Carleton Ravens football

# Carleton Ravens football

## Abstract

The Carleton Ravens football team represents Carleton University, which is based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Ravens play U Sports football in the Ontario University Athletics conference. The Ravens football program started in 1945 and was continuously in operation until 1998 when the program was disbanded. The football program was brought back to the university in 2011 and began play in 2013. The football team has won one conference championship, winning the Dunsmore Cup in 1985 while playing in the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference.

## History

Historically, the Ravens football team first began play just after the Second World War in 1945 and was in continuous operation until the program was dropped in 1998. While the team had some success in the mid-1980s, poor performances and a plan by the Carleton Athletic department to invest more funds in other sports led to the sport being cut after the 1998 season. In their history, the Ravens won one Dunsmore Cup conference championship in 1985, but lost in the following Western Bowl to the Calgary Dinos 56 to 14.

### Beginnings (1945-1949)

The Originals, the first Carleton College football team, played its first organized game on a rainy October day in 1945. The Second World War had just ended and 36 war veterans, turned students, lined up to face their opponents Macdonald College in Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. Though the Carleton College team was bigger and more experienced, Macdonald took home the win (15-0). Carleton College, established in 1942, did not have the facilities or finances for academics, let alone a football team. Citizens of Ottawa rallied to help out the newborn squad. W.D.T. Atkinson allowed the team to practice at Glebe Collegiate, the school where he was principal. Charlie Kerr, one of the players, found the team matching brown and orange hockey jerseys to wear and the Strathcona junior team donated equipment. Tiny Hermann, a former Rough Rider star, agreed to volunteer his time as head coach. Joe Scanlon, author of History of Football at Carleton, lists these fine gentlemen as the members of the Originals:

Bob Forbes, Frank MacIntyre, Mel Carson, Bill O'Neill, Johnny Urquhart, Bill Rankin, Charlie Kerr, Don Sim, Johnny Moore, Charlie Charlebois, Donald McGregor, Merton Keith Salisbury, Wayne Dunphy, Ross Cavey, Al Holtby, Johnny Chown, Jim McNee, Lyall Graham, Bernard Garand, Harold Barnhart, Jim McKnight, Chuck Winters, Peter Ayearst, Russ Brown, Rock Robillard, Ted Graves, Robert Forbes, John Bell, Bill Morgan, Doug Good, Dave Morgan, Al Holley, J W York, Ted Ricker, Peter McDougal and Johnny Shore. The two managers were Jim Hanna and Don Anderson.

The Originals ended their first season with one win, two losses and a tie. The "Ravens" name came from the Carleton College student newspaper staff in 1948, when they started using that moniker with no explanation. It may have had something to do with the team's raven-like black uniform. By 1946, Carleton College was located on First Avenue, with the Ravens occupying a 12'x15' locker room in the basement. The dressing room was in the attic and practices were held in a small, poorly-lit yard behind the school. In 1947, the team entered the intermediate league with St. Patrick's College, the University of Ottawa and Queen's University. It was in this newly-formed league that the long rivalry between the University of Ottawa and Carleton College began, and the Ravens became an integral part of university life. Fans would rally and march from First Avenue to Lansdowne Park for home games and pile onto buses for the away games. The first decade of Ravens football history endured hardships such as under-funding, changes in leadership and, as veterans graduated, depleting numbers.

### Trying times and turnaround (1950-1959*)

The early 1950s were trying years for the Ravens. The low enrolment and roster numbers left Coach Arnie McWatters with a "patchwork" team. High scoring losses against teams in the newly formed Ottawa-St. Lawrence Conference left the Ravens low on morale. Ravens football came to a grinding halt, with no inter-varsity team in the 1951 season after the loss of college grant money. The seemingly bleak future of the Ravens was brightened when the college revived the program in 1952. Norm Fenn, assistant coach and full-time director of Athletics, provided the first link between the college administration and the football team, and would prove vital in the years to come. The new team entered a league with Macdonald College, Bishop's University and St. Patrick's College. There was little carryover of players from the previous decade, but the new players were ready and willing pupils.

The Ravens were on their way to a significant turnaround in 1953, with their first winning season. The new head coach, Bill Stanton, led the team to winning games against Loyola (now Concordia University) and McGill. For the first time, in 1954, Carleton was in the running for a league title. They ended the season in a tie for second place with the Royal Military College (RMC), and won the first Panda game in 1955. This season was one of the best in Ravens' history, with Carleton holding first in the league until a final game with the University of Ottawa (U of 0). However, the success would be shortlived1955 to 1959 were not to be as successful as the years before. The competition grew with the establishment of the Ontario Intercollegiate Football League, with the inclusion of the University of Ottawa, RMC, McMaster University, University of Waterloo and the Ontario Agricultural and Veterinary College at Guelph (now University of Guelph).

(*)Carleton football suspended operations for one year in 1951 due to financial constraints and began play again in 1952.

### Keith Harris era begins (1960-1969)

Coach Keith Harris arrived for the start of the 1959 season, bringing needed leadership and routine to the Ravens squad. He began the Monday night "horror movie" tradition where films of previous games were picked apart and analyzed. Primitive but effective recruitment strategies picked young men from the registration lines in September. The 1960s also saw the first football training camps, where tactical knowledge and skills, along with kinship, were developed. The players did odd jobs on campus to earn room and board in the new campus fieldhouse at the newly opened Rideau Campus. Harris was also the assistant director of Athletics while Norm Fenn, assistant coach, filled the position of director.

The results of these changes began to surface as early as the 1960 season, when the Ravens beat RMC twice in a row and non-winning games had small point spreads. For the first time in five years, no team shut the Ravens out, and player retention from year-to-year was on the rise. In 1962, Carleton fought its way to the top of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence conference, ready to take the conference title. Carleton challenged the first-place team in the conference: the McMaster Marauders. Although both morale and skill were at an all-time high, the McMaster team won, putting Carleton in second place. The 1963 season was also very successful, and 1964 brought Pedro the Panda back to Carleton after an eight-year stay with the Gee-Gees. Players like Bob Amer, Dave Dalton and Gord Pranschke set league records. These three players, along with Murray Thrift, Larry Matheson and Earl Hammond, made the 1965 league all-star game. A unique challenge was presented to Carleton's football Ravens in 1967, when St. Patrick's College, one of Carleton's frequent opponents, was incorporated into Carleton University. The two very separate football teams were to become one squad. By 1968, the integrated Ravens team earned a second-place finish and sixth-place nationally. The 1960s were truly the Ravens' first Golden Age.

### Tougher competition (1970-1979)

The Ravens football club moved from the mediocre Central Canada Intercollegiate Conference (CCIC) into the highly-competitive Ontario University Athletic Association (OUAA) in 1971. This league contained the nationally ranked University of Toronto Varsity Blues and the Queen's University Golden Gaels. Carleton's first game in the OUAA was against the Varsity Blues. Though they were the underdogs, the Ravens upset the Blues with an impressive 12-3 win. One of the highlights of the 1971 season was the Panda Game, when the number one team in the nation, the Gee-Gees, was upset by the Ravens 28-14. All in all, the 1971 season was an impressive debut in the OUAA.

The 1972 highlights included a phenomenal game against Waterloo, where the offence finally proved themselves with a 35-6 score. The Ravens seemed to score every time they touched the ball. After shattering 21 team records, the Ravens were proud going into the 1974 season. The Ravens struggled, but secured a 10th-place national ranking, obtaining a playoff spot in the OUAA eastern division. Though the Ravens didn't take the Panda game or the playoff semi-final with Toronto, 1974 was a season where the Ravens commanded the respect of the OUAA.

1975 and 1976 were rough years for the team. Coach Kim McCuaig left to work full time with the Athletics Department and was replaced by Brian Kealey. These two seasons were, in fact, winless, but the 1977, 1978 and 1979 seasons got the attention of the league and eventually the entire nation! Pat Stoqua, a Ravens basketball star, joined the team in 1977 and was a key contributor to the defence strategy. A whopping 61-0 exhibition win against Royal Military College gave the Ravens the spirit and confidence needed to win against the Gee-Gees, in a tremendous show of defensive skills. This was the first time in six years that the Ravens had won against their eternal foe. The Ravens were legitimate contenders in the league and the 1977 Panda game was won 36-16 by Carleton.

The 1978 team won a title at the Ontario-Quebec pre-season jamboree, and was ready for anything. When Coach Kealey joined the team in 1975, he vowed that the team would reach the College Bowl by 1980, and this dream was finally looking attainable. The Panda Game was, yet again, the deciding game for a playoff spot. The Ravens repeated their stellar performance from the previous year and won 24-13.

1979 was being called the Year of the Ravens. University football forecasters predicted that the team would finish first or second in the eastern division. The dream team went on to win three consecutive games, making them the only undefeated team in the conference and third in the country, the highest ranking ever obtained by a Ravens football team. The club began to receive media attention as the newest legitimate national contender on the block. Queen's Golden Gaels became the team to beat to solidify the conference title. The Ravens lost the semifinal against the Gaels. The last season of the decade was like a roller-coaster that ended in disappointment, yet the Ravens had much to be happy about. The club went from division doormat to well-respected national contenders and a team to be reckoned with.

### Successful years (1980-1989)

The Ravens entered 1980 with a positive outlook and the determination to take it one game at a time, with Coach Kealey being backed by a completely new team of assistant coaches. Though the Birds lost the first three games of the year, the season was redeemed when the Ravens brought "Pedro the Panda" home with a 30-21 win over the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees.

1982 brought a new head coach, Wayne (Ace) Powell Jr., as well as some reforms. Training camp had the Ravens practicing two or three times a day, with a largely veteran team that was hungry for a taste of success. Highlights of the season included the first win against Queen's Golden Gaels since 1974. Things were definitely starting to look up for the team, with a 28-17 win over Bishop's that placed the Ravens in second place in the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference (O-QIFC). However, the next loss (19-7) against the Gee-Gees, ended the season.

Cam Collins, Clark Oliver, Dan Petschenig, Steve Hamlin and Tom Timlin formed the nucleus of the 1983 team. An exciting see-saw battle between the Ravens and fIfth-ranked Bishop's team gave the Ravens their first win of the season. A three-game winning streak followed and wide receiver John Dawley helped to turn around the Panda Game, which the Ravens snagged 33-28. After just one season of heading up the coaching staff, Ace Powell managed to bring the Ravens to the O-QIFC playoffs.

The 1984 team was stacked with many potential CFL drafts. A 10-9 win over Queen's, which was in the midst of negotiating the establishment of an elite league with Western, Toronto and McGill, was the highlight of the season. The Ravens bulldozed over Bishop's, the third-ranked team in Canada at the time. After this game, the Bishop's coach stated, "I said at the season's start that I felt Carleton had the best team in the conference and today they went out and proved it." The Ravens were ninth in the country going into the 1984 Panda game. Predictions from NFL executives to local radio personalities pointed to a Ravens'victory. As expected, Pedro went to the Ravens. The 1984 season was the best year the Ravens had had for years. Yet no one was prepared for 1985 and 1986, the two most successful seasons in Ravens history.

The 1985 team began the season with a very balanced attack against its opponents, using the new Cam Collins-Mark Brown quarterback-wide receiver combination to fuel the offence. Fan support was at an all-time high and the Ravens took home their third Panda game in a row, a first in Ravens' history. After a 40-20 win over Bishop's in play-offs, the Birds found themselves heading to the Ontario-Quebec-conference final to meet the Concordia Stingers for the first time since the days of Coach Harris (1962). Fullback, Mark Skidmore, in his first start for Ravens scored 4 touchdowns (tied record CIS most touchdowns in a playoff game) to lead to Carleton to victory 46-21.

Everyone in Ottawa and the surrounding areas had Ravens fever as the Carleton team headed to Calgary to face the Dinosaurs in the Western Bowl (Vanier Cup semi-final). In -32C weather, the Ravens season came to an end with a 56-14 win for the Calgary Dinosaurs. However, all was not lost - the Ravens enjoyed the best season in the history of the club. They were the first to win a playoff game as well as a league championship, and the first to enter the Final Four.

The 1986 team fed off the fire of the 1985 squad. Many chose the Ravens to repeat their O-QIFC title. Mark Brown and Mark Skidmore in the backfield on fire for Five consecutive wins over Bishop's, Ottawa U., Queen's and McGill made it seem as if the Ravens were surely on their way to the Western Bowl once again. The 30-29 Panda game loss that followed was felt to be perhaps the biggest upset of the year. But the Ravens didn't let it stop them. Their 6- 1-0 record sent them to the conference semi-finals, where sweet revenge for the Panda game loss was obtained with a win over the Gee-Gees. The Ravens, the defending championship team, lost in a heartbreaking game against the Bishop's Gaiters. In 1987, the Panda came back to Carleton, but 1988 and 1989 proved to be years of famine in the land of the Ravens. Would the 1990s bring years of plenty?

### End of an era (1990-1998)

1990 marked the 45th year of football at Carleton University. Gary Shaver, a former Raven and assistant coach to Ace Powell, took over leadership in the 1989 season. Shaver began his second season with a very young and inexperienced team, as only two players were in their fourth year with the squad. The team experienced difficulties establishing an effective offence, a problem that would continue throughout the decade. However, two Ravens players, Phil Schnepf and Mark Whitton, were named to the 1990 O-QIFC all-star team.

1991 brought another win against the Ravens' cross-town rivals, and 1992 brought four new assistant coaches. Gary Shaver decided to step down as head coach in 1993. Over his four-year tenure, Shaver encouraged both the academic standards and performance of the players through individual counselling and assistance.

New coach Donn Smith had experience with championship teams and brought an air of success to the demoralized Ravens. A group of 11 Ottawa Sooners followed their former coach to Carleton, adding a new energy to the squad. These members knew what it was like to play for a winning team and their enthusiasm was contagious. Spirits began to rise after a respectable loss to McGill and a close 19-18 win over Ottawa University. During Smith's first season with the team, they beat the defending Vanier Cup champions the Queen's Golden Gaels. This win, after a 12-game losing streak, put the Ravens in a three-way tie for second place in the O-QIFC. Although the Ravens missed the playoffs that year, they were the most improved team in the conference. They doubled their offensive output from the previous season and trimmed points allowed by 71.

Expectations were high for the team going into the 1994 season. Veteran starting quarterback Sean O'Neil and Harry Van Hofwegan on defence were expected to help bring the team new success. After a longawaited Panda game win, the Ravens went on to win a match against the Gaels, however, they continued to struggle throughout 1995. Dave Bosveld, Harry Van Hofwegan (the O-QIFC outstanding lineman of the year) and Sean O'Neil (the TSN Russ Jackson Award winner) had individual successes that shed a positive light on the team.

The 1996 season was truly the high point of the decade as the Ravens started out well with wins against Laval, Ottawa, and Bishop's. This gave them the best start to a season since 1986. While sitting in first place in the conference and eighth nationally, a rainy day in Kingston brought a bitter loss against Queen's. A playoff spot was secured after winning against Laval, McGill and Concordia. For the third time that year, the Ravens would meet the Gee-Gees; this time in the O-QIFC semi-final. For the first time in almost a decade, the Ravens entered the realm of post-season play. Losing this playoff game was painful, but the Ravens could bask in the success of their first winning season in years. As a part of the restructuring of the Carleton University Department of Physical Recreation and Athletics, and the University Administration, the Ravens football team played its final game on October 31, 1998. From the small group of war veterans in 1945 to its 78-member squad in 1998, Ravens football made a memorable contribution to the rich heritage of Carleton University and to sports in the Ottawa area.

### The Old Crow Society

The Old Crow Society, established in 1963, is a group of Carleton University football alumni. With the encouragement of coach Keith Harris, Ravens veterans Jim Sevigny, Norm Jamison, Jeff White and Kim McCuaig established this group to further football at Carleton and nurture lasting team kinship. Over the years, the Old Crows have provided support through fundraising, contests and selling concessions at the home games, like Crow Burgers. The Old Crow Society held an annual dinner to honour Ravens, young and old, and to present the O-QIFC Frank Tindall Trophy for Coach of the Year, an award the Crows inaugurated in 1969. The Old Crow Society serves as the living testimony of Carleton's football legacy.

### Historical regular season results

## Revival

For a number of years, there had been movements to revive the team, but there was no real interest from the university. However, on June 25, 2009, an announcement was made that the Lansdowne Live group, which owns the Ottawa Redblacks, the new Canadian Football League team, was in negotiations with the university to bring back the football program and play at a rebuilt Frank Clair Stadium to be shared with the CFL team and the Ottawa Gee-Gees. Lansdowne Live partner and Ravens alumnus John Ruddy has pledged $2.5 million to provide funding for the program and it would follow the private partnership model that has proved successful both financially and on the field with the Regina Rams and Laval Rouge et Or teams. The program needed to raise a minimum of $5 million in pledge commitments in order to secure final approvals, and establish Old Crows Football Inc. by May 2011 for the team to start play in time for the 2012 season.

While the group closely missed the May deadline, Old Crows Football Inc. and Carleton University announced on July 6, 2011 that the program would return in 2013. The $5 million was raised and the team operates independently by Old Crows Football Inc. as a non-profit corporate entity that will fund and market the program. Renovations to the locker rooms, coaches' offices and Keith Harris Stadium will be paid for by the Old Crows. On January 16, 2012, Steve Sumarah was named the team's head coach.

The 2013 team began the new era of Ravens football on September 2 against the Western Mustangs in London, Ontario with a 71-4 loss. They would finish the season with eight losses in eight games as was expected for a program in its first year. In 2014, the Ravens earned the revived program's first win with an away victory against the Waterloo Warriors. Overall, the team finished with a 4-4 record that year, including a memorable Hail Mary Panda Game victory over the Ottawa Gee-Gees. In 2015, the Ravens qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the 1996 season with a 5-3 record. They defeated the Queen's Golden Gaels in the first round, but lost to the Guelph Gryphons in the semi-finals. In 2016, the team hosted their first playoff game since 1986, with both games featuring wins over the Ottawa Gee-Gees. The team suffered a setback in 2017 as they finished with a 3-5 record and out of the playoffs. Three of their five losses were by five points or less. In 2018, the team went on to finish the regular season with a 5-3 record. This was enough to put them into the playoffs, where they lost in the semi-finals to the Western Mustangs. The 2019 season saw the Ravens go 2-4 through six games, making the last two regular season games must wins to keep their playoff hopes alive. The Ravens went on to upset the second place McMaster Marauders, and beat the Laurier Golden Hawks in the final two games of the season to secure a playoff spot at a 4-4 record on the season. In the quarter-final game, the Ravens lead the Guelph Gryphons 17-16 with under two minutes to play. A blocked punt by the Gryphons lead to a touchdown and a last-minute heartbreaker to end Carleton’s season.

## Traditions and rivalries

### Panda Game

In 1955, Bryan McNulty, a University of Ottawa student and associate editor for the Fulcrum, decided to promote the rivalry between his school and Carleton University. He asked a local jeweller, Jack Snow, to donate a stuffed panda that would be named "Pedro" to be used as a Gee-Gee mascot (as they had not adopted the Gee-Gee horse mascot yet). McNulty later convinced Snow to display the panda in his front window and then organized the first "Pandanapping", a ritual in which Pedro would be stolen from each campus in various ways. "Pandanapping" would progress over the years to the point where major vandalism was involved and almost jeopardized the game's future.

In a short matter of time, both Pedro and the Panda Game itself became national icons. In 1958, after a 25-0 Gee-Gee victory, Pedro went on a world tour. He made visits to McGill University in Montréal, Dalhousie University in Halifax, the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, UCLA in Los Angeles, and Alabama State University in Montgomery. It is said that Pedro was even sent to Peru, Mexico and Europe.

The game quickly became the most well-known football game in Canada behind the Grey Cup and the Vanier Cup. The attendance at the Panda Game often was higher than that of the Vanier Cup that same season.

In 1998, it was decided that Carleton University would be cancelling their football program at the end of the season after numerous years of sustained losses. This decision rendered the Panda Game tradition dead and left the Gee-Gees as the lone collegiate football team in the city for the first time in 53 years.

In 2013, the Panda Game returned to a great success. Approximately 4,000 fans packed into the brand-new Gee-Gees Field, the game resulted in the Gee-Gees getting their hands on a Pedro trophy after a dominant 35-10 win.

In 2014 the game moved back to Lansdowne, being played for the first time at TD Place.

In 2016, the Panda Game was nationally televised and had a game day attendance of 23,329 fans at the sold out TD Place, which is the highest attendance total in modern history to watch a regular season U Sports football game.

## Ravens season-by-season record

Team records since the program was revived in 2013:

## Ravens in the CFL

As of the start of the 2024 CFL season, forty-three former Ravens players have played in the CFL, seven of whom are currently on CFL teams' rosters:

- Patrick Lavoie, Edmonton (2024)

- Cedrick Lavigne, Winnipeg (2022)

- Keaton Bruggeling, Ottawa (2022–24)

- Jack Cassar, Toronto (2021–24)

- Trevor Hoyte, Toronto, Hamilton (2021–24)

- Kwabena Asare, Edmonton, Calgary, Montréal (2019–21)

- Kene Onyeka, Ottawa (2019–24)

- Michael Domagala, Hamilton, Edmonton, Ottawa (2019–23)

- Jay Dearborn, Saskatchewan (2019–21)

- Zack Annen, Montréal (2018)

- Malcolm Carter, Montréal (2018–19)

- Justin Howell, Ottawa (2018–24)

- Tunde Adeleke, Calgary, Hamilton, Toronto (2017–24)

- Emmanuel Adusei, Saskatchewan (2017–18)

- Nate Behar, Edmonton, Ottawa (2017–23)

- Nate Hamlin, BC, Edmonton (2017–18, 2022)

- Mike Homewood, Saskatchewan, Calgary (2002–04)

- Jason Kralt, BC Lions, Ottawa (1999-2005)

- Cameron Legault, Winnipeg, Calgary, BC Lions, Ottawa (1998-2006)

- Harry Van Hofwegen, Winnipeg, BC Lions, Edmonton (1996–98)

- Jason Mallett, Saskatchewan, Hamilton (1995-2003)

- Carl Coulter, BC Lions, Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan, Hamilton (1990-2004)

- Mike Philbrick, Ottawa, Hamilton (1990, 1994-2001)

- Moustafa Ali, Winnipeg, Calgary (1989–90)

- Bob Forest, Ottawa (1989)

- Michael Allen, Winnipeg, Ottawa, BC Lions (1988–94)

- Andrew Murray, BC Lions, Toronto, Ottawa (1988–94)

- Dan Petschenig, Toronto (1985–88)

- Lance Thompson, Hamilton (1985)

- Jim DeSilva, Ottawa (1984–85)

- Kevin Dalliday, Ottawa (1983–84)

- Gary Cook, Ottawa (1980–82)

- David Green, Toronto (1979)

- Malcolm Inglis, Ottawa (1979–81)

- Pat Stoqua, Ottawa (1979–84)

- Joe Colvey, Ottawa, Montréal, Calgary (1975–77)

- Brian Hedges, Ottawa (1976–79)

- Peter Stenerson, Ottawa (1975–82)

- Dave Montagano, Winnipeg, Saskatchewan, Hamilton, Edmonton (1974–78)

- John Kennedy, Montréal, Ottawa, BC Lions, Toronto (1971–76)

- Stu Kennedy, Ottawa (1952–53)

- Johnny Shore, Toronto (1949–54)

- Matt Robillard, Montréal, Ottawa (1952–54)*

- Benny MacDonnell, Ottawa (1949–54)*

- Frank Dunlap, Ottawa, Toronto (1945–51)*

- Jake Dunlap, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton (1945–54)*

- Don Grimes, Ottawa (1945–47)*

- Orville Burke, Ottawa, (1936–46)*

- Tony McCarthy, Ottawa (1934–47)*

(*)denotes played college football at St. Patrick’s College pre-merger with Carleton.

## National award winners

- J. P. Metras Trophy: Jim DeSilva (1983), Harry Van Hofwegen (1995)

- Presidents' Trophy: Tom Timlin (1983)

- Peter Gorman Trophy: Mark Brown (1985)

- Russ Jackson Award: Sean O'Neill (1996)

## Carleton Ravens football records

All records are as of the conclusion of the 2019 season.

### Scoring records

Most points, game

- 24 – Ross Reid, Carleton vs. York, October 27, 1969; Joe Barnabe, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, November 9, 1985; Mark Skidmore, November 16, 1985.

- 18 – Clem Chappell, Carleton vs. Laurentian, October 1, 1966; Scott Alexander, Carleton vs. Waterloo, October 13, 1973; John Dawley, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 22, 1983; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, September 28, 1985; Leo Benvenuti, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986, David Bosveld, Carleton vs. Queens 1993, Ed Joseph, Carleton vs. Laval, October 5, 1996, Nate Behar, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014, Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018.

Most points, season

(Note, up until 1994, the Ravens played a 7-game schedule. From 1995 to present, they play an 8-game schedule.)

- 82 – Michael Domagala, 2015; Michael Domagala, 2016

- 76 – Michael Domagala, 2018

- 68 – Jeff Morris, 1985

- 63 – Michael Domagala, 2017

- 62 – Scott Alexander, 1973

- 61 – Michael Domagala 2014

- 57 – Jeff Morris, 1986

- 54 – Nathaniel Behar, 2016; Jayde Rowe, 2016

Most points, career

- 367 – Michael Domagala

- 228 – Jeff Morris

- 165 – Mario Arnone

- 134 – Scott Alexander

- 132 – Nathaniel Behar, Joe Barnabe

- 114 – Nathan Carter

- 96 – Gary Cook, Kyle Van Wynsberghe

- 90 – Mark Brown

Most touchdowns, game

- 4 - Ross Reid, Carleton vs. York, October 27, 1969; Joe Barnabe, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, November 9, 1985; Mark Skidmore, November 16, 1985.

- 3 – Clem Chappell, Carleton vs. Laurentian, October 1, 1966; Scott Alexander, Carleton vs. Waterloo, October 13, 1973; John Dawley, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 22, 1983; Leo Benvenuti, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986, David Bosveld, Carleton vs Queens 1993, Nate Behar, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014.

Most touchdowns, season

- 10 – Scott Alexander, 1973

- 9 – Nathaniel Behar, 2016; Jayde Rowe, 2016

- 8 – Bruno Dinardo, 1982; Nathaniel Behar, 2014

- 7 – Con Poulin, 1956; Tommy Mann, 1957; John Dever, 1962; Ross Reid, 1969; Gary Cook, 1977; Mark Brown, 1986; Nathaniel Behar, 2015; Nathan Carter, 2018

- 6 –Jim Sevigny, 1963; Gord Pranschke, 1965; Don Gormley, 1971; Joe Barnabe, 1983; Nathan Carter, 2017

Most touchdowns, career

- 22 – Scott Alexander; Nathaniel Behar, Joe Barnabe

- 19 – Nathan Carter

- 16 – Gary Cook; Kyle Van Wynsberghe

- 15 – Mark Brown

- 14 – Bruno Dinardo; Ross Reid, Phil Iloki

Most field goals, game

- 5 – Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, September 28, 1985; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018

- 4 – Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. McGill, 1976, Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 7, 1997, Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Laval, September 27, 1998; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 19, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 3, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 1, 2017

- 3 – Don “Duke” Hayes, Carleton vs. McGill, October 23, 1954; Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 10, 1977; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, 1986; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, October 4, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Waterloo, September 16, 2017; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Western, August 26, 2018.

Most field goals, season

- 16 – Michael Domagala, 2015; Michael Domagala, 2018

- 14 – Michael Domagala, 2016; Michael Domagala, 2017;

- 13 – Jeff Morris, 1985; Michael Domagala, 2014

- 10 – Roy Gallo, 1979

Most field goals, career

- 70 – Michael Domagala

- 38 – Jeff Morris

- 26 – Mario Arnone

Longest field goal

- 50 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Western, August 26, 2018

- 48 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 10, 2016; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. York, October 12, 2018.

- 47 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Guelph, October 21, 2017

- 45 – Jim McMillan, Carleton vs. Concordia, September 12, 1998

- 44 – Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Waterloo, September 8, 1984; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 22, 2018.

- 43 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, September 20, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Ottawa, October 3, 2015; Michael Domagala, October 7, 2016

Most points after touchdown, game

- 8 – Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Windsor, September 12, 2015; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, September 10, 2014; Michael Domagala, Carleton vs. Toronto, 2016

- 7 – Don McGregor, Carleton vs. Ontario Agricultural College (Guelph), October 27, 1962; Mario Arnone, Carleton vs. RMC, 1977; Jeff Morris, Carleton vs. Bishop’s, October 11, 1986.

Most points after touchdown, season

- 35 – Michael Domagala, 2016

- 30 – Michael Domagala, 2015

- 26 – Don McGregor, 1961; Michael Domagala, 2018

- 25 – Jeff Morris, 1985; Jeff Morris, 1986

- 24 – Mario Arnone – 1974

- 22 – Michael Domagala, 2018

Most points after touchdown, career

- 132 – Michael Domagala

- 78 – Jeff Morris

- 66 – Mario Arnone

- 41 – Mike Sharp

- 26 – Don McGregor

## Notable alumni

- Carl Coulter: Played in the Canadian Football League for 15 seasons as a centre, including one-year stints with the Ottawa Rough Riders and Ottawa Renegades. He was a CFL Eastern All-star twice and a CFL All-star once. He was a member of the 87th Grey Cup champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

- Michael Allen: Played in the CFL for seven seasons as a defensive back and played with the Ottawa Rough Riders for two seasons. He was a three-time Grey Cup champion.

- Joe Colvey: Played in the CFL for three seasons as a defensive back and was a member of the 64th Grey Cup champion Ottawa Rough Riders.

- Frank Graves: Pollster. Played for Carleton as a lineman in 1971.

- Jason Kralt: Played in the CFL for seven seasons as a linebacker including four spent with the Ottawa Renegades. He was a member of the 88th Grey Cup champion BC Lions, but did not play in the championship game due to injury.

- Cameron Legault: Played in the CFL for eight seasons as a defensive tackle, including one year with the Ottawa Renegades. He won the 88th Grey Cup championship as a member of the BC Lions. He also won the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy as the most outstanding Canadian player in the West Division.

- Michael Philbrick: Played in the CFL for nine seasons as a defensive lineman and played one game for the Ottawa Rough Riders after being drafted by the team in 1990. He was named an East Division All-star three times and was a member of the 87th Grey Cup championship team with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

- Frank McGee: Played for Carleton in the late 1940s. He went on to become a Member of Parliament and a Cabinet Minister, then a nationally-known journalist and host of a CBC news show.

- Mark Lee: Quarterback of the Ravens in the mid-to-late 1970s. Became one of Canada’s prominent sports broadcasters with Rogers Sportsnet and formerly with CBC Sports.

- Hugh Fraser: Olympic sprinter who skipped the 1978 Commonwealth Games in order to play for Carleton. He would serve on the Ontario Court of Justice and the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal.


Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)

# Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)

## Abstract

The Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) (CVR(T)) is a family of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) developed in the 1960s and is in service with the British Army and others throughout the world. They are small, highly mobile, air-transportable armoured vehicles, originally designed to replace the Alvis Saladin armoured car.

Designed by Alvis in the 1960s, the CVR(T) family includes Scorpion and Scimitar light reconnaissance tanks, Spartan armoured personnel carriers (APC)s, Sultan command and control vehicle, Samaritan armoured ambulance, Striker anti–tank guided missile vehicle and Samson armoured recovery vehicle. All members of the CVR(T) family were designed to share common automotive components and suspension; aluminium armour was selected to keep the weight down. By 1996, more than 3,500 had been built for British Army use and export.

Scorpion, Scimitar, and Striker have now been withdrawn from British Army service.

## Design and development

In the early 1960s, the United Kingdom's overseas commitments were proving costly to garrison and were a drain on the defence budget. A new strategy was proposed, that troops and equipment would be airlifted to trouble-spots from their bases in Europe. To support the air-landed troops, a requirement was identified for an AFV that could provide fire support with an anti-armour capability and be light enough to be airportable by the projected Armstrong Whitworth AW.681. At the same time, consideration was being given to the replacement of the Saladin armoured car.

In 1960, work began on what was called the Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance. The vehicle would mount a 76 or 105 mm main gun in a limited- traverse turret, which also housed the three-man crew; namely: driver, gunner and commander. The anti–armour capability would be met by a Swingfire missile system (then under development) mounted at the rear. The design would come in both tracked and wheeled versions and share the same engine and transmission as the FV432 armoured personnel carrier. The final weight of the prototype was over 13 tons, which exceeded the weight limit if it was to be transported by air.

To reduce weight, aluminium alloy armour – using AA7017 made to Alcan E74S specification (Al + Zn 3.9; Mn 2.6) – was originally selected instead of steel; research revealed that it provided greater protection from artillery shell-splinters because of its areal density. However, this alloy suffered from stress corrosion cracking over time, especially around the gun mantlets of the Scimitar, and an improved specification armour (AA1707 made to MVEE -1318B with strict quality control) was fitted from 1978.

To fit inside the transport aircraft of the time, the vehicle's height had to be less than 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in), its width had to be less than 2.102 m (6 ft 10.8 in). To meet the ground pressure requirement of five psi, the tracks had to be 0.45 m (18 in) wide. The width also dictated the engine used – it had to fit next to a driver in full winter clothing. Thus the engine compartment could only be 0.60 m (24 in) wide. No tank engines in production or development at the time were suitable, so the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine was used. This was modified to use military-grade fuel, with a compression ratio lowered from 9:1 to 7.75:1 and a single Solex Marcus carburettor, resulting in a power output reduction from 265 bhp to 195 bhp.

The driver position, being located at the front of the vehicle alongside the engine, dictated that the turret would have to be at the rear. The fire support version, armed with a 76 mm gun, was named Scorpion as the rear-mounted turret suggested a sting in the tail. Following the example of Alvis predecessor vehicles Saladin, Stalwart (load carrier) and Saracen (personnel carrier), all CVRTs started with the letter 'S'. The other vehicles were named to reflect their function; Striker anti–tank guided weapons, Spartan armoured personnel carrier; Samaritan ambulance; Sultan command and control and Samson recovery vehicles. In addition, the British General Staff had requested another vehicle armed with a 30 mm cannon, which became Scimitar.

In 1967, Alvis was awarded the contract to produce 30 CVR(T) prototypes. Vehicles P1–P17 being the Scorpion prototypes, P18–P30 were prototypes of the other six CVR(T) versions. Having to work under strict cost limitations imposed by the Ministry of Defence, the first prototype was completed on time and within budget on 23 January 1969, after extensive hot and cold weather trials in Norway, Australia, Canada and Abu Dhabi. In May 1970, the CVR(T) was accepted into British Army service; a contract was agreed for 275 Scorpions and 288 Scimitars. The first production Scorpion being completed in 1971, initial delivery to the British Army was in January 1972.

By 1986, the United Kingdom had taken delivery of 1,863 CVR(T)s. Total production for the British Army was 313 Scorpions, 89 Strikers, 691 Spartans, 50 Samaritans, 291 Sultans, 95 Samsons and 334 Scimitars.

### Life Extension Programme

In 1988, Alvis plc was awarded a £32 million contract to carry out a Life Extension Programme (LEP). The initial contract was for 200 CVR(T)s and supply kits for a further 1,107 vehicles. The LEP was carried out on the Scimitar and Sabre reconnaissance vehicles, Spartan APCs, Sultan command post vehicles, Samson recovery vehicles, Samaritan ambulances and the Striker anti-tank vehicle. The major part of this upgrade was the replacement of the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine by a more fuel efficient Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine.

A second contract for 70 vehicles was divided between Alvis and the Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO). ABRO was then contracted to upgrade about 600 of the remaining CVR(T)s to the LEP standard.

Alvis also offered a comprehensive upgrade for the export version of the CVR(T), which included a diesel engine, upgraded suspension, new track and vision enhancements. Brunei is the only country known to have returned vehicles for an overhaul.

### Battle Group Thermal Imaging programme

In 2001, Thales Optronics won the contract for the Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) programme. The contract will replace the image intensification sights installed on British Army Scimitar and Royal Engineers Spartan vehicles. They were replaced by a new gunner's sight with a day thermal image and laser rangefinder sight. The vehicle commander will have a monitor and a map display and the driver a navigation capability.

## Variants

### Scorpion

The FV101 Scorpion was originally developed to meet a British Army requirement for the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked). Scorpion was accepted by the British Army in May 1970, with a contract for 275, which later rose to 313 vehicles. Main armament consisted of a low velocity 76mm main gun with a coaxial 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The first production vehicles were completed in 1972. The first British regiment to be equipped with the Scorpion was the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) in 1973.

In November 1981, the RAF Regiment took delivery of the first of 184 Scorpions and other variants of CVR(T). These were to be used for airfield defence and served at RAF bases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Cyprus. The 76mm gun was ideal for the role, especially the canister round, which could be used on base against attacking personnel whilst minimising the risk to aircraft and infrastructure due to its short range. The RAF Regiment tranche of vehicles is understood to have originally been part of an order for Iran, but which were not delivered following the revolution that overthrew the Shah. The vehicles differed by having no wading equipment, and the vehicle commander's cupola on the RAF Regiment Spartan was a different design from that of British Army variants.

British Scorpions were withdrawn from service in 1995, principally because of the toxicity hazard in the crew compartment caused when the main armament was fired. In addition, RAF Bomb Disposal (EOD) teams used Scimitar and Spartan. Their protection and mobility allowed the teams to move around airfields that had unexploded ordnance (UXO) and CBRN contamination. The 30mm main armament on the Scimitar could be used to detonate the UXO or to crack the case of a bomb to allow the contents to drain or to deflagrate.

### Striker

The FV102 Striker was the anti-tank guided missile version of the CVR(T), which was armed with the Swingfire missile system. Striker had five missiles ready to fire in a mounting at the rear of the vehicle, with another five stowed inside. Secondary armament consisted of a commander's 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Striker looked very similar to Spartan in appearance, becoming more easily identifiable only when the missile tubes were raised. In mid 2006, the British Army had 48 Strikers in service, although they were in the process of being phased out as the Swingfire missile was replaced by the Javelin in mid–2005.

### Spartan

The FV103 Spartan is a small armoured personnel carrier (APC); it can carry seven men in all, the crew of three and four others in the rear compartment. In the British Army, it is used to carry small specialised groups, such as engineer reconnaissance teams, air defence sections and mortar fire controllers. In mid-2006, the British Army had 478 Spartans in service, which from 2009 were being replaced by the Panther Command and Liaison Vehicle in some roles.

### Samaritan

The FV104 Samaritan is the ambulance version of the CVR(T), 50 were produced for the British Army. In appearance it is similar to the Sultan Command and Control vehicle. It has a crew of two and capacity for four stretchers; being an ambulance it is not armed except for multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers.

### Sultan

The FV105 Sultan is the British Army command and control vehicle based on the CVR(T) platform, 205 were in service in 2006. It has a higher roof than the APC variants, providing a more comfortable "office space" inside. A large vertical map board and desk are located along one side, with a bench seat for three people facing it. Forward of this are positions for the radio operator, with provision for four radios, and the vehicle commander. Armament consists of a pintle-mounted GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The back of the vehicle is designed to be extended by an attached tent to form a briefing area.

### Samson

The FV106 Samson is an armoured recovery vehicle. The hull of the Spartan was adapted to contain a winch, which was operated to the rear of the vehicle. A hinged spade anchor was designed in two-halves to preserve access to the rear door.

### Scimitar

The FV107 Scimitar is very similar to the Scorpion but carries the 30mm RARDEN cannon as its main weapon. Secondary armament consists of a coaxial GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Stowage is provided for 201 rounds of 30 mm and 3,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition. In 2006, the British Army had 328 in service; which were retired from active service in 2023, being replaced by Ajax.

### Sabre

The Sabre was a hybrid vehicle, with the turret from a Fox Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle on a FV101 Scorpion hull and armed with the same 30mm RARDEN cannon as the Scimitar. One hundred and thirty-six of these hybrid vehicles were brought into service in 1995, after some modifications were made to the turret. These modifications included redesigning the smoke grenade dischargers, replacing the standard machine gun with an L94A1 chain gun and domed hatches to improve headroom for the commander and gunner. They were assigned to the reconnaissance platoons of armoured and mechanised infantry battalions before being withdrawn from service in 2004.

### Sturgeon and Salamander

Sturgeon (based on the Spartan) and Salamander (based on the Scorpion) are visually modified vehicles used to represent opposing forces in training exercises at the British Army Training Unit Suffield in Canada.

## Stormer

The Alvis Stormer was originally designed in the 1970s as a private venture APC, using the CVR(T) range as a starting point. It is a larger (0.48 m (1 ft 7 in) longer with a 6th set of road wheels) and heavier (12,700 kg) vehicle with steel and aluminium armour. Production began in 1982. Malaysia ordered 25 of the APC variant.

In 1986, the British Army selected Stormer to carry the Starstreak missile anti–aircraft system and a flatbed version fitted with the Shielder minelaying system.

BAE Land Systems, the descendant of Alvis military vehicles, market Stormer with various weapon systems for many purposes. Indonesia has received about 50 Stormer variants, including the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle. Malaysia has 35, Oman has four and the United Kingdom has over 170.

## Service history

### United Kingdom

In British Army service, the CVR(T) was mainly used by the Formation reconnaissance regiments, which have been the Household Cavalry, 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, 9th/12th Royal Lancers, Light Dragoons, Queen's Royal Lancers, the Royal Yeomanry and the Queen's Own Yeomanry. Scimitars were also used by one of the four squadrons in an armoured regiment and the reconnaissance platoons of armoured infantry battalions.

In August 1974, Scorpions from A Squadron 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, were transported by C-130 Hercules to Cyprus, to protect the British Sovereign Base Areas during the Turkish invasion.

During the Falklands War in 1982, two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals were attached to the task force. They were equipped with four Scorpions and four Scimitars supported by a Samson and were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict. The two troops deployed provided fire support for the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment during the Battle of Wireless Ridge and for 2nd Battalion Scots Guards during the Battle of Mount Tumbledown.

By the time of the Gulf War, the CVR(T) was well established in the British Army and all versions were deployed. The divisional reconnaissance regiment attached to the 1st Armoured Division was the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, (with 36 Scimitars, 16 Strikers, 12 Spartans, 9 Sultans and 4 Samaritans), and 'A' Squadron 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards (16 Scorpions, 4 Spartans, 2 Sultans, 1 Samaritan, 1 Samson). This unit also had 1 Sqn RAF Regiment (Operating Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan & Samsons) attached to them. The armoured regiments and armoured infantry battalions reconnaissance troops also had eight Scorpions or Scimitars each.

The CVR(T) family were deployed with the British Army's formation reconnaissance regiments– part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), a multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The next deployment for the British Army's CVR(T)s was the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Telic). The initial force contained the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards and D Squadron, the Household Cavalry, both equipped with CVR(T).

After Iraq, CVR(T) equipped formation reconnaissance regiments have taken part in Operation Herrick in Afghanistan, notably during Operation Panther's Claw with the Light Dragoons.

### Europe

Four other European countries used CVR(T): Belgium, Ireland, Latvia and Spain.

The Belgian Army ordered 701 EA CVR(T) in the Scorpion, Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan and Samaritan versions, which were delivered in 1975. They were used by the COMRECCE that comprised the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mounted Rifles Regiments (also the 3rd Lancers, which was equipped with the Leopard 1 tank), the CVR-T group (Armoured Recce school) and all of the scout platoons from the 12EA armoured Infantry and 8EA Tank Regiments. The Belgian Army used its CVR(T) vehicles on UN deployments in the Balkans and Somalia. Belgium had disposed of all its CVR(T)s by 2004.

The Spanish Marines obtained 17 Scorpions in 1985. All had been disposed of by 2004.

The Irish Army obtained a small number of Scorpions for use by the Irish Army Cavalry Corps. As the United Kingdom, Belgium and Spain have all disposed of their Scorpions, Ireland was the sole user of the type during the last decade in Europe until they were retired in 2014.

The Latvian army has obtained 123 ex-British Army Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan, Samson and Samaritan vehicles. According to the contract, all the vehicles will be modernised and overhauled. First deliveries to the Latvian Land Forces will commence in September 2015. Some of these vehicles will be used as mobile platforms for 4th generation Spike anti-tank guided missile systems. In December 2019 Latvia signed a treaty to receive additional 82 CVR(T) vehicles. Later that number was reduced to 74.

In September 2024 Latvia announced it will donate an unknown number of their CVR(T) vehicles to Ukraine.

### South and Central America

In South and Central America, CVR(T) operators included Chile, Honduras and Venezuela.

The Chilean Army has 28 Scorpions, which are used in a reconnaissance role alongside Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks.

The Venezuelan Army operates a fleet of 50 Scorpion 90s and two Sultans.

### South East Asia and the Pacific

In South East Asia and the Pacific, CVR(T) operators included Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and New Zealand.

Brunei is understood to have a fleet of 19 CVR(T)s, which comprises 16 Scorpions, two Sultan command post variants and one Samson armoured recovery vehicle.

The Indonesian Army uses the Scorpion 90 armed with the Belgian 90mm Cockerill cannon and the Stormer. The Stormer variants include the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle.

The Malaysian Royal Armoured Corps of the Malaysian Army is known to use both Scorpion and the newer Stormer.

The Royal Thai Army was forced to expand its forces after the fall of South Vietnam and the increased tension in the area. As part of this expansion, they obtained 144 Scorpions between 1973 and 1976.

The Philippine Army operated up to 40 Scorpions in its Light Armor Division. This formation used a mixture of wheeled and tracked vehicles, but the Scorpion was the only fire support or anti-armour vehicle in their inventory. They also operated 6 Samaritans and 3 Samsons.

The New Zealand Army operated a small number of Scorpions, up to squadron strength. These have now been replaced by the LAV III.

### Middle East

In the Middle East, CVR(T) operators included Iran, Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.

The Iranian army deployed its Scorpions with the reconnaissance regiment of the 28th Infantry Division in the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War. Little is known of how they performed or what losses they incurred. In December 1997, it was reported that Iran had manufactured a light tank named Tosan. Tosan was equipped with a 90 mm gun and appears to be based on the Scorpion.

The Royal Jordanian Land Force has obtained 80 Scorpions and 100 Spartans. Some of the Scorpions are reported to have been captured by Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war and handed on to Jordan. The Spartans were obtained when Belgium disposed of their CVR(T) fleet.

The Royal Army of Oman replaced the Saladin armoured car with between 30 and 50 Scorpions. They were delivered between 1982 and 1983, along with three Samson armoured recovery vehicles. In 1985, a second order for up to 30 vehicles was delivered. The second order included Scorpion, Sultan, Spartan and Samson vehicles. Oman operates the newer Stormer.

The United Arab Emirates Army has obtained 76 Scorpions for use by its armoured brigades. It is not known if these played any part in the Gulf War.

### Africa

In Africa, CVR(T) operators included Botswana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Togo.

The Nigerian Army reorganised from an infantry to an all arms formation after 1979. Part of their AFV inventory includes an unknown number of Scorpions.

## Scorpion turret on other vehicles

The Australian Army did not use the CVR(T), but did use the Scorpion turret – mounted on the FMC M113 armoured personnel carrier – as the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle, or M113A1 MRV. (These complemented the previous M113 Fire Support Vehicle (FSV), which featured a Saladin turret.) Introduced in the early 1970s, the last MRV was retired during the early 2000s, replaced by the ASLAV.

Philippine Army infantry units also later received M113A1s that had been augmented with Scorpion turrets. In Philippines service, these are known as the M113A1 Fire Support Vehicle (FSV).

The Canadian Army added the Scorpion turret to the AVGP Cougar wheeled reconnaissance vehicle. A total of 195 Cougars was originally procured, but the fleet was reduced to 100 vehicles in 1999, and has since been retired.

## Enhancements and future developments

As a result of combat experience in Afghanistan, the British Army upgraded several Scimitar light tanks to Mark 2 standard. The improvements included a new aluminium hull based on that of the Spartan troop carrier, which provides greater internal volume and protection, and a new fuel system, environmental control system and suspension. New hulls have also been built for the Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan variants.

The British firm OVIK has designed a vehicle named "Meerkat" based on the CVR(T), anticipating that large numbers of these will become available for refurbishment in future years when they are replaced in British service, and perhaps several other armed forces. The hull has been redesigned, and the driver has been moved back into a central position – sitting side by side with his primary crewman. The vehicle is steered using a conventional steering wheel system – which can be swapped from left to right – to allow either crewman to drive or command the vehicle. The engine has been replaced by a Cummins 6.7-litre diesel engine whilst the transmission has been uprated to DB TN15E+ and STORMER final drives. The turret has been replaced by a modular weapon "cassette" that will mount remote weapon stations, armed with, for example, a.50" M2 HB machine gun.

Another British consortium claims to have designed and developed a concept that uses a common tracked chassis with interchangeable pods for different vehicle roles. The Mark 1 mPODt (multi-role POD (tracked)) uses the Stallion, a flat bed development similar to that used on Shielder, to demonstrate the concept on a 10–13 tonne weight vehicle. However, the chassis could be from a number of in-service vehicles.


Filip Janković

# Filip Janković

## Abstract

Filip Janković (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Јанковић; born 17 January 1995) is a Serbian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder. He most recently played for Slovenian club Triglav Kranj.

## Career

He debuted for Red Star Belgrade first team on 4 August 2011 in the UEFA Europa League qualification match versus Latvian team Ventspils. On that day he had 16 years, 6 months and 18 days, making him the youngest Red Star player who played in UEFA competitions, and second youngest in the club history.

## Honours

### Club

- Serbian Cup (1): 2011–12

### International

- FIFA U-20 World Cup (1): 2015


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Career

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.


The Crash (2017 film)

# The Crash (2017 film)

## Abstract

The Crash is an American thriller film, written and directed by Aram Rappaport and produced by Aaron Becker, Isaac La Mell, Kristi Gescheidler, Atit Shah, Hilary Shor, and Peter Shuldiner. The film stars Minnie Driver, Frank Grillo, Dianna Agron, AnnaSophia Robb, Maggie Q, Mary McCormack, Ed Westwick, Christopher McDonald, and John Leguizamo.

The film had a direct-to- VOD and limited release on January 13, 2017, in North America.

## Plot

In the not-so-distant future, a team of white-collar criminals is enlisted by the federal government of the United States to thwart a cyberattack that threatens to bankrupt the United States of America.

## Cast

- Minnie Driver as Shannon Clifton

- Frank Grillo as Guy Clifton

- John Leguizamo as George Diebold

- Dianna Agron as Amelia Rhondart

- Mary McCormack as Sarah Schwab

- Christopher McDonald as Richard Del Banco

- Maggie Q as Nurse Hilary

- AnnaSophia Robb as Creason Clifton

- Ed Westwick as Ben Collins

## Production

### Casting

On October 29, 2013, Variety announced that Frank Grillo and Minnie Driver will be starring in A Conspiracy on Jekyll Island as a married couple; Dianna Agron, John Leguizamo, Ed Westwick, and Maggie Q will be joining them. On November 25, 2013, Deadline Hollywood reported that AnnaSophia Robb will be portraying the duo's character cancer-stricken daughter. On December 2, 2014, Variety reported that Mary McCormack had been added to the ensemble. Rappaport admitted that Agron's character is a "total badass" and is one of the lead roles. Agron said that her character is "much more aggressive" than her past roles. On August 11, 2015, Rappaport and producer Atit Shah reported that the score, composed by Guy Moon, was being recorded by The Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra.

Ashton Kutcher was first offered the role of Guy Clifton and accepted the role pending he could shoot on weekends while filming "Two and a Half Men" but scheduling conflicts forced him to drop out. Lenny Kravitz accepted the role of Guy Clifton but was forced to drop out of the project because of promotions for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. With Lenny Kravitz attached, Zoey Kravitz was going to play his daughter, but after he departed from the project negotiations with Zoey fell through. Frank Grillo eventually was cast as the lead after Helen Hunt suggested Minnie Driver play the role of Shannon. Serving as an executive producer, Frank Grillo rejected casting Bella Thorne as his daughter in the film as well as a Courtney Love cameo as Hillary Clinton. Dominic Cooper and Sean Combs were loosely attached to roles but eventually dropped out last minute.

At the 2016 People's Choice Awards held in Los Angeles on January 6, 2016, Ed Westwick – who had played the main antagonist, Chuck Bass, for five years on Gossip Girl – had this to say on how his fans will react to finally seeing him play a character with a solid sense of right and wrong, "It was different from anything I had done, that's always something that's going to make you attracted to a part," said Westwick. "The moral compass was also something that was interesting as well because after someone does something that's bad, how do they get back to a neutral place or a more positive place?" Westwick added that he's hoping fans enjoy seeing him in a new light.

### Filming

Principal photography, beginning November 2013, took place in Chicago, Michigan, Indiana, New York City, Washington, D.C., London, and Paris.

## Release

The Crash had a limited release theatrically and is available digitally and on video on demand beginning January 13, 2017, in North America.

Internationally the film was released under the title Conspiracy in 2017.

## Reception

The film received prominently negative critic reviews, it holds a 17% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 3.67/10. The users' average rating is significantly higher at 71% positive. Metacritic reports a score of 28/100 based on 7 critics, generally unfavorable reviews".

Edward Douglas of Film Journal International called the movie "an entertaining film that tries to point out the flaws in the American financial system with a short running time that ensures it never wears out its welcome."


USS Eagle (1798)

# USS Eagle (1798)

## Abstract

The first USS Eagle, a schooner, was built at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1798, and commissioned in the Revenue Cutter Service under the command of Captain H. G. Campbell, USRCS.

## Quasi War

She placed under control of the Navy in July 1798 for service in the undeclared naval war (Quasi-War) with France.

From October 1798 Eagle patrolled off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia protecting American shipping from French privateers. Ordered to the West Indies, she arrived at Prince Rupert's Bay, Dominica, 14 March 1799, to hunt French ships, and to convoy merchant vessels on the Guadeloupe Station until late in June, when she sailed for New Castle, Delaware. Sometime in early 1799 she and USRC Diligence captured French ship Reynard. On 5 April, 1799 she captured French privateer sloop "Bon Pere", Bon Pere was taken into USRC Service under same name that year. In late April or before 6 May 1799, Eagle, USS Richmond and USRC Virginia captured the French ship Louis.

In a letter dated 20 May, 1799 Navy Secretary Benjamin Stoddert notified the Treasury Secretary that he should consider Eagle to be officially transferred to the U.S. Navy.

Sometime just before 11 June, 1799 she and USS Baltimore captured a prize, probably French ship "Siren".

On 27 July 1799 the Secretary of the Navy sent a letter with Campbell's commission as a U.S. Navy officer, rank of master commandant.

She returned to the Caribbean in August 1799 for similar duty. In early November she recaptured a brig that was being towed by a privateer, the privateer was forced ashore but got off and got away. She later captured a French sloop, and with USS Ganges captured a French Letter of Marque. In December recaptured brig "George". In February she recaptured schooner "Benevolence". In March she recaptured schooner "Three Friends". In April she captured schooner "Favorite". On 2 May, 1800 captured French schooner "La Magdelaine" (15 tons). On 10 September 1800 she set sail for St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, with the sloop-of-war USS Maryland, escorting a convoy of 52 ships. On unknown date she and USS Maryland recaptured brig "Mahitable". After arrival at New Castle on 28 September, Eagle was laid up for repairs. On 19 November 1800 Capt. Tho. Calvert was ordered to take command of her. On 8 December 1800 Lt. Bunbury was ordered to take command. Eagle's third cruise to the West Indies extended from January to June 1801, when she returned to Baltimore.

During her career in the United States ' navy, she captured or assisted in the capture of 22 French vessels which had been preying on American ocean commerce. Eagle was sold 17 June 1801.


Goran Pandurović

# Goran Pandurović

## Abstract

Goran Pandurović (Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Пандуровић; born 16 July 1963) is a Serbian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Club career

While playing for Sloboda Užice in the 1980s, Pandurović made over 100 appearances in the Yugoslav Second League. He was later transferred to Partizan in the summer of 1989. Over the next three seasons, Pandurović served as a backup to Fahrudin Omerović, as the side won the 1991–92 Yugoslav Cup. He became the club's first-choice goalkeeper in the following 1992–93 season, helping Partizan win the league title. Following Gordan Petrić 's departure in late 1993, Pandurović was named as the team's captain, celebrating the double at the end of the season. He made a total of 115 league appearances in six seasons with Partizan, even scoring once. In the summer of 1995, Pandurović moved abroad and signed with French side Rennes. He spent three seasons at the club, before retiring from the game in 1998.

## International career

At international level, Pandurović was capped four times for FR Yugoslavia between 1994 and 1995, making his debut in a friendly against Brazil.

## Post-playing career

After hanging up his boots, Pandurović joined Rad as an assistant to Radmilo Ivančević in June 2004. He subsequently served as a long-term goalkeeping coach for his former club Partizan. Later on, Pandurović worked as assistant manager to Aleksandar Stanojević at Maccabi Haifa and Beijing BG, as well as to Miroslav Đukić at Partizan and Sporting Gijón.

## Honours

- First League of FR Yugoslavia: 1992–93, 1993–94

- FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1991–92, 1993–94


The Crazies (1973 film)

# The Crazies (1973 film)

## Abstract

The Crazies (also known as Code Name: Trixie) is a 1973 American science fiction horror film written and directed by George A. Romero. It stars Lane Carroll, Will McMillan, and Harold Wayne Jones as residents of a small American town that accidentally become afflicted by a military biological weapon. Filmed in Evans City in Western Pennsylvania, The Crazies was a box office failure upon release, but has since become a cult film. A remake of the film was released in 2010.

## Plot

In Evans City, Pennsylvania, a man kills his wife and burns down his farmhouse. Firefighters David and Clank — both Vietnam War veterans — are called to the scene. David's pregnant girlfriend, a nurse named Judy, is called to the office of Dr. Brookmyre, where the two children of the arsonist are being treated for burns.

Heavily armed U.S. troops led by Major Ryder take over Dr. Brookmyre's office. Days earlier, an Army plane carrying a bioweapon had crash-landed near the town, infecting the water supply with a virus code-named "Trixie" which is highly contagious and causes victims to either die or become hysterical and homicidally insane.

Government officials send Colonel Peckem and Dr. Watts, who worked on the creation of the virus, to Evans City to contain the virus and work towards a cure. Martial law is declared in Evans City and a quarantine is placed on the town. Army soldiers forcibly move the townspeople into a high school, rousting many from their homes, and shoot anyone attempting to escape. Bombers armed with nuclear weapons are dispatched to destroy the town if necessary.

David, Judy, Clank, teenager Kathy Fulton and her father Artie, try to find a way to escape the town. After spending the night hiding in a country club, the group attempts to escape through the nearby woods, eluding soldiers both on the ground and in an overhead helicopter. They overpower several soldiers in a house. One of the soldiers discloses what he knows about the virus to David, but when one of the soldiers reaches for his gun, Clank opens fire and kills the soldiers. David tells Judy about what he knows about the virus and that Kathy, Artie, and probably Clank are infected.

After Clank beats him for attempting to have sex with Kathy, Artie hangs himself. Kathy wanders outside and is killed by soldiers. Realizing he is infected, Clank kills several soldiers to give David and Judy time to escape. He is then shot and killed. The next night, Judy, now visibly infected, is killed by armed civilians. Angry and frightened, David surrenders to the military. After being taken into custody, David eventually realizes that he is immune to the virus, but he keeps the knowledge to himself.

Dr. Watts develops a potential cure for the virus but when he tries to take samples to Peckem and Ryder, he is killed and the samples are destroyed in a stampede of infected townspeople breaking free from quarantine. Depressed and distraught by his experiences in Evans City, Colonel Peckem is ordered to relocate to Louisville, where symptoms of the virus have been reported.

## Cast

- Lane Carroll as Judy

- Will McMillan as David

- Harold Wayne Jones as Clank

- Lloyd Hollar as Colonel Peckem

- Lynn Lowry as Kathy

- Richard Liberty as Artie

- Richard France as Dr. Watts

- Harry Spillman as Major Ryder

- Will Disney as Dr. Brookmyre

- Edith Bell as Lab Technician

- Leland Starnes as Shelby

- Bill Thunhurst as Brubaker

- A.C. McDonald as General Bowen

- Robert J. McCully as Hawks

- Robert Karlowsky as Sheriff Cooper

- Ned Schmidtke as Sergeant Tragesser

- Tony Scott as Deputy Shade

- Roy Cheverie as Army Doctor

- Jack Zaharia as Priest

- Bill Hinzman as Man in Infirmary & Crazie shooting at the doctor's office

## Production

According to Romero, this project began life with Paul McCollough, who authored a screenplay entitled The Mad People. The script dealt with a military bioweapon that was accidentally released into a small town, with the military subsequently trying to cover up the incident and the townspeople revolting. Romero revealed that the military subplot was only featured in the first act of the script, and the rest of the film focused on the survivors and their attempts to cope with what was happening. The director called McCollough's script "very existential and heady".

The screenplay was read by Lee Hessel, a producer who owned Cambist Films and with whom Romero had previously worked on There's Always Vanilla. Hessel expressed interest in it and offered to finance it as Romero's next film, but only if the director would be willing to rewrite McCollough's screenplay to focus on what Hessel considered the most interesting ingredient of the story, namely the military takeover of the town, which occurred in the first 10 to 20 pages. Romero agreed and rewrote the script, and he was given a budget of approximately $270,000.

The film was shot in and around Evans City and Zelienople, both small towns in Pennsylvania about 30 miles north of Pittsburgh. The school featured in the movie is the local high school and the lockers are still the same blue they are in the movie. Romero has spoken of how the majority of people in the towns were very cooperative and happy to help with the production.

The closing credits song, "Heaven Help Us", performed by Beverly Bremers, was the first recorded song written by Melissa Manchester with lyricist Carole Bayer Sager.

## Reception

### Box office

The film did not have a wide release, instead playing in a limited number of theaters before opening in a different market. Romero later claimed he felt that the major reason The Crazies failed at the box office was due to poor distribution. He stated that Hessel made a true attempt to adequately market the film, including releasing it under a variety of titles in different parts of the country, but that it never managed to catch the public's eye.

### Critical reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Crazies holds an approval rating of 70% based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, " The Crazies isn't top-shelf Romero, but its blend of genre thrills and social subtext should still be enough to satisfy discerning horror fans." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

### Home video

On February 23, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray by Blue Underground, the same company who first issued a DVD release on April 29, 2003. It was later re-released with a new 4K restoration by Arrow Video as part of a boxset entitled George A. Romero: Between Night and Dawn. It was later released separately on March 13, 2018.


Big Loud

# Big Loud

## Abstract

Big Loud is an American independent multi-sector entertainment company located in Nashville. It consists of a record label, along with music publishing and talent management divisions. Big Loud was founded in 2013 by Craig Wiseman, Joey Moi, Kevin "Chief" Zaruk, and Seth England. Artists who have recorded for Big Loud include Florida Georgia Line, Morgan Wallen, Chris Lane, Dallas Smith, and Hardy.

## History

Big Loud Records was established in 2015 by Nashville-based songwriter Craig Wiseman and Canadian record producer Joey Moi. Big Loud Records' first release was Chris Lane 's " Fix ". Lane released two albums for the label.

Jake Owen moved to Big Loud in 2018 after ending his contract with RCA Records Nashville. His first single with Big Loud Records, " I Was Jack (You Were Diane) ", which topped country music charts that year. The song was the first single from Owen's 2019 album Greetings from... Jake.

After signing to Big Loud Records, Morgan Wallen achieved back-to-back No. 1 hits on the Billboard Country Airplay chart with " Up Down " and " Whiskey Glasses ". The Big Loud Records roster expanded to include singer/songwriter Hardy and Sean Stemaly. Stacy Blythe, vice-president of promotion, was awarded the SVP-VP/Promotion trophy at the 2019 CRS/Country Aircheck Awards.

In 2021, Big Loud signed Canadian country artist Dallas Smith, the record holder for domestic number one hits on the Canada Country chart, to the label. Additionally, Smith, producer Scott Cooke, partner Alex Seif, and Big Loud formed a joint venture, Canadian -based imprint Local Hay Records. Shawn Austin was the first artist signed to the label.

## Big Loud Records artists

### Current roster

- Lauren Alaina

- Shawn Austin (Local Hay)

- Hailey Benedict

- Ashley Cooke

- Kashus Culpepper

- Ernest

- Larry Fleet

- Dylan Gossett (Big Loud Texas/Mercury)

- Charles Wesley Godwin

- Hardy

- Zandi Holup

- Griffen Palmer

- MacKenzie Porter

- Lily Rose

- Dallas Smith

- Morgan Wallen (Big Loud/Republic/Mercury)

- Lauren Watkins

- Hailey Whitters (Songs & Daughters/Pigasus)

- Stephen Wilson Jr.

- Jake Worthington

### Former artists

- Ben Burgess

- Chris Lane

- Jillian Jacqueline

- Jake Owen

- Mason Ramsey (Big Loud/ Atlantic)

- Sean Stemaly

## Big Loud Publishing

Founded in 2003 by songwriter Craig Wiseman, Big Loud Publishing, previously Big Loud Shirt, is a music publisher in the country format. Big Loud Publishing songwriters include Ashley Leone, Bren Joy, Chris Lane, Chris Tompkins, Craig Wiseman, Ernest Keith Smith, Griffen Palmer, Jacob Durrett, Jamie Moore, Joey Moi, John Byron, Madison Kozak, Matt Dragstrem, Rocky Block, Rodney Clawson, and Tiera. Big Loud Publishing has written more than 90 singles including Grammy Award winners " Live Like You Were Dying " by Tim McGraw and " Before He Cheats " and " Blown Away " by Carrie Underwood. On August 17, 2020, BLP's " Meant to Be " by Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song was named BMI's 2019 Pop Song of the Year. BLP is responsible for more than 50 No. 1 hits for artists including Blake Shelton, Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Rascal Flatts, LeAnn Rimes, George Strait, Faith Hill, Kenny Chesney, Beverley Knight, Three Days Grace, Jason Aldean, and Chris Lane.

## Big Loud Management

Big Loud Management, previously Big Loud Mountain, has focused on artist development since 2011. Founded by the four Big Loud partners, the first act Big Loud Management signed was Florida Georgia Line, a country duo which was the Academy of Country Music's first recipient of the ACM Breakout Artist of the Decade Award, ACM Single of the Decade Award, and ACM Music Event of the Decade Award in 2019. BLM's roster includes Ben Burgess, Chris Lane, HARDY, MacKenzie Porter, Sean Stemaly, Bren Joy, Blame My Youth, Dallas Smith and ERNEST. BLM partnered with Maverick in 2017.

## Big Loud Capital

Launched in 2017, Big Loud Capital is a venture capital group that invests in music, technology, and lifestyle industries. It is owned by the four Big Loud partners, Craig Wiseman, Joey Moi, Kevin "Chief" Zaruk, and Seth England. Among Big Loud Capital's portfolio includes 100 Thieves, Beyond Meat, Califia Farms, Casper, Coupang, 8i, Iris Nova, Kettle & Fire, LearnLux, Madefire, Magic Leap, Plus Capital, Roli, Seed, Stem, Sweetgreen, and Tecovas.

## Big Loud Rock

Launched in August 2021, Big Loud Rock is the alternative/rock imprint of Big Loud Records and is led by music industry executive Greg Thompson, Lloyd Norman (SVP), and A.J. Kasen (SVP of A&R). The first act Big Loud Rock signed to their roster was Blame My Youth. In April 2023, Big Loud Rock's “JACK” by HARDY reached the #1 spot at on Rock radio and became HARDY's first radio #1 in the rock music genre.

### Current roster

- Bizzy

- Blame My Youth

- Hardy

- Jagwar Twin

- Letdown.

- Yam Haus

## Partners

Big Loud Record's CEO is Seth England. He joined Craig Wiseman at Big Loud Publishing in 2007. England is a member of the Country Music Association (CMA) and Academy of Country Music (ACM), and was recognized in Billboard ' s Nashville Power Players issue in 2018 and 2019. He was namesd to its 40 Under 40 list in 2014. He was included in Variety ' s Music City Impact Report in 2017 and Hitmaker List in 2018.

## Controversy

On February 3, 2021, Big Loud Records indefinitely suspended country artist Morgan Wallen after TMZ posted a video clip on February 2, 2021 which was recorded on January 31 showing Wallen using a racial slur with friends as they were entering his home in Nashville.


Rho Cygni

# Rho Cygni

## Abstract

Rho Cygni, Latinized from ρ Cygni, is a yellow-hued star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.02. The measured annual parallax shift is 26.39 milliarcseconds, which yields a distance estimate of 124 light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +6.88. The star is a member of the thin disk population of the Milky Way galaxy.

This is an evolved giant star of type G with an estimated age of 660 million years and a stellar classification of G8 III Fe-0.5. The suffix notation indicates the spectrum shows a mild underabundance of iron in the outer atmosphere. It has about 2.16 times the mass of the Sun and 7.81 times the Sun's girth. The star is radiating 37 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,100 K.

Rho Cygni is a bright X-ray source with a luminosity of 10.26 × 10 ergs s. It has a maximum magnetic field strength of 7.3 ± 0.5 G at the surface.