Deaths in 2024

# Deaths in 2024

## Abstract

The following notable deaths occurred in 2024. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

- Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference.

## September

### 15

- Kostas Karousakis, 81, Greek folk singer.

- Elias Khoury, 76, Lebanese novelist and public intellectual.

- Basil H. Losten, 94, American Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia (1971–1977) and bishop of Stamford (1977–2006).

- Roli Mosimann, 68, Swiss-born American musician and record producer, lung cancer.

- Valentin Samungi, 82, Romanian handballer, Olympic bronze medallist (1972).

### 14

- Berit Ås, 96, Norwegian politician, MP (1973–1977).

- Toshen Bora, 74, Indian footballer (national team).

- Jean-Michel Dupuis, 69, French actor (Little Marcel, Dossier 51, La Boum).

- Brenda Fajardo, 84, Filipino artist and printmaker.

- Sadreddin Hejazi, 76, Iranian actor (The Gun Loaded, Santouri, Doubt).

- Fred Nall Hollis, 76, American artist.

- Zubair Khan, 61, Indian politician, Rajasthan MLA (1990–1998, 2003–2008, since 2023).

- Glenis Levestam, 87, New Zealand actress (Close to Home, City Life, Black Sheep).

- Gheorghe Mulțescu, 72, Romanian football player (Jiul Petroșani, national team) and manager (Dinamo București).

- Kamel Ouejdide, 44, French-Moroccan footballer (Sète 34, Clermont, Boussu Dour Borinage).

- Fernando Puche, 78, Spanish businessman, president of Málaga CF (1997–2001).

- Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, 82, Kuwaiti royal, prime minister (2011–2019) and minister of defense (2001–2011).

- Luca Salvadori, 35, Italian motorcycle racer, race crash.

- Arie van der Veer, 82, Dutch televangelist, chairman of Evangelische Omroep, prostate cancer.

### 13

- Franca Bettoia, 88, Italian actress (A Man of Straw, The Last Man on Earth, Sandokan Against the Leopard of Sarawak).

- Moisés Canelo, 74, Honduran singer-songwriter, stroke.

- Tommy Cash, 84, American country musician (" Six White Horses ").

- Chalmers Davis, 73, American keyboardist (Little Richard, Johnny Cash, The Shooters).

- Wolfgang Gerhardt, 80, German politician, MP (1994–2013).

- Pravin Gordhan, 75, South African politician and anti-apartheid activist, minister of public enterprises (2018–2024) and finance (2009–2014, 2015–2017), twice MNA, cancer.

- Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz, 80, Polish psychiatrist and psychotherapist.

- Lex Marinos, 75, Australian actor (Kingswood Country) and radio presenter (Triple J).

- Mary McFadden, 85, American designer.

- Chalong Pakdeevijit, 93, Thai film director and actor, pulmonary edema.

- Sir George Radda, 88, Hungarian-British chemist, chief executive of MRC (1996–2004).

- Nicola Rotolo, 99, Italian politician, president of Apulia (1975–1978). (death announced on this date)

- Edward James Slattery, 84, American Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Tulsa (1993–2016).

- Milda Vainiutė, 61, Lithuanian legal scholar and politician, minister of justice (2016–2018). (death announced on this date)

- Lois Wilson, 97, Canadian politician and academic administrator, senator (1998–2002), chancellor of Lakehead University (1990–2000).

### 12

- Julius Ansah, 74, Ghanaian jurist, justice of the Supreme Court (2004–2020). (death announced on this date)

- Safeya Binzagr, 84, Saudi painter and museum owner.

- Erasmito Bultrón, 49, Panamanian folk musician, cancer.

- Santi Coch, 64, Spanish football player (Gimnàstic) and manager (Pobla Mafumet).

- Robin Guy, 54, British drummer (Sham 69, All About Eve), cancer.

- Hank, 12–13, American sports mascot dog (Milwaukee Brewers).

- Greg Harden, 75, American life coach and motivational speaker, complications from surgery.

- María Daniela Icaza, Ecuadorian prison director (Litoral Penitentiary), shot.

- Aussie Malcolm, 83, Australian-born New Zealand politician, MP (1975–1984), minister of immigration (1981–1984) and health (1981–1984).

- Graham McNeice, 76, Australian sports broadcaster and documentary filmmaker.

- Wasyl Medwit, 75, Polish-born Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch, auxiliary bishop of Lviv (1994–1996) and Donetsk-Kharkiv (2009–2013).

- Karl Moline, 51, American comic book artist (Fray, Route 666, Loners). (death announced on this date)

- Charles W. Moore, 84, American football player (Tennessee State Tigers) and coach (Bethune–Cookman Wildcats, Langston University).

- Papa Kojak, 68, Jamaican musician.

- Stephen Peat, 44, Canadian ice hockey player (Washington Capitals), injuries sustained in traffic collision.

- Avelino Porto, 88, Argentine lawyer, minister of health (1991) and founder of the University of Belgrano.

- Sitaram Yechury, 72, Indian politician, MP (2005–2017), pneumonia.

### 11

- Gabriel Adekunle Aromolaran, 86, Nigerian traditional ruler, Owa Obokun of Ijesha (since 1982).

- Senaka Batagoda, 66, Sri Lankan singer.

- Kenneth Cope, 93, English actor (Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), Coronation Street, The Damned).

- Alberto Fujimori, 86, Peruvian politician and convicted criminal, president (1990–2000), tongue cancer.

- Ehab Galal, 57, Egyptian football player (Ismaily) and manager (ENPPI, Zamalek), stroke.

- Luca Giurato, 84, Italian journalist and television presenter (Domenica in, Unomattina), heart attack.

- Steve Gregg, 68, American swimmer, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Josef Helbling, 89, Swiss Olympic cyclist (1960).

- Jeong Jae-mun, 87, South Korean political scientist and politician, MP (1985–2004).

- Peter Klashorst, 67, Dutch painter, sculptor, and photographer, lymphoma.

- Galius Kličius, 74, Lithuanian painter, cinematographer, and theatrical designer.

- Kong Xianjing, 72, Chinese engineer and academic administrator, vice president of DLUT (1999–2002) and member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

- Ibsen Martínez, 72, Venezuelan journalist (El Nacional, El Nuevo Herald) and screenwriter (Por Estas Calles), heart attack.

- Graciela Maturo, 96, Argentine poet and academic.

- Chad McQueen, 63, American actor (The Karate Kid, Martial Law, Red Line) and racing driver, organ failure.

- Jean-Henri Meunier, 74, French film director and screenwriter.

- Frank Misson, 85, Australian cricketer (New South Wales, national team).

- Sebastiano Sandro Ravagnani, 67, Italian television author.

- Didier Roustan, 66, French sports journalist (Téléfoot), liver cancer.

- Joe Schmidt, 92, American Hall of Fame football player and coach (Detroit Lions).

- Nikolai Svanidze, 69, Russian television and radio host, brain ischemia.

- Malick Touré, 28, Malian footballer (Club Africain, US Biskra, MO Béjaïa), heart attack.

- Illia Yefimchyk, 36, Belarusian bodybuilder, cardiac arrest.

### 10

- Brian Aldridge, 47, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (2004–2016).

- Tina McElroy Ansa, 74, American novelist and journalist.

- Frankie Beverly, 77, American singer (Maze) and songwriter (" Before I Let Go ", " Back in Stride ").

- Clio Maria Bittoni, 89, Italian lawyer, companion of the president (2006–2015).

- Patrick Bolger, 76, Canadian Olympic wrestler (1968, 1972) and judoka.

- Roberto Chale, 77, Peruvian football player (Universitario, national team) and manager (Universitario).

- Michaela DePrince, 29, Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer.

- Karl Gouder, 45, Maltese politician, MP (2010–2013, 2015–2022).

- Doug Hood, 70, New Zealand record producer (" Pink Frost ", Boodle Boodle Boodle), cancer.

- Anne-José Lemonnier, 66, French poet. (death announced on this date)

- Kevin Long, 69, American football player (South Carolina Gamecocks, New York Jets, Arizona Wranglers).

- Francisco Lopera, 73, Colombian neurologist.

- Abbas Mahfouzi, 96, Iranian Twelver Shi'a marja'.

- Eligio Martínez, 69, Bolivian footballer (The Strongest, national team).

- László Mészáros, 47, Hungarian footballer (Fortuna Sittard). (death announced on this date)

- Maria Politseymako, 86, Russian actress (Success, 100 Days Before the Command, The Parrot Speaking Yiddish).

- Pari Saberi, 92, Iranian theatre director.

- Jim Sasser, 87, American politician, U.S. senator (1977–1995) and ambassador to China (1996–1999).

- Billy Sherrill, 77, American sound engineer (Kenny Rogers, Kenny Chesney).

- Valeriy Slatenko, 77, Ukrainian football coach (Krystal Kherson).

### 9

- Dilli Babu, 50, Indian film producer (Urumeen, Maragadha Naanayam, Ratsasan).

- Jean-Claude Berejnoï, 85, French rugby union player (national team).

- John Cassaday, 52, American comic book artist (Planetary, Astonishing X-Men, Captain America).

- Lila Christoforidou, 84–85, Greek lawyer and politician, MP (1981–1985).

- Shomie Das, 89, Indian educationist.

- Carroll Dawson, 86, American basketball coach and executive (Baylor Bears, Houston Rockets).

- Marcello De Dorigo, 87, Italian Olympic cross-country skier (1960, 1964).

- Jenaro García-Arreciado, 77, Spanish engineer and politician, deputy (1982–1998).

- Cecília Gáspár, 39, Hungarian footballer (TSV Crailsheim, SGS Essen, national team). (death announced on this date)

- James Earl Jones, 93, American actor (Star Wars, Fences, The Lion King), Tony winner (1969, 1987).

- Raja Petra Kamarudin, 73, Malaysian blogger (Malaysia Today).

- Kuniaki Kobayashi, 68, Japanese professional wrestler (NJPW, NWA Hollywood, AJPW), pancreatic cancer.

- Robert Kościelny, 63, Polish engineer and politician, MP (1993–1997).

- Lee Hoi-sang, 83, Hong Kong actor (The 36th Chamber of Shaolin, The Incredible Kung Fu Master, Shaolin and Wu Tang) and martial artist.

- Xavier Oriach, 96, Spanish-French painter and engraver.

- Jacek Rybicki, 65, Polish politician, MP (1997–2001).

- Friedrich Schorlemmer, 80, German theologian and activist (Peaceful Revolution).

- Robert Smoktunowicz, 62, Polish politician, senator (2001–2007).

- Karen Swassjan, 76, Armenian philosopher.

- Jeffrey Titford, 90, British politician, MEP (1999–2009), cancer.

- Caterina Valente, 93, French-Italian singer (" Bongo cha cha cha ").

- Mitchell Wiggins, 64, American basketball player (Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers).

- Ivo Winkler, 84, Czech ice hockey player (HC Slezan Opava, TJ ZKL Brno).

- Alexander Yevstifeyev, 66, Russian politician, senator (2002–2004) and head of Mari El (2017–2022).

### 8

- Allen Aldridge, 52, American football player (Denver Broncos, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans).

- Mauricio Arriaza Chicas, 59, Salvadoran police officer, director of the National Civil Police (since 2019), helicopter crash.

- Valeriy Bassel, 85, Ukrainian actor (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, Fiery Roads, The Trust That Went Bust).

- Toni d'Antonio, 51, Belgian actor (The Barons, Houba! On the Trail of the Marsupilami, Night Call).

- David Dumville, 75, British medievalist and Celtic scholar.

- Ian Froman, 87, South African-born Israeli tennis player.

- Ana Gervasi, 57, Peruvian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs (2022–2023). (body discovered on this date)

- Tarek Ali Hassan, 86, Egyptian composer and endocrinologist.

- Morriss Henry, 92, American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1967–1970) and Senate (1971–1974).

- İlkan Karaman, 34, Turkish basketball player (Fenerbahçe, Tofaş Bursa, national team), traffic collision.

- Ed Kranepool, 79, American baseball player (New York Mets), cardiac arrest.

- Viktor Lyadov, 58, Russian pianist.

- Mara Malavenda, 79, Italian trade unionist and politician, deputy (1996–2001).

- Robert Marcy, 104, French actor.

- Tatsuro Matsumae, 97, Japanese academic and politician, member of the House of Councillors (1977–2001), pneumonia.

- Alexander Maslyakov, 82, Russian television game show host (KVN), lung cancer.

- Henny Moan, 88, Norwegian actress (Nine Lives, Lake of the Dead, O' Horten).

- Zoot Money, 82, English singer and keyboardist (The Animals, Zoot Money's Big Roll Band).

- Puput Novel, 50, Indonesian singer, actress, and presenter, breast cancer.

- Harley Refsal, 79, American woodcarver.

- Peter Renaday, 89, American voice actor (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Transformers, Assassin's Creed).

- Vikas Sethi, 48, Indian actor (Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahiin to Hoga, Kasautii Zindagii Kay), heart attack.

- Emi Shinohara, 61, Japanese voice actress (Sailor Moon, Naruto, Perfect Blue).

- Yves Simoens, 82, Belgian Jesuit priest, Biblist, and academic.

- Chuck Simon, 57, American horse racing trainer and stable owner, cancer.

- Michel Soufflet, 94, French industrialist, chairman of The Soufflet Group (1957–2000).

- Snežana Stameska, 78, Macedonian actress (The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, To the Hilt, The Liberation of Skopje).

- Ben Thapa, 42, English opera singer (G4).

- Tie Liu, 91, Chinese writer and political dissident.

- Robert F. Titus, 97, American air force brigadier general.

- Wu Chien-pao, 73, Taiwanese politician and convicted game fixer, member (1998–2011) and speaker (2002–2010) of the Tainan City Council, esophageal cancer.

### 7

- Fabio Arruda, 54, Brazilian etiquette consultant and television personality (A Fazenda, A Fazenda 9), heart attack.

- James Byrne, 76, Irish fraudster.

- Pierre Consigny, 94, French government official and politician, president of the French Red Cross (1994–1997).

- Darcy, 69, Brazilian footballer (Guarani, Sport Recife, Portuguesa), cancer.

- Max Dauphin, 47, Luxembourgish painter.

- Alan Feinstein, 93, American philanthropist.

- Alfredo Garrido, 91, Spanish music producer and lyricist.

- Jimmy Gilmer, 83, American singer (The Fireballs) and music publisher.

- Michael Guider, 73, Australian convicted paedophile and child killer.

- James Hollcroft, 26, Mexican actor (Como dice el dicho).

- Slavo Kukić, 70, Bosnian sociologist, member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

- Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi, 50, Ugandan politician, MP (since 2021), heart attack.

- James Matthews, 95, South African poet, writer and publisher.

- Ioan Moldovan, 72, Romanian poet and essayist.

- Dan Morgenstern, 94, German-born American music journalist (Jazz Journal, DownBeat) and archivist, eight-time Grammy winner, heart failure.

- Diondre Overton, 26, American football player (Clemson Tigers, Philadelphia Stars, Memphis Showboats), shot.

- Cesare Poli, 79, Italian footballer (Lanerossi Vicenza, Inter Milan, Cagliari).

- Helmi al-Touni, 90, Egyptian visual artist.

- Juozas Žilys, 82, Lithuanian lawyer and judge, member of the constitutional court (1993–1999).

### 6

- Kelly Alexander, 75, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2009).

- Lorenzo Ceresoli, 93, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of Awasa (1993–2009).

- Robert Deslandes, 96, French actor (Family Business).

- Walter G. Ehmer, 58, American businessman, CEO of Waffle House (since 2012).

- Ayşenur Ezgi Eygi, 26, Turkish-born American human rights activist and protester, shot.

- Armand de Fluvià, 92, Spanish genealogist, heraldist and LGBT rights activist, respiratory failure.

- Melina Furman, 49, Argentine educator, popularizer and researcher (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), colon cancer.

- Gustavo García de Paredes, 85, Panamanian educator and politician, rector of the University of Panama (1997–2016), manager of the Colón Free Trade Zone (1981–1982).

- Paul Goldsmith, 98, American racing driver.

- Rebecca Horn, 80, German visual artist and film director (Buster's Bedroom).

- Neil Inall, 91, Australian agronomist, journalist, and television presenter (Always on Sunday).

- Sonia Iovan, 88, Romanian gymnast, Olympic bronze medallist (1956, 1960).

- Will Jennings, 80, American Hall of Fame lyricist (" My Heart Will Go On ", " Tears in Heaven ", " Up Where We Belong "), Oscar winner (1983, 1998), Grammy winner (1993, 1999).

- Alfredo Karam, 99, Brazilian military officer and politician, commander of the navy (1984–1985).

- Charles F. McMillan, 69, American nuclear physicist, director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (2011–2017), traffic collision.

- Cathy Merrick, 62, Canadian First Nations leader, grand chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs (since 2022).

- Mark Moffatt, 74, Australian musician (The Monitors) and record producer (" (I'm) Stranded ", " Treaty "), pancreatic cancer.

- Renato Molinari, 78, Italian powerboat racer.

- Marty Morton, 82, Australian entertainer, cancer.

- Pim de la Parra, 84, Surinamese-Dutch film director (Wan Pipel, Frank en Eva) and film producer (Blue Movie).

- Anatoliy Petritskiy, 92, Russian cinematographer (War and Peace, Mimino, Time and the Conways).

- Alan Rees, 86, British racing driver.

- Gaetano Salvemini, 82, Italian football player and manager (Genoa, Palermo, Empoli).

- Screamin' Scott Simon, 75, American pianist and singer (Sha Na Na), sinus cancer.

- Marie Michele St. Louis, 55, Mauritian Olympic judoka (1996).

- Vladas Terleckas, 84, Lithuanian politician.

- Horst Weigang, 83, German footballer (Lokomotive Leipzig, Rot-Weiß Erfurt), Olympic bronze medallist (1964).

- Ron Yeats, 86, Scottish football player (Liverpool, national team) and manager (Tranmere Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.

### 5

- Manuel Antín, 98, Argentine film director (Don Segundo Sombra, Circe, The Venerable Ones).

- Faisal Basri, 64, Indonesian economist and politician, heart disease.

- Derek Boshier, 87, English pop artist.

- Roy Cape, 82, Trinidadian calypso saxophonist, stroke.

- Rebecca Cheptegei, 33, Ugandan Olympic long-distance runner (2024), burned.

- Peter Eschberg, 88, Austrian actor (Iron Gustav) and theater manager.

- Herbie Flowers, 86, English musician (Blue Mink, T. Rex, Sky).

- Elio Fontana, 83, Italian politician, deputy (1979–1983), senator (1983–1994).

- Martin France, 60, British jazz drummer.

- Radha Charan Gupta, 89, Indian mathematics historian.

- Davy Kiprotich Koech, 73, Kenyan immunologist, founder of KEMRI.

- Mapaputsi, 45, South African musician.

- Sérgio Mendes, 83, Brazilian bossa nova musician (" The Look of Love ", " The Fool on the Hill ", " Never Gonna Let You Go "), Grammy winner (1993), complications from long COVID.

- Werner Nachtigall, 90, German zoologist and biologist.

- Óscar Ponzanelli, 58, Mexican sculptor (Bench of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara).

- Helge Rasche, 33, German football coach, traffic collision.

- Oleksandr Rezanov, 75, Ukrainian handball player, Olympic champion (1976).

- Rich Homie Quan, 33, American rapper (" Type of Way ", " Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh) ", " Ride Out ").

- Jorge Rivera López, 90, Argentine actor (Pobres habrá siempre, La Mary, Proceso a la infamia).

- Earline S. Rogers, 89, American politician, member of the Indiana House of Representatives (1982–1990) and Senate (1990–2016).

- Augusto M. Seabra, 69, Portuguese music and film critic.

- Władysław Słowiński, 94, Polish composer and conductor.

- Laurent Tirard, 57, French film director (Little Nicholas, Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia, Return of the Hero).

- Tsai Kuan-yu, 91, Taiwanese activist and political prisoner.

- Aruna Vasudev, 87, Indian film scholar and critic.

### 4

- Luis Ayala, 91, Chilean tennis player.

- Oswald d'Andréa, 90, French pianist and film composer (Life and Nothing But, Captain Conan).

- Bora Đorđević, 71, Serbian singer-songwriter (Riblja Čorba), pneumonia.

- Colin Fournier, 79, British architect.

- Olavi Heinonen, 85, Finnish judge, president of the Supreme Court (1989–2001).

- Sergey Ivanenko, 65, Russian economist and politician, deputy (1993–2003).

- Céline Orgelle Kentsop, 54, Cameroonian actress, hemorrhagic stroke.

- Mark Loveday, 80, British stockbroker.

- Michael McDonald, 61, American costume designer (Hair).

- Hermes Ramírez, 76, Cuban sprinter, Olympic silver medallist (1968).

- David Rose, 81, English football club secretary (Ipswich Town).

- Jacques Rouchouse, 78, French radio producer and music critic.

- Larry Trader, 61, Canadian ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues, Montreal Canadiens).

- Marc Van den Hoof, 78, Belgian radio presenter, poet and saxophonist.

- Yang Jen-fu, 82, Taiwanese politician, member of the Legislative Yuan (1999–2012).

### 3

- Selva Alemán, 80, Argentine actress (Asesinato en el Senado de la Nación, Count to Ten, Malparida), heart attack.

- María Benítez, 82, American dancer and choreographer.

- Miguel Bermúdez, 80, Argentine actor (Buenos Aires, Summer 1912, The Desire to Live).

- Vladimir Bure, 73, Russian swimmer and ice hockey fitness consultant, Olympic silver medallist (1972), complications from a heart attack.

- Guillermina Cesco, 75, Argentine psychologist.

- John Allen Clements, 101, American physician.

- Kazimierz Działocha, 92, Polish judge and politician, judge of the constitutional tribunal (1985–1993), senator (1995–1997), MP (1997–2001).

- Clive Freeman, 61, English footballer (Swansea City, Altrincham, Doncaster Rovers).

- Göran Fristorp, 76, Swedish singer and songwriter (Malta).

- Ivan Garelov, 81, Bulgarian journalist and television presenter (Nova TV, BTV), complications from traumatic brain injury.

- Guido Carlo Gatti, 86, Italian Olympic basketball player (1968).

- Wayne Graham, 88, American Hall of Fame baseball coach (Rice Owls) and player (Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets).

- Stephan Harding, 70–71, Venezuelan-born British zoologist and ecologist.

- Charley Johnson, 85, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Oilers, Denver Broncos).

- Alberto Jorge, 74, Argentine football player (Racing Club, León) and manager (Toluca).

- Georg Meiring, 84, South African military officer, chief of the Army (1990–1993) and SANDF (1993–1998).

- Mohan Natrajan, 71, Indian actor (Kottai Vaasal, Mahanadhi) and film producer (Kannukkul Nilavu).

- Zdeněk Rylich, 93, Czech basketball player (Czechoslovakia national team).

- Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, 93, Scottish peer, member of the House of Lords (1979–2014).

- Beverley Shore Bennett, 95, New Zealand portrait and stained-glass artist.

- Igor Spassky, 98, Russian nuclear engineer (Delta III, Typhoon and Oscar submarines).

- Gottfried Teubner, 79, German politician, member of the Landtag of Saxony (1990–2009).

- Mike Torode, 83, Guernsey politician, chief minister (2007–2008).

- Jacqueline Winsor, 82, Canadian-born American sculptor, stroke.

- Robert C. Wise, 99, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1965–1974).

### 2

- James B. Allen, 97, American historian.

- Mick Cullen, 93, Scottish footballer (Luton Town, Grimsby Town, national team).

- James Darren, 88, American singer (" Goodbye Cruel World ") and actor (Gidget, T. J. Hooker).

- Wayne Duke, 69, Australian rules footballer (Fitzroy).

- Rodolfo Hernández Suárez, 79, Colombian civil engineer and politician, senator (2022) and mayor of Bucaramanga (2016–2019), complications from cancer surgery.

- H. Jeff Kimble, 75, American physicist and academic.

- Kong Sam Ol, 94, Cambodian politician, MP (since 1993), minister of agriculture (1986–1989) and the Royal Palace (since 1998).

- Zdravko Krstanović, 74, Serbian poet, prose writer, and critic (Slobodna Dalmacija).

- Peter Kubik, 49, Austrian guitarist (Abigor), suicide. (death announced on this date)

- Mihály Kupa, 83, Hungarian politician, minister of finance (1990–1993). (death announced on this date)

- Pat Lewis, 76, American soul singer.

- Sante Marsili, 73, Italian water polo player, Olympic silver medalist (1976).

- Raul Martirez, 86, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of San Jose de Antique (1983–2002), stroke.

- Aleksandr Medved, 86, Belarusian freestyle wrestler, Olympic champion (1964, 1968, 1972).

- Fadhil al-Milani, 80, Iraqi-Iranian academic, author and community leader.

- Bernie Mireault, 63, French-born Canadian comic book artist (The Jam), suicide.

- Pádraic Monaghan, 65, Irish Gaelic footballer (Garrymore, St Jude's, Mayo).

- Manuel Montoya, 64, Spanish handball coach (Romania national team, Iran national team).

- Dumezweni Mthimkhulu, Botswanan politician, MP (since 2019).

- Edgardo Luis Paruzzo, 70, Argentine footballer (Quilmes, Tigre, Almirante Brown).

- Rashad Abu Sakhila, 23, Palestinian actor (Fist of the Free) and poet, airstrike.

- Irina Schabanova, 85, Russian physicist.

- Vladimir Turiyansky, 89, Russian poet and composer.

### 1

- Abel Alonso, 89, Spanish-Chilean shoemaker and football executive (Unión Española), president of the ANFP (1979–1982).

- K. J. Baby, 70, Indian writer. (body discovered on this date)

- Mike Billard, 60, Canadian jazz drummer (Jeff Johnston Trio).

- Bob Blaylock, 89, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals).

- Tim Bowden, 87, Australian historian and television presenter.

- Teresa Bright, 64, American guitarist and ukulele player.

- Tom C. Brown, 91, American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1980–1986).

- Denis Browne, 86, New Zealand Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Rarotonga (1977–1983), Auckland (1983–1994) and Hamilton (1994–2014).

- Jorge Canda, 70–71, Spanish politician, mayor of A Lama (1995–2023), member of the Provincial Deputation of Pontevedra (2015–2017).

- Norman Chui, 73, Hong Kong actor (Vengeful Beauty, Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Hong Kong Godfather), esophageal cancer.

- Linda Deutsch, 80, American journalist (Associated Press), pancreatic cancer.

- Eric Gilliland, 62, American television producer and writer (Roseanne, That '70s Show, My Boys), colon cancer.

- Naftali Hershtik, 77, Hungarian-born Israeli hazzan.

- Danis Katranidis, 75, Greek actor (Vera sto Dexi).

- Budimir Lončar, 100, Croatian diplomat, minister of foreign affairs of Yugoslavia (1987–1991).

- Àngels Martínez Castells, 76, Spanish economist, academic and politician, member of the Parliament of Catalonia (2015–2017).

- Makrand Mehta, 93, Indian historian, dengue.

- Abd al-Rahman al-Milad, Libyan human trafficker, shot.

- Simon "Spike" Mullings, British bass guitarist (The Snapdragons).

- Sergio Rivero, 60, Bolivian footballer (Real Santa Cruz, Oriente Petrolero, national team).

- Irene Ryder, 75, Hong Kong singer.

- Franz Sauerzopf, 92, Austrian judge and politician, member of the Landtag Burgenland (1972–1986).

- John Schultz, 85, Australian Hall of Fame footballer (Footscray).

- Romárico Sotomayor García, 85, Cuban soldier and politician, deputy (2008–2013).

- Evert Svensson, 99, Swedish sociologist and politician, MP (1957–1991).

- Brian Trueman, 92, English broadcaster (Screen Test), writer (Danger Mouse) and voice actor (Count Duckula).

- Ahu Tuğba, 69, Turkish actress (Şeytan, Banker Bilo, Beyaz Ölüm).

- Umesh Upadhyay, 66, Indian media executive (Reliance Industries Limited, Network 18) and writer, fall.

- Dan Voicilă, 85, Romanian sports journalist.

## Previous months

- Deaths in January 2024

- Deaths in February 2024

- Deaths in March 2024

- Deaths in April 2024

- Deaths in May 2024

- Deaths in June 2024

- Deaths in July 2024

- Deaths in August 2024


Washington State Route 903

# Washington State Route 903

## Abstract

State Route 903 (SR 903) is a 10.06-mile-long (16.19 km) state highway located entirely in Kittitas County, Washington, United States. The highway links Lake Cle Elum to Roslyn, Cle Elum and SR 970, which provides access to Interstate 90. The highway has existed as a numbered highway since at least 1939, however a highway linking Lake Cle Elum to Cle Elum has existed since 1897. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) had previously considered turning control of the highway over to Kittitas County, however this never happened, and WSDOT continues to maintain the highway.

## Route description

SR 903 begins at an intersection with SR 970 just north of the Interstate 90 (I-90) / SR 970 interchange, headed westerly into the town of Cle Elum. Before entering Cle Elum, the highway intersects its spur route, SR 903 Spur, which serves as a bypass for travelers on SR 970 who wish to avoid the main interchange of SR 903. The roadway parallels a railroad line before it terminates in South Cle Elum. The highway jogs to the north for a block before turning back west along Second Street, exiting the town and turning northwesterly. SR 903 continues through a roundabout before entering the town of Roslyn. The highway continues through town, turning southwesterly on Nevada Street, before turning back northwesterly at Seventh Street, exiting Roslyn. The highway continues through Ronald before terminating at the boundary of the Wenatchee National Forest, east of Cle Elum Lake. The roadway continues northerly however as Salmon La Sac Road.

The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) measures traffic counts, measured in terms of annual average daily traffic, with as few as 1,100 cars at the northern terminus, and as many as 7,400 cars just past the intersection at Pennsylvania Avenue in Roslyn.

## History

The current highway was numbered Secondary State Highway 2E (SSH 2E) since at least 1939, though maps show a roadway following roughly the same alignment in existence since at least 1897. During the 1964 state highway renumbering, the designation was changed from SSH 2E to SR 903. WSDOT was considering dropping SR 903 from the state highway system and turning over the highway to Kittitas County in 1992; however, the idea was quickly dropped. The roundabout at Bullfrog was first proposed in 2002, and was estimated to cost $1.2 million, paid for by Suncadia Resort. The roundabout opened to traffic sometime between May 7 and July 15, 2005. Completed in August 2007, WSDOT repaved 8.1 mi (13.0 km) of highway between Cle Elum and the National Forest boundary for a cost of $2 million.

## Major intersections

The entire highway is in Kittitas County.

## Spur route

Washington State Route 903 Spur is a 0.33-mile (530 m) long two-lane spur route of SR 903, constructed between 1973 and 1984. The spur route serves as a short connector allowing travelers on SR 970 who wish to continue west towards Cle Elum along SR 903 to bypass the main junction between SR 903 and SR 970 just north of I-90. On average, 3,000 cars-per-day travel over the spur route.


2024–25 SSC Napoli season

# 2024–25 SSC Napoli season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is the 99th season in the history of SSC Napoli, and the club's 18th consecutive season in the Serie A. In addition to the domestic league, the club is participating in the Coppa Italia.

Napoli will not play in any European competition for the first time since the 2009–10 season.

## Summary

On 5 June 2024, Napoli officially completed the appointment of head coach Antonio Conte, who will be in charge of the team for the next three seasons.

## Players

### First-team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

### Other players under contract

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Transfers

## Friendlies

### Pre-season

## Competitions

### Overall record

Last updated: 15 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### Serie A

#### League table

#### Results summary

Last updated: 15 September 2024. Source: Serie A

#### Results by round

#### Matches

The match schedule was released on 4 July 2024.

### Coppa Italia

## Statistics

### Appearances and goals


Magic Classical

# Magic Classical

## Abstract

Magic Classical is a British digital radio station owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK. The station was launched in March 2019 as Scala Radio and broadcasts nationally on DAB Digital Radio, via Smart speaker, app, and online. The station was the first national classical music service to launch on terrestrial radio in the UK since Classic FM in 1992.

The station's playlist features 70% popular classics and 30% new and "surprising" music. Scala also aims for more speech content – or more "storytelling" – than Classic FM or BBC Radio 3.

## History

On 22 December 2018, following the demise of his BBC Radio 2 drivetime show – which had been co-hosted with Jo Whiley since May 2018 – Simon Mayo revealed that "...the new radio show will be announced in January. It will be startling."

A month later, on 21 January 2019, Bauer Radio announced plans to launch a new national classical music service under the name Scala Radio from March, with Mayo having signed up to be one of the lead presenters of the new station. More information about presenters and their shows was confirmed in February 2019.

Scala Radio launched at 10am on 4 March 2019 with Simon Mayo hosting the first live programme. The first track played was the prélude to Carmen Suite No. 1 by Georges Bizet.

Advance weekly listings for Scala Radio were published from launch in Radio Times and the Bauer-owned Total TV Guide. The Radio Times removed listings for BBC Radio 1Xtra and details of news and weather bulletins on Radios 1 and 2 to make space for the new station.

The station launched on Sky on 1 May 2019 on channel 0216 (later moved to channel 0151). It was removed on 14 December 2022, and was replaced by sister station Greatest Hits Radio on the platform.

Changes made to the programming schedule from 2 March 2024 resulted in a presenter-less format for most weekday slots, in response to falling listening figures. The changes also led to the loss of Mark Kermode, Luci Holland, Richard Allinson, Sam Hughes, and Mark Forrest as presenters.

On 16 September 2024, the station name will change to Magic Classical.

## Presenters

The presenters on Scala Radio include a range of radio and television personalities, some of whom have previously presented on other Bauer stations, as well as with competitor stations such as Classic FM. The current presenters with regular shows are:

- YolanDa Brown

- Hannah Cox

- Simon Mayo

- Charles Nove

- Jack Pepper

- Darren Redick

- Penny Smith

- Ayanna Witter-Johnson

### Former presenters

- Gemma Cairney

- DJ Spoony

- Goldie

- Sister Bliss

- William Orbit

- Chris Rogers

- Anthea Turner

- Midge Ure

- Jamie Crick

- Angellica Bell

- Danielle Perry

- Mark Kermode

- Alexis Ffrench

- Luci Holland

- Mark Forrest

- Sam Hughes

- Richard Allinson

## Audience

According to RAJAR data, the station has a weekly reach of 196,000 people as of June 2024.

## Activities

### Album of the Week

Scala Radio recommends an album weekly as their Album of the Week, and conducts relevant give-away activities.


LGBT rights in Africa

# LGBT rights in Africa

## Abstract

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are generally poor in comparison to the Americas, Western Europe and Oceania.

As of June 2024, homosexuality is outlawed in 30 out of the 54 African states recognised by the United Nations or African Union. Human Rights Watch notes that another two countries, Benin and the Central African Republic, do not outlaw homosexuality, but have some laws which discriminate against homosexual individuals. Many of the laws that criminalize homosexuality are colonial-era laws. Most states which have legalised homosexuality do not have legislation specifically protecting homosexuals from discrimination in areas of life such as employment.

Homosexuality has never been criminalised in Benin, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda, and was decriminalised in Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Seychelles and South Africa. However, in six of these countries (Benin, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Republic of the Congo, Niger and Madagascar), the age of consent is higher for same-sex sexual relations than for opposite-sex ones. Namibia was the most recent country in Africa to decriminalize homosexuality.

In November 2006, South Africa became the first country in Africa and the fifth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. In May 2023, the Supreme Court of Namibia ruled foreign same-sex marriages must be recognized equally to heterosexual marriages. LGBT anti-discrimination laws exist in ten African countries: Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, and South Africa.

In some of the countries with criminal punishments for homosexuality, governments have recently been enforcing the law more harshly, and many legislators have recently proposed stricter sentences for same-sex activity. Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023, which allows the death sentence for certain types of consensual same-sex activities, has attracted international attention.

Since 2011, some developed countries have been considering or implementing laws that limit or prohibit general budget support to countries that restrict the rights of LGBT people. In spite of this, many African countries have refused to consider increasing LGBT rights, and in some cases have drafted laws to increase sanctions against LGBT people. Past African leaders such as Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe and Uganda's Yoweri Museveni claimed that LGBT behaviour was brought into the continent from other parts of the world. Nevertheless, most scholarship and research demonstrates that homosexuality has long been a part of various African cultures.

## Overview

In a 2011 UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, state parties were given a chance to express their support, opposition or abstention on the topic. Only Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritius, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, and South Africa expressed their support. A majority of African countries expressed their opposition. State parties that expressed abstention were Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.

In southern Somalia, Somaliland, Mauritania, northern Nigeria, and Uganda, homosexuality results in death penalty. In Sudan, Gambia, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone, offenders can receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts, although the law is not enforced in Sierra Leone. In addition to criminalizing homosexuality, Nigeria has enacted legislation that would make it illegal for heterosexual family members, allies and friends of LGBT people to be supportive. According to Nigerian law, a heterosexual ally "who administers, witnesses, abets or aids" any form of gender non-conforming and homosexual activity could receive a 10-year jail sentence.

The Republic of South Africa has the most liberal attitudes toward gays and lesbians, as the country has legalized same-sex marriage and its Constitution guarantees gay and lesbian rights and protections. South Africa is the only country in Africa where any form of discrimination against the LGBT community is constitutionally forbidden. In 2006, South Africa became the first country in Africa and the fifth in the world to enact same-sex marriage. Discrimination is, however, far rarer in bigger cities, and there are large LGBT communities in cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, East London, Bloemfontein, Nelspruit, Pietermaritzburg, Kimberley and George. South Africa's three largest cities, Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town, are considered fairly accepting of the LGBT community and are promoted as tourist destinations for LGBT people. However, despite legal recognition, social discrimination against South African LGBT people does still occur, particularly in rural areas, where it is fueled by a number of religious figures and traditions. Spanish, Portuguese, British and French territories legalised same-sex marriages.

Travel advisories encourage gay and lesbian travelers to use discretion whilst in Africa to ensure their personal safety, including by avoiding public displays of affection (advice which applies to both homosexual and heterosexual couples). South Africa is generally considered to be the most gay-friendly African country in respect of the legal status of LGBT rights, although other nations such as Namibia, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Seychelles, Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Rwanda are also frequently regarded as being very socially tolerant and accepting of LGBT rights.

## History of male homosexuality in Africa

### Ancient history

#### Egypt

It remains unclear what view the ancient Egyptians fostered about homosexuality. Any document and literature that actually contains sexually oriented stories never names the nature of the sexual deeds but instead uses stilted and flowery paraphrases. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. No ancient Egyptian document mentions that homosexual acts were set under penalty. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic.

The best-known case of possible homosexuality in ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of their own with children and wives, but when they died their families apparently decided to bury them together in one and the same mastaba tomb. In this mastaba, several paintings depict both men embracing each other and touching their faces nose-on-nose. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in ancient Egypt the nose-on-nose touching normally represented a kiss.

Egyptologists and historians disagree about how to interpret the paintings of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep. Some scholars believe that the paintings reflect an example of homosexuality between two married men and prove that the ancient Egyptians accepted same-sex relationships. Other scholars disagree and interpret the scenes as an evidence that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep were twins, even possibly conjoined twins. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death.

The Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD is said to have exterminated a large number of "effeminate priests" based in Alexandria.

### Modern history

#### North Africa

North Africa contained some of the most visible and well-documented traditions of homosexuality in the world – particularly during the period of Mamluk rule. Arabic poetry emerging from cosmopolitan and literate societies frequently described the pleasures of pederastic relationships. There are accounts of Christian boys being sent from Europe to become sex workers in Egypt. In Cairo, cross-dressing men called " khawal " would entertain audiences with song and dance (potentially of pre-Islamic origin).

The Siwa Oasis in Egypt was described by several early twentieth century travellers as a place where same-sex sexual relationships were quite common. A group of warriors in this area were known for paying reverse dowries to younger men; a practice that was outlawed in the 1940s.

Siegfried Frederick Nadel wrote about the Nuba tribes in Sudan the late 1930s. He noted that among the Otoro, a special transvestitic role existed whereby men dressed and lived as women. Transvestitic homosexuality also existed amongst the Moru, Nyima, and Tira people, and reported marriages of Korongo londo and Mesakin tubele for the bride price of one goat. In the Korongo and Mesakin tribes, Nadel reported a common reluctance among men to abandon the pleasure of all-male camp life for the fetters of permanent settlement.

#### East Africa

Gender-nonconforming and homosexuality has been reported in a number of East African societies. In pre-colonial East Africa there have been examples of male priests in traditional religions dressing as women. British social anthropologist Rodney Needham has described such a religious leadership role called "mugawe" among the Meru people and of Kenya, which included wearing women's clothes and hairstyle. Mugawe are frequently homosexual, and sometimes are formally married to a man.

A similar role is played by some men within the Swahili-speaking Mashoga —who often take on women's names and cook and clean for their husbands.

##### Ethiopia

In Ethiopian history, the recognition of same-sex activity is generally obscure, which means little evidence left for scholarly research. However, The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in Ethiopian literature. In the country’s Constitution's Article 629, same-sex activity is criminalized with up to 15 years to life imprisonment.

According to the Pew Research Center in 2007, 97% of Ethiopians said that homosexuality is a way of life that society should not accept, marking the highest level of rejection after Mali. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church plays a significant role in maintaining society’s opinion against homosexuality, and some members form anti-gay movements. One of them is "Zim Anlem" founded by Dereje Negash, who is strongly affiliated with the Church.

Among the Maale people of southern Ethiopia, historian Donald Donham documented "a small minority crossed over to feminine roles. Called "ashtime", these (biological) males dressed like women, performed female tasks, cared for their own houses, and apparently had sexual relations with men". They were also protected by the king.

##### Uganda

Similarly to neighbouring Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi, male homosexual relations were acknowledged and tolerated in precolonial Ugandan society. Among the Baganda, Uganda's largest ethnic group, homosexuality was usually treated with indifference. The Luganda term abasiyazi refers to homosexuals, though usage nowadays is commonly pejorative. Among the Lango people, mudoko dako individuals were believed to form a " third gender " alongside male and female. The mudoko dako were effeminate men, mostly treated by Langi society as women and could marry other men without social sanctions. Homosexuality was also acknowledged among the Teso, Bahima, Banyoro, and Karamojong peoples. Societal acceptance eroded after the arrival of the British and the creation of the Protectorate of Uganda.

##### Kenya

Swedish anthropologist Felix Bryk reported active (i.e., insertive), and also mentioned "homo-erotic bachelors" among the pastoralist Nandi and Maragoli (Wanga). The Nandi as well as the Maasai would sometimes cross-dress as women during initiation ceremonies.

#### West Africa

The Dagaaba people, who lived in Burkina Faso, believed that homosexual men were able to mediate between the spirit and human worlds. They also believed that gender was based on the energy of a person rather than that of anatomy.

#### Southern Africa

Writing in the 19th century about the area of today's southwestern Zimbabwe, David Livingstone asserted that the monopolization of women by elderly chiefs was essentially responsible for the "immorality" practised by younger men. Edwin W. Smith and A. Murray Dale mention one Ila-speaking man who dressed as a woman, did women's work, lived and slept among, but not with, women. The Ila label "mwaami" they translated as "prophet". They also mentioned that pederasty was not rare, "but was considered dangerous because of the risk that the boy will become pregnant".

Marc Epprecht's review of 250 court cases from 1892 to 1923 found cases from the beginnings of the records. The five 1892 cases all involved black Africans. A defense offered was that "sodomy" was part of local "custom". In one case a chief was summoned to testify about customary penalties and reported that the penalty was a fine of one cow, which was less than the penalty for adultery. Over the entire period, Epprecht found the balance of black and white defendants proportional to that in the population. He notes, however, only what came to the attention of the courts—most consensual relations in private did not necessarily provoke notice. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other.

#### Malawi

Demone talks about how Malawi culture does not value homosexuality as something acceptable in their culture. British Colonial rule included laws against homosexuality, which influenced later government policies. Although Malawi gained its independence from Britain in 1964, Malawi officials kept their anti-homosexuality laws enforced.

In 2010, there was a case in Malawi about a man named Steven Monjeza Soko and a transgender woman, named Tiwonge Chimbalanga Kachepa, who had an engagement ceremony, were caught by the Malawi Police and charged. The court denied bail and sentenced both Soko and Kachepa to prison. The court did not have evidence of sexual activity and based the sentence on the grounds that Soko and Kachepa had the ceremony.

In Malawi prisons, there is documented homosexual behavior. During 1980s and early 1990s, President Hasting Kamuzu Banda ignored the massive rise in of HIV/AIDS. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Malawians became increasingly educated on HIV/AIDS, but they associated it with homosexual behavior.

#### Morocco

Nicholas Hersh reports how in Morocco, LGBTQ asylum-seekers and refugees fear for their lives due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. Queer Moroccan Refugees experience social discrimination, violence including rape and imprisonment. Queer Moroccan Refugees who have been outed in their communities may experience poverty and may resort to sex in exchange for housing.

## Public opinion

### Views of African leaders on homosexuality

The former president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, was uncompromising in his opposition to LGBT rights in Zimbabwe. In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found Canaan Banana, Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault. Mugabe has previously referred to LGBT people as being "worse than dogs and pigs".

In the Gambia, former President Yahya Jammeh led the call for legislation that would set laws against homosexuals that would be "stricter than those in Iran ", and that he would "cut off the head" of any gay or lesbian person discovered in the country. News reports indicated his government intended to execute all homosexuals in the country. In the speech given in Tallinding, Jammeh gave a "final ultimatum" to any gays or lesbians in the Gambia to leave the country. In a speech to the United Nations on 27 September 2013, Jammeh said that "omosexuality in all its forms and manifestations which, though very evil, antihuman as well as anti-Allah, is being promoted as a human right by some powers", and that those who do so "want to put an end to human existence". In 2014, Jammeh called homosexuals "vermins" by saying that "We will fight these vermins called homosexuals or gays the same way we are fighting malaria-causing mosquitoes, if not more aggressively". He also went on to disparage LGBT people by saying that "As far as I am concerned, LGBT can only stand for Leprosy, Gonorrhoea, Bacteria and Tuberculosis; all of which are detrimental to human existence". In 2015, in defiance of western criticism Jammeh intensified his anti-gay rhetoric, telling a crowd during an agricultural tour: "If you do it I will slit your throat—if you are a man and want to marry another man in this country and we catch you, no one will ever set eyes on you again, and no white person can do anything about it."

In Uganda there were recent efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality until March 22, 2023, where gay sex is punishable by the death penalty or life imprisonment. British newspaper The Guardian reported that President Yoweri Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will. In a 2014 interview with CNN, Museveni described homosexuals as "disgusting", saying that their acts are "unnatural" and that he would be able to ignore them if it was proven that " is born that way". He also said that he had appointed a group of scientists in Uganda to determine if homosexuality was a learned orientation. This led to widespread criticism from the scientific community, with an academic of the National Institutes of Health calling on his Ugandan counterparts to reconsider their findings. And as of March 22, 2023, Uganda passed the Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023 to make it illegal to identify as LGBT and made it punishable with life imprisonment, and imposes the death penalty for aggravated gay sex.

Abune Paulos, the late Patriarch of the ancient Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which has a very strong influence in Christian Ethiopia, stated homosexuality is an animal-like behavior that must be punished.

Chad in 2017 passed a law criminalizing sodomy. Previously, the country never had any laws against consensual same-sex activity. Conversely, some African states like Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Seychelles have abolished sodomy laws in the 21st century. Legalization is proposed in some African states like Eswatini, Liberia, Kenya, Malawi, Togo, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Gabon passed a law criminalizing sodomy in 2019 and reversed its decision by once again decriminalizing homosexuality a year later in 2020.

### Marriage

### Adoption


Naft Al-Basra SC

# Naft Al-Basra SC

## Abstract

Naft Al-Basra SC (Arabic: نادي نفط البصرة الرياضي, lit. ' Basra Oil Sports Club ') is a professional football club based in Al-Tamimia District, Basra, Iraq, that plays in Iraq Stars League.

## History

### Name changes

The club was founded on 27 November 1979 as "Naft Al-Junoob", before changing to the name "Al-Rumaila" on 6 March 1990, and returned to the name "Naft Al-Junoob" on 20 April 2003, the club played in Iraqi Premier League at the 2004–05 season for the first time.

On October 23, 2020, the club's management, which was elected a few days prior, decided to change the name of the club from "Naft Al-Junoob" to "Naft Al-Basra" and officially announced this, as they changed the logo.

## Rivalries

Naft Al-Basra contest the Basra Derby with Al-Mina'a. Since 2005, there have been 29 competitive Basra Derbies. Al-Mina'a hold the precedence in these matches, with 10 victories to Naft Al-Basra's 7; there have been 12 draws. The most decisive result in an Al-Mina'a–Naft Al-Basra game is Al-Mina'a's 4–1 victory at Al Mina'a Stadium, their home ground, on March 11, 2005. There have been two incidences of 3–1, Al-Minaa have been won in both matches; home in December 2005, and away in January 2006. The competition saw 54 goals scored, 30 for Al-Mina'a and 24 for Naft Al-Basra; the individual player who scored the most goals was Al-Mina'a player Ihsan Hadi and Naft Al-Basra player Bassim Ali, each scored four goals. And there are five players who scored for both teams, they are Alaa Aasi, Nasser Talla Dahilan, Ahmed Hassan, Sajjad Abdul Kadhim and Hussam Malik.

## Current squad

### First-team squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

## Personnel

### Current technical staff

Updated to match played 29 July 2019 Source: almirbad.com

### Board members

Updated to match played 15 October 2020 Source: Alforatnews.com

## Managerial history

- Hassan Mawla (2004–2005)

- Abdul Karim Jassim (2005–2006)

- Abdul Razzaq Ahmed (2006–2007)

- Aqeel Hato (2007–2009)

- Asaad Abdul Razzaq (2009–2010)

- Abdul Karim Jassim (2010–2011)

- Hameed Salman (2011–2012)

- Adel Nasser (2012–2014)

- Emad Aoda (2014–2015)

- Hassan Mawla (2015–2016)

- Ali Wahab (2016–2017)

- Adel Nasser (2017–2019)

- Ammar Hussein (2019–2021)

- Salim Nayrouz (2021)

- Emad Aoda (2021–)

## Records

### All-time top goalscorers

- Players in bold are still available for selection.

## Honours

- Oil Minister's Cup Winners (1): 2010

- Winners (1): 2010

- Thaghr al-Iraq Championship Runners-up (1): 2009

- Runners-up (1): 2009

## Other games

### Handball

The Naft Al-Basra handball team won the Iraqi Handball League title at 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. The team also participated in Asian Club League Handball Championship and Arab Handball Championship of Champions as a representative of Iraq.


2024–25 SSC Napoli season


Oglethorpe County, Georgia

# Oglethorpe County, Georgia

## Abstract

Oglethorpe County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,825. The county seat is Lexington.

Oglethorpe County is included in the Athens-Clarke County, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Atlanta -Athens-Clarke County- Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area. It is the largest county in Northeast Georgia.

## History

Oglethorpe County was originally part of a large tract of land surrendered by Creek and Cherokee Native Americans to the Colony of Georgia in the treaty of 1773. The county itself was founded on December 19, 1793, and is named for Georgia's founder, General James Oglethorpe.

On September 10, 1919, Obe Cox was accused of murdering a White farmer's wife. He was seized by a White mob taken to the scene of the crime, his body riddled with bullets and burned at the stake. Several thousand persons witnessed the scene. The lynching was controversial as the local black community "thanked" the mob for just killing Cox and not attacking their community. After an investigation the black media of the time reported that the blacks who wrote the letter thanking the lynching "do not stand for much in the town and are excused for their utter ignorance in condoning."

See reference "The Lynching Project:Oglethorpe County"

## Controversy

In June of 2018, Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Office came under protest after a controversial hire was made of former Athens-Clarke County Police Officer Tyler Saulters. Saulters, who was fired from ACCPD, was involved in a controversial use of deadly force with his vehicle, striking a fleeing misdemeanor suspect while attempting to apprehend him in Athens, GA. Protestors were upset that Oglethorpe County Sheriff, David Gabriel, defended the hire and the use of force by the former ACCPD officer.

In April of 2021, Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Deputy Michael Davis was arrested and charged by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation for two counts of aggravated assault. The arrest stemmed from an on-duty use-of-force, in Clarke County. Davis struck a vehicle he had already performed a traffic stop on. After striking the vehicle, Davis discharged his duty weapon at the vehicle. When the vehicle fled from the unprovoked and unjustified shooting by the Deputy, the deputy pursued and involved officers from the Athens-Clarke County Police Department. ACCPD requested an investigation by the GBI, which is standard in most officer involved shootings in Georgia.

In August of 2024, YouTuber DG Hamblin, produced interviews with a former Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Deputy about his experiences as a police officer. During the interviews excessive use of force by a Sheriff's commander and failure to report that use of force was discussed as well as Sheriff's commanders' interactions with the controversial Poulan Police Department.

On August 29, 2024, Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Deputies engaged in a pursuit with a motorcycle for a minor traffic violation (missing registration plate) inside Oglethorpe County. During the pursuit, speeds reached 100 mph (160 km/h). According to the Oglethorpe County Sheriff's Office, the Deputy pursuing the motorcycle called the chase off inside Clarke County but continued to follow the motorcycle. The motorcyclist was involved in a collision with another vehicle at the intersection of Lexington Road and Woodgrove Road in Clarke County. The motorcyclist died on scene, according to the Georgia State Patrol, who investigated the collision and pursuit that led up to the fatal collision.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 442 square miles (1,140 km), of which 439 square miles (1,140 km) is land and 3.0 square miles (7.8 km) (0.7%) is water. The county is located in the Piedmont region of the state.

The majority of Oglethorpe County is located in the Broad River sub-basin of the Savannah River basin. A narrow western portion of the county, in a line from just north of Woodville, through Crawford, to just south of Winterville, is located in the Upper Oconee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin. A small part of the southern portion of the county, from Maxeys east, is located in the Little River sub-basin of the Savannah River basin.

### River

- Broad River

### Adjacent counties

- Elbert County (northeast)

- Wilkes County (east)

- Taliaferro County (southeast)

- Greene County (south)

- Oconee County (west)

- Clarke County (west)

- Madison County (north)

### National protected area

- Oconee National Forest (part)

- Watson Mill Bridge State Park (part)

## Communities

### Cities

- Arnoldsville

- Crawford

- Lexington

### Towns

- Maxeys

### Unincorporated communities

- Philomath

- Point Peter

- Sandy Cross

- Stephens

- Vesta

## Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,825 people, 5,651 households, and 3,711 families residing in the county.

## Recreation

- White Water Rafting on the Broad and South Fork Broad Rivers

- ATV and Motor Bike Park

- Sportsman Hunting: Seasonal Whitetail Deer, Turkey and Rabbit

Historic Districts and Heritage Research,Antique Stores in Historic Lexington,Agriculture and Agritourism as well as Oglethorpe Fresh Produce

In 2016, the Oglethorpe County Recreation Department was named both the District 7 and State Agency of the Year for populations under 20,000 through the Georgia Recreation and Park Association.

## Transportation

### Major highways

- U.S. Route 78

- State Route 10

- State Route 22

- State Route 77

### Pedestrians and cycling

The county has limited walkability options available.

## Notable people

- Nathan Crawford Barnett, member of the Georgia House of Representatives and Georgia Secretary of State for more than 30 years. Raised in Lexington, and educated at the Lexington Academy

- William H. Crawford (1772–1834) - U.S. Minister to France, U.S. Secretary of War, and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

- George R. Gilmer (1790–1859) - Twice Governor

- Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) - leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

- Wilson Lumpkin (1783–1870) - Governor

- Joseph H. Lumpkin (1799–1867) First Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court and co-founder of the Lumpkin Law School

- George Mathews (1739–1812) - Revolutionary hero and twice Governor

- Kenny Rogers - Country music performer


Wireless Application Protocol

# Wireless Application Protocol

## Abstract

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a now obsolete technical standard for accessing information over a mobile cellular network. Introduced in 1999, WAP allowed at launch users with compatible mobile devices to browse content such as news, weather and sports scores provided by mobile network operators, specially designed for the limited capabilities of a mobile device. The Japanese i-mode system offered another major competing wireless data standard.

Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Web applications. Although hyped at launch, WAP suffered from much criticism. However the introduction of GPRS networks, offering a faster speed, led to an improvement in the WAP experience. WAP content was accessed using a WAP browser, which is like a standard web browser but designed for reading pages specific for WAP, instead of HTML. By the 2010s it had been largely superseded by more modern standards such as XHTML. Modern phones have proper Web browsers, so they do not need WAP markup for compatibility, and therefore, most are no longer able to render and display pages written in WML, WAP's markup language.

## Technical specifications

### WAP stack

The WAP standard described a protocol suite or stack allowing the interoperability of WAP equipment and software with different network technologies, such as GSM and IS-95 (also known as CDMA).

The bottom-most protocol in the suite, the Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), functions as an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16-bit port numbers (origin and destination). All the upper layers view WDP as one and the same protocol, which has several "technical realizations" on top of other "data bearers" such as SMS, USSD, etc. On native IP bearers such as GPRS, UMTS packet-radio service, or PPP on top of a circuit-switched data connection, WDP is in fact exactly UDP.

WTLS, an optional layer, provides a public-key cryptography -based security mechanism similar to TLS.

WTP provides transaction support adapted to the wireless world. It provides for transmitting messages reliably, similarly to TCP. However WTP is more effective than TCP when packets are lost, a common occurrence with 2G wireless technologies in most radio conditions. WTP does not misinterpret the packet loss as network congestion, unlike TCP.

WAP sites are written in WML, a markup language. WAP provides content in the form of decks, which have several cards: decks are similar to HTML web pages as they are the unit of data transmission used by WAP and each have their own unique URL, and cards are elements such as text or buttons which can be seen by a user. WAP has URLs which can be typed into an address bar which is similar to URLs in HTTP. Relative URLs in WAP are used for navigating within a deck, and Absolute URLs in WAP are used for navigating between decks. WAP was designed to operate in bandwidth-constrained networks by using data compression before transmitting data to users.

This protocol suite allows a terminal to transmit requests that have an HTTP or HTTPS equivalent to a WAP gateway; the gateway translates requests into plain HTTP. WAP decks are delivered through a proxy which checks decks for WML syntax correctness and consistency, which improves the user experience in resource-constrained mobile phones. WAP cannot guarantee how content will appear on a screen, because WAP elements are treated as hints to accommodate the capabilities of each mobile device. For example some mobile phones do not support graphics/images or italics.

The Wireless Application Environment (WAE) space defines application-specific markup languages.

For WAP version 1.X, the primary language of the WAE is Wireless Markup Language (WML). In WAP 2.0, the primary markup language is XHTML Mobile Profile.

### WAP Push

WAP Push was incorporated into the specification to allow the WAP content to be pushed to the mobile handset with minimal user intervention. A WAP Push is basically a specially encoded message which includes a link to a WAP address.

WAP Push was specified on top of Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP); as such, it can be delivered over any WDP-supported bearer, such as GPRS or SMS. Most GSM networks have a wide range of modified processors, but GPRS activation from the network is not generally supported, so WAP Push messages have to be delivered on top of the SMS bearer.

On receiving a WAP Push, a WAP 1.2 (or later) -enabled handset will automatically give the user the option to access the WAP content. This is also known as WAP Push SI (Service Indication). A variant, known as WAP Push SL (Service Loading), directly opens the browser to display the WAP content, without user interaction. Since this behaviour raises security concerns, some handsets handle WAP Push SL messages in the same way as SI, by providing user interaction.

The network entity that processes WAP Pushes and delivers them over an IP or SMS Bearer is known as a Push Proxy Gateway (PPG).

### WAP 2.0

A re-engineered 2.0 version was released in 2002. It uses a cut-down version of XHTML with end-to-end HTTP, dropping the gateway and custom protocol suite used to communicate with it. A WAP gateway can be used in conjunction with WAP 2.0; however, in this scenario, it is used as a standard proxy server. The WAP gateway's role would then shift from one of translation to adding additional information to each request. This would be configured by the operator and could include telephone numbers, location, billing information, and handset information.

Mobile devices process XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP), the markup language defined in WAP 2.0. It is a subset of XHTML and a superset of XHTML Basic. A version of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) called WAP CSS is supported by XHTML MP.

### MMS

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a combination of WAP and SMS allowing for sending of picture messages.

## History

The WAP Forum was founded in 1998 by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet. It aimed primarily to bring together the various wireless technologies in a standardised protocol. In 2002, the WAP Forum was consolidated (along with many other forums of the industry) into Open Mobile Alliance (OMA).

### Europe

The first company to launch a WAP site was Dutch mobile phone operator Telfort BV in October 1999. The site was developed as a side project by Christopher Bee and Euan McLeod and launched with the debut of the Nokia 7110. Marketers hyped WAP at the time of its introduction, leading users to expect WAP to have the performance of fixed (non-mobile) Internet access. BT Cellnet, one of the UK telecoms, ran an advertising campaign depicting a cartoon WAP user surfing through a Neuromancer -like "information space". In terms of speed, ease of use, appearance and interoperability, the reality fell far short of expectations when the first handsets became available in 1999. This led to the wide usage of sardonic phrases such as "Worthless Application Protocol", "Wait And Pay", and WAPlash.

Between 2003 and 2004 WAP made a stronger resurgence with the introduction of wireless services (such as Vodafone Live!, T-Mobile T-Zones and other easily accessible services). Operator revenues were generated by transfer of GPRS and UMTS data, which is a different business model than used by the traditional Web sites and ISPs. According to the Mobile Data Association, WAP traffic in the UK doubled from 2003 to 2004.

By the year 2013, WAP use had largely disappeared. Most major companies and websites have since retired from the use of WAP and it has not been a mainstream technology for web on mobile for a number of years.

Most modern handset internet browsers now support full HTML, CSS, and most of JavaScript, and do not need to use any kind of WAP markup for webpage compatibility. The list of handsets supporting HTML is extensive, and includes all Android handsets, all versions of the iPhone handset, all Blackberry devices, all devices running Windows Phone, and many Nokia handsets.

### Asia

WAP saw major success in Japan. While the largest operator NTT DoCoMo did not use WAP in favor of its in-house system i-mode, rival operators KDDI (au) and SoftBank Mobile (previously Vodafone Japan) both successfully deployed WAP technology. In particular, (au)'s chakuuta or chakumovie (ringtone song or ringtone movie) services were based on WAP. Like in Europe, WAP and i-mode usage declined in the 2010s as HTML-capable smartphones became popular in Japan.

### United States

Adoption of WAP in the US suffered because many cell phone providers required separate activation and additional fees for data support, and also because telecommunications companies sought to limit data access to only approved data providers operating under license of the signal carrier.

In recognition of the problem, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued an order on 31 July 2007 which mandated that licensees of the 22-megahertz wide "Upper 700 MHz C Block" spectrum would have to implement a wireless platform which allows customers, device manufacturers, third-party application developers, and others to use any device or application of their choice when operating on this particular licensed network band.

## Criticism

Commentators criticized several aspects of Wireless Markup Language (WML) and WAP. Technical criticisms include:

- The idiosyncratic WML language: WML cut users off from the conventional HTML Web, leaving only native WAP content and Web-to-WAP proxi-content available to WAP users. However, others argue that technology at that stage would simply not have been able to give access to anything but custom-designed content which was the sole purpose of WAP and its simple, reduced complexity interface as the citizens of many nations are not connected to the web at the present time and have to use government funded and controlled portals to WAP and similar non-complex services.

- Under-specification of terminal requirements: The early WAP standards included many optional features and under-specified requirements, which meant that compliant devices would not necessarily interoperate properly. This resulted in great variability in the actual behavior of phones, principally because WAP-service implementers and mobile-phone manufacturers did not obtain a copy of the standards or the correct hardware and the standard software modules. As an example, some phone models would not accept a page more than 1 Kb in size, and some would even crash. The user interface of devices was also underspecified: as an example, accesskeys (e.g., the ability to press '4' to access directly the fourth link in a list) were variously implemented depending on phone models (sometimes with the accesskey number automatically displayed by the browser next to the link, sometimes without it, and sometimes accesskeys were not implemented at all).

- Constrained user interface capabilities: Terminals with small black-and-white screens and few buttons, like the early WAP terminals, face difficulties in presenting a lot of information to their user, which compounded the other problems: one would have had to be extra careful in designing the user interface on such a resource-constrained device which was the real concept of WAP.

- Lack of good authoring tools: The problems above might have succumbed in the face of a WML authoring tool that would have allowed content providers to easily publish content that would interoperate flawlessly with many models, adapting the pages presented to the User-Agent type. However, the development kits which existed did not provide such a general capability. Developing for the web was easy: with a text editor and a web browser, anybody could get started, thanks also to the forgiving nature of most desktop browser rendering engines. By contrast, the stringent requirements of the WML specifications, the variability in terminals, and the demands of testing on various wireless terminals, along with the lack of widely available desktop authoring and emulation tools, considerably lengthened the time required to complete most projects. As of 2009, however, with many mobile devices supporting XHTML, and programs such as Adobe Go Live and Dreamweaver offering improved web-authoring tools, it is becoming easier to create content, accessible by many new devices.

- Lack of user agent profiling tools: It quickly became nearly impossible for web hosts to determine if a request came from a mobile device, or from a larger more capable device. No useful profiling or database of device capabilities were built into the specifications in the unauthorized non-compliant products.

Other criticisms address the wireless carriers' particular implementations of WAP:

- Neglect of content providers: Some wireless carriers had assumed a "build it and they will come" strategy, meaning that they would just provide the transport of data as well as the terminals, and then wait for content providers to publish their services on the Internet and make their investment in WAP useful. However, content providers received little help or incentive to go through the complicated route of development. Others, notably in Japan (cf. below), had a more thorough dialogue with their content-provider community, which was then replicated in modern, more successful WAP services such as i-mode in Japan or the Gallery service in France.

- Lack of openness: Many wireless carriers sold their WAP services as "open", in that they allowed users to reach any service expressed in WML and published on the Internet. However, they also made sure that the first page that clients accessed was their own "wireless portal", which they controlled very closely. Some carriers also turned off editing or accessing the address bar in the device's browser. To facilitate users wanting to go off deck, an address bar on a form on a page linked off the hard coded home page was provided. It makes it easier for carriers to implement filtering of off deck WML sites by URLs or to disable the address bar in the future if the carrier decides to switch all users to a walled garden model. Given the difficulty in typing up fully qualified URLs on a phone keyboard, most users would give up going "off portal" or out of the walled garden; by not letting third parties put their own entries on the operators' wireless portal, some contend that operators cut themselves off from a valuable opportunity. On the other hand, some operators argue that their customers would have wanted them to manage the experience and, on such a constrained device, avoid giving access to too many services.

## Protocol design lessons from WAP

The original WAP model provided a simple platform for access to web-like WML services and e-mail using mobile phones in Europe and the SE Asian regions. In 2009 it continued to have a considerable user base. The later versions of WAP, primarily targeting the United States market, were designed by Daniel Tilden of Bell Labs for a different requirement - to enable full web XHTML access using mobile devices with a higher specification and cost, and with a higher degree of software complexity.

Considerable discussion has addressed the question whether the WAP protocol design was appropriate.

The initial design of WAP specifically aimed at protocol independence across a range of different protocols (SMS, IP over PPP over a circuit switched bearer, IP over GPRS, etc.). This has led to a protocol considerably more complex than an approach directly over IP might have caused.

Most controversial, especially for many from the IP side, was the design of WAP over IP. WAP's transmission layer protocol, WTP, uses its own retransmission mechanisms over UDP to attempt to solve the problem of the inadequacy of TCP over high-packet-loss networks.


Virgin Radio UK

# Virgin Radio UK

## Abstract

Virgin Radio UK is a national Hot Adult Contemporary radio station in the United Kingdom that launched on 30 March 2016, owned by News Broadcasting which is itself a subsidiary of News Corp. It is the second incarnation of Virgin Radio in the UK: the original station launched in 1993 before being rebranded as Absolute Radio in 2008.

As of September 2023, the station has a weekly audience of 1.4 million listeners according to RAJAR.

## History

The station launched at 11:00 on 30 March 2016 on a Virgin Trains service from Manchester to London by Edith Bowman and Matt Richardson and the first song played was a live cover version of David Bowie 's song " Changes " by Gavin James.

At launch, Virgin Radio UK broadcast to about 75% (now 83%) of the UK population via the Sound Digital DAB ensemble, and also broadcasts via online streaming to computers, mobile device applications and internet radios. It can be received outside the UK via the mobile app and website.

The broadcasts are presented live from 04:00 to 22:00 with overnight shows being automated. The playlist is varied focusing mainly on pop music ranging from the 80's through to current day.

On 3 September 2018, Chris Evans announced that from January 2019 he would be moving to Virgin Radio after 13 years of broadcasting on BBC Radio 2. He launched his new breakfast show on 21 January 2019.

On 7 January 2019, Virgin Radio joined the Sky and Freesat satellite platforms.

In January 2021 Graham Norton started a weekend show after 10 years at Radio 2. As with Chris Evans' show, it is distinguished by not having advertisements due to being wholly sponsored. Norton announced suddenly he’d leave the station on 24th Feb 2024, with his last show the following day on Sunday 25th Feb.

## Sister stations

Wireless launched two new Virgin-branded DAB+ spin-off stations on 21 December 2018. Virgin Radio Anthems plays guitar-based classics from the 1980s and 1990s. Virgin Radio Chilled features acoustic singer-songwriters and is designed to unwind and relax. Both stations broadcast The Chris Evans Breakfast Show. When Virgin Anthems launched in December 2018, the station changed its slogan to "The Chris Evans Breakfast Show and Classic Tracks".

On 30 December 2019, Virgin Radio UK launched a third digital spin-off station – Virgin Radio Groove – on DAB+. It consisted of motown, soul and disco music and broadcasts The Chris Evans Breakfast Show at breakfast. The station closed in 2022.

In June 2021 a temporary station launched for the LGBTQ+ community, Virgin Radio Pride; It featured many different programmes and documentaries presented by a wide variety of presenters. Virgin Radio Pride returned for a second run during summer 2022.

On 1 September 2022, the sister station Virgin Radio 80s Plus was launched, which plays the artists of the 1980s, plus the best music from the late 1970s and early 1990s. Virgin Radio 80s Plus can be heard online, on smart speakers across the UK and on DAB in Greater London and the Central Belt of Scotland. It replaces Virgin Radio Pride on DAB radio.

## Presenters

### Current presenters

### Former presenters


2024 national electoral calendar

# 2024 national electoral calendar

## Abstract

This national electoral calendar for 2024 lists the national/ federal elections held, and scheduled to be held, in 2024 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded, though national referendums are included. Specific dates are given where these are known.

2024 has been dubbed the biggest election year in history.

## January

- 7 January: Bangladesh, Parliament

- 9 January: Bhutan, National Assembly (2nd round)

- 11 January: Sint Maarten, Parliament

- 13 January: Taiwan, President and Parliament

- 14 January: Comoros, President

- 21 January: Liechtenstein, Referendums

- 26 January: Tuvalu, Parliament

- 28 January: Finland, President (1st round)

## February

- 4 February: El Salvador, President and Legislative Assembly

- 7 February: Azerbaijan, President

- 8 February: Pakistan, National Assembly

- 11 February: Finland, President (2nd round)

- 14 February: Indonesia, President and Parliament

- 25 February: Belarus, Parliament Liechtenstein, Referendum

- Belarus, Parliament

- Liechtenstein, Referendum

## March

- 1 March: Iran, Parliament (1st round) and Assembly of Experts

- 3 March: El Salvador, Central American Parliament Switzerland, Referendums

- El Salvador, Central American Parliament

- Switzerland, Referendums

- 8 March: Ireland, Constitutional Referendums

- 10 March: Portugal, Parliament

- 15–17 March: Russia, President

- 23 March: Slovakia, President (1st round)

- 24 March: Senegal, President

## April

- 4 April: Kuwait, Parliament

- 6 April: Slovakia, President (2nd round)

- 10 April: South Korea, National Assembly

- 17 April: Croatia, Parliament Solomon Islands, National Parliament

- Croatia, Parliament

- Solomon Islands, National Parliament

- 19 April: India, Lok Sabha (1st phase)

- 21 April: Ecuador, Constitutional Referendum Maldives, Parliament

- Ecuador, Constitutional Referendum

- Maldives, Parliament

- 24 April: North Macedonia, President (1st round)

- 26 April: India, Lok Sabha (2nd phase)

- 29 April: Togo, Parliament

## May

- 5 May: Panama, President, Parliament, and Central American Parliament

- 6 May: Chad, President

- 7 May: India, Lok Sabha (3rd phase)

- 8 May: North Macedonia, President (2nd round) and Parliament

- 10 May: Iran, Parliament (2nd round)

- 12 May: Lithuania, President (1st round) and Constitutional Referendum

- 13 May: India, Lok Sabha (4th phase)

- 19 May: Dominican Republic, President, Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and Central American Parliament

- 20 May: India, Lok Sabha (5th phase)

- 25 May: India, Lok Sabha (6th phase)

- 26 May: Lithuania, President (2nd round)

- 29 May: Madagascar, National Assembly South Africa, National Assembly Vanuatu, Constitutional Referendum

- Madagascar, National Assembly

- South Africa, National Assembly

- Vanuatu, Constitutional Referendum

## June

- 1 June: Iceland, President India, Lok Sabha (7th phase)

- Iceland, President

- India, Lok Sabha (7th phase)

- 2 June: Mexico, President, Senate and Chamber of Deputies

- 6–9 June: European Union, European Parliament

- 9 June: Belgium, Parliament Bulgaria, Parliament San Marino, Parliament Slovenia, Referendum South Ossetia, Parliament Switzerland, Referendums

- Belgium, Parliament

- Bulgaria, Parliament

- San Marino, Parliament

- Slovenia, Referendum

- South Ossetia, Parliament

- Switzerland, Referendums

- 16 June: Liechtenstein, Referendum

- 28 June: Iran, President (1st round) Mongolia, Parliament

- Iran, President (1st round)

- Mongolia, Parliament

- 29 June: Mauritania, President

- 30 June: France, National Assembly (1st round)

## July

- 4 July: United Kingdom, House of Commons

- 5 July: Iran, President (2nd round)

- 7 July: France, National Assembly (2nd round)

- 15 July: Rwanda, President and Chamber of Deputies Syria, Parliament

- Rwanda, President and Chamber of Deputies

- Syria, Parliament

- 28 July: Venezuela, President

## August

- 14 August: Kiribati, Parliament (1st round)

- 19 August: Kiribati, Parliament (2nd round) Sint Maarten, Parliament

- Kiribati, Parliament (2nd round)

- Sint Maarten, Parliament

- 31 August: Niue, Constitutional Referendum

## September

- 1 September: Azerbaijan, Parliament

- 7 September: Algeria, President

- 10 September: Jordan, House of Representatives

- 20–21 September: Czech Republic, Senate (1st round)

- 21 September: Sri Lanka, President

- 22 September: Switzerland, Referendums

- 27–28 September: Czech Republic, Senate (2nd round)

- 29 September: Austria, Parliament

## October

- 6 October: Kazakhstan, Referendum Tunisia, President

- Kazakhstan, Referendum

- Tunisia, President

- 9 October: Mozambique, President and Parliament

- 13 October: Lithuania, Parliament (1st round)

- 20 October: Moldova, President and Constitutional Referendum

- 24 October: Montserrat, Legislature

- 26 October: Georgia, Parliament

- 27 October: Bulgaria, Parliament Lithuania, Parliament (2nd round) Uruguay, President and Parliament Uzbekistan, Legislative Chamber and Senate

- Bulgaria, Parliament

- Lithuania, Parliament (2nd round)

- Uruguay, President and Parliament

- Uzbekistan, Legislative Chamber and Senate

- 30 October: Botswana, Parliament

## November

- 5 November: Palau, President and Parliament United States, President, Senate (Class 1) and House of Representatives

- Palau, President and Parliament

- United States, President, Senate (Class 1) and House of Representatives

- 13 November: Somaliland, President

- 24 November: Guinea-Bissau, Parliament Romania, President Switzerland, Referendums

- Guinea-Bissau, Parliament

- Romania, President

- Switzerland, Referendums

- 27 November: Namibia, President and National Assembly

- 30 November: Mauritius, Parliament

## December

- 1 December: Romania, Parliament

- 7 December: Ghana, President and Parliament

- 29 December: Chad, Parliament

## Unknown date

- Bangladesh, Parliament

- Croatia, President

- Guinea-Bissau, President

- Kiribati, President

## Indirect elections

The following indirect elections of heads of state and the upper houses of bicameral legislatures will take place through votes in elected lower houses, unicameral legislatures, or electoral colleges:

- Since 29 September, 2022: Lebanon, President

- 2 January: Marshall Islands, President

- 19 January – 28 August: India, Rajya Sabha

- 25 January: Nepal, National Assembly

- 25 February: Cambodia, Senate

- 26 February: Hungary, President

- 9 March: Pakistan, President

- 27 March: Malta, President

- 28–29 March: Tunisia, National Council of Regions and Districts

- 2 April: Pakistan, Senate

- 4 April: Belarus, Council of the Republic

- 29 April: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senate

- 22 May: Vietnam, President

- 9 June: Belgium, Senate

- 9–26 June: Thailand, Senate

- 13–14 June: South Africa, National Council of Provinces

- 14 June: South Africa, President

- 13 October: Macau, Chief Executive

- Ethiopia, President

- Georgia, President

- Mauritius, President


Century Milstead

# Century Milstead

## Abstract

Century Allen "Wally" Milstead (January 1, 1901 – June 2, 1963) was an American professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) and American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Wabash College and at Yale University, where his play earned him All-American recognition. On his way from Wabash to Yale in early 1922, he attended Syracuse University where he was the heavyweight starter for the Orangemen wrestling team. Milstead went on to play with the professional Philadelphia Quakers of the AFL and the New York Giants of the NFL. He got his name for being born on the first day of the twentieth century, January 1, 1901. Milstead was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1977.