List of dinosaur genera

# List of dinosaur genera

## Abstract

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 million years ago; their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record demonstrates that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch. Birds were therefore the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs can be divided into avian dinosaurs (birds) and non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. Birds are feathered theropod dinosaurs and constitute the only known living dinosaurs.

This list of dinosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been considered to be non-avian dinosaurs, but also includes some dinosaurs of disputed status (avian? or non-avian?, where "avian" refers to the clade Avialae), as well as purely vernacular terms.

The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms and genera that are no longer considered dinosaurs. Many listed names have been reclassified as everything from true birds to crocodilians to petrified wood. The list contains 1764 names, of which approximately 1328 are considered either valid dinosaur genera or nomina dubia.

## Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of all non-avian dinosaur genera. The closest is the Dinosaur Genera List, compiled by biological nomenclature expert George Olshevsky, which was first published online in 1995 and was regularly updated until June 2021. The most authoritative general source in the field is the second (2004) edition of The Dinosauria. The vast majority of names listed below are sourced to Olshevsky's list, and all subjective determinations (such as junior synonymy or non-dinosaurian status) are based on The Dinosauria, except where they conflict with primary literature. These exceptions are noted.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

- Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN (see Tyrannosaurus), but junior synonyms cannot be used again for a different genus, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.

- Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.

- Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.

- Nomen manuscriptum (Latin for "manuscript name"): A name that appears in manuscript of a formal publication that has no scientific backing.

- Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. Preoccupied names are not valid generic names.

- Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation (see Hadrosaurus), no genera should be marked as such on this list.

## A

- Aachenosaurus – subsequently found to be a piece of petrified wood

- Aardonyx

- " Abdallahsaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- Abdarainurus

- Abditosaurus

- Abelisaurus

- Abrictosaurus

- Abrosaurus

- Abydosaurus

- Acantholipan

- Acanthopholis

- Achelousaurus

- Acheroraptor

- Achillesaurus

- Achillobator

- Acristavus

- Acrocanthosaurus

- Acrotholus

- Actiosaurus – subsequently found to be a choristoderan

- Adamantisaurus

- Adasaurus

- Adelolophus

- Adeopapposaurus

- Adratiklit

- Adynomosaurus

- Aegyptosaurus

- Aeolosaurus

- Aepisaurus

- Aepyornithomimus

- Aerosteon

- Aetonyx – junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Afromimus

- Afrovenator

- Agathaumas – possible synonym of Triceratops

- Aggiosaurus – subsequently found to be a metriorhynchid crocodilian

- Agilisaurus

- Agnosphitys – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Agrosaurus – probably a junior synonym of Thecodontosaurus

- Agujaceratops

- Agustinia

- Ahshislepelta

- " Airakoraptor " – nomen nudum; Kuru

- Ajancingenia – synonym of Heyuannia

- Ajkaceratops

- Ajnabia

- Akainacephalus

- Alamosaurus

- Alaskacephale

- Albalophosaurus

- Albertaceratops

- Albertadromeus

- Albertavenator

- Albertonykus

- Albertosaurus

- Albinykus

- Albisaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- Alcovasaurus – possible junior synonym of Miragaia

- Alectrosaurus

- Aletopelta

- Algoasaurus

- Alioramus

- Aliwalia – junior synonym of Eucnemesaurus

- Allosaurus

- Almas

- Alnashetri

- Alocodon

- Alpkarakush

- Altirhinus

- Altispinax

- Alvarezsaurus

- Alwalkeria

- Alxasaurus

- Amanasaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Amanzia

- Amargasaurus

- " Amargastegos " – nomen nudum

- Amargatitanis

- Amazonsaurus

- Ambopteryx

- Ammosaurus – junior synonym of Anchisaurus

- Ampelognathus

- Ampelosaurus

- Amphicoelias

- " Amphicoelicaudia " – nomen nudum; synonym of Huabeisaurus

- " Amphisaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Anchisaurus

- Amtocephale

- Amtosaurus – possibly a junior synonym of Talarurus

- Amurosaurus

- Amygdalodon

- Anabisetia

- Analong

- Anasazisaurus

- Anatosaurus – junior synonym of Edmontosaurus

- Anatotitan – junior synonym of Edmontosaurus

- Anchiceratops

- Anchiornis

- Anchisaurus

- Andesaurus

- " Andhrasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Angaturama – possible junior synonym of Irritator

- " Angloposeidon " – nomen nudum

- Angolatitan

- Angulomastacator

- Anhuilong

- Aniksosaurus

- Animantarx

- Ankistrodon – subsequently found to be a proterosuchid archosauriform

- Ankylosaurus

- Anodontosaurus

- Anomalipes

- Anoplosaurus

- Anserimimus

- Antarctopelta

- Antarctosaurus

- Antetonitrus

- Anthodon – subsequently found to be a pareiasaur

- Antrodemus – possibly a synonym of Allosaurus

- Anzu

- Aoniraptor

- Aorun

- Apatodon – possibly a junior synonym of Allosaurus

- Apatoraptor

- Apatosaurus

- Appalachiosaurus

- Aquilarhinus

- Aquilops

- Arackar

- Aragosaurus

- Aralosaurus

- Aratasaurus

- " Araucanoraptor " – nomen nudum; Neuquenraptor

- Archaeoceratops

- Archaeodontosaurus

- Archaeopteryx – possibly a bird

- Archaeoraptor – a chimaera of the bird Yanornis and the dromaeosaur Microraptor

- Archaeornis – junior synonym of Archaeopteryx

- Archaeornithoides

- Archaeornithomimus

- Arcovenator

- Arctosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- Arcusaurus

- Arenysaurus

- Argentinosaurus

- Argyrosaurus

- Aristosaurus – junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Aristosuchus

- Arizonasaurus – subsequently found to be a rauisuchian

- Arkansaurus

- Arkharavia

- Arrhinoceratops

- Arrudatitan

- Arstanosaurus

- Asfaltovenator

- Asiaceratops

- Asiamericana – a fish

- Asiatosaurus

- Asiatyrannus

- Asilisaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Astrodon

- Astrodonius – junior synonym of Astrodon

- Astrodontaurus – junior synonym of Astrodon

- Astrophocaudia

- Asylosaurus

- Atacamatitan

- Atlantosaurus

- Atlasaurus

- Atlascopcosaurus

- Atrociraptor

- Atsinganosaurus

- Aublysodon

- Aucasaurus

- " Augustia " – preoccupied name, now known as Agustinia

- Augustynolophus

- Auroraceratops

- Aurornis

- Australodocus

- Australotitan

- Australovenator

- Austrocheirus

- Austroposeidon

- Austroraptor

- Austrosaurus

- Avaceratops

- " Avalonia " – preoccupied name, now known as Avalonianus

- Avalonianus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Aviatyrannis

- Avimimus

- Avipes – probably a non-dinosaurian dinosauromorph

- Avisaurus – subsequently found to be an enantiornithine bird

- Azendohsaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosauromorph

## B

- Baalsaurus

- Bactrosaurus

- Bagaceratops

- Bagaraatan

- Bagualia

- Bagualosaurus

- Bahariasaurus

- Bainoceratops

- Baiyinosaurus

- Bajadasaurus

- " Bakesaurus " – nomen nudum; Bactrosaurus

- Balaur – possibly a bird

- " Balochisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Bambiraptor

- Banji

- Bannykus

- Baotianmansaurus

- Barapasaurus

- Barilium

- Barosaurus

- Barrosasaurus

- Barsboldia

- Baryonyx

- Bashanosaurus

- Bashunosaurus

- Basutodon – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Bathygnathus – a pelycosaur, Dimetrodon

- Batyrosaurus

- Baurutitan

- Bayannurosaurus

- " Bayosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Becklespinax – junior synonym of Altispinax

- " Beelemodon " – nomen nudum

- Beg

- Beibeilong

- Beipiaognathus – chimera of several unnamed dinosaurs

- Beipiaosaurus

- Beishanlong

- Bellusaurus

- Belodon – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Berberosaurus

- Berthasaura

- Betasuchus

- Bicentenaria

- Bienosaurus

- " Bihariosaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Bilbeyhallorum " – nomen nudum; Cedarpelta

- Bissektipelta

- Bistahieversor

- Bisticeratops

- " Blancocerosaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- Blasisaurus

- Blikanasaurus

- Bolong

- Bonapartenykus

- Bonapartesaurus

- Bonatitan

- Bonitasaura

- Borealopelta

- Borealosaurus

- Boreonykus

- Borogovia

- Bothriospondylus

- Brachiosaurus

- Brachyceratops

- Brachylophosaurus

- Brachypodosaurus

- Brachyrophus – junior synonym of Camptosaurus

- Brachytaenius – subsequently found to be a metriorhynchid; junior objective synonym of Dakosaurus or Geosaurus

- Brachytrachelopan

- Bradycneme

- Brasileosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Brasilotitan

- Bravasaurus

- Bravoceratops

- Breviceratops

- Brighstoneus

- Brohisaurus

- Brontomerus

- " Brontoraptor " – nomen nudum, synonym of Torvosaurus

- Brontosaurus

- Bruhathkayosaurus

- Bugenasaura – junior synonym of Thescelosaurus

- Buitreraptor

- Burianosaurus

- Buriolestes

- Bustingorrytitan

- " Byranjaffia " – nomen nudum; Byronosaurus

- Byronosaurus

## C

- Caenagnathasia

- Caenagnathus

- Caieiria

- Caihong

- Calamosaurus

- " Calamospondylus " – preoccupied name, now known as Calamosaurus

- Calamospondylus

- Caletodraco

- Callovosaurus

- Calvarius

- Camarasaurus

- Camarillasaurus

- Camelotia

- Campananeyen

- Camposaurus

- " Camptonotus " – preoccupied name, now known as Camptosaurus

- Camptosaurus

- " Campylodon " – preoccupied name, now known as Campylodoniscus

- Campylodoniscus

- Canardia

- " Capitalsaurus " – nomen nudum

- Carcharodontosaurus

- Cardiodon

- Carnotaurus

- Caseosaurus

- Cathartesaura

- Cathetosaurus — possibly a species of Camarasaurus

- Caudipteryx

- Caudocoelus – junior synonym of Teinurosaurus

- Caulodon – junior synonym of Camarasaurus

- Cedarosaurus

- Cedarpelta

- Cedrorestes

- Centemodon – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Centrosaurus

- Cerasinops

- Ceratonykus

- Ceratops

- Ceratosaurus

- Ceratosuchops

- Cetiosauriscus

- Cetiosaurus

- Chakisaurus

- Changchunsaurus

- " Changdusaurus " – nomen nudum

- Changmiania

- Changyuraptor

- Chaoyangsaurus

- Charonosaurus

- Chasmosaurus

- Chassternbergia – junior synonym of Edmontonia

- Chebsaurus

- Chenanisaurus

- Cheneosaurus – junior synonym of Hypacrosaurus

- Chialingosaurus

- Chiayusaurus

- Chienkosaurus – possible junior synonym of Szechuanosaurus

- " Chihuahuasaurus " – nomen nudum; Sonorasaurus

- Chilantaisaurus

- Chilesaurus

- Chindesaurus

- Chingkankousaurus

- Chinshakiangosaurus

- Chirostenotes

- Choconsaurus

- Chondrosteosaurus

- Choyrodon

- Chromogisaurus

- Chuandongocoelurus

- Chuanjiesaurus

- Chuanqilong

- Chubutisaurus

- Chucarosaurus

- Chungkingosaurus

- Chuxiongosaurus

- " Cinizasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Cionodon

- Citipati

- Citipes

- Cladeiodon – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian rauisuchian; synonym of Teratosaurus

- Claorhynchus – possibly Triceratops

- Claosaurus

- Clarencea – subsequently found to be a sphenosuchian; synonym of Sphenosuchus

- Clasmodosaurus

- Clepsysaurus – subsequently found to be a phytosaur, possibly Palaeosaurus

- Coahuilaceratops

- Coahuilasaurus

- Coelophysis

- " Coelosaurus " – preoccupied genus name, species " Coelosaurus " antiquus

- Coeluroides

- Coelurosauravus – subsequently found to be a primitive diapsid

- Coelurus

- Colepiocephale

- " Coloradia " – preoccupied name, now known as Coloradisaurus

- Coloradisaurus

- " Colossosaurus " – nomen nudum; Pelorosaurus

- Comahuesaurus

- " Comanchesaurus " – nomen nudum

- Compsognathus

- Compsosuchus

- Comptonatus

- Concavenator

- Conchoraptor

- Condorraptor

- Convolosaurus

- Coronosaurus

- Corythoraptor

- Corythosaurus

- Craspedodon

- Crataeomus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- Craterosaurus

- Creosaurus – junior synonym of Allosaurus

- Crichtonpelta

- Crichtonsaurus

- Cristatusaurus

- Crittendenceratops

- Crosbysaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosauriform

- Cruxicheiros

- Cryolophosaurus

- Cryptodraco – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Cryptosaurus

- " Cryptoraptor " – nomen nudum

- Cryptosaurus

- Cryptovolans – junior synonym of Microraptor

- Cumnoria

## D

- Daanosaurus

- Dacentrurus

- " Dachongosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Daemonosaurus

- Dahalokely

- Dakosaurus – subsequently found to be a metriorhynchid crocodilian

- Dakotadon

- Dakotaraptor

- Daliansaurus

- " Damalasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Dandakosaurus

- Danubiosaurus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- " Daptosaurus " – nomen nudum; early manuscript name for Deinonychus

- Darwinsaurus – junior synonym of Hypselospinus or Mantellisaurus

- Dashanpusaurus

- Daspletosaurus

- Dasygnathoides – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur; possible junior synonym of Ornithosuchus

- " Dasygnathus " – preoccupied name, now known as Dasygnathoides

- Datai

- Datanglong

- Datonglong

- Datousaurus

- Daurlong

- Daurosaurus – synonym of Kulindadromeus

- Daxiatitan

- Deinocheirus

- Deinodon – possibly Gorgosaurus

- Deinonychus

- Delapparentia – junior synonym of Iguanodon

- Deltadromeus

- Demandasaurus

- Denversaurus

- Deuterosaurus – subsequently found to be a therapsid

- Diabloceratops

- Diamantinasaurus

- Dianchungosaurus – subsequently found to be a crocodilian

- " Diceratops " – preoccupied name, now known as Nedoceratops

- Diceratus – junior synonym of Nedoceratops

- Diclonius

- Dicraeosaurus

- Didanodon – synonym of Lambeosaurus; possibly a nomen nudum

- Dilong

- Dilophosaurus

- Diluvicursor

- Dimodosaurus – junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Dineobellator

- Dinheirosaurus – possible junior synonym of Supersaurus

- Dinodocus

- " Dinosaurus " – preoccupied name for a junior synonym of Brithopus; now a junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Dinotyrannus – junior synonym Tyrannosaurus or some other tyrannosaurid

- Diodorus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Diplodocus

- Diplotomodon

- Diracodon – junior synonym of Stegosaurus

- Diuqin

- Dolichosuchus

- Dollodon – junior synonym of Mantellisaurus

- " Domeykosaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Arackar

- Dongbeititan

- Dongyangopelta

- Dongyangosaurus

- Doratodon – subsequently found to be a crocodilian

- Dornraptor

- Doryphorosaurus – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Kentrosaurus

- Draconyx

- Dracopelta

- Dracoraptor

- Dracorex – junior synonym of Pachycephalosaurus

- Dracovenator

- Dravidosaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Dreadnoughtus

- Drinker – junior synonym of Nanosaurus

- Dromaeosauroides

- Dromaeosaurus

- Dromiceiomimus

- Dromicosaurus – junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Drusilasaura

- Dryosaurus

- Dryptosauroides

- Dryptosaurus

- Dubreuillosaurus

- " Duranteceratops " – nomen nudum

- Duriatitan

- Duriavenator

- Dynamosaurus – junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus

- Dynamoterror

- Dyoplosaurus

- Dysalotosaurus

- Dysganus

- Dyslocosaurus

- Dystrophaeus

- Dystylosaurus – junior synonym of Supersaurus

- Dzharaonyx

- Dzharatitanis

## E

- Echinodon

- Edmarka – junior synonym of Torvosaurus

- Edmontonia

- Edmontosaurus

- Efraasia

- Einiosaurus

- Ekrixinatosaurus

- Elachistosuchus – subsequently found to be a rhynchocephalian

- Elaltitan

- Elaphrosaurus

- Elemgasem

- Elmisaurus

- Elopteryx – possibly a bird

- Elosaurus – junior synonym of Brontosaurus

- Elrhazosaurus

- " Elvisaurus " – nomen nudum; Cryolophosaurus

- Emausaurus

- Embasaurus

- Enigmosaurus

- Eoabelisaurus

- Eobrontosaurus – junior synonym of Brontosaurus

- Eocarcharia

- Eoceratops – junior synonym of Chasmosaurus

- Eocursor

- Eodromaeus

- " Eohadrosaurus " – nomen nudum; Eolambia

- Eolambia

- Eomamenchisaurus

- Eoneophron

- " Eoplophysis " – nomen nudum

- Eoraptor

- Eosinopteryx

- Eotrachodon

- Eotriceratops

- Eotyrannus

- Eousdryosaurus

- Epachthosaurus

- Epanterias – may be Allosaurus

- " Ephoenosaurus " – nomen nudum; Machimosaurus (a crocodilian)

- Epicampodon – subsequently found to be a proterosuchid archosauriform, Ankistrodon

- Epichirostenotes

- Epidendrosaurus – synonym of Scansoriopteryx

- Epidexipteryx

- Equijubus

- Erectopus

- Erketu

- Erliansaurus

- Erlikosaurus

- Erythrovenator

- Eshanosaurus

- " Euacanthus " – nomen nudum; junior synonym of Polacanthus

- Eucamerotus

- Eucentrosaurus – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Centrosaurus

- Eucercosaurus

- Eucnemesaurus

- Eucoelophysis – possibly non-dinosaurian

- " Eugongbusaurus " – nomen nudum

- Euhelopus

- Euoplocephalus

- Eupodosaurus – subsequently found to be a nothosaur synonymous with Lariosaurus

- " Eureodon " – nomen nudum; Tenontosaurus

- Eurolimnornis – subsequently found to be a pterosaur

- Euronychodon

- Europasaurus

- Europatitan

- Europelta

- Euskelosaurus

- Eustreptospondylus

## F

- Fabrosaurus – possibly Lesothosaurus

- Falcarius

- " Fendusaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Fenestrosaurus " – nomen nudum; Oviraptor

- Ferganasaurus

- " Ferganastegos " – nomen nudum

- Ferganocephale

- Ferrisaurus

- Fona

- Foraminacephale

- Fosterovenator

- Fostoria

- Frenguellisaurus – junior synonym of Herrerasaurus

- Fruitadens

- Fujianvenator

- Fukuiraptor

- Fukuisaurus

- Fukuititan

- Fukuivenator

- Fulengia

- Fulgurotherium

- Furcatoceratops

- Fushanosaurus

- " Fusinasus " – nomen nudum; Eotyrannus

- Fusuisaurus

- " Futabasaurus " – nomen nudum; not to be confused with the formally named plesiosaur Futabasaurus

- Futalognkosaurus

- Fylax

## G

- " Gadolosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Galeamopus

- Galesaurus – subsequently found to be a therapsid

- Galleonosaurus

- Gallimimus

- Galtonia – subsequently found to be a pseudosuchian; possibly a junior synonym of Revueltosaurus

- Galveosaurus – synonym of Galvesaurus

- Galvesaurus

- Gamatavus — possibly non-dinosaurian

- Gandititan

- Gannansaurus

- " Gansutitan " – nomen nudum; Daxiatitan

- Ganzhousaurus

- Gargoyleosaurus

- Garrigatitan

- Garudimimus

- Garumbatitan

- Gasosaurus

- Gasparinisaura

- Gastonia

- " Gavinosaurus " – nomen nudum; Eotyrannus

- Geminiraptor

- Genusaurus

- Genyodectes

- Geranosaurus

- Gideonmantellia

- Giganotosaurus

- Gigantoraptor

- " Gigantosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Tornieria

- Gigantosaurus

- Gigantoscelus – Probable junior synonym of Euskelosaurus

- Gigantspinosaurus

- Gilmoreosaurus

- " Ginnareemimus " – nomen nudum; Kinnareemimus

- Giraffatitan

- Glacialisaurus

- Glishades

- Glyptodontopelta

- Gnathovorax

- Gobiceratops – possibly a junior synonym of Bagaceratops

- Gobihadros

- Gobiraptor

- Gobisaurus

- Gobititan

- Gobivenator

- " Godzillasaurus " – nomen nudum; Gojirasaurus

- Gojirasaurus

- Gondwanatitan

- Gongbusaurus

- Gongpoquansaurus

- Gongxianosaurus

- Gonkoken

- Gorgosaurus

- Goyocephale

- Graciliceratops

- Graciliraptor

- Gracilisuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Gravitholus

- Gremlin

- Gresslyosaurus – possible junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Griphornis – junior synonym of Archaeopteryx

- Griphosaurus – junior synonym of Archaeopteryx

- Gryphoceratops

- Gryponyx

- Gryposaurus

- " Gspsaurus " – nomen nudum

- Guaibasaurus

- Gualicho

- Guanlong

- Guemesia

- Gwyneddosaurus – subsequently found to be a tanystrophid

- Gyposaurus – possibly a junior synonym of Massospondylus

## H

- " Hadrosauravus " – nomen nudum; junior synonym of Gryposaurus

- Hadrosaurus

- Haestasaurus

- Hagryphus

- Hallopus – subsequently found to be a crocodylomorph

- Halszkaraptor

- Halticosaurus

- Hamititan

- Hanssuesia

- " Hanwulosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Haplocanthosaurus

- " Haplocanthus " – preoccupied name, now known as Haplocanthosaurus

- Haplocheirus

- Harenadraco

- Harpymimus

- Haya

- Hecatasaurus – junior synonym of Telmatosaurus

- " Heilongjiangosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Heishansaurus

- Helioceratops

- " Helopus " – preoccupied name, now known as Euhelopus

- Heptasteornis

- Herbstosaurus – subsequently found to be a pterosaur

- Herrerasaurus

- Hesperonychus

- Hesperonyx

- Hesperornithoides

- Hesperosaurus

- Heterodontosaurus

- Heterosaurus – possible synonym of Mantellisaurus

- Hexing

- Hexinlusaurus

- Heyuannia

- Hierosaurus

- Hikanodon – junior synonym of Iguanodon

- Hippodraco

- " Hironosaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Hisanohamasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Histriasaurus

- Homalocephale

- " Honghesaurus " – nomen nudum later described as Yandusaurus; name later used for a genus of marine reptile

- Hongshanosaurus – junior synonym of Psittacosaurus

- Hoplitosaurus

- Hoplosaurus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- Horshamosaurus

- Hortalotarsus – possible junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Huabeisaurus

- Hualianceratops

- Huallasaurus

- Huanansaurus

- Huanghetitan

- Huangshanlong

- Huaxiagnathus

- Huaxiaosaurus – junior synonym of Shantungosaurus

- " Huaxiasaurus " – nomen nudum; Huaxiagnathus

- Huayangosaurus

- Hudiesaurus

- Huehuecanauhtlus

- Huinculsaurus

- Hulsanpes

- Hungarosaurus

- Huxleysaurus – junior synonym of Hypselospinus

- Hylaeosaurus

- Hylosaurus – junior synonym of Hylaeosaurus

- Hypacrosaurus

- Hypnovenator

- Hypselorhachis – subsequently found to be a ctenosauriscid

- Hypselosaurus

- Hypselospinus

- Hypsibema

- Hypsilophodon

- Hypsirhophus

## I

- Iani

- Iberospinus

- Ibirania

- " Ichabodcraniosaurus " – nomen nudum; Shri

- Ichthyovenator

- Igai

- Ignavusaurus

- Ignotosaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Iguanacolossus

- Iguanodon

- " Iguanoides " – nomen nudum; Iguanodon

- " Iguanosaurus " – nomen nudum; Iguanodon

- Iliosuchus

- Ilokelesia

- Imperobator

- Inawentu

- Incisivosaurus

- Indosaurus

- Indosuchus

- " Ingenia " – preoccupied name, now known as Heyuannia yanshini

- Ingentia

- Inosaurus

- Invictarx

- Irisosaurus

- Irritator

- Isaberrysaura

- Isanosaurus

- Isasicursor

- Ischioceratops

- Ischisaurus – junior synonym of Herrerasaurus

- " Ischyrosaurus " – preoccupied genus name, species Ischyrosaurus manseli

- Isisaurus

- " Issasaurus " – nomen nudum; Dicraeosaurus

- Issi

- Itapeuasaurus

- Itemirus

- Iuticosaurus

- Iyuku

## J

- Jaculinykus

- Jainosaurus

- Jakapil

- Jaklapallisaurus

- Janenschia

- Jaxartosaurus

- Jeholosaurus

- Jenghizkhan – junior synonym of Tarbosaurus

- " Jensenosaurus " – nomen nudum; Supersaurus

- Jeyawati

- Jianchangosaurus

- " Jiangjunmiaosaurus " – nomen nudum; Monolophosaurus

- Jiangjunosaurus

- Jiangshanosaurus

- Jiangxisaurus

- Jiangxititan

- Jianianhualong

- Jinbeisaurus

- Jinfengopteryx

- " Jingia " – preoccupied name, now known as Jingiella

- Jingiella

- Jingshanosaurus

- Jintasaurus

- Jinyunpelta

- Jinzhousaurus

- Jiutaisaurus

- Jobaria

- Jubbulpuria – possible junior synonym of Laevisuchus

- Judiceratops

- Jurapteryx – junior synonym of Archaeopteryx

- " Jurassosaurus " – nomen nudum; Tianchisaurus

- Juratyrant

- Juravenator

## K

- Kaatedocus

- " Kagasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Kaijiangosaurus

- Kaijutitan

- Kakuru

- Kamuysaurus

- Kangnasaurus

- Kansaignathus

- Karongasaurus

- Katepensaurus

- " Katsuyamasaurus " – nomen nudum

- Kayentavenator

- Kazaklambia

- Kelmayisaurus

- Kelumapusaura

- Kemkemia – subsequently found to be a crocodyliform

- Kentrosaurus

- Kentrurosaurus – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Kentrosaurus

- Kerberosaurus

- Khaan

- " Khetranisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Kholumolumo

- Khulsanurus

- Kileskus

- Kinnareemimus

- " Kitadanisaurus " – nomen nudum; Fukuiraptor

- " Kittysaurus " – nomen nudum; Eotyrannus

- Kiyacursor

- Klamelisaurus

- Kol

- Koleken

- Koparion

- Koreaceratops

- Koreanosaurus

- " Koreanosaurus " – nomen nudum; name later used formally for a genus of ornithopod

- Koshisaurus

- Kosmoceratops

- Kotasaurus

- Koutalisaurus – possible junior synonym of Pararhabdodon

- Kritosaurus

- Kryptops

- Krzyzanowskisaurus – probably a pseudosuchian (Revueltosaurus ?)

- Kukufeldia – junior synonym of Barilium

- Kulceratops

- Kulindadromeus

- Kulindapteryx – synonym of Kulindadromeus

- Kunbarrasaurus

- Kundurosaurus

- " Kunmingosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Kuru

- Kurupi

- Kuszholia – subsequently found to be a bird

- Kwanasaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- " Kyacursor " – variant spelling of " Kiyacursor "

## L

- Labocania

- Labrosaurus – junior synonym of Allosaurus

- " Laelaps " – preoccupied name, now known as Dryptosaurus

- Laevisuchus

- Lagerpeton – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian pterosauromorph

- Lagosuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian dinosauromorph

- Laiyangosaurus

- Lajasvenator

- Lamaceratops – possible junior synonym of Bagaceratops

- Lambeosaurus

- Lametasaurus

- Lamplughsaura

- Lanasaurus – junior synonym of Lycorhinus

- " Lancangosaurus " – variant spelling of " Lancanjiangosaurus "

- " Lancanjiangosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Lanzhousaurus

- Laosaurus

- Lapampasaurus

- Laplatasaurus

- Lapparentosaurus

- Laquintasaura

- Latenivenatrix – possible junior synonym of Stenonychosaurus

- Latirhinus

- Lavocatisaurus

- Leaellynasaura

- Ledumahadi

- Leinkupal

- Leipsanosaurus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- " Lengosaurus " – nomen nudum; Eotyrannus

- Leonerasaurus

- Lepidocheirosaurus — junior synonym of Kulindadromeus

- Lepidus

- Leptoceratops

- Leptorhynchos

- Leptospondylus – junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Leshansaurus

- Lesothosaurus

- Lessemsaurus

- Levnesovia

- Lewisuchus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Lexovisaurus

- Leyesaurus

- Liaoceratops

- Liaoningosaurus

- Liaoningotitan

- Liaoningvenator

- " Liassaurus " – nomen nudum; possible synonym of Sarcosaurus

- Libycosaurus – subsequently found to be an anthracothere mammal

- Ligabueino

- Ligabuesaurus

- " Ligomasaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- " Likhoelesaurus " – nomen nudum; possibly non-dinosaurian

- Liliensternus

- Limaysaurus

- " Limnornis " – preoccupied name, now known as Palaeocursornis (a pterosaur)

- " Limnosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Telmatosaurus

- Limusaurus

- Lingwulong

- Lingyuanosaurus

- Linhenykus

- Linheraptor

- Linhevenator

- Lirainosaurus

- Lisboasaurus – subsequently found to be a crocodilian

- Liubangosaurus

- Llukalkan

- Lohuecotitan

- Lokiceratops

- Loncosaurus

- Longisquama – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- Longosaurus – junior synonym of Coelophysis

- Lophorhothon

- Lophostropheus

- Loricatosaurus

- Loricosaurus

- Losillasaurus

- Lourinhanosaurus

- Lourinhasaurus

- Luanchuanraptor

- " Luanpingosaurus " – nomen nudum; Psittacosaurus

- Lucianosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosauriform

- Lucianovenator

- Lufengosaurus

- Lukousaurus – possibly a crurotarsan

- Luoyanggia

- Lurdusaurus

- Lusitanosaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Lusotitan

- Lusovenator

- Lutungutali – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Lycorhinus

- Lythronax

## M

- Macelognathus – subsequently found to be a sphenosuchian crocodilian

- Machairasaurus

- Machairoceratops

- Macrocollum

- Macrodontophion – subsequently found to be a member of Lophotrochozoa

- Macrogryphosaurus

- Macrophalangia – junior synonym of Chirostenotes

- " Macroscelosaurus " – nomen nudum; junior synonym of Tanystropheus

- Macrurosaurus

- " Madsenius " – nomen nudum, Allosaurus

- Magnamanus

- Magnapaulia

- Magnirostris – possible junior synonym of Bagaceratops

- Magnosaurus

- " Magulodon " – nomen nudum

- Magyarosaurus

- Mahakala

- Mahuidacursor

- Maiasaura

- Maip

- Majungasaurus

- Majungatholus – junior synonym of Majungasaurus

- Malarguesaurus

- Malawisaurus

- Maleevosaurus – junior synonym of Tarbosaurus

- Maleevus

- Malefica

- Mamenchisaurus

- Mandschurosaurus

- Manidens

- Manospondylus – synonym of Tyrannosaurus

- Mansourasaurus

- Mantellisaurus

- Mantellodon – junior synonym of Mantellisaurus

- " Maojandino " – nomen nudum

- Mapusaurus

- Maraapunisaurus

- Marasuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian dinosauromorph

- " Marisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Marmarospondylus

- Marshosaurus

- Martharaptor

- Masiakasaurus

- Massospondylus

- Matheronodon

- Maxakalisaurus

- Mbiresaurus

- Medusaceratops

- " Megacervixosaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Megadactylus " – preoccupied name, now known as Anchisaurus

- " Megadontosaurus " – nomen nudum; Microvenator

- Megalosaurus

- Megapnosaurus – possible junior synonym of Coelophysis

- Megaraptor

- Mei

- Melanorosaurus

- Mendozasaurus

- Menefeeceratops

- Menucocelsior

- Meraxes

- Mercuriceratops

- Meroktenos

- " Merosaurus " – nomen nudum; Dornraptor

- Metriacanthosaurus

- " Microcephale " – nomen nudum

- " Microceratops " – preoccupied name, now known as Microceratus

- Microceratus

- Microcoelus

- " Microdontosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Microhadrosaurus

- Micropachycephalosaurus

- Microraptor

- Microvenator

- Mierasaurus

- " Mifunesaurus " – nomen nudum

- Migmanychion

- Minimocursor

- Minmi

- Minotaurasaurus

- Minqaria

- Miragaia

- Mirischia

- Mnyamawamtuka

- Moabosaurus

- Mochlodon

- " Mohammadisaurus " – nomen nudum; Tornieria

- Mojoceratops – junior synonym of Chasmosaurus

- Mongolosaurus

- Mongolostegus

- Monkonosaurus

- Monoclonius

- Monolophosaurus

- " Mononychus " – preoccupied name, now known as Mononykus

- Mononykus

- Montanoceratops

- Morelladon

- Morinosaurus

- Moros

- Morosaurus – junior synonym of Camarasaurus

- Morrosaurus

- Mosaiceratops

- " Moshisaurus " – nomen nudum; possibly Mamenchisaurus

- " Mtapaiasaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- " Mtotosaurus " – nomen nudum; Dicraeosaurus

- Murusraptor

- Musankwa

- Mussaurus

- Muttaburrasaurus

- Muyelensaurus

- Mymoorapelta

## N

- Naashoibitosaurus

- Nambalia

- Nankangia

- Nanningosaurus

- Nanosaurus

- Nanotyrannus – possible junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus

- Nanshiungosaurus

- Nanuqsaurus

- Nanyangosaurus

- Napaisaurus

- Narambuenatitan

- Narindasaurus

- Nasutoceratops

- Natovenator

- " Natronasaurus " – invalid name, either Alcovasaurus or Miragaia

- Navajoceratops

- Nebulasaurus

- " Nectosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Kritosaurus

- Nedcolbertia

- Nedoceratops – possible junior synonym of Triceratops

- Neimongosaurus

- " Nemegtia " – preoccupied name, now known as Nemegtomaia

- Nemegtomaia

- Nemegtonykus

- Nemegtosaurus

- " Neosaurus " – preoccupied name; renamed Parrosaurus, which is now Hypsibema

- Neosodon

- Neovenator

- Neuquenraptor

- Neuquensaurus

- Nevadadromeus

- " Newtonsaurus " – nomen nudum, possibly Zanclodon

- " Ngexisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Ngwevu

- Nhandumirim

- Nicksaurus – nomen manuscriptum

- Niebla

- Nigersaurus

- Ningyuansaurus

- Ninjatitan

- Niobrarasaurus

- Nipponosaurus

- Noasaurus

- Nodocephalosaurus

- Nodosaurus

- Nomingia – possible junior synonym of Elmisaurus

- Nopcsaspondylus

- Normanniasaurus

- Notatesseraeraptor

- Nothronychus

- Notoceratops

- Notocolossus

- Notohypsilophodon

- Nqwebasaurus

- " Nteregosaurus " – nomen nudum; Janenschia

- Nullotitan

- " Nurosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Nuthetes

- Nyasasaurus — possibly non-dinosaurian

- " Nyororosaurus " – nomen nudum; Dicraeosaurus

## O

- Oblitosaurus

- Oceanotitan

- Ohmdenosaurus

- Ojoceratops – possible synonym of Eotriceratops

- Ojoraptorsaurus

- Oksoko

- Oligosaurus – possible synonym of Mochlodon

- Olorotitan

- Omeisaurus

- " Omosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Dacentrurus

- Ondogurvel

- Onychosaurus – junior synonym of Zalmoxes or Rhabdodon, or an ankylosaurian

- Oohkotokia

- Opisthocoelicaudia

- Oplosaurus

- " Orcomimus " – nomen nudum

- Orinosaurus – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Orosaurus

- Orkoraptor

- Ornatops

- Ornatotholus – junior synonym of Stegoceras

- Ornithodesmus

- " Ornithoides " – nomen nudum; Saurornithoides

- Ornitholestes

- Ornithomerus – possible synonym of Mochlodon

- Ornithomimoides

- Ornithomimus

- Ornithopsis

- Ornithosuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Ornithotarsus – junior synonym of Hadrosaurus

- Orodromeus

- Orosaurus

- Orthogoniosaurus

- Orthomerus

- Oryctodromeus

- " Oshanosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Osmakasaurus

- Ostafrikasaurus

- Ostromia

- Othnielia – junior synonym of Nanosaurus

- Othnielosaurus – junior synonym of Nanosaurus

- Otogosaurus — possibly a nomen nudum

- Ouranosaurus

- Overoraptor

- Overosaurus

- Oviraptor

- " Ovoraptor " – nomen nudum; Velociraptor

- Owenodon

- Oxalaia – possible junior synonym of Spinosaurus

- Ozraptor

## P

- Pachycephalosaurus

- Pachyrhinosaurus

- Pachysauriscus – junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Pachysaurops – junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- " Pachysaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Pachysauriscus; junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Pachyspondylus – junior synonym of Massospondylus

- Pachysuchus

- Padillasaurus

- " Pakisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Palaeoctonus – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Palaeocursornis – subsequently found to be an azhdarchoid pterosaur

- " Palaeolimnornis " – nomen nudum; Palaeocursornis, pterodactyloid pterosaur belonging to Azhdarchoidea

- Palaeopteryx – possibly a bird

- Palaeosauriscus – junior synonym of Palaeosaurus

- Palaeosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- " Palaeosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Sphenosaurus and considered to be a non-dinosaurian procolophonid

- Palaeoscincus

- Paleosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur; junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Palaeosaurus

- Paludititan

- Paluxysaurus – junior synonym of Sauroposeidon

- Pampadromaeus

- Pamparaptor

- Panamericansaurus

- Pandoravenator

- Panguraptor

- Panoplosaurus

- Panphagia

- Pantydraco – possible synonym of Thecodontosaurus

- Papiliovenator

- " Paraiguanodon " – nomen nudum; Bactrosaurus

- Paralitherizinosaurus

- Paralititan

- Paranthodon

- Pararhabdodon

- Parasaurolophus

- Paraxenisaurus

- Pareiasaurus – subsequently found to be a pareiasaur

- Pareisactus

- Parksosaurus

- Paronychodon

- Parrosaurus – now known as Hypsibema missouriensis

- Parvicursor

- Patagonykus

- Patagopelta

- Patagosaurus

- Patagotitan

- Pawpawsaurus

- Pectinodon

- Pedopenna

- Pegomastax

- Peishansaurus

- Pekinosaurus – subsequently found to be a pseudosuchian; junior synonym of Revueltosaurus

- Pelecanimimus

- Pellegrinisaurus

- Peloroplites

- Pelorosaurus

- " Peltosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Sauropelta

- Pendraig

- Penelopognathus

- Pentaceratops

- Perijasaurus

- Petrobrasaurus

- Phaedrolosaurus

- Philovenator

- Phuwiangosaurus

- Phuwiangvenator

- Phyllodon

- Piatnitzkysaurus

- Picrodon – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Pilmatueia

- Pinacosaurus

- Pisanosaurus — possibly non-dinosaurian

- Pitekunsaurus

- Piveteausaurus

- Planicoxa

- Plateosauravus

- Plateosaurus

- Platyceratops – possible junior synonym of Bagaceratops

- Platypelta

- Platytholus

- Plesiohadros

- Pleurocoelus – possible junior synonym of Astrodon

- Pleuropeltus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- Pneumatoarthrus – subsequently found to be a turtle

- Pneumatoraptor

- Podokesaurus

- Poekilopleuron

- Polacanthoides – chimera of Hylaeosaurus and Polacanthus

- Polacanthus

- Polyodontosaurus

- Polyonax

- Ponerosteus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Poposaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Portellsaurus

- Postosuchus – subsequently found to be a rauisuchian

- Powellvenator

- Pradhania

- Prenocephale

- Prenoceratops

- Priconodon

- Priodontognathus

- Proa

- Probactrosaurus

- Probrachylophosaurus

- Proceratops – junior synonym (unneeded replacement name) of Ceratops

- Proceratosaurus

- Procerosaurus – subsequently found to be a tanystropheid protorosaur, Tanystropheus

- " Procerosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Ponerosteus

- Procheneosaurus – junior synonym of Lambeosaurus

- Procompsognathus

- Prodeinodon

- " Proiguanodon " – nomen nudum; Iguanodon

- Propanoplosaurus

- Proplanicoxa – junior synonym of Mantellisaurus

- Prosaurolophus

- Protarchaeopteryx

- Protathlitis

- Protecovasaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosauriform

- Protiguanodon – junior synonym of Psittacosaurus

- Protoavis – described as a bird, probably a chimera including theropod dinosaur bones

- Protoceratops

- Protognathosaurus

- " Protognathus " – preoccupied name, now known as Protognathosaurus

- Protohadros

- " Protorosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Chasmosaurus

- Protorosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- " Proyandusaurus " – nomen nudum; Hexinlusaurus.

- Pseudolagosuchus – possibly non-dinosaurian; a junior synonym of Lewisuchus

- Psittacosaurus

- Pteropelyx

- Pterospondylus

- Puertasaurus

- Pukyongosaurus

- Pulanesaura

- Punatitan

- Pycnonemosaurus

- Pyroraptor

## Q

- Qantassaurus

- Qianjiangsaurus

- Qianlong

- Qianzhousaurus

- Qiaowanlong

- Qijianglong

- Qingxiusaurus

- Qinlingosaurus

- Qiupalong

- Qiupanykus

- Quaesitosaurus

- Quetecsaurus

- Quilmesaurus

- Qunkasaura

## R

- Rachitrema – subsequently found to be a chimera primarily based on ichthyosaur fossils

- Rahiolisaurus

- " Rahona " – preoccupied name, now known as Rahonavis

- Rahonavis – possibly a bird

- Rajasaurus

- Rapator

- Rapetosaurus

- Raptorex – possible junior synonym of Tarbosaurus

- Ratchasimasaurus

- Rativates

- Rayososaurus

- Razanandrongobe – subsequently found to be a crocodylomorph

- Rebbachisaurus

- Regaliceratops

- Regnosaurus

- Revueltosaurus – subsequently found to be a pseudosuchian

- Rhabdodon

- Rhadinosaurus – may be non-dinosaurian, possibly crocodilian

- Rhinorex – possible synonym of Gryposaurus

- Rhodanosaurus – junior synonym of Struthiosaurus

- Rhoetosaurus

- Rhomaleopakhus

- Rhopalodon – subsequently found to be a synapsid

- Riabininohadros

- Richardoestesia

- " Rileya " – preoccupied name, now known as Rileyasuchus

- Rileyasuchus – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Rinchenia

- Rinconsaurus

- Rioarribasaurus – junior synonym of Coelophysis

- " Riodevasaurus " – nomen nudum; Turiasaurus

- Riojasaurus

- Riojasuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Riojavenatrix

- Riparovenator

- Rocasaurus

- " Roccosaurus " – nomen nudum; Melanorosaurus

- " Ronaldoraptor " – nomen nudum

- Rubeosaurus – junior synonym of Styracosaurus

- Ruehleia

- Rugocaudia

- Rugops

- Ruixinia

- Rukwatitan

- Ruyangosaurus

## S

- Sacisaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Sahaliyania

- Saichania

- " Saldamosaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Salimosaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- Saltasaurus

- Saltopus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- " Saltriosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Saltriovenator

- " Sanchusaurus " – nomen nudum, possible Gallimimus

- " Sangonghesaurus " – nomen nudum, Tianchisaurus

- Sanjuansaurus

- Sanpasaurus

- Santanaraptor

- Sanxiasaurus

- Sarahsaurus

- Saraikimasoom – nomen manuscriptum

- Sarcolestes

- Sarcosaurus

- Sarmientosaurus

- Sasayamagnomus

- Saturnalia

- " Sauraechinodon " – nomen nudum; Echinodon

- " Sauraechmodon " – nomen nudum; Echinodon

- " Saurechinodon " – nomen nudum; Echinodon

- Saurolophus

- Sauroniops

- Sauropelta

- Saurophaganax

- " Saurophagus " – preoccupied name, now known as Saurophaganax

- Sauroplites

- Sauroposeidon

- Saurornithoides

- Saurornitholestes

- Savannasaurus

- Scansoriopteryx

- Scaphonyx – subsequently found to be a rhynchosaur, Hyperodapedon

- Scelidosaurus

- Schleitheimia

- Scipionyx

- Sciurumimus

- Scleromochlus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian avemetatarsalian

- Scolosaurus

- Scutellosaurus

- Secernosaurus

- Sefapanosaurus

- Segisaurus

- Segnosaurus

- Seismosaurus – junior synonym of Diplodocus

- Seitaad

- Sektensaurus

- " Selimanosaurus " – nomen nudum; Dicraeosaurus

- Sellacoxa – junior synonym of Barilium

- Sellosaurus – junior synonym of Plateosaurus

- Serendipaceratops

- Serikornis

- Shamosaurus

- Shanag

- Shanshanosaurus – junior synonym of Tarbosaurus

- Shantungosaurus

- Shanxia

- Shanyangosaurus

- Shaochilong

- Shenzhousaurus

- Shidaisaurus

- Shingopana

- Shishugounykus

- Shixinggia

- Shri

- Shuangbaisaurus – possible synonym of Sinosaurus

- Shuangmiaosaurus

- Shunosaurus

- Shuvosaurus – subsequently found to be a rauisuchian

- Shuvuuia

- Siamodon

- " Siamodracon " – nomen nudum

- Siamosaurus

- Siamotyrannus

- Siamraptor

- Siats

- " Sibirosaurus " – nomen nudum, now known as Sibirotitan

- Sibirotitan

- Sidersaura

- " Sidormimus " – nomen nudum

- Sierraceratops

- Sigilmassasaurus – possible junior synonym of Spinosaurus

- Silesaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Siluosaurus

- Silutitan

- Silvisaurus

- Similicaudipteryx

- Sinankylosaurus

- Sinocalliopteryx

- Sinocephale

- Sinoceratops

- Sinocoelurus

- " Sinopelta " – nomen nudum; synonym of Sinopeltosaurus

- " Sinopeltosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Sinopliosaurus – a pliosaur; one species, "S." fusuiensis, is actually a dinosaur that may be synonymous with Siamosaurus

- Sinornithoides

- Sinornithomimus

- Sinornithosaurus

- Sinosauropteryx

- Sinosaurus

- Sinotyrannus

- Sinovenator

- Sinraptor

- Sinusonasus

- Sirindhorna

- Skorpiovenator

- " Smilodon " – preoccupied name, now known as Zanclodon

- Smitanosaurus

- Smok — possibly non-dinosaurian

- Sonidosaurus

- Sonorasaurus

- Soriatitan

- Soumyasaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Spectrovenator

- Sphaerotholus

- Sphenosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- Sphenospondylus – junior synonym of Mantellisaurus

- Spiclypeus

- Spicomellus

- Spinophorosaurus

- Spinops

- Spinosaurus

- Spinostropheus

- Spinosuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian reptile

- Spondylosoma – subsequently found to be an aphanosaur

- Squalodon – subsequently found to be a cetacean

- Staurikosaurus

- Stegoceras

- Stegopelta

- Stegosaurides

- Stegosaurus

- Stegouros

- Stellasaurus

- Stenonychosaurus

- Stenopelix

- Stenotholus – junior synonym of Stygimoloch, which is a possible junior synonym of Pachycephalosaurus

- Stephanosaurus

- " Stereocephalus " – preoccupied name, now known as Euoplocephalus

- Sterrholophus – junior synonym of Triceratops

- Stokesosaurus

- Stormbergia – junior synonym of Lesothosaurus

- Strenusaurus – junior synonym of Riojasaurus

- Streptospondylus

- Struthiomimus

- Struthiosaurus

- Stygimoloch – junior synonym of Pachycephalosaurus

- Stygivenator – junior synonym of Tyrannosaurus

- Styracosaurus

- Succinodon – subsequently found to be fossilized mollusc borings

- Suchomimus

- Suchoprion – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Suchosaurus – possible synonym of Baryonyx

- " Sugiyamasaurus " – nomen nudum

- " Sulaimanisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Supersaurus

- Suskityrannus

- Suuwassea

- Suzhousaurus

- Symphyrophus – junior synonym of Camptosaurus

- Syngonosaurus

- " Syntarsus " – preoccupied name, sometimes assigned to Coelophysis or Megapnosaurus

- Syrmosaurus – junior synonym of Pinacosaurus

- Szechuanosaurus

## T

- Tachiraptor

- Talarurus

- Talenkauen

- Talos

- Tamarro

- Tambatitanis

- Tangvayosaurus

- Tanius

- Tanycolagreus

- Tanystropheus – subsequently found to be a protorosaur

- Tanystrosuchus

- Taohelong

- Tapinocephalus – subsequently found to be a therapsid

- Tapuiasaurus

- Tarascosaurus

- Tarbosaurus

- Tarchia

- Tastavinsaurus

- Tatankacephalus

- Tatankaceratops – probable junior synonym of Triceratops

- Tataouinea

- Tatisaurus

- Taurovenator

- Taveirosaurus – possibly a eutriconodont mammal

- Tawa

- Tawasaurus – junior synonym of Lufengosaurus

- Tazoudasaurus

- Technosaurus – possibly non-dinosaurian

- Tecovasaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosauriform

- Tehuelchesaurus

- " Teihivenator " – nomen nudum

- Teinurosaurus

- Teleocrater – subsequently found to be a basal avemetatarsalian

- Telmatosaurus

- " Tenantosaurus " – nomen nudum; Tenontosaurus

- " Tenchisaurus " – nomen nudum; an unpublished museum name for Tianchisaurus

- Tendaguria

- Tengrisaurus

- Tenontosaurus

- Teratophoneus

- Teratosaurus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Termatosaurus – subsequently found to be a phytosaur

- Terminocavus

- Tethyshadros

- Tetragonosaurus – junior synonym of Lambeosaurus

- Texacephale

- Texasetes

- Teyuwasu – possibly junior synonym of Staurikosaurus

- Thanatotheristes

- Thanos

- Tharosaurus

- Thecocoelurus

- Thecodontosaurus

- Thecospondylus

- Theiophytalia

- Therizinosaurus

- Therosaurus – a synonym of Iguanodon

- Thescelosaurus

- Thespesius

- " Thotobolosaurus " – nomen nudum; Kholumolumo

- Thyreosaurus

- Tiamat

- Tianchiasaurus – alternate spelling of Tianchisaurus

- Tianchisaurus

- " Tianchungosaurus " – nomen nudum; Dianchungosaurus (crocodilian)

- Tianyulong

- Tianyuraptor

- Tianzhenosaurus

- Tichosteus

- Tienshanosaurus

- Tietasaura

- Timimus

- Timurlengia

- Titanoceratops

- Titanomachya

- Titanosaurus

- " Titanosaurus " – preoccupied name, now known as Atlantosaurus

- Tlatolophus

- Tochisaurus

- " Tomodon " – preoccupied name, now known as Diplotomodon

- Tonganosaurus

- Tongtianlong

- " Tonouchisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Torilion – junior synonym of Barilium

- Tornieria

- Torosaurus

- Torvosaurus

- Tototlmimus

- Trachelosaurus – subsequently found to be a basal archosauromorph

- Trachodon

- Tralkasaurus

- Transylvanosaurus

- Tratayenia

- Traukutitan

- Trialestes – subsequently found to be a basal crocodylomorph

- " Triassolestes " – preoccupied name, now known as Trialestes

- Tribelesodon – junior synonym of Tanystropheus, a protorosaur

- Triceratops

- Trierarchuncus

- Trigonosaurus

- Trimucrodon

- Trinisaura

- Triunfosaurus

- Troodon

- Tsaagan

- Tsagantegia

- Tsintaosaurus

- Tuebingosaurus

- Tugulusaurus

- Tuojiangosaurus

- Turanoceratops

- Turiasaurus

- Tylocephale

- Tylosteus – synonym of Pachycephalosaurus

- Tyrannomimus

- Tyrannosaurus

- Tyrannotitan

## U

- Uberabatitan

- " Ubirajara " – nomen nudum

- Udanoceratops

- Udelartitan

- Ugrosaurus – junior synonym of Triceratops

- Ugrunaaluk – junior synonym of Edmontosaurus

- Uintasaurus – junior synonym of Camarasaurus

- Ultrasauros – junior synonym of Supersaurus

- " Ultrasaurus " – preoccupied name, renamed Ultrasauros which is now a junior synonym of Supersaurus

- Ultrasaurus

- Ulughbegsaurus

- " Umarsaurus " – nomen nudum; Barsboldia

- Unaysaurus

- Unenlagia

- Unescoceratops

- " Unicerosaurus " – nomen nudum, subsequently found to be a fish

- Unquillosaurus

- Urbacodon

- Utahceratops

- Utahraptor

- Uteodon

## V

- Vagaceratops

- Vahiny

- Valdoraptor – possible synonym of Thecocoelurus

- Valdosaurus

- Vallibonavenatrix

- Variraptor

- Vayuraptor

- Vectaerovenator

- Vectensia – junior synonym of Polacanthus or Hylaeosaurus

- Vectidromeus

- Vectipelta

- Vectiraptor

- Vectisaurus – junior synonym of Mantellisaurus

- Velafrons

- Velocipes

- Velociraptor

- Velocisaurus

- Venaticosuchus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Venenosaurus

- Vespersaurus

- Veterupristisaurus

- Viavenator

- " Vitakridrinda " – nomen nudum

- " Vitakrisaurus " – nomen nudum

- Volgatitan

- Volkheimeria

- Vouivria

- Vulcanodon

## W

- Wadhurstia – junior synonym of Hypselospinus

- Wakinosaurus

- Walgettosuchus – possible synonym of Rapator

- " Walkeria " – preoccupied name, now known as Alwalkeria

- " Walkersaurus " – nomen nudum; Duriavenator

- Wamweracaudia

- " Wangonisaurus " – nomen nudum, synonym of Giraffatitan

- Wannanosaurus

- Weewarrasaurus

- Wellnhoferia – subsequently found to be a bird, possible junior synonym of Archaeopteryx

- Wendiceratops

- Wiehenvenator

- Willinakaqe

- Wintonotitan

- Wuerhosaurus

- Wulagasaurus

- Wulatelong

- Wulong

- Wyleyia – subsequently found to be a bird

- " Wyomingraptor " – nomen nudum, synonym of Allosaurus

## X

- Xenoceratops

- Xenoposeidon

- Xenotarsosaurus

- Xianshanosaurus

- Xiaosaurus

- Xiaotingia

- Xingtianosaurus

- Xingxiulong

- Xinjiangovenator

- Xinjiangtitan

- Xiongguanlong

- Xixianykus

- Xixiasaurus

- Xixiposaurus

- Xiyunykus

- Xuanhanosaurus

- Xuanhuaceratops

- " Xuanhuasaurus " – nomen nudum; Xuanhuaceratops

- Xunmenglong

- Xuwulong

## Y

- Yaleosaurus – junior synonym of Anchisaurus

- Yamaceratops

- Yamanasaurus

- Yamatosaurus

- Yanbeilong

- Yandusaurus

- Yangchuanosaurus

- Yaverlandia

- Yehuecauhceratops

- " Yezosaurus " – nomen nudum; subsequently found to be a junior synonym of the mosasaur Taniwhasaurus

- Yi

- " Yibinosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Yimenosaurus

- Yingshanosaurus

- Yinlong

- Yixianosaurus

- Yizhousaurus

- Yongjinglong

- Ypupiara

- " Yuanmouraptor " – nomen nudum

- Yuanmousaurus

- Yueosaurus

- Yulong

- Yunganglong

- Yunmenglong

- Yunnanosaurus

- " Yunxianosaurus " – nomen nudum

- Yunyangosaurus

- Yurgovuchia

- Yutyrannus

- Yuxisaurus

- Yuzhoulong

## Z

- Zalmoxes

- Zanabazar

- Zanclodon – subsequently found to be non-dinosaurian

- Zapalasaurus

- Zapsalis

- Zaraapelta

- Zatomus – subsequently found to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur

- Zby

- Zephyrosaurus

- Zhanghenglong

- Zhejiangosaurus

- Zhenyuanlong

- Zhongjianosaurus

- Zhongornis – subsequently found to be a bird

- Zhongyuansaurus – possible junior synonym of Gobisaurus

- Zhuchengceratops

- Zhuchengosaurus – junior synonym of Shantungosaurus

- Zhuchengtitan

- Zhuchengtyrannus

- Ziapelta

- Zigongosaurus

- Zizhongosaurus

- Zuniceratops

- " Zunityrannus " – nomen nudum, Suskityrannus

- Zuolong

- Zuoyunlong

- Zupaysaurus

- Zuul


Listed buildings in Filey

# Listed buildings in Filey

## Abstract

Filey is a civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. It contains 26 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the seaside town of Filey, and most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, including terraces with three or four storeys, basements and attics. The others include churches, a farmhouse and farm buildings, a public house, and a war memorial archway.

## Key


Ira High School

# Ira High School

## Abstract

Ira High School or Ira School is a public high school located in unincorporated Ira, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL. It is part of the Ira Independent School District located in southwestern Scurry County. In 2015, the school was rated " Met Standard " by the Texas Education Agency.

## Athletics

The Ira Bulldogs compete in these sports -

- Baseball

- Basketball

- Cross Country

- 6-Man Football

- Softball

- Tennis

- Track and Field

### State Titles

- Baseball 2024(1A)

- 2024(1A)


The Bubble (1966 film)

# The Bubble (1966 film)

## Abstract

The Bubble is a 1966 American 3-D science fiction film in color, later re-released under the title Fantastic Invasion of Planet Earth. It was written and directed by Arch Oboler and starred Michael Cole and Deborah Walley.

## Plot

Tony is flying Catherine, who is in labor, and her husband Mark to a local city when a storm forces their small aircraft to land near a small town. Catherine is rushed to a local doctor, who delivers her baby successfully. The town is an odd amalgamation of architectural styles and technology levels, and the people act drugged. There is no wind or rain. Tony's plane goes missing.

Mark and Tony discover a throne-like seat in a building. When Tony sits in the seat, he becomes like the townspeople. Mark locates Tony after some time and knocks him out. When Tony awakes, he's back to his old self.

When the outsiders try to leave, they discover the town is encased in a gigantic clear dome. Mark hypothesizes that aliens are studying the townspeople, and sitting in the rock seat keeps the townspeople alive (as no food is getting in). A massive shadow passes over the town, and a woman and her child are pulled into the air. Hysterical, Catherine hides with her baby in an old mill on the edge of town.

Mark and Tony decide to try to dig a tunnel under the dome. In frustration, Mark takes a sledgehammer to the throne. The shadow passes over and Tony is taken by the aliens. Realizing he has little time left before the aliens come for him, Mark starts frantically digging and finds the bottom of the dome.

The townspeople gather outside the mill, chanting for food. Thinking his family is about to be eaten, Mark gives a speech about freedom. Suddenly, the wind starts blowing and it starts raining. The aliens and the dome are gone.

## Cast

- Michael Cole as Mark

- Deborah Walley as Catherine

- Johnny Desmond as Tony Herric

- Kassie McMahon as Doctor

- Barbara Eiler as Talent

- Virginia Gregg as Ticket cashier

- Victor Perrin as Taxi driver

- Olan Soule as Watch repairman

- Chester Jones as Newspaper vendor

## Production

The Bubble utilizes many gimmick shots that serve only to showcase the 3-D, which in 1966, after a dozen years' near-total absence from U.S. screens, was once again a novelty interesting in itself. Some gimmicks are marginally plot-related, such as Catherine reaching out to greet her husband, her arms stretching out to the viewer, but many are not. An electrical worker climbs up a power pole, the pole shown from above so that it projects out into the audience. Various objects are thrust out at the viewer. For no logical reason, a tray of beers defies gravity and slowly floats out of the screen to waft about in midair and tantalize the audience for a while before slowly returning. Scenes of vacant-faced townspeople strolling along the sidewalk in a daze while repeatedly opening and closing umbrellas, prolonged beyond any storytelling necessity, are revisited at intervals. Much of this gratuitous footage was trimmed out before later re-releases, unburdening the film of roughly twenty minutes of its original nearly two-hour running time.

## Technical and historical importance

The Bubble marked the introduction of the economical Space-Vision 3-D system. Unlike the two-camera, two-projector systems used to make and show the 3-D feature films of the 1950s, Space-Vision used a single ordinary movie camera with an external optical attachment that allowed it to simultaneously photograph the left-eye and right-eye views stacked in an "over-and-under" configuration on a single frame of film. Because each image was only half the standard height, this resulted in a widescreen aspect ratio with roughly the same proportions as CinemaScope. A special attachment on the projector allowed the two images to be projected through oppositely-oriented polarizing filters and superimposed on a screen provided with a special non-depolarizing surface. As with the feature-length 3-D films of the 1950s, the audience had to wear Polaroid-type 3-D glasses so that each eye would see only the image intended for it. Space-Vision was used for Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1974), the only widely shown first-run polarized 3-D film of the 1970s. Functionally identical over-and-under systems, branded with various names, were used for most of the films made during a revival of 3-D that began with the release of Comin' at Ya! in 1981.

## Reappearance

The Bubble, under its original title, was the feature film in a November 2022 episode of the long-running movie-riffing comedy show Mystery Science Theater 3000. The show's original creator, Joel Hodgson, returned to his original movie theater seat to jibe at the film with his two robot puppets.


2024 Cincinnati Bengals season

# 2024 Cincinnati Bengals season

## Abstract

The 2024 season is the Cincinnati Bengals ' 55th season in the National Football League (NFL), their 57th overall and their sixth under head coach Zac Taylor. They will attempt to improve on their 9–8 record from last year and make the playoffs after a one-year absence.

## Offseason

### Free agents

### Trades

- March 12 – Running back Joe Mixon was traded to the Houston Texans for a seventh-round pick (No. 224 overall).

## Draft

Notes

- Pick 97 and 214 were compensatory draft picks.

- Pick 224 was acquired as part of Joe Mixon trade from Houston Texans.

## Preseason

### Game summaries

#### Preseason Week 1: vs Tampa Bay Buccaneers

at Paycor Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

- Date: August 10

- Game time: 7:00 p.m. EDT

- TV announcers (WXIX): Mike Watts (play-by-play), Anthony Munoz (color analyst), and Marisa Contipelli (sideline reporter)

## Regular season

### Schedule

Notes

- Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

- Networks and times from Weeks 5–16 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling.

- The date, time and network for Week 17 will be finalized at a later date.

- The date, time and network for Week 18 will be finalized at the end of Week 17.

### Game summaries

#### Week 1: vs. New England Patriots

at Paycor Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

- Date: September 8

- Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT

- Game weather: Sunny, 66 °F (19 °C)

- Game attendance: 66,214

- Referee: Land Clark

- TV announcers (CBS): Ian Eagle, Charles Davis, and Evan Washburn

- Recap, Game Book

#### Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs

at Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri

- Date: September 15

- Game time: 4:25 p.m. EDT/3:25 p.m. CDT

- Game weather: Mostly sunny, 88 °F (31 °C)

- Referee: Alex Kemp

- TV announcers (CBS): Jim Nantz, Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson

- Preview

#### Week 3: vs. Washington Commanders

at Paycor Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

- Date: September 23

- Game time: 8:15 p.m. EDT

- TV announcers (ABC): Joe Buck, Troy Aikman, and Lisa Salters

- Preview

### Standings


The Butchers (film)

# The Butchers (film)

## Abstract

The Butchers (also known as Death Factory and The Factory) is a 2014 horror film directed by Steven Judd and written by David Dittlinger and Stephen Durham.

## Plot

While on a bus with his brother, Brian, and a dozen others, Simon has a nightmare about when he fatally clubbed his abusive father, who had killed their mother. In a nearby ghost town, the landowner meets JB, a lawyer who wants to buy the property, primarily for its museum dedicated to serial killers: Albert Fish, John Wayne Gacy, Jack the Ripper, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein, and the Zodiac, "The Death Factory". When the landowner refuses to sell the museum along with the rest of his property, JB stabs him, then prepares an occult ritual with a Book of the Dead, and blood samples taken from the displays in the Death Factory.

Elsewhere, the bus Simon is on breaks down, so he and the other passengers go in search of aid while the driver remains with the vehicle, which he disappears with after the group leaves. The passengers reach the ghost town, and while the others debate what to do, Star and Ren wander off, and uncover JB's belongings. For fun, the duo read from the Book of the Dead, unintentionally resurrecting Fish, Gacy, Dahmer, Gein, the Zodiac, and the Ripper, who is revealed to be lesbian.

While JB fights to flee from Fish, Star is killed by Gein, and Ren is slain by the Zodiac. Simon is then attacked by Fish, whose neck he breaks, causing Fish to disintegrate into a dust that enters Simon's body. The other murderers, who begin succumbing to infighting, continue to run amok. Gacy stabs Bill, the Ripper dismembers Nicole, JB guts Candi, and Gein stabs Dahmer, and then is bludgeoned by JB.

Simon stabs Gacy and the Ripper, and absorbs their "power" like he did Fish's, Gein did Dahmer's, and JB did Gein's. Simon, Brian, and the remaining passengers, are then confronted by JB, who impales Simon, though his friends resurrect him with the Book of the Dead, giving Simon the chance to snap JB's neck. Simon is then overpowered by the Zodiac, who the others set on fire, and hit with the landowner's car, which they and Simon drive off in.

The bus driver, who is implied to be Satan, reappears, and revives JB, noting, "You think you can steal from me, and there won't be Hell to pay? Or should I say, repay? C'mon, son, you've got work to do."

## Cast

- Semi Anthony as JB

- Damien Puckler as Simon

- Randall Bosley as The Collector

- Cameron Bowen as Brian

- Braxton Davis as Bill

- Mara Hall as Auntie May

- Jacob Hobbs as Kip

- Tonya Kay as Star

- Christy Keller as Jan

- Charito Mertz as Candi

- Milly Sanders as Daisy

- Jeremy Thorsen as Ren

- Ire Wardlaw as Nicole

- Rick Williamson as Albert Fish

- Hawk Walts as John Wayne Gacy

- Mary LeGault as Ripper

- Marion Kopf as Jeffrey Dahmer

- Gary Kasper as Ed Gein

- John C. Epperson as The Zodiac

## Reception

Of the film, Rob Getz of Horror News wrote "No one will accuse Death Factory of greatness, but it would lose its charm if it were" and that it relies "far more on curiosity factor than upon consistency or execution". UK Horror Scene's Dave Wain gave the film a 0/10, and condemned it as "an abhorrent sleazy little movie that will only serve to repel and disgust anyone that's unfortunate to come across it".


Xouba

# Xouba

## Abstract

Xouba or little sardine or parrocha is a small sardine and a type of Pelagic fish. Xoubas are small sardines from Galicia, Spain. They are a species of ray-finned fish in the monotypic genus Sardina. The juvenile Xouba has the scientific name of European pilchard which is in the family Clupeidae.

## Description

The fish is blue-green and has a silver underside. In comparison to the other sardines, the xouba, is diminutive. Xouba means little fish; the fish lives is shallow areas of water between 5 m (16 ft) and 50 m (160 ft). The fish is harvested between the months of May and July when it reaches 13 cm (5.1 in) in length. Xoubas, are small sardines, and a they come from Galicia, Spain. The small Xouba is a juvenile version of a European pilchard. In some areas the Xouba is is called Parrocha. Xouba are from the family Clupeidae.

Xoubas have a tender distinct flavor and they are small sardines, nutrient-dense. They have a high } content and they are high in healthy fats. Xouba has more fat than other sardines.

## History

Since the 15th century, Xouba is caught with a technique called Xeito. The technique employs a a net stretched between boats; a type of drift netting. In Spain there are several annual events to celebrate the Xouba. One such event is the Burial of the xoubiña. It is celebrated on Ash Wednesday and it includes funeral procession that is satirical. The procession ends with the burning of the effigy of a sardine. Galicia, Spain is the home of a festival (Festa da Xouba } celebrating the Xouba. The event takes place about the same time as the "Feast of Santiago Apóstol" which happens in July.

### Preparation

Prepared as a dish, it can be used in empanadas, or pickled, or made in a casserole with potatoes. Xouba is also grilled and served on bread. Or breaded with chickpea flour and fried.


Papa John's

# Papa John's

## Abstract

Papa John's International, Inc., d/b/a Papa Johns, is an American pizza restaurant chain. As of 2023, it is the fourth largest pizza delivery restaurant chain in the United States, with headquarters in the Louisville, Kentucky and Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan areas.

Papa John's global presence has reached over 5,500 locations in 49 countries and territories, and is the world's third-largest pizza delivery company.

## History

### 1984–2009

The Papa John's restaurant was founded in 1984 when "Papa" John Schnatter installed an oven inside a broom closet in the back of his father's tavern, Mick's Lounge, in Jeffersonville, Indiana. He sold his 1971 Camaro Z28 to purchase US$1,600 worth of used pizza equipment and began selling pizzas to the tavern's customers out of the converted closet. His pizzas proved sufficiently popular that a year later he moved into an adjoining space. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by Papa John's Pizza that same year, and has since become popular when eating pizza, especially the crust. The company went public in 1993. A year later it had 500 stores, and by 1997 it had opened 1,500 stores. In 2009, Schnatter bought the Camaro back after offering a reward of $250,000 for the car.

### 2010s

The first notable Bitcoin retail transaction involving physical goods was paid on May 22, 2010, by exchanging 10,000 mined BTC for two pizzas delivered from a Papa John's on Atlantic Boulevard in Jacksonville, Florida. Some cryptocurrency users have celebrated May 22 as "Bitcoin Pizza Day".

On January 1, 2018, Schnatter stepped down as CEO of Papa John's Pizza in favor of company President Steve Ritchie; Schnatter remained chairman. In February 2018, Papa John's and the NFL ended their sponsorship agreement after Schnatter's criticism of the NFL made headlines.

On July 11, 2018, news outlets reported that during a conference call with the marketing agency Laundry Service that was working under contract for Papa John's, Schnatter had used the word " nigger " by saying " Colonel Sanders called blacks niggers and Sanders never faced public backlash." Schnatter said that referencing the quote by the KFC founder was meant to convey his dislike for racism. After the call, the owner of the marketing agency moved to end their contract with Papa John's. Schnatter resigned as chairman of the board on the day the incident was reported.

After the incident, Ritchie apologized in an open letter, and ordered the company's workforce to undergo bias and diversity training.

On July 26, 2018, Schnatter filed a lawsuit against Papa John's Pizza to give him access to the company's internal books and records after they fired him from the company following the teleconference call scandal. He describes the company's procedures as an "unexplained and heavy-handed way" to cut ties between him and the company that he founded. In addition to preventing him from accessing information, the corporation also implemented a poison pill strategy in order to limit Schnatter's chances of buying back a majority stake in the company.

On February 4, 2019, it was announced that the activist hedge fund Starboard Value, which had played a large role in turning around the troubled Olive Garden restaurant chain, would be investing $200 million into Papa John's Pizza and that Starboard could possibly invest an additional $50 million by March 29, 2019. It was simultaneously announced that Starboard Value CEO Jeff Smith would become the new Papa John's chairman and that Anthony Sanfilippo, former CEO of the gaming company Pinnacle Entertainment, would be another addition to the company's board. Following that announcement, Ritchie said that he hoped the deal would put an end to the ongoing feud with Schnatter, telling CNBC's David Faber, "Obviously, we're very hopeful that we can bring John along." However, Schnatter has expressed concerns that Ritchie is not the right executive for Papa John's.

On March 5, 2019, Papa John's announced a settlement with Schnatter under which he will resign from the company's board of directors at the company's annual meeting on April 30 or when a mutually acceptable independent director is appointed to replace him, whichever comes first. Schnatter agreed to dismiss two lawsuits filed against the company and to withdraw his plan to run for a seat on the board at the annual meeting. Papa John's agreed to remove the "acting in concert" provisions from its "poison pill" plan that prevented Schnatter from communicating with other company shareholders. Schnatter, who then still controlled 31% of Papa John's shares, issued a statement saying he was "thankful that I've been able to resolve these important issues" and hoped everyone could now "focus on the company's business without the need for additional litigation". The company also agreed to remove a requirement that Starboard Value, which owns about 10% of the company, must vote in favor of the incumbent board.

In March 2019, NBA Hall of Famer Shaquille O'Neal joined Papa John's board of directors and became a spokesman for the brand. The next year, Papa John's introduced the Shaq-a-Roni, a pizza dedicated to O'Neal.

Amidst these changes, in May 2019, Schnatter began selling off his shares in the company, initially starting with 9.8 million shares. Throughout the next year, he had reduced his stock ownership to just 4%.

On August 27, 2019, Papa John's announced that Arby's President Robert M. Lynch would be the new CEO replacing Steve Ritchie, who was handpicked by founder Schnatter to succeed him in 2018.

### 2020s

In September 2020, Papa John's announced plans to establish a new headquarters in the Atlanta metropolitan area. In November, the company announced its new global headquarters would be located in Three Ballpark Center at The Battery Atlanta. The existing headquarters in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, a community within the merged government of Louisville, was retained, and houses the IT, supply chain, and legal departments.

In November 2021, Papa John's announced it was rebranding its logo (by removing the apostrophe and simplifying the design) and store locations.

In March 2022, Papa John's suspended its business operations in Russia in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, but independent franchisee-owned locations remained open.

## Operations

Papa John's primarily takes carryout and delivery orders, although some restaurants have tables and chairs for dining in.

Franchise owners pay a one-off franchise fee of US$ 25,000 per restaurant, then a royalty fee of 5% of net sales, plus a charge for advertising of 8% of net sales. The company requires franchisees to have net worth of at least $250,000, the approximate amount of investment needed. Corporate operations look over franchisees to ensure brand consistency. Papa John's International is a publicly traded company.

Based on 2019 sales information provided by Technomic, PMQ Pizza Magazine reported that the company was the fourth-largest take-out and pizza delivery restaurant chain in the United States. (According to PMQ, Little Caesars is the third-largest pizza chain.) The company's net profitability though, is far behind its main competitors. In 2014, its net margin was 4.6% of total sales, whereas Domino's Pizza 's net margin was 8.2% and Yum! Brands, which owns Pizza Hut, was 7.9%. Its slogan is "Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. Papa John's."

Papa John's has over 5,199 establishments—4,456 franchised restaurants operating domestically in all 50 states, and in 44 countries and territories. Papa John's operates 246 "company owned stores" under joint ventures and 35 units in Beijing and North China. In September 2012 the 4,000th Papa John's Pizza restaurant opened, in New Hyde Park, New York. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.

In January 2002, Papa John's became the first national pizza chain to make online ordering available to all of its U.S. customers. Most other national chains later added online ordering to their services. On July 10, 2004, Papa John's controlled an estimated 6.6% of the market, according to Technomic.

### Franchises outside the U.S.

#### South Korea

In 2003, Papa John's opened its first branch in Apgujeong-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea and the second branch in Garak-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea. Compared to Domino's Pizza and Pizza Hut, which started business in Korea in the 1980s, Papa John's started business late in Korea. In 2006, they opened the 50th restaurant in Seoul. As of the end of 2022, Papa John's has a total of 239 stores in Korea. In other countries, Papa John's has menus which are localized to each country. However, in Korea, Papa John's is selling the original American pizzas with special Korean localized pizzas together. Papa John's also has various side menus such as spaghetti in Korea.

#### Europe

Papa John's has operated in the United Kingdom since 1999. In July 2015, the company had 300 shops in the UK, although in 2010 it had plans for the number rising to between 400 and 500 within the next five years. In 2023, Papa Johns had plans to open a new takeaway store in Newcastle turned down by the Planning Inspectorate, making it the first organisation in the United Kingdom to have a planning appeal rejected by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities on the grounds that to grant permission to open a new takeaway store in the area would "undermine local authority plans to tackle high local levels of obesity ".

In March 2024, Papa John's announced it would close 43 "underperforming" stores – almost a tenth of its 430 units in the UK.

Papa John's operates throughout Ireland, with its head office at Ballybrit, County Galway. The company has over 50 locations and operates mobile units around the country. The franchises are often located adjacent to Supermac's fast food outlets, whose parent company owns the exclusive franchise rights for the chain in Ireland.

Spain is the second most important European market for Papa John's. The chain has been operating in Spain since 2016, and had 42 restaurants by late 2017. In particular, the restaurants achieved a significant presence in the Madrid province with more than half of the Spanish restaurants being located there. Papa John's expects to open at least 100 restaurants just in the province of Madrid, as well as expanding to other regions across Spain.

Papa John's also operated in Russia and Belarus with plans to expand to several other European and Central Asian countries.

Papa John's restaurants in Portugal began operating in 2005 but closed some time later.

In Poland, Papa John's opened their first location in 2017.

In 2018, Papa John's opened their first restaurant in Kazakhstan, which became the 46th country in the world where the chain is represented.

In May 2019, it was announced that Papa John's would enter the German market by taking over Halle/Salle -based Uno Pizza and converting their stores into Papa John's, with the aim of opening up to 250 locations in Germany in the following five to seven years.

After a failed step in the early 2000s, in 2019 Papa John's returned to Portugal with a restaurant in Lisbon and plans to expand to other parts of the country.

In the Netherlands Papa John's opened its doors in 2017, starting in Amsterdam and expending further through the Netherlands in 2019.

#### Latin America

Papa John's operates in 13 Latin American countries, including Colombia, Chile, and Mexico.

#### India

Papa John's entered the Indian market in 2006 with its first store opening in Noida, Uttar Pradesh with an aim to open up 100 stores in India. They couldn't keep up the efficient sophisticated ordering technology and fast delivery methods of their rivals Domino's Pizza and Pizza Hut in India. When Papa John's started in 2006, Domino's Pizza already had 126 branches. By 2017, Papa John's decided to exit the country completely, having opened only 66 stores and being unable to compete with Domino's Pizza and Pizza Hut, which had entered in the mid-1990s.

#### China

In 2018, Papa John's sold ownership of its 34 corporate-owned locations in Beijing, shutting down their operations in China.

#### Pakistan

Papa John's opened its first store in Lahore, Pakistan in early 2019.

### Sponsorships

On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that its parks' pizza would exclusively be from Papa John's. In turn, Six Flags received an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's. Papa John's is also the official pizza supplier of the Olympic Speedskating Oval in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

In November 2006, Papa John's signed with ESPN Regional Television to become the title sponsor of the annual PapaJohns.com Bowl, a college post-season football bowl game in Birmingham, Alabama, which Papa John's continued to sponsor through 2010.

In 2010, Papa John's signed an agreement to be the Official Pizza Sponsor of the National Football League and Super Bowls XLV, XLVI and XLVII. In 2011, Papa John's became the official Pizza Sponsor of the NFL in Canada, Mexico and the United Kingdom. In October 2012, Denver Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning became a franchisee in the Denver area for Papa John's, and also purchased 21 franchises in the area. In July 2013, Papa John's announced it had become the Official Pizza Partner of The Football League in the UK. The sponsorship ended after the 2017 season when Pizza Hut became the official pizza of the NFL in February 2018.

The company was the former beneficiary of the naming rights to Papa John's Cardinal Stadium used by the University of Louisville's football team, in exchange for Schnatter personally donating $5 million for the rights. Schnatter made a further $10 million donation for the stadium's expansion, and extended the naming rights to the year 2040. The Papa John's name was taken off the stadium in July 2018, after Schnatter's resignation from the company.

In 2020, Papa John's became the main sponsor of the EFL Trophy, a football competition for lower league and under-23 clubs in England.

## Controversies

Papa John's received attention in May 2008 when a Washington, D.C. franchise distributed T-shirts making fun of Cleveland Cavaliers star player LeBron James at a playoff game against the Washington Wizards. Photographs of the shirts quickly spread from the Internet to Cleveland television. Increasing awareness of the controversy prompted an apology from the Papa John's national headquarters on May 5. To apologize, Papa John's offered large single-topping pizzas for 23 cents (matching James' jersey number) at all locations in Greater Cleveland and throughout northern Ohio. The chain sold over 172,000 pizzas at 23 cents a piece, with customers waiting in lines outside of some stores for as long as three hours.

Papa John's also received media attention on January 6, 2012, when an employee typed the phrase "lady chinky eyes" on a receipt issued to an Asian American customer at a restaurant in New York City. The employee was fired and the company issued a formal apology. A manager at the restaurant where the incident occurred told the New York Post that the cashier, a teenager, did not intend to offend saying, "It's a busy place, and it was a way to identify her and her order. You know, we do stuff like that sometimes. We'll write 'the lady with the blue eyes' or 'the guy in the green shirt.' I think the lady put it out there just to get some attention, some people like that type of attention."

Schnatter's claim that a reverse in NFL viewer ratings (supposedly because of the NFL kneeling controversy) had directly led to decreased same-store sales across Papa John's franchises was extensively reported in November 2017. It was estimated that Schnatter's personal holdings in the chain had lost millions of dollars in value. Papa John's disavowed statements by white supremacist groups expressing support for the brand in the wake of Schnatter's comments.

A media report surfaced on July 11, 2018, claiming that Schnatter had used a racial epithet in a conference call the previous May, along with graphic descriptions of violence against racial minorities. Forbes magazine reported that a media agency working with Papa John's severed its relationship with the company following the report. Steve Ritchie, who had replaced Schnatter as CEO, responded with a memo stating that "racism has no place at Papa John's," and a company spokesman wrote in an email that Papa John's "condemns racism". The same day, Schnatter admitted to using the racial epithet during the conference call and resigned as chairman of the company's board of directors. On July 13, 2018, top executives of the company decided to remove Schnatter's image from marketing materials.

## Litigation

In 1997, Pizza Hut filed a lawsuit against Papa John's based on a series of advertisements that compared the ingredients of Papa John's and its competitors. Pizza Hut successfully argued that Papa John's slogan did not constitute statements of literal fact – that "fresher ingredients" do not necessarily account for a "better" pizza. This ruling was overturned in 2000 when Papa John's appealed the decision. Although the jury's decision on the misleading advertising was upheld, the appeals court determined that Pizza Hut failed to prove, under the requirements of the Lanham Act, that the misleading advertising and puffery had a material effect on consumers' purchasing decisions.

In 2012, the company was the subject of a class-action lawsuit for allegedly sending over 500,000 unwanted text messages to customers. The suit sought over $250 million in damages, though the company settled to pay $16.5 million, awarding claimants up to $50 in damages, and a free, large, one-topping pizza.

In August 2015, Papa John's agreed to pay $12.3 million to settle a class-action lawsuit in which the company was accused of undercompensating 19,000 delivery drivers in the states of Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri and North Carolina. The complaint stated that the flat reimbursement amount per delivery for drivers failed to equal minimum wage.

In July 2016, Panera Bread filed a lawsuit with the U.S. Eastern District Court in Missouri accusing Papa John's of stealing digital trade secrets and proprietary data management strategies by hiring Michael Nettles, a former Panera executive who was in charge of the chain's corporate digital technologies deployment. In August, a Federal judge issued a restraining order, preventing Nettles from reporting to work at Papa John's while the case was active. Later that year, Panera told the Federal court that it had agreed to drop the lawsuit in December 2016. Details that led to the lawsuit being dropped were not made public.