction of the lower federal courts' jurisdiction.

By the time Taft became Chief Justice, the increased caseload resulting from World War I and the enforcement of Prohibition had contributed to broad support for reform of the federal judiciary. Assuming a role as leader of the judiciary as well as the Supreme Court, Taft joined with Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty and appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee to urge legislation. A large majority in Congress agreed with the need for reform, but both the Senate and the House of Representatives insisted on revising Taft's proposals so that they conformed more closely to the traditions of the federal judiciary.

Congress established an annual conference of the chief justice of the United States (or the senior associate justice if the chief is unable), and the senior circuit judge (now called the chief judge) from each judicial circuit and charged the conference with a general mandate to advise on the administrative needs of the federal courts. The act required the senior judge in each district to prepare an annual report of the business of the district's court. The conference would use these reports to prepare suggestions for the temporary transfer of judges, pending the approval of all courts involved. This expansion of the authority to transfer judges fell far short of Taft's concept of a permanent corps of at-large judges. Congress established 24 temporary judgeships, but adhered to the principle of fixed residency for district judges. Congress also declined to make the attorney general a member of the conference, although the act permitted the chief justice to request the attorney general to report on the business of the courts. Even without a formal relationship with Congress or the Department of Justice (which then administered the federal courts), the conference offered the judiciary a means of communicating its administrative needs.

The conference was renamed the Judicial Conference of the United States in 1948. In 1956, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the Court of Claims. At that time, the judges of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA) declined to include a representative on the conference. The size of the conference nearly doubled following an act of 1957 that provided for the appellate and district judges in each circuit to elect a district judge to represent the circuit on the conference for a term of three years. In 1961 the chief judge of the CCPA began serving on the conference. The chief judges of these Court of Claims and the CCPA served on the conference until 1982 when their courts merged to become the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In 1990, Congress provided for the inclusion of the chief judge of the United States Court of International Trade. In 1996, Congress expanded the district judge term up to five years and allowed senior district judges to serve.

## Committee activities

The Judicial Conference last revised its committee structure in 1987, then naming a total of 20 Standing Advisory Committees, seven of which were then newly organized:

- Committee on Administration of the Bankruptcy System, 1968-present

- Committee on Administration of the Magistrate Judges System, 1991-present

- Committee on Audits and Administrative Office Accountability, 2009-present

- Committee on the Budget, 1959-present

- Committee on Codes of Conduct, 1987-present

- Committee on Court Administration and Case Management, 1990-present

- Committee on Criminal Law, 1992-present

- Committee on Defender Services, 1987-present

- Executive Committee, 1968-present

- Committee on Federal-State Jurisdiction, 1987-present

- Committee on Financial Disclosure, 1992-present

- Committee on Information Technology, 2002-present

- Committee on Intercircuit Assignments, 1968-present

- Committee on International Judicial Relations, 1993-present

- Committee on the Judicial Branch, 1980-present

- Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability, 2007-present

- Committee on Judicial Resources, 1987-present

- Committee on Judicial Security, 2006-present

- Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, 1958-present

- Committee on Space and Facilities, 2006-present

Each Advisory Committee is charged, respectively, with drafting proposed amendments for submission to the:

- Federal Rules of Civil Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure;

- Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; and

- Federal Rules of Evidence.

Members of the Advisory Committees include judges, representatives from the Department of Justice, law professors, and practicing attorneys. The Advisory Committees propose rules, subject them to public comment, and then submit them to the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, which in turn submits them to the Judicial Conference, which recommends them to the Supreme Court for approval. Explanatory notes of the drafting Advisory Committee are published along with the final adopted rules, and are frequently used as an authority on the interpretation of the rules.

Other active policy areas concern the operation of CM/ECF, the Case Management/Electronic Case Files system, and PACER, the electronic public access service for United States federal court documents.

On occasion, the Conference has authorized investigations of federal judges accused of criminal malfeasance. Those deemed guilty have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee for impeachment. This has happened three times during the 21st century.

## Administrative Office of the United States Courts

The Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) is the administrative agency of the United States federal court system. The AO is the central support entity for the federal judicial branch. It provides a wide range of administrative, legal, financial, management, program, and information technology services to the federal courts. It was established in 1939.

The AO is directly supervised by the Judicial Conference, and implements and executes Judicial Conference policies, as well as applicable federal statutes and regulations. The AO facilitates communications within the judiciary and with Congress, the executive branch, and the public on behalf of the judiciary.

## Judicial councils

Judicial councils are panels of each federal judicial circuit that are charged with making "necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice" within their circuits. Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline, the formulation of circuit policy, the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference, and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct. Each judicial circuit consists of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit.

## Lists of members

### All members

The following list of Judicial Conference service is organized by the circuits and courts represented. It was compiled largely from the Reports of the Proceedings of the Judicial Conference and is complete through the most recent meeting of the conference. The list contains the names of those judges who were members of the conference, but not those who may occasionally have attended in their absence. District Judges are identified by the district in which they served.

Supreme Court of the United States

- George H. Bingham, 1922–1938

- Scott Wilson, 1939

- Calvert Magruder, 1940–1959

- Peter Woodbury, 1959–1964

- Bailey Aldrich, 1965–1972

- Frank M. Coffin, 1972–1983

- Levin H. Campbell, 1983–1990

- Stephen G. Breyer, 1990–1994

- Juan R. Torruella, 1994–2001

- Michael Boudin, 2001–2008

- Sandra Lynch, 2008–2015

- Jeffrey R. Howard, 2015–2022

- David J. Barron, 2022–present

- George Clinton Sweeney (D. Mass.), 1958–1961

- Francis Ford (D. Mass.), 1961–1967

- Edward T. Gignoux (D. Me.), 1967–1973

- Andrew Caffrey (D. Mass.), 1973–1979

- Raymond J. Pettine (D.R.I.), 1979–1982

- W. Arthur Garrity Jr. (D. Mass.), 1982–1985

- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez (D.P.R.), 1985–1988

- Frank H. Freedman (D. Mass.), 1988–1991

- Francis J. Boyle (D.R.I.), 1991–1994

- Joseph L. Tauro (D. Mass.), 1995–1997

- Joseph A. DiClerico Jr. (D.N.H.), 1998–2000

- D. Brock Hornby (D. Me.), 2000–2003

- Hector M. Laffitte (D.P.R.), 2003–2006

- Ernest C. Torres (D.R.I.), 2007–2009

- Mary M. Lisi (D.R.I.), 2009

- Mark L. Wolf (D. Mass.), 2009–2012

- Paul Barbadoro (D.N.H.), 2012–2017

- Nancy Torresen (D. Me.), 2017–2021

- Gustavo Gelpí (D.P.R.), 2021

- Aida Delgado-Colón (D.P.R.), 2021–2023

- William E. Smith (D.R.I.), 2023–present

- Henry Wade Rogers, 1922–1925

- Charles Merrill Hough, 1926

- Martin T. Manton, 1926–1938

- Learned Hand, 1939–1951

- Thomas W. Swan, 1951–1953

- Harrie B. Chase, 1953–1954

- Charles E. Clark, 1954–1959

- J. Edward Lumbard, 1960–1971

- Henry J. Friendly, 1971–1973

- Irving R. Kaufman, 1973–1980

- Wilfred Feinberg, 1980–1988

- James L. Oakes, 1989–1992

- Thomas J. Meskill, 1992–1993

- Jon O. Newman, 1993–1997

- Ralph K. Winter Jr., 1997–2000

- John M. Walker Jr., 2000–2006

- Dennis G. Jacobs, 2006–2013

- Robert A. Katzmann, 2013–2020

- Debra Ann Livingston, 2020–present

- Edward Jordan Dimock (S.D.N.Y.), 1958–1959

- Sylvester J. Ryan (S.D.N.Y.), 1959–1968

- Sidney Sugarman (S.D.N.Y.), 1968–1971

- David N. Edelstein (S.D.N.Y.), 1971–1974

- Jacob Mishler (E.D.N.Y.), 1974–1977

- T. Emmet Clarie (D. Conn.), 1977–1980

- Lloyd F. MacMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 1980–1982

- Constance B. Motley (S.D.N.Y.), 1982–1983

- Jack B. Weinstein (E.D.N.Y.), 1983–1986

- John T. Curtin (W.D.N.Y.), 1986–1989

- Charles L. Brieant (S.D.N.Y.), 1989–1995

- Peter Dorsey (D. Conn.), 1996–1998

- Charles P. Sifton (E.D.N.Y)., 1998–2001

- Frederick Scullin (N.D.N.Y.), 2001–2004

- Michael B. Mukasey (S.D.N.Y.), 2005–2006

- Kimba M. Wood (S.D.N.Y.), 2006–2007

- William K. Sessions III (D. Vt.), 2007–2010

- Raymond J. Dearie (E.D.N.Y.), 2010–2011

- Carol Amon (E.D.N.Y.), 2011–2013

- William M. Skretny (W.D.N.Y.), 2013–2016

- Colleen McMahon (S.D.N.Y.), 2016–2020

- Stefan R. Underhill (D. Conn.), 2020–2023

- Margo Kitsy Brodie (E.D.N.Y.), 2023–present

- Joseph Buffington, 1922–1937

- John Warren Davis, 1938

- John Biggs Jr., 1939–1965

- Harry E. Kalodner, 1966

- Austin Staley, 1966–1967

- William H. Hastie, 1968–1971

- Collins J. Seitz, 1971–1984

- Ruggero J. Aldisert, 1984–1986

- John J. Gibbons, 1987–1989

- A. Leon Higginbotham, 1990

- Dolores Sloviter, 1991–1997

- Edward R. Becker, 1998–2003

- Anthony J. Scirica, 2003–2010

- Theodore A. McKee, 2010–2016

- D. Brooks Smith, 2016–2021

- Michael Chagares, 2021–present

- Phillip Forman (D.N.J.), 1957–1959

- James Cullen Ganey (E.D. Pa.), 1959–1961

- Thomas M. Madden (D.N.J.), 1961–1966

- Thomas James Clary (E.D. Pa.), 1966–1968

- Wallace S. Gourley (W.D. Pa.), 1968–1970

- Caleb M. Wright (D. Del.), 1970–1972

- Michael Henry Sheridan (M.D. Pa.), 1972–1975

- Lawrence A. Whipple (D.N.J.), 1975–1978

- Alfred Leopold Luongo (E.D. Pa.), 1978–1981

- Gerald J. Weber (W.D. Pa.), 1981–1984

- Walter K. Stapleton (D. Del.), 1984–1985

- Murray M. Schwartz (D. Del.), 1985–1987

- William J. Nealon (M.D. Pa.), 1987–1990

- John F. Gerry (D.N.J.), 1990–1994

- Edward N. Cahn (E.D. Pa.), 1994–1997

- Donald E. Ziegler (W.D. Pa.), 1998–2000

- Sue L. Robinson (D. Del.), 2000–2003

- Thomas I. Vanaskie (M.D. Pa.), 2003–2005

- Garrett E. Brown Jr. (D.N.J.), 2005–2008

- Harvey Bartle III (E.D. Pa.), 2008–2011

- Gary L. Lancaster (W.D. Pa.), 2011–2013

- Joy Flowers Conti (W.D. Pa.), 2013–2015

- Leonard P. Stark (D. Del.), 2015–2017

- Christopher C. Conner (M.D. Pa.), 2017–2021

- Freda L. Wolfson, (D.N.J.), 2021–2023

- Renée Marie Bumb, (D.N.J.), 2023

- Juan Ramon Sánchez, (E.D. Pa.), 2023–2024

- Mitchell S. Goldberg, (E.D. Pa.), 2024–present

- Charles Albert Woods, 1922–1924

- Edmund Waddill Jr., 1925–1930

- John Johnston Parker, 1931–1957

- Simon E. Sobeloff, 1958–1964

- Clement F. Haynsworth, 1964–1981

- Harrison L. Winter, 1981–1989

- Sam J. Ervin III, 1989–1995

- J. Harvie Wilkinson III, 1996–2003

- William W. Wilkins, 2003–2007

- Karen J. Williams, 2007–2009

- William B. Traxler Jr., 2009–2016

- Roger Gregory, 2016–2023

- Albert Diaz, 2023–present

- Roszel C. Thomsen (D. Md.), 1958–1964

- Walter E. Hoffman (E.D. Va.), 1964–1970

- Oren R. Lewis (E.D. Va.), 1970–1973

- Charles E. Simons (D.S.C.), 1973–1979

- Robert R. Merhige (E.D. Va.), 1980–1985

- Frank Kaufman (D. Md.), 1985–1991

- W. Earl Britt (E.D.N.C.), 1991–1997

- Charles H. Haden II (S.D. W. Va.), 1998–2002

- David C. Norton (D.S.C.), 2003–2007

- James P. Jones (W.D. Va.), 2007–2011

- Deborah K. Chasanow (D. Md.), 2011–2016

- Robert J. Conrad, (W.D.N.C.), 2016–2021

- John P. Bailey (N.D. W. Va.) 2021–present

- Richard Wilde Walker Jr., 1922–1929

- Nathan Philemon Bryan, 1930–1934

- Rufus Edward Foster, 1935–1941

- Samuel Hale Sibley, 1942–1947

- Joseph Chappell Hutcheson Jr., 1948–1959

- Richard Taylor Rives, 1959–1960

- Elbert Parr Tuttle, 1961–1967

- John R. Brown, 1967–1979

- James P. Coleman, 1980

- John Cooper Godbold, 1981

- Charles Clark, 1982–1991

- Henry A. Politz, 1992–1998

- Carolyn Dineen King, 1999–2006

- Edith Hollan Jones, 2006–2012

- Carl E. Stewart, 2012–2019

- Priscilla Richman, 2019–present

- Seybourn Harris Lynne (N.D. Ala.), 1958–1959

- Ben Clarkson Connally (S.D. Tex.), 1959–1962

- John Milton Bryan Simpson (M.D. Fla.), 1962–1965

- Herbert William Christenberry (E.D. La.), 1965–1968

- G. Harrold Carswell (N.D. Fla.), 1968–1969

- Joe Ewing Estes (N.D. Tex.), 1969–1971

- E. Gordon West (E.D. & M.D. La.), 1971–1974

- Alexander Lawrence (S.D. Ga.), 1974–1977

- William C. Keady (N.D. Miss.), 1977–1980

- John V. Singleton (S.D. Tex.), 1980–1983

- Adrian G. Duplantier (E.D. La.), 1983–1986

- Lyonel Thomas Senter Jr. (N.D. Miss.), 1986–1989

- Barefoot Sanders (N.D. Tex.), 1989–1992

- Morey L. Sear (E.D. La.), 1992–1995

- William H. Barbour Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 1996–1998

- Hayden Wilson Head Jr. (S.D. Tex.), 1999–2001

- Martin L. C. Feldman (E.D. La.), 2001–2004

- Glen H. Davidson (N.D. Miss.), 2005–2007

- Sim Lake III (S.D. Tex.), 2007–2010

- Sarah S. Vance (E.D. La.), 2010–2013

- Louis Guirola Jr. (S.D. Miss.), 2013–2016

- Lee H. Rosenthal (S.D. Tex.), 2016–2020

- S. Maurice Hicks Jr. (W.D. La.), 2020–2023

- Debra M. Brown (N.D. Miss.), 2023–present

- Loyal Edwin Knappen, 1922–1923

- Arthur C. Denison, 1924–1931

- Charles H. Moorman, 1932–1937

- Xenophon Hicks, 1938–1951

- Charles Casper Simons, 1952–1958

- Florence E. Allen, 1958

- John Donelson Martin, Sr., 1959

- Thomas Francis McAllister, 1959–1960

- Shackelford Miller Jr., 1961–1962

- Lester LeFevre Cecil, 1962–1963

- Paul C. Weick, 1964–1969

- Harry P. Phillips, 1969–1978

- George Clifton Edwards Jr., 1979–1983

- Pierce Lively, 1984–1988

- Albert J. Engel, 1988–1989

- Gilbert S. Merritt, 1990–1996

- Boyce F. Martin Jr., 1997–2003

- Danny J. Boggs, 2003–2009

- Alice M. Batchelder, 2009–2014

- R. Guy Cole Jr., 2014–2021

- Jeffrey Sutton, 2021–present

- Paul J. Jones (N.D. Ohio), 1958–1960

- Marion Speed Boyd (W.D. Tenn.), 1960–1963

- Ralph McKenzie Freeman (E.D. Mich.), 1963–1966

- Mac Swinford (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1966–1969

- Carl A. Weinman (S.D. Ohio), 1969–1972

- Robert Love Taylor (judge) (E.D. Tenn.), 1972–1975

- Damon J. Keith (E.D. Mich.), 1975–1978

- Charles M. Allen (W.D. Ky.), 1978–1981

- Frank J. Battisti (N.D. Ohio), 1981–1984

- Robert Malcolm McRae Jr. (W.D. Tenn.), 1984–1987

- Philip Pratt (E.D. Mich.), 1987–1989

- James P. Churchill (E.D. Mich.), 1989–1990

- Eugene Siler (E.D. & W.D. Ky.), 1990–1991

- Edward Johnstone (W.D. Ky.), 1991–1993

- Thomas Lambros (N.D. Ohio), 1993–1994

- John D. Holschuh (S.D. Ohio), 1995

- S. Arthur Spiegel (S.D. Ohio), 1995–1996

- Thomas A. Wiseman Jr. (M.D. Tenn.), 1997–2001

- Lawrence P. Zatkoff (E.D. Mich.), 2001–2004

- William Bertelsman (E.D. Ky.), 2005–2006

- Charles R. Simpson III (W.D. Ky.), 2006–2007

- Thomas M. Rose (S.D. Ohio), 2007–2009

- Solomon Oliver Jr. (N.D. Ohio), 2009–2010

- Thomas A. Varlan (E.D. Tenn.), 2010–2013

- Paul Lewis Maloney (W.D. Mich.), 2013–2016

- Joseph Martin Hood (E.D. Ky.), 2016–2019

- Thomas B. Russell (W.D. Ky.), 2019–2020

- Michael H. Watson (S.D. Ohio), 2020–2021

- Sara Elizabeth Lioi (N.D. Ohio), 2021–2023

- S. Thomas Anderson (W.D. Tenn.), 2023–present

- Francis E. Baker, 1922–1923

- Samuel Alschuler, 1924–1934

- Evan A. Evans, 1935–1947

- William Morris Sparks, 1948

- James Earl Major, 1949–1954

- Francis Ryan Duffy, 1954–1959

- John S. Hastings, 1959–1968

- Latham Castle, 1968–1969

- Luther M. Swygert, 1970–1974

- Thomas E. Fairchild, 1975–1981

- Walter J. Cummings, 1981–1986

- William J. Bauer, 1987–1993

- Richard A. Posner, 1994–2000

- Joel M. Flaum, 2000–2006

- Frank H. Easterbrook, 2006–2013

- Diane Pamela Wood, 2013–2020

- Diane S. Sykes, 2020–present

- William Joseph Campbell (N.D. Ill.), 1958–1961

- Luther M. Swygert (N.D. Ind.), 1961

- William E. Steckler (S.D. Ind.), 1962–1964

- Kenneth P. Grubb (E.D. Wis), 1964–1965

- Edwin A. Robson (N.D. Ill.), 1966–1969

- Robert A. Grant (N.D. Ind.), 1969–1972

- James Edward Doyle (W.D. Wis.), 1972–1975

- James B. Parsons (N.D. Ill.), 1975–1978

- S. Hugh Dillin (S.D. Ind.), 1979–1982

- John W. Reynolds (E.D. Wis.), 1982–1985

- Frank J. McGarr (N.D. Ill.), 1985–1987

- Sarah Evans Barker (S.D. Ind.), 1988–1991

- Barbara Crabb (W.D. Wis.), 1991–1994

- Michael M. Mihm (C.D. Ill.), 1995–1997

- Robert Lowell Miller Jr. (N.D. Ind.), 1998–2000

- Marvin Aspen (N.D. Ill.), 2000–2003

- J.P. Stadtmueller (E.D. Wis.), 2003–2006

- Wayne Andersen (N.D. Ill.), 2006–2009

- Richard L. Young (S.D. Ind.), 2009–2012

- Rubén Castillo (N.D. Ill.), 2012–2016

- Michael Joseph Reagan (S.D. Ill.), 2016–2019

- Rebecca R. Pallmeyer (N.D. Ill.), 2019–2021

- Jon DeGuilio (N.D. Ind.), 2021–present

- Walter Henry Sanborn, 1922–1926

- Kimbrough Stone, 1927–1947

- Archibald K. Gardner, 1947–1959

- Harvey M. Johnsen, 1959–1965

- Charles Joseph Vogel, 1965–1967

- Martin D. Van Oosterhout, 1968–1970

- Marion C. Matthes, 1970–1973

- Pat Mehaffy, 1973–1974

- Floyd R. Gibson, 1974–1979

- Donald P. Lay, 1980–1991

- Richard Arnold, 1992–1998

- Pasco M. Bowman II, 1998–1999

- Roger L. Wollman, 1999–2002

- David R. Hansen, 2002–2003

- James B. Loken, 2003–2010

- William J. Riley, 2010–2017

- Lavenski Smith, 2017–2024

- Steven Colloton, 2024–present

- Gunnar Hans Nordbye (D. Minn.), 1958–1962

- John Elvis Miller (W.D. Ark.), 1962–1963

- Richard M. Duncan (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1963–1965

- Roy W. Harper (E.D. & W.D. Mo.), 1965–1971

- Oren Harris (E.D. & W.D. Ark.), 1971–1974

- James H. Meredith (E.D. Mo.), 1974–1979

- Albert G. Schatz (D. Neb.), 1979–1985

- John F. Nangle (E.D. Mo.), 1985–1990

- Donald E. O'Brien (N.D. & S.D. Iowa), 1991–1997

- James M. Rosenbaum (D. Minn.), 1998–2005

- Lawrence L. Piersol (D.S.D.), 2006–2009

- Rodney W. Sippel (E.D. Mo.), 2009–2015

- Karen E. Schreier (D.S.D.), 2015–2016

- Linda R. Reade (N.D. Iowa), 2016–2021

- John R. Tunheim (D. Minn.), 2021–present

- William Ball Gilbert, 1922–1930

- Curtis Dwight Wilbur, 1931–1944

- Francis Arthur Garrecht, 1945–1947

- William Denman, 1948–1957

- Albert Lee Stephens, 1957–1958

- Walter Lyndon Pope, 1959

- Richard H. Chambers, 1959–1976

- James R. Browning, 1976–1988

- Alfred T. Goodwin, 1988–1990

- J. Clifford Wallace, 1991–1995

- Procter Ralph Hug Jr., 1996–2000

- Mary M. Schroeder, 2001–2007

- Alex Kozinski, 2007–2014

- Sidney R. Thomas, 2014–2021

- Mary H. Murguia, 2021–present

- William C. Mathes (S.D. Cal.), 1958–1960

- William J. Lindberg (E.D. & W.D. Wash.), 1960–1963

- Gus J. Solomon (D. Ore.), 1963–1965

- Albert Wollenberg (N.D. Cal.), 1966–1969

- Fred M. Taylor (D. Idaho), 1969–1972

- Jesse W. Curtis (C.D. Cal.), 1972–1975

- Thomas J. MacBride (E.D. Cal.), 1975–1978

- Morell Sharp (W.D. Wash.), 1978–1980

- Raymond Clyne McNichols (D. Idaho), 1980–1981

- Manuel L. Real (C.D. Cal.), 1981–1984

- Robert J. McNichols (E.D. Wash.), 1984–1987

- Robert F. Peckham (N.D. Cal.), 1987–1990

- William D. Browning (D. Ariz.), 1990–1993

- William Matthew Byrne Jr. (C.D. Cal.), 1993–1996

- Lloyd D. George (D. Nev.), 1997–1999

- Judith N. Keep (S.D. Cal.), 1999–2003

- David Alan Ezra (D. Haw.), 2003–2005

- Charles R. Breyer (N.D. Cal.), 2006–2010

- Robert S. Lasnik (W.D. Wash.), 2010–2016

- Claudia Ann Wilken (N.D. Cal.), 2016–2019

- Rosanna M. Peterson (E.D. Wash), 2019–2021

- Leslie E. Kobayashi (D. Haw), 2021–present

- Robert E. Lewis, 1929–1940

- Orie Leon Phillips, 1940–1955

- Sam Gilbert Bratton, 1956–1959

- Alfred P. Murrah, 1959–1970

- David T. Lewis, 1970–1977

- Oliver Seth, 1978–1984

- William Judson Holloway Jr., 1984–1991

- Monroe McKay, 1991–1993

- Stephanie K. Seymour, 1994–2000

- Deanell R. Tacha, 2001–2007

- Robert H. Henry, 2008–2010

- Mary Beck Briscoe, 2010–2015

- Timothy Tymkovich, 2015–2022

- Jerome Holmes, 2022–present

- Eugene Rice (E.D. Okla.), 1958

- Royce H. Savage (N.D. Okla.), 1958–1961

- Ewing Thomas Kerr (D. Wyo.), 1962–1964

- Alfred A. Arraj (D. Colo.), 1964–1967

- Arthur Jehu Stanley Jr. (D. Kan.), 1967–1970

- Olin Hatfield Chilson (D. Colo.), 1970–1973

- Frederick A. Daugherty (E.D., N.D., & W.D. Okla.), 1973–1976

- Wesley E. Brown (D. Kan.), 1976–1979

- Howard C. Bratton (D.N.M.), 1979–1982

- Luther B. Eubanks (W.D. Okla.), 1982–1985

- Sherman G. Finesilver (D. Colo.), 1985–1988

- Earl E. O'Connor (D. Kan.), 1988–1991

- Richard P. Matsch (D. Colo.), 1991–1994

- Clarence A. Brimmer (D. Wyo.), 1994–1997

- Ralph G. Thompson (W.D. Okla.), 1998–2000

- Frank Howell Seay (E.D. Okla.), 2000–2003

- David L. Russell (W.D. Okla.), 2003–2006

- Alan B. Johnson (D. Wyo.), 2006–2009

- Robin J. Cauthron (W.D. Okla.), 2009–2012

- Dee Benson (D. Utah), 2012–2016

- Martha Vázquez (D.N.M.), 2016–2019

- Claire Eagan (N.D. Okla.), 2019–2023

- William P. Johnson (D.N.M.), 2023–present

- John C. Godbold, 1982–1986

- Paul H. Roney, 1986–1989

- Gerald B. Tjoflat, 1990–1996

- Joseph W. Hatchett, 1997–1999

- R. Lanier Anderson III, 1999–2002

- J. L. Edmondson, 2002–2009

- Joel F. Dubina, 2009–2013

- Ed Carnes, 2013–2020

- William H. Pryor Jr., 2020–present

- William Clark O'Kelley (N.D. Ga.), 1982–1984

- James Lawrence King (S.D. Fla.), 1984–1987

- Sam C. Pointer (N.D. Ala.), 1987–1990

- Anthony Alaimo (S.D. Ga.), 1990–1993

- William Terrell Hodges (M.D. Fla.), 1994–1999

- Charles Randolph Butler Jr. (S.D. Ala.), 1999–2003

- J. Owen Forrester (N.D. Ga.), 2003–2005

- Robert L. Hinkle (N.D. Fla.), 2006–2007

- Myron H. Thompson (M.D. Ala.), 2007–2011

- W. Louis Sands (M.D. Ga.), 2011–2015

- Federico A. Moreno (S.D. Fla.), 2015–2020

- L. Scott Coogler (N.D. Ala.), 2020–present

- Duncan Lawrence Groner, 1938–1947

- Harold Montelle Stephens, 1948–1955

- Henry White Edgerton, 1955–1958

- E. Barrett Prettyman, 1959–1960

- Wilbur Kingsbury Miller, 1961–1962

- David L. Bazelon, 1963–1977

- J. Skelly Wright, 1978–1980

- Carl McGowan, 1981

- Spottswood W. Robinson III, 1981–1986

- Patricia M. Wald, 1986–1990

- Abner Mikva, 1991–1994

- Harry T. Edwards, 1994–2001

- Douglas H. Ginsburg, 2001–2008

- David B. Sentelle, 2008–2013

- Merrick B. Garland, 2013–2020

- Sri Srinivasan, 2020–present

- Bolitha Laws (D.D.C.), 1958

- David Andrew Pine (D.D.C.), 1959–1961

- Matthew F. McGuire (D.D.C.), 1961–1967

- Edward M. Curran (D.D.C.), 1968–1971

- John J. Sirica (D.D.C.), 1971–1974

- George L. Hart (D.D.C.), 1974–1975

- William Blakely Jones (D.D.C.), 1975–1977

- William B. Bryant (D.D.C.), 1977–1981

- John Lewis Smith (D.D.C.), 1981–1982

- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr. (D.D.C.), 1982–1992

- John Garrett Penn (D.D.C.), 1992–1997

- Norma Holloway Johnson (D.D.C.), 1997–2001

- Thomas F. Hogan (D.D.C.), 2001–2008

- Royce C. Lamberth (D.D.C.), 2008–2013

- Richard W. Roberts (D.D.C.), 2013–2016

- Beryl A. Howell (D.D.C.), 2016–2023

- James Boasberg (D.D.C.), 2023–present

- Howard T. Markey, 1983–1990

- Helen W. Nies, 1990–1994

- Glenn L. Archer Jr., 1994–1997

- Haldane Robert Mayer, 1998–2004

- Paul R. Michel, 2004–2010

- Randall R. Rader, 2010–2014

- Sharon Prost, 2014–2021

- Kimberly A. Moore, 2021–present

(prior to merger of the appellate division into the Federal Circuit)

- Marvin Jones, 1956–1964

- Wilson Cowen, 1964–1976

- Oscar H. Davis, 1977–1978

- Daniel M. Friedman, 1978–1982

(prior to merger into the Federal Circuit)

- Eugene Worley, 1961–1972

- Howard T. Markey, 1972–1982

- Edward D. Re, 1990–1991

- Gregory Carman, 1991

- Dominick L. DiCarlo, 1992–1996

- Gregory W. Carman, 1997–2003

- Jane A. Restani, 2003–2010

- Donald C. Pogue, 2010–2014

- Timothy C. Stanceu, 2014–2021

- Mark A. Barnett, 2021–present