Hyderabad, Sindh

# Hyderabad, Sindh

## Abstract

Hyderabad (Sindhi: حيدرآباد; Urdu: حيدرآباد; / ˈ h aɪ d ər ə b ɑː d /) is a city and the capital of Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second-largest city in Sindh, and the fifth largest in Pakistan.

Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty, Hyderabad served as a provincial capital until the British transferred the capital to Bombay Presidency in 1840. It is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) inland of Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, to which it is connected by a direct railway and M-9 motorway.

## Toponymy

The city was named in honour of Ali, the fourth caliph and cousin of Muhammad. Hyderabad's name translates literally as "Lion City"—from haydar, meaning "lion", and ābād, which is a suffix indicating a settlement. "Lion" references Ali's valour in battle, so he is often referred to as Ali Haydar, roughly meaning "Ali the Lionheart", by South Asian Muslims.

## History

### Founding

The River Indus was changing course around 1757, resulting in periodic floods of the then capital of the Kalhora dynasty, Khudabad. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro decided to shift the capital away from Khudabad, and founded Hyderabad in 1768 over a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar, or "Bald Hill." The small hill is traditionally believed to have been the location of the ancient settlement of Neroon Kot, a town which had fallen to the armies of Muhammad Bin Qasim in 711 CE. When the foundations were laid, the city came to be known by the nickname Heart of the Mehran.

Devotees of Imam Ali advised Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro to name the city in honour of their Imam. The Shah of Iran later gifted the city a stone which purportedly bears the imprint of Ali's feet. The stone was placed in the Qadamgah Maula Ali, which then became a place of pilgrimage.

### Kalhora

In 1768, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The fort was built using baked clay bricks, earning it the name Pacco Qillo, meaning Strong Fort in Sindhi. The fort was completed in 1769, and is spread over 36 acres. Mian Ghulam Shah also built the "Shah Makki Fort", commonly known as Kacha Qila, to fortify the tomb of the Sufi saint Shah Makki.

Hyderabad remained the Kalhora capital during the period in which Sindh was united under their rule. Attracted by the security of the city, Hyderabad began to attract artisans and traders from throughout Sindh, thereby resulting in the decline of other rival trading centres such as Khudabad. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including Sonaras, Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term "Khudabadi" in the names of their communities as a marker of origin.

Mian Ghulam Shah died in 1772, and was succeeded by his son, Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro. In 1774, Sarfraz Khan built a "New" Khudabad north of Hala in memory of the old Kalhoro capital, and attempted to shift his capital there. The attempt failed, and Hyderabad continued to prosper while New Khudabad was abandoned by 1814. A formal plan for the city was laid out by Sarfraz Khan in 1782.

### Talpur

Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur captured the city of Khudabad from the Kalhoros in 1773, and made the city his capital. He then captured Hyderabad in 1775, and shifted his capital there in 1789 after Khudabad once again flooded. Renovation and reconstruction of the city's fort began in 1789, and lasted for 3 years. Celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Pacco Qillo fort, which he made his residence and held court.

Talpur rule maintained Hyderabad's security, and the city continued to attract migrants from throughout Sindh, turning the city into a major regional center. Lohana Hindus from Afghanistan migrated to the city and set up ship as metalworkers. The city's goldsmiths, silversmiths, and leather tanners began to export their Hyderabadi wares abroad. The city's textile industry boomed with the arrival of Susi and Khes cotton cloth and handicrafts from towns in rural Sindh. The city's became renowned for its calligraphers and bookbinders, while its carpet dealers traded carpets from nearby Thatta.

Henry Pottinger traveled up the Indus River in the early 1830s on behalf of the British. He claimed to have seen 341 ships over the course of 19 days at Hyderabad, indicating its importance as a major trading center by this time. Hyderabad's goods were mostly exported to markets in Khorasan, India, Turkestan, and Kashmir - though some Hyderabadi wares were displayed at The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London.

In order to use the Indus River for commercial navigation to Punjab, the British signed a treaty with the rulers of Hyderabad and Khairpur that guaranteed the British free passage along the Indus and through Sindh. Mir Murad Ali was pressured into accepting an 1838 treaty which resulted in the stationing of a British Resident in the city. The British also signed a treaty of "eternal friendship" with the Talpur rulers of Hyderabad in the early 19th century, who promised not to allow the French to set up residency in Sindh. In 1839, they were pressured into forcing another treaty that guaranteed the British trade and security privileges.

### British

The British defeated the city's Talpur rulers at the Battle of Hyderabad on 24 March 1843. The provincial capital was then transferred to Bombay Presidency by the British general Sir Charles Napier. Being the last stronghold in Sindh, the conquered city was the final step in the British Conquest of Sindh. Following the success of the British, several of the city's Talpur Mirs rulers were exiled and died in Calcutta. Their bodies were eventually brought back to Hyderabad, and were buried in the Tombs of the Talpur Mirs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.

Hyderabad's prosperity did not initially decline after the shifting of Sindh's capital to Bombay Presidency. Merchants there forged links with the commercial community in Hyderabad, and began exporting Hyderabadi wares to distant markets. Following Sindhi's assimilation into the Bombay Presidency in 1847, the city emerged as hub for a style of handicrafts known as Sindwork that was peddled in Bombay, and prized by its European residents for its perceived authenticity of style. The work was then shipped from Bombay to Egypt in order to be sold as souvenirs to tourists there. Hyderabadi traders also spread east towards Singapore and Japan as well. Unable to fulfill demand for its products, Hyderabad's traders began to import crafts from Kashmir, Varanasi, China, and Japan to ease demand. Sindwork handicrafts thus placed Hyderabad at the center of a new trading network that was almost entirely dominated by Hindus from the city's mercantile Bhaiband segment of the Lohana caste, although the artisans themselves were primarily Muslim.

The city's jail was built in 1851, and the Municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853. In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the Indian mutiny raged across the South Asia, the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. Though the city did not witness major fighting, the British demolished the large round tower that once stood outside of Pacco Qillo, deeming it a potential risk to their rule were it to fall into the hands of rebels.

Hyderabad's Rani Bagh ("Queen's Garden") was established as Das Gardens in 1861, and was re-christened in honour of Queen Victoria. British-style schools were introduced in Hyderabad by the 1860s, while the St Joseph Missionary School was established in 1868. Further European schools were opened, while Hyderabad's Hindu and Muslim elite established schools for their respective communities throughout the British colonial period. A hospital, psychiatric institution, and quarters for officials were built in 1871. By 1872, 43,088 people lived in the city. The city by 1873 had 20 kilometres of metalled roads that were lit at night by kerosene lamps. The newly built urban quarters of Saddar and Soldier Bazaar further expanded the city.

The British built a rail network throughout the western part of South Asia in the 1880s, and purchased the private Scinde Railway to connect the province to Kabul trade routes. The rail network would later be called the North-Western State Railway. The Kotri Bridge was completed in 1900 to traverse the Indus, and link Hyderabad to Karachi. Hyderabad's economy grew as a result of improved transportation. The city increasingly developed into a consumer market under British rule, and the city's exports began to decline, though increased transit trade allowed the city's economy to continue growing.

In 1901, 69,378 people lived in the city. Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers, while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest religious minority. The city ranked seventh in the Bombay Presidency in terms of population. By 1907, the Gazetteer of Sindh claimed that 5,000 Hyderabadi merchants were to be found dispersed throughout the world. The city's Navalrai Clock Tower was built in 1914. Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore remarked in the early 20th century that Hyderabad was the "most fashionable" city in all of India.

### Modern

The City of Hyderabad served as the capital of Sindh province between 1947 and 1955. The Partition of India resulted in the large-scale exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though like much of Sindh, Hyderabad did not experience the widespread rioting that occurred in Punjab and Bengal. In all, less than 500 Hindu were killed in Sindh between 1947 and 1948 as Sindhi Muslims largely resisted calls to turn against their Hindu neighbours. Hindus did not flee Hyderabad en masse until riots erupted in Karachi on 6 January 1948, which sowed fear in Sindhi Hindus despite the fact that the riots were local and regarded Sikh refugees from Punjab seeking refuge in Karachi.

The Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by newly arrived refugees from India, known as Muhajirs. By 1951, 66% of the city was made up of Muhajirs. Though Hyderabad became a majority Urdu -speaking city in the 1940s, the arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades.

Animosity between Urdu and Sindhi speakers first arose in 1967, it intensified under the Pakistan People's Party government in the 1970s, which were widely perceived by Muhajirs to be a pro-Sindhi administration. Violence erupted between Urdu and Sindhi speakers during riots in 1971 when the provincial government wished to impose Sindhi-language requirements on Urdu speakers, and again in 1972 in reaction to the 1972 Sindhi Language Bill.

The Khuda-ki-Basti Incremental Development Scheme was launched in Hyderabad 1981 as a way to provide housing to low-income residents by forming local cooperatives pool funds to gradually provide increased services that would in turn be managed by community members. Success of the project resulted in the programme being launched in Karachi as well.

The late 1980s saw turbulent ethnic rioting between Sindhis and Muhajirs. On 30 September 1988, militants from the Sindh Progressive Party drove into Muhajir dominated areas in the city, and opened indiscriminate fire in busy crossroads. The so-called " Hyderabad Massacre " resulted in the deaths of over 60 people in a single day, and more than 250 deaths in total. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi. The city began to divide itself ethnically, and the Muhajir population migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Latifabad. Similarly, Sindhis moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad. Further ethnic disturbances occurred in May 1990, including a police-led siege of the Pacco Qillo fortress in the center of Hyderabad, in which Muhajir activists claim 150 were killed. 2 bombings on trains in Hyderabad killed 10 people in 2000.

Much of Hyderabad's public spaces have been encroached upon by illegally-constructed homes and businesses. Much of the city's historic structures are badly neglected, with little preservation being undertaken by the provincial administration.

## Demographics

### Population

Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, including the cantonment area, is home to 1,733,622 people as per the 2017 Census of Pakistan. The city gained 565,799 residents since the 1998 Census, representing an increase of 48.5% - the lowest growth rate of the ten largest Pakistani cities. The city has 903,327 males, 830,038 females and 257 Transgender people. Hyderabad has a literacy rate of 71.72% for people over 10 years of age: 74.51% for males and 68.66% for females.

### Ethnicity

Hyderabad was a majority Sindhi Hindu city prior to 1948, when many migrated to India and elsewhere after the independence of Pakistan 1947. Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by the newly arrived Urdu speaking Muslim refugees from India, known as Muhajirs.

Following the arrival of Muhajirs, Hyderabad became a majority Urdu -speaking city, with Muhajirs making up 66% of the city's population. The arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades. At the time of the 2017 census, 52.57% of the population spoke Urdu, 31.88% Sindhi, 5.25% Punjabi, 3.76% Pashto, and 1.29% Saraiki as their first language. Most Punjabis and Pashtuns are distinct and separately living near the railway station and its vicinity. The city therefore has cosmopolitan atmosphere with multiethnic and multicultural communities.

Languages of Hyderabad (2017)

### Religion

Hyderabad is noteworthy in Sindh and Pakistan generally for its comparative tolerance towards religious and ethnic minorities. The spread of Islamist militancy and extremism has been stymied in large parts of Sindh by vibrant civil society, and Sindh's progressive politics.

The city has a long association with Sufism. In the 18th Century Syeds from Multan migrated and settled in the city's Tando Jahania neighbourhood, making it a sacred place for Muslims. The Syeds came from Uch Sharif, via Jahanian Sharif, 42 km from Multan Sharif. They were mostly descendants of Hazrat Syedna Jahaniyan Jahangasht رضي الله عنه- a Sufi Saint who is very popular in Sindh and Punjab. Hyderabad is near some of Sindh's most important Sufi shrines, being situated 49 kilometres (30 mi) from the joint Muslim-Hindu Shrine at Odero Lal Sharif, 59.3 kilometres (36.8 mi) from the Shrine of Hazrat Syedna Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai رضي الله عنه, 146 kilometres (91 mi) from the Shrine of Hazrat Syedna Lal Shahbaz Qalandar رضي الله عنه.

Hindus once formed the majority in Hyderabad prior to 1948, and today account for the largest religious minority in Hyderabad - forming 5% of the total population of the city. Hyderabad's Amil Hindus clan of the Lohana caste had been employed previously the Talpur Mirs for their Persian language proficiency and skills in bureaucracy - this role continued under the British as the Amils were recruited into colonial administration. The Amils formed the Amil Colony, which was where some of Hyderabad's finest colonial architecture was found. The Bhaiband clan, also of the Lohana caste, dominated commerce in the city.

While Christians account for 1% of the total population, Hyderabad is the seat of a diocese of the Church of Pakistan and has five churches and a cathedral.

## Geography

### Location

Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 metres (43 ft), Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways, the Indus Highway and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi), Jamshoro at 8.1 kilometres (5.0 mi), Hattri at 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) and Husri at 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi).

### Climate

Hyderabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with warm conditions year-round. The city is famous for its winds which moderate the otherwise hot climate. As a result, Hyderabadi homes traditionally feature "wind-catching" towers that funnel breezes down into living quarters in order to alleviate heat.

The period from mid-April to late June (before the onset of the monsoon) is the hottest of the year, with highs peaking in May at 41.4 °C (106.5 °F). During this time, winds that blow usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breeze that flows at night is more pleasant. Winters are warm, with highs around 25 °C (77 °F), though lows can often drop below 10 °C (50 °F) at night. The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded on 25 May 2018, while the lowest temperature of 1 °C (34 °F) was recorded on 8 February 2012.

In recent years, Hyderabad has seen great downpours. In February 2003, Hyderabad received 105 millimetres (4.13 in) of rain in 12 hours, leaving many dead. The years of 2006 and 2007 saw close contenders to this record rain with death tolls estimated in the hundreds. The highest single-day rain total of 259.7 millimetres (10.22 in) was recorded on 12 September 1962, while the wettest month was September 1962, at 346 millimetres (13.62 in).

### Topography

The city was initially founded on a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar, or "Bald Hill." The limestone outcropping provided several scenic vistas in the city, as well as inclined routes. The most famous incline, the Tilak Incline, is named after the early 20th century independence activist Lokmanya Tilak.

## Economy

The industrial sector contributes 25% to the GDP of Pakistan, with a major concentration of industry in an arc stretching from Karachi to Hyderabad. 75% of Sindh's industry is located in the Karachi-Hyderabad region. The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, home to 439 industrial units, was established on the outskirts of Hyderabad in 1950 which prospered with until the urban violence of the 1980s. Much of the city's industrial base was weakened by ethnic violence in urban Sindh in the 1980s, although poor infrastructure and supply of electricity has also hampered growth.

Hyderabad is an important commercial centre where industries includes: textiles, sugar, cement, manufacturing of mirror, soap, ice, paper, pottery, plastics, tanneries, hosiery mills and film. There are hide tanneries and sawmills. Handicraft industries, including silver and gold work, lacquer ware, ornamented silks, and embroidered leather saddles, are also well established.

Hyderabad produces almost all of the ornamental glass bangles in Pakistan, as well as layered glass inlay for jewelry. The glass industry employs an estimated 300,000-350,000 people in manufacturing units centered on the Churi Parah neighbourhood. The industry frequently uses recycled glass as material for its bangles.

Hyderabad is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains, and is a major commercial centre for the agricultural produce of the surrounding area, including millet, rice, wheat, cotton, and fruit.

## Cityscape

### Local architecture

Hyderabad's local architectural patterns reflect the region's harsh climate and local customs. Walls of most traditional-style buildings were made of mud bricks, which helped keep the structure cool in summer and warm in winter. Hyderabad is famed for its heat-relieving winds, and so homes also featured wind-catchers that directed cool breezes into each homes' living quarters.

Residential structures in Hyderabad's Old City, and in Hirabad typically have a small inward facing courtyard that afforded privacy from the city's streets. Walls facing the street are typically plain, though the home may display an elaborate entryway. Inner courtyards and doorways of more elaborate homes would be decorated with jharoka balconies, floral motifs, ornamented ceilings, and decorative arches. Most residential homes, however, were utilitarian in design.

Homes built during the British colonial period contain introduced architectural elements like balconies and decorative columns as part of an elaborate outward-facing façade. Such examples can be found in the Saddar neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Large decorated windows were featured as part of Hyderabad's colonial style in order to ventilate the building. Tall and multi-sectional windows with stained glass windows became a hallmark of Hyderabad's colonial-era architecture. Homes of wealthy residents, especially among the city's Bhaiband community, the presence of windows was a marker of status, and allowed wealthy Hindus to practice the custom of purdah. Balconies were sometimes affixed to the front of a building, and were typically made of wood or cast-iron. Such homes would also sometimes have painted facades.

## Civil administration

Before the government of Abubaker Nizamani, the District Hyderabad included the present-day District of Badin. The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro, The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed, who served from 1962 to 1971.

In 2005/2006, General Pervaiz Musharraf again divided it into four more districts Matiyari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Mohammad Khan and Hyderabad. Hyderabad district was subdivided into five talukas

- Hyderabad City Taluka

- Hyderabad Taluka (rural)

- Tando Jam

- Latifabad

- Qasimabad

### Judiciary

Court of District & Sessions Judge Hyderabad was established in 1899 under the subordination of Judicial Commissioner of Sindh.

## Transportation

### Hyderabad Metro Bus

Peoples Bus Service, formally known as the Sindh Intra-District Peoples Bus Service Project is a public bus service by the Government of Sindh operating in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana.

### Road

The M-9 motorway is a six-lane motorway that connects Hyderabad to Karachi, 136 kilometers away. The city will also be connected to Sukkur by the M-6 motorway, being built as part of the wider China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. From Sukkur, motorways will continue onward to Multan, Lahore, Islamabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar.It is connected to the oldest and longest N5 Route from Karachi (Sea) to Torkham 1819 km long.

### Rail

Hyderabad Junction railway station serves as the city's main rail station. Passenger services are provided exclusively by Pakistan Railways. The city's station is serviced by the Allama Iqbal Express to Sialkot, the Badin Express, and the Khyber Mail to Peshawar. Hyderabad has trains to Nawabshah, Badin, Tando Adam Junction, Karachi, and points in northern Pakistan.

### Air

Hyderabad Airport is situated at the east of the city Hyderabad near Gulistan e Sarmast which is an area of Latifabad but it is no longer served by commercial air traffic. The last services were suspended in 2013. Passengers must now instead rely entirely on Karachi's Jinnah International Airport.

## Education

75% of males and 65% of females over the age of 10 were literate in Hyderabad District in 2010, a region which includes rural areas around the city. In 2010–2011, 2.96 Billion Rupees were spent on public education in Hyderabad District, and number which increased to 3.99 Billion Rupees in 2011–2012. 26% of children in Hyderabad District were enrolled in paid private schools in 2010.

The University of Sindh was founded in Karachi in 1947, before moving to Hyderabad in 1951. The Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences was founded in nearby Jamshoro in 1951.

The Public School Hyderabad was founded in 1961, one of the oldest school in Hyderabad which is located at the autobahn road. The first boarding school in Hyderabad started by Mr. Niaz Hussain Tunio, After his death local government has manage all the Administration of the school, After that since 2018 IBA Sukkur management is assign to manage all the Administration.

## Sports

The Niaz Stadium of Hyderabad, with a seating capacity of 15,000 is home to the Hyderabad cricket team since 1961. It is known for Pakistani bowler Jalal-ud-Din 's hat-trick, which was the first ever hat-trick taken by a bowler in a one-day match in 1982. Hyderabad also has a hockey stadium. Hyderabad has also Sport Club name "Sindh Sports Board Hyderabad Club" which is a platform to boost sports activity.

## Landmarks

- Pacco Qillo

- Tombs of Talpur Mirs

- Rani Bagh Zoological & Botanical Garden

- Sindh Museum

- Hyderabad Cantonment

- Niaz Cricket Stadium

- Kacha Qilla

- Hyderabad Junction railway station

- Hyderabad Airport

- Ganju Takar Mountain Range

- Gulistan-e-Zeal Pak Colony

## Media

### Literature

As tradition goes, Sindh had always been a hub for Sufi poets. With a foothold on strong educational foundations, the city of Hyderabad was made into a refuge for thriving literary advocates. Of the few, Mirza Kalich Beg received education from the Government High School, Hyderabad and carried the banner of Sindhi literature across borders. Modern novelists, writers, columnists and researchers like Musharraf Ali Farooqi, Ghulam Mustafa Khan and Qabil Ajmeri also hail from Hyderabad.

Hyderabad has served many Sindhi literary campaigns throughout the history of Pakistan as is evident from the daily newspapers and periodicals that are published in the city. A few worth mention dailies are the Kawish, Ibrat, and Daily Sindh.

### Radio and television

With the inauguration of a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950, it was possible to lay the foundations for the Hyderabad radio station in 1951. The initial broadcast was made capable using 1 kW medium-wave transmitter. With the first successful transmissions on the FM 100 bandwidth in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad in October 1998, the Government decided on opening transmissions to other cities where Radio Pakistan had found success. This made available the FM 101 bandwidth transmissions to Hyderabad and other cities in Sindh.

A relief from the regular broadcasts in other cities, entertainment content on the Hyderabad radio gave birth to many a star whose names became an attribute to Hyderabad's richer media content. Among them were actor Shafi Mohammad, a young man who had recently finished his postgraduate degree from the University of Sindh. Such fresh and young talent became a trademark to entertainment in Hyderabad.

Pakistan Television had only had half-a-decade broadcast success from 1963 to 1969 that people in the radio entertainment business felt destined to make a mark on the television circuits. Prominent radio personalities from the Hyderabad radio station like Shafi Muhammad Shah and Mohammad Ali left the airwaves to hone their acting skills on the television. Television shows and content enriched with the inclusion of Hyderabadi names however PTV never opened a television station in Hyderabad.

While the year 2005 saw new FM regular stations set up at Gawadar, Mianwali, Sargodha, Kohat, Bannu and Mithi, private radio channels began airing in and around Hyderabad. Of late, stations like Sachal FM 105 and some others have gained popularity. But the unavailability of an up-to-date news and current affairs platform renders the services of such stations of not much value to the masses but nonetheless appealing to youngsters.

As the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (abbreviated as PEMRA) gave licenses to private radio channels, so were television channels owned privately given a right to broadcast from the year 2002, and Daily Kawish, a prominent Sindhi newspaper published from Hyderabad opened a one-of-its-kind private Sindhi channel Kawish Television Network. Many followed in its path namely Sindh TV, Dhoom TV and Kashish TV premiering Sindhi content.

## Notable people

- Maulana Muhammad Saeed Jadoon (1964-2022) Religious, political, social personality, Principal Jamia Arabia QowwatulIslam Garebabad, Caliph Hazrat Maulana Pir Abdul Qudoos Naqshbandi, Former President Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamat District Hyderabad Sindh

- Hoshu Sheedi, General of Talpur Mirs' Army, who fought against British in the Battles of Miani and last Battle of Dubbo.

- Jivatram Kripalani (1886–1982), Indian politician and Indian independence activist.

- Mirza Kalich Beg (1853–1929), civil servant and author

- K. R. Malkani (1921–2003), Indian politician. Lieutenant-Governor of Pondicherry (2002–03)

- Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi (1886–1968), philosopher and scholar

- Sadhu Vaswani (1879–1966), Hindu spiritualist. Founder of the Sadhu Vaswani Mission.

- Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch (1917–2011), linguist and author

- Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (born 1915), scholar and translator

- Rizwan Ahmed, Secretary to Government of Pakistan

- Ghulam Mustafa Khan (born 1912), researcher, and linguist

- Syed Qamar Zaman Shah (born 1933), the nephew and son-in-law of Late Syed Miran Mohammad Shah. Senator during the early 1970s.

- Syed Miran Mohammad Shah, former speaker of Sindh legislative Assembly, Minister in the Sindh Government, former Ambassador of Pakistan to Spain.

- Qabil Ajmeri (1931–1962), recognised as a "senior" poet of Urdu

- Usman Ajmeri (1944–2019), recognised as a Most Senior Journalist in Hyderabad and was the Bureau Chief of Daily Nawaiwaqt newspaper until his death. He was the founder member of Hyderabad Press club. Held strong influence among politicians and industrialists. His last resting place is Tando Yousuf graveyard.


2024 IndyCar Series

# 2024 IndyCar Series

## Abstract

The 2024 NTT IndyCar Series was the 113th official championship season of American open wheel racing and the 29th season under IndyCar Series sanction. Its showcase event was the 108th running of the Indianapolis 500.

Spanish driver Álex Palou entered the season as the defending champion, having obtained his second IndyCar title in 2023, while Josef Newgarden entered the season as the defending Indianapolis 500 winner. Newgarden won his second consecutive Indianapolis 500, the first driver to do so since Hélio Castroneves in 2001 and 2002.

## Background and series news

The 2.2-liter engines used in the series are scheduled to have hybrid technology implemented after the original plans to debut a new 2.4-liter hybrid engine formula were postponed to 2027. The original plan was to introduce the hybrid powertrain at the start of the season in St. Petersburg, but on December 7, 2023, IndyCar announced a delay to its introduction, until after the Indianapolis 500. IndyCar announced on May 14, 2024, that the new hybrid powertrain would debut at Mid-Ohio.

This is also the final year of IndyCar's current television contract with NBC Sports, which began in 2019 and was extended in 2021. For 2025, the series' television coverage will move to Fox for all races.

New race restart procedures were introduced for 2024. On restarts, a new "restart line" was introduced, which drivers must pass before making overtaking attempts. The rule was introduced in response to a large number of incidents in 2023 that occurred from cars attempting to overtake early on race restarts.

For all oval events, the series mandated new, stronger rear suspension uprights on all cars. The new components were introduced in response to an incident during the 2023 Indianapolis 500 where a rear wheel assembly broke free from a car (specifically the Andretti No. 27 of Kyle Kirkwood who got collected by the spinning Arrow McLaren No. 6 of Felix Rosenqvist) and was launched over the catch fence meant to contain cars to the race circuit.

## Confirmed entries

The following teams, entries, and drivers compete in the 2024 NTT IndyCar Series season. All teams use a spec Dallara DW12 chassis with 2018 universal aero kit and Firestone tires.

### Driver changes

#### Preseason

- On January 12, 2023, Arrow McLaren confirmed reports that 2021 NASCAR Cup Series champion Kyle Larson would drive for the team in the Indianapolis 500, with the entry to be co-owned by Larson's Cup Series car owner Rick Hendrick.

- On August 11, 2023, Meyer Shank Racing confirmed reports that its IMSA driver Tom Blomqvist would drive for its No. 66 entry full-time in 2024, with 4-time Indianapolis 500 winner Hélio Castroneves moving to an Indy-only role for the team, as well as receiving an ownership stake in the team.

- On August 23, 2023, Andretti Autosport confirmed reports that 2022 Indianapolis 500 winner Marcus Ericsson would join the team, departing Chip Ganassi Racing after four seasons, replacing Romain Grosjean. Ganassi stated on social media the same day that it would announce driver updates "in due course". On August 31, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing confirmed reports that 2022 Indy Lights champion Linus Lundqvist would join the team on a full-time basis, ultimately replacing Ericsson in the No. 8 car.

- On September 2, 2023, NBC Sports reported that Romain Grosjean told them that he would be departing Andretti Autosport after two seasons with the team. On October 4, 2023, Grosjean released a statement confirming his departure from Andretti, and that he has commenced an arbitration proceeding in Indiana against the team, saying that he had expected to continue racing with the team "in the coming years".

- On October 4, 2023, Grosjean released a statement confirming his departure from Andretti, and that he has commenced an arbitration proceeding in Indiana against the team, saying that he had expected to continue racing with the team "in the coming years".

- On September 5, 2023, Meyer Shank Racing confirmed reports that Felix Rosenqvist had signed to drive the No. 60 entry in a multi-year deal. Rosenqvist departed Arrow McLaren after three seasons.

- On September 5, 2023, 2019 Indianapolis 500 winner and 2016 IndyCar Series champion Simon Pagenaud released a statement confirming his departure from Meyer Shank Racing after two seasons, saying that he would be focusing on his recovery from injuries sustained in a crash during practice at Mid-Ohio in 2023.

- On September 7, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing confirmed reports that Marcus Armstrong had re-signed with the team on a full-time basis with a multi-year contract, having served as road/street course driver alongside Takuma Sato in 2023.

- On September 8, 2023, Arrow McLaren confirmed reports that David Malukas had signed to drive the No. 6 entry full-time in 2024, departing Dale Coyne Racing after two seasons.

- On September 18, 2023, Chip Ganassi Racing announced that development driver Kyffin Simpson would join the team full time in 2024, expanding the team to 5 cars.

- On October 23, 2023, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Haas F1 Team reserve driver Pietro Fittipaldi would drive the team's No. 30 entry full-time in 2024, making his first start in the series since the 2021 season. The same day, RLL confirmed that Jüri Vips, who drove the No. 30 entry in the final two races of 2023, would remain under contract with the team, with the possibility of part-time competition in a fourth entry, testing duties and opportunities in IMSA competition.

- On October 25, 2023, Ed Carpenter Racing announced that 2023 Indy NXT champion Christian Rasmussen would drive the team's No. 20 entry on road and street courses in 2024, and in a third entry at the Indianapolis 500. Team owner/driver Ed Carpenter will compete in all oval races in the No. 20, having driven for the team's third entry for the last two seasons.

- On October 26, 2023, Juncos Hollinger Racing announced that they had mutually decided to part ways with driver Callum Ilott after three seasons together. On November 2, 2023, Juncos confirmed that Romain Grosjean signed for the team, replacing the outgoing Ilott.

- On December 15, 2023, A. J. Foyt Racing announced that Sting Ray Robb would drive the No. 41 entry full-time for the 2024 season, leaving Dale Coyne Racing after one season. Initial reports covering the announcement stated that Robb was to replace Benjamin Pedersen, with the entry being renumbered to 41 from the 55 which Pedersen drove in 2023. However, later that day, Pedersen released a statement on social media implying that he had not left the team and that Robb would be joining as his teammate, with team director Larry Foyt being non-committal when directly asked if Robb was replacing Pedersen during a teleconference with media. On January 9, 2024, Larry Foyt confirmed that Pedersen was departing the team as his contract had "lapsed".

- On February 1, 2024, Dreyer & Reinbold Racing / Cusick Motorsports confirmed plans to field a joint entry for the Indianapolis 500, with Ryan Hunter-Reay and Conor Daly serving as drivers of the No. 23 and No. 24 cars, respectively.

- On February 13, 2024, David Malukas confirmed that he had injured his wrist while mountain biking and would miss the first race of the season to recover. Callum Ilott was announced as his replacement on March 5, and also competed at the non-championship event at The Thermal Club.

- On February 15, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Takuma Sato would return to the team to compete in the Indianapolis 500.

- On March 5, Dale Coyne Racing announced that Jack Harvey would drive the No. 18 entry in 14 races this year, with 2023 Indy NXT rookie of the year Nolan Siegel partaking in events that do not clash with his Indy NXT commitments, including the Indianapolis 500. Coyne also confirmed sports car and former NASCAR driver Colin Braun would drive the No. 51 in at least the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and the non-championship event at The Thermal Club.

#### Mid-season

- Throughout the season, Dale Coyne Racing would announce multiple drivers for its No. 51 entry: On April 9, that Katherine Legge would drive for the No. 51 entry for the Indianapolis 500. Legge returned to the car for the Iowa double-header. On April 15, that Nolan Siegel would switch from the No. 18 to the No. 51 at Long Beach, and that Jack Harvey would race the No. 18 at Long Beach, extending his program in that entry to 15 races. On April 25, that former Williams F1 test driver Luca Ghiotto would drive the No. 51 at Barber Motorsports Park and the Indianapolis Grand Prix. On June 4, Ghiotto was announced to return to the car for Road America and Laguna Seca. On May 29, that 2013 IndyCar Series rookie of the year Tristan Vautier would drive the No. 51 at Detroit. On June 26, that former Indy NXT driver Toby Sowery would drive the No. 51 at Mid-Ohio, making his IndyCar debut. On July 17, it was announced that Sowery would make two additional starts in Toronto and Portland.

- On April 9, that Katherine Legge would drive for the No. 51 entry for the Indianapolis 500. Legge returned to the car for the Iowa double-header.

- On April 15, that Nolan Siegel would switch from the No. 18 to the No. 51 at Long Beach, and that Jack Harvey would race the No. 18 at Long Beach, extending his program in that entry to 15 races.

- On April 25, that former Williams F1 test driver Luca Ghiotto would drive the No. 51 at Barber Motorsports Park and the Indianapolis Grand Prix. On June 4, Ghiotto was announced to return to the car for Road America and Laguna Seca.

- On May 29, that 2013 IndyCar Series rookie of the year Tristan Vautier would drive the No. 51 at Detroit.

- On June 26, that former Indy NXT driver Toby Sowery would drive the No. 51 at Mid-Ohio, making his IndyCar debut. On July 17, it was announced that Sowery would make two additional starts in Toronto and Portland.

- On April 9, Arrow McLaren confirmed that David Malukas would miss the second round at Long Beach and that Callum Ilott was unavailable due to a conflicting FIA World Endurance Championship round. On April 18, reigning Formula 2 champion Théo Pourchaire was announced as the driver of the No. 6 car for Long Beach. On April 23, Pourchaire was confirmed to drive at Barber.

- On April 29, Arrow McLaren announced the release of Malukas from his contract, citing the reason that he still had no confirmed return date from the wrist injuries sustained in the mountain bike accident on February 11. On May 9, Pourchaire was confirmed to drive the No. 6 for the remainder of the season, bar the Indianapolis 500 in which Ilott will drive.

- On May 29, Meyer Shank Racing announced that Hélio Castroneves would drive the No. 66 at Detroit and Road America, replacing Tom Blomqvist. Blomqvist remains signed to a multi-year contract with the team, but Marshall Pruett of RACER.com reported that it was "unclear" whether or not he would return to the entry. On June 7, Meyer Shank Racing announced that David Malukas would drive the No. 66 in all races after Road America, also confirming that Blomqvist would not return to the entry.

- On June 7, Juncos Hollinger Racing announced that Nolan Siegel would drive the No. 78 entry at Road America, with Agustín Canapino taking a "leave of absence" following the online abuse from some of Canapino's fans directed at Théo Pourchaire following the Detroit Grand Prix.

- On June 18, Arrow McLaren announced that Nolan Siegel had signed a multi-year contract for the No. 6 and would be driving for the remainder of the season, replacing Pourchaire. With Siegel having been scheduled to drive the No. 18 car for Dale Coyne Racing in Toronto prior to signing with Arrow McLaren, it was announced on July 16 that 2023 Indy NXT runner-up Hunter McElrea would drive the No. 18 car at the event.

- With Siegel having been scheduled to drive the No. 18 car for Dale Coyne Racing in Toronto prior to signing with Arrow McLaren, it was announced on July 16 that 2023 Indy NXT runner-up Hunter McElrea would drive the No. 18 car at the event.

- On July 14, following Jack Harvey 's withdrawal from the event due to neck pains, Conor Daly drove for Dale Coyne Racing's No. 18 entry for the second Iowa race as an injury substitute.

- On July 19, Arrow McLaren confirmed that Alexander Rossi suffered a broken right thumb in practice for the race in Toronto and was not medically cleared to continue in the event. Théo Pourchaire replaced Rossi in Toronto. On August 8, Rossi was confirmed to make his return at Gateway.

- On August 7, Agustín Canapino and Juncos Hollinger Racing parted ways. On August 14, Conor Daly was announced as Canapino's replacement for the remainder of the season.

- On August 7, Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing announced that Jüri Vips would drive for the team in a fourth car for the round at Portland International Raceway.

- On August 28, Ed Carpetner Racing announced that Christian Rasmussen would replace owner/driver Ed Carpenter in the final three races of the season in the No. 20 entry.

### Team changes

#### Preseason

- On September 5, 2023, Andretti Autosport announced a rebrand that would take effect for the 2024 season, with all of its race teams running under the Andretti Global banner.

- On October 3, 2023, Arrow McLaren and Juncos Hollinger Racing announced the formation of a strategic alliance that "may evolve over time", beginning with a "commercial and strategic focus" and "talent development opportunity".

- On November 10, 2023, Andretti Global confirmed that they would drop to three entries from four for the 2024 season.

#### Mid-season

- Abel Motorsports was planning to enter the Indy 500, but the team shelved its efforts on May 3 due to lack of sponsorship. On the same press release, team manager John Brunner stated the team could look into competing at other races later in the season.

- On June 6, Arrow McLaren terminated the strategic alliance with Juncos Hollinger Racing, citing the online abuse including death threats directed towards McLaren driver Théo Pourchaire from fans of JHR driver Agustín Canapino following the race at Detroit, and Canapino's response to the incidents.

## Schedule

The schedule was released on September 25, 2023.

O Oval/Speedway R Road course S Street circuit NC Non-championship race

### Schedule changes

- On August 3, IndyCar announced that the Music City Grand Prix would host the season finale from 2024 onwards. The 2024 race was scheduled to feature a new layout running through Broadway in Downtown Nashville, but still featuring the Korean War Memorial Bridge. Laguna Seca 's date was moved to June to accommodate this. On February 14, 2024 – and due to anticipated construction beginning on the New Nissan Stadium which would interfere with the circuit – the race was moved 30 miles (48 kilometres) east to Nashville Superspeedway in Lebanon, Tennessee, for the first IndyCar race at the track since 2008.

- On September 10, it was announced that The Thermal Club would host an exhibition race on March 24, 2024, with the winner earning $1 million. The event will be the first non-point paying event since the 2008 Nikon Indy 300 at Surfers Paradise, and the first American Championship car race in Riverside County, California since 1983.

- On September 25, IndyCar released the 2024 schedule. The Texas race, which had been a feature of the schedule from the 1996–97 season, will not return in 2024. Additionally, the Gallagher Grand Prix, the second road course date at Indianapolis, will not return in 2024, as NASCAR returns to the oval for the Brickyard 400 instead of the road course they had used since 2020 ending the joint IndyCar–NASCAR weekend where both series raced at the same venue on the same weekend. Both races were replaced by the Milwaukee Mile Doubleheader. Night races will also be reintroduced for the Saturday Iowa race and Gateway.

## Points standings

- Ties are broken by number of wins, followed by number of 2nds, 3rds, etc.; then by finishing position in the previous race; then by random draw.

### Driver standings

- At all races except the Indy 500, the pole position qualifier earns 1 point (unless qualifying is not held). The twelve Indy 500 qualifiers who qualify for the fast 12 session receive points based on the results of that session, descending from 12 points for first place.

- Drivers who lead at least one race lap are awarded 1 point. The driver who leads the most laps during a race scores an additional 2 points.

- Entrant-initiated engine change-outs before the engine reaches their required distance run result in the loss of 10 points.

### Entrant standings

- Only full-time entries shown. Light-gray background indicates non-Leader's Circle entry.


Palazzo della Ragione (Ferrara)

# Palazzo della Ragione (Ferrara)

## Abstract

The Palazzo della Ragione of Ferrara was located in Piazza Trento e Trieste on the corner of Corso Porta Reno. It was built between 1315 and 1325, modified several times and finally demolished after the fire that destroyed it in 1945. A new palace was built in its place, designed by Marcello Piacentini.

## History

It was the seat of the court of Ferrara and also of execution of death sentences. The palace was actually a set of buildings that included the tower of the Rebels and the palace of the Notaries. It was built from 1315 onwards, located next to the Cathedral of San Giorgio (Ferrara), on the other side of the then Piazza delle Erbe.

The bodies of the executed were hung from its windows for a long time and during the rule of the Este all those involved in conspiracies and plots were judged and executed there. In the aftermath of the conspiracy organised by Giulio and Ferrante d'Este against duke Alfonso I all the rebels were executed and their heads impaled on spears placed on top of the palace. This episode was later also cited by Ludovico Ariosto.

It had a Gothic structure and the original palace was probably similar to the palazzo della Ragione di Mantova, which is still intact. It was damaged by a fire in 1472 and by the earthquake that struck the city in 1570.

### 19th-century reconstruction

Its reconstruction in the 19th century was entrusted to the town's architect and chief engineer Giovanni Tosi who respected the original architectural form in his design. The old structure, after the abandonment of the Este family with the devolution of Ferrara, had slowly fallen into a state of decay and its reconstruction in neo-Gothic forms, which brought back the pointed arches of the 14th-century building, gave Ferrara back an important architectural monument, enriched with a grand entrance staircase.

### 20th century reconstruction

In 1921, the archives of the courthouse were partially destroyed by fire and the structure was also partly damaged by interventions to contain the flames. On 22 April 1945, two days before the arrival of the allied troops and thus the liberation of Ferrara, la struttura venne gravemente danneggiata da un altro incendio che ridusse il palazzo ai soli muri esterni, facendo crollare solai e coperture del tetto. In quest'occasione andò perduta molta parte della documentazione relativa ai decenni precedenti del periodo fascista.

In a photographic image from the Archive of the Ferrara Ethnographic Centre, a section of Scottish troops can be seen parading in Piazza Duomo, with the still apparently intact palace in the background.

The building was rebuilt almost ten years later, between 1954 and 1956, while the entire district was heavily modified with the widening of Corso Porta Reno and the demolition of most of the buildings on its eastern side.

Reconstruction combined with urban planning changes led to the opening of a second large access face to Piazza Trento e Trieste, thus isolating the Clock Tower, located in the centre of the double passage. The project for the new palace was entrusted to Marcello Piacentini che a Ferrara eseguì uno dei suoi ultimi lavori, poiché morì solo quattro anni più tardi.

## Use of the palace

In early times, the building served as a court and as a place for the execution of sentences. Both its premises and its façade in the central square of Ferrara were used as a 'theatre stage' at the time of the Este, and also to hold important public ceremonies, such as the celebrations in 1502 for the marriage of Alfonso I and Lucrezia Borgia. After the fire of 1512, it was rebuilt and from then on also became a part of the city prison, while the first commercial shops were opened on the ground floor. It slowly lost importance until its reconstruction in the 19th century. The lower part of the structure continued to be used for commerce, while the upper part retained its function related to justice, with the seat of the court, magistrates' courts and other judicial offices and archives. From the second half of the 20th century, with the last reconstruction entrusted to Marcello Piacentini, its use was changed. The lower part was still used for commercial activities while the upper part became a hotel. The entire structure was since then private property.


Tyler Tingley

# Tyler Tingley

## Abstract

Tyler Chapman Tingley is an American educator who has headed four private secondary schools, including The Blake School and Phillips Exeter Academy.

## Education

Tingley received his undergraduate training at Harvard College, receiving an A.B. in 1968 and his M.Ed. and Ed.D. degrees from Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1976 and 1982.

## Career

Tingley began his career as a teacher of English at Kingswood-Oxford School in West Hartford, CT. After holding a variety of administrative positions there, he was named its headmaster in 1986, the school’s first graduate to hold the position. Kingswood-Oxford gives an annual award named after Tingley, The Tyler C. Tingley Award, to a graduating student who has excelled both academically and in community service.

From 1991 to 1997, he was the principal of Blake School in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Under his leadership, the school was twice named a National School of Excellence.

From 1997 to 2009, he was principal of Phillips Exeter Academy. Under his leadership, Exeter offered free tuition to lower-income families and changed its rules to allow gay and lesbian faculty couples to serve as live-in role models in school dormitories.

In 2009, he became co-head of Avenues: The World School.

Tingley has served as president of the Connecticut Association of Independent Schools and the Minnesota Association of Independent Schools. He has also been a director of the National Association of Independent Schools and president of the Headmasters Association. He is a trustee of United World College -USA, Shady Hill School and the Edward E. Ford Foundation.

## In popular culture

Tingley was tuckerized into Exeter alumnus Dan Brown 's novel Angels & Demons as Tyler Tingley, a conspiracy theorist.


Learner Tien

# Learner Tien

## Abstract

Learner Tien (born December 2, 2005) is an American tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 191 achieved on 26 August 2024. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 754 achieved on 20 November 2023.

## Early life

Tien was born in Irvine, California to Vietnamese parents. His first name, Learner, is inspired by his mother's profession - a math teacher. His sister is named Justice after his father's profession – an attorney.

Tien started playing tennis as an infant, and won his first tournament at the Racquet Club of Irvine at the age of 5.

## Junior career

Tien had a very successful career as a junior, compiling a 76-23 win-loss record and reaching two junior Grand Slam finals, at the 2023 Australian Open and the 2023 US Open, culminating with a ranking of world no. 4 in singles. He also reached the world no. 4 ranking in doubles, compiling a 36-18 win-loss record and winning the 2023 Australian Open, partnering Cooper Williams.

### Junior Grand Slam singles results

Australian Open: F (2023) French Open: SF (2023) Wimbledon: QF (2022, 2023) US Open: F (2023)

### Junior Grand Slam doubles results

Australian Open: W (2023) French Open: QF (2023) Wimbledon: 2R (2022) US Open: 2R (2022)

## Professional career

### 2022-2023: Junior National champion, Major debut

At just 16 years old, Tien won the 2022 USTA Boys 18s National Championship, which earned him a wildcard into the main draw of the 2022 US Open. This made him the youngest player to compete in the men’s singles main draw at the US Open since a then 16 years old Donald Young (also the champion at Kalamazoo) played in the 2005 US Open and also the first player aged 16 to compete since Zachary Svajda in 2019. He lost in four sets to 32nd seed Miomir Kecmanović.

In August 2023, he received a wildcard into the 2023 US Open but lost to Frances Tiafoe in the first round.

### 2024: First Challenger titles & ATP wins & quarterfinal, top 155

In July, he also received a wildcard for the 2024 Cranbrook Tennis Classic in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan where he lifted his maiden Challenger title. He became the youngest American Challenger champion since 2016, when an 18-year-old Frances Tiafoe won in Granby, Canada.

At the end of July, two weeks later, he made again the quarterfinals at the 2024 Chicago Men's Challenger and reached the top 250 in the rankings on 29 July 2024. He reached his second Challenger semifinal of the season defeating eight seed Hong Seong-chan. A week later, he also made the quarterfinals at the 2024 Lexington Challenger but lost to Hugo Grenier.

He secured a main draw wildcard for the US Open by winning the US Open wildcard challenge.

Ranked No. 231, he qualified for the main draw at the 2024 Winston-Salem Open and defeated fellow qualifier Tristan Schoolkate and upset ninth seed Fábián Marozsán and Thiago Seyboth Wild to record his first three ATP Tour wins and reach his first quarterfinal in his career. He became the youngest American ATP tour-level quarterfinalist since Brandon Nakashima in 2020 (in Delray Beach). As a result he climbed close to 40 positions in the singles rankings to the top 195 at world No. 191 on 26 August 2024.

Ranked No. 191, he won his second Challenger title in Las Vegas defeating Tristan Boyer and moved another 40 positions in the singles rankings reaching a new career-high of world No. 151 on 16 September 2024.

## ATP Challenger and ITF World Tennis Tour finals

## Junior Grand Slam finals


Elaine DePrince

# Elaine DePrince

## Abstract

Elaine DePrince (née DiGiacomo, c. 1947 – September 11, 2024) was an American author of non-fiction, hemophilia activist, teacher, and advocate of adoptive parenting. The mother of 11 children, she is best known as the adoptive mother of ballet star Michaela DePrince and the co-author of her autobiography, Taking Flight: From War Orphan to Star Ballerina (2014). She was interviewed in the 2011 documentary First Position. She was also the author of Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood (1997), which tells the story of how her three hemophiliac sons were infected with HIV/AIDS in the 1980s.

## Early life and education

Born Elaine DiGiacomo, she attended Camden Catholic High School in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. She was a graduate of Rutgers University.

She was inspired to adopt in fifth grade, when she read The Family Nobody Wanted by Helen Doss. The book tells the true story of a family with 12 children, including children who had been considered "unadoptable" because they were non-white or had special needs. She said in interviews that she discussed her desire to adopt with Charles DePrince before they got married, and that he agreed. Elaine and Charles DePrince were married in May 1971 in Pennsauken, New Jersey.

## Adoption of sons

DePrince was born with Von Willebrand disease, a blood clotting disorder similar to hemophilia, and unknowingly passed it on to her two eldest sons. In 1980, DePrinces adopted their son Michael, nearly two, who had hemophilia and was deaf. Five years later, New Jersey officials asked them to adopt two more boys with hemophilia who had been living in a hospital, knowing that the couple was familiar with the medical care required, which included mixing freeze-dried clotting factor with sterile water and injecting them several times weekly.

In May 1988, the DePrinces had their sons tested, and were devastated to learn that their three adopted sons were HIV-positive. All three had contracted the AIDS virus from injecting contaminated blood-clotting products that were supposed to heal them. Their son Cubby died on June 9, 1993 at age 11, followed by Michael who died on March 14, 1994 at age 15. Their son Teddy continued to battle the virus with the help of new protease inhibitor drugs, but eventually died in 2004 at age 24.

DePrince wrote that the deaths of her two young sons left her wanting to die. Rather than succumb to grief, she decided to investigate how the tainted blood products had ended up being given to hemophiliacs, and to seek justice for them and their families.

### Class action lawsuit and activism

The DePrinces joined more than 100 other New Jersey and New York families in a class action lawsuit filed in 1993, which accused clotting factor manufacturers of negligence in the early 1980s, when they failed to warn patients that their products were contaminated with hepatitis. Elaine DePrince emerged as one of the leading advocates for hemophiliacs and their families, repeatedly sharing the story of Cubby and Michael and her anger that their deaths were preventable.

DePrince lobbied successfully to have the statute of limitations extended to allow hemophiliacs to sue pharmaceutical companies. In July 1997, she joined other hemophilia activists in lobbying senators in Washington, D.C. to pass federal legislation awarding funds to AIDS-infected hemophiliacs or their survivors because of the infected products had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Around the same time, the DePrinces were among the families that turned down a proposed $100,000 settlement for hemophiliac AIDS victims or their survivors, arguing that it was not enough.

### Cry Bloody Murder

DePrince's book, Cry Bloody Murder: A Tale of Tainted Blood, published by Random House in July 1997, wove the story of her family's ordeal with her argument that drug companies, the FDA, and the National Hemophilia Foundation were responsible. Publishers Weekly said that, "DePrince credibly contends that the four large U.S. pharmaceutical companies that manufacture clotting-factor concentrates used to treat hemophilia had access to techniques capable of inactivating any HIV in their products years before they employed these techniques". She argued that profit-seeking and backscratching between government agencies and industry caused manufacturers to delay making their blood products safer.

## Adoption of daughters

Their son Michael had dreamt of adopting a child from a war-torn country in Africa. The DePrinces decided to honor his memory by adopting a child from Sierra Leone. Elaine returned from Sierra Leone with two girls named Mabinty, one of whom was Michaela, whom they renamed after Michael.

In total, Elaine and her husband Charles DePrince raised two biological sons and nine adopted children. They lived for many years in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. For a period, the family moved to Vermont, where Elaine and Charles had lived as newlyweds, to escape the reminders of the sons who died.

## Death

Elaine DePrince died on September 11, 2024, one day after the death of her daughter Michaela. According to the family, she was unaware of Michaela's death before she died.


1511

# 1511

## Abstract

Year 1511 (MDXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### January – June

- January 19 – The Siege of Mirandola by the Papal States, with help from the Duchy of Urbino and Spanish and Venetian troops, ends with the capture of Mirandola after 18 days of fighting. The Pope personally leads the troops and, after the outnumbered defenders surrender, works at preventing his troops from pillaging the city or harming the residents.

- February 12 – King Henry VIII of England opens the two-day Westminster Tournament to celebrate the birth (on January 1) of his son Prince Henry. Sadly, the infant prince dies on February 22, nine days after the tournament's end. The festivities are later memorialized in the 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll, a series of 36 separately painted pictures stitched together to form a roll almost 60 feet (18 m) long and 14 3 ⁄ 4 inches (37.5 cm}} wide.

- February 14 – The League of Cambrai, formed in 1508 by the Papal States, the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire is dissolved as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire withdraw and ally against France.

- February 22 – (9th waning of Tabaung 872 ME In what is now Myanmar, King Shwenankyawshin Narapati II of Ava dedicates his "exquisite golden palace".

- February 27 – In Italy, on " Fat Thursday ", a Christian celebration marking the last days of feasting before the period of fasting during the Roman Catholic Lent, discontented citizens of Friuli stage a revolt against their Venetian occupiers and attack the city of Udine and invade the palaces of several members of nobility, murdering the wealthy families and plundering the palace contents. Special troops arrive from Gradisca d'Isonzo on March 1 and suppress the rebellion.{

- March 11 – On the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León leads an incursion at Yahuecas against the local Taino warriors, commanded by Chief Urayoán..

- March 26 – A 6.9 magnitude earthquake strikes Slovenia and Italy and kills more than 10,000 people, striking with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter is around the town of Idrija in present-day Slovenia, although some place it some 15-20 kilometers to the west, between Gemona and Pulfero in Friulian Slovenia. The earthquake affects a large territory between Carinthia, Friuli, present-day Slovenia and Croatia.

### April – June

- April 9 St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter. The Şahkulu Rebellion breaks out in Anatolia.

- St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter.

- The Şahkulu Rebellion breaks out in Anatolia.

- May 16 – Five Roman Catholic cardinals, including Federico di Sanseverino, sign a document calling upon Pope Julius II to convene a council in Pisa to discuss reform of the Roman Catholic Church, to take place on September 1. After the Pope threatens him with excommunication, Sanseverino elects not to attend.

- May 23 – French troops capture the Italian city of Bologna after a two-day battle.

- June 21 – in Spain, Queen Queen Joanna of Castile creates the Consulate of the Sea for the port of Bilbao.

### July – September

- July 2 – The Şahkulu rebellion, which had started in Anatolia by Sakhulu Baba, against the Ottoman Empire on April 9, is supressed in southeastern Turkey by the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha and Prince Şehzade Ahmed, son of the Sultan Bayezid II. Sakhulu is subsequently beheaded.

- July 11 – Pope Julius II summons Catholic clerics to meet at the Fifth Council of the Lateran, directing them to meet on April 19.

- July 25 – Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal, Governor of Portuguese India, begins an assault on the strategic city of Malacca (now part of Malaysia) and captures it by August 15.

- July 29 – Henry VIII of England 's flagship, the Mary Rose, is launched from Portsmouth.

- August 14 – In Rome, the completed first half of Michelangelo 's painting of Biblical scenses on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is unveiled for a select group of patrons and church officials. The viewing is open to the public the next day.

- August 15 – (21 Jumada I 917 AH) Capture of Malacca: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca, giving Portugal control over the Strait of Malacca, through which all sea-going trade between China and India is concentrated. The Sultanate then establishes rule from Johor, starting decades of skirmishes against the Portuguese to regain the fallen city. While taking the city, the Portuguese slaughter a large community of Chinese merchants living there. Malacca is the first city in Southeast Asia to be taken by a Western nation, gaining home rule only in 1957, when it becomes part of Malaysia.

- September 13 – In Japan, Tokudaiji Saneatsu retires from his position as Chancellor of the Realm (Daijō-daijin) after two years of leading the Council of State.

### October – December

- October 1 – During the War of the League of Cambrai Pope Julius II proclaims a Holy League against French dominance in Italy. It is an alliance between the Papal States, the Swiss Confederation, Venice (which had been the opponent of the League of Cambrai) and Aragon. Emperor Maximilian and the English king Henry VIII join the League soon after.

- October 12 – James IV of Scotland 's great ship, the Michael, is launched at Newhaven, Edinburgh; she is the largest ship afloat at this date.

- November 17 – The Treaty of Westminster creates an alliance between Henry VIII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon against France. Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, 103; Hutchinson, Young Henry, 159.

- November 20 – The vessel Frol de la Mar, transporting Afonso de Albuquerque and the valuable treasure of the conquest of Malacca, sinks en route to Goa.

- November 23 – In India, Mahmud Shah Begada, Sultan of Gujarat since 1458, dies at the age of 66 after a reign of more than 50 years. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Prince Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar, who takes the name Muzaffar Shah II.

- December 21 – In an impassioned sermon on the fourth Sunday of Advent at Santo Domingo, Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly denounces the Spanish conquistadors' cruelty and abuse of the Taino people practice of Encomienda (forcible enslavement of non-Christian peoples) on the island of Hispanola. and adds that neither he nor any of his missionaries will allow slaveholders to partake in confession.

### Date unknown

- Diego Velázquez and Hernán Cortés conquer Cuba; Velázquez is appointed Governor.

- Duarte Barbosa arrives in India for the second time. He works as clerk in the factory of Cananor, and as the liaison with the Indian rajah.

- After the fall of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sends Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to Burma and Siam, becoming the first European to visit these countries diplomatically.

- Ferdinand II of Aragon observes that "one black can do the work of four Indians".

- Juan de Agramonte, a sailor from Spain, is thought possibly to have travelled to Newfoundland.

- The indigenous Taíno people revolt against the Spanish in southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica.

- The first black slaves arrive in Colombia.

- The Spanish conquest of Yucatán begins.

- Erasmus publishes his most famous work, The Praise of Folly (Laus stultitiae).

## Births

- January 1 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England

- April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1550)

- April 5 – John III, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German noble (d. 1574)

- June 4 – Honorat II of Savoy, French Navy admiral (d. 1580)

- June 6 – Jakob Schegk, German physician (d. 1587)

- June 18 – Bartolomeo Ammannati, Florentine architect and sculptor (d. 1592)

- July 9 – Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, consort of Christian III from 1525, and Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1571)

- July 30 – Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter and architect (d. 1574)

- August 24 – Jean Bauhin, French physician (d. 1582)

- September 28 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (d. 1535)

- September 29 – Michael Servetus, Spanish theologian (d. 1553)

- October 22 – Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1553)

- November 8 – Paul Eber, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1569)

- November 15 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (d. 1536)

- December 5 – Maldev Rathore, ruler of Marwar (d. 1562)

- date unknown Amato Lusitano, Portuguese Jewish physician (d. 1568) Birgitte Gøye, Danish county administrator, lady in waiting, landholder and educator (d. 1574) Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1566) Luís de Velasco, Spanish viceroy of New Spain (d. 1564) Nicola Vicentino, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1576) Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (d. 1590) Pierre Viret, Swiss reformed theologian (d. 1571) Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish cardinal (d. 1575)

- Amato Lusitano, Portuguese Jewish physician (d. 1568)

- Birgitte Gøye, Danish county administrator, lady in waiting, landholder and educator (d. 1574)

- Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1566)

- Luís de Velasco, Spanish viceroy of New Spain (d. 1564)

- Nicola Vicentino, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1576)

- Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (d. 1590)

- Pierre Viret, Swiss reformed theologian (d. 1571)

- Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish cardinal (d. 1575)

## Deaths

- January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)

- January 20 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1430)

- February 22 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England

- April 1 – Francis of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1497)

- April 2 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428)

- June 3 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, North African Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa

- June 13 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1445)

- July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion

- July 6 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (b. 1443)

- July 12 – Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko (b. 1468)

- August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)

- September 6 Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481) William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (b. 1455)

- Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481)

- William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (b. 1455)

- October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)

- November 23 Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (b. 1458) Anne of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (b. 1475)

- Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (b. 1458)

- Anne of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (b. 1475)

- date unknown Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435) Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (b. 1455) Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482) Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi Dynasty

- Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer

- Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)

- Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (b. 1455)

- Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)

- Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi Dynasty

- probable – Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)


Aleksa Damjanac

# Aleksa Damjanac

## Abstract

Aleksa Damjanac (born 20 October 1998) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a centre-back.

## Career

For the second half of 2016–17, Damjanac signed for RCD Mallorca in the Spanish second division, failing to make an appearance but winning the Spanish fourth division with their reserves, which he considers the highlight of his career.

After failing to make an appearance for Belgian side Mouscron as well as Partizan, Damjanac signed for Grafičar Beograd in the Serbian second division.

He is the son of former player Nikola.


Oswaldo Cabrera

# Oswaldo Cabrera

## Abstract

Oswaldo Alberto Cabrera (born March 1, 1999) is a Venezuelan professional baseball utility player for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He signed with the Yankees as a free agent when he was 16 years old. He made his MLB debut in 2022. Cabrera has appeared at every position in MLB except for catcher.

## Early life

Cabrera is from Guarenas in Venezuela. His father, Leobardo, was a professional volleyball player. His brothers, Eleardo and Leobaldo, also played baseball. Cabrera trained at the baseball academy run by Carlos Guillén.

## Career

Cabrera signed with the New York Yankees as a free agent when he was 16 years old. Cabrera played for the Somerset Patriots of Double-A Northeast in 2021; he led the league in hits and runs batted in (RBIs), and was named the league's most valuable player. The Yankees added him to their 40-man roster, protecting him from being eligible to be selected in the Rule 5 draft, after the season. The Yankees optioned Cabrera to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders for the start of the 2022 season.

The Yankees promoted Cabrera to the major leagues on August 17, 2022, and he made his major league debut that day as the starting third baseman. The following day, he picked up his first major league hit, a double off of Toronto Blue Jays starter José Berríos. In his first six major league games, he also started as a shortstop, second baseman, and right fielder. On September 11, Cabrera hit his first major league home run, against Tampa Bay Rays right-handed pitcher Calvin Faucher at Yankee Stadium. On September 21, Cabrera hit his first grand slam against Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Roansy Contreras. In 2022, he batted.247/.312/.429 in 154 at bats for the Yankees, with six home runs and 19 RBIs. Cabrera began to play as an outfielder in 2022. He played 27 games in right field, nine games in left field, four games at shortstop, and three games each at first base, second base, and third base.

Cabrera started in left field for the Yankees on Opening Day in 2023 and manager Aaron Boone named him their starting left fielder. He batted.195 in 46 games before the Yankees optioned Cabrera to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on June 1. The Yankees recalled Cabrera on June 3 due to an injury to Greg Allen. He finished the regular season with a.211 average, five home runs and 29 RBIs in 115 games. After the 2023 season, Cabrera played winter ball for the Tiburones de La Guaira of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League.

Due to an injury to DJ LeMahieu, Cabrera opened the 2024 season as the Yankees' regular third baseman. On March 29, 2024, Cabrera had his first four-hit game in the major leagues.


# 2024 Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras season

## Abstract

The 2024 season is the 110th in Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras ' existence. This season Palmeiras participate in the Campeonato Paulista, Supercopa do Brasil, Copa Libertadores, Copa do Brasil and Série A.

## Squad information

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

### Transfers

## Competitions

### Overview

Last updated: 1 September 2024 Source: Competitions

### Campeonato Paulista

Palmeiras was drawn into Group B. The Federação Paulista de Futebol released a "basic" schedule on 7 December 2023. And on 26 December 2023 the full schedule was released.

#### First stage

#### Quarter-final

#### Semi-final

#### Finals

### Copa Libertadores

#### Group stage

The draw for the group stage was held on 18 March 2024. The full schedule was announced on 19 March 2024.

#### Round of 16

The draw for the round of 16 was held on 3 June 2024.

### Série A

#### Standings

#### Results by round

#### Matches

The full schedule was announced on 29 February 2024.

### Copa do Brasil

#### Third round

The draw for the third round was held on 17 April 2024. The order of the matches were announced later on the same day.

#### Round of 16

The draw for the round of 16 will be held on 18 July 2024. The order of the matches were announced later on the same day.

### Supercopa do Brasil

Palmeiras qualified for the 2024 Supercopa do Brasil by winning the 2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

## Statistics

### Goalscorers

In italic players who left the team in mid-season.


Rob Chapman (businessman)

# Rob Chapman (businessman)

## Abstract

Robert (Rob) Ian Chapman (born 1964) is an Australian businessman, former CEO of St George Bank and former chairman of the Adelaide Football Club and currently chair of the board of Adelaide Airport. He has previously been considered to be one of South Australia's most influential people.

## Early years

Chapman was born in 1964 at Mount Barker and educated at Sacred Heart College.

## Career

Chapman's early career was spent in the insurance and funds management industry, initially in Adelaide, then in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne before returning to Adelaide and taking executive roles in banking. He has held senior appointments at:

- Prudential Corporation Australia

- Colonial State Bank

- Regional General Manager for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia's operations in South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia (-2002)

- Managing Director of BankSA (2002-2010)

- Chief Executive Officer of St. George Bank (2010-2012)

## Professional

- (former) President of BusinessSA.

- (former) President, SA chapter, the Committee for Economic Development of Australia.

- Member of the South Australian Economic Development Board.

- Chair, UniSA MBA program

- (former) Member of the Premier's Climate Change Council

- Chairman of Adelaide Airport Ltd

- Non-Executive Chairman of Perks

- Member of the South Australian Government’s Economic Development Cabinet Committee

- Global Chairman of Investment Attraction SA

- Chairman of Barossa Valley Infrastructure Ltd

- Chairman of the Adelaide Football Club

- Director of Coopers Brewery Pty Ltd.

## Adelaide Football Club

Chapman was first appointed chairman of the board of directors of the Adelaide Crows Football Club in December 2008 for 2009. He was reappointed chairman for 2010 and 2011. He stepped down as chairman in October 2020.

## Personal

Chapman is married to Lisa. They have four children.


Charlotte Transportation Center

# Charlotte Transportation Center

## Abstract

The Charlotte Transportation Center (CTC), also known as Arena or CTC/Arena, is an intermodal transit station in Center City Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It serves as the central hub for the Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS) buses and connects with the LYNX Blue Line and CityLYNX Gold Line. It is located on East Trade Street, Fourth Street and Brevard Street. Notable places nearby include the Bank of America Corporate Center, Belk Theater, EpiCentre, Overstreet Mall and the Spectrum Center.

## History

The CTC celebrated its grand opening on December 11, 1995, through a partnership with then- NationsBank. Its completion moved the central transfer point for all CATS buses from The Square, two blocks to the west to Trade Street. Reasons for the facility was an effort to improve traffic congestion along Tryon Street and provide transit riders a more efficient centralized transfer point.

The LYNX Blue Line station officially opened on November 24, 2007. The unique platform cover, made of synthetic materials and supported by curved steel, was originally scrapped due to high costs, but was later brought back and constructed after multiple Center City businesses donated money to make up the difference in construction costs.

On July 14, 2015, the CityLYNX Gold Line was officially opened with its initial 1.5-mile (2.4 km), six-stop segment (Phase 1).

## Redevelopment

In 2019 the city received a bid from developers to purchase the 2.6 acre site and redevelop it. In August 2019 the city began a competitive-bidding process which led to White Point Partners and Dart Interests being selected to redevelop the site. The development is planned to be a public-private partnership to create a new transportation hub which will also include retail and office space. The original building options being considered were a ground level bus station, below ground station, or above ground station. Also, included in the redevelopment would be a training center for the Charlotte Hornets which will be a part of the $215 million the city agreed in order to extend the Hornets lease of Spectrum Center until 2045.

In January 2023 Charlotte City Council approved a below ground bus station. This option was chosen to reduce the security risks by only allowing access to ticketed passengers. As of February 2023 Charlotte City Council voted to allow the city manager to create a nonbinding memorandum of understanding with developers to move forward with the redevelopment process. This step is one on many steps and approvals needed before starting construction.

## Services

The CTC has 20 internal bus bays and two external bus bays, serving 44 bus routes (local and express). In addition, the Gold Rush Red Line, a free shuttle service, connecting to Johnson & Wales University and Johnson C. Smith University, along Trade Street.

The CityLYNX Gold Line, located at the intersection of East Trade Street and Brevard Street, is a streetcar line that connects to Central Piedmont Community College and Novant Health Presbyterian Medical Center. It operates everyday with a 15-minute frequency (20-minute after 7:00pm). Access to the streetcar is by two island platforms, one facing westbound and one facing eastbound.

The LYNX Blue Line, located on an elevated platform above East Trade Street, is a light rail line that connects to South End and several park and ride lots along South Boulevard. It operates everyday with 10 to 30-minute frequency, depending on time of day. Access to the Blue Line station is by stairs or elevator from inside the CTC and then by outdoor walkway along the light rail tracks. The station is covered by a roof made of synthetic materials and supported by curved steel; side platforms, which sit on either side of the tracks, are used to access the trains. The CTC Blue Line station is signed as "CTC/Arena," reflecting that it is also the main stop for the Spectrum Center, accessible via two walkways.

Connection to the Amtrak Charlotte Station, located 2 miles (3.2 km) from CTC, is via CATS Bus 11 (North Tryon). Connection to the Greyhound bus station, located at the future Gateway Station and.6 miles (0.97 km) from CTC, is via the CityLynx Gold Line or by foot along Trade Street.

## Station layout

As an intermodal transit station, the main facility is the open-air bus depot with 22 bus stands, using letters B-V and X, and the CityLynx Gold Line along Trade Street; connecting through a mezzanine level is the Lynx Blue Line and rail trail.

### Amenities

The CTC is open from 4:50am till 1:30am daily. The facility includes the following restaurants and shops: Bojangles', Burger King, China Shuttle, Cricket Wireless, Lil' Orbits, Plaza Sundries and Subway. In the center of the CTC is CATS Customer Service, which includes lost and found, pass sales, transit IDs and information. Public restrooms are also available on site. For safety, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department has an expeditor unit on site.

### Public art

As part of the CATS Art in Transit program, the CTC/Arena features several pieces intended to provide a better overall aesthetic for the station. The works include bas-reliefs entitled Gingko by Alice Adams, drinking fountain basins designed to look like dogwoods, the North Carolina state flower, by Nancy Blum, the Trade Street bridge supports entitled Bobbins pays hommage to Charlotte's textile industry was created by Andrew Leicester, Bobbins and track fencing featuring cottonwood leaves by Shaun Cassidy.