La Bomba (Ricky Martin song)

# La Bomba (Ricky Martin song)

## Abstract

" La Bomba " (transl. "the Bomb") is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his fourth studio album, Vuelve (1998). The song was written by Luis Gómez Escolar, K. C. Porter, and Draco Rosa, while the production was handled by the latter two. It was released by Columbia Records as the third single from the album on June 16, 1998. A Spanish-language salsa, dance, samba, bomba, and pop song, it is a metaphor in which Martin compares the music that makes the listener high from the rhythm of the dance to an alcoholic drink. The song received widely positive reviews from music critics, who complimented the danceable rhythm and highlighted it as one of the album's best tracks.

"La Bomba" won the award for Best Danceable Tune at the 1999 Premios Eres. The song was commercially successful, reaching the top-five in several Spanish-speaking countries, including Guatemala and Spain. The accompanying music video was filmed in Miami, and directed by Wayne Isham. It shows Martin singing and dancing surrounded by people. The song was included on the set lists for all of Martin's tours since 1998, while he also performed it at the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Several contestants on various dance competition talent shows have danced to the song, including Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace.

## Background and composition

In 1995, Ricky Martin released his third studio album A Medio Vivir. On it, he shifted from his traditional ballad -style compositions to a riskier fusion of music focused on traditional Latin sounds, epitomized by the song " María ". Taken aback by the starkly different musical style, the executives at his record label Sony Music Mexico felt the song would ruin Martin's career. Despite this, "María" was chosen as the album's second single and became a breakthrough hit, reaching number one in 20 countries. As of 2014, A Medio Vivir has sold over three million copies worldwide. While on tour in 1997, Martin returned to the studio and began recording material for his fourth studio album. He said the experience of touring and recording at the same time was "brutal and incredibly intense". On December 7, 1997, Martin confirmed he was completing his next project and that the album would be released in February of the following year. He worked on the album with producers K.C. Porter and Robi Rosa, and recorded it in studios across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The album's title, Vuelve, was announced on January 25, 1998. In an interview with CNN en Español, he emphasized the album is going to "reaffirm the internationalization of my career and I know that it will help me a lot to destroy the stereotypes that may exist with my culture". The album consists mainly of "red-hot" Latin dance numbers and "melodramatic" pop ballads.

A Spanish language up-tempo dance song, "La Bomba", along with " Por Arriba, Por Abajo " and "Lola, Lola" combines salsa music with elements of rumba, jazz, and rock. Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News described "La Bomba" as " samba -flavored", a statement which The Dallas Morning News editor Mario Tarradell echoed. The track features Cuban musician Paquito Hechavarría on the piano solo. The song was written by Rosa, Porter, and Spanish musician Luis Gómez Escolar, with the production being handled by Rosa and Porter, It runs for a total of 4 minutes and 34 seconds. The song's title, which translates to "the Bomb" in English, is derived from the Afro-Puerto Rican dance music of the same name. Lyrically, it is a metaphor in which Martin compares the bomba music, a genre native to Puerto Rico, "to a drink that makes you drunk; the listener is high from the rhythm of the dance".

## Release and promotion

"La Bomba" was released on CD as the album's third single on June 16, 1998. The track was included as the sixth track on Martin's fourth studio album Vuelve on February 12, 1998. A CD single, titled "La Bomba (Remixes)", which includes four remixes of the song alongside the original, was released in the US by Sony Discos on November 24, 1998. The song's music video was filmed during April 1998 in Miami, and directed by American director Wayne Isham, who had also directed the videos for Martin's previous singles " Vuelve " and " The Cup of Life ". It depicts Martin singing and dancing surrounded by people. At the beginning of the visual, he appears in a party on a beach. An author of Cultura Colectiva listed it among the "13 Videos to Appreciate Ricky Martin's Talent and Sickening Good Looks". The clip was later included on Martin's video compilation albums The Ricky Martin Video Collection (1999) and La Historia (2002). The music video was uploaded on the singer's YouTube channel on October 3, 2009. The original version of the song was also added to Martin's compilation albums La Historia (2001), Greatest Hits (2011), Greatest Hits: Souvenir Edition (2013), and Esencial (2018), while the remix version was included on 17 (2008).

## Critical reception

"La Bomba" has been met with widely positive reviews from music critics. An author of Cultura Colectiva gave the song a positive review, saying: "This song is one of those that automatically makes you move your hips and destroy the dance floor." Newsday critic Richard Torres praised the track's "hip-swaying elegance", while Selene Moral from Los 40 argued that "there was no nightclub that did not play" the song in the summer of 1998. AllMusic 's Jose F. Promis mentioned it as one of the album's highlights, as did Rolling Stone critic David Wild. Burr stated the singer "stokes the fire" on the track. Tarradell listed "La Bomba", along with "Lola, Lola", and " Marcia Baila " as being the record's "best of the bunch".

In 2016, Marco Salazar Nuñez from E! Online placed "La Bomba" on an unranked list of "9 Ricky Martin songs perfect to liven up your own wedding", citing how the song's lyrics "sound perfectly" at the time when drinks would be served. Writing for O, The Oprah Magazine, Amanda Mitchell ranked the track as Martin's ninth best song on her 2019 list, saying like the title suggests, it is, "in fact, 'the bomb'." Leila Cobo from Billboard acknowledged the song as one of his " signature dance hits", while Agustin Gurza from the Los Angeles Times described it as a "festive dance hit".

### Accolades

Los 40 ranked "La Bomba" at number two on a list of "20 songs that turn 20 in 2018". In the same year, El Diario Vasco placed it at number one on the list of "10 songs that turn 20 in top form". The list included the songs that "continue to sound at parties and celebrations" or "have refrains that have never been forgotten" after two decades. In 2021, 20 minutos listed the track among "20 songs from the summers of the '90s". The song won the Eres award for Best Danceable Tune in 1999.

## Commercial performance

"La Bomba" is one of Martin's most commercially successful songs in his career. It was a top-five hit in Central American countries, including Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. The song debuted at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on July 11, 1998, becoming Martin's 16th entry. It subsequently peaked at number 27 on the chart issue dated August 15, 1998. In the same week, the song peaked at numbers 11 and 13 on Billboard ' s Latin Pop Songs and Tropical/Salsa charts, respectively. In Spain, it reached number five, giving Martin his second top-five hit in the country, following his chart-topper hit, " La Copa de la Vida " (1998). "La Bomba" also peaked in the top 40 of several non Spanish-speaking countries, such as Australia and Sweden.

## Live performances and appearances in media

Martin performed "La Copa de la Vida" and "La Bomba" at the 1998 Festivalbar. The latter was included as part of the setlist for the Vuelve World Tour, the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour, One Night Only with Ricky Martin, Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour, Ricky Martin Live, Live in Mexico, One World Tour, All In, the Movimiento Tour, and the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert. Martin also performed the song along with his other hits during the 48th, 55th, and 61st editions of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 2007, 2014, and 2020, respectively.

A live version of "La Bomba" was recorded and taped as part of Martin's MTV Unplugged set in Miami on August 17, 2006. The artist then embarked on the Black and White Tour, including four sold-out shows at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico. The concerts in Puerto Rico were compiled into his second live album Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour (2007) which includes his performance of the track. Martin opened the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards on November 8, 2007, by performing "Lola, Lola" and "La Bomba", accompanied by Blue Man Group.

"La Bomba" was featured in the British comedy romance film Born Romantic (2000). The song has been used several times on various dance competition talent shows. In 2012, Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace danced to it on the tenth series of British television dance contest Strictly Come Dancing. Angelina Kirsch and Massimo Sinató did the same on the tenth season of Let's Dance in 2017. On its 2021 challenge, Malika Dzumaev and Zsolt Sándor Cseke used the song along with Martin's other tracks, " María " (1995), " She Bangs " (2000), " Casi un Bolero " (1998), and " Livin' la Vida Loca " (1999), to perform a dance rendition in the styles of samba, cha-cha-cha, rumba, and jive. In 2019, Nicolás Occhiato and Florencia Jazmín Peña danced to "La Bomba", "She Bangs", and " Pégate " on season 14 of Argentine dance competition television series Bailando por un Sueño.

## Formats and track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from Tidal.

- Ricky Martin – vocal, associated performer

- Robi Rosa – composer, lyricist, producer, background vocal, recording engineer

- K.C. Porter – composer, lyricist, producer, piano

- Luis Gómez Escolar – composer, lyricist

- David Campbell – arranger

- Jeff Shannon – assistant engineer

- Jorge M. Jaramillo – assistant engineer

- Juan Rosario – assistant engineer

- Jules Condar – assistant engineer, recording engineer

- Kieran Murray – assistant engineer

- Rafa Sardina – assistant engineer

- Robert Valdez – assistant engineer

- Scott Kieklak – assistant engineer

- Teresa Cassin – assistant engineer

- Paul Gordon – assistant engineer

- Bill Smith – assistant engineer

- Luis Villanueva – assistant engineer

- Alberto Pino – assistant engineer

- Dave Dominguez – assistant engineer

- Francisco "Panchoî" – assistant engineer

- Tomaselli – assistant engineer

- Gene Lo – assistant engineer

- Iris Salazar – assistant engineer

- Julia Waters – background vocal

- Phil Perry – background vocal

- Ricky Nelson – background vocal

- John West – background vocal

- Darryl Phinnessee – background vocal

- Josie Aiello – background vocal

- Oren Waters – background vocal

- Carmen Twillie – background vocal

- Stefanie Spruill – background vocal

- James Gilstrap – background vocal

- Kristle Murden – background vocal

- Marlena Jeter – background vocal

- Bunny Hill – background vocal

- GB Dorsey – background vocal

- Jackeline Simley – background vocal

- Katrina Harper – background vocal

- Martonette Jenkins – background vocal

- Maxine Jeter – background vocal

- Phillip Ingram – background vocal

- Reggie Hamilton – bass

- Curt Bisquera – drums

- Michael Landau – electric guitar

- Leo Herrera – mixing engineer

- Bobby Rothstein – mixing engineer

- Chris Brooke – mixing engineer

- Jun Murakawa – mixing engineer

- Luis Quiñe – mixing engineer

- Mike Ainsworth – mixing engineer

- Tony Pelusso – mixing engineer

- Mike Aarvold – mixing engineer

- Travis Smith – mixing engineer

- Chris Carroll – mixing engineer

- Todd Keller – mixing engineer

- Randy Waldman – piano

- John Beasley – piano

- Esteban Villanueva – project coordintor, recording engineer

- Iris Aponte – project coordintor

- Sarah Wykes – project coordintor

- Steve Churchyard – recording engineer

- John Lowson – recording engineer

- Ted Stein – recording engineer

- Robert Fernandez – recording engineer

- Brian Jenkins – recording engineer

- Doc Wiley – recording engineer

- Benny Faccone – recording engineer

- Carlos Nieto – recording engineer

- Charles Dye – recording engineer

- Danny Vicari – recording engineer

- Femio Hernandez – recording engineer

- Héctor Iván Rosa – recording engineer

- Jeff Poe – recording engineer

- Jesus "Chuy" Flores – recording engineer

- John Karpowich – recording engineer

- Karl Cameron – recording engineer

- Keith Rose – recording engineer

- Luis Fernando Soria – recording engineer

- Matt Ross Hyde – recording engineer

- Peter McCabe – recording engineer

- Rik Pekkonen – recording engineer


Jagaddhatri (Telugu TV series)

# Jagaddhatri (Telugu TV series)

## Abstract

Jagaddhatri is an Indian Telugu language drama series airing on Zee Telugu which premiered from 21 August 2023. The show is an official remake of Bengali TV series Jagaddhatri. It stars Deepthi Manne and Darsh Chandrappa in lead roles.

## Plot

Jagaddhatri is a secret service officer, but pretends to be timid with her family. When her cruel stepmother plans to get her elder daughter married, Jagaddhatri discovers the groom's hidden reality.

## Cast

### Main

- Deepthi Manne as Jagaddhatri

- Darsh Chandrappa as Kedar

### Recurring

- Preethi as Koushiki

- Neelima as Nishika

- Balaji as Bharathwaja

- Lireesha as Balamani

- Laxmi as Siri

- Shanthi Reddy as Ragini

- Jaya as Dharani

- Rajendra as Sadhu

- Janaki as Subhadra

- Devaraj as Suresh

- Rajakumari as Janaki

- Ram Mohan as Sudhakar

- Raga Madhuri as Vajayanthi

- Suhan as Yuvaraj

- Gayathri as Madhuri

- Girish as Kamalakar

- Abhigna as Kavya

- Nagireddy as Dubai Babu

- Jasmika as Keerthi


Profetamine

# Profetamine

## Abstract

Profetamine is the name of a generic form of amphetamine sulfate which was introduced in the 1940s. Apparently, it was a counterfeit of the patented SKF Benzedrine Sulfate tablets that were available at the time.


Elizabeth May

# Elizabeth May

## Abstract

Elizabeth Evans May OC MP (born June 9, 1954) is a Canadian politician, environmentalist, author, activist, and lawyer who is serving as the leader of the Green Party of Canada since 2022, and previously served as the leader from 2006 to 2019. She has been the member of Parliament (MP) for Saanich—Gulf Islands since 2011. May is the longest serving female leader of a Canadian federal party.

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, May immigrated to Canada with her family as a teenager. She attended St. Francis Xavier University, graduated from Dalhousie University with a law degree in 1983, and later studied theology at Saint Paul University for which she told the Anglican Journal in a 2013 interview that she had to withdraw from the program due to conflicting schedule demands. Following her graduation from Dalhousie University, May worked as an environmental lawyer in Halifax before moving to Ottawa in 1985, joining the Public Interest Advocacy Centre as the associate general counsel. In 1986, she was named Senior Policy Advisor to Thomas McMillan, then-Environment Minister in the Progressive Conservative Mulroney government. As senior policy advisor, May was deeply involved in the negotiation of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer. She resigned on principle from the position in 1988 over permits for construction of a dam granted without environmental assessments, which were later determined to be illegal by a federal court. May founded and served as the executive director of the Sierra Club Canada from 1989 to 2006.

In 2006, after building the Sierra Club into a nationally effective organization, May resigned to run for leadership of the Green Party of Canada, winning on the first ballot with 66% of the vote. On May 2, 2011, May became the first member of the Green Party of Canada to be elected as a Member of Parliament, defeating Conservative cabinet minister Gary Lunn with 46% of the vote in the Saanich–Gulf Islands riding. In the 2019 federal election, she was re-elected with 54% of the vote. May resigned as Green Party leader on November 4, 2019, but remained as parliamentary leader in the house. She was a candidate in the 2022 Green Party of Canada leadership election. Running on a joint ticket with Jonathan Pedneault, she won the election on November 19, 2022.

May has been an officer of the Order of Canada since 2005, and has been named by the United Nations as one of the leading women environmentalists worldwide. She was named by fellow MPs as Parliamentarian of the Year 2012, Hardest Working MP 2013, Best Orator 2014, and Most Knowledgeable 2020. In 2010, Newsweek named her as one of the world's most influential women. May has written eight books; her memoir, Who We Are - Reflections of my Life and Canada was listed as a best-seller by The Globe and Mail.

## Early life and education

May was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the daughter of Stephanie (Middleton), a sculptor, pianist, and writer, and John Middleton May, an accountant. Her father was born in New York and raised in England, and her mother was also a native New Yorker. She has a younger brother named Geoffrey. Her mother was a prominent anti-nuclear activist and her father was Assistant Vice President of Aetna Life and Casualty. The family moved to Margaree Harbour, Nova Scotia in 1972, following a summer vacation spent on Cape Breton Island. On moving to the province, the May family purchased a landlocked schooner, the Marion Elizabeth which had been used as a gift shop and restaurant since the mid 1950s. They operated this establishment from 1974 until 2002.

Elizabeth May relinquished her US citizenship in 1978, when she became a Canadian citizen, as required by Canadian nationality law at the time.

May briefly enrolled at St. Francis Xavier University in 1974, but dropped out. Returning to Margaree, May took correspondence courses in restaurant management. Beginning in 1980, she attended Dalhousie Law School as a mature student, graduating in 1983.

Following law school at Dalhousie University, May worked as an associate at small law firm in Halifax.

May studied theology at Saint Paul University, a federated college of the University of Ottawa.

## Public life

May first became known in the Canadian media in the mid-1970s through her leadership as a volunteer in the grassroots movement against proposed aerial insecticide spraying on forests near her home on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The effort prevented aerial insecticide spraying from ever occurring in Nova Scotia. Years later, she and a local group of residents went to court to prevent herbicide spraying. Winning a temporary injunction in 1982 held off the spray programme, but after two years, the case was eventually lost. In the course of the litigation, her family sacrificed their home and seventy acres of land in an adverse court ruling to Scott Paper. However, by the time the judge ruled the chemicals were safe, 2,4,5-T's export from the U.S. had been banned. The forests of Nova Scotia were spared from being the last areas in Canada to be sprayed with Agent Orange.

In 1980, May and others launched a political party to raise environmental and anti-nuclear issues dubbed "the Small Party". The party ran 12 candidates in six provinces in the 1980 federal election. May, at the time a 25-year-old waitress, ran against the former Deputy Prime Minister, Allan J. MacEachen in Cape Breton Highlands—Canso. She placed last in a field of four candidates receiving 272 votes.

In 1985, May moved to Ottawa to work with the Public Interest Advocacy Centre. She held the position of Associate General Counsel, representing consumer, poverty and environmental groups from 1985 to 1986.

In 1986, May became Senior Policy Advisor to then-environment minister, Thomas McMillan of the Progressive Conservatives. She was instrumental in the creation of several national parks, including South Moresby. She was involved in negotiating the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer, new legislation and pollution control measures. In 1988, she resigned on principle when the Minister granted permits for the Rafferty-Alameda Dams in Saskatchewan without proper environmental assessment. The permits were later struck down by a Federal Court decision that found that the permits had been granted illegally.

May helped found the Canadian Environmental Defence Fund with the aim of funding groups and individuals in environmental cases. She has worked extensively with indigenous peoples internationally, particularly in the Amazon, as well as with Canadian First Nations. She was the first volunteer executive director of Cultural Survival Canada from 1989 to 1992 and worked for the Algonquin of Barriere Lake from 1991 to 1992. She has taught courses at Queen's University School of Policy Studies, as well as teaching for a year at Dalhousie University to develop the programme established in her name in Women's Health and Environment.

### Sierra Club of Canada

In 1989, May became the founding executive director of the Sierra Club of Canada.

During her tenure with the Sierra Club of Canada, May received several awards in recognition of her environmental leadership, including: the International Conservation Award from the Friends of Nature, the United Nations Global 500 Award in 1990, the award for Outstanding Leadership in Environmental Education by the Ontario Society for Environmental Education in 1996, and in November 2005 was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition of her "decades of leadership in the Canadian environmental movement".

In April 2006, May announced her resignation as the Sierra Club's executive director in order to seek the leadership of the Green Party of Canada. As one of her last major acts she participated in a poll of experts that determined that Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney was Canada's "greenest" Prime Minister for an award presented by Corporate Knights magazine. For her prominent role in this initiative, May took some criticism from commentators and environmentalists.

Upon leaving the Sierra Club, Board President Louise Comeau noted, "Elizabeth has led the Club at the national level from its infancy to the enormously effective entity it is today, she was also instrumental in supporting development of the Sierra Youth Coalition, the Atlantic Canada Chapter and other Sierra Club chapters and local grassroots groups."

## Political career

### Early leadership

On May 9, 2006, May entered the Green Party of Canada's leadership race.

On August 26, 2006, May won the leadership election on the first ballot. She tallied 65.3% of the votes, beating her main rival, David Chernushenko (33.3%) and Jim Fannon (0.88%). She said one of the main platforms for the next election would be to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). At the time of her election as leader, May said she intended to run in the riding of Cape Breton—Canso in the next federal election, although she also said she would stand in a federal byelection if one occurred prior to the next general election. In the fall of 2006, May ran for election in London North Centre, finishing second to Glen Pearson of the Liberal Party. While she lost, May's showing in this by-election was the best result, in terms of percentage, achieved by the Green Party of Canada at that time.

In April 2007, during a speech by May to a London, Ontario United Church of Canada, she condemned Prime Minister Stephen Harper's stance on climate change, comparing it to "a grievance worse than Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of the Nazis." The statement drew criticism from the Canadian Jewish Congress and opposition parties. While Opposition leader Stéphane Dion refused to respond to Harper's request for him to distance himself from May and these remarks during Question Period, Dion did state to reporters outside Commons that May should withdraw the remarks, and that the Nazi regime is beyond any comparison.

May said she was having "a lousy week" because of the federal government's weak action plan on the environment, but stood by her comments. In a Green Party of Canada press release, May stated that she was referencing a Chamberlain Nazi appeasement analogy made by journalist George Monbiot a few days earlier. saying "I made reference to Mr. Monbiot's statement to highlight the damage being done to Canada's international reputation, something that should concern all Canadians."

On March 17, 2007, May announced that she would run in the Nova Scotia riding of Central Nova, in the 2008 federal election. The riding was held by Conservative National Defence Minister Peter MacKay. May has explained that she chose Central Nova to avoid running against a Liberal or NDP incumbent.

On April 12, 2007, Liberal Party leader Stéphane Dion announced that the Liberals would not run a candidate in Central Nova in return for the Greens not running a candidate in Dion's safe Saint-Laurent—Cartierville riding. There was criticism from prominent Green Party members of May's failing to support all Green candidates unequivocally during the 2008 election, as she made favorable comments about Liberal leader Stéphane Dion and said that supporters in close ridings might consider voting strategically to attempt to defeat the Conservatives.

May was initially excluded from the televised national leadership debate in the 2008 federal election, based on the lack of any elected Green party MPs. She argued that the TV network consortium's initial exclusion of the Green Party of Canada was "anti-democratic" and blamed it on "the decision-making of a small group of TV network executives". Eventually May was invited to attend the televised debate.

May received 32% of the vote in Central Nova in 2008 to MacKay's 47%. Nationally the Greens received 6.8 percent of the popular vote.

### Member of Parliament

In 2010, following a survey of potentially favourable electoral districts across the country, May announced her intention to run in Saanich—Gulf Islands, in British Columbia against Conservative cabinet minister Gary Lunn.

On March 29, 2011, the broadcast consortium organizing the televised national leaders' debate for the 2011 federal election announced that it would not invite May. Despite her exclusion from the national debates, she won her riding, defeating the incumbent Gary Lunn. Nationally the Greens received 4 percent of the popular vote.

In 2012, May tabled a Private member's bill, Bill C-442, with the aim of creating a national framework to address Lyme disease. On December 16, 2014, Bill C-442 received royal assent, becoming law. Bill C-442 was the first piece of Green Party legislation enacted in the history of Canada, and was passed with unanimous consent by both houses of Parliament.

The bill was introduced by May in response to the rise of lyme disease across Canada, and in recognition of the findings by groups including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, who have noted that as a result of climate change Lyme disease is beginning to spread more quickly, as the number of ticks— who serve as vectors for Lyme disease– steadily increases.

In December 2014, May presented a petition to the House of Commons by members of 9/11 Truth organizations asking the government to review the September 11 attacks in New York. While she personally did not agree with the petition, May defended presenting it and stated "It is an obligation of an MP to present every petition submitted to them." While many MPs consider it a responsibility, House of Commons rules do not require MPs to present all petitions they receive to Parliament. In 2012, the NDP Foreign Affairs Critic Paul Dewar declined to present a similar petition by another 9/11 Truth group to parliament.

Annually, Maclean's Magazine organizes an awards ceremony in which MPs recognize the achievements and hard work of their colleagues. In 2012, May was voted by her colleagues in the House of Commons as Parliamentarian of the Year, in 2013 she was voted Hardest Working MP, and in 2014 she was voted Best Orator.

May was the first MP to take a stand against Bill C-51, on February 3, 2015, Toronto Star National Affairs columnist Thomas Walkom noted that, "So far, the only opposition MP with enough guts to critique the content of the Conservative government's new anti-terror bill is Green Party Leader Elizabeth May." May and fellow Green MP Bruce Hyer tabled sixty amendments during clause-by-clause considerations of Bill C-51 – all sixty amendments were rejected by the government. May later stated of Bill C-51, "It's not fixable. Stop it. Repeal it."

On April 23, 2015, May had two amendments to Bill C-46, the Pipelines Safety Act, accepted. These were the first Green Party amendments to a government bill ever adopted. The first amendment enabled "aboriginal governing bodies to be reimbursed for actions they take in relation to a spill". Prior to the amendment, the bill outlined that those at fault in a spill would only be liable for "costs and expenses reasonably incurred by Her Majesty in right of Canada or a province or any other person". The second amendment was related to the concept of polluter pays. The original line in the bill said that the National Energy Board "may" recover funds to compensate those affected by a spill, the Green Party amendment changed the "may" to "shall".

In October 2015, Prime Minister-designate Justin Trudeau invited May to be part of the Canadian delegation to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference to be held in Paris, France, in late November 2015; the summit was intended to negotiate post-2020 targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and resulted in the GHGPPA. According to Maclean's, "May, who requested and received a 30-minute meeting with Trudeau this week even as he was immersed in transition plans for swearing in a new Liberal government on Nov. 4, said his willingness to engage with opposition parties is also encouraging, suggesting a less hyper-partisan style of governing."

On March 23, 2018, May was arrested for civil contempt during a demonstration against the Kinder Morgan pipeline. Other members of the demonstration, including fellow Member of Parliament Kennedy Stewart, were also arrested concerning the same incident. They were accused of violating a court order requiring those demonstrating to stay five meters back from company work sites, when they allegedly blocked the roadway. On April 9, 2018, Justice Kenneth Affleck of the British Columbia Supreme Court recommended that May and the others arrested should be charged with criminal contempt in relation to the alleged incident. On April 16, 2018, it was reported that special prosecutors would be overseeing the charges against May and Stewart. On May 14, 2018, the special prosecutor handling May's case told Justice Affleck that the province was pursuing a criminal contempt of court prosecution against May. On May 28, 2018, May pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of court and was sentenced to pay a fine of $1,500. May has called for a doubling of Canada's greenhouse gas emission reduction targets to a 60% reduction from 2005 levels, instead of the current 30%.

### Second leadership

After Annamie Paul, May's successor as Green Party leader, resigned following a period of internal tensions within the party and a poor performance in the 2021 Canadian federal election, May announced she would run in the leadership election to replace her. Running on a joint ticket with human rights activist Jonathan Pedneault and proposing that the party adopt a co-leadership model, May won the leadership election on November 19, 2022. As co-leadership is not formally recognized in the party’s constitution, and Pedneault served as May's deputy leader while the two sought to amend the party constitution. The proposed constitutional change was not approved due to internal disagreement and on July 9, 2024, Jonathan Pedneault resigned as deputy leader, citing personal reasons. May said she regretted the decision but confirmed that she planned to continue as leader into the next federal election, expected in 2025, run for re-election in her Vancouver Island riding.

## Controversies

### Stance on abortion

During a visit in 2006 to the Mount St. Joseph's Convent in London, Ontario, May responded to a nun's question about her position on abortion, saying "I don't think a woman has a frivolous right to choose. What I don't want is a desperate woman to die in an illegal abortion." Following initial reports of May's statements, which did not include the full quote, prominent Canadian feminist Judy Rebick announced that she was withdrawing her previous support of May and the Green Party because of May's questioning "the most important victory of the women's movement of my generation". May later clarified that she had been trying to explain to the nuns how "their belief in right to life means that they should support abortion". She explained that making abortions illegal would cause more deaths from desperate illegal abortions, as had been the case for hundreds of years previously.

In a 2011 interview with the Georgia Straight, May said her position had been "massively misreported" and explained "If a woman is in a situation where she’d like to keep her child and needs support, we also want to be there to support that choice and also to ensure that as much as possible we, in our society, provide—not just for women, but for male partners—responsibility, birth-control information in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies … So, it’s a mixed and nuanced position, but there’s absolutely no wiggle room on maintaining the right of women in this country to safe and legal abortions." She stressed that there is "no going back" on the issue, and that she is "very militant" about it.

May was interviewed by a CBC videographer that was published two days prior to the start of the 2019 federal election. May stated that the Green Party would not ban elected MPs from reopening the abortion debate. May's reasoning was that despite her own personal pro-choice views, Green Party rules do not give her the power as leader to whip votes in caucus. This position put the Greens in stark contrast to the Liberals and the NDP, both of which require attestations from MPs that they will consistently support the party's stated pro-choice platform. The Green Party released an official statement clarifying May's comments, saying that candidates are prescreened to rule out anti-abortion viewpoints, but that May's initial statement regarding the leader not having the power to whip votes remains official Green Party policy. May later backed away from the comments, saying that any Green MP who moved to re-open the debate would risk being removed from caucus.

### Pseudoscience

In November 2011, May tweeted concerns about the possible dangers of WiFi. May's comments that WiFi was a "possible human carcinogen" and that the use of WiFi might be related to the "disappearance of pollinating insects" fueled attacks over the scientific soundness of her views. "It is very disturbing how quickly Wi-Fi has moved into schools as it is children who are the most vulnerable", she wrote. The National Post pointed out that May had ironically made the tweets on her cellphone.

In June 2013, during a Twitter exchange with May, a Green Party critic downloaded the party's platform and found reference to the party's support of government-subsidized homeopathy. Homeopathy found its way into the platform "by accident", May later said.

### In defense of Jian Ghomeshi

In October 2014, May sent out a series of tweets defending Jian Ghomeshi, who faced allegations from three women that the radio host was physically violent to them without their consent during sexual encounters. "I think Jian is wonderful. Likely TMI for an old fogey like me, but his private life is none of our beeswax", May wrote. May then wrote, "I have known Jian and something at work here doesn't make sense. Innocent until proven guilty." When one user accused her of buying into "rape culture," she replied, "As a feminist, I do not buy into rape culture." May later stated that she regretted defending Ghomeshi, stating that she had not yet read about the allegations of physical violence in the Toronto Star and that she was still "shaken up" by the Parliament Hill shootings when she wrote the tweets.

### 2015 Press Gallery Dinner speech

At the Parliamentary Press Gallery's dinner in Gatineau, Quebec on May 9, 2015, May said "Welcome back, Omar Khadr. It matters to say it. Welcome back, Omar Khadr. You're home", in reference to Omar Khadr, a convicted child soldier. She added, "Omar Khadr, you've got more class than the whole fucking cabinet", before being escorted off the stage by Transport Minister Lisa Raitt. Early in her speech she also questioned why no one else had mentioned the event was being held on First Nations territory, asking "What the fuck is wrong with the rest of you?"

May later blamed her actions on fatigue and denied accusations that she had drunk excessively. "I didn't have a lot of wine," she said, "but it may have hit me harder than I thought it would". When asked if she should resign, she said that "a lot of people have given bad press gallery speeches and have gone on to be Prime Minister or gone on to lead other aspects of their lives, time will tell." President of the Treasury Board Tony Clement and NDP House Leader Peter Julian said that her apology was sufficient. Laura Peck, senior partner at TransformLeaders.ca, said, "She has apologized. She's done the right thing, she's apologized".

Other senior members of the media questioned why the speech had received so much attention from the press. CBC's Michael Enright noted that the Press Gallery Dinner has long been home to rowdy behaviour by both politicians and journalists, usually attracting little coverage. In his Sunday Edition segment, Enright even pondered, "Why the mountain of coverage, nearly all of it unsympathetic? Was it because she was appearing before a roomful of journalists? Would the story have disappeared if she had been speaking to environmentalists? Was it because she sometimes has seemed to be holier than thou? Was it because she is a woman? Whatever the reason, May was mugged by the media."

## Personal life

May has one daughter with former partner Ian Burton, Victoria Cate May Burton, who was the Green candidate in Berthier—Maskinongé in 2015, losing to NDP incumbent Ruth Ellen Brosseau.

On November 27, 2018, May announced her engagement to John Kidder, brother of actress Margot Kidder and one of the founders of the Green Party of British Columbia. Kidder had previously run as the 2011 federal Liberal candidate in Okanagan—Coquihalla and as the 2013 BC Green candidate in Fraser-Nicola. May and Kidder married on April 22, 2019, at Christ Church Cathedral in Victoria, British Columbia.

May is a practicing Anglican, and has said she is "interested, in the long term, in becoming ordained as an Anglican priest." She cites Jesus Christ as her personal hero, because "he led a revolution that was non-violent".

## Honours and awards

- International Conservation Award from Friends of Nature, 1985

- Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada, in recognition of significant contribution to compatriots, community and to Canada, 1992

- Elizabeth May Chair in Women's Health and the Environment, Dalhousie University, 1998.

- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters (DHumL), Mount Saint Vincent University, 2000.

- Harkin Award from the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society for her lifetime achievement in promoting the protection of Canada's wilderness, 2002

- Best Activist Award, Coast Magazine, Best of Halifax Readers' Poll, 2002

- Honorary Doctorate of Laws, University of New Brunswick, 2003.

- United Nations Global 500 award.

- Officer of the Order of Canada, 2005.

- Couchiching Award for Excellence in Public Policy, 2006

- Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Mount Allison University, 2007.

- Newsweek Magazine: One of World's Most Influential women, November 28, 2010

- Maclean's Parliamentarian of the Year, 2012

- Awarded the Canadian Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012

- Maclean's Hardest Working Parliamentarian of the Year, 2013

- Maclean's Best Orator of the Year, 2014

- Honorary Doctor of Divinity (D.D.), Atlantic School of Theology, 2015.

- Maclean's Most Knoweldgeable Parliamentarian of the Year, 2020

## Selected works

- Budworm battles: the fight to stop the aerial insecticide spraying of the forests of eastern Canada (with Richard E.L. Rogers). 1982. Four East Publications. ISBN 0-9690041-5-X

- Paradise Won: the struggle for South Moresby. 1990. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-5772-5

- Frederick Street: life and death on Canada's Love Canal (with Maude Barlow). 2000. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-200036-9 - focused on the Sydney Tar Ponds, and the health threats to children in the community – the issue that led her to go on a seventeen-day hunger strike in May 2001 in front of Parliament Hill.

- At the cutting edge: the crisis in Canada's forests. 2005. Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55263-645-3

- How to Save the World in Your Spare Time. 2006. Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55263-781-6

- Global Warming for Dummies (with Zoe Caron). 2008. Wiley & Sons Publishing. ISBN 0-470-84098-6

- Losing Confidence: Power, Politics And The Crisis In Canadian Democracy. 2009. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-5760-1

- Who We Are: Reflections on My Life and Canada (Greystone, 2014)


Battle of Junik

# Battle of Junik

## Abstract

The Battle of Junik (Albanian: Beteja e Junikut; Serbian: Битка за Јуник, Bitka za Junik) was fought during the Kosovo War between the ethnic Albanian paramilitary organization known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and the security forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over the town of Junik in western Kosovo.

Junik was occupied by the KLA early in the war and became a centre of arms smuggling from northern Albania due to its strategic location. The town was besieged by the Yugoslav Army (VJ) and Ministry of Internal Affairs (MUP) on 28 July 1998, and was the site of intense clashes for nearly three weeks afterwards. On 16 August, it was stormed by the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, the special operations component of the MUP, forcing the remaining KLA fighters to flee into the surrounding hills and forests.

Four MUP personnel and two VJ soldiers were killed in the battle, according to contemporary reports. The KLA suffered 13 fatalities. In addition, there were eight Kosovo Albanian civilian fatalities. An additional 12,000 Kosovo Albanian civilians were displaced. After Junik's fall, the United States expressed concern that government forces had planted landmines around the town. In direct response to the town's capture, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998, calling for an end to hostilities in Kosovo.

## Background

Following World War II, Kosovo was given the status of an autonomous province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia, one of six constitutional republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the death of Yugoslavia's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, Yugoslavia's political system began to unravel. In 1989, Belgrade abolished self-rule in Kosovo, as well as Serbia's other autonomous province, Vojvodina, as part of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević 's " anti-bureaucratic revolution ". Though inhabited predominantly by ethnic Albanians, Kosovo was of great historical and cultural significance to the Serbs. Alarmed by their dwindling numbers, the province's Serbs began to fear they were being "squeezed out" by the Albanians. As soon as Kosovo's autonomy was abolished, a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Milošević to oversee the province, enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia-proper. Albanian culture was systematically repressed and hundreds of thousands of Albanians working in state-owned companies lost their jobs.

In 1996, a ragtag group of Albanian nationalists calling themselves the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking the Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian: Vojska Jugoslavije; VJ) and the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbo-Croatian: Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova; MUP) in Kosovo. Their goal was to separate the province from the rest of Yugoslavia, which following the separation of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991–92, became a rump federation made up of Serbia and Montenegro. At first the KLA carried out hit-and-run attacks: 31 in 1996, 55 in 1997, and 66 in January and February 1998 alone. The group quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians, many of whom favoured a more aggressive approach and rejected the non-violent resistance of politician Ibrahim Rugova. The organization received a significant boost in 1997, when an armed uprising in neighbouring Albania led to thousands of weapons from the Albanian Army 's depots being looted. Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA. The KLA also received substantial funds from its involvement in the drug trade. The group's popularity skyrocketed after the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari in March 1998, killing him, his closest associates and most of his extended family. The attack motivated thousands of young Kosovo Albanians to join the KLA, fueling the Kosovar uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998.

Junik is a town in western Kosovo, bordering on Deçan to the north and Gjakova to the south. Following World War II, it became a municipality in its own right, but in 1962, it was dissolved and its territory divided between its neighbours. By 1998, Junik was mainly inhabited by Kosovo Albanians. The area was also home to approximately 700 Serbs. Junik was of great strategic importance because it was situated along the Košare valley corridor. This resulted in the town becoming the KLA's main conduit for weapons smuggling and distribution in western Kosovo early in the war. The area's mountainous terrain was also ideal for evading attacks by the VJ and MUP, and as a result, the KLA established its western Kosovo headquarters in the town. Junik was among the first towns caught up in the fighting between Yugoslavia's security forces and the KLA, becoming a flashpoint of the KLA's so-called First Offensive in April 1998. The attack on the Jashari compound prompted the West to re-impose sanctions against Yugoslavia, which had been lifted following the signing of the Dayton Agreement in early 1996. By mid-June, the KLA was claiming to be in control of 40 percent of Kosovo.

## Battle

Clashes between the KLA and the Yugoslav authorities in and around Junik commenced on 29 May 1998. By the following month, virtually all of Junik's 7,000 inhabitants were displaced. An additional 5,000 Kosovo Albanians from the surrounding areas who had previously sought shelter in the town were also dislocated. Around this time, the Yugoslav Air Force carried out a number of airstrikes in Junik and its vicinity. The KLA was believed to be in control of approximately 40 percent of Kosovo by this point but was prone to losing newly seized land as quickly as it had acquired it. On 24 June, U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke visited Junik and met with KLA fighters there. He proposed declaring a ceasefire and having the warring sides work towards a negotiated settlement, but the KLA rejected the offer.

On 27 July, the VJ ambushed a column of fighters attempting to leave Junik and cross the Albanian–Yugoslav border, killing seven or eight people. The following day, the VJ surrounded the town. Its encirclement coincided with an almost simultaneous offensive that wrested from the KLA a nearby highway that had been held by the insurgents for two months. Before being placed back into operation, the highway had to be cleared of improvised explosive devices. The VJ and MUP gave the insurgents, as well as civilians trapped within the town, one hour to leave Junik via two corridors. But the deadline passed without any response. Around sunset, the security forces and the KLA began exchanging mortar fire. Some contemporary accounts suggest that Junik's encirclement resulted in 1,000 KLA fighters being trapped within the town. Other accounts place the figure around 1,500. Shortly after Junik's encirclement, Milošević spoke with a delegation of European Union representatives and offered to end the siege in exchange for international sanctions being lifted, but the two side's failed to reach an agreement.

For more than two weeks, the VJ/MUP and the KLA lobbed mortar shells at each other, and exchanged sporadic bursts of gunfire. On 16 August, after a siege lasting nearly 20 days, the VJ and MUP took control of Junik, forcing the insurgents to abandon their weapons and retreat to the surrounding hills and forests. The storming of the town was spearheaded by the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, the special operations component of the MUP. The assault was accompanied by the extensive use of helicopters and tanks.

## Aftermath

At the time of its capture, Junik was the last major KLA stronghold in Kosovo. MUP spokesman Božidar Filić said that with its fall, "the territory of Kosovo has been freed for movement in all directions." The loss of its last major stronghold did not result in the KLA's demise. Instead of completely destroying the organization, the VJ and MUP only forced the KLA to retreat to northern Albania, from where it was able to regroup and resume its insurgency. Nevertheless, the political analyst Corinna Metz notes that the loss of Junik resulted in the KLA losing its of aura of invincibility among the Kosovo Albanian population. According to contemporary reports, four MUP and two VJ personnel were killed in the battle. The Humanitarian Law Center, a Belgrade-based non-governmental organization, lists 13 guerrillas, eight Kosovo Albanian civilians, and two MUP personnel as being killed. Among the dead was the KLA commander in Junik, Bekim Berisha, as well as deputy KLA commanders Bedri Shala, Elton Zherka, and Përmet Vula. Filić said that there had been no civilian casualties because nearly all of the town's inhabitants had left before the battle. BBC News correspondent Jeremy Cooke described Junik's capture as "a major blow to the KLA". Western reporters who visited the town once fighting had stopped reported that the entire civilian population had fled. They found that some buildings had sustained heavy damage but most of the town remained intact.

Albanian Foreign Minister Paskal Milo condemned the town's encirclement and capture as an act of " genocide and mass repression". The Vice-Chancellor and Foreign Minister of Austria, Wolfgang Schuessel, also condemned the assault. Rugova stated that the town's fall would reduce the likelihood of peace negotiations taking place. Adem Demaçi, a prominent Kosovo Albanian activist, said that the offensive "proved there was no alternative to independence for Kosovo." Partly in response to the town's capture, on 17 August 1998, troops from 14 different NATO member states took part in military exercises in Albania, intended as a warning signal to the Yugoslav government. On 20 August, U.S. State Department spokesman James Rubin accused Yugoslavia's security forces of planting anti-personnel mines around Junik. Five days later, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees issued a statement confirming that the town's surroundings had been mined. In response to the battle, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September, calling for an end to hostilities in Kosovo.


Lake Tiorati

# Lake Tiorati

## Abstract

Lake Tiorati is one of the seven main lakes in Harriman State Park, located in Orange County, New York. It is a man-made lake, created by dredging swampland and constructing a concrete dam. The name Tiorati means "Blue like Sky". Its name is the Algonquin word for "sky-like".

## Access

Lake Tiorati can be accessed from Exit 16 on the Palisades Interstate Parkway via Tiorati Brook Rd, Arden Valley Rd from NY-17, and Seven Lakes Drive from Exit 18 on the PIP or Sloatsburg. Tiorati Brook Rd and Arden Valley Rd are closed December 1 through April 1.

## Fauna

Among the fish to be found in Lake Tiorati are largemouth and smallmouth bass, bluegill, bullhead, pumpkinseed, white and yellow perch, and chain pickerel. The lake is a popular ice-fishing location.

## Activities

There is a public beach at the north end of the lake, maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, which is heavily used by swimmers. There are also campsites near the beach. Hiking is a frequent activity on the trails around the lake.

A restricted-access boat launch for rowboats, kayaks, and canoes is located at the southeast corner of the lake on Tiorati Brook Road. A boat sticker permit must be purchased from the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, and a key must be purchased for access to the Tiorati boat launch. Boat permits and boat launch keys are sold at the Tiorati Park office (located at Tiorati circle at the intersection between Seven Lakes Drive, Tiorati Brook Rd, and Arden Valley Rd).

## Geology

Geological formations near the lake have been studied by scientists researching continental drift.

## History

In 1983 the body of murdered millionaire arms dealer George M. Perry was found floating in Lake Tiorati.


Thornton Lee

# Thornton Lee

## Abstract

Thornton Starr Lee (September 13, 1906 – June 9, 1997), nicknamed " Lefty ", was an American professional baseball starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cleveland Indians (1933–36), Chicago White Sox (1937–47) and New York Giants (1948). Lee batted and threw left-handed. He is the father of pitcher Don Lee.

## Career

Lee was born in Sonoma, California. He attended Arroyo Grande High School in San Luis Obispo County from 1923 to 1925 then went on to play football, basketball, baseball and track at California Polytechnic (Cal Poly) in San Luis Obispo. Lee first pitched professionally at the age of 24, reaching the major leagues on September 19, 1933, six days after his 28th birthday, with the Cleveland Indians.

Before the 1937 season, he was part of a three-team trade among the Indians, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators. Jack Salveson went to the Senators, while Earl Whitehill went to the Indians. Lee landed in Chicago and went on to pitch for the White Sox for the next eleven years.

In his first four years with the Sox, Lee won 12 or more games, with a high 15 victories in 1939. His most productive season came in 1941, when he paced all American League pitchers in ERA (2.34) and complete games (30). He also posted a career-high 22 victories (second only to Bob Feller 's 25), 125 strikeouts (also a career-high), was named to the AL All-Star team, and collected a $2,500 bonus for winning more than 20 games.

From 1942 to 1945, Lee suffered a string of injuries and lost his pace. After fracturing his arm and undergoing two bone chip removals and a neck operation, he recovered his old form in 1945, going 15–12 with a 2.44 ERA and 108 strikeouts, and pitching in the All-Star game for the second time.

At the age of 42, Lee divided his time in 1948 between the National League, with the Giants, and the Pacific Coast League, where he contributed to the Oakland Oaks pennant championship. He retired at the end of the season.

Lee had a.200 batting average (167-for-835) with 63 runs, 4 home runs and 66 RBI in 375 games. All four of his career home runs came as a member of the 1938 Chicago White Sox.

California Polytechnic University inducted Lee into their Hall of Fame on November 4, 1988. Lee died from complications of Parkinson's disease on June 9, 1997 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 90.

## Fact

- On September 17, 1939, Ted Williams hit a home run off Thornton Lee, one of 31 homers he hit in his rookie season. Williams hit a home run off Thornton's son, Don Lee, of the Senators, on September 2, 1960, thus becoming the only player in major league history to hit a home run off a father and son.


# List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)

## Abstract

This article lists the countries of the Arab League sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at nominal values. GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. The table below shows the nominal GDP and GDP per capita for the 22 countries of the Arab League in 2024. The figures shown are estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook


Andrea Mayr

# Andrea Mayr

## Abstract

Andrea Mayr (born 15 October 1979) is a female long-distance runner from Austria. She also competes in mountain running and cycling. She set her personal best (2:30:43) in the women's marathon on 19 April 2009, winning the Vienna City Marathon. She holds the Austrian records over the half marathon and marathon distances. She is the most accomplished mountain runner in history with 7 World Championship titles

## Biography

She represented Austria in the 3000 metres steeplechase at both the 2005 and 2007 World Championships in Athletics, although she did not make it past the heats. She won the event in the Second League section of the 2008 European Cup and managed a silver for Austria in the Second League of the 2010 European Team Championships.

Mayr set a course record at the 2008 Obudu Ranch International Mountain Race in Nigeria. She won the World Mountain Running Championships in 2010, beating runner-up Valentina Belotti by over half a minute in the 8.5 km race. She also won the WMRA Grand Prix series that year: she had already secured the title before the final by merit of having an unassailable lead in the points table, yet she went on to win the Smarna Gora race finale and further cement her position as the world's top female mountain runner. She is the record holder of the Empire State Building Run-Up (11:23, 2006). She has seven World Mountain Running titles.

Mayr competed in the 2012 London Olympics for Austria. She finished 54th in the women's marathon.


Julie Maxton

# Julie Maxton

## Abstract

Dame Julie Katharine Maxton DBE (born 31 August 1955) is a British-New Zealand barrister, legal scholar, and academic administrator. Since 2011, she has been executive director of the Royal Society.

She spent most of her career working at the University of Auckland, where she rose to be Dean of its Faculty of Law. From 2006 to 2010, she was Registrar of the University of Oxford.

## Early life and education

Maxton was born on 31 August 1955 in Edinburgh, Scotland. While at school, she played sport at international level, representing Scotland in lacrosse and hockey.

She studied at law at University College London, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree in 1976. She then trained as a barrister, and was called to the bar at Middle Temple on 27 July 1978.

Maxton moved to New Zealand after qualifying as a barrister. She undertook postgraduate study in law at the University of Canterbury, and graduated with a Master of Laws (LLM) degree in 1981. The same year, she became a naturalised New Zealand citizen.

At the University of Auckland, she also undertook postgraduate research and completed her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1991. Her doctoral thesis is entitled Contempt of Court.

## Career

Maxton began her academic career at the University of Canterbury. There, she taught within the university's School of Law as a lecturer. Upon marrying, she moved to a different university, the University of Auckland. This was unusual in that it is uncommon for academics to move between New Zealand law schools.

At the University of Auckland, New Zealand, Maxton's career was both academic and administrative. Joining the university in 1985 as a lecturer, she was promoted to senior lecturer in 1987 and later to associate professor. She spent periods as the Dean of Graduate Studies and was twice the acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor.

In 1993, she was appointed a Professor of Law. She was Dean of the Faculty of Law between 2000 and 2005.

During her academic career, Maxton was also a practising barrister. She concentrated on appellate cases. On 18 October 2012, she was made a Master of the Bench of Middle Temple.

From 2006 to 2011, Maxton held the position of Registrar of the University of Oxford. In that role, she head of the University of Oxford 's administration. She was the first woman to hold the office in the 550 years since the position was first established. During the appointment, she was also a Fellow of University College, Oxford. She was succeeded by Ewan McKendrick in January 2011.

In 2011, Maxton was appointed executive director of the Royal Society. The Royal Society is the oldest learned society in continuous existence and serves as the academy of sciences of the UK and the Commonwealth. She is the first woman to be appointed to the position in its 358-year history.

## Personal life

Maxton was married to Major Jim Carson (1934–2008), the first leader of the New Zealand Army Band and later head of music at Auckland Grammar School. Together, they had one son. Carson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1974 Birthday Honours, and died of cancer in 2008.

## Honours

In 2014, Maxton received a Distinguished Alumni Award from her alma mater, the University of Auckland. In 2017, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Canterbury.

In 2018 Maxton received an honorary doctorate from the University of Warwick.

Maxton was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours, for services to science, law, and education. She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours, for services to science and law.


Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!

# Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!

## Abstract

Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! is a 2022 American animated direct-to-video Western comedy film starring Tom and Jerry, produced by Warner Bros. Animation. It is the first Tom and Jerry direct-to-video animated film in five years since 2017's Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, and a continuation of the film series. It is also the first Tom and Jerry direct-to-video animated film to feature the animation services by Renegade Animation, the studio that animated The Tom and Jerry Show (2014–21) and Tom and Jerry in New York. It was released to DVD and digital in the United States and Canada on January 25, 2022.

## Plot

A typical Old Western town. In the outskirts, an elderly prairie dog is narrating a story. He is disturbed by a slovenly and obese man named Clem, who admits to hating prairie dogs and attempts to harass the spotted one, without success. One of the attempts results in Clem getting kicked by a horse, which causes him to land on a cactus. When Clem gets stuck into a hole, prairie dogs loot him and take his possessions into their town, then they hold a party.

Shortly afterwards, a landscape of a ranch is shown. Longhorn-breed cows are grazing until a red bird damages the corral fence, setting the cattle free. Jerry and his nephews, Tuffy, Scruffy, and Duffy, are sleeping inside leather knife scabbards, prepared with wool. Jerry wakes up first and notices a cow's eye peeking through the mousehole. He forcibly shuts the eye, walks outdoors and mounts himself on the cow, which dared to disturb him. Using his mount as a bulldozer, Jerry rounds up the bovine back to their corral. At the same time, Bumpy and a grayish she-cat walks by. When the old man complains about the corral being damaged by the cattle, Jerry yells in fear and runs away, but the she-cat grabs him. It turns out to be a play, as Jerry and the cat cuddle each other. The old man returns to the house for breakfast, where the female owner of the ranch is making the meals for Bumpy and the animals. Jerry's nephews are shown to have an exceptional appetite, as they break the wall and take over most of the egg-and-bacon muffins Betty has cooked. Despite very little is left to eat for non-mice, nobody complains. Even Betty isn't upset that Jerry's nephews jump into her coffee mug.

It turns out that Betty, the ranch owner, is awaiting her brother Bentley to come to the family site. At the same time, August Critchley is planning to take over the ranch as he's expanding his zone of control in the area. So far, only Betty's and Bentley's ranch (The Double B Ranch) are the sole enclave outside his power and Critchley openly desires the land for himself. Clem turns out to be Critchley's henchman, who carries out the plan to undermine the ranch with prairie dogs digging tunnels beneath it. Multiple scarecrows planted around the prairie dog tunnels are to scare the animals off and move them towards the Double B Ranch, so it could be bought for lowered price.

Later on, Bentley arrives on a horse cart with his cat Tom, who seems bored by the trip. While Bumpy is admiring Bentley's smart-looking outfit, Tom wakes up and spots the ranch she-cat. He immediately falls in love with her, despite the female ignoring Tom. While his owner shares the experiences involving big city life as railroad clerk, Tom attempts to impress the she-cat by a lasso trick, lashing the rope to make "Howdy" sign. The trick eventually fails, as Tom entangles himself. The second attempt goes even worse, when Tom's lasso catches the windmill and takes him away. The she-cat gives him a bored gaze and returns to licking herself. During the family reunion, Bentley is boasting about his work at the railroad, then he explains he returned to have break from the work at his family site. Suddenly, Tuffy, Scruffy, Duffy, and Jerry pop out of their holes and knock over Tom. Tom starts chasing the mice with Jerry and the she-cat holding his tail. Bentley notices the mice and gets scared. It is revealed the that he fears mice.

Tom tries to catch the mice again, but they outsmart him each time. At one point, Tom gets stuck in a bull pen and bull chases him. Feeling concerned, Jerry saves Tom and in turn, Tom befriends the mice and promises to help them fix up the ranch.

By the end, Critchley and Clem are defeated by Tom, the family finds gold, and soon recreate their ranch with the prairie dogs. Jerry decides to live with the prairie dogs, and he and one of the prairie dogs wave at a train Tom, Scruffy, Tuffy, Bentley, and Duffy are in, caring their gold.

## Cast

- William Hanna (archival audio recordings) as Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse (uncredited)

- George Ackles as The Marshal

- Sean Burgos as Bumpy

- Trevor Devall as Duke

- Chris Edgerly as August Critchley

- Georgie Kidder as Scruffy

- Justin Michael as Bentley

- Kaitlyn Robrock as Betty

- Isaac Robinson-Smith as Zeb

- Kath Soucie as Tuffy

- Stephen Stanton as Virgil

- Fred Tatasciore as Clem

- Kari Wahlgren as Duffy, Jane

## Release

The movie was released on DVD and Digital by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment (through Studio Distribution Services) in the United States and Canada on January 25, 2022. Nearly five months later, its television premiere premiered on Cartoon Network on June 18, 2022, at 6pm Eastern/5pm Central, and then streamed on HBO Max the next day.


1989–90 in Swiss football

# 1989–90 in Swiss football

## Abstract

The following is a summary of the 1989–90 season of competitive football in Switzerland.

## Nationalliga A

### Qualification phase

### Championship group

The first eight teams of the qualification phase competed in the Championship round. The teams took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the qualification as bonus with them.

## Nationalliga B

### Qualification phase

### Promotion/relegation round

### Relegation round NLB/1. Liga

The last six teams in each of the two qualification phase groups competed in two relegation groups against relegation to the 1. Liga 1991–92. The teams received ranking bonus points from their qualifying groups (7th place 6 pts; 8th place 5 pts; 9th place 4 pts; etc). There was to be one direct relegation in each group, plus a play-out against relegation between both second last placed teams.

### Relegation play-out

FC Montreux-Sports won 7–1 on aggregate and FC Zug were relegated to 1990–91 1. Liga.

## 1. Liga

### Group 1

### Group 2

### Group 3

### Group 4

### Promotion play-off

Urania Genève Sport win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win 2–0 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 4–1 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Kriens win 3–2 on aggregate and continue to the finals.

SC Burgdorf win 6–3 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

Urania Genève Sport win 7–4 on aggregate and are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the third promotion place was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Concordia/Folgore Lausanne win, but refused promotion, so SC Kriens are promoted to Nationalliga B.

The play-off for the 1. Liga championship was played on 16 June 1990 in Châtel-St-Denis.

Urania Genève Sport ' win and become 1. Liga champions. '

### Relegation play-out

FC Raron continue to the final.

FC Vaduz continue to the final.

FC Raron win 4–3 on aggregate and remain in the division. FC Vaduz are relegated to 2. Liga.

## Swiss Cup

### Early rounds

The routes of the finalists to the final, played on 4 June 1990 at the Wankdorf in Bern:

### Final

## Swiss Clubs in Europe

- Luzern as 1988–89 Nationalliga A champions: 1989–90 European Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Grasshopper Club as 1988–89 Swiss Cup winners: 1989–90 Cup Winners' Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Sion as league third placed team: 1989–90 UEFA Cup

- Wettingen as league fourth placed team: 1989–90 UEFA Cup and entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

- Bellinzona: entered 1989 Intertoto Cup

### Luzern

#### European Cup

##### First round

PSV Eindhoven won 5–0 on aggregate.

#### Intertoto Cup

##### Group 1

### Grasshopper Club

#### Cup Winners' Cup

##### First round

Grasshopper Club won 4–3 on aggregate.

##### Second round

Grasshopper Club won 4–1 on aggregate.

##### Quarter-finals

Sampdoria won 4–1 on aggregate.

#### Intertoto Cup

##### Group 4

## Sources

- Switzerland 1989–90 at RSSSF

- Cup finals at Fussball-Schweiz

- Intertoto history at Pawel Mogielnicki's Page

{ { 1989–90 in Swiss football } }


2024 Copa Perú

# 2024 Copa Perú

## Abstract

The 2024 Peru Cup season (Spanish: Copa Perú 2024), the largest amateur tournament of Peruvian football. The District Stage (Spanish: Ligas Distritales) started in February - March, and the National Stage (Spanish: Etapa Nacional) started in November. The winner and runner-up will be promoted to the Liga 2 and the 24 Departmental champions will be promoted to Liga 3.

## Departmental stage

Departmental Stage: 2024 Ligas Departamentales del Perú

The following list shows the teams that qualified for the National Stage.

## National Stage

In 2024 the National Stage has grown to 50 teams, and the new National Stage, designed by matchVision, is played under Regional using the POT System, with all the Regions of Peru represented. The National Stage starts in the second week of October.

This phase features the 50 teams that qualified from the Departmental Stage. Each team plays 3 games at home and 3 games away, for a total of 6 games against 3 different geographical rivals. The departmental stage winners only play against departmental runners-up, and vice versa. All the teams are positioned in one general table. After 6 matches, the team in places 1 to 32 are qualified directly to the Round of 32. The teams in places 33 to 50 are eliminated.

The winner and runner-up of the National Stage will be promoted to the Liga 2.

### League table

## Final Rounds

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final


Dimitrije Kamenović

# Dimitrije Kamenović

## Abstract

Dimitrije Kamenović (Serbian Cyrillic: Димитрије Каменовић; born 16 July 2000) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a left-back and centre-back for Swiss club Yverdon on loan from the Italian club Lazio.

## Club career

On 14 July 2021, Kamenović joined Serie A side Lazio from FK Čukarički on a five-year deal. The Biancocelesti paid €3 million for the Serbian defender.

On 31 January 2022, Lazio officially deposited Kamenović's contract with Lega Serie A.

On 2 February 2022, Lazio included Kamenović in their UEFA Europa League squad list.

On 30 December 2022, Kamenović joined Czech First League side Sparta Prague on loan from Lazio.

On 15 February 2024, Kamenović was loaned to Yverdon in Switzerland.

## Honours

### Club

Sparta Prague

- Czech First League: 2022–23


Bülbül Hatun

# Bülbül Hatun

## Abstract

Bülbül Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: بلبل خاتون; " Songbird " died c. 1515) was a concubine of Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire.

## Life

Her origin is unknown, but the consorts of the Ottoman sultans were by custom normally concubines who came to the Ottoman Imperial harem via the Ottoman slave trade.

Bülbül Hatun entered in the Bayezid's harem when he was still a prince and the governor of Amasya. She had three children, two daughters, Hatice Sultan and Hundi Sultan, and a son, Şehzade Ahmed. Some indicated her also as the mother of Ayşe Sultan, or maybe of an Ayşe Sultan who died in infancy.

According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. Ahmed was sent to Çorum in 1480, and then to Amasya, and Bülbül accompanied him.

She built and endowed a mosque and a soup kitchen in Ladik. At Amasya, she built another mosque, a school and a fountain. In Bursa she had endowed and built a religious college. She endowed a portion of her properties to the Enderun mosque in 1505.

In 1512, she built another complex and endowed a significant amount of property for its expenses. She designated her son Ahmed, and upon his death Ahmed's eldest daughter and her daughters, as the administrator ofthe endowment. Bülbül's delegation of the regency of the endowment through the matrilineal line after his son Ahmed demonstrated that this endowment was established as a precautionary measure in the event that Ahmed failed in his bid for the sultanate.

In 1513, Fatma Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mahmud (son of Bayezid II), and her husband Mehmed Çelebi were placed under house arrest following the Kızılbaş leanings. She was only pardoned following Bülbül's intercession.

## Death

After the death of Şehzade Ahmed in 1513, Bülbül Hatun came to Bursa. She built a tomb for Ahmed, in which she was too buried at her death in 1515.

## Issue

Together with Bayezid, Bülbül had at least two daughters and a son:

- Hatice Sultan (Amasya; 1463 - Bursa; 1500). She married in first time Muderis Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1479 and she had a son, Sultanzade Ahmed Bey and a daughter, Hanzade Hanimsultan. She was widowed in 1483, when her husband was executed on charges of supporting Şehzade Cem 's claim to the throne against Bayezid. Hatice remarried the following year to Faik Pasha (died 1499) and had a son, Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi, and a daughter, Ayşe Hanımsultan. She died in 1500 and was buried in her mausoleum, built by her son, in Bursa. Hatice built a mosque, school and fountain in Edirnekapi, Constantinople.

- Hundi Sultan (Amasya, c. 1464 - 1511), married in 1484 Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha and had least two sons, Sultanzade Musa Bey and Sultanzade Mustafa Bey, and at least four daughters, Kamerşah Hanimsultan, Hümaşah Hanimsultan, Aynışah Hanımsultan and Mahdümzade Hanımsultan.

- Şehzade Ahmed (Amasya, c. 1466 - Yenişehir, 24 March 1513). Governor of Corum (1481-1483) and of Amasya (1483–1513); was the main rival for the throne of his half-brother Selim I.

## Sources


Rory Cellan-Jones

# Rory Cellan-Jones

## Abstract

Nicholas Rory Cellan-Jones OBE (born 17 January 1958; "Cellan" pronounced) is a British journalist and a former BBC News technology correspondent. After working for the BBC for 40 years, he announced in August 2021 he would leave the corporation in late October.

## Early life and education

Rory Cellan-Jones was born in London in 1958. His father James Cellan Jones was a BBC TV director and film director, and his mother was Sylvia Rich, a BBC secretary. His half-brother Simon Cellan Jones is a film director. and was unacquainted with his father and Cellan Jones half-siblings until adulthood. Rory uses a hyphen in his surname as his paternal grandparents did; his father had dropped the hyphen.

Rory also had a half-brother from his mother's marriage, Stephen Rich, who was 16 years his senior and who died in 1994. Rory's mother Sylvia had separated from her husband in 1947, and thereafter raised Stephen, and then also Rory, as a single mother. Shortly before Rory's birth, his mother obtained a divorce from her estranged husband and changed her surname by deed poll to Cellan-Jones, although she personally still went by Sylvia Rich except when dealing with Rory's school.

Cellan-Jones was educated at Dulwich College, an independent school for boys in Dulwich in south London, from 1967 to 1976. He attended Jesus College, Cambridge, obtaining a BA in Modern and Medieval Languages in 1981, and automatic MA three years later.

## Career

After beginning his BBC career as a researcher on the Leeds edition of Look North, he worked in the corporation's London television newsroom for three years before gaining his first on-screen role at BBC Wales. He later returned to London and became the business and economics correspondent, appearing on The Money Programme between 1990 and 1992.

After the dot com crash of 2000, he wrote the book Dot.bomb. He has covered issues such as Black Wednesday, the BCCI scandal and Marks and Spencer 's competition troubles.

He has evaluated the growth of websites and internet companies including the rise of Google and Wikipedia and online retailing. From January 2007 until leaving the BBC in 2021, he was the BBC's technology correspondent, with the job of expanding the BBC's coverage of new media and telecoms and the cultural impact of the Internet.

On 30 May 2019, following his presentation of the first BBC broadcast over a 5G network, Cellan-Jones announced via Twitter that he had been diagnosed with early Parkinson's disease, but that he intended to carry on as normal.

He announced on Twitter in August 2021 his intention to leave the BBC in October after 40 years. Along with other well-wishers from the BBC, BBC Breakfast presenter Naga Munchetty replied to him on Twitter, calling him an "utterly brilliant man".

Since March 2023 Cellan-Jones has contributed to a podcast Movers and Shakers which is "about life with Parkinson's". Recordings are made in a Notting Hill pub and presenters (Gillian Lacey-Solymar, Mark Mardell, Paul Mayhew-Archer, Sir Nicholas Mostyn and Jeremy Paxman) discuss "the highs and lows, trials and tribulations, of living with the condition". In March 2024 The UK Broadcasting Press Guild made 'Movers and Shakers' its 'UK Podcast of the Year'.

## Personal life

Cellan-Jones is married to economist and author Diane Coyle. The couple have two sons and live in West Ealing, London.

He and Coyle adopted Sophie, a nervous rescue dog from Romania, in December 2022. They have reported on social media about Sophie's slow progress in settling in via the hashtag #sophiefromromania. A book Sophie From Romania, by Cellan-Jones, is due to be published in October 2024.

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2024 Birthday Honours for services to journalism.

## Publications

- Dot.Bomb: The Rise and Fall of Dot.com Britain (London: Autumn, 2001)

- The Secret History of Social Networking (BBC, 2012)

- With Mike Hally, Patently Absurd (Audio, 2013)

- Always On: Hope and Fear in the Social Smartphone Era (Bloomsbury Continuum, 2021)

- Ruskin Park: Sylvia, Me and the BBC (September Publishing, 2023)

- Sophie From Romania (Square Peg Books, due 2024)


Donald Trump and golf

# Donald Trump and golf

## Abstract

Donald Trump is closely associated with the sport of golf. As a real estate developer, Trump began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999. By the time of his election as United States President in 2016, he owned 17 golf courses worldwide through his holding company, the Trump Organization. Courses owned by Trump have been selected to host various PGA and LPGA events, including the 2022 PGA Championship (although the PGA terminated this in the aftermath of the 2021 United States Capitol attack). A spokesman for the Trump Organization said that "This is a breach of a binding contract and they have no right to terminate the agreement".

Following his election, Trump broke precedent with recent presidents and chose not to divest from his business holdings, including his golf courses. Although not illegal, this led to criticism from ethics lawyers and journalists for potential conflicts of interest. At least three lawsuits (D.C. and Maryland v. Trump, Blumenthal v. Trump and CREW v. Trump) were filed claiming that foreign payments at Trump golf courses and hotels violate the Emoluments Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The three lawsuits were dismissed as moot, dismissed for lack of standing, and allowed, respectively.

## Background

Trump, according to Jack Nicklaus, "loves the game of golf more than he loves money". According to Golf Digest, his handicap is as low as 2.8, a figure that sportswriter Rick Reilly dismisses at length in his book Commander in Cheat: How Golf Explains Trump. Trump began playing golf during his college years at the Fordham. In the introduction to his 2005 book The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received, Trump wrote, "for me and millions of people—men, women, young and old around the world—golf is more than a game. It is a passion."

In 1999, Trump opened his first golf course: the Trump International Golf Club, West Palm Beach in Florida. Land for the US$45 million course was acquired through a lawsuit against Palm Beach County, Florida, after Trump's purchase of the Mar-a-Lago resort. By 2007, Trump owned four courses around the US. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Trump began purchasing existing golf courses and re-designing them.

Golf courses owned by Trump hosted the LPGA Tour finale from 2001 to 2008, as well as the 2009 US Junior Amateur and US Junior Girls Championships. In 2014, the Professional Golfers' Association of America announced a multi-year partnership with the Trump Organization. The PGA of America selected Trump golf courses to host the 2017 Senior PGA Championship and the 2022 PGA Championship.

In June 2015, Trump announced his candidacy in the 2016 presidential election with a controversial speech which led to companies such as Macy's and NBC cutting ties with the businessman. While speaking on illegal immigration, Trump claimed that Mexico is "sending people that have lots of problems... they're bringing drugs, they're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people," drawing criticism from immigration and Latino advocacy groups. The LPGA, PGA of America, PGA Tour, and United States Golf Association issued a joint statement, saying that while the organizations "do not usually comment on presidential politics, Mr. Trump's comments are inconsistent with our strong commitment to an inclusive and welcoming environment in the game of golf." The PGA of America also decided to relocate the 2015 PGA Grand Slam of Golf —an exhibition match which had been scheduled to take place at Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles. In 2018, PGA Tour Latinoamérica held its Shell Tour Championship at Trump National Doral Miami 's Golden Palm course after plans were announced to demolish the Melreese Country Club in Miami, which had held the event, for a football stadium.

In July 2024, an hour-long youtube video was released of Trump playing 18 holes with Bryson DeChambeau.

## Golf courses owned and/or managed by The Trump Organization

As of December 2016, Trump owned golf courses in the United States and abroad. Over nearly two decades (as he reported in his 2000–2018 tax filings), these golf courses had combined losses of $315.6 million.

The Trump Organization also operates golf courses not owned by them.

### Puerto Rico

In 2007, the Trump Organization took over the management and licensed Trump's name to the 4-year old, 36-hole oceanfront golf course at Coco Beach, Puerto Rico. It hosted the 2008 PGA Puerto Rico Open, but the club kept losing money and in 2015 filed for bankruptcy protection.

### Dubai

According to the Trump Organization, it is neither the owner nor the developer of the Trump International Golf Club. The financial disclosures Trump filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2016 show that the Trump Organization manages the two golf courses in Dubai. The second Trump-branded golf course, the Trump World Golf Club, was designed by Tiger Woods and developed and built by DAMAC Properties, a company founded by Hussain Sajwani. It was scheduled to be opened in 2017, the year in which a report revealed that migrants working on the project were not being paid on time. In February 2021, it was announced that the inauguration was delayed at least until 2022, as the work on the project was paused. Some officials working on the construction project were told that the delay was because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but developers in the Emirates were reportedly struggling to finish such developments even before the global health crisis.

The following is a current list of courses owned and/or managed by The Trump Organization:

- OM denotes courses for which The Trump Organization owns and manages

- M denotes courses for which The Trump Organization manages only

- DM denotes courses for which The Trump Organization developed and previously managed

- F denotes future courses for which The Trump Organization will own and manage

## Ferry Point, New York

From 2015 to 2023, the Trump Organization operated the Trump Links at Ferry Point, New York, a public golf course built and owned by New York City, under a 20-year contract awarded in 2013 by the administration of then- Mayor Bloomberg. Under the agreement, the city paid the course's utility and water bills while collecting no income for the first four years. In the first year of operation, ending in March 2016, the company had $8 million in gross receipts, and the city paid $1 million in water and sewage bills. In the second year of operation, gross receipts dropped 9.5%. For the operating year that ended March 2019, the Trump Organization reported a loss of $122,000; it now faces contractual fees of at least $300,000 per operating year from the city.

On January 13, 2021, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would be terminating all contracts with the Trump Organization effective November 14, 2021, for "directly incit a deadly insurrection at the U.S. Capitol." The city of New York also stated that the Trump Organization had defaulted in its contractual obligations because it had failed to attract a major tournament. In June 2021, the Trump Organization sued the city for wrongful termination of the contract. The court allowed the Trump Organization to continue operating the golf course while the case was pending. In April 2022, the judge ruled that "the city had not given a valid legal reason for ending the contract."

In September 2023, the Trump Organization sold the operating rights to gaming and entertainment company Bally's Corporation for $60 million. The course was renamed "Bally Links" in January 2024.

## Coats of arms

Trump has used a number of logos in the style of coats of arms for his businesses.

Joseph E. Davies, third husband of Marjorie Merriweather Post and a former U.S. ambassador of Welsh origins, was granted a coat of arms, bearing the motto Integritas, by British heraldic authorities in 1939. After Donald Trump purchased Mar-a-Lago, the Florida estate built by Merriweather Post, in 1985, the Trump Organization started using Davies's coat of arms at Trump golf courses and estates across the country. It was also registered with the U.S. patent and trademark office.

In 2008, Trump attempted to establish the American logo at his new Trump International Golf Links in Balmedie, Scotland, but was warned by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the highest authority for Scottish heraldry, that an act of the Scottish Parliament from 1672 disallows people using unregistered arms. In January 2012, shortly after the inauguration of the golf course, Trump unveiled the new coat of arms that had been granted to The Trump International Golf Course Scotland Ltd by the Court of the Lord Lyon, Scotland's heraldic authority, in 2011.

Per chevron Azure and Vert, three Chevronels Or between, in chief, two Mullets (5) Argent and, in base, a double-headed Eagle displayed of the third, armed and beaked Gules, clutching in the talons two Globes of the fourth.

A demi Lion rampant Gules, armed and langued Azure, holding in the paws a Pennon Or flowing to the sinister.

" Numquam concedere " (Latin for "Never Give Up").

From 2014, Trump used the same logo for the Trump International Golf Links, Ireland, the golf resort built from his acquisition of Doonbeg Golf Club.

## Presidency

Following his election in 2016, Trump announced that he would not divest his business holdings, as other recent presidents had. Instead, Trump kept his ownership stake in the Trump Organization and appointed his sons Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump to manage the business. In an unusual rebuke from the Office of Government Ethics, director Walter Shaub called Trump's actions "wholly inadequate" and "meaningless from a conflict of interest perspective." In an interview with The New York Times, Trump explained: "As far as the, you know, potential conflict of interests, though, I mean I know that from the standpoint, the law is totally on my side, meaning, the president can’t have a conflict of interest."

Just days after his inauguration, a lawsuit was filed in federal court seeking to block the president from receiving payments from foreign government entities at his businesses. The lawsuit alleged that these payments constitute a violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution. In February 2017, Trump invited Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe to play at the Trump International Golf Club in Florida and stay at his Mar-a-Lago resort. Legal and ethical concerns were raised by organizations such as the Sunlight Foundation over foreign payments Trump may receive from the visit. Trump has vowed to donate any such payments to the Treasury Department, although the specifics of this arrangement remain unclear. In June 2017, the attorneys general of Maryland and the District of Columbia filed a separate lawsuit, claiming Trump was "flagrantly violating" the Emoluments Clause.

A 2016 investigation by USA Today found that lobbyists and corporate executives had been purchasing memberships at Trump golf courses to gain favor or contact with the president. Membership fees at Trump courses can exceed US$100,000, leading to ethical concerns over a sitting president accepting money from people lobbying the government.

While campaigning to be president, Trump declared in August 2016: "I'm going to be working for you. I'm not going to have time to play golf". As president, the amount of time he spent golfing generated controversy. Despite having frequently criticized his predecessor Barack Obama for having played golf too much as president, Trump golfed 11 times during his first eight weeks in office, when Obama did not golf at all in his first eight weeks. Golf Digest concluded that Obama played 306 rounds of golf over his two terms, which the magazine describes as "...a fairly remarkable amount of golf while in office". Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1,461 days of his presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.

According to CNN, Trump visited Trump-owned golf courses 92 times between becoming president in January 2017 and January 3, 2018, although the White House did not disclose whether he played golf during a visit to a golf course. The White House on some occasions denied that Trump played golf during his visits even after photos published on social media showed him doing so. In November 2018, The Washington Post found that the average number of days between golf rounds was around 5 days for Trump, and around 12–13 days for Obama.

Journalists and ethics experts have alleged that these frequent visits are a means of boosting publicity at the courses to sell more memberships. White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders defended Trump's golfing, saying that his time on the course was spent "developing deeper and better relationships with members of Congress in which those relationships have helped push forward the president's agenda." CNN reported in January 2018 that Trump was known to have played golf with members of Congress only seven times.

Vice President Mike Pence stayed at the Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland in 2019 while meeting with Irish officials in Dublin. Pence was originally going to end his trip in Doonbeg, where he has familial ties, but Trump suggested that he stay at the Trump property instead, which required daily flights of a more than one hour each way.

Trump's involvement in golf came back to prominence owing to the second assassination attempt he was subjected to. On September 15, 2024, during a tour of his course in West Palm Beach, Trump's security detail spotted an armed man positioned behind a fence. They opened fire on the suspect, which fled on a vehicle and was later captured thanks to the contribution of am eyewitness. In the location where the suspect was spotted, the police retrieved an AK-47-style rifle with a scope, two rucksacks and a GoPro.