Kyle Larson

# Kyle Larson

## Abstract

Kyle Miyata Larson (born July 31, 1992) is an American professional auto racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 5 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Hendrick Motorsports, part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 17 Chevrolet Camaro for the same team, and part-time in the NTT IndyCar Series, driving the No. 17 Chevrolet for Arrow McLaren. Before and throughout his stock car racing career, Larson has been highly successful in dirt track racing, with wins in countless prestigious events including the Kings Royal, Knoxville Nationals, and the Chili Bowl Nationals. He also raced in many other forms of racing as an overall winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona sports car race, having won the event with Chip Ganassi Racing in 2015. Larson was named one of NASCAR's 75 Greatest Drivers in 2023. In 2024, Larson set a NASCAR record at Kansas for the closest finish in NASCAR Cup Series history.

## Racing career

### Early career

Born on July 31, 1992, in Elk Grove, California, Kyle Miyata Larson attended his first race with his parents a week after his birth. He began racing at the age of seven in outlaw karts in Northern California. As a teenager, he raced open-wheel cars, including the United States Auto Club (USAC) midget, Silver Crown and sprint cars, competing for Keith Kunz Motorsports and Hoffman Racing with Toyota backing; During his early career in USAC, a series official gave Larson the nickname "Yung Money" in recognition of his talent. Larson also raced in World of Outlaws sprint cars and his first sprint car race win came at Placerville Speedway where he was one of the youngest drivers to ever compete. He won the 2011 4-Crown Nationals at Eldora Speedway, winning in all three types of USAC cars in a single night, only the second driver in history to accomplish the feat. He won two silver crown races that season and was named the 2011 Rookie of the Year. Larson holds the sprint car track record at Ocean Speedway in 2010. In 2012, he won six USAC National Midget races including the Turkey Night Grand Prix. Even during his stock car career, Larson continued racing open-wheel cars for midweek races in addition to going to New Zealand in some off-seasons to race.

### Stock cars

#### NASCAR K&N Pro Series and ARCA

While Larson expressed some interest in IndyCar racing, he was signed for the 2012 racing season by Earnhardt Ganassi Racing (EGR) as part of the team's driver development program. In February 2012, Larson won his first race in a full bodied stock car in the Pete Orr Memorial Orange Blossom 100 at New Smyrna Speedway. A week later, he won again at the speedway during the World Series of Asphalt.

On June 9, 2012, Larson won his first NASCAR K&N Pro Series East race at Gresham Motorsports Park. He scored his second K&N Pro Series East win at New Hampshire Motor Speedway. On June 15, Larson finished 13th in his ARCA Racing Series debut at Michigan International Speedway for Eddie Sharp Racing.

On November 3, Larson won the 2012 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East Championship with 2 wins and 12 top tens in 14 races, overcoming the five wins of Corey LaJoie (son of two-time Busch Series champion Randy). He also earned the K&N Pro Series East Rookie of the Year award. On June 7, 2014, Larson scored his first ARCA win at Pocono Raceway.

#### NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series

On June 28, 2012, Larson made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Kentucky Speedway in the No. 4 Chevrolet Silverado for Turner Motorsports where he finished 10th.

On April 14, 2013, Larson scored his first Truck Series win at Rockingham Speedway in a close finish with Joey Logano. During the celebration, Larson performed donuts without his steering wheel on, a practice he had acquired when racing go-karts. The celebration prompted NASCAR to request him to keep it attached, regarding safety concerns because Larson would not have much control of the truck without the steering wheel.

In 2016, Larson drove the No. 24 truck for GMS Racing at Martinsville Speedway, finishing 4th. At Eldora Speedway, Larson scored his second career Truck Series win.

On February 28, 2020, Larson announced he would be re-joining GMS Racing to drive the No. 24 truck at Homestead-Miami Speedway to pursue a bounty offered by Kevin Harvick to full-time Cup drivers to beat Kyle Busch. Following his suspension from NASCAR, Larson was released from the team.

On March 17, 2021, it was announced that Larson will drive the No. 44 truck for Niece Motorsports at the inaugural Bristol dirt race. He finished 35th in the race.

In 2023, Larson scored his 3rd career Truck Series win at North Wilkesboro.

#### NASCAR Xfinity Series

In February 2013, it was announced that Larson would compete full-time in the NASCAR Nationwide Series in 2013, driving the No. 32 Chevrolet for Turner Scott Motorsports. On the last lap in the season opener at Daytona, Larson was involved in a violent crash when his car got caught onto the right side of Brad Keselowski 's car and then hit the outside wall. At the same time, he was hit in the right rear by Brian Scott which sent his car airborne hitting a crossover gate, and piercing the catch fence, completely ripping off the front end of his car. Larson came across the start-finish line in 13th. He was unharmed, but the debris hurt 28 spectators in the grandstands, two of whom were in critical condition. However, there were no deaths. In the season-finale at Homestead, Larson led the most laps but lost the lead to eventual winner Brad Keselowski with 3 laps remaining and finished 2nd. Larson earned the 2013 Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year award, becoming the first Asian-American and first Drive for Diversity participant to win a Rookie of the Year Award in one of NASCAR's national touring series.

Larson drove the No. 42 car on a part-time basis in 2014. On March 22, Larson scored his first career Nationwide Series win at Auto Club Speedway after a hard battle with Kevin Harvick and Kyle Busch. Larson once again celebrated by doing burnouts in the infield without a steering wheel. In victory lane, Larson stated, "Those last 11, 12 laps were the longest laps of my life. I've been so close to winning so many times, but the fashion we did it in was extra special." At Charlotte Motor Speedway, he scored his second career Nationwide Series win.

In 2015, Larson ran part-time again for HScott Motorsports. He scored his 3rd career Xfinity Series win at Homestead and the first win for HScott Motorsports.

In 2016, Larson continued to drive the No. 42 car part-time for Chip Ganassi Racing. He scored 2 wins at Pocono and Texas.

In 2022, Larson drove the No. 17 car for Hendrick Motorsports at Road America where he finished 2nd to Ty Gibbs. On August 20, Larson scored his 13th career Xfinity Series win at Watkins Glen in the No. 88 car for JR Motorsports.

In 2023, Larson scored a win at Darlington after a dramatic finish with John Hunter Nemechek.

In 2024, Larson won at the Circuit of the Americas after overtaking a dueling Shane van Gisbergen and Austin Hill on the final lap.

#### 2013

On August 27, 2013, The Charlotte Observer reported that Larson will drive the No. 42 car for Chip Ganassi Racing starting in the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season and would compete for the Rookie of the Year honors. The deal was officially announced on August 30. On October 1, it was announced that Larson would make his Sprint Cup Series debut at Charlotte Motor Speedway in the No. 51 car for Phoenix Racing to prepare for his rookie season. In his Cup Series debut, Larson started 21st and finished 37th after an engine failure on lap 247.

#### 2014: Rookie Season

In his Daytona 500 debut, Larson got into the wall twice and came down pit road in the early laps of the race. Despite the car being fixed, Larson spun out on lap 22. Later in the night race, he got wrecked by another rookie contender Austin Dillon who triggered a 7-car wreck on lap 163 and finished 38th. At Auto Club Speedway, Larson finished 2nd to Kyle Busch, his career best finish in the Cup Series.

At Richmond Raceway, Larson recorded a speed of 126.880 miles per hour (204.194 km/h). After qualifying was rained out, he earned the pole based on being the fastest in practice. On the first lap, Larson got spun out by Clint Bowyer while going into turn 1 and later finished in 16th.

At Michigan, Larson spun out on lap 7 while coming off at turn 2. Later in the race, he made a block on one of his strong supporters Tony Stewart while trying to go for the lead and the block damaged Stewart's grille. In response, Stewart tried to retaliate during a yellow-flag period. When told that Stewart was mad at him for the block, Larson shrugged it off replying "Tony being Tony, I guess. I was pretty tight on whoever was inside of me on the restart and I was looking in my mirror and saw him juke to the right so I juked to the right and he hit me and I don't know, he was just trying to teach me a lesson, I'm guessing." Before the Sonoma race, Stewart warned Larson, angrily saying "He'll learn not to block me anytime soon."

Larson earned his first Cup Series pole for the 2014 Gobowling.com 400 at Pocono Raceway where he set the track record with a lap speed of 183.438 mph (295.215 km/h). He finished 11th in the race. Following the 2014 Cup Series season, Larson earned the Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year award with 8 top fives and 16 top tens. His statistics being higher than other rookie seasons in history, such as those of Richard Petty and Jeff Gordon.

#### 2015

Larson began the season with a DNF at the 2015 Daytona 500. During an autograph session at Martinsville Speedway, Larson fainted and was hospitalized. He was replaced by Regan Smith. Two days later, Larson was released from the hospital with a diagnosis of dehydration as being the cause of the faint. After a disappointing season, he finished 19th in the points standings.

#### 2016

Larson began the season with a seventh-place finish at the 2016 Daytona 500, his first top 10 and first non-DNF. On May 21, 2016, Larson won the Sprint Showdown after edging out rookie contender Chase Elliott to earn a spot in the All-Star Race for the first time. At the 2016 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, Larson took the lead on the final restart, but was caught by Joey Logano and hit the wall with two laps to go and finished 16th.

On August 28, Larson scored his first ever Sprint Cup Series win at Michigan. Larson's victory qualified him into the Chase for the first time in his career. In his first Chase appearance, Larson finished 18th at Chicagoland and followed up with a 10th-place finish at New Hampshire. Larson was eliminated from the Round of 16 at Dover where he finished 25th.

#### 2017

Larson began the season with a 12th-place finish at the 2017 Daytona 500 and followed up with 3 consecutive second-place finishes at Atlanta, Las Vegas and Phoenix that moved him up to 1st in the points standings. On March 26, Larson scored his second career Cup Series win at Auto Club Speedway. At Michigan, Larson scored his second win of the season.

At Kentucky, Larson started at the rear of the field after he was unable to set a qualifying time as he was stuck in an inspection. He finished second to eventual winner Martin Truex Jr. but lost his points lead in the standings when he was penalized 35 points for an improper rear brake cooling assembly. Crew chief Chad Johnston was suspended for three races and Tony Lunders took his place.

A week later, Larson won the pole for the Loudon's Overton's 301, but was forced to surrender it to Truex after failing post-qualifying inspection for an unapproved rear deck fin lid. He finished second in the race after starting 39th. On the final restart at the 2017 Pure Michigan 400, Larson restarted 4th and made a four-wide pass for the lead with 2 laps to go and went on to score his third straight Michigan win. He scored his fourth win of the season at Richmond (and his first win that is not a two-mile track) in the final race of the regular season.

Larson made it to the Round of 12 after he scored top 5 finishes at Chicagoland, New Hampshire, and Dover. At Kansas, Larson's championship hopes have dashed after an engine blew up on lap 72 that resulted in a 39th-place finish. After being eliminated from the playoffs, Larson finished 37th at Martinsville and Texas both due to crashes and a last-place finish at Phoenix from an expired engine.

#### 2018

Despite being winless throughout the 2018 season, Larson made it to the Playoffs by staying consistent with five second-place finishes, eight top 5's, and 13 top 10's. At Charlotte Roval, Larson led 47 laps and was in contention for the win until he was involved in a multi-car wreck on a late restart that also included playoff contenders Brad Keselowski and Kyle Busch. Despite the car being heavily damaged as a result of the wreck, Larson was still able to advance to the Round of 12 after finishing 25th.

Larson experienced further bad luck at Talladega when a right front tire blew and spun out on lap 105 and finished 11th. 3 days later, the No. 42 team was docked 10 driver and 10 owner points after the team violated the damaged vehicle policy by using metal tabs instead of fasteners and/or tape to repair the torn right front fender. Larson was eliminated in the Round of 12 after he finished 3rd at Kansas fall race. He finished the season ninth in the points standings, the highest of the winless drivers in 2018 along with a third consecutive top 10 points finish.

#### 2019

Before the start of the 2019 season, Larson lost his primary sponsor DC Solar, whose headquarters had been raided by the FBI on December 18, 2018. Larson started the season with a 7th-place finish at the 2019 Daytona 500. At Atlanta, Larson led over 100 laps before he was penalized for speeding on pit road which sent him to the back of the field and finished 12th.

On February 26, 2019, Larson sparked controversy on the NBC Sports segment Splash & Go! with host Rick Allen when he jokingly implied that Hendrick Motorsports starts "cheating and finding some speed" a couple of months into the start of a season. Larson later apologized to Rick Hendrick for his comments. On the final lap at the Talladega spring race, Larson was involved in a major accident when his car went airborne and rolled over multiple times. He was uninjured.

On May 18, Larson won the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race. Following the Darlington race, Larson clinched his spot in the playoffs for the fourth straight year despite no wins.

On October 6, Larson ended his 75-race winless streak at Dover. The win secured him into the Round of 8. During the Talladega fall race, Larson was involved in a multi-car wreck on lap 108 that left him with a fractured lower rib. Despite a 4th-place finish at Phoenix, Larson failed to make the Championship 4. He finished the season sixth in the points standings, his career-best to date.

#### 2020 and suspension

Larson began the season with a tenth-place finish at the 2020 Daytona 500. During the Auto Club 400, Larson got turned into the turn 1 wall by Denny Hamlin, relegating him to a 21st-place finish. When the season was placed on hold after four races due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Larson was seventh in the points standings with 2 top 10's and 1 top 5 finish.

On April 13, 2020, Larson was indefinitely suspended by Chip Ganassi Racing without pay after he used a racial slur during an iRacing event the day before. Shortly after Ganassi's announcement, NASCAR also suspended Larson indefinitely and ordered him to complete sensitivity training before he is allowed to race again. Larson would also be suspended by the World of Outlaws, but his suspension had lifted prior to their return to racing. Multiple corporations such as McDonald's, Credit One Bank, and Chevrolet also terminated their sponsorship of Larson. The following day, CGR fired Larson. Matt Kenseth took over the No. 42 car for the rest of the 2020 season.

In October 2020, after months of inactivity on social media, Larson posted an essay on his website, apologizing for using the slur and denying that it was representative of who he was. In the statement, Larson said that when racing overseas, he encountered people who used the word regularly. He accepted accountability for his actions, including his suspension and dismissal from CGR, and said that although he finished the sensitivity training, he did more than what was required of him to change his behavior; for instance, he went to Minnesota after George Floyd was murdered and participated in a variety of classes to learn more on the African-American community.

The statement also said that some of the people in his career, including Ganassi, kept in touch with him during his rehabilitation which convinced him to have hope in saving his career. Larson also said that he hopes his setback "was a lesson for everyone," and was in the process of seeking reinstatement to the Cup Series. In mid-October, it was reported that Larson officially applied for reinstatement. On the same month, it was announced that NASCAR had reinstated Larson's competition privileges effective on January 1, 2021.

#### 2021: First Cup Series Championship

On October 28, 2020, it was announced that Hendrick Motorsports signed Larson to a multi-year deal to drive the No. 5 car beginning in the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season. At the time of the announcement, it was also announced that the No. 5 car was not sponsored yet, though Hendrick announced that he would self-sponsor the car through his HendrickCars.com and NationsGuard companies until they found long-term sponsors. It was also announced later on that, although Hendrick normally did not allow their drivers to race anywhere other than their NASCAR team, the team negotiated a clause in the contract allowing Larson to continue racing dirt races, provided that he focused primarily on the Cup program.

Larson began his 2021 season with a 10th-place finish at the 2021 Daytona 500. At Las Vegas, Larson scored his first win with HMS after he led 103 of 267 laps. He had finished second nine times on 1.5-mile tracks prior to his victory.

On May 30, Larson won the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte. Larson's victory was also the 269th career Cup victory for Hendrick Motorsports, surpassing Petty Enterprises for the most Cup victories as a race team in NASCAR history. One week later, Larson scored his first road course win at Sonoma. On June 13, Larson won the 2021 NASCAR All-Star Race at Texas, becoming the 9th driver to win the All-Star Race more than once. He also became the 8th driver in NASCAR Cup Series history to win the Coca-Cola 600 and the All-Star race in the same season. At Nashville, Larson scored his third consecutive win (All-Star races, as they are not points-paying, are not included).

On the final lap at Pocono doubleheader race 1, Larson was on the verge of a 4th consecutive win until the left front tire went down that caused his car to hit the turn 3 wall and his teammate Alex Bowman won the race while Larson finished 9th. The next day, despite resorting to a backup car as a result of the incident, Larson rebounded to finish 2nd to eventual winner Kyle Busch after a fuel gamble.

At Watkins Glen, Larson scored his 5th victory of the 2021 season, a career-high. After the Watkins Glen race, Larson and Denny Hamlin were tied for the points lead in the regular season standings. Following the 2021 Coke Zero Sugar 400, Larson clinched the regular season championship.

In the first round of the playoffs, Larson finished 2nd to Hamlin at Darlington and followed up with a 6th-place finish at Richmond. At Bristol night race, Larson won his 6th race of the season over Kevin Harvick. His win would somewhat be overshadowed by an altercation between Harvick and Chase Elliott after the race due to an on-track incident.

At Charlotte Roval, Larson scored his 7th win of the season after overcoming electrical issues. He became the first driver in NASCAR Cup Series history to win three different road courses in the same season and also became the first driver since Kasey Kahne in 2006 to sweep both Charlotte races.

In the third round of the playoffs, Larson scored his 8th win of the season at Texas to secure a spot into the Championship 4. A week later at Kansas, he scored his 9th win of the season and became the first driver since Dale Earnhardt in 1987 to win three straight races twice in the same season.

In the Championship 4 at Phoenix, Larson started on the pole and led 107 laps en route to his 10th win of the season and his first NASCAR Cup Series championship. He became the first driver to have 10 wins and a championship in the same season since Jimmie Johnson did it in 2007 season. Larson ended his 2021 championship season with 10 wins, 18 stage wins, 20 top fives, 26 top tens, 2,581 laps led, and an average finish of 9.1.

#### 2022

Larson began the season by starting on the pole at the 2022 Daytona 500 and finished in 32nd after he was involved in a crash at the frontstretch on lap 192. A week later, Larson rebounded with a win at Auto Club Speedway. At Sonoma, Larson's No. 5 car lost a wheel on lap 84. As a result, crew chief Cliff Daniels was suspended for four races. Kevin Meendering, who served as a crew chief for Jimmie Johnson during the 2019 season, filled in for Cliff.

At Watkins Glen, Larson took the lead away from his teammate Chase Elliott on the final restart and scored his second consecutive Watkins Glen win over A. J. Allmendinger. On September 16, 2022, HMS announced that Larson had signed a multi-year contract extension to remain with the team through 2026. Larson was eliminated following the Round of 12 after he finished 35th at Charlotte Roval.

On lap 94 at Las Vegas, Larson got wrecked by Bubba Wallace down the frontstretch after Wallace got into the wall and Christopher Bell was also involved in the crash. During the caution, Wallace confronted Larson in a shoving match. As a result, Wallace was suspended for one race. At Homestead, Larson scored his 3rd win of the season. He finished the 2022 season seventh in the points standings.

#### 2023

Larson began the season with a DNF at the 2023 Daytona 500. On March 15, 2023, the No. 5 was served an L2 penalty after an unapproved hood louver was found installed on the car during a pre-race inspection at Phoenix. As a result, the team was docked 100 driver and owner points and 10 playoff points. In addition, crew chief Cliff Daniels was suspended for four races and fined US$ 100,000. On March 29, the National Motorsports Appeals Panel amended the penalty, upholding the fine and Daniels' suspension, but the No. 5 team has restored the owner, driver, and playoff points.

Larson scored his 20th career Cup Series win at Richmond. Two weeks later, he won at Martinsville and it was also the first win for the No. 5 car at that track since 1984. Larson won the 2023 NASCAR All-Star Race, tied Dale Earnhardt and Jeff Gordon as a three-time All-Star winner and the only driver to win the All-Star race on 3 different race tracks (Charlotte, Texas & North Wilkesboro).

Larson won the Southern 500 at Darlington to clinch a spot into the Round of 12. It is also the 500th overall win by Hendrick Motorsports' engine department. At Las Vegas, Larson scored his 4th win of the season to make the Championship 4. Following the season finale at Phoenix, he finished the 2023 season second in the points standings.

#### 2024

Larson started the 2024 season with an 11th-place finish at the 2024 Daytona 500. Two weeks later, Larson scored his first win of the season at Las Vegas At the Kansas spring race, Larson won by 0.001 seconds over Chris Buescher, the closest finish in NASCAR Cup Series history. On May 26, Larson attempted to run both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day, but due to the rain that delayed the Indy 500, he was unable to make the Charlotte race and was substituted by Justin Allgaier who finished 13th. Despite missing the Coke 600 race, Larson was granted a waiver to maintain his playoff eligibility.

At Sonoma, Larson scored his 26th career win that tied him with Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Fred Lorenzen on the all-time wins record list in the Cup Series. The victory also made Larson the 10th driver in NASCAR Cup history to win five road course races. On July 21, Larson won the Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis.

### Open-wheel career

#### Dirt car racing

Larson owned a World of Outlaws sprint car team named Kyle Larson Racing that fielded a car for Carson Macedo. He acquired full ownership of the team, formerly named Larson Marks Racing, after the 2017 season. The team closed following the 2020 season due to COVID-19 pandemic and other issues. He drives for his own team (midgets) and Paul Silva (winged sprint car) on a limited schedule.

On January 18, 2020, Larson won his first Chili Bowl after he held off 3-time winner Christopher Bell. On May 5, It was announced that Larson will compete in the World of Outlaws at Knoxville Raceway beginning in the spring after a suspension and subsequent reinstatement to the series. At Knoxville, Larson finished 10th. Two weeks later at Federated Auto Parts Raceway, Larson set a qualifying lap time of 9.995 seconds, the first sub-ten-second time in track history. After finishing second to brother-in-law Brad Sweet in the friday feature, Larson held off Brent Marks and Sweet in the saturday event to score his first World of Outlaws victory since suspension.

Larson joined the USAC series for the 2020 Indiana Midget Week in June. He won all six races in the Hoosier state, as well as the championship. Larson continued to win in nine straight sprint car features. On June 25, 2020, Larson competed in the full Pennsylvania Speedweek for 410 Sprint cars. Larson won at Grandview Speedway after he made a pass on Freddie Rahmer with two laps remaining. Larson picked up his second win that same week, leading the led the entire race at Hagerstown.

On July 3, Larson won the Mitch Smith Memorial at Williams Grove Speedway. The following night, he won again in the final event at Port Royal Speedway. Larson won the Pennsylvania Speedweek title with four wins and three podiums. Larson competed in the All Star Circuit of Champions sprint cars at Knoxville Raceway where he set a series record and scored his seventh consecutive win. Following the 2020 season, Larson was named the 410 Sprint Car Driver of the Year.

After a test at Cherokee Speedway in August 2020, Larson announced he would be making his debut in a dirt late model at Port Royal Speedway in the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series for owner Kevin Rumley. After finishing 5th in the first night of the event, Larson led flag-to-flag in the second night's race to win in his second dirt late model start.

On October 18, Larson won the USAC Silver Crown Series finale at the Springfield Mile to take his 42nd feature win of the season. On October 27, it was announced that Larson would make his World of Outlaws Late Model Series debut at Charlotte. He competed the final two races of the season on The Dirt Track at Charlotte Motor Speedway where he set a new track record in qualifying and finished 8th.

Following his reinstatement by NASCAR and signing with Hendrick Motorsports in October 2020, Larson noted in an interview with The Dale Jr. Download that he would be permitted to continue dirt racing, in addition to the Cup Series, provided the latter be his primary commitment.

On January 16, 2021, Larson won his second consecutive Chili Bowl Nationals. A week later, Larson raced in the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series' Winternationals for dirt late models where he won the season-opener at All-Tech Raceway. Larson won the third annual BC39 race against 74 USAC National Midgets on the dirt track at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Larson won the Knoxville Nationals three times in 2021, 2023, and 2024, becoming the eighth multi-time winner as well as the eighth back-to-back winner of the event.

#### Indy car racing

On January 12, 2023, it was announced that Larson would attempt to qualify for the 2024 Indianapolis 500 with Arrow McLaren and Hendrick Motorsports. After a rain-delayed start of the race, Larson started fifth and ran among the leading cars until he was caught penalized for speeding on pit lane and finished in 18th. The rain delay impacted Larson's tight schedule, causing him to miss the start of the Coca-Cola 600. Larson was named the 2024 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year.

### Other racing

On January 4, 2014, Chip Ganassi Racing announced that Larson would enter the 24 Hours of Daytona in the No. 02 car alongside Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan and Marino Franchitti. During the press conference, Larson stated, "You grow up watching the NASCAR guys then you're like, ‘wow’ when you meet them. And then watching the guys in different series there's a 'wow' factor to meeting them and working with them." In his Rolex 24 debut, Larson's car stalled and received a speeding penalty, but finished his stint with a fifth-place finish.

Larson returned in the No. 02 Ford Daytona Prototype for the 2015 event along with Chip Ganassi Racing teammates from IndyCar Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan and NASCAR Jamie McMurray. The team ultimately won the race.

In 2016, Larson once again returned for the 24 Hours of Daytona in the Ford EcoBoost Daytona Prototype for Chip Ganassi Racing. The team consisted of the same drivers from the 2015 winning car but ran into issues with brake failures plaguing the team throughout the race.

## In popular media

Larson made a cameo appearance as a limo driver in the 2017 film Logan Lucky.

## Personal life

Larson's mother is Japanese American and her parents spent time in a Japanese internment camp. Larson's wife is Katelyn Sweet, the sister of former World Of Outlaws Sprint Car Series driver and NASCAR driver Brad Sweet. Larson announced on June 13, 2014, that he and his girlfriend were expecting their first child. On July 16, Larson announced that the baby was a boy. Owen Miyata Larson was born on December 22, 2014. On November 8, 2017, Larson announced on social media that he and Katelyn were expecting a second child, due in May 2018. Audrey Layne Larson was born in 2018. On December 22, 2017, Larson and Sweet became engaged, and they were married on September 26, 2018. On December 31, 2022, Larson and Katelyn’s third child Cooper Donald Larson was born.

## Motorsports career results

### NASCAR

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.)

#### Cup Series

#### Craftsman Truck Series

Season still in progress Ineligible for series points

### ARCA Racing Series

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### CARS Late Model Stock Car Tour

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.)

### Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### American open-wheel results

#### IndyCar Series

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)


Spelling of Shakespeare's name

# Spelling of Shakespeare's name

## Abstract

The spelling of William Shakespeare 's name has varied over time. It was not consistently spelled any single way during his lifetime, in manuscript or in printed form. After his death the name was spelled variously by editors of his work, and the spelling was not fixed until well into the 20th century.

The standard spelling of the surname as "Shakespeare" was the most common published form in Shakespeare's lifetime, but it was not one used in his own handwritten signatures. It was, however, the spelling used as a printed signature to the dedications of the first editions of his poems Venus and Adonis in 1593 and The Rape of Lucrece in 1594. It is also the spelling used in the First Folio, the definitive collection of his plays published in 1623, after his death.

The spelling of the name was later modernised, "Shakespear" gaining popular usage in the 18th century, which was largely replaced by "Shakspeare" from the late 18th through the early 19th century. In the Romantic and Victorian eras the spelling "Shakspere", as used in the poet's own signature, became more widely adopted in the belief that this was the most authentic version. From the mid-19th to the early 20th century, a wide variety of spellings were used for various reasons; although, following the publication of the Cambridge and Globe editions of Shakespeare in the 1860s, "Shakespeare" began to gain ascendancy. It later became a habit of writers who believed that someone else wrote the plays to use different spellings when they were referring to the "real" playwright and to the man from Stratford upon Avon. With rare exceptions, the spelling is now standardised in English-speaking countries as "Shakespeare".

## Shakespeare's signatures

There are six surviving signatures written by Shakespeare himself. These are all attached to legal documents. The six signatures appear on four documents:

- a deposition in the Bellott v Mountjoy case, dated 11 May 1612

- the purchase of a house in Blackfriars, London, dated 10 March 1613

- the mortgage of the same house, dated 11 March 1613

- his Last Will & Testament, which contains three signatures, one on each page, dated 25 March 1616

The signatures appear as follows:

- Willm Shakp

- William Shaksper

- Wm Shakspe

- William Shakspere

- Willm Shakspere

- By me William Shakspeare

Most of these are abbreviated versions of the name, using breviographic conventions of the time. This was common practice. For example Edmund Spenser sometimes wrote his name out in full (spelling his first name Edmund or Edmond), but often used the abbreviated forms "Ed: spser" or "Edm: spser".

The three signatures on the will were first reproduced by the 18th-century scholar George Steevens, in the form of facsimile engravings. The two relating to the house sale were identified in 1768, and the document itself was acquired by Edmond Malone. Photographs of these five signatures were published by Sidney Lee. The final signature was discovered by 1909 by Charles William Wallace.

Though not considered genuine, there is a signature on the fly-leaf of a copy of John Florio 's translation of the works of Montaigne, which reads "Willm. Shakspere"; it was accepted by some scholars until the late 20th century. Another possibly authentic signature appears on a copy of William Lambarde 's Archaionomia (1568). Though smudged, the spelling appears to be "Shakspere".

## Other spellings

The writer David Kathman has tabulated the variations in the spelling of Shakespeare's name as reproduced in Samuel Schoenbaum 's William Shakespeare: A Documentary Life. He states that of "non-literary references" in Shakespeare's lifetime (1564–1616) the spelling "Shakespeare" appears 71 times, while "Shakespere" appears second with 27 usages. These are followed by "Shakespear" (16); "Shakspeare" (13); "Shackspeare" (12) and "Shakspere" (8). There are also many other variations that appear once or in small numbers. Critics of Kathman's approach have pointed out that it is skewed by repetitions of a spelling in the same document, gives each occurrence the same statistical weight irrespective of context, and does not adequately take historical and chronological factors into account.

R.C. Churchill notes that name variations were far from unusual in the Elizabethan era:

The name of Sir Walter Raleigh was written by his contemporaries either Raleigh, Raliegh, Ralegh, Raghley, Rawley, Rawly, Rawlie, Rawleigh, Raulighe, Raughlie, or Rayly. The name of Thomas Dekker was written either Dekker, Decker, Deckar, Deckers, Dicker, Dickers, Dyckers, or (interestingly enough) Dickens.

Kathman notes that the spelling is typically more uniform in printed versions than in manuscript versions, and that there is a greater variety of spelling in provincial documents than in metropolitan ones.

## Printed spellings

Fifty-eight quarto (or Q) editions of Shakespeare's plays and five editions of poetry were published before the First Folio. On 20 of the plays, the author is not credited. On 15 title pages, his name is hyphenated, "Shake ‑ speare", 13 of these spellings being on the title pages of just three plays, Richard II (Q2 1598, Q3 1598, Q4 1608, and Q5 1615), Richard III (Q2 1598, Q3 1602, Q4 1605, Q5 1612, and Q6 1622), and Henry IV, Part 1 (Q2 1599, Q3 1604, Q4 1608, and Q5 1613). A hyphen is also present in the first quarto of Hamlet (1603) and the second of King Lear (1619). The name printed at the end of the poem The Phoenix and the Turtle, which was published in a collection of verse in 1601, is hyphenated, as is the name on the title page and the poem A Lover's Complaint of Shake-speares Sonnets (1609). It is used in the cast list of Ben Jonson's Sejanus His Fall, and in six literary allusions published between 1594 and 1623.

The un-hyphenated spelling "Shakespeare" (or Shakeſpeare, with a long s) appears on 22 of the 58 quartos. It is spelled this way in the first quartos of The Merchant of Venice (1600), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600), Much Ado About Nothing (1600), The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602), Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1609), Troilus and Cressida (1609), Othello (1622). The second, or "good", quarto of Hamlet (1604) also uses this spelling. It is also spelled this way on the misattributed quarto of Sir John Oldcastle (1600; 1619) and on the verse collection The Passionate Pilgrim (1599).

Rarer spellings are "Shak ‑ speare" on the first quarto of King Lear (1608), and "Shakeſpere", in the first quarto of Love's Labour's Lost (1598). On the misattributed quarto A Yorkshire Tragedy (1608) his name is spelled "Shakſpeare", a spelling that also appears on the quarto of The Two Noble Kinsmen (1634), which was published after the First Folio.

James S. Shapiro argues that Shakespeare's name caused difficulties for typesetters, and that is one reason why the form with the "e" in the centre is most commonly used, and why it is sometimes hyphenated. Kathman argues that any name that could be divided into two clear parts was liable to be hyphenated, especially if the parts could be interpreted as distinct words.

## Spellings in later publications

Later editions of Shakespeare's works adopted differing spellings, in accordance with fashions of modernised spelling of the day, or, later, of attempts to adopt what was believed to be the most historically accurate version of the name. When he was referred to in foreign languages, he acquired even more variant spellings. 18th-century French critics were known to use "Shakpear, Shakespehar, Shakespeart, or Shakees Pear."

### Shakespear

A shift from "Shakespeare" to the modernised spelling "Shakespear" occurs in the second printing of the Third Folio, published in 1664 by Philip Chetwinde. This retained the original title page, but included a section with additional plays. The title page of this new add-on adopted the new spelling. It was also adopted by other authors of the Restoration Era. John Downes and Nahum Tate both use the spelling.

This was followed by 18th-century writers. Shakespeare's first biographer, Nicholas Rowe, also spelled the name "Shakespear", in his book Some Account of the Life &c. of Mr. William Shakespear (1709) and in his new edition of the works. This spelling was followed by Alexander Pope in his edition of the Works of Shakespear (1725) and George Sewell (The Works of Mr. William Shakespear). The spelling with an "e" at the end persisted, however. Pope's rival Lewis Theobald retained it in his edition, Shakespeare Restored (1726), which pointedly rejected attempts to modernise and sanitise the original works.

The "Shakespear" spelling continued to be used by scholars throughout the 18th century, including William Warburton. However, many, like Theobald, preferred the First Folio spelling, most notably Samuel Johnson. "Shakespear" was less widely used into the 19th and 20th centuries, increasingly by advocates of rational spelling. William Hazlitt used it in his book Characters of Shakespear's Plays. George Bernard Shaw, a strong advocate of spelling reform, insisted on the use of this spelling in all his publications.

### Archaising spellings

#### Shakspeare

Archival material relating to Shakespeare was first identified by 18th-century scholars, most notably Edmond Malone, who recorded variations in the spelling of the name. Malone declared a preference for the spelling "Shakspeare", using it in his major publications including his 1790 sixteen-volume edition of the complete works of the playwright. George Steevens also used this spelling. Steevens and Malone had both examined Shakespeare's will, and were convinced that the final signature was spelled this way, which also conformed to the spelling used on Shakespeare's tomb. However, Malone admitted that the signature was difficult to read and that the others were clearly spelled without the final "a". This spelling continued to be popular throughout the later Georgian period. Indeed "virtually every edition" of the playwright's work in the early 19th century before 1840 used this spelling. Even German scholars such as Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck adopted it.

The antiquarian Joseph Hunter was the first to publish all known variations of the spelling of the name, which he did in 1845 in his book Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakespeare. He gives an account of what was known at the time of the history of the name of Shakespeare, and lists all its variant forms, including the most idiosyncratic instances such as "Shagsper" and "Saxpere". He linked this to a history of the Shakespeare family and its descendants, though he was not able to add much to the material already identified by Edmond Malone. Hunter noted that "there has been endless variety in the form in which this name has been written." He criticised Malone and Steevens, writing that "in an evil hour they agreed, for no apparent reason, to abolish the e in the first syllable." Hunter argued that there were probably two pronunciations of the name, a Warwickshire version and a London version, so that "the poet himself might be called by his honest neighbours at Stratford and Shottery, Mr. Shaxper, while his friends in London honoured him, as we know historically they did, with the more stately name of Shakespeare." Kathman argues that while it is possible that different pronunciations existed, there is no good reason to think so on the basis of spelling variations.

#### Shakspere

According to Hunter it was in 1785 that the antiquarian John Pinkerton first revived the spelling "Shakspere" in the belief that this was the correct form as "traced by the poet's own hand" in his signatures. Pinkerton did so in Letters on Literature, published under the pen-name Robert Heron. However, a later scholar identified a reference in The Gentleman's Magazine in 1784 to the deplorable "new fashion of writing Shakespeare's name SHAKSPERE", which suggests that the trend had been emerging since Steevens published facsimiles of the signatures in 1778. Nevertheless, Pinkerton gave it wide circulation. The "Shakspere" spelling was quickly adopted by a number of writers and in 1788 was given official status by the London publisher Bell in its editions of the plays. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who published a large quantity of influential literature on the playwright, used both this and the "Shakspeare" spelling. His major works were published after his death with the new spelling. The spelling continued to be preferred by many writers during the Victorian era, including the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in The Germ.

The matter was widely debated. The Gentleman's Magazine became the forum for discussion of the topic. There was a heated debate in 1787, followed by another in 1840 when the spelling was promoted in a book by Frederic Madden, who insisted that new manuscript evidence proved that the poet always wrote his name "Shakspere". Isaac D'Israeli wrote a strongly worded letter condemning this spelling as a "barbaric curt shock". There followed a lengthy correspondence, mainly between John Bruce, who insisted on "Shakspere" because "a man's own mode of spelling his own name ought to be followed" and John William Burgon, who argued that "names are to be spelt as they are spelt in the printed books of the majority of well-educated persons", insisting that this rule authorised the spelling "Shakspeare". Various other contributors added to the debate. A number of other articles covered the spelling dispute in the 19th century, in which the "Shakspere" spelling generally was promoted on the grounds that it was the poet's own. Albert Richard Smith in the satirical magazine The Month claimed that the controversy was finally "set to rest" by the discovery of a manuscript which proved that the spelling changed with the weather, "When the sun shone he made his 'A's, / When wet he took his 'E's." In 1879 The New York Times published an article on the dispute, reporting on a pamphlet by James Halliwell-Phillipps attacking the "Shakspere" trend.

Many of the most important Victorian Shakespeare publishers and scholars used this spelling, including Charles Knight, whose The Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakspere was very popular, and Edward Dowden, in Shakspere: a critical study of his mind and art. In Britain the New Shakspere Society was founded in 1873 by Frederick James Furnivall and, in America, the Shakspere Society of Philadelphia adopted the spelling. The former folded in 1894, but the latter still exists under its original name. The spelling was still common in the early to mid 20th century, for example in Brander Matthews', Shakspere as a Playwright (1913), Alwin Thaler's Shakspere to Sheridan (1922), and T.W. Baldwin's Shakspere's five-act structure (1947).

### Shakespeare

The spelling "Shakespeare" was vigorously defended by Isaac D'Israeli in his original letter to the Gentleman's Magazine. Joseph Hunter also expressly stated it to be the most appropriate spelling. D'Israeli argued that the printed spellings of the poems would have been chosen by the author. He also insisted that the spelling represents the proper pronunciation, evidenced by puns on the words "shake" and "spear" in Shakespeare's contemporaries. Hunter also argued that the spelling should follow established pronunciation and pointed to the poems, stating that "we possess printed evidence tolerably uniform from the person himself" supporting "Shakespeare".

Although Dowden, the most influential voice in Shakespearean criticism in the last quarter of the 19th century, used the spelling "Shakspere", between 1863 and 1866 the nine-volume The Works of William Shakespeare, edited by William George Clark, John Glover, and William Aldis Wright, all Fellows of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, had been published by the university. This edition (soon generally known as "The Cambridge Shakespeare") spelled the name "Shakespeare". A related edition, including Shakespeare's text from the Cambridge Shakespeare but without the scholarly apparatus, was issued in 1864 as "The Globe Edition". This became so popular that it remained in print and established itself as a standard text for almost a century. With the ubiquity and authority of the Cambridge and Globe editions, backed by the impeccable academic credentials of the Cambridge editors, the spelling of the name as "Shakespeare" soon dominated in publications of works by and about Shakespeare. Although this form had been used occasionally in earlier publications, and other spellings continued to appear, from that point "Shakespeare" gained the dominance which it retains to this day.

## Shakespeare authorship question

When the advocates of the Shakespeare authorship question began to claim that someone other than Shakespeare of Stratford wrote the plays, they drew on the fact that variant spellings existed to distinguish between the supposed pseudonym used by the hidden author and the name of the man born in Stratford, who is claimed to have acted as a "front man".

The use of different spellings was sometimes simply a convenience, to clarify which "Shakespeare" was being discussed. In other cases it was linked to an argument about the meaning supposed to be attached to "Shakespeare" as a pseudonym. In some instances it arose from a belief that different spelling literally implied, as R.C. Churchill puts it, "that there must have been two men: one, the actor, whom they mostly call 'Shaksper' or 'Shakspere', the other the real author (Bacon, Derby, Rutland, etc.) whom they call 'Shakespeare' or 'Shake-speare' (with the hyphen)." In some cases there were even imagined to be three Shakespeares: the author, the actor and the Stratford man.

The choice of spelling for the Stratford man varied. Because he is known to have signed his name "Shakspere" when writing it out in full, this is the spelling sometimes adopted. However, H.N. Gibson notes that outlandish spellings seem sometimes to be chosen purely for the purpose of ridiculing him, by making the name seem vulgar and rustic, a characteristic especially typical of Baconians such as Edwin Durning-Lawrence:

This hatred not only takes the form of violent abuse and the accusation of every kind of disreputable conduct, but also of the rather childish trick of hunting up all the most outlandish Elizabethan variations of the spelling of his name, and filling their pages with "Shagspur", "Shaxpers", and similar atrocities; while Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence concludes each chapter in his book with the legend "Bacon is Shakespeare" in block capitals.

Some authors claim that the use of a hyphen in early published versions of the name is an indication that it is a pseudonym. They argue that fictional descriptive names (such as "Master Shoe-tie" and "Sir Luckless Woo-all") were often hyphenated in plays, and pseudonyms such as "Tom Tell-truth" were also sometimes hyphenated. Kathman argues that this is not the case, and that real names were as likely to be hyphenated as pseudonyms. He states that the pseudonym " Martin Marprelate " was sometimes hyphenated, but usually not. Robert Waldegrave, who printed the Marprelate tracts, never hyphenated the name, but did hyphenate his own: "If hyphenation was supposed to indicate a pseudonym, it is curious that Waldegrave repeatedly hyphenated his own name while failing to hyphenate an undisputed pseudonym in the same texts."


Typhloscolecidae

# Typhloscolecidae

## Abstract

Typhloscolecidae is a family of polychaetes belonging to the order Phyllodocida.

Genera:

- Acicularia Langerhans, 1877

- Nuchubranchia Treadwell, 1928

- Plotobia Chamberlin, 1919

- Sagitella Wagner, 1872

- Travisiopsis Levinsen, 1885

- Typhloscolex Busch, 1851


Justin Bailey (basketball)

# Justin Bailey (basketball)

## Abstract

Justin Bailey (born June 10, 1977) is an American basketball coach and former player. He played college basketball for Hartford before playing overseas for 13 years as a professional in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia.

## High school career

Bailey was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and grew up in nearby Piscataway, where he attended Piscataway Township High School, leading the school's basketball team to a 23–2 record and a Group IV state championship as a junior in 1993–94.

## College career

Bailey began his college career in 1995–96, joining the Hartford Hawks as a freshman. He averaged 12.1 points and 3.2 rebounds in 28 games in his first season, earning himself North Atlantic Conference All-Rookie Team honors.

As a sophomore playing for the Hawks in 1996–97, Bailey was considered the team's super-sub after a preseason ankle injury moved him to the bench. In 28 games on the season, Bailey averaged 12.9 points and 3.3 rebounds per game.

As a junior in 1997–98, Bailey earned first-team All-North Atlantic Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 5.0 rebounds in 27 games. In addition, he led the league in free throw percentage (83.8) and steals (2.19) in 1997–98.

As co-captain his senior year in 1998–99, Bailey earned second-team All- America East Conference honors after averaging 20.1 points and 4.4 rebounds in 27 games. He scored 1,086 combined points as a junior and senior, and with his 20-point-per-game average both years, he became only the second player to do so in consecutive seasons in the Division I era. He finished his career third all-time in scoring (1,786 points) and is among Hartford's top ten in nine different career statistical categories. Included are the top spot in free throws made (501), free throw percentage (.831) and steals (218).

In 2009, Bailey was inducted into Hartford's Athletics Hall of Fame.

## Professional career

### Europe

Bailey began his professional career in France, playing nine games for Levallois between September 4 and October 23, 1999.

Bailey's next stint came during the 2000–01 season in Portugal with Belenenses, where he averaged 26.8 points, 3.8 rebounds and 5.9 assists per game.

In January 2002, Bailey moved to Italy to play for Sacil HLB Pavia. In 20 games to finish the 2001–02 season, he averaged 9.4 points, 2.6 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.9 steals per game.

In March 2005, after a three-year hiatus from basketball, Bailey returned to Portugal to play out the 2004–05 season with FC Porto. He averaged 8.4 points, 3.2 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 1.6 steals in nine regular-season games and 12.6 points, 2.9 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.4 steals in seven playoff games.

### Australia and New Zealand

On July 31, 2006, Bailey signed with the West Sydney Razorbacks for the 2006–07 NBL season. During preseason, he suffered a knee strain in a freakish accident on a golf course. He subsequently missed the first two games of the regular season. In late December, he missed a two-game North Queensland road trip due to an ankle injury. He appeared in 29 of the Razorbacks' 33 games in 2006–07, averaging 14.9 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.5 steals in 30.9 minutes per game. The Razorbacks finished the season in last place with a 5–28 record.

Following the conclusion of the Razorbacks' season, Bailey moved to New Zealand to play for the Otago Nuggets in the 2007 New Zealand NBL season. The Nuggets finished last with a 2–16 record, as Bailey appeared in all 18 games, averaging 23.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 2.4 steals per game.

### Mexico, Kazakhstan and Russia

Bailey began the 2007–08 season in Mexico with Correcaminos UAT Victoria, but left after four games. He moved to Kazakhstan to play for Astana Tigers and helped the team win the Kazakhstani Cup and the Kazakhstani League championship. They won the League Finals series 3–1, with Bailey scoring 25 points in Game 1 of the best-of-five series.

Bailey spent the 2008–09 season in Russia playing for Sibirtelecom Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, averaging 11.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 2.1 steals in 18 games.

### Second New Zealand stint

Bailey returned to New Zealand for the 2009 NBL season, joining the Waikato Pistons. He helped the Pistons reach the NBL Finals, where they defeated the Nelson Giants 2–0 with Bailey earning Finals MVP honors after recording 32 points and six assists in Game 2. He appeared in all 19 games for the Pistons in 2009, averaging 19.5 points, 4.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 2.7 steals per game.

### Sweden

In January 2010, Bailey signed with Swedish team Sundsvall Dragons for the rest of the 2009–10 season. He averaged 6.3 points, 2.1 rebounds, 1.6 assists and 1.1 steals in 16 regular-season games and 5.5 points, 1.3 rebounds and 1.0 steals in four playoff games.

### Final season

In 2012, Bailey returned to New Zealand for one final season, this time joining the Harbour Heat. He won Player of the Week honors for Round 10 after scoring a season-high 33 points on May 2 against the Manawatu Jets, and 18 points on May 5 also against the Jets. The Heat finished in last place with a 3–13 record. He appeared in all 16 games, averaging 18.1 points, 3.4 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.1 steals per game.

## Post-playing career

In 2016, Bailey returned to New Zealand and was appointed team manager of the New Zealand Breakers. The following year, he played for the Super City Rangers ' pre-season squad. He later became a teacher at Long Bay College in Auckland.

Bailey served as an assistant coach with the Otago Nuggets during the 2020 New Zealand NBL season, helping them win the championship. He returned to the Nuggets as an assistant in 2022 and helped guide them to another championship. That same year, he served as an assistant coach with the New Zealand under-18 team.

In 2023, Bailey joined the Franklin Bulls as an assistant.


Quinctia Marita

# Quinctia Marita

## Abstract

Quinctia Marita (fl. 1st century CE) was a Roman freedwoman from Caruntum. She is primarily known from an epitaph, which she had arranged in her will to have erected after death. She died at the age of 70. The epitaph inscription notes that she was a freedwoman of Publius, and that the epitaph itself was created by an Adauctus, a freedman.


# Dušan Mladenović (footballer, born 1995)

## Abstract

Dušan Mladenović (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Младеновић; born 18 September 1995) is a Serbian footballer, who plays for Dubočica.


Story of a Junkie

# Story of a Junkie

## Abstract

Story of a Junkie is a 1987 drama film directed by Lech Kowalski and starring John Spacely. Distributed by Troma Entertainment. Filmed in documentary-style, the film follows the character of Gringo, a young man looking for fortune in New York City, only to fall into heroin addiction.

The movie has amassed quite a reputation in certain circles for its depictions of hard drug usage in New York City's East Village area. Many of the cast members, including leading man John Spacely, are actual junkies. The numerous shooting-up sequences are reportedly entirely real, as are many of the drug dens and their denizens. Perhaps even more notable than the cinéma vérité structure is the almost total lack of moralizing on the part of the producers or its characters.

Lead actor Spacely died in the early 1990s, reportedly from HIV, which he contracted through intravenous drug use. His final moments are chronicled in yet another Lech Kowalski film, Born to Lose: The Last Rock & Roll Movie, a documentary about deceased former New York Dolls guitarist Johnny Thunders.

Troma Entertainment hails Story of a Junkie as one of the company's best films; it is one of the most well known outside of the films directed by Troma founders Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz.


Just Whitney

# Just Whitney

## Abstract

Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American singer and actress Whitney Houston, released on November 27, 2002, by Arista Records. It was her first studio album to be released after her greatest hits compilation, Whitney: The Greatest Hits (2000), and the follow-up to her multi-platinum fourth studio album, My Love is Your Love (1998). Just Whitney was also Houston's first to be released after re-signing her contract with Arista in 2001 for $100 million - the largest recording contract for a female artist at the time.

In the United States, Just Whitney debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week. That beat the previous high first-week sales of 177,284 copies with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack, and also logged her highest debut sales out of her Nielsen SoundScan -era albums at the time of its release.

The album spawned four singles (in order), " Whatchulookinat ", " One of Those Days ", " Try It on My Own ", and " Love That Man ", with the first, third and fifth singles peaking at number one on Billboard ' s Dance Club Songs chart. "Try It on My Own" also peaked at number ten on Billboard ' s Adult Contemporary chart. Just Whitney has sold over 2.5 million copies worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the United States and Switzerland, and Gold in France, Brazil and other countries. In 2003, the album was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year.

## Background and production

Just Whitney is Houston's fifth studio album, that she recorded after renewing her contract with Arista for a record $100 million. It is mixed with R&B ballads, R&B mid-tempo numbers, and dance songs. It also includes a rock song, "Tell Me No". Houston said that she wanted to make a "very soul oriented" album, something she felt was missing on the radio. It was somewhat a departure from her previous studio album My Love Is Your Love, which was blended with R&B, hip hop, and reggae.

She worked with Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, with whom she had worked with previously, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs. Other producers included Missy Elliott, Teddy Bishop, Gordon Chambers, Rob Fusari, and Troy Taylor. Her then-husband, recording artist Bobby Brown, also co-produced one of the songs.

According to Houston,

"his album for me is about surviving, raising a family, being a wife or girlfriend and all the challenges that go along with those things. These songs are more about creating a mood than about anything in particular."

She also said that she wanted to give something to the fans, songs which they can sing along to and love the melody. She also incorporated samples into her songs such as in "One of Those Days" ㅡ album's second single, which sampled The Isley Brothers ' song " Between the Sheets ". She also covered Debby Boone 's classic " You Light Up My Life ". The album also contains the rock influenced "Tell Me No", which was produced by Babyface, who also produced some other songs on the album including the ballad "Try It on My Own" and dance-pop song "Love That Man" ㅡ both of which became singles. The song "Whatchulookinat" was produced by Brown and Mohammad 2G and became the project's lead single. The song, co-written by Houston, was taken by critics as an answer to the media for deeply invading her personal life.

## Critical reception

Upon its release, Just Whitney received mixed reviews from critics, with aggregated reviews on Metacritic awarding the album 53 out of 100. Craig Seymour of Atlanta Journal and Constitution gave the album a favorable review stating, "On Just Whitney, Houston comes off as warm, lucid, open, and sharp. Keysha Davis of BBC gave a favorable review commenting, "With one of the exceptional voices in contemporary music, her latest album, aptly titled Just Whitney sees the diva return to her former glory with a combination of high-voltage ballads and smooth-liqueur R&B. Whitney's return to big ballads will hopefully ensure that this pop princess will be able to lead the rest of her life like a clichéd fairy tale - happily ever after." Mike Bell from Jam! Showbiz, was also favorable in his review, saying "Maybe because of everything that's happened in her past, maybe because of the sideshow, she has the ability to give the songs real feeling, real life." In addition, he stated that her voice was in fine form, "showcasing those incredible pipes that launched a thousand imitators." He concluded by saying, "And it shows up all of those followers with recent releases ㅡ including Mariah Carey and Celine Dion ㅡ because not only does Houston have the lungs, but she has the soul."

Jon Pareles of New York Times wrote, "Ms. Houston's voice sails and spirals through breathy ballads, staccato constructions and big-build anthems; she's strategic and improvisatory at the same time." He summarized by saying that even when she's seething, she's graceful. Angus Batey from Yahoo! Music UK & Ireland graded the album seven stars out of ten commenting, " this is a cogent, compact and really quite good record, one that mixes upbeat, perhaps slightly clinical R&B with uber-ballads and occasional snatches of what appears to be an attempt at intimacy." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic commented that Just Whitney was "an assertion that she's returning to her basics." He also said that "It would be a good standard-issue Whitney album if it wasn't for her disarming, defensive attempt to defuse every rumor hurled in her direction." Billboard reviewed the album commenting that " Just Whitney appears and sounds more like a work-in-progress than a finished disk." Steve Jones of USA Today graded the album fairly well, giving it two-and-half stars out of four, but stating, "At her best, Houston is full of sass and attitude and, most of all, joy. But with so much emphasis on what's bothering her, you can't help but wonder whether the thrill is gone." According to The Guardian, the album takes "a musical step backwards". Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly graded the album a solid B− and noted that Just Whitney had quite a refreshingly "old-school vibe." He commented, "Whatever her personal problems, our gal sounds plucky and on top of her game. Still, in her third decade as a diva, Houston remains a formidable role model for American Idol wannabes. "

## Commercial performance

On the week ending December 28, 2002, Just Whitney debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 and number three on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album spent 26 weeks on the US Album chart. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments exceeding one million copies. Since its release, the album has sold 1.3 million copies in the US and roughly 1.2 million copies outside the US for total sales of 2.5 million copies.

In Australia, the album reached number 22 on the ARIA Urban Albums Chart. The album debuted at number 85 on the Canadian Albums chart, selling 3,000 copies in its first week. In Austria, it entered the albums chart on December 8, 2002 at its peak position of number 33. In Switzerland, the album saw its second highest peak, when it debuted at number 10 on the charts. It was certified Platinum by the IFPI Switzerland for shipment/sales of 30,000 copies or more. In France, the album charted at number 25 and was certified Gold, for shipment of 50,000 copies. In the Netherlands, it peaked at number 70 on the albums chart. Just Whitney was certified Gold in Brazil. In the UK, it peaked at number 76. The album has sold more than 2.5 million copies worldwide.

## Singles

The album saw the release of five official singles - two preceding and three succeeding the album's release.

" Whatchulookinat " became the album's lead single released on September 17, 2002. The song received mixed to unfavorable reviews from critics. The single became a moderate success worldwide, peaking inside the top forty in most countries. In the US, it became her tenth Hot Dance Club Play topper. The corresponding music video was also considered as Houston's answer to the media for getting too deep into her personal life. The video showed a white set with cameras all over, following Houston's every move. The set was also full with old movie cameras and people dressed as reporters and photographers. Houston is shown dancing in front of them.

" One of Those Days " was the album's second single and was released on October 29, 2002. The song received many positive reviews from critics. It sampled The Isley Brothers ' song " Between the Sheets ". The single was a moderate success in the US. The accompanying music video's plot revolved around Houston and her friends, having a day for themselves and going to the club at night.

" Try It on My Own " became the project's third single and was released on February 11, 2003. The song received acclaim from critics as well as fans; most of them who named it as the album's highlight. The song, like its predecessors, was a moderate success and topped Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. It also reached the top ten on the US Adult Contemporary chart. Internationally, the song performed fair. A music video was released to promote the single.

"My Love" was released to urban adult contemporary radio as the album's fourth single on March 10, 2003.

" Love That Man " was the fifth and final single from the album, released on May 20, 2003. It became another Dance Club chart-topping single, but failed to make the Hot 100. No accompanying video was released for the single.

## Promotion

To promote the album, Houston appeared on the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards, performing her new single "Whatchulookinat". She also appeared on the 2003 VH1 Divas Duets: An Honors Concert for the VH1 Save the Music Foundation and performed her hits including two songs from the album; "My Love" and "Try It on My Own". Apart from these, she also performed "One of Those Days" and "Tell Me No" live on Good Morning America. No major tours were arranged to support the album.

## Track listing

- on international editions, "Try It on My Own" is labeled as "On My Own".

- denotes co-producer

## Personnel

Adapted from AllMusic.

- Joey Arbagey – A&R

- Babyface – drum programming, guest artist, acoustic guitar, keyboards, producer, background vocals

- Tom Bender – assistant

- Charile "CSUN" Bereal – producer

- Kenny Bereal – producer

- Ted Bishop – arranger, drum programming, engineer, keyboards, producer, vocal arrangement

- Paul Boutin – engineer

- Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs – arranger, engineer, midi, producer

- Bobby Brown – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist, producer

- Matt Brown – assistant

- Melanie Byrd – production coordination

- Terrence Cash – engineer

- Gordon Chambers – producer, vocal arrangement, vocal producer, background vocals

- Greg Charley – guitar

- Corrado Sgandurra – guitar

- Nathan East – bass

- Kevin KD Davis – mixing

- Missy Elliott – producer

- Cortez Farris – engineer

- Steve Fisher – assistant

- Roxanna Floy – make-Up

- Sherree Ford-payne – background vocals

- Rob Fusari – producer

- Jon Gass – mixing

- Steve Genewick – assistant

- Sharlotte Gibson – background vocals

- Kevin Guarnieri – engineer

- Mick Guzauski – mixing

- Gary Houston – background vocals

- Whitney Houston – primary artist, producer, vocal arrangement, vocals, background vocals, songwriter

- Jimmy Hoyson – assistant

- Kenya Ivey – background vocals

- Scott Kieklak – engineer

- Latrelle – background vocals

- Ellin La Var – hair stylist

- Ricky Lawson – drums

- Marc Stephen Lee – assistant

- Wayne Linsey – fender rhodes

- Manny Marroquin – mixing

- Bill Meyers – string arrangements, string conductor

- Ricky Minor – producer

- Muhammad2G – producer

- Sheryl Nields – photography

- Joe Mama-Nitzberg – Creative Director

- Greg Phillinganes – piano

- Josean Posey – assistant

- Herb Powers – mastering

- L.A. Reid – executive producer

- Dennis Rivadeneira – assistant

- Jeffrey Schulz – art direction, design

- Ivy Skoff – production coordination

- Antonique Smith – background vocals

- Patrice "ButtaPhly" Stewart – vocal producer

- Craig "Niteman" Taylor – assistant

- Shawndella Taylor – A&R

- Troy Taylor – producer, programming, rhythm arrangements, vocal producer

- Michael Hart Thompson – guitar

- Tweet – vocal producer, background vocals

- Tommy Vicari – string engineer

- Randy Waldman – string arrangements, string conductor

- Mike White – engineer

- Patti Wilson – stylist

- Theresa Wilson – A&R

- Jeffrey "Woody" Woodruff – string engineer

## Charts


John Coker (cleric)

# John Coker (cleric)

## Abstract

John Coker (d. 1631/35) was an English Anglican cleric and the once-reputed author of A Survey of Dorsetshire, a county history published in 1732.

## Life and career

Coker was the third son of Robert Coker of Mappowder, Dorset (d. 1571/2) and his wife, Elizabeth, the daughter and heir of Henry Beaumont of Giddesham. He served as rector of Tincleton from 1576 to 1579 or 1582, as a new rector's name was only recorded on the second date. After this office, Coker probably retired to Mappowder. The parish burial register records the burial of two John Cokers, in 1631 and 1635. It is not certain which is the clergyman.

### A Survey of Dorsetshire

Coker was long believed to be the author of A Survey of Dorsetshire … to which is Prefix'd a Map of the County (1732), a systematic description of the history, topography, and genealogy of the county, published sometime after the author's death. This was revealed to be a misattribution by county historian Rodney Legg, in an afterword to the 1980 facsimile edition of the work. The survey was, in fact, composed by Thomas Gerard (1592–1634) in the 1620s and passed on to the Coker family upon his death. Nearly a century later a London bookseller, John Wilcox, published it under John Coker's name.


Glossary of ichthyology

# Glossary of ichthyology

## Abstract

This glossary of ichthyology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in ichthyology, the study of fishes.

## A

## B

## C

## D

## E

## F

## G

## H

## I

## J

## K

## L

## M

## N

## O

## P

## R

## S

## T

## U

## V

## W


2027 FIFA Women's World Cup

# 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup

## Abstract

The 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup is scheduled to be the tenth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international women's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will include 32 teams for the second time after FIFA announced the expansion of the tournament in July 2019. Spain are the defending champions, having won their first title in 2023.

On 17 May 2024, FIFA announced that Brazil won the hosting rights, making this the first FIFA Women's World Cup in South America. Brazil will become the sixth country—after Sweden, the United States, Germany, France, and Canada—to host both the men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the former in 1950 and 2014. It is also the first country to host eight different FIFA competitions, having also hosted the 2016 Olympic football tournaments, the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup, the 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup, and the first three editions of the FIFA-organized Beach Soccer World Cup (2005, 2006, and 2007).

## Host selection

On 23 March 2023, FIFA announced that bidding had begun for the 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup. Member associations interested in hosting the tournament had to submit a declaration of interest by 21 April, and provide the completed bidding registration by 8 December.

Fourteen countries initially indicated interest in hosting the events, two of which were joint bids. These were Belgium-Germany-Netherlands, Brazil, Chile, Italy, Mexico, Denmark-Finland-Iceland-Norway-Sweden (Nordic bid), South Africa and United States. Chile, Italy, the Nordic bid and South Africa would later drop out, some of which stated their expressions to host the following tournament in 2031. The Mexican Football Federation and the United States Soccer Federation would later merge their bids in a joint submission. Brazil and the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands joined them in submitting their bid books to FIFA by 8 December. However, the Mexico-United States withdrew their bid in April 2024, just weeks before the host selection, refocusing their efforts on a bid to host the 2031 edition instead.

### Voting

The voting took place on 17 May 2024, during the 74th FIFA Congress in Bangkok, and it was opened to all 204 eligible members. The Brazilian bid won with 119 valid ballots, while the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands bid received 78 valid ballots. Curaçao, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Libya, Namibia, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo abstained while Norway and the Philippines were unable to vote due to technical difficulties.

## Format

The Women's World Cup, since the 2023 edition, opens with a group stage consisting of eight groups of four teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 16 teams. The number of games played overall is 64.

## Venues

Between 10 to 12 venues will be used for the tournament. From the twelve stadiums that hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup games, the Arena da Baixada in Curitiba is the only venue being left out for Women's World Cup.

After Brazil received the hosting rights, the local government in Natal, expressed an interest to become a venue for the Women's World Cup.

On 22 August 2024, it was confirmed by the CBF that the Mangueirão in Belém would also be one of the host city candidates, the only city that did not host the 2014 World Cup to make the shortlist. Belém was originally part of the Brazilian bid back in March 2023. However, the city was left out of the final September project due to the fact that Mangueirão was still in the final stages of its renovation.

On 3 September 2024, Belém and Natal were included in the FIFA's selection process. Inspection visits will commence between September and November 2024.

The following are the host cities and stadiums selected for Brazilian bid:

- 1 Belém

- 2 Belo Horizonte

- 3 Brasília

- 4 Cuiabá

- 5 Fortaleza

- 6 Manaus

- 7 Natal

- 8 Porto Alegre

- 9 Recife

- 10 Rio de Janeiro

- 11 Salvador

- 12 São Paulo

## Teams

### Qualification

FIFA's confederations organise their qualifications through continental championships, with the exception of UEFA, which organises its own qualifying competition. The host Brazil qualified automatically for the tournament, leaving most of the remaining FIFA member associations eligible to enter qualification if they chose to do so. An exception may be Russia, which is currently under suspension by FIFA and UEFA from all competitions since 28 February 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The allocation of slots below is based upon the allocation for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. The slot for the host nation will be taken directly from the quotas allocated to their confederation.

- AFC (Asia): 6 slots

- CAF (Africa): 4 slots

- CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean): 4 slots

- CONMEBOL (South America): 3 slots (including hosts Brazil)

- OFC (Oceania): 1 slot

- UEFA (Europe): 11 slots

- Inter-confederation play-off tournament: 3 slots

A ten-team play-off tournament will decide the final three spots at the Women's World Cup. The play-off slot allocation is as follows:

- AFC (Asia): 2 slots

- CAF (Africa): 2 slots

- CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean): 2 slots

- CONMEBOL (South America): 2 slots

- OFC (Oceania): 1 slot

- UEFA (Europe): 1 slot


Aleksandar Dimitrić

# Aleksandar Dimitrić

## Abstract

Aleksandar Dimitrić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Димитрић; born 29 February 1996) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Hajduk 1912.

## Club career

### Inđija

Born in Loznica, Dimitrić started his senior career with Inđija, and he made 6 appearances until the end of in the 2013–14 Serbian First League season, all as a back-up player. At the beginning of next season, Dimitrić was loaned to zone league club Ljukovo, where he spent 6 months. During the spring half of 2014–15 season, Dimitrić collected 14 appearances, usually in starting 11. He also scored 3 goals, 2 against Moravac Mrštane, and 1 against Mačva Šabac. For the first half of 2015–16 Serbian First League season, Dimitrić played all 15 fixtures scoring 1 goal, and also appeared in 2 cup matches.

### Javor Ivanjica

Dimitrić signed a three-year contract with Javor Ivanjica in January 2016. He made his SuperLiga debut in a home match against Radnik Surdulica, played on 12 March 2016, under coach Mladen Dodić, replacing Marko Kolaković in 76 minute of match. Coach Miloš Veselinović gave a chance to Dimitrić at the beginning of 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season in starting 11, but later he moved on six-month loan to Kolubara in last days of summer transfer window 2016. In summer 2017, Dimitrić terminated a contract with Javor.

### Radnički Sombor

In January 2020, Dimitrić moved to FK Radnički Sombor.

## Career statistics


1966 in Germany

# 1966 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1966 in Germany.

## Incumbents

- President – Heinrich Lübke

- Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (until 30 November 1966) Kurt Georg Kiesinger (from 30 November 1966)

- Ludwig Erhard (until 30 November 1966)

- Kurt Georg Kiesinger (from 30 November 1966)

## Events

- Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1966

- 24 June – 5 July – 16th Berlin International Film Festival

- 1 December – The Kiesinger cabinet, led by Kurt Georg Kiesinger, is sworn in.

- Date unknown: German company Hannover Re was founded.

## Births

- 30 January – Hans Tutschku, German composer

- 7 February – Claudia Nolte, German politician

- 7 February – Kristin Otto, German swimmer

- 8 February – Bruno Labbadia, German footballer and manager

- 9 February – Christoph Maria Herbst, German actor and comedian

- 16 February – Martin Perscheid, German cartoonist (d. 2021)

- 22 February – Thorsten Kaye, German-English actor

- 18 March – Anne Will, German journalist

- 3 April – Michael Mittermeier, German comedian

- 4 April – Stefan Mappus, German politician

- 19 April – Oliver Welke, German television presenter, actor, comedian and sports journalist

- 21 April – Francis Fulton-Smith, German-British actor

- 3 May – Katrin Göring-Eckardt, German politician

- 8 May – Rocko Schamoni, German entertainer, author and musician

- 9 May – Stefan Quandt, German engineer and industrialist

- 11 May – Christoph Schneider, German musician

- 25 May – Tatjana Patitz, German model and actress (died 2023)

- 28 May – Theo Bleckmann, German vocalist and composer

- 30 May – Thomas Häßler, German football player

- 31 May – Frank Goosen, German cabaret artist and novelist

- 1 June – Sven Rothenberger, German equestrian

- 5 June – Sebastian Krumbiegel, German singer

- 1 July – Zita-Eva Funkenhauser, German fencer

- 7 July – Gundula Krause, German-Irish violinist

- 8 July – Ralf Altmeyer, German virologist

- 14 July – Ralf Waldmann, German motorcycle race (died 2018)

- 18 July – Kathrin Neimke, German track and field athlete

- 23 July – Wolfgang Büchner, German journalist

- 1 August – Axel Oberwelland, German businessman

- 7 August – Stefan Heße, German bishop of Roman Catholic Church

- 20 August – Andreas Hartenfels, German politician

- 25 August – Sandra Maischberger, German journalist

- 7 September – Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann, German speed skater

- 13 September – Maria Furtwängler, German actress

- 19 September – Heiko Maas, German politician

- 22 September – Erdoğan Atalay, German-Turkish actor

- 30 September – Leo Löwenstein, German racing driver (died 2010)

- 8 October – Tabea Zimmermann, German violinist

- 17 October – Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse, German nobleman

- 9 September – Georg Hackl, German luger

- 20 October – Stefan Raab, German television presenter

- 1 November – Barbara Becker, German model

- 16 November – Christian Lorenz, German musician

- 3 December – Bernd Althusmann, German politician

## Deaths

- 28 January — Ada Tschechowa, Russo-German actress (born 1916)

- 23 March – August Bach, German politician (born 1897)

- 23 March – Hilde Schrader, German swimmer (born 1910)

- April 13 - Felix von Luckner, German nobleman, author and sailor (born 1881)

- May 8 - Erich Pommer, German film producer and executive (born 1889)

- May 10 - Erich Engel, German film and theatre director (born 1891)

- May 24 - Emil Fahrenkamp, German architect (born 1885)

- June 12 - Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (born 1891)

- July 16 - Bernhard Schweitzer, German archaeologist (born 1892)

- July 31 - Alexander von Falkenhausen, German general (born 1878)

- August 22 - Günther Birkenfeld, German writer (born 1901)

- August 29 – Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern, Queen consort of Portugal in exile (born 1890)

- September 12 - Heinrich Stuhlfauth, German football player and goal keeper (born 1896)

- September 17 — Fritz Wunderlich, singer (born 1930)

- September 19 - Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski, equestrian and general (born 1899)

- October 17 - Wieland Wagner, German opera director (born 1917)

- November 19 - Margarete Haagen, German actress (born 1889)

- December 3 - Friedrich Marby, German rune occultist and Germanic revivalist (born 1882)

- December 4 - Renate Ewert, German actress (born 1933)


Optomotor response

# Optomotor response

## Abstract

In behavioral biology, the optomotor response is an innate, orienting behavior evoked by whole-field visual motion and is common to fish and insects during locomotion, such as swimming, walking and flying. The optomotor response has algorithmic properties such that the direction of the whole-field coherent motion dictates the direction of the behavioral output (e.g., leftward visual stimuli lead to turning left, and rightward visual stimuli lead to turning right). For instance, when zebrafish larvae are presented with a sinusoidal black and white grating pattern, the larvae will turn and swim in the direction of the perceived motion.

## Purpose

The optomotor response is essential for animals to correct unplanned course perturbations while navigating through their environment, such as current shifts around a swimming fish or air gusts around flying insects. The response is rapid and instinctual, with pure delay times of just 20-40ms for fruit flies in flight.

The optomotor response is a central feature of a fly's flight control system: flies subject to unplanned apparent self-motion move to minimize the resultant optic flow (retinal movement patterns) and correct involuntary deviations from course. In their natural environments, full-field optic flow patterns are elicited by distinct flight maneuvers; for instance, rotational optic flow is generated by body rotation during hovering, whereas expansion optic flow is elicited by body translation during straight flight. As such, flies respond to panoramic retinal patterns of visual expansion with robust steering maneuvers away from the expansion point (mimicking an approaching object) to avoid collisions and maintain upwind flight postures.

## Research Applications

The optomotor response is frequently used as a behavioral assay. In zebrafish, the optomotor response is frequently used as a metric of visual performance as it can be reliably evoked from 7 days post fertilization throughout adulthood. The contrast and wavelength (color) of the stripes can be manipulated to assess the specific properties of their visual system, such as testing the contribution of color to motion detection. In flies, the optomotor response is used to understand the functional properties of neural circuits in the context of a specific behavior and examine the sensorimotor transformations underlying that behavior. To describe the physiological or behavioral properties of the optomotor response, researchers typically vary the spatial period of projected visual patterns and their velocity. The stimulus regime is often composed of periods of open-loop large-field rotation or expansion stimuli alternating with periods of closed-loop stripe fixation in which the animal has control of the position of a single vertical bar.

## Characteristics

Both behavioral and physiological optomotor responses have distinct tuning curves for the temporal, spatial and contrast structure of moving images. The magnitude and time-course of the optomotor response to optic flow depends on the temporal frequency of image motion, the spatial period of the display pattern, the periodic contrast and the spatial organization of the stimulus, e.g. rotation or expansion. Typically, low spatial-period patterns (i.e. narrow stripes) produce weaker steering responses than high spatial-period patterns (i.e. wide stripes). The strength of the optomotor response to different temporal frequencies for are state-dependent: stationary flies have a peak temporal frequency optima around 1 Hz, while walking flies have a peak behavior response to optic flow between 1–4 Hz and the optimal frequency during flight is much faster, between 3–12 Hz


Pathar Mosque

# Pathar Mosque

## Abstract

Pathar Mosque, known locally as Naev Masheed (Kashmiri: / ˈnəw ˌməʃiːd̪ /), is a Mughal era stone mosque located in the old city of Srinagar, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the left bank of the River Jhelum, just opposite the shrine of Khanqah-e-Moula. It was built by Mughal Empress Noor Jehan, the wife of emperor Jehangir, in 1623, for Shi’a Muslim Population. Soon after its construction, the mosque was declared unfit for prayers and was used instead for non-religious purposes. The structure was reconverted into a mosque in the early 1930s. The mosque has some distinct features that separate it from the rest of the mosques in the Kashmir Valley. Unlike other mosques, it does not have the traditional pyramidal roof. Furthermore, the mosque has nine mehraabs (arches), with the central one being larger than the others.


Bojan Jović

# Bojan Jović

## Abstract

Bojan Jović (Serbian Cyrillic: Бојан Јовић; born 1 April 1982) is a Serbian football goalkeeper.

## Club career

Born in Nova Pazova, Jović began playing football in the lower levels of Serbian football. He spent three seasons in Bosnian Premier League playing for FK Rudar Prijedor, FK Sloboda Tuzla before returning to Serbia to play with FK Javor Ivanjica. He only appeared in one Serbian SuperLiga match for Javor Ivanjica during his two seasons with the club. Afterwards, he played with FK Veternik before spending a half season again in Bosnian top league, this time with FK Sarajevo. He came to Romanian Liga I side FC Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț in summer 2011. After episodes with Borac Banja Luka, Rudar Kakanj and Zemun, Jović signed a one-year-and-a-half deal with Spartak Subotica.