2024 Inter-Provincial Cup

# 2024 Inter-Provincial Cup

## Abstract

The 2024 Inter-Provincial Cup was the twelfth edition of the Inter-Provincial Cup, a List A cricket competition in Ireland. The tournament began on 9 May 2024 and the last match was held on 11 September 2024. Four provincial teams took part in the tournament. In April 2024 Cricket Ireland confirmed the fixtures for the competition.

## Points table

## Fixtures

- North West Warriors won the toss and elected to field.

- Benjamin Calitz, Sam Topping, Harry Dyer (Northern Knights), Gavin Roulston and Kian Hilton (North West Warriors) all made their List A debut.

- Points: Norther Knights 5, North West Warriors 0.

- Munster Reds won the toss and elected to field.

- Swapnil Modgil, Philippus le Roux (Leinster Lightning), Zubair Khan, Oliver Metcalfe and Jordan Neill (Munster Reds) all made their List A debut.

- Points: Munster Reds 5, Leinster Lightning 0.

- Leinster Lightning won the toss and elected to field.

- No further play was possible due to rain.

- Jack Lalor and Dylan Lues (Leinster Lightning) both made their List A debut.

- Points: Leinster Lightning 2, North West Warriors 2.

- Munster Reds won the toss and elected to field.

- The match was reduced to 43 overs per side due to rain.

- Munster Reds were set a revised target of 220 runs from 27 overs due to rain.

- Jack Dickson (Munster Reds) made his List A debut.

- Benjamin Calitz (Northern Knights) scored his first century in List A cricket.

- Poinst: Northern Knights 5, Munster Reds 0.

- North West Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.

- Points: Munster Reds 5, North West Warriors 0.

- Leinster Lightning won the toss and elected to bat.

- The match was reduced to 47 overs per side due to rain.

- Northern Knights were set a revised target of 130 runs from 47 overs due to rain.

- Monil Patel (Leinster Lightning) and Jason van der Merwe (Northern Knights) both made their List A debut.

- Points: Northern Knights 5, Leinster Lightning 0.

- Munster Reds won the toss and elected to field.

- Peter Francis (Munster Reds) and John McNally (Leinster Lightining) both made their List A debut.

- Points: Leinster Lightning 5, Munster Reds 0.

- No toss

- No play was possible due to rain.

- Points: Northern Knights 2, North-West Warriors 2.

- Munster Reds won the toss and elected to field.

- Adam Kennedy (Northern Knights) made his List A debut.

- Points: Munster Reds 4, Northern Knights 0

- North West Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.

- David O'Sullivan (North West Warriors) made his List A debut.

- Points: Leinster Lightning 5, North West Warriors 0.

- North West Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.

- Scott MacBeth (North West Warriors) took his first five-wicket haul in List A cricket.

- Points: North West Warriors 5, Munster Reds 0

- Northern Knights won the toss and elected to bat.

- Aditya Adey (Northern Knights), Melvin Deveraj and Sam Willemse (Leinster Lightning) all made their List A debuts.

- Points: Leinster Lightning 5, Northern Knights 0


Henry Allan Gleason (linguist)

# Henry Allan Gleason (linguist)

## Abstract

Henry Allan 'Al' Gleason Jr. (April 18, 1917 – January 13, 2007) was a linguist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto.

## Career

Gleason began studying at Hartford Seminary in 1938 and received his PhD in 1946. His 1961 text "Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics" (with an accompanying workbook) was described in the journal Language as a suitable update to Leonard Bloomfield 's well-known textbook Language. Gleason retired in 1982.

## Personal life

Gleason was a member of the American Bible Society, and a pastor in Fancy Gap, Virginia. His father was botanist Henry Gleason, and mathematician Andrew Gleason was his brother.


1897 VPI football team

# 1897 VPI football team

## Abstract

The 1897 VPI football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1897 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Charles Firth and finished with a record of five wins and two losses (5–2).

## Game summaries

### North Carolina

The starting lineup for VPI was: Johnson (left end), Herbert (left tackle), Cox (left guard), Stull (center), Pelter (right guard), Wood (right tackle), Lewis (right end), Bell (quarterback), Barnett (left halfback), Cochran (right halfback), Whitehurst (fullback). The substitutes were: Painter, Rorebeck and Rucker.

The starting lineup for North Carolina was: William White (left end), Frank Bennett (left tackle), Seaton Borland (left guard), H. B. Cunningham (center), Cromartie (right guard), Simmons (right tackle), Warren Kluttz (right end), Frank O. Rogers (quarterback), Cameron Buxton (left halfback), Paul Collins (right halfback), Arthur Belden (fullback). The substitutes were: Edward Abbott, E. V. Howell, Jim MacRae and Willie Turner.

### University of Maryland, Baltimore

The starting lineup for VPI was: Johnson (left end), Herbert (left tackle), Cox (left guard), Stull (center), Pelter (right guard), Wood (right tackle), Lewis (right end), Bell (quarterback), Barnett (left halfback), Cochran (right halfback), Whitehurst (fullback).

The starting lineup for Maryland, Baltimore was: Denson (left end), Billingsbea (left tackle), Cathell (left guard), Messmore (center), Craig (right guard), Lewis (right tackle), Allen (right end), Barrow (quarterback), Roach (left halfback), Frasher (right halfback), Reddington (fullback). The substitutes were: Hicks.

### Richmond

The starting lineup for VPI was: Johnson (left end), Herbert (left tackle), Cox (left guard), Stull (center), Pelter (right guard), Wood (right tackle), Lewis (right end), Jones (quarterback), Barnett (left halfback), Cochran (right halfback), Whitehurst (fullback). The substitutes were: Bell, Rucker and Saunders.

The starting lineup for Richmond was: N. H. Pope (left end), William Powell (left tackle), William Thraves (left guard), Samuel Stone (center), Bonnie Daughtry (right guard), Benjamin Bloxton (right tackle), Charles Scott (right end), John Kaufman (quarterback), John Frazer (left halfback), Burnley Lankford (right halfback), John McNeil (fullback). The substitutes were: A. W. Parke.

### Hampden–Sydney

The starting lineup for VPI was: Painter (left end), Herbert (left tackle), Cox (left guard), Stull (center), Pelter (right guard), Wood (right tackle), Lewis (right end), Bell (quarterback), Barnett (left halfback), Cochran (right halfback), Whitehurst (fullback). The substitutes were: Rucker.

The starting lineup for Hampden–Sydney was: Frederick McClure (left end), Murray (left tackle), Samuel Osbourne (left guard), Eskridge (center), Williams (right guard), Charles Hudson (right tackle), Eugene Douglass (right end), David Stuart (quarterback), Thomas Blake (left halfback), Bull (right halfback), John Earhart (fullback). The substitutes were: James Kuykendall.

### Tennessee

The starting lineup for VPI was: Johnson (left end), Herbert (left tackle), Cox (left guard), Stull (center), Pelter (right guard), Wood (right tackle), Lewis (right end), Bell (quarterback), Barnett (left halfback), Cochran (right halfback), Whitehurst (fullback). The substitutes were: Painter and Rucker.

The starting lineup for Tennessee was: Henry Smith (left end), Arthur Watkins (left tackle), Robert Baird (left guard), Charles Rogan (center), John Rice (right guard), James Baird (right tackle), Arthur Tarwater (right end), Sammy Strang (quarterback), Charley Moran (left halfback), Henry Edmonds (right halfback), Jones (fullback).

## Players

The following players were members of the 1897 football team according to the roster published in the 1898 and 1903 editions of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.

## Coaching and training staff

- Head coach: Charles Firth

- Manager: C. E. Hardy


Grand Order of Water Rats

# Grand Order of Water Rats

## Abstract

The Grand Order of Water Rats is a British entertainment industry fraternity and charitable organisation based in London. Founded in 1889 by the music hall comedians Joe Elvin and Jack Lotto, the order is known for its high-profile membership and benevolent works (primarily within the performing industries). Its sister organisation is The Grand Order of Lady Ratlings, which includes female performers and family members.

## History

In 1889, two British music hall performers, Joe Elvin, and Jack Lotto, owned a trotting pony called "Magpie". As the pony was a regular race winner, its owners decided that they would use the profits to help performers who were less fortunate than themselves.

One day, as Elvin was driving the pony back to its stables in the pouring rain, a passing bus driver called out, "Wot yer got there, mate?" "Our trotting pony!" replied Elvin. Observing the bedraggled, soaked condition of the pony, the driver shouted back, "Trotting pony? Looks more like a bleedin' water rat !" As Rats spelled backward is Star, and vole, another name for a water rat, is an anagram of love, the name was deemed appropriate for the Order's agenda of Brotherly Love.

The Water Rats originally held meetings in Sunbury-on-Thames in a public house called The Magpie. Their headquarters is now at The Water Rats pub in Gray's Inn Road in Kings Cross, London. The order "is the most famous show business brotherhood and charity organisation in the world".

## Symbols

The name Water Rats was selected bacause "rats" spelled backward is "star", and vole, another name for a water rat, is an anagram of love, the name was deemed appropriate for the Order's agenda of brotherly love. its motto Is "Philanthropy, conviviality, and social intercourse".

Members are called Rats. They wear a small gold emblem shaped like a water rat on the left lapel of their jackets, and if one Water Rat meets another who is not wearing his emblem he is fined, with the money going to charity. Magician David Nixon wore his while appearing on television, explaining that as current King Rat, he could be fined by any other member who saw him on screen without it.

The head of the organization is called the King Rat. The official publication of the Grand Order of Water Rats publication is The Trap.

## Activities

The order raises money by organising shows, lunches, dinners, and other events. Its objectives of the charity are "to assist members of the theatrical profession, or their dependents, who, due to illness or old age are in need." When possible additional funds raised go to a diverse range of charities and good causes including hospitals, health charities, and benevolent funds.

## Membership

Membership is limited to 180 male members of the entertainment industry plus 20 Companion Rats. Some Water Rats are household names but many are not, but all must be respected and trusted by their peers. Joining the Order is a complicated process that involves finding a proposer and seconder within the Order, consideration by the Order's Grand Council, and finally a vote which needs a large majority for success.

A member of the public can become a Friend of the Water Rats. There is also a small number of Companion Rats, distinguished men from various fields of business and influence who are not performers but who have achieved recognition for their support and friendship of the Order. These include Bob Potter OBE, the late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, King Charles III and Prince Michael of Kent.

## King Rats

The first King Rat, who is the head of the charity, was the music hall singer Harry Freeman. The comedian Dan Leno joined in 1890 and was King Rat in 1891, 1892 and 1897. The post is usually held for one year.

Previous King Rats include:

- 1890 Harry Freeman

- 1891 Dan Leno

- 1892 Dan Leno

- 1893 Wal Pink

- 1894 Joe Elvin

- 1895 J. W. Cragg

- 1896 Eugene Stratton

- 1897 Dan Leno

- 1898 Joe O'Gorman (senior)

- 1899 Paul Martinetti

- 1900 Eugene Stratton

- 1901 Joe O'Gorman

- 1902 Wal Pink

- 1903 Fred Russell

- 1904 Tom McNaughton

- 1905 Arthur Reece

- 1906 Little Tich

- 1907 J. Allison

- 1908 W. H. Clemart

- 1909 Fred Ginnett

- 1910 C. Warren

- 1911 Harry Tate

- 1912 Charles Austin

- 1913 Charles Austin

- 1914 Fred Russell

- 1915 William Bankier

- 1916 Lew Lake

- 1917 Lew Lake

- 1918 Charles Austin

- 1919 William Bankier

- 1920 Deane Tribune

- 1921 George D'Albert

World Upheaval – Lodge suspended until 1927

- 1927 Charles Austin

- 1928 Charles Austin

- 1929 Fred Russell

- 1930 Talbot O'Farrell

- 1931 Will Hay

- 1932 Charles Austin

- 1933 Joe Morrison

- 1934 Will Fyffe

- 1935 Marriott Edgar

- 1936 George Wood

- 1937 Stanley Damerell

- 1938 Fred Miller

- 1939 Fred Russell

- 1940 Will Hay

- 1941 John Sharman

- 1942 George Jackley

- 1943 Tom Moss

- 1944 George Doonan

- 1945 Bud Flanagan

- 1946 Teddy Brown (died) / Bud Flanagan

- 1947 Robb Wilton

- 1948 Albert Whelan

- 1949 Ted Ray

- 1950 Ted Ray

- 1951 Bud Flanagan

- 1952 Charlie Chester

- 1953 Ben Warriss

- 1954 George Elrick

- 1955 Tommy Trinder

- 1956 Dave O'Gorman

- 1957 Cyril Dowler

- 1958 Clarkson Rose

- 1959 Johnny Riscoe

- 1960 Arthur Scott

- 1961 Ben Warriss

- 1962 Ben Warriss

- 1963 Tommy Trinder

- 1964 Ted Ray

- 1965 Tommy Trinder

- 1966 Arthur Haynes

- 1967 Terry Cantor

- 1968 Frankie Vaughan

- 1969 Harry Seltzer

- 1970 Phil Hindin

- 1971 George Martin

- 1972 Albert Stevenson

- 1973 George Elrick

- 1974 Cyril Dowler

- 1975 Joe Church

- 1976 David Nixon

- 1977 David Nixon

- 1978 Donald Ross

- 1979 David Berglas

- 1980 Henry Cooper

- 1981 Declan Cluskey

- 1982 Charlie Smithers

- 1983 Len Lowe

- 1984 Davy Kaye

- 1985 Les Dawson

- 1986 Alan Freeman

- 1987 Danny La Rue

- 1988 Bernard Bresslaw

- 1989 Roy Hudd

- 1990 David Lodge

- 1991 Wyn Calvin

- 1992 Bert Weedon

- 1993 John Inman

- 1994 Roger De Courcey

- 1995 Paul Daniels

- 1996 Paul Daniels

- 1997 Alf Pearson

- 1998 Frankie Vaughan

- 1999 Gorden Kaye

- 2000 Roy Hudd

- 2001 Don Smoothey

- 2002 Keith Simmons

- 2003 Chas McDevitt

- 2004 Chas McDevitt

- 2005 Melvyn Hayes

- 2006 Kaplan Kaye

- 2007 Kaplan Kaye

- 2008 Kaplan Kaye

- 2009 Graham Cole

- 2010 Derek Martin

- 2011 Keith Simmons

- 2012 Joe Pasquale

- 2013 Jess Conrad

- 2014 Rick Wakeman

- 2015 Rick Wakeman

- 2016 Ian Richards

- 2017 Ian Richards

- 2018 Adger Brown

- 2019 Nicholas Parsons

- 2020 Duggie Brown

- 2021 Duggie Brown

- 2022 Duggie Brown

- 2023 Chris Emmett

- 2024 Richard Gauntlett

## Grand Order of Lady Ratlings

The Grand Order of Lady Ratlings (GOLR), a sister organisation for female performers and wives, sisters, and daughters of male performers, was established in 1929, when Fred Russell was King Rat of the GOWR. His wife, Lillian Russell, was installed as the first Queen Ratling. From 1965, membership was restricted to "recognised performers, those directly connected with the theatrical profession, wives of Water Rats and Companion Rats." In 1931, Minnie O'Farrell, the wife of Talbot O'Farrell, initiated the Cup of Kindness, which subsequently became a recognised charity.


4-H

# 4-H

## Abstract

4-H is a U.S.-based network of youth organizations whose mission is "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development". Its name is a reference to the occurrence of the initial letter H four times in the organization's original motto head, heart, hands, and health, which was later incorporated into the fuller pledge officially adopted in 1927. In the United States, the organization is administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 4-H Canada is an independent non-profit organization overseeing the operation of branches throughout Canada. There are 4-H organizations in over 50 countries; the organization and administration varies from country to country.

The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, responsibility and life skills of youth through experiential learning programs and a positive youth development approach. Though typically thought of as an agriculturally focused organization as a result of its history, 4-H today focuses on citizenship, healthy living, science, engineering, and technology programs. Clubs in today's 4-H world consist of a wide range of options each allowing for personal growth and career success. The 4-H motto is "To make the best better", while its slogan is "Learn by doing" (sometimes written as "Learn to do by doing"). As of 2016, the organization had nearly 6 million active participants and more than 25 million alumni.

## History

The foundations of 4-H began in 1902 with the work of several people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, which came from the desire to make public school education more connected to rural life. Early programs incorporated both public and private resources. 4-H was founded with the purpose of instructing rural youth in improved farming and farm-homemaking practices. By the 1970s, it was broadening its goals to cover a full range of youth, including minorities, and a wide range of life experiences.

During this time, researchers at experiment stations of the land-grant universities and USDA saw that adults in the farming community did not readily accept new agricultural discoveries. However, educators found that youth would experiment with these new ideas and then share their experiences and successes with the adults. As a result rural youth programs became a way to introduce new agriculture technology to the adults.

Club work began wherever a public-spirited person did something to give rural children respect for themselves and their ways of life and it is very difficult to credit one sole individual. Instances of work with rural boys and girls can be found all throughout the 19th century. In the spring of 1882, Delaware College announced a statewide corn contest for boys, in which each boy was to plant a quarter of an acre, according to instructions sent out from the college, and cash prizes, certificates, and subscriptions to the American Agriculturalist were rewarded.

In 1892, in an effort to improve the Kewaunee County Fair, Ransom Asa Moore, the president of the Kewaunee Fair, the Agricultural Society, and Superintendent of the Kewaunee County Schools in Wisconsin, organized a "youth movement", which he called "Young People's Contest Clubs", in which he solicited the support of 6,000 young farm folks to produce and exhibit fruits, vegetables, and livestock. The fairs were quite successful. In 1904, while working for the University of Wisconsin–Madison and trying to repeat what he had accomplished in Kewaunee County over a decade before but with different intentions, "Daddy" R.A. Moore convinced R.H. Burns, then Superintendent of Schools of Richland County, Wisconsin, to have the Richland County Boys and Girls organize and assist in a corn-project activity to help market and distribute improved seeds to the farmers in the state of Wisconsin (and beyond).

A. B. Graham began one of the youth programs in Clark County, Ohio, in 1902, which is also considered one of the births of the 4-H program in the United States. The first club was called "The Tomato Club" or the "Corn Growing Club". T.A. "Dad" Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. Jessie Field Shambaugh developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, and, by 1912, they were called 4-H clubs. Early 4-H programs in Colorado began with youth instruction offered by college agricultural agents as early as 1910, as part of the outreach mission of the Colorado land grant institutions.

The national 4-H organization was formed in 1914, when the United States Congress created the Cooperative Extension Service of the USDA by passage of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, it included within the CES charter the work of various boys' and girls' clubs involved with agriculture, home economics and related subjects. The Smith-Lever Act formalized the 4-H programs and clubs that began in the midwestern region of the United States. Although different activities were emphasized for boys and girls, 4-H was one of the first youth organizations to give equal attention to both genders (cf., erstwhile Boys Clubs of America). The first appearance of the term "4-H Club" in a federal document was in "Organization and Results of Boys' and Girls' Club Work," by Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) and Gertrude L. Warren, in 1920. By 1924, the clubs were organized as 4-H clubs, and the clover emblem was adopted. Warren expanded the scope of girls' activities under the program (promoting garment making, room decorating, and hot lunches), and wrote extensive training materials.

The first 4-H camp was held in Randolph County, West Virginia. Originally, these camps were for what was referred to as "Corn Clubs". Campers slept in corn fields in tents, only to wake up and work almost the entirety of each day. Superintendent of Schools G. C. Adams began a boys' corn club in Newton County, Georgia, in 1904.

4-H membership hit an all-time high in 1974 as a result of its popular educational program about nutrition, Mulligan Stew, shown in schools and on television across the country. Today, 4-H clubs and activities are no longer focused primarily on agricultural activities, instead emphasizing personal growth and preparation for lifelong learning. Participation is greatest during the elementary school years, with enrollment in programs and activities peaking in the 4th grade.

In the southern United States during the mid-1960s 4-H began to broaden its programming to cover life experiences unrelated to agriculture. It merged its segregated AfricanAmerican and white programs, but full-fledged integration proved elusive. 4-H was successful in removing gender-based restrictions on participation.

The organization is funded by the USDA and by state and local governments. The National 4-H Council's programs are also supported by a number of corporations including Google, Verizon, Microsoft, Land O'Lakes Inc., and Tractor Supply Co.

Past Honorary Chairmen of Council have included U.S. Presidents Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.

## Pledge

The 4-H pledge is:

I pledge my head to clearer thinking, my heart to greater loyalty, my hands to larger service, and my health to better living, for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

Otis E. Hall wrote the original pledge of Kansas in 1918. Some California 4-H clubs add either "As a true 4-H member" or "As a loyal 4-H member" at the beginning of the pledge. Minnesota and Maine 4-H clubs add "for my family" to the last line of the pledge. Initially, the pledge ended in "and my country," but in 1973, "and my world" was added.

It is a common practice to involve hand motions to accompany these spoken words. While reciting the first line of the pledge, the speaker points to their head with both of their hands. As the speaker recites the second line, they place their right hand over their heart much like during the Pledge of Allegiance. For the third line, the speaker presents their hands, palm side up, before them. For the fourth line, the speaker motions to their body down their sides. For the final line, the speaker usually places their right hand out for the club, left hand for the community, brings them together for the country, and then brings their hands upwards in a circle representing the world.

## Emblem

The official 4-H emblem is a green four-leaf clover with a white H on each leaf standing for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. The stem of the clover always points to the right.

The idea of using the four-leaf clover as an emblem for the 4-H program is credited to Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) of Wright County, Iowa. He awarded three-leaf and four-leaf clover pennants and pins for students' agricultural and domestic science exhibits at school fairs.

The 4-H name and emblem had U.S. federal protection, previous under federal code 18 U.S.C. 707. The federal protection made it a mark unto and of itself with protection that supersedes the limited authorities of both a trademark and a copyright. The Secretary of Agriculture is given responsibility and stewardship for the 4-H name and emblem, at the direct request of the U.S. Congress. These protections placed the 4-H emblem in a unique category of protected emblems, also along with the U.S. Presidential Seal, Red Cross, Smokey Bear, and the Olympic rings. Protections for the 4-H emblem were repealed by Title XI of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.

## Youth development research

Through the program's tie to land-grant institutions of higher education, 4-H academic staff are responsible for advancing the field of youth development. Professional academic staff are committed to innovation, the creation of new knowledge, and the dissemination of new forms of program practice and research on topics like University of California 's study of thriving in young people. Youth development research is undertaken in a variety of forms including program evaluation, applied research, and introduction of new programs.

## Volunteers

Over 540,000 volunteer leaders help to coordinate the 4-H program at the county level. Volunteers plan and conduct 4-H related activities, develop and maintain educational programs, or assist in fundraising. Activities include youth development programs, project groups, camps, conferences, or animal shows. The volunteers' goal is to help youth achieve greater self-confidence and self-responsibility, learn new skills, and build relationships.

Volunteers are directed by 4-H's professional staff.

The National 4-H Hall of Fame honors 4-H volunteers, extension professionals and staff employees, donors and others, according to a criterion of "significant impact on the 4-H program and/or 4-H members through the contribution of time, energy, financial resources, etc.". The hall of fame was established in 2002 by the National Association of Extension 4-H Youth Development Professionals (NAE4-HYDP).

## Additional programs

### After-school

4-H Afterschool helps 4-H and other youth-serving organizations create and improve programs for students in communities across the U.S. 4-H Afterschool is an extension-enhanced program that:

- Offers youth a safe, healthy, caring and enriching environment.

- Engages youth in long-term, structured learning in partnership with adults.

- Addresses the interests of youth and their physical, cognitive, social and emotional needs.

4-H Afterschool programs utilize experimental and cooperative learning activities and provide interaction with competent adults. Results of retrospective pre/post-surveys indicate that children enrolled in the program showed life skill gain over time, and that gains on specific life skills differed as a function of age, gender, and ethnicity.

The life skills gained through 4-H Afterschool give children the tools they need for perceiving and responding to diverse life situations and achieving their personal goals. Participation in these quality programs which use experiential and cooperative learning have all been found to contribute to children's social development and academic success.

### Camping

Each state runs its own camping program. The world's first 4-H camp was held in July 1915 on the Crouch family farm along the Tygart Valley River near Elkwater, West Virginia. The youth in attendance named the location "Camp Good Luck."

The first state 4-H camp was held at Jackson's Mill outside of Weston, West Virginia. 4-H camping programs in most states are run through land-grant institutions, such as Washington State University, which runs the Washington program, and Pennsylvania State University runs Pennsylvania's. The Georgia 4-H camping program has the largest youth center in the world, called Rock Eagle.

On July 8, 2015, to mark the centennial of 4-H camping, youth from Randolph County, West Virginia traveled back to the original Camp Good Luck site for a special commemoration and campfire program. A stone marker honoring Camp Good Luck had been placed adjacent to US 219 near the site, but was moved to a spot off of Bell Crouch Rd. for greater safety and accessibility through the efforts of Randolph County 4-H volunteers and the West Virginia Division of Highways.

### Five- to eight-year-old youth

Some states offer programs for youth in grades K-2 called Cloverbuds, Cloverkids, 4-H Adventurers, Primary Members, or Mini 4-H. Some states prohibit this age group from competition due to research in child development demonstrating that competition is unhealthy for youth ages five to eight.

### Collegiate

Many colleges and universities have collegiate 4-H clubs. Usually members are students who are 4-H alumni and want to continue a connection to 4-H, but any interested students are welcome. Clubs provide service and support to their local and state 4-H programs, such as serving as judges and conducting training workshops. They are also a service and social group for campus students. The first collegiate 4-H club started in 1916 on the Oklahoma State University - Stillwater campus.

### All Stars

Finding its roots in the early 4-H movement in West Virginia, the 4-H All-Star program strives to recognize and challenge 4-H members and volunteers. State 4-H Club Leader William H. "Teepi" Kendrick sought to develop youth to "be yourself at your best" and to "make the best better" through a fourfold personal development pattern involving the head, hands, heart, and, at that time, hustle. It was with this philosophy, in collaboration with others, that the 4-H emblem was born. In an attempt to harbor further individual growth, Kendrick recognized excellence with pins bearing one, two, three, and four H's. Recognition for outstanding participation was rewarded from 1917 to 1921 with trips to a Prize Winner's Course at West Virginia University. Members who demonstrated outstanding qualities at these courses were awarded five-pointed red pins with five H's, with this additional H to symbolize honor. The recipients of these pins were referred to by Kendrick as "All Stars". It was following the pin consecration ceremony in 1919 that the official West Virginia 4-H All Stars organization was chartered, becoming the Alpha Chapter of the nationwide 4-H honorary.

The symbol of the All Stars is a red star enveloping a gemstone chip over the 4-H emblem. Each point of the star represents a pillar of character: "Beauty, Fortitude, Service, Truth, and Love".

Many states have All Star programs, although All Star programs vary from state to state. Selection as a 4-H All Star is a recognition of achievement. In California for example, it is the highest achievement award at the county level and is a position awarded annually. Similarly, the capstone award in Texas 4-H is the Gold Star Award, which is given to Seniors who have shown outstanding leadership and proficiency in their project areas.

In Virginia, on the other hand, All-Stars are not simply those who have achieved an All-Star award, but are those who have gained membership into the Virginia All-Stars organization. After reaching the age of 15, 4-H members are eligible to apply for membership into the All-Stars organization, which promotes the continuation of 4-H principles.

## Conferences

Many conferences are held at various levels of the 4-H program for youth and adults. The National 4-H Conference, which was held at the National 4-H Youth Conference Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland, until it was sold in 2021, is the USDA Secretary's premier youth development opportunity to engage youth in developing recommendations for the 4-H Youth Development Program. The Conference still meets annually in and around Washington, DC. The 2024 National 4-H Conference will be held in Arlington, VA.

The National 4-H Congress is an annual educational conference that brings together 4-H delegates between the ages of 14 and 19 from across America to share cultural experiences and discuss important issues facing youth. This five-day event is typically held during the weekend of Thanksgiving and has been hosted in Atlanta, since 1998. Throughout the conference, 4-H delegates attend numerous workshops, participate in community service activities, and listen to speakers in an effort to develop compassion and increase social awareness.

Citizenship Washington Focus is a week-long conference offered for high school-aged students. At the conference, students have the opportunity to learn how to be citizen leaders in their communities. Throughout the week in Washington, D.C, participants visit monuments, meet with members of Congress, and develop communication, leadership and citizenship skills.

The following national conferences are held yearly, and are focused on specific activities inside of 4-H:

- National 4-H Dairy Conference

- Eastern National 4-H Horse Roundup

- Western National 4-H Horse Roundup

- National 4-H Shooting Sports Invitational Match

- National 4-H True Leaders in Equity Institute

- National 4-H Youth Summit Series STEM Summit Healthy Living Summit Agri-science Summit

- STEM Summit

- Healthy Living Summit

- Agri-science Summit

Other conferences are held by regional and state entities for youth, for volunteer development, or for professional development for staff.

## Use of Native American terminology

For many years, use of Native American names and certain themed activities was part of the summer camping programs of some eastern states. However, the practice was considered to be offensive and protests were raised. A complaint to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Civil Rights in 2002 and an ensuing investigation that threatened to cut off funds to the state's program prompted the West Virginia University Extension Service to abandon offensive and stereotypic practices such as face-painting, and use of imagery not a part of the culture of local Native people, such as tepees and totem poles. They also eliminated the practice of having children wear feather headdresses, and stopped having campers engage in "stereotypical motions and dances," including chanting "Ugh! Ugh! Ugh!". However, the state program deemed the dividing of campers into groups, called "tribes" named after actual Indian Nations, to be respectful and acceptable. In the same year, the Virginia Extension Service removed all references to symbols or camp "traditions" related to Native Americans, including the decades-long practice of dividing campers into "tribes" using names of nations considered native to Virginia, replacing the group names with animal names.

## Alumni

Some 4-H alumni credit the program with helping them in later life.

In 2021, Minnesota-based photographer R. J. Kern, along with writer Alison Nordström, published, "The Unchosen Ones: Portraits of an American Pastoral." The book highlights portraits of dozens of youth, who spent a year raising and training their animal and then entered into a 4-H livestock competition, but were unsuccessful in winning the top award in their competitions, then revisits the same youth four years later, and asked the young subjects what they had carried forward from their previous experience.


# Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law

## Abstract

The Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the law school of Northwestern University, a private research university. The law school is located on the university's Chicago campus. Northwestern Law is considered part of the T14, an unofficial designation in the legal community as the best 14 law schools in the United States.

Founded in 1859, it was the first law school established in Chicago. Notable alumni include numerous governors of several states; Arthur Goldberg, United States Supreme Court justice; Adlai Stevenson, governor of Illinois, cabinet secretary, and Democratic presidential candidate; John Paul Stevens, United States Supreme Court justice; Newton Minow, former chairman of the FCC; and Harold Washington, the first black Mayor of Chicago (1983–87) and, previously, a member of the United States House of Representatives.

## History

Founded in 1859, the school now known as the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law was the first law school established in Chicago. The school was originally the law department of the Old University of Chicago under the founding direction of Henry Booth and enrolled twenty-three students. The law school became Union College of Law when it was jointly affiliated with Northwestern University in 1873. In 1891, the law school formally became Northwestern University School of Law when Northwestern assumed total control

During the 20th century, programs such as the JD-MBA and JD-PhD were added, helping to maintain the school's position among America's top-ranked law schools. In the 1930s, the school was home to the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, which student Fred E. Inbau would direct and from which he would train prosecutors and police, leading to the Reid technique of deceptive interrogation to obtain confessions.

In October 2015, it was renamed Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law after J. B. Pritzker and his wife, M.K. Pritzker, who gave $100 million to the law school.

In July 2024, a lawsuit was filed by a conservative group against the university citing its activities to increase the hiring of women and people of color for its faculty, as a violation of federal law prohibiting discrimination for reasons of race or sex, one year after affirmative action college admissions in the United States was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States. The suit asserts that the law school discriminates against, specifically, white men in faculty hiring, as well as in selection of articles published in its noted law review.

## Campus

Northwestern Law is located on Northwestern University's downtown campus in Chicago's Streeterville / Gold Coast neighborhood. The law school is on Lake Shore Drive and Chicago Avenue, adjacent to Lake Shore Park and Lake Michigan, and a few blocks from the John Hancock Center, Magnificent Mile, Water Tower, Oak Street Beach, and Navy Pier.

The law school's location in the heart of downtown Chicago provides a wealth of part-time employment options for students while in school and a setting in which to study law. The proximity to courts, commerce, and public interest activities enables students to experience the practice of law, as well as its theory.

## Admissions

Admission to Northwestern Law is highly selective. For the class entering in the fall of 2021, 1,031 out of 7,410 (13.9%) were offered admission, with 234 matriculating. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2021 entering class were 167 and 172, respectively, with a median of 171. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.60 and 3.93, respectively, with a median of 3.86.

The law school's practical philosophy is manifested in a strong preference for applicants with at least two years of work experience. Approximately 90% of the school's students enter with at least one year of full-time work experience; 70% possess more than two years of experience.

## Employment

According to U.S. News & World Report's 2021 Edition, 94% of the law school's 2021 graduates obtained prospective, full-time employment prior to graduation, with a median starting salary of $215,000. According to Northwestern's official 2022 ABA-required disclosures, 94% of the Class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term employment ten months after graduation. Northwestern's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 4.4%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2018 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Northwestern Law is well-established among BigLaw firms (defined as firms with 251 or more associates). In Vault's 2016 survey, of over 15,000 BigLaw associates, Northwestern Law ranked #2 as a "feeder" school for BigLaw firms, after accounting for school size. According to Vault, Northwestern Law outperforms its expected BigLaw representation by 315%. Northwestern Law ranked 2nd, 4th, and 3rd in 2021, 2022, and 2023 respectively for the highest percentage of juris doctor graduates who receive associate positions at the largest 100 law firms in the country.

The law school enrolls approximately 985 students in its J.D., LL.M., S.J.D. and M.S.L. (Master of Science in Law) programs. The school employs an interdisciplinary research faculty, and has a low student-faculty ratio. The 2016 student/faculty ratio was 6.5 to 1. According to Northwestern's 2016 ABA-required disclosures, 93% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term employment nine months after graduation.

## Costs

The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, living expenses, books, and other miscellaneous expenses) at Northwestern Law for the 2022-2023 academic year is $104,564. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $367,588.

## Journals

Northwestern Law sponsors seven student-run scholarly legal journals. Student staff members are selected based on a writing competition, editing competition, and first-year grades, or a publishable note or comment on a legal topic.

### Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

The Journal of International Law and Business has a substantive focus on private international law, as opposed to public international law or human rights. It seeks scholarship analyzing transnational and international legal problems and their effect on private entities. The Journal's stated goal is to promote an understanding of the future course of international legal developments as they relate to private entities.

### Northwestern University Law Review

The Northwestern University Law Review was first published in 1906 when it was called the "Illinois Law Review." Prior editors include: Roscoe Pound, long-time dean of Harvard Law School; Judge Robert A. Sprecher of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit; US Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens; Dean James A. Rahl; Illinois Governor Daniel Walker; and former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Newton N. Minow; US Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and Presidential Candidate Adlai Stevenson.

### Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

The Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property addresses subjects relating to law at the intersection of technology and intellectual property, including law and biotechnology, copyrights, the Internet, media, patents, telecommunications, and trademarks.

### Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology

The School states that its Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology "is one of the most widely read and widely cited publications in the world". It is the second most widely subscribed journal published by any law school in the country. It is one of the most widely circulated law journals in the country. The journal was founded in 1910 by Dean John Henry Wigmore.

### Journal of Law and Social Policy

The Journal of Law and Social Policy is an interdisciplinary journal that explores the impact of the law on different aspects of society. Topics covered include race, gender, sexual orientation, housing, immigration, health care, juvenile justice, voting rights, family law, civil rights, poverty, the environment, and privacy rights.

### Journal of Human Rights

The Journal of Human Rights is an interdisciplinary journal for the discussion of human rights issues and law.

### Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés

The Northwestern Law Journal des Refusés is a "journal of law for legal rejects and the legal avant-garde" founded in 2022. It was inspired by the Paris Salon des Refusés and aims to discuss legal issues in a way that is more accessible to the general public, as well as help readers trying to understand more difficult works. It publishes one print-issue each Spring and additional online articles throughout the year.

## Pritzker Legal Research Center

The Pritzker Legal Research Center is the library, and fulfills the research and information needs of the faculty and students of Northwestern Law. The Center is named after the Pritzker family, a philanthropic Chicago family. Jay A. Pritzker (1922-1999) graduated from Northwestern University in 1941 and Northwestern University School of Law in 1947.

## Bluhm Legal Clinic

Clinical education at Northwestern dates back to the law school's beginnings. An innovative program developed by Dean John Henry Wigmore in 1910 with the Chicago Legal Aid Society evolved into the Legal Clinic, which opened its doors in 1969 with only two staff attorneys. In 2000, the Clinic was named for Northwestern University trustee and alum Neil Bluhm, a billionaire in real estate and casinos. Today, the Bluhm Legal Clinic houses around 20 clinics within 14 centers and is widely recognized as one of the most comprehensive and effective clinical programs in the country. Through the law school's clinical program, students gain direct experience representing clients and fine-tune their skills as advocates. They also work with clinical faculty and staff to challenge the fairness of our legal institutions and to propose solutions for reform. From 2000 to 2013, its director was Steven Drizin.

### Center on Wrongful Convictions

The Center on Wrongful Convictions (CWC) is dedicated to identifying and rectifying wrongful convictions. The Center investigates possible wrongful convictions and represents imprisoned clients with claims of actual innocence. It also focuses on raising public awareness of the prevalence, causes, and social costs of wrongful convictions and promoting reform of the criminal justice system. In 2009, faculty member Prof Steven Drizin co-founded a sister project to this Center, a Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth, which was merged back into the main center after 2018.

### Appellate Advocacy Center

Established in 2006, the Appellate Advocacy Center includes the Federal Appellate Clinic and the Supreme Court Clinic, along with a moot program for practitioners. The Appellate Advocacy Center is directed by Xiao Wang.

#### Federal Appellate Clinic

In the Federal Appellate Clinic, students research and brief cases in federal appellate courts across the country. In certain instances, where a case involves significant federal issues or interests, students will also participate in state appellate court work. Clinic cases generally focus on immigration, qualified immunity, and criminal sentencing and post-conviction issues, although other topics and matters are covered as well. Where possible, Clinic students participate in oral argument before a United States court of appeals.

#### Supreme Court Clinic

In the Supreme Court Clinic, students work with attorneys at Sidley Austin to draft certiorari, merits, and amicus briefs before the Supreme Court. Sidley attorneys Carter Phillips and Jeffrey Green co-direct the Supreme Court Clinic.

The Clinic works on a variety of legal matters. During any given year, the Clinic will file briefs in cases concerning international law, tribal law, sentencing, criminal procedure, habeas, and the First Amendment. The Clinic frequently collaborates with state and federal public defenders. The Clinic also works with nonprofit organizations, including the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. In fall 2021, the Clinic partnered with Northwestern's Center for International Human Rights, Amnesty International, Global Justice Center, and Human Rights Watch to file an amicus brief in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, asserting that Mississippi's abortion ban was inconsistent with international law.

### Children and Family Justice Center

The Children and Family Justice Center represents young people on matters of delinquency and crime, family violence, school discipline, health and disability, and immigration and asylum. Attorneys, a social worker, and affiliated professionals help second- and third-year law students meet with clients, research legal issues, learn pretrial investigation, interviewing, and counseling skills, and litigate cases.

### MacArthur Justice Center

The MacArthur Justice Center focuses its work on police misconduct, wrongful detention compensation, post-9/11 work, and other public interest and civil rights issues. Of particular note is the Guantanamo Bay detainee representation led by Joseph Margulies, author of Guantanamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power and lead counsel in Rasul v. Bush.

### Donald Pritzker Entrepreneurship Law Center

The Donald Pritzker Entrepreneurship Law Center (DPELC), founded as the Small Business Opportunity Center (SBOC), is a transactional clinic that was founded in 1998. Clients include technology executives, consultants, inventors, manufacturers and sellers of consumer products, musical groups, and persons interested in establishing nonprofit organizations.

The Center is also heavily involved in teaching in the field of entrepreneurship law, and hosts symposia and conferences to facilitate that endeavor.

### Center for International Human Rights

The Center for International Human Rights works to advance human rights while enabling students to test and refine their academic learning in real cases. Stressing a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, the center provides policy perspectives to the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the U.S. Department of State, foreign governments, and nongovernmental organizations. Over the years faculty and staff working in the center have addressed, among other matters, the role of the International Criminal Court, international terrorism, U.S. death penalty laws, truth commissions, economic rights, NATO 's humanitarian intervention, and political asylum cases. Students have investigated cases and had summer internships in Guatemala, Indonesia, and at the U.N. Human Rights Centre in Geneva.

The Center also offers students an opportunity to earn an LLM in Human Rights. The degree program is designed for students from transitional democracies and for those with career interests in international human rights law.

### Investor Protection Center

The Investor Protection Center provides assistance to investors with limited income or small dollar claims who are unable to obtain legal representation. Law students, under the supervision of faculty attorneys, represent customers in handling their disputes with broker-dealers.

During the last few years, the (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority)(FINRA) and other organizations have taken steps to make more information and services available to investors. Northwestern Law's Investor Protection Center operates with the aid of grants from the FINRA Investor Education Foundation and other organizations to focus on priority areas. In particular, the Center is focused on helping to meet the needs of women, novice investors, and the elderly, in connection with securities arbitration.

### Fred Bartlit Center for Trial Advocacy

Named in honor of an innovative leader in litigation and business strategies, the Fred Bartlit Center for Trial Advocacy was established in 1999 to conduct research and teach innovative and technologically advanced trial strategy. The Bartlit Center focuses on changes in trial craft brought on by new technologies and compensation approaches.

The Bartlit Center sponsors and conducts academic research on the litigation process; support teaching skills in the JD program; and holds national conferences to explore and teach innovative trial and trial management strategies. The Bartlit Center works to complement the law school's program in simulation-based teaching of trial skills and builds on the research produced by Northwestern Law faculty.

## Notable faculty

Notable Northwestern Law faculty, past and present, include:

- Ronald J. Allen, renowned evidence scholar and adviser to foreign governments on law reform

- Steven Calabresi, constitutional scholar and founder and chairman of the Federalist Society

- Steven Drizin

- Edwin R. Keedy, dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School

- Andrew Koppelman, noted legal scholar on same-sex marriage

- Leon Green, former dean; known for pioneering work in the law of torts, especially causation and injuries to relations

- Charles T. McCormick, expert on evidence, damages, and federal court procedure; writings include the classic hornbooks, Handbook on the Law of Damages (1935) and Handbook on the Law of Evidence (1954).

- John O. McGinnis, expert on trade law and one of nation's leading scholars in the field of Constitutional Law.

- Dawn Clark Netsch, expert in governmental organization law and the first woman to be nominated by a major political party to run for Governor of Illinois.

- James E. Pfander, civil procedure, federal courts, and constitutional law scholar

- Roscoe Pound, former dean of Harvard Law School, founder of the movement for "sociological jurisprudence"

- Martin Redish, civil procedure and constitutional law scholar

- David S. Ruder, former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission

- David Scheffer, international law and war crimes expert who served as the first United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues

- Charles Taylor, political philosopher, Royal Society of Canada fellow, British Academy fellow, member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

- David E. Van Zandt, former dean of Northwestern University School of Law

- John Henry Wigmore, the "father of modern evidence," first full-time dean of Northwestern Law (1901) and author of Treatise on Evidence

## Popular media

- The Chicago Code was substantially filmed on the Northwestern Law campus in Chicago. This television drama premiered on Fox on February 7, 2011. Filming at Northwestern Law began in August 2010. Classrooms in the law school are depicted as interior offices for the fictional offices for City administration. Levy Mayer 212 served as the main taping location at the law school.

- In The Judge, Robert Downey Jr. plays the role of a Chicago defense attorney who is a Northwestern Law graduate.

- Prof Steven Drizin and Prof Laura Nirider feature heavily in the 2016 Netflix documentary Making a Murderer as the post-conviction legal representatives of Brendan Dassey. Dassey’s confession is thought by many to be false and coerced, so both Drizin and Nirider are acting as part of work by the Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth.

## Alumni

Selected prominent Northwestern Law alumni include:

### Academia

- Diane Marie Amann, the Emily & Ernest Woodruff Chair in International Law and Faculty Co-Director of the Dean Rusk International Law Center at the University of Georgia School of Law, and Special Adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on Children in & affected by Armed Conflict.

- Raoul Berger, one of America 's foremost legal historians, former Senior Fellow in American Legal History at Harvard University and author of Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment

- George Burditt, adjunct member of the faculty

- G. Marcus Cole, Professor of Law, Helen L. Crocker Faculty Scholar, and Associate Dean for Curriculum, Stanford Law School

- Steven Drizin, lawyer and law professor at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law

- T. Markus Funk, law professor and attorney at Perkins Coie.

- Thomas F. Geraghty, Associate Dean for Clinical Education; Professor of Law; Director, Bluhm Legal Clinic, Northwestern University School of Law

- Kristin E. Hickman, Distinguished McKnight University Professor and the Harlan Albert Rogers Professor in Law at the University of Minnesota Law School

- Charles P. Kindregan, Jr., expert in assisted reproduction law, Professor at Suffolk University Law School

- James Nabrit Jr., president of Howard University and pioneering civil rights law academic and attorney

- Kate A. Shaw, law professor at Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, podcast co-host and ABC News Supreme Court contributor

- Jonathan Turley, J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of Public Interest Law, The George Washington University Law School

### For-profit / Non-profit organizations

- Ferdinand Lee Barnett, founder of The Chicago Conservator

- Eddie Einhorn, owner of the Chicago White Sox

- Matt Ferguson, president and CEO of Careerbuilder.com

- Elbert Henry Gary, co-founder, president, and chairman of United States Steel Corporation; namesake of Gary, Indiana

- Michael Goodkin, quantitative finance entrepreneur and founder of Arbitrage Management Company ("AMC")

- Randy Kaplan, founder of Akamai Technologies

- Marc J. Lane, founder of The Marc J. Lane Wealth Group

- Robert R. McCormick, United States colonel; co-founder of law firm Stuart G. Shepard and Robert R. McCormick, (later Kirkland & Ellis); publisher of the Chicago Tribune

- Morgan E. O'Brien, co-founder and former chairman of Nextel

- Jay A. Pritzker, co-founder Hyatt Hotels Corporation

- Frank C. Rathje, founder of the Mutual National Bank of Chicago and president of the American Bankers Association

- Jerry Reinsdorf, owner of the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Bulls

- Howard A. Tullman, serial entrepreneur, venture capitalist

- Mark Walter, founder and CEO of Guggenheim Partners and Chairman of Los Angeles Dodgers

### Government and politics

- George Wildman Ball (1933), former Undersecretary of State, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

- Ferdinand L. Barnett, Civil Rights activist and Assistant State's Attorney in Illinois, husband of Ida B. Wells.

- Richard Ben-Veniste, Chief of the Watergate Special Prosecutor's Office Watergate Task Force

- Judy Biggert (J.D. 1963), U.S. representative, 1999–2013

- William Jennings Bryan, former U.S. Secretary of State and three-time Democratic Nominee for president

- Dale Bumpers, former governor of Arkansas and U.S. Senator for Arkansas

- Salem J. Chalabi, First General Director of the Iraqi Special Tribunal to try Saddam Hussein

- Alfred Cilella, Illinois state legislator

- Dennis Daugaard, Governor of South Dakota

- William Dawson, first African American to chair a Congressional Committee, beginning in 1949.

- Richard Devine, Cook County Former State's Attorney

- Edward Dunne, Former governor of Illinois, Former mayor of Chicago

- W. Neil Eggleston, White House Counsel under President Barack Obama

- Carl R. Feld, Wisconsin State Assembly

- Florence Kelley (1894), social reformer, early advocate for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights; first general secretary of the National Consumers League; helped to create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

- Ada Kepley, first American woman to obtain a law degree (1870)

- Robert Todd Lincoln (1866), U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom (1889–1893); 35th United States Secretary of War (1881–1885)

- Wendy E. Long, Republican nominee for United States Senate from New York in 2012 and 2016

- Frank Orren Lowden, Former governor of Illinois, third-place finisher in the 1920 Republican party convention, second-place finisher in the 1928 convention

- J. Curtis McKay, Wisconsin State Assembly

- Albert E. Mead, former governor of Washington

- Newton Minow, former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission

- Dawn Clark Netsch, first woman to be elected to a state-wide constitutional office in Illinois

- Graham T. Perry, second African-American elected for assistant attorney general for the State of Illinois

- J. B. Pritzker, Managing Partner of Pritzker Group Venture Capital, and current governor of Illinois

- Pat Quinn, former governor of Illinois

- Tom Railsback, former United States Representative

- Henry T. Rainey, 40th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

- José Abad Santos, 5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

- Jerry Springer, former Mayor of Cincinnati, television talk show host

- Seymour Stedman, former shepherd with only three years of education, admitted while working as a janitor; Socialist Party of America nominee for Vice-President of the United States (and for Mayor of Chicago)

- Halvor Steenerson, former U.S. representative

- Adlai Stevenson, former governor of Illinois, two-time Democratic nominee for president, and Ambassador to the United Nations

- Charles M. Thomson, former U.S. representative

- Jim Thompson, former governor of Illinois

- Daniel Walker, former governor of Illinois

- Harold Washington, first black mayor of Chicago (1983–87), Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

- Richard E. Wiley, former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission

- Paul Ziffren, Democratic National Committee chair

- Albert Goldman (politician) (J.D. 1925), socialist lawyer and political activist, personal lawyer of Leon Trotsky during his stay in Mexico City

### Judiciary

- Simeon R. Acoba, Jr., Hawaii Supreme Court Justice

- Mary Bartelme, influential pioneer in juvenile justice, first woman elected judge in Illinois.

- Dalveer Bhandari, Judge at the International Court of Justice, 2012–present

- Rubén Castillo, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

- Edmond E. Chang, U.S. District judge for United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

- Joel Flaum, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Judge

- Michael B. Brennan, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Judge

- Michael Y. Scudder, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Judge

- Arthur Goldberg, former United States Supreme Court Justice, U.S. Secretary of Labor, and Ambassador to the United Nations

- Jim Jones, Chief Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court

- Carole Kamin, first woman to become president of a state bar in the United States; Cook County Circuit Court Judge

- Kenesaw Mountain Landis, first Commissioner of Major League Baseball, for U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

- Roberto A. Lange, U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota

- Joan Larsen, U.S. Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

- Joan Lefkow, U.S. District Judge for United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

- John Paul Stevens, United States Supreme Court Justice

- Richard Tallman, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Senior Judge

- Horace Ward, challenged racial discrimination at the University of Georgia, and first African American to become a judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

### Firsts

- Mary Bartelme, first woman elected judge in Illinois.

- Ferdinand L. Barnett, first African-American assistant State's Attorney in Illinois.

- Salem J. Chalabi, first General Director of the Iraqi Special Tribunal to try Saddam Hussein

- William Dawson, first African American to chair a congressional committee.

- Ada Kepley, first woman in the United States to graduate from a law school

- Kenesaw Mountain Landis, first Commissioner of Major League Baseball, former U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

- Dawn Clark Netsch, first woman to be elected to a statewide constitutional office in Illinois

- Harold Washington, first African American Mayor of Chicago (1983–87), Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

- Horace Ward, challenged racial discrimination at the University of Georgia, and first African American to become a federal judge in Georgia

- Lloyd Garrison Wheeler, first African American admitted to the bar in Illinois.


Historic Barns of Connecticut

# Historic Barns of Connecticut

## Abstract

Historic Barns of Connecticut is a Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation project dedicated to the documentation and preservation of barns. The program includes a grant program and a database. The project began listing barns in 2004. By June 2011 8,200 barns had been documented in Connecticut, said project director Todd Levine. "The first step in preservation is documentation, so we need to know what we are losing to know what we need to do to protect them".

More than 2,000 selected barns have been researched and documented as part of an ongoing Historic Resource Inventory, searchable on the project's website.

In 2011 and 2012, 200 significant barns (not already identified in existing historic districts) will be chosen for in-depth research and nomination to the State Register of Historic Places.


Zinedine Sassi

# Zinedine Sassi

## Abstract

Zineddine Khemais Sassi (Arabic: زين الدين خميس ساسي; born 4 August 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club Espérance de Tunis. Born in France, he is a youth international for Tunisia.


Zinédine Ould Khaled

# Zinédine Ould Khaled

## Abstract

Zinédine Ould Khaled (born 14 January 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Angers.

## Club career

Ould Khaled made his professional debut with Angers in a 2–0 Ligue 1 win over Nantes on 7 March 2020.

## Personal life

Born in France, Ould Khaled is of Algerian descent. He was named after the French footballer Zinedine Zidane.


Callum Ilott

# Callum Ilott

## Abstract

Callum Benjamin Ilott (/ ˈ aɪ l ɒ t / EYE -lot; born 11 November 1998) is a British racing driver currently competing in the 2024 FIA World Endurance Championship racing for Jota Sport in the Hypercar category.

He competed in the NTT IndyCar Series for Juncos Hollinger Racing from 2021–2023. Ilott was runner-up to Mick Schumacher in the 2020 Formula 2 Championship. He was previously a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy.

## Open-wheel racing career

### Karting

Making his debut in 2008, he saw his first win in 2011 in the Formula Kart Stars, and finished third in the German Junior Karting Championship, both in KF3. He remained in KF3 with Chiesa Corse Team for the 2012 season, with much success. Ilott put himself on the radar at age 13 by winning the WSK Masters Series, the WSK Final Cup, and finishing as runner-up in the WSK Euro Series and the CIK-FIA World Cup. He was selected as the youngest ever WSK Driver of the Year. In 2013 he contested in KF and KF2 machinery and won the Trofeo delle Industrie and the WSK Final Cup. In 2014, with Zanardi Strakka Racing, he finished fourth in the CIK-FIA World Championship, third in the WSK Champions Cup, and won the WSK Super Masters Series, as well as the CIK-FIA European Championship.

### Toyota Racing Series

Callum Ilott made his single-seater debut in the Toyota Racing Series with ETEC Motorsport, using a helmet with the Red Bull livery, but unofficially announced as a member of the Red Bull driver development programme. He took a fourth in the seventh race, and in Taupo was the quickest in the practice sessions. In Manfeild he finished near the podium. He finished 16th in the championship, being fast in qualifying and practices but struggled for race pace.

### FIA Formula 3 European Championship

#### 2015

Ilott stepped up to Formula Three in 2015, racing in the FIA European Formula 3 Championship with Carlin aged 16. Despite being a rookie, his pace placed him as one of the title contenders before the start of the season. He tested F3 machinery and Formula Renault 2.0 to accumulate experience before his Formula 3 debut. In the preseason testing, Ilott made his first impressions, finishing sixth in his first collective test and second in wet conditions on his second day. Ilott achieved one podium at the Nürburgring, finished seventh in the Rookie Championship and twelfth in the overall standings.

#### 2016

For the 2016 season, Ilott switched to Van Amersfoort Racing alongside rookies Pedro Piquet, Harrison Newey and Anthoine Hubert. In the second race of the first round at Circuit Paul Ricard, Ilott took his first victory in the sport and a second victory at the Red Bull Ring resulting in an overall sixth-place finish.

#### 2017

On 22 November 2016, Ilott was confirmed to be racing with Prema Powerteam for the 2017 season. He improved to fourth in the driver standings, losing to his teammate Maximilian Günther by 39 points. Ilott won six races and finished another six races on the podium, helping Prema Powerteam secure the Teams' championship title for the fifth consecutive season.

### GP2 Series

In December 2016, Ilott tested with ART Grand Prix in the post-season test at Yas Marina.

### GP3 Series

After GP3 Series tests at Abu Dhabi it was announced that Ilott was scheduled to race with ART Grand Prix in the 2018 GP3 Series. He finished in 3rd place, only behind teammates Nikita Mazepin and the late Anthoine Hubert. He scored seven podiums, two of them being victories.

### FIA Formula 2 Championship

#### 2017

In July 2017, Ilott made his debut at the sixth round at Silverstone with Trident. He finished both races outside the top-ten positions.

#### 2019

In 2018, after racing a season of GP3, Ilott took part in the Formula 2 post-season test with Trident and Charouz Racing System.

He then raced a full season in F2, finishing 11th in the overall standings, securing two podiums in the sprint races in Catalunya and Sochi respectively and his maiden pole in Monza.

#### 2020

For the 2020 season, Ilott left Sauber Junior Team by Charouz and joined 2019 teams' championship runner-up UNI-Virtuosi Racing alongside Zhou Guanyu. He remained a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy. Ilott took his first Formula 2 victory at the delayed season's opening race at the Red Bull Ring after pole sitter Zhou suffered electrical problems. Ahead of the season finale, Ilott announced that he would not race in F2 or F1 in 2021. Ilott ended the season with 3 wins, 5 poles and 6 podiums, finishing runner-up to fellow FDA driver Mick Schumacher. Ilott reunited with his former team Charouz Racing System for the first day of the Formula 2 2020 post-season test in Bahrain.

## Formula One

Ilott was inducted into the Red Bull Junior Team in 2015 prior to his FIA Formula 3 European Championship debut, however he was dropped from the programme at the end of the year following a winless campaign. After finishing fourth in the championship in 2017, he became a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy.

Ilott had his first experience in a Formula One car during the 2019 in-season test at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, driving the Alfa Romeo Racing C38. He completed 41 laps before his running was cut short after he crashed in Turn 3. Ilott was due to make his Formula One weekend debut during the Friday practice session of the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix, driving for the Ferrari -powered Haas F1 Team, but the session was canceled because of poor weather.

After appearing at the post-season test for Alfa Romeo in December 2020, it was announced that Ilott will be taking the role of Scuderia Ferrari test driver for the 2021 season. In April 2021 he was appointed Alfa Romeo's second reserve driver, sharing duties with fellow reserve Robert Kubica. Ilott appeared in FP1 for the team at the Portuguese Grand Prix and the Austrian Grand Prix, running No. 98.

Ilott was recalled by Alfa Romeo to serve as their reserve driver for the 2022 Miami Grand Prix.

## IndyCar Series

### Juncos Hollinger Racing (2021–2023)

#### 2021

Ilott signed with Indianapolis-based outfit Juncos Hollinger Racing for the last three races of the 2021 IndyCar Series. He made his debut at the Grand Prix of Portland, where he finished 25th, only completing 77 of the 110 laps due to a mechanical failure mid-race. In the Firestone Grand Prix of Monterey, he crashed his No. 77 car during the warmup session, though he was unharmed by the accident. He went on to finish 22nd, one lap behind the lead pack. In the Acura Grand Prix of Long Beach, Ilott qualified 18th. However, after completing 47 of the 85 laps, he was forced to retire with a mechanical issue, finishing 26th.

#### 2022

On 24 September 2021, Ilott announced that he would remain with Juncos Hollinger Racing and race full-time for the team in the 2022 IndyCar Series.

Following a crash in the 106th Running of the Indianapolis 500, Ilott broke his right hand and was not given medical clearance to race in the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix, which took place the following weekend. He made his return in the Sonsio Grand Prix at Road America, where he finished 11th. He finished the 2022 season at Laguna Seca qualifying on the front row, with his best qualifying result at 2nd, but ultimately retiring from the race with engine issues.

On 28 July 2022, it was announced that Ilott has signed a two-year extension with Juncos Hollinger Racing, keeping him with the team through the 2024 season.

#### 2023

Ilott started the 2023 IndyCar season at the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg where he finished fifth, his best finish in the series. He went on to have a season full of ups and downs, with additional drama off track surrounding his team and teammate. Preparation for the 107th Running of the Indianapolis 500 left Ilott frustrated, commenting "I couldn't even go in a straight line. It was like a ping-pong ball across a corridor. Just bouncing, bouncing, so I'm like, 'That's not good…'" during the first Indy 500 Open Test day in April. Ilott continued to finish towards the bottom in all the practice days in May, before Juncos Hollinger Racing decided to switch the chassis. Ilott, despite only having done 11 laps with the new chassis, qualified 28th, led a few laps, and eventually finished 12th.

He proceeded to have some great overtakes during the season, even when he had to fight his car on track besides fighting other drivers.He replicated his best finish of 5th at the season finale in Laguna Seca.

On October 26, Ilott and Juncos Hollinger Racing announced that they had mutually agreed to part ways after more than two seasons together.

### Arrow McLaren (2024)

#### 2024

Ilott returned to IndyCar with Arrow McLaren for 2024, deputising for an injured David Malukas during the opening race in St. Petersburg. Ilott also drove in the 2024 Indianapolis 500 after Malukas was released from the Arrow McLaren team in late-April, finishing in 11th.Ilott also helped Arrow Mclaren test the hybrid system.

## Sports car career

### 2021

#### GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup

In February 2021, Ilott signed with Italian outfit Iron Lynx to compete in the 2021 GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup, driving the No. 71 Ferrari 488 GT3 alongside fellow Ferrari Driver Academy member Antonio Fuoco and Italian driver Davide Rigon.

#### 24 Hours of Le Mans

Ilott made his 24 Hours of Le Mans debut in the 2021 edition with Iron Lynx, driving the No. 80 Ferrari 488 GTE alongside Italian drivers Matteo Cressoni and Rino Mastronardi. Ilott replaced Andrea Piccini for the race, as Piccini chose to step away from driving and focus on his duties as Iron Lynx team principal. He achieved a podium in his first outing, finishing third in the GTE Am class and 27th overall.

#### Intercontinental GT Challenge

Ilott contested the first round of the 2021 Intercontinental GT Challenge, the 24 Hours of Spa, with Iron Lynx Motorsport Lab in the No. 71 Ferrari 488 GT3. Their race ended prematurely, as the No. 71 was involved in a four-car accident during lap 10. In a bid to win the Manufacturer's championship for the first time, Ferrari announced in October 2021 that they would contest the remaining two rounds of the three-round championship. Ilott, alongside Antonio Fuoco and Alessio Rovera (later replaced by Davide Rigon), were announced as drivers in the No. 71 Ferrari entry for the 2021 Indianapolis 8 Hours, this time racing with AF Corse.

### 2024

After failing to secure a full-time IndyCar seat for 2024 having been dropped by Juncos Hollinger Racing last minute, Ilott moved to the FIA World Endurance Championship for his campaign, piloting the 12 car for Jota Sport sponsored by Tom Brady, alongside Norman Nato and Will Stevens. The team would score their maiden top-class podium during the first race in Qatar, after battling for podium positions throughout the race and the Peugeot breaking down before the finish, helping the team secure a P2 in the race to start the season on a high. Two rounds later Ilott, together with his teammate Will Stevens, got his first win at Spa-Francorchamps after a mid-race red flag. This also marked the first win in hypercar for Jota. After the win, an unlucky streak struck Ilott. He showed great speeds in the qualifying sessions, always starting off the weekend on a high but continuing with the lowest lows, like crashing out in the last minute of the second practice of Le Mans, leading to the complete change of chassis in mere days, which not only made the team miss Hyperpole but also start on the backfoot. The team however went on to finish 8th, which was their original starting position, strongly contesting the whole race without any big troubles. He then crashed out of the race at the 6 hours of Sao Paolo after coming out of the pits, sending the car back into the garage, leading them to finish last in class. The unfortunate events followed him to the Circuit of the Americas, where the car suffered an electrical issue 2 hours into the race, which they couldn't fix in time. As of now, with 2 rounds left of the championship, Jota is leading the Privateer teams championship and is hoping to finish on a high. As Jota is changing from the Porsche 963 to Cadillac, it is rumoured that Ilott will not be retained by the team. His future plans are still TBA

## Karting record

## Racing record

### Racing career summary

* Season still in progress. As Ilott was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

### Complete Toyota Racing Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Driver did not finish the race but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

### Complete GP3 Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)

Half points were awarded as less than 75% of the scheduled race distance was completed.

### Complete Formula One participations

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### Complete GT World Challenge Europe Endurance results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

### American open-wheel racing results

#### IndyCar Series

(key)

### Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Season still in progress.


2024 Copa Perú

# 2024 Copa Perú

## Abstract

The 2024 Peru Cup season (Spanish: Copa Perú 2024), the largest amateur tournament of Peruvian football. The District Stage (Spanish: Ligas Distritales) started in February - March, and the National Stage (Spanish: Etapa Nacional) started in November. The winner and runner-up will be promoted to the Liga 2 and the 24 Departmental champions will be promoted to Liga 3.

## Departmental stage

Departmental Stage: 2024 Ligas Departamentales del Perú

The following list shows the teams that qualified for the National Stage.

## National Stage

In 2024 the National Stage has grown to 50 teams, and the new National Stage, designed by matchVision, is played under Regional using the POT System, with all the Regions of Peru represented. The National Stage starts in the second week of October.

This phase features the 50 teams that qualified from the Departmental Stage. Each team plays 3 games at home and 3 games away, for a total of 6 games against 3 different geographical rivals. The departmental stage winners only play against departmental runners-up, and vice versa. All the teams are positioned in one general table. After 6 matches, the team in places 1 to 32 are qualified directly to the Round of 32. The teams in places 33 to 50 are eliminated.

The winner and runner-up of the National Stage will be promoted to the Liga 2.

### League table

## Final Rounds

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final


1970 St. Louis Cardinals season

# 1970 St. Louis Cardinals season

## Abstract

The 1970 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 89th season in St. Louis, Missouri, and the 79th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 76–86 during the season and finished fourth in the National League East, 13 games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates. The season was also the first of 26 seasons for AstroTurf at Busch Memorial Stadium.

## Offseason

- October 7, 1969: Curt Flood, Byron Browne, Joe Hoerner, and Tim McCarver were traded by the Cardinals to the Philadelphia Phillies for Jerry Johnson, Dick Allen, and Cookie Rojas. Curt Flood refused to report to his new team. The Cardinals sent Willie Montañez to the Phillies on April 8, 1970, and Bob Browning (minors) to the Phillies on August 30, 1970, as compensation.

- January 17, 1970: Mike Tyson was drafted by the Cardinals in the 3rd round of the 1970 Major League Baseball Draft.

- March 31, 1970: Ramón Hernández was released by the Cardinals.

### Curt Flood

Curt Flood, because of a salary dispute with Gussie Busch, was traded after the 1969 season but refused to go to the Philadelphia Phillies and on January 16, 1970, filed a civil lawsuit to challenge baseball's reserve clause. The case eventually reached the Supreme Court and, though he lost, paved the way for free agency to change the game.

## Regular season

Bob Gibson won a Gold Glove and the Cy Young Award this year, with a 3.12 ERA, 23 wins, and 274 strikeouts. The Cardinals won only 76 games, their lowest total since the days of the 154-game schedule. Vic Davalillo had 24 pinch hits, breaking the National League record, and tying the Major League record set by Dave Philley in 1961.

Steve Carlton posted one game where he struck out 16 batters.

Third baseman Mike Shannon was limited to 52 games and soon would retire because of a kidney disease that threatened his life.

### Season standings

### Record vs. opponents

### Opening Day starters

- Dick Allen

- Lou Brock

- José Cardenal

- George Culver

- Joe Hague

- Julián Javier

- Leron Lee

- Dal Maxvill

- Joe Torre

### Notable transactions

- May 19, 1970: Don Shaw was purchased by the Cardinals from the Montreal Expos.

- May 29, 1970: Phil Gagliano was traded by the Cardinals to the Chicago Cubs for Ted Abernathy.

- June 4, 1970: Bake McBride was drafted by the Cardinals in the 37th round of the 1970 Major League Baseball Draft.

- June 22, 1970: Chuck Hartenstein was selected off waivers by the Cardinals from the Pittsburgh Pirates.

- July 14, 1970: Chuck Hartenstein was sent by the Cardinals to the Boston Red Sox as part of a conditional deal.

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

#### Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

## Awards and honors

1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

- Dick Allen

- Bob Gibson

- Joe Torre

### Team award winners

- Joe Torre and Bob Gibson, co-winners, St. Louis Baseball Man of the Year

- Jerry Reuss, St. Louis Cardinals Rookie of the Year

## Farm system

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Lewis-Clark


My Life Without Me

# My Life Without Me

## Abstract

My Life Without Me is a 2003 Canadian drama film directed by Isabel Coixet and starring Sarah Polley, Mark Ruffalo, Scott Speedman, and Leonor Watling. Based on the 1997 short story collection Pretending the Bed Is a Raft by Nanci Kincaid, it tells a story of a 23-year-old woman, with a husband and two daughters, who finds out she is going to die soon. The film is an El Deseo and My Life Productions co-production.

## Plot

Ann is a hard-working 23-year-old mother with two young daughters, an unemployed husband, a mother who sees her life as a failure, and a jailed father whom she has not seen for ten years. Her life changes dramatically when, during a medical checkup following a collapse, she is diagnosed with metastatic ovarian cancer and told that she has only two months to live.

Deciding not to tell anyone of her condition and using the cover of anemia, Ann makes a list of things to do before she dies. She decides to change her hair, record birthday messages for the girls for every year until they're 18, and tries to set up her husband with another woman.

Feeling a longing to experience a life that was never available to her, she seeks out a man to experience how it feels to be in a sexual relationship with someone other than her husband. Her experiment ends up taking an emotional toll when she meets with a man named Lee, who ends up madly in love with her and is left heartbroken when Ann breaks it off with him. He meets with her one last time and says that he will do anything to make her happy, taking care of her daughters and even finding her husband a new job. She ends their relationship and never tells him that she is dying.

At the end of the film, Ann records a message to her husband, telling him that she loves him, and another one to Lee, telling him the same. She then leaves all tapes that she has recorded with her doctor, asking him to deliver them after her death.

## Cast

- Sarah Polley as Ann

- Scott Speedman as Don, Ann's Husband

- Mark Ruffalo as Lee

- Deborah Harry as Ann's Mother

- Jessica Amlee as Penny, Ann's Daughter

- Kenya Jo Kennedy as Patsy, Ann's Daughter

- Amanda Plummer as Laurie, Ann's Friend

- Leonor Watling as Ann, The Neighbor

- Maria de Medeiros as The Hairdresser

- Julian Richings as Dr. Thompson

- Alfred Molina as Ann's Father

## Reception

### Box office

The film was released on September 26, 2003 and ran for 12 weeks. It grossed $400,948 in the USA and $9,326,006 from markets in other countries, for a worldwide total of $9,726,954.

### Critical response

My Life Without Me received generally positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 65% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.32/10, based on 100 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Sarah Polley keeps this production afloat with her moving performance". Metacritic, another review aggregator, gives the film an average score of 57/100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Plot of this film is very similar to No Sad Songs for Me (1951, dir. Rudolph Maté), based on the novel by Ruth Southard (New York, 1944).

### Accolades

The film won many international and festival awards, including the Genie Award for Best Actress (Polley), the Goya Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Coixet), and Best Song ("Humans Like You" by Chop Suey).


Maddock Supernatural Universe

# Maddock Supernatural Universe

## Abstract

The Maddock Supernatural Universe (MSU) is an Indian shared universe consisting of Hindi -language supernatural comedy horror films. All the films in this universe are based on Indian folklore. The first instalment was Stree, followed by Roohi. These films were standalone, and the universe-building began with Bhediya, in which characters from Stree appeared. The next was Munjya, where characters from Bhediya appeared. Stree 2 also featured characters from Bhediya, making Bhediya the shared connection between all three films. So far, Roohi remains a standalone entity in this universe.

## Films

### Stree

The first installment of the franchise is directed by Amar Kaushik and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Raj & DK. It stars Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor, alongside Pankaj Tripathi, Aparshakti Khurana and Abhishek Banerjee. The plot is based on the urban legend Nale Ba, which means "come tomorrow" in Kannada, modified as "o stree kal aana" (oh woman come tomorrow) in the film. Stree was theatrically released worldwide on 31 August 2018 and received positive reviews. The film grossed over ₹180 crore at the box office against a budget of ₹23–25 crore, becoming a box office success. The film received ten nominations at the 64th Filmfare Awards and won Best Debut Director for Kaushik.

### Roohi

The second installment was directed by Hardik Mehta and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Mrighdeep Singh Lamba. The film stars Rajkummar Rao, Janhvi Kapoor, and Varun Sharma. It is based on a North Indian folklore about a witch named Mudiyapairi, who targets grooms and abducts their brides while they sleep. Roohi was theatrically released on 11 March 2021. The film received negative reviews and was affected by post- COVID-19 business conditions, earning over ₹30 crore at the box office against a production budget of ₹35 crore.

### Bhediya

The third installment was directed by Amar Kaushik and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Mrighdeep Singh Lamba. The film stars Varun Dhawan alongside Kriti Sanon, Abhishek Banerjee, Deepak Dobriyal and Paalin Kabak. The plot is inspired by an Arunachal Pradesh legend about a shape-shifting werewolf who kills to protect the jungle. Additionally, characters from Stree appeared in the film, including cameo appearances by Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao and Aparshakti Khurana. Abhishek Banerjee reprises his role as Jana (Janardan), Dhawan's cousin. Bhediya was theatrically released on 25 November 2022, garnering positive reviews. The film grossed about ₹90 crore against a production budget of approximately ₹60 crore at the box office. It received 13 nominations at the 68th Filmfare Awards, including Best Film (Critics), Best Actor (Critics) and Best Special Effects.

### Munjya

The fourth installment was directed by Aditya Sarpotdar and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Amar Kaushik. The film stars Sharvari, Abhay Verma, Sathyaraj and Mona Singh. The titular character was created using CGI. Additionally, characters from Bhediya made cameo appearances in the film, including Varun Dhawan and Abhishek Banerjee. The film is based on folklore from Konkan that depicts a mischievous spirit named Munjya from Marathi tradition, which haunts peepal trees or wells. This spirit arises when a man dies unmarried between his thread ceremony and marriage ritual and often causes disturbances to fulfil his unfulfilled desires. Munjya was theatrically released on 7 June 2024, garnering mixed reviews. The film grossed over ₹132 crore worldwide against a production budget of ₹30 crore and became one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2024.

### Stree 2

The fifth installment and direct sequel to Stree was directed by Amar Kaushik and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Jyoti Deshpande. The film stars Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor, Pankaj Tripathi, Abhishek Banerjee and Aparshakti Khurana. The story follows the events after Stree, where the small town of Chanderi is haunted by a beheaded creature, "Sarkata", who is abducting women. Varun Dhawan reprises his role from Bhediya, connecting this instalment with Bhediya and Munjya. Stree 2 was theatrically released on 15 August 2024. The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed over ₹787.8 crore at the box office against a production budget of ₹50–120 crore.

## Connected characters

This table lists the connected characters who appear in the Maddock Supernatural Universe.

## Upcoming films

### Thamba (Vampires of Vijay Nagar)

The sixth installment of the franchise is directed by Aditya Sarpotdar and produced by Dinesh Vijan. The film, starring Ayushmann Khurrana and Rashmika Mandanna in the lead roles, has been announced with a scheduled release date of 14 February 2025. However, principal photography is yet to commence.

### Bhediya 2 (2025)

The seventh installment and sequel to Bhediya is in the pipeline, with Amar Kaushik returning as the director and Varun Dhawan reprising his role. While the project has been officially announced, the makers are still in the pre-production phase, and principal photography has not yet started. The film is expected to hit theatres in 2025.

Munjya 2 (mid-2026 Prediction)

The eighth installment and sequel to Munjya is in the same star cast but the release is expected to be in mid-2026. As per Press Trust of India, Munjya director Aditya Sarpotdar has claimed that fans will get to see an upgraded Munjya in a Sequel, because the film would have a bigger budget.

Thamba 2 ''Vampires of Vijay Nagar'' (2026 Prediction)

The predictable ninth installment and sequel to '' Thamba (Vampires of Vijay Nagar) '' and is part of Maddock films' expanding horror-comedy universe.

Bhediya vs Munjya (Prediction TBA)

The predicting tenth installment of Maddock films' expanding horror-comedy universe focusing on versus to create separate fan-base between the characters where it may becomes quarter-installment after Thamba 2 of horror-comedy universe.

N/N: The Clash of Showdown (Prediction TBA)

The predicting eleventh installment of Maddock films' expanding horror-comedy universe to the next level. This movie may focus the clash of showdown (civil war) between all the characters till of this universe till now excluding Stree. Besides wondering about 3rd parts of other movies excluding Stree i.e Bhediya, Munjya and Thamba (not sure yet) it may focus on this concept. Now, at last this movie may consider as a semi-installment of it after Bhediya vs Munjya. This movie will follow the concept of bringing all the concept of bringing all the characters together before the final fight which it may proves at the post-credit or end (not sure yet-just a predicting theory).

Stree 3: The Conclusion (2027 or begin of 2028 Prediction)

The final-installment of Maddock films' expanding horror-comedy universe towards the final fight between the guy seen in Stree 2 post credit scene and all the having natural power characters (including bhediya, Vampires or may Munjya and Stree).

Other more predictable expanding movies:

- Bhediya vs Vampire(s): The first Showdown begins (Prediction TBA)

- Bhediya 3: The mid of an end (Prediction TBA)

- Munjya 3 (Predictable TBA)

- Thamba 3 ''Vampires of Vijay Nagar'' (Prediction TBA)

Note: "These are anticipated projects within the Maddock Films' expanding horror-comedy cinematic universe".

## In development

At the trailer launch event for Stree 2, producer Dinesh Vijan announced that Stree 3 is in early development and slated for release in 2026.


Eberhard Gwinner

# Eberhard Gwinner

## Abstract

Eberhard Gwinner (26 December 1938 – 7 September 2004) was a German ornithologist and founding director of the Max-Planck Institute for ornithology. He specialized in the study of annual rhythms, their endocrine control, and biological clocks in birds.

Gwinner was born in Stuttgart and educated at Ludwigsburg and Tübingen. He became interested in birds at a young age and published his first note at the age of 17. He received a doctorate from the University of Tübingen in 1964 with research on ravens under the guidance of Gustav Kramer and Konrad Lorenz. His post-doctoral studies with Jürgen Aschoff made him interested in the timing of migration and breeding. He worked in Zaire from 1965 to 1966. He began to research endocrinology with Donald Farner in Washington and examined circadian rhythms at Stanford with Colin Pittendrigh. In 1979 he became head of the Radolfzell observatory and in 1998 he founded the Max Planck Research Centre for Ornithology and served as its director until his death.

He conducted long-term experiments on captive stonechats (Saxicola torquata) and garden warblers (Sylvia borin), some kept for nearly twelve years, under controlled environmental conditions and demonstrated that there were endogenous annual rhythms in the body that continued to show even when the birds were maintained under constant and artificial day-night durations. He examined proximate control mechanisms such as melatonin secretion by the pineal gland and the response to photoperiod. He examined if photoperiod directly controlled rhythms or whether they merely synchronized the internal rhythms, acting as a "zeitgeber" (time-giver).