Coração de Jesus

# Coração de Jesus

## Abstract

Coração de Jesus is a Brazilian municipality located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. In 2020 the population was 26,611 in a total area of 2,236 km². It became a municipality in 1912.

## Geography

Coração de Jesus is located between the São Francisco River and Montes Claros. It is 56 km. from Montes Claros and 62 km. from Ibiaí on the São Francisco River. It is 22 km. from federal highway BR-365, linked by a paved road. The elevation of the municipal seat is 760 meters. The distance to Belo Horizonte is 475 km. Neighboring municipalities are: Ponto Chique, Campo Azul, São João do Pacuí, Brasília de Minas, Mirabela, Montes Claros, São João da Lagoa, Lagoa dos Patos, and Ibiaí. Coração de Jesus is part of the statistical microregion of Montes Claros.

## Economic activities

The most important economic activities are cattle raising, commerce, small and medium transformation industries, and agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$74,394,000. Coração de Jesus is in the bottom tier of municipalities in the state with regard to economic and social development. It suffers from isolation, poor soils, and periodic drought. As of 2007 there was one banking agency in the town. There was a small retail commerce serving the surrounding area of cattle and agricultural lands. In the rural area there were 2,027 establishments employing about 7,500 workers. Only 104 of the farms had tractors. There were 780 automobiles in all of the municipality. There were 65,000 head of cattle in 2006. The crops with a planted area of more than 1,000 hectares were sugarcane, beans, and corn.

## Health and education

- Municipal Human Development Index: 0.687 (2000)

- State ranking: 600 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000

- National ranking: 3,202 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000

- Literacy rate: 76%

- Life expectancy: 69 (average of males and females)

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha.

In the health sector there were 13 clinics and 02 hospitals with 115 beds. In the educational sector there were 13 primary schools and 6 middle schools.

## History

The area was first penetrated by the Portuguese bandeirantes led by Paes Leme. The first settlement was called Arraial do Sagrado Coração de Jesus. In 1774, Francisco Ferreira Leal donated the lands that would form the new town. In 1792, the church called Capela do Sagrado Coração de Jesus was built.

In 1832 the "arraial" was raised to the category of district. The extraction of rubber attracted many settlers and the town grew quickly. In 1839 the name was changed to Coração de Bom Jesus. In 1911 it separated from Montes Claros and changed its name to Inconfidência, changing back again in 1928 to the present Coração de Jesus.


InMerge Innovation Summit

# InMerge Innovation Summit

## Abstract

InMerge, InMerge Innovation Summit or formerly Baku Innovation Summit is an annually organized event based on new trends and innovations in Azerbaijan. The summit aims to bring together technology leaders, companies and startups.

Since 2022, annual events have featured panel discussions, business conferences, startup presentations, and workshops, with participation from influential businessmen worldwide. It fosters dynamic discussions on cutting-edge innovations and offers valuable insights from experts around the world. This summit connects speakers, investors, and collaborators from more than 25 countries spanning Caucasus, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and MENA.

The first "InMerge" event was organized on 13 December 2022. The third such event is planned to be held on October 10-11, 2024.

## History

### 2022

The event under the name of "Baku Innovation Summit" was organized by PASHA Holding in cooperation with the Innovation and Digital Development Agency on December 13, 2022. 1090 people participated in the event.

Main speakers at the 2022 summit include leadership and personal development expert Robin Sharma, speaker and futurist Kian Gohar, technology speaker Philippe Dewost, former Boston Consulting Group, IBM, EY partner Peter Ulrich, Jeroen van der Veer, the former CEO of Shell, and Chris Skinner, the author of books about technology

In addition, the participants who achieved special success in the innovation field received 8 nominations (discovery of the year, tech entrepreneur of the year, start-up of the year, skills booster of the year, tech media of the year, digitalization of the year, startup ecosystem player of the year, ecosystem MVP of the year) within the "IDDA Awards" competition organized by the Innovation and Digital Development Agency.

### 2023

"InMerge Innovation Summit" was held at the Baku Convention Center from November 30 to December 1. This event, in its second edition, is organized by the Center for Analysis and Coordination of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on behalf of the Ministry of Economy, the Innovation and Digital Development Agency under the Ministry of Digital Development and Transport, and PASHA Holding with primary partnership from Trendyol. About 3,000 participants from 20 countries, more than 50 investors, and more than 150 startups took part in the summit. The main goal of the event is to support the startup environment in Azerbaijan, including in the region, and to develop innovative industry.

One of the most notable speeches at the event was made by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. Wozniak shared his thoughts on innovation and the history of the company. He made his speech with the moderation of international speaker Bill Williams: He said these:

I met Steve Jobs five years before Apple was founded. He was a fun-loving young man. He admired people who changed lives.When he saw the computer I invented, he said there was a new business opportunity and came up with the idea of establishing a new company. This is how the Apple company was born. If he hadn't given me this idea, I would have remained an engineer until today.

Other interesting speeches were made by Tesla co-founder J. B. Straubel and Shazam founder Chris Barton.

Besides this, J. B. Straubel, Chris Barton, Trendyol CEO Erdem İnan, PASHA Holding Ecosystem CEO Farid Mammadov, and Uzum Company's Operations Director Roman Lavrentev discussed the future of smart ecosystems and technology integration in the panel.

There was also a panel discussion on open banking and API standards. In that discussion, Arif Babayev, co-founder of "DNA Payments Group", Farid Osmanov, who was the executive director of the Central Bank at that time, Tal Sharon, director of partnerships of "Ubeya" company, Kristina Doros, vice president of Visa for Central Asia and Azerbaijan, and Alastair Lukies, the CEO of Pollinate International company participated.

At "InMerge", participants are provided to get acquainted with local and regional startup authors. A VR zone has also been organized.

### 2024

The next summit is planned to be held on October 10-11. Professor Linda Hill from Harvard Business School, Werner Vogels, Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Amazon, and Ilya Strebulaev are scheduled to participate in the summit as speakers. YouTube co-founder Steve Chen is also expected to attend this year's summit.


List of Boston Bruins broadcasters

# List of Boston Bruins broadcasters

## Abstract

This is a list of Boston Bruins broadcasters.

## Television

## Radio

## Newspaper

- Russ Conway, The Eagle-Tribune

- Francis Rosa, The Boston Globe


Mount Maria, Queensland

# Mount Maria, Queensland

## Abstract

Mount Maria is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Geography

Baffle Creek forms the south-western boundary and the south-eastern and eastern boundary (but not the southern boundary). Euleilah Creek forms the north-west boundary of the locality; it later becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek.

Grants Island is 1.7-hectare (4.2-acre) island in Baffle Creek which is within the Mount Maria loality (24°33′02″S 151°54′22″E / 24.5506°S 151.9061°E).

The mountain Mount Maria is in the south of the locality (24°32′29″S 151°50′38″E / 24.5413°S 151.8440°E) and rises to 340 metres (1,120 ft) above sea level. It presumably gives its name to the locality.

Tablelands Road enters the locality from the south (Berajondo) and exits to the north (Taunton); it is the main road through the locality.

The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Mount Maria had a population of 193 people.

In the 2021 census, Mount Maria had a population of 225 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Mount Maria. The nearest government primary schools are Lowmead State School in neighbouring Lowmead to the west, Rosedale State School in neighbouring Rosedale to the south-east, and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Rosedale State School (to Year 12).


# 2024 Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship

## Abstract

The 2024 Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship is the second staging of the Waterford Premier Intermediate Football Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board. The draws for the group stage pairings was made on 29 January 2024. The championship is scheduled to run from 7 September to October 2024.

## Team changes

### To Championship

Relegated from the Waterford Senior Football Championship

- Portlaw

- Stradbally

Promoted from the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship

- De La Salle

### From Championship

Promoted to the Waterford Senior Football Championship

- Roanmore

Relegated to the Waterford Intermediate Football Championship

- Kilmacthomas

## Group A

### Group A fixtures and results

## Group B

### Group B fixtures and results

## Knockout stage

### Quarter-finals

### Relegation playoffs

### Semi-finals

### Final


Ohrid

# Ohrid

## Abstract

41°07′01″N 20°48′06″E / 41.11694°N 20.80167°E

Ohrid (Macedonian: Охрид) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje, west of Resen and Bitola. In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Ohrid is one of only 28 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites.

## Name

In antiquity the city was known under the ancient Greek name of Λυχνίς (Lychnis) and Λυχνιδός (Lychnidos) and the Latin Lychnidus, probably meaning "city of light", literally "a precious stone that emits light", from λύχνος (lychnos), "lamp, portable light". Polybius, writing in the second century BC, refers to the town as Λυχνίδιον - Lichnidion.

The evolution of the ancient toponym Lychnidus into Oh(ë)r(id) required a long-standing period of Tosk Albanian – Eastern South Slavic bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from the Tosk Albanian rhotacism -n- into -r- and Eastern South Slavic l-vocalization ly- into o-.

It became capital of the First Bulgarian Empire in the early medieval period, and was often referred to by Byzantine writers as Achrida (Ἄχριδα, Ὄχριδα, or Ἄχρις). By 879 AD, the town was no longer called Lychnidos but was referred to as Ohrid.

In Macedonian and the other South Slavic languages, the name of the city is Ohrid (Охрид). In Albanian, the city is known as Ohër or Ohri and in modern Greek Ochrida (Οχρίδα, Ωχρίδα) and Achrida (Αχρίδα). The name of the city in Aromanian is Ohãrda.

## History

Illyrians (Enchele, Dassaretii) –3rd century BC Kingdom of Macedonia 210 BC-208 BC Kingdom of Dardania 208 BC-170 BC Kingdom of Macedonia 170 BC-148 BC Roman Republic 148 BC - 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 Byzantine Empire 395–842 First Bulgarian Empire 842–1018 Byzantine Empire 1018–1083 Bohemond I 1083–1085 Byzantine Empire 1085–1203 Second Bulgarian Empire 1203–1208 Strez 1208–1214 Epirus and Thessalonica 1214–1230 Second Bulgarian Empire 1230–1263 Byzantine Empire ~1250–1334 Serbian Empire 1334 - ~1336 Gropa family ~1336 – ??? Lordship of Prilep ??? – ~1373 Gropa family ~1373–1395 Ottoman Empire 1395–1464 League of Lezhë 1464-1466 Ottoman Empire 1466–1912 Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1915–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1991 Macedonia / North Macedonia 1991–present

### Antiquity

The earliest inhabitants of the widest Lake Ohrid region were the Illyrian tribes of Enchele and Dassaretii. According to a tradition the town was founded by Cadmus, the Phoenician king of Thebes, who fled to Enchele after being banished from Boeotia. In addition to Ohrid, called Lychnidos (Ancient Greek: Λυχνιδός) in classical antiquity, he is said to have founded Budva in Montenegro. Lychnidos was the capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii.

According to recent excavations, this was a town as early as of the era of king Philip II of Macedon. They conclude that Samuil's Fortress was built on the site of an earlier fortification, dated to the 4th century BC. In 210 BCE, Philip V of Macedon raided a number of southern Illyrian communities. He maintained a garrison at Lychnidos but lost control of the settlement in 208 BCE, when its commander joined local leader Aeropus and invited the Dardani in the region.

During the Roman conquests, towards the end of 3rd and the beginning of 2nd century BC, Lychnidus is mentioned as a town near or within Dassaretia. In Roman times, it was located along the Via Egnatia, which connected the Adriatic port Dyrrachion (present-day Durrës) with Byzantium. Archaeological excavations (e.g., the Polyconch Basilica from the 5th century) prove an early adoption of Christianity in the area. Bishops from Lychnidos participated in multiple ecumenical councils.

As an The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81.

In 1334, the city was captured by Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and incorporated in the Serbian Empire. After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of Andrea Gropa. After his death, Prince Marko incorporated it in the Kingdom of Prilep.

In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with Ottoman assistance.

In 1395, the Ottomans under Bayezid I captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established Sanjak of Ohrid. Some time after Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg had liberated Krujë to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with Gjergj Arianiti and Zahari Gropa (of the local Albanian Gropa noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of Svetigrad.

From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of the League of Lezhë and 1,000 of the Republic of Venice defeated a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the Battle of Ohrid. When Mehmed II returned from Albania after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight.

### Ottoman period

During the 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529-1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements. In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were Bulgarians and Vlachs and the rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 Slavophone Greek families. The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major trade route. At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants.

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the Pashalik of Scutari, ruled by the Bushati family.

After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Bulgarian Exarchate (97%), the Exarchate became in control of the area. In 1889, Gustav Weigand discovered in Ohrid the important Codex Dimonie, a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani. The Bulgarian researcher Vasil Kanchov wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.

The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on the Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each.

Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in the Kaza of Ohrid. There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 Albanian Muslim households, 150 Albanian Christian households, 900 Bulgarian households, 300 Vlach households, 210 Serb households and 39 Greek households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that the number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the Kaza of Ohrid had 5,336 Albanian households, 4,347 Slavic households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 Vlach households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of Ottoman rule, the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised the exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities.

### Modern

Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to Monastir sanjak in Manastir Vilayet (present-day Bitola). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the Balkan Wars and later made it the capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and 500 people consisting of Albanians and Turks. In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leaders rebelled against the Kingdom of Serbia. It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918 during World War I.

Bulgarian ethnographer Yordan Ivanov, professor at the University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue.

During Kingdom of Yugoslavia Ohrid continued to be as an independent district (Охридски округ) (1918-1922), then it became a part of Bitola Oblast (1920-1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the Vardar Banovina. It was occupied again by Bulgaria between 1941 and 1944 during World War II. Since the days of SFR Yugoslavia Ohrid has been the municipal seat of Municipality of Ohrid (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia).

On 20 November 1993, Avioimpex Flight 110 crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia.

## Geography and climate

Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of Lake Ohrid, at an elevation of 695 meters above sea level.

Ohrid has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) moderated by its elevation, as the mean temperature of the warmest month is just above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and every summer month receives less than 40 millimetres (1.6 in) of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) or in a range between 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and −1.5 °C (29.3 °F). The warmest month is August with average range of 27.7 °C (82 °F) - 14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The rainiest month is November, which sees on average 90.5 mm (3.6 in) of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around 30 mm (1.2 in). The absolute minimum temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) and the maximum 38.5 °C (101.3 °F).

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup:

- Macedonians, 28,920 (74.5%)

- Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources, 3,421 (8.8%)

- others, 2,728 (7.0%)

- Albanians, 1,924 (5.0%)

- Turks, 1,825 (4.7%)

As of the 2002 census, the city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:

- Macedonians, 33,791 (80.4%)

- Albanians, 2,959 (7.0%)

- Turks, 2,256 (5.4%)

- others, 3,027 (7.2%)

The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following:

- Macedonian, 34,910 (83.1%)

- Albanian, 3,957 (9.4%)

- Turkish, 2,226 (5.3%)

- others, 1,017 (2.4%)

The religious composition of the city was the following:

- Orthodox Christians, 33,987 (80.9%)

- Muslims, 7,599 (18.1%)

- others, 447 (1.1%)

The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood. Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, Malesija and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia. Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on the western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid. There is a sizeable amount of Turkified Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of Elbasan, Durrës and Ulcinj. The local Romani population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern Tosk Albanian dialect.

The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from Moscopole, others from Kavajë (late 18th century), from the Myzeqe region, Elbasan, Llëngë and Mokër region (mid. 19th century) and also from Gorna Belica and Malovišta (late 19th century). A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to Trieste, Odessa and Bucharest. Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from Pogradec, Lin, Çërravë and Peshkëpi.

All Turks from the village of Peštani after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as Peştanlı. In 1949, additional families from Aegean Macedonia settled in Ohrid.

In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians. As tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights, Romani identity became politicized and contested from the 1990s onward. Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as Albanians seeing it as a result of Albanisation (or to be called Gypsies) and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as Egyptians whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago. The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue. Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during the Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks, while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians. In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of Krani and Nakolec have migrated to Ohrid.

## Cultural Heritage sites

Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within the city of Ohrid.

- Ancient Theatre of Ohrid from Hellenistic and Roman time

- Vidobišta Roman-era tombs

- Kozluk, Roman-era settlement

- Mančevci site with early Christian basilica

- Hermeleja, Roman-era settlement

- Saint Erasmus

- Karagjulevci tombs from Ancient Macedonian era

- Samuel's Fortress and remaining portions of the city walls

- Plaošnik

- Studenčišta basilica

- Saint 40 Holy Martyrs early Christian basilica

There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller.

- Grave of Grigor Prličev

- Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Čelnica

- Little Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan)

- Church of Saint Demetrius

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Bolnička

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Bolnički

- Church of the Holy Mother of God - Perivleptos

- Little Church of Saint Clement

- Church of Saint John the Baptist - Kaneo

- Church of Saint Sophia

- Church of Saints Constantine and Elena

- Church of the Holy Mother of God Kamensko

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Gerakomija

- Church of Saint Nicholas - Arbanaški

- Church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker

- Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan), with frescos from the 14th century. A 14th-century icon from the church is depicted on the obverse of the 1000 denars banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.

- Church of Saint George

- Church of Saint Nicholas

Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. The restored Monastery at Plaošnik was actually one of the oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the Monastery of Saint Naum lie in its surrounding villages.

- Voska Hamam

- Eski Hamam

- Zejnel Abedin Pasha Tekke

- Sinan Çelebi Türbe

- Ali Pasha Mosque

- Hajdar Pasha Mosque

- Hadži Durgut Mosque

- Hadži Hamza Mosque

- Memorial mound on Slavej Planina

- Common grave of fallen National Liberation War soldiers

- Memorial plaque of fallen professors and students of the Ohrid Gymnasium in the National Liberation War

Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the Robevi family house and the Prličev family home, the Uzunov family home, function as museums today. Also included are the Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower, and the Icon Gallery.

## Transportation

There is a nearby international airport, Ohrid Airport (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport").

Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to Skopje by the Ohrid line, a 167 kilometres (104 mi) long 600 mm narrow-gauge railway.

## Sports

GFK Ohrid Lihnidos is a football team playing at the SRC Biljanini Izvori stadium in the city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system.

FK Voska Sport is also a football team in Ohrid that competes in the Macedonian First League as of the 2023-24 season.

RK Ohrid is a handball team playing at Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the Macedonian Handball Super League, which is the top tier.

The Ohrid Swimming Marathon is an international open water swimming competition, always taking place in the waters of Lake Ohrid. The swimmers are supposed to swim 30 km (19 mi) from the monastery of Saint Naum to the Ohrid harbor.

## Recurring events

- Ohrid Summer Festival, annual theater and music festival from July to August

- Ohrid Choir Festival, annual international choir festival at the end of August

- Balkan Folklore Festival, annual folklore music and dance festival at the beginning of July

- Balkan music square festival, music festival in August in which ethnic musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate

- Ohrid Fest (Охридски Трубадури), music festival in August in which musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate. This festival is held for four days which are divided into Debutant Night, Folk Night, Pop Night and International Night.

- Debutant Night,

- Folk Night,

- Pop Night and

- International Night.

- World Prized of Humanism in the Ohrid Academy of Humanism, created by Jordan Plevnes

- Ohrid art and scientific meetings (Охридска научна и уметничка визита), held in House of Uranija-MANU, Ohrid by Macedonian academy of science and arts

## Twin towns – sister cities

Ohrid is twinned with:

- Budva, Montenegro

- Caen, France

- Givatayim, Israel

- Inđija, Serbia

- Kragujevac, Serbia

- Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Pogradec, Albania

- Piran, Slovenia

- Safranbolu, Turkey

- Stari Grad (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Vidovec, Croatia

- Vinkovci, Croatia

- Windsor, Canada

- Wollongong, Australia

- Yalova, Turkey

## Sources


Spondyloarthritis

# Spondyloarthritis

## Abstract

Spondyloarthritis (SpA), also known as spondyloarthropathy, is a collection of clinical syndromes that are connected by genetic predisposition and clinical manifestations. The best-known clinical subtypes are enteropathic arthritis (EA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and reactive arthritis (ReA). Spondyloarthritis typically presents with inflammatory back pain and asymmetrical arthritis, primarily affecting the lower limbs, and enthesitis, inflammation at bone-adhering ligaments, tendons, or joint capsules.

Spondyloarthritis is caused by a combination of genetic polymorphisms and environment, with the relative contributions of genes and environment varying across different types. It is associated with ileal inflammation, with an immunological connection between Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Reactive arthritis is primarily caused by gastrointestinal pathogens, genitourinary and respiratory infections, and genetic variables. HLA-B27, a polymorphic form of the HLA-B molecule, is found in up to 95% of European spondylitis patients, 70% having reactive arthritis, 60% with psoriatic spondylitis, 25% with peripheral psoriatic arthritis, and 70% with spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

The arthritogenic-peptide theory suggests that HLA-B27 displays self-peptides that resemble pathogen-derived peptides to CD8 -restricted T cells. Two other theories suggest that HLA-B27's genesis may be autoinflammatory, initiating innate immune responses instead of presenting antigens. The first hypothesis suggests that HLA-B27 heavy chains without β2 microglobulin can form disulphide-linked homodimers, recognized by KIR3DL2 killer immunoglobulin-like receptors. The second hypothesis suggests that the B pocket's Cys 67 residue causes HLA-B27 heavy-chain misfolding, modifying immune cells' cytokine output and reactivity to innate immunological stimuli.

Spondyloarthritis is diagnosed based on clinical factors, including inflammatory back pain, limited spinal mobility, and radiological sacroiliitis, though many patients may not have radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis for up to 10 years. Early diagnosis criteria consider HLA-B27 testing and MRI scanning advancements. Spondyloarthritis is categorized into two groups based on the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria: primarily axial involvement and predominantly peripheral manifestations.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be administered first for active axial signs of spondyloarthritis. If NSAIDs are contraindicated or cause side effects, TNF blockers should be used. Traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are not advised for patients without peripheral disease signs.

The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthritis varies across populations. The incidence of spondyloarthritis was recorded in four investigations, with a range of 0.48/100,000 in Japan to 62.5/100,000 in Spain.

## Signs and symptoms

In all subtypes of spondyloarthritis, inflammatory back pain and/or asymmetrical arthritis, mainly affecting the lower limbs, are the most common symptoms. Another distinguishing characteristic is enthesitis, which is inflammation at the locations where ligaments, tendons, or joint capsules adhere to bone.

Inflammatory back pain associated with ankylosing spondylitis usually starts slowly, has a dull feel to it, and spreads into the gluteal areas. Back pain has a nocturnal component, gets better with movement, and is worse in the morning. Axial arthritis may begin in the sacroiliac joints and work its way up to the cervical spine over time. Spinal abnormalities such as flattening of the lumbar lordosis, exaggeration of the thoracic kyphosis, and hyperextension of the cervical spine lead to limited spinal motion. Hip and shoulder arthritis can occur in certain ankylosing spondylitis patients, usually early in the course of the illness. Usually, the other peripheral joints start to suffer later. Most frequently, there is an asymmetrical involvement of the lower extremities.

Reactive arthritis is an aseptic arthritis caused by an infectious pathogen found outside the joint. Particularly affecting the joints in the lower limbs, the arthritis is usually oligoarticular. In most cases, the condition develops quickly; two to four joints may swell and hurt in an uneven manner within a few days. Inflammatory back pain and dactylitis are also prevalent.

Psoriatic arthritis is known to present in five distinct patterns: oligoarticular (affecting four or fewer joints); polyarticular (affecting five or more joints); prominent distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint involvement; arthritis mutilans; and psoriatic spondylitis. More than 70% of cases follow the oligoarticular pattern. Distal joints are frequently impacted by psoriatic arthritis, which is typically asymmetrical.

Up to 20% of people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develop spondyloarthropathy. Patients with Crohn's disease are more likely to have this association than those with ulcerative colitis. Arthritis may appear before clinical bowel disease. Usually, the lower extremities are asymmetrically affected by arthritis. The arthritis typically manifests abruptly and follows a migratory pattern.

In patients who do not fit the criteria for any of the well-established spondyloarthropathies, the term "undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy" is used to characterize the signs of a spondyloarthropathy. A tiny percentage of these patients eventually experience a clearly characterized spondyloarthropathy, but most experience more general symptoms such as dactylitis, enthesitis, unilateral or alternating buttock pain, inflammatory back pain, and occasionally extra-articular symptoms.

## Causes

Spondyloarthritis is caused by a complicated combination of genetic polymorphisms and environment. The relative contributions of genes and environment may differ across different types of spondyloarthritis.

### Risk factors

Microscopically visible ileal inflammation is seen in about 50% of people with spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis during ileocolonoscopy. There seems to be an immunological connection between the gut inflammation observed in Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. It is known that, in comparison to healthy controls, people with ankylosing spondylitis and those related to them have higher intestinal permeability.

### Triggers

The majority of organisms responsible for reactive arthritis are gastrointestinal pathogens, such as Shigella flexneri, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. Genitourinary and respiratory infections, such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumonia, have also been linked to reactive arthritis.

### Genetics

Given the well-established familial aggregation and the concordance rate of up to 63% in identical twins (vs 23% in nonidentical twins), it is evident that genetic variables play a role in the susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. There is limited research on familial aggregation in other forms of spondyloarthritis.

HLA-B27 is a polymorphic form of the HLA-B molecule found in up to 95% of ankylosing spondylitis patients of European ancestry, 70% with reactive arthritis, 60% with psoriatic spondylitis, 25% with peripheral psoriatic arthritis, and 70% with spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

## Mechanism

The arthritogenic-peptide theory is the classic pathophysiological paradigm for spondyloarthritis. It argues that HLA-B27 displays self-peptides that resemble pathogen-derived peptides to CD8 -restricted T cells. Two other theories have been proposed to explain HLA-B27's function. They suggest that HLA-B27's genesis may be autoinflammatory rather than autoimmune, as it plays a part in initiating innate immune responses instead of its traditional function of presenting antigens.

According to the first hypothesis, HLA-B27 heavy chains devoid of β2 microglobulin can form disulphide -linked homodimers that are produced at the cell surface and can be recognized directly by KIR3DL2 killer immunoglobulin -like receptors, regardless of the associated peptide.

According to the second hypothesis, the B pocket's Cys 67 residue causes HLA-B27 heavy-chain misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum before assembling into complexes with peptide and β2 microglobulin. As a result, the unfolded protein response (UPR) modifies the immune cells ' cytokine output and reactivity to various innate immunological stimuli.

## Diagnosis

Spondyloarthritis is primarily diagnosed, or at least first suspected, based on clinical factors. According to the current criteria for ankylosing spondylitis, the patient must exhibit clinical symptoms of inflammatory back pain and limited spinal mobility together with radiological sacroiliitis. But many people with inflammatory back pain may have no radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis since up to 10 years might pass between the onset of inflammatory back pain and the development of radiographic sacroiliitis. Criteria for the early diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis have been developed in light of the emergence of effective treatments. These criteria consider the added value of HLA-B27 testing, as well as current advancements in MRI scanning.

Imaging is crucial to the spondyloarthritis diagnosis process. The most distinctive radiographic observation is the sacroiliac (SI) joints ' erosion, ankylosis, and sclerosis. There must be clear evidence of sacroiliitis (at least grade 2 bilaterally or grade 3 unilaterally) on the radiographs in order to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis. When axial spondyloarthritis is suspected, sacroiliac joint radiographs are still the initial imaging approach. If radiographs clearly show sacroiliitis, then no more diagnostic imaging is required. But because structural change seen on radiographs can take months or years to emerge, normal radiographs or worrisome abnormalities only warrant additional diagnostic imaging in the context of suggestive clinical symptoms or findings. Furthermore, reading sacroiliac joint radiographs can be difficult and dependent on a number of variables, such as the image quality, the radiological technique, the reader's background, and variations in sacroiliac anatomy.

A challenge associated with radiographic imaging is the typical ten-year lag between the beginning of inflammatory back pain and the development of radiographic sacroiliitis. MRI imaging of the spine and entheses has made it possible to distinguish between inflammatory spinal lesions associated with ankylosing spondylitis and those unrelated to it earlier than is feasible with traditional radiography. It has also allowed for accurate anatomical description of spinal components. The only imaging modality that can precisely identify and evaluate spinal inflammation at this time is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints and spine. It is also being developed as a gauge of disease activity and response to treatment.

When evaluating a patient with reactive arthritis or psoriatic arthritis, plain radiographs of the hands and feet are very beneficial. Seventy-five percent of psoriatic arthritis patients have radiographic abnormalities of the peripheral joints, such as soft tissue swelling, erosions, periarticular osteopenia, periostitis, and narrowing of the joint space. Aggressive psoriatic arthritis erosions can result in the articular surface of the proximal bone of the joint being destroyed and taking on the look of a "pencil in cup."

Laboratory abnormalities in spondyloarthritis are nonspecific and less effective for diagnosing a specific disease than clinical presentation. Normochromic normocytic anemia, increased C reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are nonspecific indicators of inflammation that are frequently present in patients.

When patients are carefully chosen, testing for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most beneficial laboratory investigation. Since only 5% of those with HLA-B27 in the general population will develop ankylosing spondylitis, the correlation between HLA-B27 and the prevalence of spondyloarthritis is weak. Therefore, the illness prevalence in a particular patient population must be taken into account when interpreting results from HLA-B27 testing.

### Classification

Spondyloarthritis is classified into two categories based on the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria: primarily axial involvement and predominantly peripheral manifestations.

#### Axial spondyloarthritis

A patient must meet two requirements to be considered for a diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis: they must be under 45 years old and have experienced back pain of any kind for at least three months.

The second step comprises two sections that are assessed independently according to the existence of either sacroiliitis on imaging or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27:

- HLA-B27 -positive patients — To diagnose axial spondyloarthritis in patients who test positive for HLA-B27, at least two more spondyloarthritis symptoms from the list below must be present.

- Sacroiliitis on imaging — When sacroiliitis is diagnosed in patients with structural alterations on plain radiographs or subchondral bone marrow edema (BME) on MRI, at least one additional sign of spondyloarthritis from the list below should be present.

Spondyloarthritis features:

- Inflammatory back pain — Several definitions have been put forth for inflammatory back pain. Inflammatory back pain is characterized by the presence of four or more of the following five factors: Onset at <40 years old. Insidious onset. Improved with exercise. Not improved by rest. Pain at night.

- Onset at <40 years old.

- Insidious onset.

- Improved with exercise.

- Not improved by rest.

- Pain at night.

- Arthritis.

- Heel enthesitis.

- Uveitis.

- Dactylitis.

- Psoriasis.

- Inflammatory bowel disease.

- Good response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

- Family history of spondyloarthritis.

- Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP).

#### Peripheral spondyloarthritis

The initial requirement is that the patient have at least one of the following three findings:

- Arthritis.

- Enthesitis.

- Dactylitis.

If the patient meets the previous requirements, they must exhibit at least one of Group A's spondyloarthritis features or two of Group B's spondyloarthritis features.

Group A spondyloarthritis features:

- Uveitis.

- Psoriasis.

- Inflammatory bowel disease.

- Preceding infection.

- HLA-B27.

- Sacroiliitis on imaging.

Group B spondyloarthritis features:

- Arthritis.

- Enthesitis.

- Dactylitis.

- Inflammatory back pain in the past.

- Family history of spondyloarthritis.

## Treatment

Improving the patient's state (pain, functional impairment, etc.) and preventing further clinical deterioration are the goals of spondyloarthritis treatment. The ASAS has issued guidelines regarding the use of TNF blockers specifically as well as the general care of spondyloarthritis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be administered first to patients with active, primarily axial signs of spondyloarthritis. If NSAID medication is contraindicated, does not work, or causes side effects, patients should then be treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers. Because there is insufficient evidence of treatment efficacy, patients with axial spondyloarthritis who do not exhibit peripheral disease signs are not advised to receive traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). But in the event that peripheral arthritis is present, patients with spondyloarthritis should get treatment with conventional DMARDs before TNF-blocker medication and after the failure of NSAID therapy.

According to a recent Cochrane systematic review of published work, supervised group physiotherapy is superior to home exercises, individual home-based or supervised exercise programs are preferable to no intervention, and in-patient spondyloarthritis exercise therapy combined with follow-up group physiotherapy is superior to group physiotherapy alone. Recreational exercise, whether performed in a group setting or alone, helps patients with ankylosing spondylitis feel less stiff and in pain. Back exercise also helps these patients function better, but the effects vary depending on how long the disease has been present. Patients' health improves when they engage in back exercises five days a week and recreational activity for at least half an hour each day.

NSAIDs continue to be the first line of treatment for spondylitis, and many patients will get adequate symptom relief on their own with just these medications. The best NSAID for treating patients with ankylosing spondylitis appears to be tolmetin or indomethacin, although there is insufficient evidence to support this theory in rheumatologic practice. The majority of patients with established peptic ulcer disease should take selective COX-2 antagonists.

When peripheral arthritis coexists with axial illness, conventional DMARDs such methotrexate, sulfasalazine, or leflunomide may be useful in treating peripheral spondyloarthritis. These drugs are typically ineffective in treating axial symptoms of spondyloarthritis.

After 2000, a number of studies examining the effects of TNF blockers on patients with ankylosing spondylitis were published. These studies demonstrated that TNF-blocker therapy improves clinical symptoms, CRP levels, and MRI-detectable inflammation in the spine or sacroiliac joints. These improvements were noted with certolizumab pegol, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab.

## Outlook

The lives of people with ankylosing spondylitis are profoundly affected. According to recent statistics, people with ankylosing spondylitis, particularly those who are older and have had the condition longer, may be more likely than population controls to be work handicapped or not engage in the labor market. Additionally, patients with ankylosing spondylitis were more likely to have never married or been divorced. Compared to expectations, women with ankylosing spondylitis were less likely to have had children. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis experience up to 50% more sick leave episodes, an overall 8% loss of productivity, and a thrice higher rate of disability than the general population. Their overall frequency of disability and economic costs are comparable to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that cardiovascular illness puts ankylosing spondylitis patients at risk for early death.

Early research on the course of reactive arthritis indicated a poor prognosis. But more recent research has shown that the prognosis for reactive arthritis is generally favourable. Within six months of onset, the majority of cases seem to resolve.

The prognosis for psoriatic arthritis is worse than previously thought, according to recent research. It has also been demonstrated that psoriatic arthritis patients have a higher mortality rate, which is linked to high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high usage of medications, and early radiographic damage.

While not well researched, the prognosis for juvenile spondyloarthritisis is unknown. According to the data available, children who have had a condition for longer than five years are more likely to be impaired. After five years of the illness, the chance of remission was only 17 percent. After ten years of the condition, moderate to severe restriction affects around 60% of children with juvenile spondyloarthritisis.

## Epidemiology

The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthritis in particular varies across populations and is similar to that of HLA-B27. The incidence of spondyloarthritis as a disease entity was only recorded in four investigations, and ranged from 0.48/100,000 in Japan to 62.5/100,000 in Spain. Data on the prevalence of spondyloarthritis were reported from 16 investigations; the results ranged from 0.01% in Japan to 2.5% in Alaska.

Those with European heritage have a 0.2% to 0.7% prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Reactive arthritis prevalence is unknown and likely varies with time based on endemic rates of the enteric (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) and sexually acquired (Chlamydia) infections that cause it. In the general community, 1–3% of people have psoriasis. It is less known how common psoriatic arthritis is, and it is more common in people with more severe disease; population studies in Caucasians suggest that the prevalence is about 0.1%. Inflammatory bowel disease affects 100,000–200,000 Caucasians per 100,000 people, with a male–to–female ratio of 1:1. Those with Asian and African ancestry rarely experience it. Varying reports have varying risks for spondylitis and peripheral arthritis, which may be related to the observer's specialty. Up to 15–20% of people with inflammatory bowel disease have spondylitis. Peripheral arthritis is generally less common in ulcerative colitis patients (up to 10%) than in Crohn's disease patients (up to 20%), while it is more common in cases where a rheumatologist served as the assessor.

## History

Moll and associates first proposed the idea of a collection of similar conditions known as seronegative spondarthritides in 1974. Psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis comprise the group of disorders currently referred to as spondyloarthritis.


Bray, County Wicklow

# Bray, County Wicklow

## Abstract

Bray (Irish: Bré) is a coastal town in north County Wicklow, Ireland. It is situated about 20 km (12 mi) south of Dublin city centre on the east coast. It has a population of 33,512 making it the tenth largest urban area within Ireland (at the 2022 census). Bray is home to Ardmore Studios, and some light industry is located in the town, with some business and retail parks on its southern periphery. Commuter links between Bray and Dublin are provided by rail, Dublin Bus and the M11 and M50 motorways. Parts of the town's northern outskirts are in County Dublin. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Originally developed as a planned resort town in the 19th century, Bray's popularity as a seaside resort was serviced by the Dublin and Kingstown Railway, which was extended to Bray in 1854. During the late 20th century, the town's use as a resort declined when foreign travel became an option for holiday-makers. However, day-trippers continued to come to Bray during the summer months.

## Etymology

The name Bray is an anglicisation of the Irish Bré, whose meaning is unclear. Liam Price suggested it may be an old name for the River Dargle or a tributary. In 1875 P. W. Joyce mistakenly ascribed the Irish name Brí, an old word meaning "hill", referring in this case to Bray Head. In a 1905 Gaelic League publication advocating use of Irish-language postal addresses, Seosamh Laoide coined the name Brí Cualann "Brí in Cualu ", as part of his policy that "If the name of the town be one word, the territory should be added to it in the genitive case ". Brí and Brí Cualann remained in use in the mid 20th century despite having been refuted by Liam Price and Osborn Bergin. Bré was adopted by statute in 1975.

## History

During the medieval period of Irish history, Bray was situated on the southern border of the Pale, and the coastal district was governed directly by the English crown from Dublin Castle. Inland, the countryside was largely under the control of Gaelic Chieftains, such as the O'Toole and O'Byrne clans. Bray features on the 1598 map "A Modern Depiction of Ireland, One of the British Isles" by Abraham Ortelius as "Brey". William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath purchased the Killruddery Estate in Bray in 1627 with the establishment of the Earl title.

The Dublin and Kingstown Railway, the first in Ireland, opened in 1834 and was extended as far as Bray in 1854. With the coming of the railway in the mid-19th century, the town grew to become a seaside resort. It was developed primarily by local entrepreneurs as a planned resort town, modelled on the seaside resorts of the English south-coast, specifically Brighton. Hotels and residential terraces were built in the vicinity of the seafront. Railway entrepreneur William Dargan developed the Turkish baths, designed in a Moorish style at a cost of £10,000; built in 1859, these were demolished in 1980.

Bray was a popular destination from the 1860s onwards. While small amenities such as regattas, firework displays and band performances were plentiful in the town, Bray failed to secure the necessary capital to develop major attractions and sustain tourism, leading to its decline in the early 1900s. Pleasure piers such as the Palace Pier were a mainstay of resorts at that time. Despite repeated efforts, Bray never acquired such a pier and abandoned plans to build one in 1906. Additional planned amenities which were never built included a concert hall, a theatre, an exhibition centre, a marine aquarium, winter gardens and an electrified tramway along the seafront. It experienced a brief revival from British tourists in the years immediately after World War II. However, Bray's popularity as a seaside resort declined significantly when foreign travel became an option for holiday-makers. Its proximity to Dublin still makes it a popular destination for day-trippers from the capital.

## Location

The town is situated on the east coast to the south of County Dublin. Shankill, County Dublin lies to the north, and Greystones, County Wicklow to the south. The village of Enniskerry lies to the west of the town, at the foot of the Wicklow Mountains. People participate in such sports as sailing, rowing, and swimming. The beach and seafront promenade are used by residents and visitors. While Bray's promenade and south beach is to a Blue Flag standard, the north beach has been impacted by erosion and leaching pollution since the closure and sale of a municipal landfill in the late 20th century.

The River Dargle which enters the sea at the north end of Bray rises from a source near Djouce, in the Wicklow Mountains. Bray Head is situated at the southern end of the Victorian Promenade with paths leading to the summit and along the sea cliffs. The rocks of Bray Head are a mixture of greywackes and quartzite. There is a large cross at the summit.

### Climate

Bray has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), similar to most other towns in Ireland, with few extremes of temperature and abundant precipitation year round. However, Bray is relatively sheltered from the prevailing south-westerly winds by the Wicklow Mountains and receives around 750 mm (30 in) of rainfall per year. The sunniest months on average are May and June, while October is by far the wettest.

## Access

### Rail

A public transport network, both north into Dublin and south into County Wicklow and County Wexford, serves the town. Bray is on the Irish Rail DART Rail Network which stretches north to Malahide and Howth and south to Greystones. The town is also on the mainline InterCity and Commuter rail network which connects north to Connolly Station in Dublin city centre and further to Drogheda and Dundalk. To the south, the rail line goes through Arklow and Gorey before reaching Rosslare Europort. Bray's railway station is named after Edward Daly, an executed leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. Bray Station was opened on 10 July 1854. The Dublin and South Eastern Railway had two lines out from Bray into Dublin, the coastal line (formerly known as the Kingstown and Bray branch line) and the Harcourt Street line. The latter was closed in 1958 but most of it has been reopened as part of the Luas Green Line, which is proposed for an extension to Bray.

### Road

Bray lies along the M11 motorway corridor; an interchange at its northern side links with the M50 Dublin bypass.

Several bus companies pass through Bray: Dublin Bus, Go-Ahead Ireland, Bus Éireann, Finnegan Bray, Aircoach, and St. Kevin's Bus Service to Glendalough. Dublin Bus and Go-Ahead Ireland are the two primary bus operators in the town operating service on behalf of the NTA. Bus services serving the town include the 145 which is routed from Ballywaltrim, just south of Bray, to Heuston Station via UCD and Dublin city centre. Other routes include the 45A/B, 84/A, 84X, 84N, 155, 184 and 185.

Aircoach operates a service to and from Dublin Airport, with two stops in Bray at Castle Street and Vevay Road. Wexford Bus also offer services to the village of Kilmacanogue, just to the south of Bray, with routes 740 and 740A. Finnegan Bray formerly offered a night bus service from Dublin (route 984N), however, this was suspended in March 2020 due to Covid restrictions. It was discontinued in late 2022, with the company blaming "unfair competition from state subsidised services" in a Facebook post.

### Air

Dublin Airport is reachable via the M50, which passes to the west of Dublin City, and is served by Aircoach route 702. Newcastle Aerodrome is the closest private airfield a short distance south of Bray.

## Demography

Bray has a growing population of permanent residents.

## Local government

Bray is represented on Wicklow County Council by two local electoral areas. Bray East (4 seats) is approximately two-thirds of the town, while Bray West (4 seats) is the other third and includes the neighbouring villages of Enniskerry and Kilmacanogue. The electoral divisions of Bray East are Bray No. 1 Urban, Bray No. 2 Urban, Bray No. 3 Urban and Rathmichael (Bray). The electoral divisions of Bray West are Enniskerry, Kilmacanoge and Powerscourt. Bray Municipal District consists of both of these local electoral areas.

The Bray Town Commissioners were established by a local act in 1866. The Earl of Meath was named in the act as the first chairman of the commissioners. In 1899, this body became an urban district council under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. At the same time, a portion of the town which had been in County Dublin was transferred to County Wicklow and the jurisdiction of the urban district. The boundary of the town was further extended in 1952 (taking in the area around Killruddery), in 1958 (taking in the area in Rathmichael which had been transferred the previous year from County Dublin to County Wicklow), and in 1978 (extending the town to the west).

The urban district council became a town council in 2002. It was abolished by the Local Government Reform Act 2014, with the powers and functions of the town council given to the county council, but its functions could be administered by the new municipal district council created by the act.

Part of the northern Bray area lies within the local authority area of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, and forms part of the Shankill – Killiney local electoral area. The border between County Wicklow and County Dublin (Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown) lies along Old Connaught Avenue and runs down along and across the Dublin Road to Ravenswell, making all areas north of that line Bray, County Dublin.

## Tourism

Bray is a long-established holiday resort dating back to the early 19th century. The Parliamentary gazetteer of 1846 described it thusly:

The town has for many years been a favourite summer resort of the wealthier of the Dublin citizens and of the gentry from a large part of Ireland; and it possesses, in a state of high facility and polish, the various appliances required for their accommodation and comfort, whether as lodgers or as tourists. Handsome cottages ornees, boarding houses on different scales of economy, and furnished houses from the small abode to the luxurious mansion, abound both in the town and in its environs, for the special use of visitors.

Bray has numerous hotels and guesthouses, shops, restaurants and evening entertainment. The town also hosts a number of festival events. In the town's vicinity are an 18-hole golf courses, a tennis club, fishing, a sailing club and horse riding. Other features of Bray are the amusement arcades and the National Sealife Centre. It has a beach of sand and shingle which is over 1.6 km (1 mi) long, fronted by an esplanade and Bray Head, which rises 241 m (791 ft) from the coast, has views of mountains and sea. The concrete cross at the top of Bray head was erected in 1950 for the holy year.

Bray is used as a base for walkers, and has a 1.5 km-long (1 mi) promenade which stretches from the harbour, with its colony of mute swans, to the base of Bray Head at the southern end. A track leads to the summit. Also used by walkers is the seven km (4 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi) Cliff Walk along Bray Head out to Greystones.

In January 2010, Bray was named the "cleanest town in Ireland" in the 2009 Irish Business Against Litter (IBAL) survey of 60 towns and cities.

### Tourist sites

Tourist sites in the area include the Elizabethan-revival mansion Killruddery House (which is open to the public in the summer months), and the hill and headland at Bray Head (which has a number of walking trails). Raheen-a-Cluig, a medieval church which is catalogued as national monument, is located on the north face of Bray Head. Other religious sites and churches in the area include the Fassaroe Cross (12th century), the Holy Redeemer Church, Bray (1792), and the Gothic Revival churches of Christ Church (1863) and Bray Methodist Church (1864).

### Festivals and events

The Bray St. Patrick's Carnival and Parade is presented by Bray and District Chamber to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day.

Bray also hosts a yearly silent film festival, the Killruddery Film Festival in Killruddery Gardens. Bray Jazz Festival takes place annually on the May bank holiday weekend and includes performances by jazz and world music artists.

The annual Bray Summerfest takes place over six weeks in July and August and includes free entertainment, live music, markets, sporting events, and carnivals. Performers who have headlined include Mundy, Brian Kennedy, the Undertones, the Hothouse Flowers and Mary Black.

The Bray Air Display is an annual air display that takes place over the beach, typically in late July or early August.

Hell & Back is an adventure race that takes place in Kilruddery Estates. The 10 km Cliff Run from Bray to Greystones is an annual run on the coast around Bray Head Mountain. In 2023, Bray was named by Time Out magazine as one of the fourteen most underrated travel destinations in the world.

### Pubs and restaurants

Bray's pubs and restaurants include the first Porterhouse bar, who brew their own ales, stouts and beers. In 2010, the Lonely Planet Guide ranked the Harbour Bar in Bray the Best Bar in the World and the Best off the Beaten Track Bar in the world. The O'Toole family owned the bar for three generations, but it was bought by the Duggan family in 2013.

There are twelve fully licensed restaurants, several unlicensed restaurants and cafes, and fast food outlets in Bray. In 2015, The Irish Times published a study which analysed the presence of fast food outlets in Ireland. Bray was found to have the lowest per capita concentration of the ten towns and cities included, with just 0.09 stores per 1,000 people.

## Culture

### Film

Bray is home to Ireland's oldest film studios, Ardmore Studios, established in 1958, where films such as Excalibur, Braveheart and Breakfast on Pluto have been shot. Custer's Last Stand-up was filmed in Bray and the town was also used to film Neil Jordan 's 2012 film Byzantium, part of which was shot in the Bray Head Inn. Neil Jordan's 1991 film The Miracle is set in Bray.

### Theatre and literature

Bray hosts a number of theatre groups including the Bray Arts and Square One Theatre Group.

Authors who have lived in Bray have included James Joyce, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Molly Keane and Neil Jordan. Situated on Eglinton Road is a Carnegie Library dating from 1910. There is also another library serving the Ballywaltrim district on Boghall Road, at the southern end of the town

### Media

The Bray People newspaper is focused on the news in the local areas and neighbourhoods, as does the freesheet Wicklow Times (North Edition). East Coast FM Radio Station also operates locally.

### Music

Musicians associated with Bray include Mary Coughlan, Maria Doyle Kennedy, Fionn Regan, and Hozier. Bray also had a children's choir called the Bray Youth Choir.

The singer Sinéad O'Connor was also a resident of Bray for a number of years, living in a house overlooking the sea on Strand Road. After O'Connor died in London, her funeral procession took place on Bray seafront in August 2023.

## Sports

Bray is home to League of Ireland football club Bray Wanderers who play at the Carlisle Grounds. It also hosts schoolboy football club Ardmore Rovers and Wolfe Tone F.C. The local Gaelic Athletic Association club's are Fergal Og's and Bray Emmets. Bray Emmets Established in 1885, the club hosts the annual All-Ireland Kick Fada Championship.

There are a number of golf clubs and pitch & putt courses in the area, including Bray Golf Club, Dun Laoghaire Golf Club, and Old Conna Golf Club. Bray is also host to Bray Bowling Club, which trains in Fáilte Park, and there is 10 Pin Bowling at the Bray Bowling Alley.

There is fishing in both the River Dargle and on the sea coastline, and a number of clubs locally, including Bray Head Fishing Club and Dargle Anglers Club. Other clubs and facilities in the area include Bray Wheelers Cycling Club, Brennanstown Riding School, Bray Sailing Club, Wicklow Lawn Tennis Club, founded in 1894 and located on Vevay Road, Bray Hockey Club, and Wicklow County Cricket Club.

A short-lived greyhound racing track existed in the town from 1949 until 1955, run by the Bray Greyhound Racing Association Ltd. In December 1947, notice was given that a track would be constructed at Sunnybank but the Wicklow County Manager refused the application. However, the greyhound company continued to build the facilities and in 1949 the track opened. It was not until 1950 that the High Court ruled against the company for building without planning permission and levied a fine of £470. The dispute continued until, in 1955, the track was bought by Bray Urban Council under a compulsory purchase order. The site, consisting of almost five acres, was bought at £440 per acre, and 36 houses were built on the land.

Thousands of people turned out on the seafront to see Olympic boxing champion Katie Taylor, return home from London in August 2012.

## Education

There are approximately 13 primary schools in the Bray area, including national schools (like Saint Cronan's Boys' National School), gaelscoileanna (like Gaelscoil Uí Chéadaigh), a co-educational day school (St. Gerard's School), and schools for special needs. Secondary schools in the area include Saint Brendan's College, Loreto Secondary School and St. Kilian's Community School and Presentation College, Bray. A number of "English as a foreign language" and third-level schools also operate locally, including Bray Institute of Further Education.

## People

Former or current residents of the town have included (in alphabetical order):

- Eamon de Buitlear, writer, filmmaker and traditional Irish musician

- Conrad Burke, physicist and entrepreneur

- Seamus Costello, founding member of the Irish National Liberation Army

- Suzanne Crowe, President of the Medical Council of Ireland

- Mary Coughlan, singer who resides in the town

- S.M. Cyril, India-based Irish nun, educationist, educational innovator and 2007 winner of the Padma Shri Award

- Fergal Devitt, professional wrestler in WWE, who wrestles under the name Finn Bálor

- Jordan Devlin, professional wrestler in WWE

- Hozier, singer and songwriter

- Eddie Jordan, former racing driver and Jordan Grand Prix founder

- Ed Joyce, professional cricketer

- James Joyce, writer

- Maria Doyle Kennedy, singer and actress who resided in the town as a child.

- Denzil Lacey, former RTÉ 2fm and current Spin South West presenter

- Sheridan Le Fanu, writer of gothic horror and mystery novels

- Thomas Langlois Lefroy, politician and judge, who lived in his family estate in Newcourt

- Keith Nolan, professional golfer, former GB & Ireland Walker Cup player, and PGA Tour player

- Dara Ó Briain, comedian and television host

- Sinéad O'Connor, singer who resided in the town

- Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, fifth President of Ireland

- Fran O'Toole, former lead singer in The Miami Showband, murdered in the Miami Showband massacre of July 1975.

- Gary O'Toole, former Irish Olympic swimmer from Bray

- Darren Randolph, goalkeeper for the Republic of Ireland national football team

- Fionn Regan, musician

- Lennox Robinson, dramatist and poet

- Katie Taylor, world, European, and Olympic boxing gold medalist

- Laura Whitmore, TV personality and presenter

- William Wilde and Jane Wilde, the parents of Oscar Wilde, built properties on Esplanade Terrace in 1863, one of which is now the Strand Hotel

## Twin towns

Bray has town twinning agreements with:

- Bègles, France

- Dublin, California, United States

- Würzburg, Germany


The House of the Dead (novel)

# The House of the Dead (novel)

## Abstract

The House of the Dead (Russian: Записки из Мёртвого дома, Zapiski iz Myortvogo doma) is a semi-autobiographical novel published in 1860–2 in the journal Vremya by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It has also been published in English under the titles Notes from the House of the Dead, Memoirs from the House of the Dead and Notes from a Dead House, which are more literal translations of the Russian title.

The novel portrays the life of convicts in a Siberian prison camp. It is generally considered to be a fictionalised memoir; a loosely-knit collection of descriptions, events and philosophical discussion, organised around theme and character rather than plot, based on Dostoevsky's own experiences as a prisoner in such a setting. Dostoevsky spent four years in a forced-labour prison camp in Siberia following his conviction for involvement in the Petrashevsky Circle. This experience allowed him to describe with great authenticity the conditions of prison life and the characters of the convicts.

## Background

After his mock execution on 22 December 1849, Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years imprisonment in a katorga labor camp at Omsk in western Siberia. Though he often was met with hostility from the other prisoners due to his noble status of dvoryanin, his views on life changed. After his time in the camps and a further six years of exile Dostoevsky returned to Petersburg and wrote The House of the Dead. The novel incorporates several of the horrifying experiences he witnessed while in prison. He recalls the guards' brutality and relish performing unspeakably cruel acts, the crimes that the convicted criminals committed, and the fact that among these hardened criminals there were good and decent individuals. However, he is also astonished at the convicts' abilities to commit murders without the slightest change in conscience. It was a stark contrast to his own heightened sensitivity. During this time in prison he began experiencing the epileptic seizures that would plague him for the rest of his life.

## Plot

The narrator, Aleksandr Petrovich Goryanchikov, has been sentenced to deportation to Siberia and ten years of hard labour for murdering his wife. Life in prison is particularly hard for Aleksandr Petrovich, since he is a "gentleman" and suffers the malice of the other prisoners, nearly all of whom belong to the peasantry. Gradually Goryanchikov overcomes his revulsion at his situation and his fellow convicts, undergoing a spiritual awakening that culminates with his release from the camp. Dostoevsky portrays the inmates of the prison with sympathy for their plight, and also expresses admiration for their courage, energy, ingenuity and talent. He concludes that the existence of the prison, with its absurd practices and savage corporal punishments, is a tragic fact, both for the prisoners and for Russia.

Though the novel has no readily identifiable plot in the conventional sense, events and descriptions are carefully organized around the narrator's gradual insight into the true nature of the prison-camp and the other prisoners. It is primarily in this sense that the novel is autobiographical: Dostoevsky wrote later, in A Writer's Diary and elsewhere, about the transformation he underwent during his imprisonment, as he slowly overcame his preconceptions and his repulsion, attaining a new understanding of the intense humanity and moral qualities of those around him.

## Narration

The first chapter, entitled "Ten years a convict", is an introduction written by an unnamed acquaintance of Goryanchikov. This narrator discusses Goryanchikov's background as a convict, his crime and his sentence, and the nature of his life as a Siberian colonist after his release. He describes Goryanchikov's intense personality and reclusive behaviour from the superficial and detached perspective of a new acquaintance who has developed a curiosity about him. He records that, upon hearing of Goryanchikov's death, he had managed to acquire some papers from the landlady, among which were the memoirs of prison life. He describes them as "incoherent and fragmentary... interrupted, here and there, either by anecdotes, or by strange, terrible recollections thrown in convulsively as if torn from the writer." These memoirs, with Goryanchikov himself narrating, constitute the rest of the novel.

## Characters

Many of the characters in the novel were based on real-life people that Dostoevsky met while in prison. However, there was a degree of alteration or embellishment in some characters and events for the sake of imparting greater depth to his themes.

The Major, the violent-tempered, tyrannical governor of the prison. He is described by Alexander Petrovich as "a spiteful, ill-regulated man, terrible above all things, because he possessed almost absolute power over two hundred human beings." Referred to by the prisoners as "the man with the eight eyes" due to his apparent omniscience, he is universally despised and feared.

Akim Akimitch, one of the few other noblemen in the prison, befriends Alexander Petrovich and teaches him about the ways of prison life. He is a former officer who was sentenced for unilaterally ordering an illegal execution. Alexander Petrovich considers Akim Akimitch to be incapable of independent intelligence and wholly bound to notions of duty and obedience. He is conscientious, precise, excitable and argumentative, and assumes the role of a moral remonstrator with the other convicts, who, while afraid of him, also laugh at him and consider him a bit mad.

A parricide. The second convict Alexander Petrovich mentions is not referred to by name, but his character and crime (killing his father to obtain his inheritance) are discussed in some detail. He is described as always "in the liveliest, merriest spirits", and unwavering in his denial of his guilt, a denial that Goryanchikov is inclined to believe. The real life person upon whom this character was based (D. I. Ilyinsky) was later freed after another man confessed to the crime. The main elements of his story became the central theme of The Brothers Karamazov and the initial inspiration for the character of Dimitri Karamazov.

Aristov an exceptionally corrupt and perverted nobleman who acts as a spy and informer. Repelled by his depravity, Alexander Petrovich refuses to enter in to relations with him. He is a man utterly submitted to corporeality and the basest impulses, with a conscience guided only by cold calculation. Alexander Petrovich says of him that "if he wanted a drink of brandy, and could only have got it by killing some one, he would not have hesitated one moment if it was pretty certain the crime would not come out."

Gazin, an immensely strong, violent criminal, in prison for, among other things, torturing and murdering small children. He creates a shocking and repulsive impression on everyone else. According to Alexander Petrovich: "It was less by his great height and his herculean construction, than by his enormous and deformed head, that he inspired terror."

Orloff, a notorious criminal and escapee, whom Alexander Petrovich describes as "a brilliant example of the victory of spirit over matter", unlike some other prisoners whose fearfulness proceeded more from their complete submission to matter. He undergoes extreme corporal punishment but is unbowed and quickly recovers his strength and spirit.

Luka has murdered six people, occasionally brags of it, and wishes to be feared for it, but in fact no one in the prison is the least bit afraid of him. For Alexander Petrovich he represents a particular type:

When once he has passed the fatal line, he is himself astonished to find that nothing sacred exists for him. He breaks through all laws, defies all powers, and gives himself boundless license... From time to time, the murderer will amuse himself by recalling his audacity, his lawlessness when he was in a state of despair. He likes at these moments to have some silly fellow before whom he can brag... "That is the sort of man I am," he says.

Petrov, an externally quiet and polite man who befriends Alexander Petrovich and often seeks his company, apparently for edification on matters of knowledge. Alexander Petrovich finds it hard to reconcile Petrov's sincere friendship and unfailing courtesy with the ever-present potential (attributed to him by all the other prisoners, including Alexander Petrovich) for the most extreme violence. In this sense, Petrov is thought to be the most dangerous and determined man in the prison.

Ali a beautiful-souled young Tatar, imprisoned with his two older brothers. He has a gentle and innocent yet strong and stoical nature, and is much beloved by Alexander Petrovich and many of the others. "How this young man preserved his tender heart, his native honesty, his frank cordiality without getting perverted and corrupted during his period of hard labour, is quite inexplicable."

Isaiah Fomitch a Jew who becomes a great friend of Alexander Petrovich. He is small, feeble and cunning, capable of both abject cowardice and great courage, laughed at constantly by the other prisoners, but at the same time "inexhaustibly good humoured". He has scars on his forehead and cheeks from burns received while in the pillory. In the bath-room scene, where all the convicts are crowded together for a steam bath, Alexander Petrovich describes the hellish chaos of bodies, heat and steam:

From this cloud stood out torn backs, shaved heads; and, to complete the picture, Isaiah Fomitch howling with joy on the highest of the benches. He was saturating himself with steam. Any other man would have fainted away, but no temperature is too high for him; he engages the services of a rubber for a kopeck, but after a few moments the latter is unable to continue, throws away his bunch of twigs, and runs to inundate himself with cold water. Isaiah Fomitch does not lose courage, he runs to hire a second rubber, then a third; on these occasions he thinks nothing of expense, and changes his rubber four or five times. "He stews well, the gallant Isaiah Fomitch," cry the convicts from below. The Jew feels that he goes beyond all the others, he has beaten them; he triumphs with his hoarse falsetto voice, and sings out his favourite air which rises above the general hubbub.

## Reception

The House of the Dead was the only work by Dostoevsky that Leo Tolstoy revered. He saw it as exalted religious art, inspired by deep faith and love of humanity. Turgenev, who was also not enamored of Dostoevsky's larger scale fiction (particularly Demons and Crime and Punishment), described the bath-house scene from House of the Dead as "simply Dantesque". Herzen echoed the comparison to Dante and further compared the description of Siberian prison life to "a fresco in the spirit of Michelangelo". Frank suggests that the memoir-novel's popularity with those who might ordinarily be antipathetic to Dostoevsky's prose style, is due to the composed and neutral tone of its narration and the vividness of the descriptive writing: "The intense dramatism of the fiction is here replaced by a calm objectivity of presentation; there is little close analysis of interior states of mind, and there are marvelous descriptive passages that reveal Dostoevsky's ability as an observer of the external world."

Ludwig Wittgenstein considered the book Dostoevsky's greatest work.

## Editions

### English translations

## Adaptations

In 1927–1928, Leoš Janáček wrote an operatic version of the novel, with the title From the House of the Dead. It was his last opera.

In 1932 The House of the Dead was made into a film, directed by Vasili Fyodorov and starring Nikolay Khmelyov. The script was devised by the Russian writer and critic Viktor Shklovsky who also had a role as an actor.