1837

# 1837

## Abstract

1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1837th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 837th year of the 2nd millennium, the 37th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1837, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

### January–March

- January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes 6,000–7,000 casualties in Ottoman Syria.

- January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.

- February – Charles Dickens 's Oliver Twist begins publication in serial form in London.

- February 4 – Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.

- February 25 – In Philadelphia, the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) is founded, as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.

- March 1 – The Congregation of Holy Cross is formed in Le Mans, France, by the signing of the Fundamental Act of Union, which legally joins the Auxiliary Priests of Blessed Basil Moreau, CSC, and the Brothers of St. Joseph (founded by Jacques-François Dujarié) into one religious association.

- March 4 Martin Van Buren is sworn in as the eighth President of the United States. The city of Chicago is incorporated.

- Martin Van Buren is sworn in as the eighth President of the United States.

- The city of Chicago is incorporated.

### April–June

- April 12 – The conglomerate of Procter & Gamble has its origins, when British-born businessmen William Procter and James Gamble begin selling their first manufactured goods (soap and candles) in Cincinnati, Ohio.

- April 24 – 26 – The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and the destruction of more than 9000 houses.

- May – W. F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patent a system of electrical telegraph.

- May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City.

- June 5 – The settlement of Houston is incorporated, by the Republic of Texas.

- June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.

- June 20 – Queen Victoria, 18, accedes to the throne of the United Kingdom, on the death of her uncle William IV without legitimate heirs (she will reign for more than 63 years). Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714.

### July–September

- July – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire.

- July 13 – Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home.

- August 16 – The Dutch sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War.

- September 19 – First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real.

- September 26 – October 9 – The destructive " Racer's hurricane " sweeps across the Caribbean, northeastern Mexico, the Republic of Texas and the Gulf Coast of the United States.

- September 28 – Samuel Morse files a caveat for a patent for the telegraph.

### October–December

- October 10 – 13 – The French army under Sylvain Charles Valée besieges and captures Constantine in French Algeria.

- October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, opens between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Zarskoje Selo (modern-day Pushkin), engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner.

- October 31 – World's leading consumer goods brand, Procter & Gamble is founded in Ohio, United States.

- November 7 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro- slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.

- November 8 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later Mount Holyoke College, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.

- November 17 – An earthquake in Valdivia, south-central Chile, causes tsunamies that led to significant destruction along Japan's coast.

- November –December – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion, and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion.

- December 17 – Fire breaks out in the Winter Palace, in Saint Petersburg, Russia killing 30 guards.

- December 23 – The Slave Compensation Act is signed into law by the government of the United Kingdom. This paid a substantial amount of money, constituting 40% of the Treasury ’s tax receipts at the time, to former enslavers but nothing to those formerly enslaved.

- December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations.

### Date unknown

- Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype.

- The 5th century B.C. Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.

- The Olney Friends School is founded in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.

- The first electric locomotive built is a miniature battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries).

- Atlanta is fixed as the terminal of the Western and Atlantic Railroad; it is originally named Marthasville.

## Births

### January–June

- January 2 – Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910)

- January 7 – Thomas Henry Ismay, English shipowner (White Star Line) (d. 1899)

- February 5 Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899) Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (d. 1917)

- Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899)

- Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (d. 1917)

- February 13 – Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer (d. 1914)

- February 20 – Samuel Swett Green, American librarian, advocate (d. 1918)

- February 24 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (d. 1916)

- March 1 – William Dean Howells, American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d. 1920)

- March 3 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (d. 1918)

- March 7 – Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882)

- March 18 – Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (d. 1908)

- March 22 – Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (d. 1899)

- March 23 – Sir Charles Wyndham, English actor, theatrical manager (d. 1919)

- March 27 – Kate Fox, American medium (d. 1892)

- April 1 – Luis Francisco Benítez de Lugo y Benítez de Lugo (d. 1876)

- April 5 – Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (d. 1909)

- April 17 – J. P. Morgan, American financier, banker (d. 1913)

- April 21 – Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1922)

- April 27 – Queen Cheorin, Korean queen (d. 1878)

- April 29 – Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general, politician (d. 1891)

- May 5 Anna Maria Mozzoni, Italian feminist, founder of the Italian women's movement (d. 1920) Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1923)

- Anna Maria Mozzoni, Italian feminist, founder of the Italian women's movement (d. 1920)

- Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1923)

- May 7 – Karl Mauch, German explorer (d. 1875)

- May 9 Adam Opel, German engineer, industrialist (d. 1895) Ben Hall, Australian bushranger (d. 1865)

- Adam Opel, German engineer, industrialist (d. 1895)

- Ben Hall, Australian bushranger (d. 1865)

- May 27 – Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter (d. 1876)

- May 28 George Ashlin, Irish architect (d. 1921) Tony Pastor, American impresario, theater owner (d. 1908)

- George Ashlin, Irish architect (d. 1921)

- Tony Pastor, American impresario, theater owner (d. 1908)

- June 22 Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (d. 1920) Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884) Touch the Clouds, Native American Miniconjou chief (d. 1905)

- Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (d. 1920)

- Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884)

- Touch the Clouds, Native American Miniconjou chief (d. 1905)

- June 28 – Petre P. Carp, 2-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1919)

### July–December

- July 4 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (d. 1917)

- July 15 – Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1859)

- July 18 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1873)

- July 21 – Johanna Hedén, Swedish midwife, surgeon (d. 1912)

- August 1 – (bapt.) Mary Harris Jones ("Mother Jones"), Irish-American labor leader (d. 1930)

- August 5 – Anna Filosofova, Russian women's rights activist (d. 1912)

- August 24 – Théodore Dubois, French composer (d. 1924)

- September 2 – James H. Wilson, Union Army major general in the American Civil War (d. 1925)

- September 12 – Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (d. 1892)

- September 14 – Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician (d. 1903)

- September 16 – King Pedro V of Portugal (d. 1861)

- September 18 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Portuguese Archbishop of Goa (d. 1880)

- September 24 – Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (d. 1904)

- October 3 – Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine president (d. 1885)

- October 4 – Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1919)

- October 5 – José Plácido Caamaño, 12th President of Ecuador (d. 1900)

- October 10 – Robert Gould Shaw, Union Army general in the American Civil War, social reformer (k. 1863)

- October 26 – Carl Koldewey, German explorer famous for the German North Polar Expedition (d. 1908)

- October 28 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese shōgun, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shogunate (d. 1913)

- October 29 – Harriet Powers, African-American folk artist (d. 1910)

- November 2 – Émile Bayard, French artist, illustrator (d. 1891)

- November 5 – Arnold Janssen, German-born Catholic priest, saint (d. 1909)

- November 20 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor, businessman (d. 1901)

- November 23 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)

- December (unknown date) – Bella French Swisher, American writer (d. 1893)

- December 9 – Kabayama Sukenori, Japanese samurai, general, and statesman (d. 1922)

- December 11 – Webster Paulson, English civil engineer (d. 1887)

- December 15 – George B. Post, American architect (d. 1913)

- December 24 Empress Elisabeth of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I (d. 1898) Cosima Wagner, wife of German composer Richard Wagner (d. 1930)

- Empress Elisabeth of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I (d. 1898)

- Cosima Wagner, wife of German composer Richard Wagner (d. 1930)

- December 26 Sir William Dawkins, British geologist (d. 1929) George Dewey, American admiral (d. 1917)

- Sir William Dawkins, British geologist (d. 1929)

- George Dewey, American admiral (d. 1917)

## Deaths

### January–June

- January 8 – Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, Great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (b. 1752)

- January 20 – John Soane, British architect (b. 1753)

- January 23 – John Field, Irish composer (b. 1782)

- February 7 – Gustav IV Adolf, ex-King of Sweden (b. 1778)

- February 10 – Alexander Pushkin, Russian author (b. 1799)

- February 13 – Mariano José de Larra, Spanish author (b. 1809)

- February 19 – Georg Büchner, German playwright (b. 1813)

- March 31 – John Constable, English painter (b. 1776)

- April 4 – Louis-Sébastien Lenormand, French chemist, physicist, and inventor (b. 1757)

- April 28 – Joseph Souham, French general (b. 1760)

- May 5 – Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (b. 1752)

- May 20 – Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1747)

- June 14 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (b. 1798)

- June 29 – Nathaniel Macon, American politician (b. 1757)

- June 20 – King William IV of the United Kingdom and Hannover (b. 1765)

### July–December

- July 18 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (b. 1777)

- August 12 – Pierre Laromiguière, French philosopher (b. 1756)

- September 7 – Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken, Russian military leader (b. 1752)

- September 21 – Pieter Vreede, Dutch politician (b. 1750)

- September 28 – Akbar II, last Mughal emperor of India (b. 1760)

- October 1 – Robert Clark, American politician (b. 1777)

- October 10 – Charles Fourier, French philosopher (b. 1772)

- October 12 – Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, French governor-general of French Algeria (killed during the siege of Constantine) (b. 1783)

- October 17 Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer (b. 1778) Peter Lebeck, French trapper and namesake of Lebec, California (birth unknown)

- Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer (b. 1778)

- Peter Lebeck, French trapper and namesake of Lebec, California (birth unknown)

- November 7 – Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (b. 1802)

- November 28 – Sophie Botta, the Dark Countess, German woman of mysterious identity

### Date unknown

- Anne Pépin, Senegalese Signara (b. 1747)

- Mary Dixon Kies, first American recipient of a U.S. patent (b. 1752)

- Thomas Noble, English poet and translator (b. 1772)


Radio Caroline

# Radio Caroline

## Abstract

Radio Caroline is a British radio station founded in 1964 by Ronan O'Rahilly and Alan Crawford, initially to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom and the BBC 's radio broadcasting monopoly. Unlicensed by any government for most of its early life, it was a pirate radio station that never became illegal as such due to operating outside any national jurisdiction, although after the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 it became illegal for a British subject to associate with it.

The Radio Caroline name was used to broadcast from international waters, using five different ships with three different owners, from 1964 to 1990, and via satellite from 1998 to 2013. Since August 2000, Radio Caroline has also broadcast 24 hours a day via the internet and by the occasional restricted service licence. Currently they broadcast on 648 AM and DAB radio in certain areas of the UK: these services are part of the Ofcom small-scale DAB+ trials. Caroline can be heard on DAB+ in Aldershot, Birmingham, Cambridge, Brighton, Glasgow, Norwich, London, Portsmouth, Poulton-le-Fylde and Woking. Caroline can also be listened to over the internet including via music players such as Amazon echo (Alexa).

In May 2017, Ofcom awarded the station an AM band community licence to broadcast on 648kHz to Suffolk and north Essex; full-time broadcasting, via a previously redundant BBC World Service frequency and transmitter mast at Orford Ness, commenced on 22 December 2017.

Radio Caroline broadcasts music from the 1960s to contemporary, with an emphasis on album-oriented rock (AOR) and "new" music from "carefully selected albums". On 1 January 2016, a second channel was launched called Caroline Flashback, playing pop music from the late 1950s to the early 1980s.

## 1964–1968: MV Caroline

### Origins

Radio Caroline was the brainchild of the Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan O'Rahilly, the idea being formulated following O'Rahilly's failure to obtain airplay for the records of one of his contracted artistes, Georgie Fame, on Radio Luxembourg and the BBC Light Programme. At this time it was Radio Luxembourg policy to only promote sponsored programmes funded by major record labels: EMI, Decca, Pye and Philips.

Undeterred by this failure, and encouraged by Scandinavian and Dutch radio pirates, in February 1964 O'Rahilly obtained the former Danish passenger ferry Fredericia which was subsequently taken to the Irish port of Greenore, which was under the ownership of O'Rahilly's father, Aodogán, in order for the vessel to be fitted out as a radio ship.

This was a busy time at Greenore with the work to the Fredericia being carried out in tandem with Allan Crawford's "Project Atlanta", which saw a similar conversion undertaken on the Mi Amigo.

### Financing

Financial backing for the venture came from six investors, including John Sheffield (chairman of Norcross); Carl "Johnny" Ross (managing director of Ross Foods) and Jocelyn Stevens of Queen magazine, with which Radio Caroline shared its first office.

### Origin of name

There are a multiplicity of stories with regard to how the station became known as Radio Caroline.

One of these centres around O'Rahilly choosing the name on a trip to the United States, having seen a picture in Life of Caroline Kennedy, along with her brother, John F. Kennedy Jr., innocently playing in the Oval Office of the White House whilst their father, John F Kennedy, looks on. It is said that this activity was reportedly interpreted by O'Rahilly as a playful, jovial disruption of government. One particular image conveying unthreatening joy was the cheeky 4½-year-old Caroline hiding at President John F Kennedy's feet beneath the battered Resolute desk.

Another tenable theory is that the radio station was named after Caroline Maudling, who was known by O'Rahilly at the time, and was the daughter of the British government minister Reginald Maudling.

A further theory is that the name was the choice of Jocelyn Stevens, who had played a prominent role in the planning stages of the offshore station. His editor of Queen, Beatrix Miller, is understood to have defined the profile of the target reader, being: "a twenty something, non intellectual who had left school at 16, and was a ‘good time’ girl called Caroline." Stevens believed that the same profile should be the target audience for the new offshore radio station, so the name Caroline was chosen.

### First transmissions

Upon conclusion of her fitting out, the MV Fredericia was renamed MV Caroline with her port of registry changed to Panama.

The MV Caroline departed Greenore on March 23, 1964, to a supposed destination in Spain. She passed Land's End on March 25, at which time she altered course and made passage through the English Channel and entered the North Sea where she anchored off Felixstowe, Suffolk.

MV Caroline began test transmissions on 27 March 1964 at 6:00 pm GMT and 10:00 pm, and on 11:55 pm on 201 metres (1495 kHz). On 28 March, it began regular broadcasting at noon on 1520 kHz (announced as 199 metres) with the opening conducted by Simon Dee.

The first programme, which was pre-recorded, was hosted by Chris Moore. Radio Caroline's first musical theme was Jimmy McGriff 's "Round Midnight", a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk. In March 1964, The Fortunes recorded Caroline, which became the station's theme, and Round Midnight was confined to closedown on Radio Caroline North after The World Tomorrow. The station's slogan was Your all-day music station. The Dutch offshore station Radio Veronica was on 1562 kHz and Radio Atlanta broadcast on 1493 kHz.

Radio Caroline's transmission output, in the region of 20 kW, was achieved by linking two 10 kW Continental Electronics transmitters. Broadcasting hours were 6 am to 6 pm to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg, which began transmissions at 6 pm. The station returned at 8 pm and continued until after midnight to avoid competition with popular television programmes. Most of Radio Caroline's pop music programmes were targeted at housewives, and some later programming was aimed at children. Without serious competition, Radio Caroline gained a regular daytime audience of some 7 million.

### Merger with Radio Atlanta

On 2 July 1964, Radio Atlanta and Radio Caroline's companies, Project Atlanta and Planet Productions, announced the stations were to merge, with Crawford and O'Rahilly as joint managing directors. Radio Atlanta closed at 8 p.m. BST that day. It was renamed Radio Caroline South and MV Mi Amigo remained off Frinton-on-Sea, while MV Caroline broadcast as Radio Caroline North.

Following the consolidation between the two companies, Caroline weighed anchor and sailed from Felixstowe en-route to the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she went. The only broadcast staff on board were Tom Lodge and Jerry Leighton. Caroline took up station at her new anchorage on the southern tip of the Bahama Bank, Ramsey Bay, on 6 July 1964, at a position formerly occupied by the Bahama Bank Lightship. The two Caroline stations were now able to cover most of the British Isles.

Whilst the two Caroline stations transmitted separately, some programmes were pre-recorded on land and broadcast simultaneously from both ships. In October 1965, O'Rahilly bought Crawford's interest in the Mi Amigo and engaged Tom Lodge from Radio Caroline North to make programme changes and regain the audience from Radio London. Lodge hired new DJs and introduced free-form programming.

When the US-backed Radio London arrived off the coast of England, there was an unsuccessful attempt to merge its sales operation with that of Caroline before Radio London started transmissions. The new station introduced British audiences to slick American-style top 40 radio with electronic jingles produced by Dallas-based PAMS, and was an immediate success.

### Broadcasting personnel

Radio Caroline's first programme, on 28 March 1964, was presented by Chris Moore. Presenters Tony Blackburn, Roger Gale, Ray Teret, Simon Dee, Tony Prince, Spangles Muldoon, Keith Skues, Johnnie Walker, Robbie Dale, Dave Lee Travis, Tommy Vance, Tom Edwards, Bob Stewart and Andy Archer became well known. Some DJs from the United States and Commonwealth countries, such as Graham Webb, Emperor Rosko and Keith Hampshire were also heard. DJ Jack Spector, of the WMCA "Good Guys" in New York, regularly recorded for Radio Caroline. Syndicated shows from the US and recorded religious programmes were also broadcast. BBC Radio 2 newsreader Colin Berry started his career reading the news on Radio Caroline South.

In May 1965 Rick Wild, lead vocalist with The Overlanders, spent a week on board presenting mainstream pop and country music, and mid-September 1965, the crew and DJs on Mi Amigo were joined for the weekend by 1960s pop singer Sylvan Whittingham, who visited the ship to promote her single "We Don't Belong". Whittingham was unable to leave on the tender when a storm arose, and so spent the time helping present programmes, make jingles, and close the station at night.

### Mi Amigo runs aground

On 20 January 1966, the Mi Amigo lost its anchor in a storm, drifted and ran aground on the beach at Frinton-on-Sea. The crew and broadcasting staff were rescued unharmed, but the ship's hull was damaged and repairs were carried out at Zaandam, Netherlands.

Between 31 January and 1 May, Radio Caroline South broadcast from the vessel Cheeta II, owned by Britt Wadner of Swedish offshore station Radio Syd, which was off the air because of pack ice in the Baltic Sea. The Cheeta II was equipped for FM broadcasting, so it was fitted with the 10 kW transmitter from the Mi Amigo, feeding a makeshift antenna. Whilst the resulting signal was low-powered, it did ensure that Caroline South's advertising revenue would continue.

On 18 April the Mi Amigo returned to its Frinton-on-Sea anchorage with a redesigned antenna and a new 50 kW transmitter and attempted to resume broadcasting, nominally on 259 metres to enable the same jingles as Radio Caroline North on 1169 kHz to be used, but actually 253 metres. Initially the transmitter was found to be too powerful for the antenna insulators, however by 27 April the Mi Amigo was fully operational.

Radio Caroline South's 259 metres signal was now near those of Radio London on 266 m (1133 kHz) and the BBC's Light Programme on 247 m (1214 kHz). Radio Caroline North subsequently moved to 257 m (1169 kHz) but also called it 259.

### Radio City affair

In October 1965 negotiations began for Radio Caroline to take over Radio City, which broadcast from Shivering Sands Army Fort, a Second World War marine fort off the Kent coast. One of Radio Caroline's directors, Major Oliver Smedley, formerly of Radio Atlanta, entered into a partnership with Radio City's owner, pop group manager Reginald Calvert and installed a more powerful transmitter on the fort. However, according to Gerry Bishop's book Offshore Radio this transmitter was antiquated and failed to work. Smedley later withdrew from the deal.

On 20 June 1966, Smedley boarded the Shivering Sands Fort with ten workmen to repossess a transmitter that he had supplied, but had not been paid for. The next day, Calvert visited Smedley's home in Saffron Walden, Essex, to demand the departure of the raiders and the return of vital transmitter parts. During a violent struggle, Calvert was shot dead. Smedley's men occupied the fort until 22 June.

Smedley was charged with Calvert's murder on 18 July, but this was reduced to a charge of manslaughter. Smedley's trial opened on 11 October at Chelmsford Assizes, where the jury acquitted him.

### Legislation

In 1967, the UK Government enacted the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967, outlawing advertising on or supplying an unlicensed offshore radio station from the UK. In an earlier House of Commons debate (in June 1966), the government had said that the pirate ships were a danger because of radio frequency interference to emergency shipping channels, and to overseas radio stations and the pirates were paying no royalties to artists, composers or record companies. Furthermore, it was stated that the pirates' use of wavelengths also broke international agreements.

The Manx parliament, the Tynwald, attempted to exclude the North ship from the legislation, appealing to the European Court on the legality of the act being applied to the Isle of Man. Two (Radio 270 and Radio London) of the remaining four UK-based offshore stations closed, but the two Caroline ships continued with their supply operation moved to Netherlands waters, where unlicensed ship-based broadcasting was not outlawed until 1974.

When the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 become law on 14 August 1967, Radio Caroline was renamed Radio Caroline International. Six weeks later, the BBC introduced its new national pop station Radio 1, modelled largely on the successful offshore station Radio London, and employed many of the ex-pirate DJs. The BBC Light, Third, and Home programmes became Radios 2, 3 and 4 respectively.

On 3 March 1968, the radio ships Mi Amigo and Caroline were boarded and seized before the day's broadcasting began. They were towed to Amsterdam by a salvage company to secure unpaid bills for servicing by the Dutch tender company Wijsmuller Transport. Caroline was broken up for scrap in 1972.

Because of the rise of land-based pirate stations after the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 became law (usually stations run from bedrooms or outdoor sheds with small wattage transmitters), at least two stations later broadcast using the Caroline name, one based in Dublin. Those broadcasts took place between 1970 and 1973.

## 1970: Radio North Sea International

On 24 March 1970, a radio ship named Mebo II anchored off the east coast of England during the UK general election campaign, broadcasting as Radio North Sea International (RNI). RNI operated on medium wave, short wave and FM. Its medium wave transmission was jammed by the UK authorities and on 13 June, RNI changed its name to Radio Caroline International with co-operation from Ronan O'Rahilly. Radio Caroline lobbied against the Labour Party, for the Conservative Party and for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. Following the election, RNI resumed its original name but jamming continued under the newly elected Conservative government. It was not until RNI returned to its original anchorage off the Netherlands that the jamming ceased.

## Caroline Television

News stories appeared in Europe announcing the start of Caroline Television from two Super Constellation aircraft using Stratovision technology. One would circle over the North Sea in international air space near the United Kingdom, while the other remained on standby. Presentations were made to US advertising agencies. These stories continued and included supposed co-operation by a former member of The Beatles and a sign-on date of 1 July; the station failed to appear. The TV operation was later found to be a publicity stunt.

## 1972–1980: Mi Amigo rescued

In 1972, MV Mi Amigo was bought for her scrap value at auction by enthusiast Gerard van Dam, who intended to use her as a free radio museum. O'Rahilly promised financial backing if van Dam could return the ship to broadcasting condition.

The ship anchored off the Dutch coastal resort of Scheveningen and was serviced and operated from the Netherlands. That autumn various tests, consisting of continuous music, were made on 259 metres. The station restarted just before Christmas as Radio 199 but soon became Radio Caroline, with a Top 40 format. DJs Chris Cary, broadcasting as Spangles Muldoon (who was also station manager), Andy Archer, Paul Alexander, Norman Barrington, Steve England, Johnny Jason and Peter Chicago (real name Peter Murtha) manned the station.

In late 1972, Radio Caroline had money problems. On 28 December, unpaid crew cut the Mi Amigo' s generator fuel line and departed. Later that day, the Dutch Royal Navy returned the crew and fighting broke out on board. Two days later, Mi Amigo was towed to IJmuiden and seized because of unpaid bills. Because of the Christmas holidays, no solicitors were available to issue a writ and the ship lay in Amsterdam harbour until O'Rahilly arranged for it to be towed back to sea. The ship was further delayed by hull damage, and repaired before writs could be issued.

Between 11 and 20 April 1973, the ship broadcast for Radio Veronica while its ship, the Norderney, was aground. Caroline DJ Norman Barrington acted as technician, whilst news readers Freek Simon and Arend Langenberg continued the live news service. Tom Collins and Freek did live programmes on occasions the taped shows were unavailable, whilst Norman played the music. Because of a law that allows pirates in distress to come ashore without arrest, the running aground had no consequences for the crew. During summer 1973, it broadcast separate stations in English and Dutch simultaneously, on 389 m/773 kHz and 253 m (announced as 259)/1187 kHz. Two aerials and twin transmitters were used for about six weeks until the aerial mast failed. To accommodate the second aerial, a second short mast, just in front of the bridge, was employed as the other end of the aerial fixed to the main mast.

### Radio Atlantis and Radio Seagull

Around this time, O'Rahilly decided Caroline should adopt an album format similar to FM progressive rock stations in the US, an audience not catered for in Europe. This service was Radio Seagull and broadcast live during the evening.

Since Radio Caroline could not find enough advertising, it shared its nominal 259-metre wavelength (actually 1187 kHz or 253 metres) with Dutch-language pop stations. The first was a Belgian station called Radio Atlantis, owned by Belgian businessman Adriaan van Landschoot. Programmes were recorded on land and broadcast between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m. Rough weather sometimes prevented tapes from arriving and old programmes had to be repeated. Later in 1973, when the contract with Radio Caroline ended, the crew of Radio Atlantis moved to their own ship, the MV Jeanine.

Radio Seagull became Radio Caroline on 23 February 1974, retaining the album format. Throughout most of the 1970s, Radio Caroline could be heard only at night, calling itself "Europe's first and only album station".

### Radio Mi Amigo

Another Belgian station, Radio Mi Amigo International, launched on 1 January 1974; it was run by Belgian businessman and Suzy Waffles owner Sylvain Tack. The station's offices and studios were in Brakel, Belgium, but moved to Castell-Platja d'Aro, Costa Brava, Spain in March 1975 after a raid by Belgian police. Here they produced programmes for Dutch-speaking holidaymakers, mostly Europop, Top 40, MOR and Dutch language popular music presented by Belgian, Dutch and occasionally English DJs with frequent commercials. Because commercial radio was prohibited in Belgium, Radio Mi Amigo had little competition from the former BRT State Radio and TV (today VRT Flemisch State radio and TV) and became very popular in Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK. For the first years, advertising on the station was in demand. When Radio Veronica closed in 1974, some presenters moved to Radio Mi Amigo.

### Loving Awareness

Caroline's album format meant that, although the station served a gap in the market, its audience was smaller than in the 1960s. Caroline also promoted O'Rahilly's concept of Loving Awareness (LA), a far-eastern philosophy of love and peace. Some DJs were embarrassed but some were fascinated by the challenge of an abstract concept.

In 1974, O'Rahilly set up a pop group called The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards) both formerly of Skip Bifferty and two session musicians, Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charlie Charles (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness on More Love Records (ML001), a label set up by O'Rahilly. The album was reissued on CD on Ross Records, c.1992, and in a "30th Anniversary Edition" with bonus material on SMC Records in 2005. The band broke up in 1977; Watt-Roy and Charles played on Ian Dury 's New Boots and Panties!! album, and Turnbull and Gallagher joined them on the Stiff 's tour, becoming The Blockheads.

### Dutch legislation

The Dutch government banned unlicensed offshore radio on 1 September 1974. Radio Caroline continued, moving its headquarters and servicing operation to Spain. On 30 August 1974 Mi Amigo moved from the Dutch coast to the Knock Deep Channel, approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the British coast. After 31 August, shows for Radio Mi Amigo were delivered on cassettes rather than reel-to-reel tapes. Beginning in 1975, the cassettes were transported from Playa d'Aro on the Europa Bus service, which carried people from Amsterdam to Madrid at low prices. The tapes were picked up in Belgium at a bus stop, taken to a small aircraft and dropped in the sea close to the radio ship. The "Top 50" tapes were flown over by helicopter to get them on board more quickly.

The Mi Amigo was tendered clandestinely from Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Tenders and boat owners were warned, and some were prosecuted for ferrying staff and provisions to the ship. Belgium had outlawed offshore radio in 1962 and prosecuted advertisers, cutting the station's revenue. Belgian courts sentenced Tack and some DJs to fines and jail in absentia, although the prison terms were later cancelled.

### Wavelength changes

The two stations experimented with different frequencies. After a short test on 773 kHz in late 1975, in May 1976, Radio Caroline began a daytime service on 1562 kHz (192 m) using a 10 kW transmitter, while its overnight service continued to share the 50 kW transmitter with Radio Mi Amigo's daytime programming on 1187 kHz (253 metres, announced as 259).

In December 1976, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 1562 kHz on the 50 kW transmitter, leaving Caroline on 1187 kHz 24 hours a day on the 10 kW. Radio Caroline had greater night-time interference, and it was decided to move Caroline to a new frequency. On 3 March 1977, Caroline closed, announcing that it would return six days later on 319 metres. To allow Radio Mi Amigo to continue broadcasting by day, the engineering work for Caroline's move had to be carried out over six nights, after the 50 kW transmitter was switched off.

Caroline returned on 9 March 1977 on 953 kHz, actually 315 metres but announced as 319. This gave reasonable reception by day but strong heterodyne interference at night because the transmitter crystal was off-channel. In July Caroline moved to the adjacent channel, 962 kHz (312 metres but still called 319) and reception in the UK improved. Meanwhile, Radio Mi Amigo had interference on 1562 kHz and changed to 1412 kHz (212 m).

Finally, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 962 kHz on 1 December. Due to generator trouble, the two services could no longer be broadcast simultaneously and Radio Caroline again broadcast at night with both stations using the 50 kW transmitter and Radio Caroline began to receive more mail from the continent. At times, a 10 kW transmitter was used to save fuel and relieve the generators. The 10 kW transmitters could run on the Henschel generator beside the two main MAN units and also a Cummins unit on the aft deck behind the wheelhouse.

In late 1977, Radio Caroline began sponsored evangelical programmes, and music programmes began at 9 p.m. On 20 October 1978, technical and financial problems put the Mi Amigo off the air. Unhappy at the loss of advertising, Radio Mi Amigo terminated its contract with Caroline in November 1978 and broadcast from its own ship, the MV Magdalena later that year, but this was short-lived. Broadcasting was in Dutch and English by day and in English at night, although for the first few months broadcasting finished at 10 p.m. On 19 January 1979, the ageing ship took in water and a lifeboat was called to rescue the crew members. Radio Caroline returned to the air on 15 April 1979. The first record played was Fool (If You Think It's Over), by Chris Rea, dedicated to the British Home Office. During this period each night transmission of Radio Caroline started with Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft by the progressive Rock Band Klaatu, issued in 1976 on their album 3:47 E.S.T.

### Mi Amigo sinks

Just after midnight GMT on 20 March 1980, the Mi Amigo foundered in a storm after losing its anchor and drifting. It began taking in water and the crew was rescued by lifeboat. The generator was left running but the pumps could not manage and the vessel sank 10 minutes later. Three British nationals, a Dutchman and their canary (named Wilson after the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson) were rescued. The last broadcast from the Mi Amigo was by Stevie Gordon and Tom Anderson:

(Gordon): Well, we're sorry to tell you that due to the severe weather conditions and the fact that we are shipping quite a lot of water, we are closing down, and the crew are at this stage leaving the ship. Obviously, we hope to be back with you as soon as possible, but just for the moment we would like to say goodbye. (Anderson): It's not a very good occasion really, we have to hurry this because the lifeboat is standing by. We're not leaving and disappearing, we're going onto the lifeboat hoping that the pumps can take it; if they can, we'll be back, if not, well, we really don't like to say it. (Gordon): I think we'll be back in one way or another. (Anderson): Yeah. I think so. (Gordon): For the moment from all of us, goodbye and God bless.

The crew of the Sheerness lifeboat Helen Turnbull were commended for the rescue of broadcasters Tom Anderson, Stevie Gordon, Nick Richards and Hans Verlaan from Mi Amigo while it was sinking in the Black Deep near Long Sand Bank. Having to manoeuvre the lifeboat alongside the stricken vessel 13 times in high seas and a north-easterly gale earned Coxswain Charles Bowry an RNLI Silver Medal. Each of his crew was awarded The Thanks of the Institution on vellum.

The Mi Amigo ' s 160-foot (49 m) mast remained erect for six years.

## 1983–1991: MV Ross Revenge

Radio Caroline restarted in August 1983 from a new radio ship, the MV Ross Revenge, an ex- North Sea factory fishing trawler used during the Anglo-Icelandic Cod War by Ross Fisheries. It had an antenna system radiating from a 300-foot (91 m) high mast, the tallest on any ship in the world. It left Spain with an incomplete studio, to avoid legal entanglements. Radio Caroline began to broadcast from the ship on 19 August 1983, with unwanted mechanical sounds on speech. The station was opened by DJ Tom Anderson, who had said "goodbye" from the sinking Mi Amigo in 1980.

The Ross Revenge was larger than Mi Amigo and with more elaborate transmitting equipment: in 1983, two 5 kW RCA transmitters and a RCA 50 kW unit. One 5 kW transmitter was initially not serviceable. When Radio Monique hired the main transmitter, spare parts were taken from a fourth transmitter to convert the 5 kW into a 10 kW unit, the RCA 5 and 10 kW transmitters having similar designs. The remaining 5 kW transmitter was later converted for short wave use. The Ross Revenge also featured powerful generators.

O'Rahilly wanted Radio Caroline to become an oldies station. He was opposed by some DJs and crew who had worked on the Mi Amigo and the album format stayed along with presenters such as Andy Archer, Samantha Dubois, Grant Benson, Robin Ross and Simon Barrett. Officially, Radio Caroline was managed from offices in North America, with advertising from the US and Canada. In practice, day-to-day servicing was carried from France and the UK.

From the anchorage in the Knock Deep the Mi Amigo ' s mast could be seen on the horizon. Four studios were on board, enabling other broadcasting services. Radio Caroline tried several frequencies, among them 963, 576, 585 (only from 25 March 1985 till 28 March 1985), 558 (after Laser 558 closed) and later 819 kHz. European medium wave channels had been reallocated to multiples of nine. In the evenings on 963, some alternative music programmes were tried, including the reggae "Jamming 963", and in 1986 and early 1987, a progressive and indie rock programme called Caroline Overdrive.

On 9 August 1985, an official vessel anchored 150 yards from the Ross Revenge. The UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) put a permanent watch on movements around the Ross Revenge and the MV Communicator, Laser 558 ' s ship. On 3 September 1985 at 00:00 hours the Dioptric Surveyor departed in a storm.

### Radio Monique

From December 1984 the Ross Revenge broadcast Radio Monique, recorded and live Dutch-language programmes of a Dutch music radio production company using the 50 kW transmitter during daytime. They were pop and Europop aimed at the mainstream Dutch audience. Radio Monique was popular throughout Benelux.

In the evenings, Radio Caroline transmitted Dutch and American religious evangelist broadcasters such as Johan Maasbach and Roy Masters on medium wave, and later on short wave, under the name Viewpoint 963/819, or World Mission Radio (WMR) on short wave.

In November 1985, the competing offshore station, Laser 558, closed after electrical problems and Caroline moved from 576 kHz to Laser's 558 kHz frequency, with a Top 40 music format similar to Laser's under the name Caroline 558. When Laser returned as Laser Hot Hits, it used Caroline's former and inferior frequency of 576 kHz.

### Mast collapse

The Territorial Sea Act 1987 extended the UK maritime limit from 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi). To remain in international waters, the ship moved to a new, less-sheltered anchorage. Initially this was a minor inconvenience as the 300-foot (91 m) mast was thought sturdy enough. However, in October 1987 a massive storm hit southern England, causing deaths and severe damage. MV Ross Revenge weathered the storm in the North Sea.

The following day, Caroline was one of few stations in the South East still broadcasting. However, the storm had weakened the mast, which collapsed in another storm later. Caroline returned to the air using a makeshift aerial with a less powerful signal. This was replaced by a twin-mast T-antenna. For several months only one transmitter could be used, leading to the loss of the income-generating Radio Monique, although a substitute Dutch daytime service, Radio 558 (later Radio 819), was eventually established.

### 1989 Anglo-Dutch raid

During mid-August 1989, authorities in several European countries carried out coordinated raids on houses, recording studios and offices believed to be used by Caroline. On 18 August, a British government chartered ship pulled up alongside the Ross Revenge and asked to board to "discuss the future" of the Ross Revenge and the stations operating from it. This request, and one to stop transmissions on 819 kHz (Radio 819), was refused. A request to stop broadcasting on short wave 6214 kHz (World Mission Radio) which disturbs the emergency frequency 6215 kHz. was complied with, and then from 59:00. After several hours the government ship returned to port.

On 19 August 1989, James Murphy, an investigator for the UK Office of the Official Solicitor, acting for the Department of Trade and Industry, joined colleagues and counterparts from the Netherlands Radio Regulatory Authority to execute an armed raid on the Ross Revenge in which equipment was damaged or confiscated.

Part of the raid was broadcast live before officials disabled the transmitters. Dutch nationals were arrested and returned to the Netherlands, together with most of the broadcasting equipment. Non-Dutch staff were given the option of staying on the ship or returning to the Netherlands, and most chose to stay on board. Caroline claimed boarding the ship and removal or destruction of equipment was piracy. The Dutch claimed the ship's Panamanian registration had lapsed in 1987, was not under legal protection from any country and that its transmissions breached international regulations which since 1982 had prohibited broadcasting from outside national territories. Several years later some of the seized items were returned to the station.

In 1990 the UK government amended the 1967 anti-offshore law to allow the boarding and silencing of stations in international waters if their signals could be received in the UK, even if their vessels were foreign-registered and operated. Lord Annan, author of the 1977 Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting, spoke in defence of Radio Caroline in the House of Lords at report stage on the Broadcasting Act 1990, saying "Why break a butterfly upon the wheel?" In a 1995 article for the pressure group Charter88, Steve McGann commented:

"Whether Caroline was right to maintain her defiance for so many years is irrelevant. Her story illustrates how uniquely dangerous government regards an independent voice transmitted over unrestricted airwaves and to what ends it will go to silence it."

This legislation remains in force.

### 1990–1991: After the raid

On 1 October 1989, Radio Caroline resumed broadcasting from the Ross Revenge using makeshift equipment and low power, to retain the 558 kHz frequency. Engineer Peter Chicago had hidden transmitter parts during the raid and retuned one 5 kW transmitter, previously used on short-wave, to 558 kHz. Over the following months, Caroline's signal quality improved as transmitting valves were donated and programming returned to normal.

In June 1990, Spectrum Radio, a new multi-ethnic community radio station in London, was officially allocated 558 kHz. Caroline caused more interference to Spectrum than vice versa. Caroline broadcast regular apologies to Spectrum listeners but refused to vacate the channel. Spectrum threatened to sue the Radio Authority, which then allowed Spectrum to temporarily broadcast on 990 kHz alongside 558 kHz. Eventually, Caroline left 558 kHz and moved to 819 kHz. On 5 November 1990, lack of fuel and supplies forced the station to stop transmitting. The final song was Pilot of the Airwaves by Charlie Dore.

Although most broadcasting staff left at that time, some remained for a year as caretakers while funding and equipment were sought. The station tried to obtain a licence from a developing country, hoping it might offer protection from the new provisions in the Broadcasting Act 1990 which came into force on 31 December that year.

In November 1991, the ship lost its anchor in a storm and drifted onto the Goodwin Sands in the Channel. The crew (Caroline Martin, Rico and one other) was rescued by an Royal Air Force helicopter. The Ross Revenge was salvaged and brought into harbour in Dover, ending 27 years of Radio Caroline's unlicensed offshore career.

## Since 1991: Licensed Support Group era

Since 1991, the Ross Revenge has been maintained by enthusiasts called the Radio Caroline Support Group, originally the Ross Revenge Support Group. From 2007, the ship was docked at Tilbury, where a volunteer crew repaired and maintained it. The ship has working radio studios, from which both Caroline and BBC Essex have broadcast. On 31 July 2014 the ship was moved to the Blackwater Estuary in Essex.

Former offshore broadcasters who continue on the station are: Roger Mathews, Nigel Harris, Martin Fisher, Marc Jacobs, Johnny Lewis, Doug Wood, Dave Foster, Cliff Osbourne, Chris Pearson, Bob Lawrence, Jeremy Chartham and Ad Roberts. Evangelical programmes and sponsored specialist music are broadcast. During Easter 2008, the station broadcast live for three days from the Ross Revenge, featuring presenters who had worked on the Mi Amigo in the late 1970s: Roger Mathews, Mike Stevens, Bob Lawrence, Brian Martin, Martin Fisher, Cliff Osbourne, Jeremy Chartham, Marc Jacobs, Ad Roberts, Dick Verheul and Kees Borrell.

### Restricted service licences

Radio Caroline was off the air for most of the 1990s, except for occasional low-power broadcasts of one month. Some of these 28-day Restricted Service Licence (RSL) broadcasts took place from the Ross Revenge during the 1990s, with the ship anchored in Dover after her recovery from the Goodwin Sands in 1992, and then off Clacton, in London's Canary Wharf, Southend Pier and off the Isle of Sheppey in Kent.

At one minute past midnight on 1 October 2001, Caroline returned on 1503 kHz from the LV (Light Vessel) 18 in Harwich harbour. This two-day broadcast featured Phil Mitchell, Paul Dennis, Colin Lamb, John Patrick, Barry James, Steve Cisco and Clive Boutell. The LV 18 was later used by the BBC for Pirate BBC Essex broadcasts.

Another RSL broadcast ran from 7 August until 3 September 2004, with the ship moored at the cruise liner terminal jetty at Tilbury in Essex. It commemorated the 40th anniversary of Radio Caroline and promoted the station's legal internet and satellite programmes. The medium wave frequency was 235 metres (1278 kHz) and programmes were sent through ISDN landline to Maidstone and via the internet and broadcast on satellite. The supermarket chain Asda and English Heritage were among the backers.

The station has subsequently broadcast on 531 kHz AM from the Ross Revenge during some bank holiday weekends, beginning on 28–31 August 2009 and also within a few days of the 50th anniversary of the ship's first voyage.

### Satellite and Internet broadcasting

Using land-based studios leased in Kent in the late 1990s, the station began broadcasting via satellites Astra 19.2°E and Eutelsat 28A, covering western Europe. These analogue transmissions ended and a full digital service from Astra 28.2°E started in February 2003.

In 2002, Caroline began on WorldSpace satellite radio, continuing until Worldspace went bankrupt and re-organised its operations in 2008. On 12 June 2006, the station bought an EPG slot on Sky channel 0199. This ended on 1 July 2011 after a failure to renegotiate costs with Sky and deciding not to pursue a Freesat EPG slot. Surveys in 2008 and 2010 showed a small percentage listened via Sky, and that satellite listening had dropped by 9% since 2008, while online listening had increased by around 40%. Radio Caroline continued on satellite but required manual tuning.

During 2013, a survey showed a continued move from satellite reception and growth in internet listening. Following negotiations with the service provider, satellite transmissions ended at midnight on 30 September 2013. Programmes were still heard on satellite until the provider replaced the signal with a 1 kHz tone on the morning of 1 October 2013. Internet streaming of Radio Caroline programmes continued.

The Radio Caroline "album" station has been streamed on the internet for many years, accessible via the station's website, with more streams on various devices. Dedicated apps for listening via Apple IOS and Android devices are also available. In 2011 Radio Caroline joined Radioplayer UK, an internet service formed by the BBC, Global Radio and the Guardian Media Group that supplies a live feed of UK radio stations to across the world.

On 4 May 2015, Radio Caroline started a 24-hour "Flashback" webstream carrying "oldies" music and jingles.

### Via Manx Radio

Since September 2015, Radio Caroline has been broadcasting 'live' for one weekend each month as "Radio Caroline North" (with original DJs and a mixed 1960s, 1970s and 1980s music content and jingles) from its former home the MV Ross Revenge on the Blackwater Estuary in Essex, via Manx Radio 's 1368 kHz 20 kW transmitter on the Isle of Man.

### Radio Caroline at 50 years (1964–2014)

From 31 March to 27 April 2014, a Caroline North tribute station, based on the Planet Lightship berthed in the Albert Dock complex on Liverpool's waterfront, broadcast locally on 87.7FM and on the internet. Programmes were presented by current and former DJs from the BBC, ILR, Ireland, Luxembourg, offshore and land-based pirate stations, and other international and freelance backgrounds, including Tony Prince and Emperor Rosko. Original 1960s Caroline North jingles were interspersed with generic Radio Caroline ones. The station played a wide selection of music from when Caroline started in the 1960s, but also included music from the 1970s and 1980s and early 1990s to widen the audience profile. The four-week event was funded through on-air local business commercials.

### Radio Caroline at 60 years (1964–2024)

A special weekend was organised on the Isle of Man to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the station which was held during August 2024. The events centered around Ramsey with several former (and present) Caroline disc jockeys in attendance. In addition, Radio Caroline presenter Chris Pearson made the journey to the pirate radio ship's former anchorage on the Bahama Bank, where he recorded a short video, declaring it was the first time that a transmission had been made from that spot since the cessation of Radio Caroline North broadcasts in 1968.

The commemorations included a two-part talk concerning the origins of Radio Caroline and the development of off-shore radio broadcasts which was held at Ramsey's Mitre Hotel, hosted by Chris Pearson, with guest speakers Andy Wint and Ray Clark.

### Medium wave campaign

In December 2010, Chatham and Aylesford MP Tracey Crouch presented an Early Day Motion to the House of Commons calling for Ofcom to allow Radio Caroline to broadcast as a licensed medium wave station to its "traditional heartland of the south east".

The full text of the EDM is:

That this House expresses its disappointment that, having pioneered commercial radio in the UK and for the past decade being a fully licensed broadcaster, Radio Caroline, a cornerstone of British radio history, has been denied by OFCOM the opportunity to secure a medium wave frequency from which to broadcast; regrets that as a result its devoted listeners are confined to listening to Radio Caroline via the internet and unable to enjoy its musical offerings in transit; and calls on OFCOM to exhaust all avenues in making the provisions available for Radio Caroline to celebrate its 50th birthday in 2014 by broadcasting on a medium wave frequency which, it appears, is unwanted by both BBC and commercial operators as a broadcast platform."

In May 2017, Ofcom awarded the station a community licence to broadcast to Suffolk and north Essex on 648 kHz with a power of 1 kW.

On 11 November 2017, test transmissions commenced from an omni-directional mast (formerly used by the BBC World Service) at Orford Ness, Suffolk.

On 9 September 2017 a stone was unveiled in Felixstowe to commemorate Radio Caroline.

Commercial programming commenced at noon on Friday 22 December 2017, with a signal that could be heard as far afield as Southampton, Birmingham, Glasgow and in large parts of The Netherlands and Belgium.

On 3 August 2021, Ofcom announced that it had granted a power increase to combat man made noise and interference, and to extend the coverage area to include Suffolk, northern parts of Essex, and parts of Kent and East Sussex. On 24 November 2021 a new transmitter was installed with an effective radiated power of 4 kW. In March 2023 a solar PV array was installed at the Orford Ness transmitter site, providing all of the power required for the transmitter in sunny conditions. In April 2023 an application was submitted to Ofcom to increase the effective radiated power to 16 kW but this has apparently been rejected for now.

### Death of founder

Radio Caroline's founder, Ronan O'Rahilly, was diagnosed with vascular dementia in 2013; his death aged 79 on 20 April 2020 was announced by Radio Caroline.

## Caroline Community Radio / Caroline Coastal

In October 2020, a new station using the Caroline name and logo launched in Burnham-on-Crouch, broadcasting to the Maldon District of Essex on 94.7 MHz FM. The station, owned by St Peters Studio and Community Radio Limited, has not only licensed the name from Radio Caroline, but has also got technical support and programming from the station, who have their own community radio licences in the south, south east and in East Anglia on 648AM (with Radio Caroline also found on DAB in a number of British cities, plus DAB+ in Cambridge). Caroline Community Radio was relaunched as Caroline Coastal on 20 April 2024 with an additional FM frequency of 104.7 MHz.

## International operations

### The Netherlands

In January 2002, a Dutch Caroline fan called Sietse Brouwer launched a Netherlands-based Dutch Radio Caroline in Harlingen, broadcasting on the northern Netherlands cable networks and largely independent of UK Caroline. Brouwer intended to obtain an AM frequency from the Netherlands authorities in 2003 when its medium wave frequencies were reallocated. However, Dutch Caroline failed to secure a high power AM frequency and the cable network service was discontinued because of lack of funds. The Dutch Radio Caroline then changed its name to Radio Waddenzee (nl) for daytime Dutch and German language, and Radio Seagull for nighttime English language broadcasts, and now broadcasts on 1602 kHz every day and on the internet, presenting a progressive rock format. Since November 2009 Radio Seagull can be heard periodically on 558 kHz in London.

### Spain

In Spain, a station broadcast during the summer 2009 on 102.7 MHz in the Costa Blanca from studios in Benidorm. The station had some success but stopped broadcasting due to lack of funding.

### Ireland

Radio Caroline is broadcast in the Republic of Ireland on channel 927 on the UPC Ireland cable service in the main cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Cappoquin, and the County Waterford towns of Lismore and Tallow.

### New Zealand

In Timaru, an NZBC station, originally 3XC, later 3ZC, broadcast as Radio Caroline until 1995. The name was taken from Caroline Bay, a popular recreation area nearby.

In Palmerston, Radio Caroline International, based in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, acquired an AM commercial broadcasting licence in 2008, and was seeking wavelengths in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Daytime programming was leased to a community radio service called Puketapu Radio on 756 kHz.

## References in popular culture

- A "D" and an "I" from the phrase RADIO CAROLINE (painted as a hoarding in 1974) can still be read in lichen growth on the inside wall of one of the stone sarcens at Stonehenge.

- The Golden Age of Wireless album by Thomas Dolby, track: "Radio Silence" – reference to a woman named "Caroline" and lamenting a lost love like an empty radio frequency.

- Freeze Frame album by Godley & Creme, 1979, track: "Get Well Soon" – reference to Radio Caroline.

- " Rock 'n' Roll ", a song by Status Quo, has the lyrics "Waiting all the time to find radio plays on Caroline".

- The rock band Green paid tribute in the song "Radio Caroline" on their album Elaine MacKenzie.


Indira Bajt

# Indira Bajt

## Abstract

Indira Bajt (née Babataeva, born 1980) is a Kazakhstani - Slovenian woman chess player. Bajt is a Woman FIDE Master (WFM) with a peak Elo rating of 2225. She was a member of Slovenia women's team at the 39th Chess Olympiad.

She represented her native Kazakhstan until 2006.

## Notable results

- 1st place in the Slovenian Blitz Championship in 2010

- 2nd place in the Slovenian Women's Championship in 2010

- 2nd place in the Slovenian Women's Championship in 2009

- 2nd place in the Slovenian Women's Championship in 2007

- 3rd place in the Slovenian Women's Championship in 2006


Frederator Studios

# Frederator Studios

## Abstract

Frederator Studios is an American animation television production studio founded by Fred Seibert in January 1997. It is a division of Frederator Networks, Inc., itself apart of Kartoon Studios ' Canadian holding company Wow Unlimited Media. The studio's slogan is "Original Cartoons since 1998."

Frederator and Seibert have been credited with producing various, critically-acclaimed media projects, predominantly in children's animation. The studio has locations in New York City, where Frederator Digital is based, and Burbank, California.

In 2016, Frederator would be acquired by Canadian animation studio Rainmaker, and merged into Wow! Unlimited Media where Seibert was Chief Creator Officer; he would remain at the company until August 2020. After departing, he would found a successor company, FredFilms, in February 2021.

## History

### Founding and early years

Before Frederator, in 1983, Fred Seibert founded Fred/Alan, Inc. in New York City with his college friend Alan Goodman; in 1988, Fred/Alan partnered with Albie Hecht in Chauncey Street Productions to produce television programs for Nickelodeon, MTV, A&E, and CBS. The Fred/Alan firm closed down in 1992.

Seibert became the president of Hanna-Barbera Cartoons in 1992, and created What a Cartoon!, a showcase consisting of 48 shorts that aired on Cartoon Network. In 1996, when Time Warner merged with Turner Broadcasting (owner of Hanna-Barbera), he left the studio.

Frederator Incorporated was formed on January 6, 1997 (its first cartoons were released in 1998), and was housed at a temporary location of the Nickelodeon Animation Studio in North Hollywood, California. Frederator's debut production was the cartoon short incubator, a television series called Oh Yeah! Cartoons, which later spun off three series: The Fairly OddParents (its first official series), as well ChalkZone, and My Life as a Teenage Robot, in addition to 51 original short cartoons from creators including Butch Hartman, Rob Renzetti, Tim Biskup, Larry Huber, Pat Ventura, Seth MacFarlane, and Carlos Ramos. Oh Yeah! Cartoons was based on Seibert's What a Cartoon! series of shorts from Hanna-Barbera Cartoons and Cartoon Network, which brought Hanna-Barbera its first hit series in 10 years, Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls, and Courage the Cowardly Dog. Frederator has produced a total of 16 television series, and over 200 miniseries, including webisodes. As of 2013, the company was in a producing partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment and YouTube.

In 2002, Frederator created a joint venture for preschoolers named Bolder Media with producer Susan Miller 's Mixed Media Group, Inc.. They produced their first preschool series created by Bob Boyle for Nick Jr., Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!.

Frederator Studios created a television series and competition The Nicktoons Film Festival (now known as the Nicktoons Network Animation Festival) for the Nicktoons Network, which debuted October 24, 2004.

In 2004, David Karp interned at Frederator Studios at its first Manhattan location, and built their first blogging platform. In 2007, he launched Tumblr from a rented desk at Frederator Studios' Park Avenue South offices, with chief engineer Marco Arment. Seibert was one of Tumblr's first bloggers.

On November 1, 2005, Frederator launched what it called "the first cartoon podcast." Named Channel Frederator by David Karp (who also structured and edited the initial episodes), this weekly animation network features submitted films from around the world, and quickly became one of the top video podcasts on Apple Inc. 's iTunes. In quick succession, The Wubbcast was launched for pre-schoolers in January 2006, and ReFrederator featuring vintage public domain cartoons in April 2006. Channel Frederator became the model for Seibert's media company Next New Networks and reaches almost 4,000,000 video views monthly.

On June 25, 2007 Variety article announced the studio had formed Frederator Films, dedicated to creating animated feature films budgeted under $20 million. Frederator's first feature is set up at Paramount Pictures, co-produced with J. J. Abrams ' Bad Robot. They have also set up their first two animated features in a first look production arrangement for Sony Pictures Animation.

### Expansion into web animation

The studio produced its first original internet cartoons with independent animator Dan Meth. The Meth Minute 39 launched on September 5, 2007, featuring 39 of Meth's original character shorts. (The first cartoon was "Internet People", a video on the viral video sites YouTube and MySpaceTV that featured some popular Internet memes and internet people.) A spin-off, Nite Fite, debuted in October 2008. These series have totaled over 35,000,000 video views to date.

Random! Cartoons, the latest Frederator anthology series, began airing on Nicktoons in 2009; it spawned two TV series, Fanboy & Chum Chum and Adventure Time (the first Frederator production not for Nickelodeon and the first and only series made for Cartoon Network), as well as the web series, Bravest Warriors.

Frederator Studios became a division of parent Frederator Networks when founder Fred Seibert announced the company's new YouTube funded channel and adult production label, Cartoon Hangover in February 2012 and 18 months later started the Channel Frederator Network, a multi-channel network (MCN) dedicated to helping individual YouTube animation creators distribute and monetize their owned and operated channels. At launch, Frederator produced three animated series for Cartoon Hangover: Bravest Warriors, created by Pendleton Ward; SuperFuckers, created by James Kochalka; and Too Cool! Cartoons, an incubator featuring content from different animators. Bravest Warriors premiered on November 8, 2012 and SuperFuckers premiered on November 30, 2012.

In July 2013 as part of Too Cool! Cartoons Cartoon Hangover premiered the first part of the 10-minute short film, Bee and PuppyCat created by Natasha Allegri. Due to its popularity, in November 2013 Frederator launched a Kickstarter to fund a first season of the series, which was successful and raised $872,133 toward more episodes of the show. The project was the most funded animation and web series Kickstarter at the conclusion, and the fourth most-funded Film/Video project.

In 2013, Frederator launched a digital-only ebook company, Frederator Books. Frederator Books published its first title, "The Lieography of Babe Ruth" in March 2013.

In 2014, Frederator announced the launch of The Channel Frederator Network, a Multi Channel Network (MCN) of independently owned animation channels on YouTube. Since its start, Channel Frederator Network has generated more than one billion views, and averages more than 30 million views a month, across its network of more than 200 channels. Some of its leading channels are FilmCow (just over 1 million subscribers), Cartoon Hangover (over 1 million subscribers), and Simon's Cat (over 2,800,000 subscribers), which is YouTube 's #2 animated channel. Once part of the network, Frederator handles all advertising and distribution for its channels on YouTube, promoting the show and its licensed merchandise.

As of 2016, Mexican animation studio Ánima Estudios and Frederator Studios have launched a new YouTube network, called Átomo Network, focusing on Spanish-language content.

### Acquisition by Rainmaker; Wow Unlimited merger, and Kartoon Studios ownership

In December 2016, Canadian studio Rainmaker Entertainment (now, and originally known as, Mainframe) acquired Frederator Networks. Together with Ezrin Hirsh Entertainment (EHE), the three would be merged into the holding company Wow Unlimited Media, Inc..

In August 2020, it was announced Fred Seibert would resign as CEO of Frederator Studios. Michael Hirsh, co-founder of Canadian studio Nelvana, would take over.

On October 27, 2021, Genius Brands (now Kartoon Studios) announced that it had agreed to acquire Wow Unlimited Media for C$66 million (US$53 million), with the transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2022. The acquisition was completed on April 7, 2022.

In January 2023, 50% of the rights to Bravest Warriors and Bee and Puppycat was sold to Japanese studio Toho International.

## Filmography

### Television series

For Nickelodeon:

- Oh Yeah! Cartoons (1998–2002) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- The Fairly OddParents (2001–2017) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio and Billionfold Inc. for seasons 6–10)

- ChalkZone (2002–2008) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- My Life as a Teenage Robot (2003–2009) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Fanboy & Chum Chum (2009–2014) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

For Nicktoons:

- Nicktoons Film Festival (2004–2009) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Random! Cartoons (2008–2009) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Ape Escape (2009) (co-produced with Hawaii Film Partners, Project 51 Productions and Showcase Entertainment)

For Netflix:

- Castlevania (2017–2021) (co-produced with Powerhouse Animation, Warren Ellis Productions for seasons 3–4, Shankar Animation and Project 51 Productions)

- Bee and PuppyCat: Lazy in Space (2022–present) (co-produced with OLM, Inc.)

- Castlevania: Nocturne (2023–present) (co-produced with Powerhouse Animation and Project 51 Productions)

For Max:

- Adventure Time: Distant Lands (2020–2021) (co-produced with Cartoon Network Studios)

- Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake (2023–present) (co-produced with Cartoon Network Studios)

Other productions

- Adventure Time (2010–2018) (co-produced with Cartoon Network Studios for Cartoon Network)

- Bravest Warriors (2017–2018) (co-produced with Nelvana for Teletoon)

- Costume Quest (2019) (co-produced with Wellsville Pictures, Double Fine Productions and Amazon Studios for Amazon Prime Video)

- Chikn Nuggit (TBA) (co-produced with BuzzFeed Animation Lab for BuzzFeed)

### YouTube series

Channel Frederator:

- The Meth Minute 39 (September 5, 2007)

- Cartoon Conspiracy (April 24, 2014)

Cartoon Hangover:

- Bravest Warriors (November 8, 2012)

- SuperFuckers (November 30, 2012)

- Too Cool! Cartoons (April 4, 2013)

- Bee and PuppyCat (November 6, 2014)

- Go! Cartoons (November 7, 2017)

### Films

- Guess Who?: A Debbie and Ruthie Story (2000) (co-produced with Playhouse Disney Productions)

- Globehunters: An Around the World in 80 Days Adventure (2002, produced in 2000) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- The Electric Piper (2003, produced in 2000) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Abra-Catastrophe! (2003) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Channel Chasers (2004) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour (2004/2006) (co-produced with O Entertainment, DNA Productions, and Nickelodeon Animation Studio, the crossover three-part special with The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius)

- School's Out!: The Musical (2005) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Escape from Cluster Prime (2005) (co-produced with Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- Wubbzy's Big Movie! (2008) (co-produced with Film Roman and Starz Media, credited as Bolder Media)

- Wubb Idol (2009) (co-produced with Film Roman and Starz Media, credited as Bolder Media)

- Wishology! (2009) (co-produced with Billionfold, Inc. and Nickelodeon Animation Studio)

- A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner! (2011) (co-produced with Billionfold, Inc. and Pacific Bay Entertainment)

- A Fairly Odd Christmas (2012) (co-produced with Billionfold, Inc. and Pacific Bay Entertainment)

- A Fairly Odd Summer (2014) (co-produced with Billionfold, Inc. and Pacific Bay Entertainment)


Paul Baloff

# Paul Baloff

## Abstract

Pavel Nicholas "Paul" Baloff (April 25, 1960 – February 2, 2002) was an American singer, best known as the original lead vocalist of the thrash metal band Exodus. He was fired from Exodus shortly after the release of the band's 1985 debut album Bonded by Blood, and sang with various other bands before rejoining Exodus in 1997. Baloff died of a stroke in 2002.

## Biography

### Formation of Exodus (1981–1983)

Exodus guitarist Kirk Hammett and Baloff met at a North Berkeley house party in 1981 and became fast friends due to their shared admiration for punk rock and the new wave of British heavy metal. Baloff joined Exodus in 1982 as lead vocalist to complete the lineup, which included Hammett, guitarist Gary Holt, drummer Tom Hunting and bassist Geoff Andrews.

### Bonded by Blood and firing (1984–1991)

Exodus recorded their first album Bonded by Blood in the summer of 1984. Audio engineering college student Mark Whitaker, who had attended high school with Baloff, oversaw management and record production for the band at the time. 1984 concert photos from Exodus shows at Aquatic Park's Eastern Front Metal Festival (with Slayer and Suicidal Tendencies) and Ruthie's Inn (with Megadeth and Slayer) were included on the album sleeve inserts. Originally titled "A Lesson in Violence", the album was not released until April 1985 amidst creative and business setbacks.

Shortly after touring for Bonded by Blood, Baloff was fired from the band for "personal and musical differences", although he still had writer credits on their next album, Pleasures of the Flesh. He was replaced by Steve "Zetro" Souza, who had previously been the lead vocalist for Legacy, an early incarnation of Testament. Baloff went on to form the band Piranha. He sang in several bands in the San Francisco Bay area including Piranha, Hirax, and Heathen.

### Return to Exodus (1991–2000)

After a few dormant years of Exodus' extended hiatus, Baloff briefly reunited with Holt and Hunolt to reform Exodus in 1997. They released a live album titled Another Lesson in Violence. The group disbanded again shortly after, in part due to a falling out with record label Century Media over the way the live album was promoted, and over an aborted attempt at a live concert video that was filmed but never released due to a financial dispute.

### Exodus' second reformation and death (2001–2002)

In 2001, Exodus reformed once again. There was talk of recording a new studio album and the band continued to play local shows in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.

In February 2002, Baloff had a stroke that left him in a coma, and he died after being removed from life support. He was 41 years old. Former vocalist Steve Souza was recruited back into the band to finish the rest of their concert commitments. Although it appeared to outsiders that with Baloff's death, Exodus would cease to exist, guitarist Gary Holt was determined to release a new studio record. The result was 2004's Tempo of the Damned, which is dedicated to Baloff's memory.

## Legacy

In October 2008, Exodus released a re-recording of their 1985 debut album Bonded by Blood entitled Let There Be Blood. Gary Holt released the following statement about the band's decision to revisit their debut album: "After many years in the planning and discussion stage, we have finally completed the re-recording of 'Bonded By Blood'. We have decided to call it 'Let There Be Blood' and it is our way of paying homage to Paul Baloff by showing how relevant these songs we had written together still are. We aren't trying to replace the original; that's impossible anyway. We are just giving these songs the benefit of modern production. It's something we talked about before Paul's death and it's always been important to us to do. We were super excited about entering the studio once again to record these classics, and now it's back to writing the next studio record!"

On February 4, 2012, a Paul Baloff Memorial Reunion Concert was held at the Oakland Metro Opera House. Former and current members included Kirk Hammett, Rick Hunolt, Gary Holt, Geoff Andrews, Lee Altus, Rob Dukes, Tom Hunting and Jack Gibson. It was the first time they have all played together since 1983.

## Discography

### With Exodus

- 1982 Demo (1982)

- Bonded by Blood (1985)

- Pleasures of the Flesh (1987) (credited for the songwriting, but did not perform)

- Lessons in Violence (1992)

- Another Lesson in Violence (1997)

- Let There Be Blood (2008) (posthumously credited for the songwriting, but did not perform)


Survivor Greece season 12

# Survivor Greece season 12

## Abstract

The twelfth season of the popular reality show Survivor Greece, will premiere on September, 2024 on Skai TV in Greece and (via simulcast) on Sigma TV in Cyprus. Giorgos Lianos will return as host for his seventh consecutive season. In August 2024 the official trailer was released announcing the return of the show the autumn of 2024. it's the first time that the show will premiere earlier than January.

The format of the game changed raridly from the previous seasons, as the producers decided to follow the Mexican version of the show.

## Contestants

The game began with eighteen contestants divided into two teams Tigreis and Aetoi.

## Ratings

Official ratings are taken from AGB Hellas.

|}


Marieme

# Marieme

## Abstract

Marieme is a Senegalese - American singer-songwriter with a multi-octave voice whose music has R&B, pop and jazz influences. Her musical themes reflect her youth affected by war and her subsequent world travels.

She has released two EPs, one acoustic visual EP, and her songs have been used in several television shows and in film.

## Early life

Marieme Diop was born in Nouakchott, Mauritania, Africa where her father was an executive at a regional electrical company. When she was six months old, war broke out between that country and Senegal forcing her family to escape leaving behind a comfortable lifestyle and keeping nothing. Marieme and her siblings lived with her aunt in Senegal, while her parents moved to the Bronx, New York in the United States. The family reunited five years later in New York.

"I grew up in Senegal until I was seven years old. There was always music around, but it wasn't encouraged—I grew up in a very religious household. When I came to America, I found a box of CDs under my parents' bed. It was a surprise to me because I didn't think they listened to music. I found out later that my dad was the one who bought it because there was a discount at his job or something. There were CDs by Ace of Base, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, and more—about ten albums. I would put them on and cry because of the way the music made me feel. Mariah Carey's album changed my life. I was learning English through listening to music, which was a powerful connection. My assimilation to America was all through music. I was teased a lot for my skin color and for being straight from Africa."

At the University of Buffalo, Marieme studied journalism and communication, and even studied and interned in feature writing in London, United Kingdom. It was in high school when a jazz history class played Billie Holiday that she realized what she wanted to become, and did so with a vocal range of several octaves.

Marieme lives in both New York City, New York and Los Angeles, California.

## Music career

In 2017, Marieme moved to Los Angeles, and two days after arriving, she wrote the song, "Leave" with producer/songwriter Andy Rose. Shortly after, with three songs completed, she got a deal from Jason Markey of Universal Music Publishing Group. She started writing with producers such as Theron "Neff-U" Feemster, who has worked with Michael Jackson, Eminem, Justin Bieber, Dr.Dre, Ne-Yo.

Marieme released an eponymous EP in February 2018 on Caroline Records. The EP featured three songs, "Leave," "Be The Change," and "Ask For Help." Of the latter, she told Music in Africa: "In this society, we are faced with so much. As we learn more and more about ourselves and the human condition over time, it is very important to know our limits in order to be able to exceed them and be able to reach our true goal. Often, misplaced pride keeps us from moving forward, and in the song we meant not to be too proud and to be able to ask for help when we needed it. The most powerful way to do this is through music."

In April 2018, the Marieme song, "What's Cool" was included on the soundtrack for the Amy Schumer movie, I Feel Pretty. The album was released by Sony Music.

In October 2019, she began releasing a series of acoustic videos of the songs from the Marieme EP. The visual work preceded the release of her acoustic visual EP in January 2019.

Early in 2019, "Ask For Help" was used as the promotion for the nationwide season premiere of Iyanla: Fix My Life on Oprah 's OWN Network, and an episode of the CBS mini-series The Red Line.

In 2019 LinkedIn struck a deal with Marieme to create an anthem for the business site. Her version of the Cat Stevens song, "Be What You Must, became part of their promotion beginning in November 2019.

The Marieme song, Rogue is one of several that are being played in the Apple TV+ television series Truth Be Told, which became available on the platform December 13, 2019. The song is also used in worldwide TV and Digital commercials about the show.

Glamour UK named “Marieme” a powerhouse and she has been featured in many other publications including “ V(American Magazine) and Vogue Brazil.

Since the beginning of her musical career Marieme has performed around the world, the biggest venue being Red Rocks Amphitheater in Colorado joining “ Trevor Hall ” for the collaboration of their hit song “2 Oceans”.

In 2023, Marieme's song "Built for Greatness" was featured as the promotional song for the Netflix special *The Light We Carry*, by Michelle Obama and Oprah.

Marieme’s first single from her upcoming debut album was released to critical acclaim after it was featured in two prominent scenes on major television shows: the finale of Good Trouble and an emotional scene on Grey's Anatomy.


Europeans United for Democracy

# Europeans United for Democracy

## Abstract

Europeans United for Democracy – Alliance for a Europe of Democracies, formerly known as EUDemocrats, was a Eurosceptic and self-described Eurorealist alliance of parties and movements from 15 European countries. It operated as a transnational party at the European level (European political party), according to Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003. It sought a radical decentralization or a complete abolition of the EU. It incorporated members from both the right and the left political spectrum; however, it was dominated by left-wing parties and represented ideologically left-wing faction of Euroscepticism. It functioned between 2005 and 2017.

The party was set up under Danish law on 7 November 2005 and founded as a European Party in Brussels on 8 November 2005. Its first congress was held on 24 February 2006. Former Danish MEPs Jens-Peter Bonde and Hanne Dahl inspired the EUD's creation and first years. In January 2009, Swedish economist and former MEP Sören Wibe succeeded Bonde as President of the EUD. Following Wibe's sudden death in December 2010, former Irish Green MEP Patricia McKenna was named president of the EUD and Lave Knud Broch from People's Movement against the EU as vice president.

The founding parties of the party included the Danish June Movement from Jens-Peter Bonde (who also became the first president of the party), the Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, the June List from Sweden and the Danish People's Movement Against the EU. The party had to rely on the assistance of individual Members of Parliament in order to reach the representational threshold of seven member states — these members included Roger Helmer, UK Conservative Daniel Hannan, Igor Grazin from the Estonian Reform Party, Nicolas Dupont-Aignan from Arise the Republic, Sandor Leszak and Andras Ptiski from FIDESZ, Irish independent Kathy Sinnott, Klaus Buchner from the German Ecological Democratic Party and Iveta Grigule from the Latvian Farmers' Union. These parties and members came from all sides of the political spectrum and were united in their criticism of the EU, although in varying degrees.

Although the EUD's platform was not concerned with specific ideological matters, as it believed that such issues were best dealt with by national and regional parliaments under the democratic control of the people, the party itself was considered left-wing; David Hanley, head of the School of European Studies at Cardiff University, called it a "core statement of left-wing Euroscepticism". The EUD cooperated with other left-wing European parties. The party was committed to increasing transparency, subsidiarity, diversity and budgetary control in the European Union, wanting to limit the Union to a free-trade zone and a safeguard of social and environmentalist standards, with integration efforts being only optional and limited to the minimum. The EU was to be prohibited from dictating a common foreign, economic and security policy to all members, and elements of membership were to be elective, with member states able to choose to participate in the free-trade zone only, without partaking in other elements of the European Union.

In 2009, four of its affiliated MEPs were members of the Independence and Democracy group in the European Parliament. Also, two affiliated MEPs - Roger Helmer and Daniel Hannan, both British Conservatives - sat as independents. Hannan left EUD in October 2009 to join the newly formed Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, while Helmer defected from the British Conservatives to British party UKIP. From 2010 to 2014 EUD had one member in the European Parliament: Rina Ronja Kari (replaced Søren Søndergaard 5 February 2014), who sits as an associate member of the European United Left/Nordic Green Left Group. In the 2014 European Parliament elections two EUD members Rina Ronja Kari and Iveta Grigule were elected.

Ten members of national and regional parliaments from ten countries were also members of the EUD (as of 2014).

## Political platform

The political aim of the EUDemocrats was to reform the present structures of the European Union. According to its political platform, the EUD believed that decisions should be made at the lowest possible level (subsidiarity), thus giving an effective voice to the citizens of member states, regions and national minorities. It aimed to unite those who are critical of the EU for its undemocratic development and its ever-more centralising political features. The EUDemocrats wished to transform the European Union into a "free alliance among the nations of Europe", where countries were free to determine their level of integration and change it at will, as well as "safeguarding local democracy and pushing for decision making at the lowest possible levels."

The EUD opposed the centralisation of political power in the EU institutions, and demanded democratic oversight and control of EU institutional powers and actions by national and regional assemblies. The party believed that European integration must be stopped as it would transform Europe into a centralised unitary state, arguing that while the initial impulse for integration were perceived economic benefits, the drive for integration also spilled over into political and sociocultural consequences. The EUD criticized Europe's mainstream parties for passively going along with the integration, often in an undemocratic or misleading fashion. The party described the progressing European integration as the result of the "permissive consensus of furtive elites has once again pulled the wool over citizens’ eyes". " The party staunchly opposed centralizing tendencies within the EU, and proposed a radical and far-reaching decentralization that would prioritize safeguarding sovereignty of the EU members, and make integration strictly optional and reversible.

The party's solution was to restore the principle of subsidiarity and regionalization in the union, stating that too the European Union had been given too much power that must now be "clawed back". The party's alternative was called "flexible integration", which would enable member states to use EU cooperation procedures only when all parties concerned wished to, without forcing any common policy on all members. The only issues to be decided at EU level were to be "truly cross-border issues", which the EUD classified as guaranteeing four fundamental freedoms (persons, goods, property and capital) and environmental policy.

The policy areas that the party wanted to exclude from EU competence were common trade policy, criminal justice, education and cultural policy. The party also wanted to abolish the Common Foreign and Security Policy, arguing that the EU should not be able to dictate a uniform foreign and security policy for its member states. According to the EUDemocrats, the EU was to simply guarantee "a set of minimum standards in security, health, workplace protection and environment" instead. It also proposed to replace the European Constitution with a cooperation agreement between states, with the possibility for a member state to only choose a basic free-trade agreement without participating in other EU components. In regards to the electoral system of the EU, the party sought to make European Commissioners be elected by national electorates.

Its four political core objectives were:

- enhancing transparency on all political levels, especially in the EU by giving citizens insight into all documents and meetings;

- strengthen real subsidiarity in the EU thus taking decisions at the lowest political level possible;

- improving democracy and accountability by reforming EU institutions and structures making them function more democratically;

- defending diversity in the EU by making it possible for member states to implement politics according to their national reality and by promoting flexible cooperation instead of fixed harmonisation.

The operational aim of EUD was to act as an effective political platform and campaigning organisation which is able to influence pan-European politics towards extending democratic structures in the EU. The EUD also sought to have candidates elected in European elections that shared its core Eurorealist political ideas and thus influence politics in the European Parliament itself.

The position of the party was described as a "minimalist Eurorealist position", as the EUD believed that while preferably the EU would not exist, some form of minimal integration had now become avoidable, but it should be constrained as much as possible. The EU was to be a free-trade zone with few, minimal supranational competences and minimized bureucracy.

The party was critical of the Lisbon Treaty and believed that many elements of it were breaching the political independence of the member states. It deeply opposed common defence and intelligence projects such as the European Union Foreign Service and European army, arguing that such projects "will undermine the member states foreign, security and defence policy".

Despite the diverse nature of its founding parties, the EUD was seen as a "core statement of left-wing Euroscepticism", as its platform incorporated strongly left-wing concerns about the EU, including concerns about parliamentary control and distrust of the EU's military role, combined with an emphasis on the need to ensure environmental and social standards. The EUD cooperated with and was ideologically close to other left-wing Eurosceptic EU parties, such as the Nordic Green Left Alliance and the Party of the European Left.

## Campaigns

In March 2011, the EUDemocrats launched a campaign against the idea of direct-tax income for the European Union (including a tax on citizens, the banking sector, or the air traffic sector. The campaign was launched as www.noeutax.com Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.

In an effort to bring balance to the euro debate in the Baltics, EUDemocrats has started a Latvian web information campaign at www.parlatu.lv Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.

## Membership

### Individual members, NGOs, and observers

Belgium:

- Michael Balter, Vivant group leader at the Parliament of the Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens

Åland:

- Danne Sundman, Non-aligned Coalition (Obunden Samling)

Estonia:

- MP Igor Grazin, Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond)

France:

- MP Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, Arise the Republic (Debout la République)

Germany:

- MP Klaus Buchner, Ecological Democratic Party (Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei)

Ireland:

- National Platform

- People's Movement (Gluaiseacht an Phobail)

- Independent TD Thomas Pringle

- Independent ID Kathy Sinnott

Hungary:

- MP Sandor Leszak, Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség)

- MP Andras Ptiski, Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség)

Italy:

- Euro Sceptics - Animal Environmentalist Party (Euro Scettici - Partito Animalista Ambientalista)

Latvia:

- MP Iveta Grigule-Pēterse, Latvian Farmers' Union (Latvijas Zemnieku savienība)

Slovakia:

- Direct Democracy (Slovakia) (Priama Demokracia - Hnutie Domova)

- Rudolf Kusy, member of the regional parliament of Bratislava

- Peter Kopecký, Agrarian and Countryside Party (Agrárna strana vidieka)

Slovenia:

- June List (Junijska lista)

- EUDemocrats Slovenia (EUDS)

- Gorazd Drevensek

United Kingdom

- Jenny Jones, Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb, Green Party

- MP Daniel Hannan, Conservative and Unionist Party

- MP Roger Helmer, Conservative and Unionist Party


Eugeniusz Dębski

# Eugeniusz Dębski

## Abstract

Eugeniusz Dębski (b. 26 January 1952; sometimes referred to as EuGeniusz, a word-play coined after the Polish word for genius) is a Polish science-fiction writer and translator of Russian literature.

Born in Truskavets (then in USSR), early in his life he moved to Poland to settle in Wrocław where he graduated from the Russian faculty of Wrocław University. He is known primarily as the author of numerous novels (mostly S-f and fantasy), and several hundred short stories, published in Polish journals including Fantastyka, Nowa Fantastyka, Science Fiction, Fenix and Portal.

Dębski translated and published a large part of the Russian classics of science fiction, from Kir Bulychov, through Nikolai Perumov, Vladimir Vasiliev, Vyacheslav Rybakov, to Kirill Yeskov. Four times nominated to the Janusz A. Zajdel Award, he was also awarded the Śląkfa, as well as two prizes created for him by fans: the Mątwa and the Srebrna Muszla.

He was one of the creators and the chief editor (2002–2004) of Fahrenheit, the first Polish Internet science fiction fanzine.