Congo Arab war

# Congo Arab war

## Abstract

The Congo Arab war or Arab war was a colonial war fought between the Congo Free State and Arab-Swahili warlords associated with the Arab slave trade in the eastern regions of the Congo basin between 1892 and 1894.

The war was caused by the Free State and the Arabs contending for the control of regional resources. The war ended in January 1894 with a victory of Leopold's Force Publique. Initially, the Free State collaborated with the Arabs. Still, competition struck over the control of ivory and the topic of the humanitarian pledges given by Leopold II, King-Sovereign of the Congo Free State, to the Berlin Conference to end slavery. Leopold II's stance turned confrontational against his once-allies. The war against the Swahili-Arab economic and political power was presented as a Christian anti-slavery crusade.

## Prelude

In 1886, while Tippu Tip was in Zanzibar, a dispute arose between Tippu Tip's fort at Stanley Falls (modern-day Boyoma Falls) and a smaller, nearby Congo Free State fort led by Walter Deane and Lieutenant Dubois. Tip's men at the Stanley Falls fort alleged that Deane had stolen an enslaved woman from an Arab officer, but Deane asserted that the girl had fled after being badly beaten by her master, and that he had only offered her refuge.

Tippu Tip's men attacked the fort which was defended by the two officers, eighty Nigerian Hausas and sixty local militiamen — and after a four-day siege, the defenders ran out of ammunition and fled, abandoning the fort. The Free State did not counterattack, and Tippu Tip began to move more men into the Congo, including several Arab slaver captains and some Congolese leaders, e.g. Ngongo Lutete.

Initially, Congo Free State's authority was relatively weak in Congo's eastern regions. In early 1887, Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that Tippu Tip (nom de guerre — his real name was Hamad bin Muhammad bin Juma bin Rajab el Murjebi) be made governor (wali) of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State. Both Leopold II and Barghash bin Said agreed. On February 24, 1887, Tippu Tip accepted. Tippu Tip agreed to submit to Congo Free State's authority and to allow a Congo Free State Resident by his side to help him govern this territory in a system of indirect rule which was patterned after those employed by other European colonial powers in Africa and Asia. The territory borders were the Aruwimi and the Lualaba rivers.

Additionally, Tippu Tip was to redirect his ivory trade through the Congo Free State, to the Atlantic Ocean ports and he was to assist King Leopold II ‘s forces in their expeditions to the Upper Nile, to help further expand his territories. Soon after this deal, it became apparent that Tippu Tip was not inclined to accept Congo Free State authority and considered himself more of a vassal than a state official, allowed to do as he pleased, within certain boundaries. Furthermore, Tippu Tip did not have absolute authority over the eastern Congo region, but was considered as a primus inter pares. Other major slave traders like Lake Tanganyika 's strongman Rumaliza considered his deal with the Congo Free State treasonous. Rumaliza abolished the Congo Free State flag and swore loyalty to the Zanzibar sultan 's red flag.

Leopold II was heavily criticized in European public opinion for his dealings with Tippu Tip. In Belgium, the Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, founded in 1888, mainly by Roman Catholic intellectuals led by Count Hippolyte d'Ursel, aimed to abolish the East African slave trade. Free State authorities stringently adhered to the provisions of the Brussels Conference Act of 1890 which prohibited the trade of breechloading firearms and ammunition in "tropical" parts of Africa. In May or June 1890, Tippu Tip left Maniema and returned to Zanzibar, leaving his son, Sefu bin Hamid, in charge of most of his territory from the governing seat of Kasongo, and his nephew, Rashid bin Mohammad, in charge of Stanley Falls.

## Course of the war

In March and April 1892, Tippu Tip's son Sefu bin Hamid began attacking Congo Free State personnel in eastern Congo, including ivory trader Arthur Hodister—sent by the Syndicat Commercial du Katanga to 'acquire' ivory—and Captain Guillaume Van Kerckhoven, who had been forcefully confiscating ivory from several powerful Arab traders. These expeditions united regional slave and ivory traders to fight their common enemy, the Congo Free State. The Times reported in 1892 that, during further explorations in the Congo, Hodister was captured and killed, his head stuck on a pole. Relations were further strained when Rashid refused to assist in the investigation of Hodister's death. Ngongo Lutete also led actions in the east at this time.

### Initial hostilities

The Force Publique, under Francis Dhanis, was sent to Katanga to resupply the Lofoi trading post, establishing new outposts on his path. During this mission, the Force Publique crossed paths with Ngongo Lutete's soldiers. Lutete had been captured by Tippu Tip as a boy; after winning his freedom, he became the leader of the Batetela and Bakusu. Lutete's forces were heading west to Kasaï, picking up weapons from Angola in an attempt to strengthen their position in the Lomani region.

After several skirmishes in April–May 1892 with the better equipped Free State forces of Dhanis and Michaux, Lutete decided to make a deal with the Congo Free State. On 19 September, he switched sides and joined the Force Publique – other native leaders like Pania Mutomba before him and Lupungu, chief of the Songe at Kabinda shortly thereafter, had also joined the Force Publique.

### Maniema campaign

By October 1892, Sefu was leading a force of 10,000 men, some 500 Zanzibari officers and the remaining were Congolese. The Force Publique army led by Francis Dhanis, consisted of a few dozen Belgian officers and several thousand African auxiliaries. Open warfare broke out in late November 1892, when Sefu set up a fort on the Lomami River, where the Force Publique attacked him and eventually was forced to retreat. Dhanis used this battle as a pretext for advancing against the Arabs in force. He allowed his army to travel with all of their wives, slaves, and servants, who did all of the army's cooking and cleaning and acted as a supply train. In addition, he did not allow his men to harm local non-combatants, earning him the goodwill of the local people.

### Rumaliza campaign

By this time, the Congo Free State gained military strength in the region and became less tolerant of "Arab" strongmen, determined to stamp them out. The Congo Free State forces under Francis Dhanis launched a new campaign against the slave traders in 1892, and Rumaliza was one of the main targets.

By 1892, the Swahili slave and ivory trader Rumaliza dominated Tanganyika from his base at Ujiji on the old slave route that led from Stanley Falls up the Lualaba River to Nyangwe, east to Lake Tanganyika and then via Tabora to Bagamoyo opposite Zanzibar. The total number of Swahili fighters in this huge region numbered around 100,000, but each chief acted independently from the main body. Although experienced in warfare, they were poorly armed with simple rifles. The Belgians had just 600 troops divided between the Basoko and Lusambo camps, but were much better armed and had six cannons and a machine gun.

In the previous years (1886-1891), the Society of Missionaries of Africa founded Catholic missions at the north and south ends of Lake Tanganyika. Léopold Louis Joubert, a French soldier and armed auxiliary, was dispatched by Archbishop Charles Lavigerie 's Society of Missionaries of Africa to protect the missionaries. The missionaries abandoned three of the new stations due to Tippu Tip's and Rumaliza's attacks. By 1891, the slavers had control of the lake's entire western shore, apart from the region defended by Joubert around Mpala and St Louis de Mrumbi. The anti-slavery expedition under Captain Alphonse Jacques —financed by the Belgian Anti-Slavery Society —came to the relief of Joubert on 30 October 1891. When the Jacques expedition arrived, Joubert's garrison was down to about 200 men, poorly armed with "a most miscellaneous assortment of Chassepots, Remingtons and muzzle-loaders, without suitable cartridges." He also had hardly any medicine left. Captain Jacques asked Joubert to remain on the defensive while his expedition moved north.

On 3 January 1892, Captain Alphonse Jacques' anti-slavery expedition founded the Albertville fortress on Lake Tanganyika 's shores, and tried to end the slave trade in the region. Rumaliza's troops surrounded Albertville on 5 April and besieged the outpost for 9 months. Eventually, Rumaliza's forces had to retreat because of the arrival of the Long-Duvivier-Demol Anti-Slavery expedition, a relief column sent from Brussels at captain Alphonse Jacques's aide.

### The capture of Nyangwe and Kasongo

On 28 January 1893, Congo Free State forces reached the western bank of the Lualaba River opposite the city of Nyangwe, a major trading port for slaves and ivory in the region. The forces made no attempt to cross and instead established a camp on their side of the river, though over subsequent weeks they would occasionally fire musket rounds at the city. On 4 March, the Free State forces crossed the river using 100 dugout canoes piloted by Genia fisherman. Surprised by the crossing, the Arab defenders and their allies in the city fled, allowing it to fall largely without resistance. Free State forces established a fortified position in an elevated area in the city. On 13 March, residents in Nyangwe revolted. The Free State troops defeated the insurrection and, out of fear of further unrest, set most of the city ablaze. The majority of Free States forces left on 17 April. Free State Army Captain Sidney Langford Hinde wrote that by the time the troops departed, the city "had been reduced from a well-built town of about thirty thousand inhabitants to one large fortified house with a soldiers' camp around it."

With Nyangwe secured, the Free State forces focused on capturing Kasongo. Tippu Tip's capital in Maniema, the city was 35 miles south of Nyangwe and regularly hosted 20,000 residents, but the population had tripled due to an influx of refugees from Nyangwe as well as troops led by Said bin Abed and Muhammad bin Amici. Having never anticipated that Kasongo would be threatened, Sefu's lieutenants hurriedly worked to organise defences. Dhanis advanced up the river to Kasongo on 22 April 1893, while sending Lieutenant Doorme and his advanced guard to encircle the city. Caught between the Free State troops, the Arab defenders as well as civilians and slaves fled the city, letting it fall to their attackers in two hours. The Force Publique found a large supply store at Kasongo, including ivory, ammunition, food and luxuries such as sugar, candles, gold, and crystal tableware. Sefu and the other Arab leaders escaped. For the next six months, Dhanis remained inactive, setting up supply routes and befriending the local tribes, while Rumaliza's forces were swelled by Swahili fighters who escaped earlier defeats by Dhanis.

### Fight for the Stanley Falls

In 1893, Louis-Napoléon Chaltin was head of the Force Publique station at Basoko —the camp at Basoko had been established by the Congo Free State as a precaution, in the event of a quarrel with the Arab slave and ivory traders at Stanley Falls. Captain Chaltin and Richard Mohun —a commercial agent for the United States and the commander of the artillery battery attached to this expedition—were ordered in May 1893 to join Captain Dhanis' forces near Kasongo. Chaltin went up the Lomami River to Bena-Kamba with two river steamers, then striking overland to Riba Riba, near present-day Kindu. At this point, smallpox had broken out in his caravan, and Chaltin was forced to return to Basoko. Chaltin arrived at Stanley Falls on 18 May, where Captain Tobback and Lieutenant Van Lint had for five days been resisting the attacks of the forces of Rashid ben Mohammed, the nephew of Tippu Tip. On the landing of the troops from Basoko at Stanley Falls, the Arab attackers decamped, leaving the town. After defeating them again at Kirundu, the Arab traders were expelled from the region. Chaltin went on to secure the Dungu region in the northeast of the Congo Free State, and was commander of the Haut-Uélé district from 1893.

On 25 June 1893, Commandant Pierre Ponthier arrived at the Stanley Falls from Europe. He immediately collected all the troops he could, took Captain Hubert Lothaire and some men from Bangala with him and followed the Arab units, who had fled from the Stanley Falls up the river. After some severe fighting and many skirmishes, he cleared the river and its neighbourhood, as far as Nyangwe. During a fortnight's severe fighting, Commandant Ponthier's attacks on the forts of Rumaliza failed, and Ponthier was killed in action.

### Rumaliza's last stand

After the fall of Nyangwe and Kasongo, Rumaliza, the Arab leader of Ujiji, brought a large army from the Lake Tanganyika region to Kabambare to retake the Arabs' lost ground. His troops then advanced towards the Lualaba River and erected forts south of Kasongo to threaten the Free State's control over the city. Rumaliza's force clashed with Dhanis' column on 15 October 1893, causing the death of two European leaders and 50 of their soldiers. On 19 October 1893, Rumaliza attacked a position one day's march from Kasongo. Dhanis concentrated his forces and defeated Rumaliza.

The war's last major battle occurred on 20 October 1893, on the Luama River, west of Lake Tanganyika. It was a tactical stalemate, but Sefu was killed, and the remaining resistance soon disintegrated. By 24 December 1893, Dhanis obtained reinforcements and was ready to advance again. Rumaliza had also received assistance. Dhanis sent one column under Gillain to prevent Rumaliza's retreat, and another under De Wouters to advance on Rumaliza's fort near Bena Kalunga. A group of fresh forces coming to Rumaliza's aid from German East Africa was headed off, and Dhanis's forces closed in on Rumaliza's bomas (Swahili for fort). On 9 January 1894, Belgian reinforcements arrived under Captain Hubert Lothaire, and the same day a shell blew up Rumaliza's ammunition store and burned down the fort containing it. Most of the occupants were killed while attempting to escape. Within three days, the remaining forts, cut off from water and other supplies, surrendered. More than two thousand prisoners were taken. A column under Lothaire pursued him to the north of Lake Tanganyika, destroying his fortified positions along the route, although Rumaliza himself managed to escape. At the lake, they joined with the anti-slavery expedition led by Captain Alphonse Jacques Rumaliza took refuge in the German colony of German East Africa. The war ended in a victory for the Free State by January 1894.

## Aftermath and impact

The war resulted in tens of thousands of deaths among both combatants and civilians, and significantly altered the political and economic geography of the Congo. The market around Nyangwe ceased to exist, while the city of Kasongo was all but destroyed. With the absence of these markets and the Arab traders themselves, much of Congo's exports were rerouted from their destinations in East Africa to the Stanley Pool and the Atlantic Ocean. The colonial authorities retained much of the Arab administrative structure in the eastern Congo until the 1920s. The participation of the Batetela and Bakusu tribes in the war marked the transcendence of their societies' traditional values by desires for wealth and power through expansionism, assimilation, and cultural exchange. Their involvement in the slave trade made Belgian authorities wary of them, and in turn, they were neglected during colonial rule.

The war has generally received little academic attention. According to historian Bruce Vandervort, the conflict was "one of the most obscure of the wars of imperial conquest in Africa."


# 1990 Massachusetts gubernatorial election

## Abstract

The 1990 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1990. Incumbent Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis, his party's nominee for president in 1988, opted to not seek a fourth term. Republican Bill Weld won the open seat, beating Democrat John Silber to become the first Republican Governor of Massachusetts elected since 1970. This election was the first open-seat gubernatorial election in Massachusetts since 1960.

## Democratic primary

### Governor

#### Candidates

- Francis Bellotti, former Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General of Massachusetts

- John Silber, president of Boston University

##### Eliminated at convention

- John H. Flood, State Representative from Canton

##### Withdrew

- Evelyn Murphy, incumbent Lieutenant Governor

##### Declined

- Raymond Flynn, Mayor of Boston

- Michael Dukakis, incumbent Governor since 1983

#### Campaign

After Flynn's decision not to run, Murphy was the early frontrunner due to her strong name recognition and a solid base of liberal support. In July 1989, she led Bellotti 42% to 18% in a Boston Globe poll. That November, Bellotti had come within 2% of Murphy in another Boston Globe poll.

In January, Silber entered the race and Bellotti ran his first wave of television ads. By this point, Bellotti had taken the lead in the race, polling 38% to Murphy's 20% and Silber's 16%.

The Democratic Convention was held on June 2, 1990, at the Springfield Civic Center. On the first ballot, Bellotti received 42.9% of the vote, Murphy received 37%, Silber received 15.5%, and Flood received 4.5%. Silber's 15.5% gave him enough votes to remain on the ballot. On the second ballot, Bellotti won the convention with 51%, Murphy received 40%, and Flood received 8.5%. Flood was not able to stay on the ballot as he did not receive the necessary 15%.

Murphy's campaign appeared to be badly hurt by the public perception that she was close to the unpopular Dukakis and therefore tried to make a break with the Dukakis Administration. Dukakis twice postponed a trade mission to Europe because Murphy hinted at a news conference that she would execute her own economic plan while serving as acting governor. After the incident, Murphy's unfavorable rating rose to 49% in a Boston Globe / WBZ-TV poll, compared to 38% a month earlier.

A week before the primary, Evelyn Murphy dropped out of the race and threw her support to Bellotti.

#### Results

Despite having Murphy's support and as high as a 15-point lead in the polls at one point during the campaign, Bellotti was upset by Silber, a political outsider who had run a provocative campaign filled with controversial statements known as "Silber Shockers".

### Lieutenant governor

#### Candidates

- Marjorie Clapprood, State Representative from Sharon

- William B. Golden, State Senator from Weymouth

- Nicholas Paleologos, State Representative from Woburn

##### Declined

- Evelyn Murphy, incumbent Lieutenant Governor (to run for governor)

#### Results

Clapprood easily won the nomination, defeating her nearest opponent by over 22%.

## Republican primary

### Governor

#### Candidates

- Steven Pierce, State Representative from Westfield

- William Weld, former United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts

##### Eliminated at convention

- Paul W. Cronin, former U.S Representative from Andover

##### Withdrew

- Guy Carbone, former commissioner of the Metropolitan District Commission (to run for attorney general)

- Len Umina, resident of Marlborough (to run as an independent)

- Gary Innes, flower shop owner

##### Declined

- Paul Cellucci, State Senator from Hudson (to run for lieutenant governor)

- Edward J. King, former Governor

#### Campaign

At the Republican Convention, Pierce received 2,672 votes (52.6%), Weld received 1,845 (36.3%), and Cronin received 563 (11.1%). Cronin was not able to run in the primary because he did not receive the 15% necessary to make the ballot. Pierce received enough votes to have a "supermajority", which made Pierce the officially endorsed candidate of the Republican Party.

During the campaign, Weld attacked Pierce's anti-abortion stance while Pierce claimed that Weld had changed his position on abortion. Pierce also touted his ability to win a House seat in a Democratic district, while Weld had lost to the Democratic front-runner for governor Francis Bellotti in the 1978 attorney general's race.

#### Results

Despite losing the convention and trailing Pierce in the polls, Weld was able to come-from-behind and defeated Pierce in the Republican primary.

### Lieutenant governor

#### Candidates

- Paul Cellucci, State Senator from Hudson (running with Weld)

- Peter G. Torkildsen, State Representative from Danvers (running with Pierce)

#### Results

State Senator Paul Cellucci, Weld's running mate, defeated State Representative Peter G. Torkildsen, Pierce's running mate, for the Republican nomination.

## General election

### Candidates

- John Silber, President of Boston University (Democratic)

- Leonard Umina, software executive (Independent High Tech)

- Bill Weld, former U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and U.S. Assistant Attorney General (Republican)

Leonard Umina, a 38-year old computer executive, ran under the Independent High Tech Party banner. The Independent High Tech Party, of which Umina was a founding member, campaigned on a platform of establishing an independent state agency that would store all government documents on a publicly-accessible mainframe to ensure government accountability and transparency. On economic issues, the High Tech Party refuted the economic policies of the Reagan years and advocated the funneling of money to the poor. Four other candidates ran under the Independent High Tech label for statewide offices in 1990.

At least two other candidates ran for governor. Dorothy L. Stevens was a single mother that ran as a write-in candidate after withdrawing from a campaign for the Democratic nomination. Her platform included a $10 minimum wage and an expansion of welfare benefits. Mark A. Emanation was the candidate of the Socialist Workers Party.

### Campaign

Silber's lead in the polls vanished after his outburst in an interview with WCVB-TV 's Natalie Jacobson. His blunt personality and controversial comments led many Democrats to vote for Weld.

### Results

Bill Weld defeated John Silber to become the state's first Republican Governor since Francis W. Sargent.

As of 2018, this is the most recent gubernatorial election in which Amherst, Cambridge, Leverett, Shutesbury and Wendell each voted for the Republican candidate.


Samsung TV Plus

# Samsung TV Plus

## Abstract

Samsung TV Plus is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service owned by Samsung Electronics that was first introduced in 2015. The platform was designed to provide free, live streaming content for users with Samsung devices.

As of 2022, the service was available in 24 countries and is viewable within a multitude of Samsung products due to its integration with the Tizen operating system. Samsung TV Plus was one of the five most-used apps on the company's smart TVs in September 2020.

## Programming

The service currently has over 350+ live channels, each grouped into various categories. Channels available in the United States have included:

### News

- CBS News 24/7 – Channel No. 1110

- LiveNOW from Fox – Channel No. 1116

- ABC News Live – Channel No. 1112

- NBC News NOW – Channel No. 1114

- Bloomberg TV + UHD – Channel No. 1155

- Yahoo! Finance – Channel No. 1165

- Newsmax – Channel No. 1170

- Real America's Voice – Channel No. 1175

- TYT Network – Channel No. 1185

- Fox Weather - Channel No. 1130

- Scripps News - Channel No. 1119

- Bloomberg Originals - Channel No. 1160

- BBC News - Channel No. 1140

- Sky News - Channel No.1145

- CBC News - Channel No.1150

- The First - Channel No.1180

### Entertainment

- ALL ACTION – Channel No. 1050

- ION – Channel No. 1051

- Stories by AMC – Channel No. 1052

- TV Land Drama – Channel No. 1055

- Heartland – Channel No. 1058

- Drama Life – Channel No. 1060

- Bounce XL – Channel No. 1061

- ION Plus – Channel No. 1062

- The Walking Dead – Channel No. 1065 – includes other The Walking Dead franchise content

- 21 Jump Street – Channel No. 1066

- Degrassi – Channel No. 1067

- Lucky Dog – Channel No. 1068

- The Bob Ross Channel – Channel No. 1069

- Clarity 4K – Channel No. 1070

- Danger TV – Channel No. 1072

- Magellan TV Now – Channel No. 1073

- ElectricNOW – Channel No. 1074

- Nosey – Channel No. 1078

- REELZ Famous & Infamous – Channel No. 1080

- Circle Country – Channel No. 1425

- Shades of Black – Channel No. 1084

- Backstage – Channel No. 1085

- VICE – Channel No. 1086

- Revry – Channel No. 1089

- Shout! Factory – Channel No. 1090

- Dove Channel – Channel No. 1091

- Chicken Soup for the Soul – Channel No. 1092

- MHz Now – Channel No. 1096

- Brat TV – Channel No. 1101

- Mixible – Channel No. 1103

- Fox Soul – Channel No. 1104

- People TV – Channel No. 1105

- Rotten Tomatoes – Channel No. 1106

- Hollywire – Channel No. 1107

- Grit Xtra – Channel No. 1111

- Cowboy Way – Channel No. 1112

- Fireplace 4K – Channel No. 1221

- INFAST – Channel No. 1237

- TV Land Sitcoms – Channel No. 1326

- BET (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1059

### Movies

- The Movie Hub – Channel No. 1450

- Paramount Movie Channel – Channel No. 1452

- Hallmark Movies & More – Channel No. 1455

- Holiday Movie Favorites by Lifetime – Channel No. 1456

- MovieSphere – Channel No. 1457

- FilmRise Free Movies – Channel No. 1459

- Pluto TV Fantastic – Channel No. 1461

- FilmRise Action – Channel No. 1463

- Documentary+ – Channel No. 1466

- Maverick Black Cinema – Channel No. 1468

- Gravitas Movies – Channel No. 1474

- CINEVAULT: Classics – Channel No. 1478

- CINEVAULT: 80’s – Channel No. 1479

- CINEVAULT: Westerns – Channel No. 1482

- Pluto TV Westerns – Channel No. 1484

- FilmRise Western – Channel No. 1488

- The Preview Channel – Channel No. 1491

- Home.Made.Nation – Channel No. 1216

### Reality and Infotainment

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- All-Out Reality – Channel No. 1230

- Duck Dynasty – Channel No. 1232 – includes other Duck Commander content

- Deal Zone – Channel No. 1233

- Ice Road Truckers – Channel No. 1234

- Ax Men – Channel No. 1235

- Skills + Thrills – Channel No. 1236

- All Weddings WE TV – Channel No. 1238

- All Reality WE TV – Channel No. 1239

- Hell’s Kitchen – Channel No. 1240 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- Kitchen Nightmares – Channel No. 1241 – includes other Gordon Ramsay content

- The Hotel Inspector – Channel No. 1242

- Project Runway – Channel No. 1243

- Operation Repo – Channel No. 1244

- MTV (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1245

- Love & Hip Hop – Channel No. 1246

- The Challenge – Channel No. 1247

- Dallas Cowboys Cheer – Channel No. 1248

- Perform – Channel No. 1249

- Dance Moms – Channel No. 1250

- Matched Married Meet – Channel No. 1251

- IGN – Channel No. 1351

- Minecraft – Channel No. 1363

- Samsung Wild Life Channel No. 1400

- Military Heroes – Channel No. 1402

- Modern Marvels – Channel No. 1403

- Love Nature 4K – Channel No. 1404

- TED – Channel No. 1405

- PBS Digital Studios – Channel No. 1406

- Xplore – Channel No. 1407

- Rovr.Pets – Channel No. 1409

- InWonder – Channel No. 1410

- WeatherSpy – Channel No. 1412

- Stingray Naturescape – Channel No. 1415

- WWE Superstar Central By A&E - Channel No. 2904

### Food and Drink

- Plated – Channel No. 1200

- Tastemade – Channel No. 1201

- Bon Appetit – Channel No. 1202

- Gusto TV – Channel No. 1203

- America’s Test Kitchen – Channel No. 1204

- Hungry – Channel No. 1206

- Tastemade Travel – Channel No. 1207

- Journy – Channel No. 1208

- Home Refresh – Channel No. 1209

- Million Dollar Listing – Channel No. 1210

- Tiny House Nation – Channel No. 1211

- Antiques Roadshow – Channel No. 1212

- This Old House – Channel No. 1213

- This Old House Makers.- Channel No. 1214

- The Design Network – Channel No. 1215

- BBC Home – Channel No. 1217

- BBC Food – Channel No. 1218

- Tastemade Home – Channel No. 1219

- Loupe 4K – Channel No. 1220

- QVC – Channel No. 1223

- HSN – Channel No. 1224

- Localish – Channel No. 1226

### Sports

- MLB Channel - Channel No. 1001

- CBS Sports HQ – Channel No. 1152

- T2 – Channel No. 1154

- GOLFPASS – Channel No. 1155

- beIN SPORTS XTRA – Channel No. 1157

- fubo Sports Network – Channel No. 1158

- Stadium – Channel No. 1159

- Pac-12 Insider – Channel No. 1161

- ACC Digital Network – Channel No. 1162

- Origin Sports – Channel No. 1163

- TNA Wrestling – Channel No. 1164

- FTF – Channel No. 1167

- EDGEsport – Channel No. 1169

- SURF NOW TV – Channel No. 1173

- Outside – Channel No. 1178

- FUEL TV – Channel No. 1179

- Whistle TV – Channel No. 1180

- People Are Awesome – Channel No. 1181

- Outdoor America – Channel No. 1182

- Waypoint TV – Channel No. 1184

- Pursuit UP – Channel No. 1185

- World Poker Tour – Channel No. 1187

- Ride or Drive – Channel No. 1188

- Top Gear – Channel No. 1189

- MAVTV Select – Channel No. 1190

- PowerNation – Channel No. 1191

- MotorTrend Fast TV – Channel No. 1192

- NHRA TV – Channel No. 1193

- MOTORVISION.TV – Channel No. 1194

- Cars – Channel No. 1195

- Torque – Channel No. 1196

- Fox Sports - Channel No 2334

- Dome - Channel No. 1003

- NBC Sports - Channel No 2338

- DraftKings - Channel No.2358

- SportsGrid -Channel No. 2362

### Game shows

- BUZZR – Channel No. 1139

- Game Show Central – Channel No. 1141

- Deal or No Deal – Channel No. 1143

- Fear Factor – Channel No. 1144

- Wipeout Xtra – Channel No. 1145

- Wild 'n Out – Channel No. 1147

- Supermarket Sweep – Channel No. 1142

### Kids

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

- PBS Kids – Channel No. 1376

- Nickelodeon (Pluto TV) – Channel No. 1379

- Moonbug Kids – Channel No. 1383

- The LEGO Channel – Channel No. 1385

- pocket.watch – Channel No. 1389

- Toon Goggles – Channel No. 1391

- TG Junior – Channel No. 1392

- Kidoodle.TV – Channel No. 1395

- ZooMoo – Channel No. 1398

- Hot Wheels Action - Channel No. 3614

- Fireman Sam - Channel No. 3636

- My Little Pony - Channel No 3653

- Barbie and friends - Channel No. 3613

- Blippi - Channel No. 3630

## Availability

Samsung TV Plus has been pre-installed on all Samsung TVs since 2016. Since April 2021, the service has also been available on Samsung mobile devices (available from the Galaxy Store) and Smart monitors. Select Family Hub refrigerators can also be connected to Samsung TV Plus in the U.S. and Korea.

In January 2023, Samsung announced it was rolling out Samsung TV Plus onto non-Samsung TVs in the form of an installable app, specifically in an integration with TCL TVs.


Stine Oftedal Dahmke

# Stine Oftedal Dahmke

## Abstract

Stine Bredal Oftedal (born 25 September 1991) is a former Norwegian professional handball player for the Norwegian national team, where she was the team captain for nine years and who last played for Győri ETO KC. She is three times world champion and five times European champion with the Norwegian national team. Oftedal has several times announced her retiring from international handball after the Summer Olympics of 2024.

She was voted World Handball Player of the Year 2019 by the International Handball Federation.

## Early and personal life

Oftedal was born in Nittedal on 25 September 1991. She is the older sister of fellow handball player Hanna Oftedal Sagosen.

She studied at BI Norwegian Business School. Previously she competed for Nittedal IL in the javelin throw, throwing 32.08 m at the age 13.

She is in a relationship with fellow handballer, Rune Dahmke. They got engaged 23 June 2023, and married on 16 August 2024.

## Club career

Ofredal hails from Nittedal and started her career in Nit/Hak HK. She then continued to Fjellhammer IL before continuing to Helset IF. Helset is a feeder team for Stabæk Håndball, and so she played for Stabæk from the 2008–09 season while still being registered in Helset.

From 2013 to 2017 she played for the French club Issy-Paris Hand. During this period she was selected player of the year in the French top league three times, in 2014, 2016 and 2017. From 2017 she played for the Hungarian club Győri ETO KC, and won the Women's EHF Champions League with this club in 2018, 2019 and 2024.

## International career

Playing for the Norwegian national team, Oftedal has been the team captain since 2015. Her achievements with the Norwegian team include winning the IHF World Women's Handball Championship in 2011, 2015 and 2021, and winning the European Women's Handball Championship in 2010, 2014, 2016, 2020, and 2022. She won three Olympic medals, a gold medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics, and two bronze medals at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Achievements

### National team

- Olympic Games: Winner: 2024 Bronze Medalist: 2016, 2020

- Winner: 2024

- Bronze Medalist: 2016, 2020

- World Championship: Winner: 2011, 2015, 2021 Silver Medalist: 2017

- Winner: 2011, 2015, 2021

- Silver Medalist: 2017

- European Championship: Winner: 2010, 2014, 2016, 2020, 2022 Silver Medalist: 2012

- Winner: 2010, 2014, 2016, 2020, 2022

- Silver Medalist: 2012

- Junior World Championship: Winner: 2010

- Winner: 2010

- Junior European Championship: Winner: 2009

- Winner: 2009

### European

- EHF Champions League: Winner: 2018, 2019, 2024 Finalist: 2022 Bronze medalist: 2021, 2023

- Winner: 2018, 2019, 2024

- Finalist: 2022

- Bronze medalist: 2021, 2023

### Domestic

- Nemzeti Bajnokság I Winner: 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023

- Winner: 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023

- Hungarian Cup: Winner: 2018, 2019, 2021

- Winner: 2018, 2019, 2021

- Norwegian Cup: Finalist: 2011, 2012

- Finalist: 2011, 2012

## Individual awards

- IHF World Player of the Year: 2019

- All-Star centre back of the Summer Olympics: 2024

- All-Star Left Wing of the U18 European Open: 2008

- All-Star Centre Back of the Junior World Championship: 2010

- All-Star Centre Back of Postenligaen: 2010/2011

- French Championship MVP: 2014

- All-Star Centre Back of the World Championship: 2015, 2023

- French Championship Best Playmaker: 2014, 2016

- Most Valuable Player of the World Championship: 2017

- All-Star Centre Back of the European Championship: 2018, 2020, 2022

- All-Star Centre Back of the EHF Champions League: 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

- MVP EHF Champions League Final4: 2024

- Handball-Planet.com All-Star Centre Back of the Year: 2019

- Foreign Handballer of the Year in Hungary: 2019


Wolfram Grandezka

# Wolfram Grandezka

## Abstract

Wolfram Grandezka (born 17 December 1969 in Saalfeld) is a German actor.

He landed the role of Roman Klingenberg in the soap opera Unter uns, playing the role from 5 January 1998 to 26 April 2000. He came to another soap, Verbotene Liebe, four years later. He has played Ansgar von Lahnstein, a charming villain, since 22 January 2004.

From 1999 to 2005, Grandezka was married to model Nadja Auermann and has a son with her.

## Filmography

- Unter uns (1998–2000), as Roman Klingenberg

- Verbotene Liebe (2004–2015), as Ansgar von Lahnstein

- Wilsberg: Callgirls (2006)

- Rote Rosen (2018–present), as Gregor Pasch


Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)

# Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)

## Abstract

" Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing) " is a 1936 song, with music and lyrics by Louis Prima, who first recorded it with the New Orleans Gang. Brunswick Records released it on February 28, 1936 on the 78 rpm record format, with "It's Been So Long" as the B-side. The song is strongly identified with the big band and swing eras. Several have performed the piece as an instrumental, including Fletcher Henderson and, most famously, Benny Goodman.

## Benny Goodman recording

On July 6, 1937, "Sing, Sing, Sing" was recorded in Hollywood with Benny Goodman on clarinet; Gene Krupa on drums; Harry James, Ziggy Elman, and Chris Griffin on trumpets; Red Ballard and Murray McEachern on trombones; Hymie Schertzer and George Koenig on alto saxophones; Art Rollini and Vido Musso on tenor saxophone; Jess Stacy on piano; Allan Reuss on guitar; and Harry Goodman on bass. The song was arranged by Jimmy Mundy. Unlike most big band arrangements of that era, limited in length to three minutes so that they could be recorded on one side of a standard 10-inch 78-rpm record, the version which Goodman's band recorded was an extended work. The 1937 recording lasted 8 minutes and 43 seconds, and it took up both sides of a 12-inch 78. The recording of Goodman's 1938 Carnegie Hall live performance (with impromptu solos) took 12 minutes and 30 seconds. Mundy's arrangement incorporated " Christopher Columbus ", a piece written by Chu Berry for the Fletcher Henderson band, as well as Prima's work. Fletcher Henderson recorded a vocal version in August 1936. The 1937 Benny Goodman recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1982.

Ross Firestone says that the 1937 recording "bore only the slightest resemblance to the original score." Helen Ward said that the changes started spontaneously: "One night Gene just refused to stop drumming when he got to the end of the third chorus, where the tune was supposed to end, so Benny blithely picked up the clarinet and noodled along with him. Then someone else stood up and took it, and it went on from there." Firestone says the elements from "Christopher Columbus" were added this way. The title of the number as given on the Goodman recordings acknowledges the additional tune – "Sing, Sing, Sing (introducing Christopher Columbus)".

In their 1966 book Hear Me Talkin' To Ya: The Story Of Jazz As Told By The Men Who Made It, music critics Nat Shapiro and Nat Hentoff quote Goodman as saying, "'Sing, Sing, Sing' (which we started doing back at the Palomar on our second trip there in 1936) was still a big thing, and no one-nighter was complete without it." Goodman's 1938 Carnegie Hall jazz concert performance with Christopher Columbus interpolation was different from the commercial release and from subsequent performances with the Goodman band. The personnel of the Goodman band for the Carnegie Hall concert were the same as in the 1937 recording session, except that Vernon Brown replaced Murray McEachern on trombone, and Babe Russin replaced Vido Musso on tenor saxophone.

Stacy was quoted as saying he was glad he did not know Goodman was going to let him solo, because then he would have gotten nervous and "screwed it up." For the 1955 recording recreating the Carnegie Hall performance for the movie The Benny Goodman Story, Stacy declined to participate and there was no piano solo, because he was offered only a standard daily wage for one day's work.


Addison Rae

# Addison Rae

## Abstract

Addison Rae Easterling (born October 6, 2000) is an American influencer, singer, and actress. Rae rose to fame on TikTok and has amassed over 88 million followers, making her the fifth most-followed individual on the platform.

In 2021, Rae signed a publishing deal with Sandlot Records and released her debut single, " Obsessed ", which peaked at number ten on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. The song was later included on Rae's debut EP, AR. She also made her acting debut in the Netflix original film, He's All That (2021) and starred in the holiday film Thanksgiving (2023). In 2024, Rae signed with Columbia Records, and released her first major label single, " Diet Pepsi ".

## Early life

Addison Rae Easterling was born and raised in Lafayette, Louisiana, to parents Monty Lopez and Sheri Easterling. Rae has two younger brothers, Enzo Lopez and Lucas Lopez, and an older half-sister, Macye Neumeyer, who has two daughters of her own. Rae's parents initially divorced when she was younger and were on and off often throughout her childhood, before remarrying in 2017. Both parents also have their own presence on TikTok; Monty has 5 million followers and Sheri has 14 million followers.

Rae started dancing competitively at the age of six where she attended competitions across the country. Before moving to Los Angeles to pursue her TikTok career, the dancer briefly attended Louisiana State University (LSU) where she studied sports broadcasting in the fall but then dropped out when she began to gain popularity on TikTok. In an interview with Elle magazine, Rae talked about her choice to move to Los Angeles, saying: "a few people in LA reached out to me, and I was like 'I need to go. I need to go.' So my parents supported me fully."

## Career

Addison Rae amassed 88.7 million followers on TikTok; she first joined TikTok in July 2019, uploading dance videos to trending songs on the platform. In just a few months, Rae gained over one million followers on TikTok and decided to leave LSU in November. "I remember that's when it changed for me," Rae told Business Insider in April 2020. "I knew I wanted to take it more seriously and expand it to other platforms. I uploaded a video to YouTube and got really active on Instagram." She signed with talent agency WME in January 2020, along with her parents. In that same month, Addison released a weekly podcast exclusive to Spotify with her mother called "Mama Knows Best" in July 2020 entailing topics covering their personal and career life. In 2021, Rae relaunched this podcast with the new name, "That was Fun? With Addison and Sheri." Addison has launched her own cosmetics line, Item Beauty, with her as the role of Chief Innovation Officer. She co-founded Item Beauty with Madeby Collective, and she oversees most of the products in the brand. Rae also founded her own fragrance line called "Addison Rae Fragrance".

Rae starred in He's All That, a remake film of the 1999 teen comedy She's All That. Her role was inspired by Freddie Prinze Jr. 's character Zachary Siler from the original. The film was released on Netflix in August 2021 and though it was the most streamed film of its week, it received negative reviews from critics. Courtney Howard for Variety magazine wrote that "Rae has a natural ease and charm, at her best when she's either leaning into the bubbly, comedic, satirical overtones, or performing in a heavily choreographed dance-off; however, she's a little rough around the edges and not quite a confident presence when tasked to mine emotional poignancy, especially evident in the third act." On February 2, 2022, Rae announced on Instagram that she had signed to join the cast of a new movie called Fashionista, produced by Paramount, which any further details are unknown. In February 2023, it was announced that Rae would be cast in Eli Roth 's Thanksgiving. The movie was released with favourable reviews and critics praising Rae's growth in acting since her debut film. On May 12, 2023, Rae was also cast alongside Ryan Reynolds for a live-action hybrid movie titled Animal Friends. The movie is scheduled for a 2025 release however, more details are yet to be revealed.

## Personal life

In October 2020, Rae confirmed she was in a relationship with TikToker Bryce Hall through various social media posts; however, they broke up the following year. In January 2021, Rae donated her $1 million in prize money from winning an all-star Mario Tennis Aces tournament called the Stay At Home Slam to the charity No Kid Hungry. In June 2021, it was reported that Rae was in a relationship with Omer Fedi, a producer and musician based in Los Angeles.

## Public image

Forbes published a report in August 2020 revealing that Rae earned $5 million in the last year through June from her various endorsement deals and merchandise, making her the highest-earning TikTok star at the time. Rae's TikTok success led her to work with companies such as Reebok, L'Oréal, Hollister and American Eagle. In July 2020, she partnered with American Eagle on the brand's campaign of #AExME Back to School '20 ads as the brand did their first virtual photoshoot that encompasses shots in Addison's bedroom due to the pandemic.

In late 2020, she was mentioned by Lil Yachty on the song "E-ER" by DJ Scheme, when Yachty said "I want Addison Rae to become my doctor and check on my privates". Bryce Hall attempted to get this lyric removed from the song, but it remained on the official release.

Rae came under scrutiny in August 2022 when she made a controversial post featuring a bra and a bikini with the words "Father", "Son" and "Holy Spirit", which was considered offensive by some Christians. She has since removed the post.

Rae, along with celebrities including Ice Spice and Billie Eilish, have been credited with reviving the popularity of the navel piercing in the 2020s.

## Discography

### Other charted songs

## Filmography


Holiday Secrets

# Holiday Secrets

## Abstract

Holiday Secrets is a 2019 German television series starring Corinna Harfouch, Christiane Paul and Svenja Jung. The plot revolves around a gathering for the holidays by three generations of a family, where secrets are slowly making it come apart.

It was released on November 20, 2019 on Netflix.

## Cast

- Corinna Harfouch - Eva

- Christiane Paul - Sonja

- Svenja Jung - Vivi

- Leonie Benesch - Lara

- Hans-Uwe Bauer - Olaf

- Dennis Herrmann - Moritz

- Golo Euler - Anton

- Barbara Nüsse - Alma

- Lorna zu Solms - Vivi (young)

- Anita Vulesica - Ljubica

- Tilda Jenkins - Lara (young)

- Maik Solbach - Hans

- Thilo Prothmann - Walter

- Merlin Rose - Peter

- Lisa Hagmeister - Alma (young)

- Eva Bay - Juliana

- Laura von Beloseroff - Ljubica (young)

- Emilie Neumeister - Sonja (young)

- Matti Schmidt-Schaller - Walter (young)

- Ludwig Senger - Anton (young)

- Lucas Lentes - Walter (young)

- Esther Esche - Bettina

## Release

Holiday Secrets was released on November 20, 2019 on Netflix.


# Aleksandar Živković (footballer, born 1977)

## Abstract

Aleksandar Živković (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Живковић, pronounced; born 28 July 1977) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Club career

Živković made his senior debuts at his hometown club Radnički Niš, aged 16, which attracted the attention of Partizan. He spent just one year with the Crno-beli, before returning to Čair in 1995. Over the next three seasons, Živković played regularly for the side, making 75 league appearances and scoring six goals. He was subsequently transferred to Belgrade club Rad in 1998. After two seasons with the Građevinari, Živković moved abroad to Japan and joined Júbilo Iwata in mid-2000. He helped the team win the Emperor's Cup in 2003.

In the 2004 winter transfer window, Živković returned to his homeland and signed for Obilić. He also played with OFK Beograd and Voždovac, before going abroad for the second time and joining Shandong Luneng in early 2006. Over the next four seasons, Živković helped the team win two Chinese Super League and one Chinese FA Cup. He also played for Shenzhen Ruby and Guangzhou R&F, before retiring from the game at the age of 34.

## International career

In 2001, Živković made two appearances for FR Yugoslavia at the Kirin Cup. He also represented Serbia at the 2008 Summer Olympics as one of the three over-age players alongside Miljan Mrdaković and Vladimir Stojković.

## Statistics

## Honours

- Emperor's Cup: 2003

- Chinese Super League: 2006, 2008

- Chinese FA Cup: 2006


Early human migrations

# Early human migrations

## Abstract

Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by Homo erectus. This initial migration was followed by other archaic humans including H. heidelbergensis, which lived around 500,000 years ago and was the likely ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals as well as modern humans. Early hominids had likely crossed land bridges that have now sunk.

Within Africa, Homo sapiens dispersed around the time of its speciation, roughly 300,000 years ago. The recent African origin paradigm suggests that the anatomically modern humans outside of Africa descend from a population of Homo sapiens migrating from East Africa roughly 70–50,000 years ago and spreading along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania by about 50,000 years ago. Modern humans spread across Europe about 40,000 years ago.

Early Eurasian Homo sapiens fossils have been found in Palestine and Greece, dated to 194,000–177,000 and 210,000 years old respectively. These fossils seem to represent failed dispersal attempts by early Homo sapiens, who were likely replaced by local Neanderthal populations.

The migrating modern human populations are known to have interbred with earlier local populations, so that contemporary human populations are descended in small part (below 10% contribution) from regional varieties of archaic humans.

After the Last Glacial Maximum, North Eurasian populations migrated to the Americas about 20,000 years ago. Arctic Canada and Greenland were reached by the Paleo-Eskimo expansion around 4,000 years ago. Finally, Polynesia was populated within the past 2,000 years in the last wave of the Austronesian expansion.

## Early humans (before Homo sapiens)

The earliest humans developed out of australopithecine ancestors about 3 million years ago, most likely in the area of the Kenyan Rift Valley, where the oldest known stone tools have been found. Stone tools recently discovered at the Shangchen site in China and dated to 2.12 million years ago are claimed to be the earliest known evidence of hominins outside Africa, surpassing Dmanisi in Georgia by 300,000 years.

### Homo erectus

Between 2 and less than a million years ago, Homo spread throughout East Africa and to Southern Africa (Homo ergaster), but not yet to West Africa. Around 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus migrated out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia. This migration has been proposed as being related to the operation of the Saharan pump, around 1.9 million years ago. Homo erectus dispersed throughout most of the Old World, reaching as far as Southeast Asia. Its distribution is traced by the Oldowan lithic industry, by 1.3 million years ago extending as far north as the 40th parallel (Xiaochangliang).

Key sites for this early migration out of Africa are Riwat in Pakistan (~2 Ma?), Ubeidiya in the Levant (1.5 Ma) and Dmanisi in the Caucasus (1.81 ± 0.03 Ma, p =0.05).

China shows evidence of Homo erectus from 2.12 mya in Gongwangling, in Lantian county. Two Homo erectus incisors have been found near Yuanmou, southern China, and are dated to 1.7 mya, and a cranium from Lantian has been dated to 1.63 mya. Artefacts from Majuangou III and Shangshazui in the Nihewan basin, northern China, have been dated to 1.6–1.7 mya. The archaeological site of Xihoudu (西侯渡) in Shanxi province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus, which is dated 1.27 million years ago.

Southeast Asia (Java) was reached about 1.7 million years ago (Meganthropus). Western Europe was first populated around 1.2 million years ago (Atapuerca).

Robert G. Bednarik has suggested that Homo erectus may have built rafts and sailed oceans, a theory that has raised some controversy.

### After H. erectus

One million years after its dispersal, H. erectus was diverging into new species. H. erectus is a chronospecies and was never extinct, so its "late survival" is a matter of taxonomic convention. Late forms of H. erectus are thought to have survived until after about 0.5 million ago to 143,000 years ago at the latest, with derived forms classified as H. antecessor in Europe around 800,000 years ago and H. heidelbergensis in Africa around 600,000 years ago. H. heidelbergensis in its turn spread across East Africa (H. rhodesiensis) and to Eurasia, where it gave rise to Neanderthals and Denisovans.

H. heidelbergensis, Neanderthals and Denisovans expanded north beyond the 50th parallel (Eartham Pit, Boxgrove 500kya, Swanscombe Heritage Park 400kya, Denisova Cave 50 kya). It has been suggested that late Neanderthals may even have reached the boundary of the Arctic, by c. 32,000 years ago, when they were being displaced from their earlier habitats by H. sapiens, based on 2011 excavations at the site of Byzovaya in the Urals (Komi Republic, 65°01′N 57°25′E / 65.02°N 57.42°E).

Other archaic human species are assumed to have spread throughout Africa by this time, although the fossil record is sparse. Their presence is assumed based on traces of admixture with modern humans found in the genome of African populations. Homo naledi, discovered in South Africa in 2013 and tentatively dated to about 300,000 years ago, may represent fossil evidence of such an archaic human species.

Neanderthals spread across the Near East and Europe, while Denisovans appear to have spread across Central and East Asia and to Southeast Asia and Oceania. There is evidence that Denisovans interbred with Neanderthals in Central Asia where their habitats overlapped. Neanderthal evidence has also been found quite late at 33,000 years ago at the 65th latitude of the Byzovaya site in the Ural Mountains. This is far outside of any otherwise known habitat, during a high ice cover period, and perhaps reflects a refugia of near extinction.

## Homo sapiens

### Dispersal throughout Africa

Homo sapiens are believed to have emerged in Africa about 300,000 years ago, based in part on thermoluminescence dating of artifacts and remains from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, published in 2017. The Florisbad Skull from Florisbad, South Africa, dated to about 259,000 years ago, has also been classified as early Homo sapiens. Previously, the Omo remains, excavated between 1967 and 1974 in Omo National Park, Ethiopia, and dated to 200,000 years ago, were long held to be the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens.

In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to anatomically modern humans, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in East and South Africa.

In July 2019, anthropologists reported the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a H. sapiens and 170,000 year old remains of a H. neanderthalensis in Apidima Cave in southern Greece, more than 150,000 years older than previous H. sapiens finds in Europe.

Early modern humans expanded to Western Eurasia and Central, Western and Southern Africa from the time of their emergence. While early expansions to Eurasia appear not to have persisted, expansions to Southern and Central Africa resulted in the deepest temporal divergence in living human populations. Early modern human expansion in sub-Saharan Africa appears to have contributed to the end of late Acheulean (Fauresmith) industries at about 130,000 years ago, although very late coexistence of archaic and early modern humans, until as late as 12,000 years ago, has been argued for West Africa in particular.

The ancestors of the modern Khoi-San expanded to Southern Africa before 150,000 years ago, possibly as early as before 260,000 years ago, so that by the beginning of the MIS 5 " megadrought ", 130,000 years ago, there were two ancestral population clusters in Africa, bearers of mt-DNA haplogroup L0 in southern Africa, ancestral to the Khoi-San, and bearers of haplogroup L1-6 in central/eastern Africa, ancestral to everyone else. There was a significant back-migration of bearers of L0 towards eastern Africa between 120 and 75 kya.

Expansion to Central Africa by the ancestors of the Central African forager populations (African Pygmies) most likely took place before 130,000 years ago, and certainly before 60,000 years ago.

The situation in West Africa is difficult to interpret due to a sparsity of fossil evidence. Homo sapiens seems to have reached the western Sahelian zone by 130,000 years ago, while tropical West African sites associated with H. sapiens are known only from after 130,000 years ago. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, archaic Middle Stone Age sites appear to persist until very late, down to the Holocene boundary (12,000 years ago), pointing to the possibility of late survival of archaic humans, and late hybridization with H. sapiens in West Africa.

### Early northern Africa dispersal

Populations of Homo sapiens migrated to the Levant and to Europe between 130,000 and 115,000 years ago, and possibly in earlier waves as early as 185,000 years ago.

A fragment of a jawbone with eight teeth found at Misliya Cave has been dated to around 185,000 years ago. Layers dating from between 250,000 and 140,000 years ago in the same cave contained tools of the Levallois type which could put the date of the first migration even earlier if the tools can be associated with the modern human jawbone finds.

These early migrations do not appear to have led to lasting colonisation and receded by about 80,000 years ago. There is a possibility that this first wave of expansion may have reached China (or even North America) as early as 125,000 years ago, but would have died out without leaving a trace in the genome of contemporary humans.

There is some evidence that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years ago using two different routes: through the Nile Valley, the Sinai Peninsula and the Levant (Qafzeh Cave: 120,000–100,000 years ago); and a second route through the present-day Bab-el-Mandeb Strait on the Red Sea (at that time, with a much lower sea level and narrower extension), crossing to the Arabian Peninsula and settling in places like the present-day United Arab Emirates (125,000 years ago) and Oman (106,000 years ago), and possibly reaching the Indian Subcontinent (Jwalapuram: 75,000 years ago.) Although no human remains have yet been found in these three places, the apparent similarities between the stone tools found at Jebel Faya, those from Jwalapuram and some from Africa suggest that their creators were all modern humans. These findings might give some support to the claim that modern humans from Africa arrived at southern China about 100,000 years ago (Zhiren Cave, Zhirendong, Chongzuo City: 100,000 years ago; and the Liujiang hominid (Liujiang County): controversially dated at 139,000–111,000 years ago). Dating results of the Lunadong (Bubing Basin, Guangxi, southern China) teeth, which include a right upper second molar and a left lower second molar, indicate that the molars may be as old as 126,000 years.

Since these previous exits from Africa did not leave traces in the results of genetic analyses based on the Y chromosome and on MtDNA, it seems that those modern humans did not survive in large numbers and were assimilated by our major antecessors. An explanation for their extinction (or small genetic imprint) may be the Toba eruption (74,000 years ago), though some argue it scarcely affected human population.

### Coastal migration

The so-called " recent dispersal " of modern humans took place about 70–50,000 years ago. It is this migration wave that led to the lasting spread of modern humans throughout the world.

A small group from a population in East Africa, bearing mitochondrial haplogroup L3 and numbering possibly fewer than 1,000 individuals, crossed the Red Sea strait at Bab-el-Mandeb, to what is now Yemen, after around 75,000 years ago. A recent review has also shown support for the northern route through the Sinai Peninsula and the Levant. Their descendants spread along the coastal route around Arabia and Persia to South Asia before 55,000 years ago. Other research supports a migration out of Africa between about 65,000 and 50,000 years ago. The coastal migration between roughly 70,000 and 50,000 years ago is associated with mitochondrial haplogroups M and N, both derivative of L3.

Along the way H. sapiens interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, with Denisovan DNA making 0.2% of mainland Asian and Native American DNA.

#### Nearby Oceania

Migrations continued along the Asian coast to Southeast Asia and Oceania, colonising Australia by around 65,000–50,000 years ago. By reaching Australia, H. sapiens for the first time expanded its habitat beyond that of H. erectus. Denisovan ancestry is shared by Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and smaller scattered groups of people in Southeast Asia, such as the Mamanwa, a Negrito people in the Philippines, suggesting the interbreeding took place in Eastern Asia where the Denisovans lived. Denisovans may have crossed the Wallace Line, with Wallacea serving as their last refugium. Homo erectus had crossed the Lombok gap reaching as far as Flores, but never made it to Australia.

During this time sea level was much lower and most of Maritime Southeast Asia formed one land mass known as Sunda. Migration continued Southeast on the coastal route to the straits between Sunda and Sahul, the continental land mass of present-day Australia and New Guinea. The gaps on the Weber Line are up to 90 km wide, so the migration to Australia and New Guinea would have required seafaring skills. Migration also continued along the coast eventually turning northeast to China and finally reaching Japan before turning inland. This is evidenced by the pattern of mitochondrial haplogroups descended from haplogroup M, and in Y-chromosome haplogroup C.

Sequencing of one Aboriginal genome from an old hair sample in Western Australia revealed that the individual was descended from people who migrated into East Asia between 62,000 and 75,000 years ago. This supports the theory of a single migration into Australia and New Guinea before the arrival of Modern Asians (between 25,000 and 38,000 years ago) and their later migration into North America. This migration is believed to have happened around 50,000 years ago, before Australia and New Guinea were separated by rising sea levels approximately 8,000 years ago. This is supported by a date of 50,000–60,000 years ago for the oldest evidence of settlement in Australia, around 40,000 years ago for the oldest human remains, the earliest humans artifacts which are at least 65,000 years old and the extinction of the Australian megafauna by humans between 46,000 and 15,000 years ago argued by Tim Flannery, which is similar to what happened in the Americas. The continued use of Stone Age tools in Australia has been much debated.

### Dispersal throughout Eurasia

The population brought to South Asia by coastal migration appears to have remained there for some time, during roughly 60,000 to 50,000 years ago, before spreading further throughout Eurasia. This dispersal of early humans, at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, gave rise to the major population groups of the Old World and the Americas.

Towards the West, Upper Paleolithic populations associated with mitochondrial haplogroup R and its derivatives, spread throughout Asia and Europe, with a back-migration of M1 to North Africa and the Horn of Africa several millennia ago.

Presence in Europe is certain after 40,000 years ago, possibly as early as 43,000 years ago, rapidly replacing the Neanderthal population. Contemporary Europeans have Neanderthal ancestry, but it seems likely that substantial interbreeding with Neanderthals ceased before 47,000 years ago, i.e. took place before modern humans entered Europe.

There is evidence from mitochondrial DNA that modern humans have passed through at least one genetic bottleneck, in which genome diversity was drastically reduced. Henry Harpending has proposed that humans spread from a geographically restricted area about 100,000 years ago, the passage through the geographic bottleneck and then with a dramatic growth amongst geographically dispersed populations about 50,000 years ago, beginning first in Africa and thence spreading elsewhere. Climatological and geological evidence suggests evidence for the bottleneck. The explosion of Toba, the largest volcanic eruption of the Quaternary, may have created a 1,000 year cold period, potentially reducing human populations to a few tropical refugia. It has been estimated that as few as 15,000 humans survived. In such circumstances genetic drift and founder effects may have been maximised. The greater diversity amongst African genomes may reflect the extent of African refugia during the Toba incident. However, a recent review highlights that the single-source hypothesis of non-African populations is less consistent with ancient DNA analysis than multiple sources with genetic mixing across Eurasia.

#### Europe

The recent expansion of anatomically modern humans reached Europe around 40,000 years ago from Central Asia and the Middle East, as a result of cultural adaption to big game hunting of sub-glacial steppe fauna. Neanderthals were present both in the Middle East and in Europe, and the arriving populations of anatomically modern humans (also known as " Cro-Magnon " or European early modern humans) interbred with Neanderthal populations to a limited degree. Populations of modern humans and Neanderthal overlapped in various regions such as the Iberian peninsula and the Middle East. Interbreeding may have contributed Neanderthal genes to palaeolithic and ultimately modern Eurasians and Oceanians.

An important difference between Europe and other parts of the inhabited world was the northern latitude. Archaeological evidence suggests humans, whether Neanderthal or Cro-Magnon, reached sites in Arctic Russia by 40,000 years ago.

Cro-Magnon are considered the first anatomically modern humans in Europe. They entered Eurasia by the Zagros Mountains (near present-day Iran and eastern Turkey) around 50,000 years ago, with one group rapidly settling coastal areas around the Indian Ocean and another migrating north to the steppes of Central Asia. Modern human remains dating to 45,000-47,000 have been found in Germany, while finds of 43,000–45,000 years ago have been discovered in Italy and Britain, as well as in the European Russian Arctic from 40,000 years ago.

Humans colonised the environment west of the Urals, hunting reindeer especially, but were faced with adaptive challenges; winter temperatures averaged from −20 to −30 °C (−4 to −22 °F) with fuel and shelter scarce. They travelled on foot and relied on hunting highly mobile herds for food. These challenges were overcome through technological innovations: tailored clothing from the pelts of fur-bearing animals; construction of shelters with hearths using bones as fuel; and digging "ice cellars" into the permafrost to store meat and bones.

However, from recent research it is believed that the ecological crisis resulting from the eruption in c. 38,000 BCE of the super-volcano in the Phlegrean Fields near Naples, which left much of eastern Europe covered in ash, wiped out both the last Neanderthal and the first Homo Sapiens populations of the early Upper Paleolithic. Modern Europeans of today bear no trace of the genomes of the first Homo Sapiens Europeans, but only of those from after the ecological crisis of 38,000 BCE. Modern humans then repopulated Europe from the east after the eruption and the ice age that took place from 38,000 to 36,000 BCE.

A mitochondrial DNA sequence of two Cro-Magnons from the Paglicci Cave in Italy, dated to 23,000 and 24,000 years old (Paglicci 52 and 12), identified the mtDNA as Haplogroup N, typical of the latter group.

The expansion of modern human population is thought to have begun 45,000 years ago, and it may have taken 15,000–20,000 years for Europe to be colonized.

During this time, the Neanderthals were slowly being displaced. Because it took so long for Europe to be occupied, it appears that humans and Neanderthals may have been constantly competing for territory. The Neanderthals had larger brains, and were larger overall, with a more robust or heavily built frame, which suggests that they were physically stronger than modern Homo sapiens. Having lived in Europe for 200,000 years, they would have been better adapted to the cold weather. The anatomically modern humans known as the Cro-Magnons, with widespread trade networks, superior technology and bodies likely better suited to running, would eventually completely displace the Neanderthals, whose last refuge was in the Iberian Peninsula. Neanderthals disappeared about 40,000 years ago.

From the extent of linkage disequilibrium, it was estimated that the last Neanderthal gene flow into early ancestors of Europeans occurred 47,000–65,000 years BP. In conjunction with archaeological and fossil evidence, interbreeding is thought to have occurred somewhere in Western Eurasia, possibly the Middle East. Studies show a higher Neanderthal admixture in East Asians than in Europeans. North African groups share a similar excess of derived alleles with Neanderthals as non-African populations, whereas Sub-Saharan African groups are the only modern human populations with no substantial Neanderthal admixture. The Neanderthal-linked haplotype B006 of the dystrophin gene has also been found among nomadic pastoralist groups in the Sahel and Horn of Africa, who are associated with northern populations. Consequently, the presence of this B006 haplotype on the northern and northeastern perimeter of Sub-Saharan Africa is attributed to gene flow from a non-African point of origin.

#### East, Southeast and North Asia

" Tianyuan man ", an individual who lived in China c. 40,000 years ago, showed substantial Neanderthal admixture. A 2017 study of the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is related to modern Asian and Native American populations. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggest that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans.

A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.

Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers subsequently colonized Siberia, Korea and Japan, by about 35,000 years ago. Parts of these populations migrated to North America during the Last Glacial Maximum.

A review paper by Melinda A. Yang (in 2022) summarized and concluded that a distinctive "Basal-East Asian population" referred to as ' East- and Southeast Asian lineage ' (ESEA); which is ancestral to modern East Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. This ESEA lineage gave rise to various sublineages, and is also ancestral to the Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia and the ~40,000 year old Tianyuan lineage found in Northern China, but already differentiated and distinct from European-related and Australasian-related lineages, found in other regions of prehistoric Eurasia. The ESEA lineage trifurcated from an earlier East-Eurasian or "eastern non-African" (ENA) meta-population, which also contributed to the formation of Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI) as well as to Australasians.

### Last Glacial Maximum

#### Eurasia

Around 20,000 years ago, approximately 5,000 years after the Neanderthal extinction, the Last Glacial Maximum forced northern hemisphere inhabitants to migrate to several shelters (refugia) until the end of this period. The resulting populations are presumed to have resided in such refuges during the LGM to ultimately reoccupy Europe, where archaic historical populations are considered their descendants. The composition of European populations was later altered by further migrations, notably the Neolithic expansion from the Middle East, and still later the Chalcolithic population movements associated with Indo-European expansion. A Paleolithic site on the Yana River, Siberia, at 71°N, lies well above the Arctic Circle and dates to 27,000 radiocarbon years before present, during glacial times. This site shows that people adapted to this harsh, high-latitude, Late Pleistocene environment much earlier than previously thought.

#### Americas

Paleo-Indians originated from Central Asia, crossing the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska. Humans lived throughout the Americas by the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum. Details of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the American continent, including the dates and the routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.

Conventional estimates have it that humans reached North America at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago. The traditional theory is that these early migrants moved when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation, following herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America as far as Chile. Any archaeological evidence of coastal occupation during the last Ice Age would now have been covered by the sea level rise, up to a hundred metres since then. The recent finding of indigenous Australasian genetic markers in Amazonia supports that a coastal route and subsequent isolation did occur with some migrants.

### Holocene migrations

The Holocene is taken to begin 12,000 years ago, after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. During the Holocene climatic optimum, beginning about 9,000 years ago, human populations which had been geographically confined to refugia began to migrate. By this time, most parts of the globe had been settled by H. sapiens; however, large areas that had been covered by glaciers were now re-populated.

This period sees the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic stage throughout the temperate zone. The Neolithic subsequently gives way to the Bronze Age in Old World cultures and the gradual emergence of the historical record in the Near East and China beginning around 4,000 years ago.

Large-scale migrations of the Mesolithic to Neolithic era are thought to have given rise to the pre-modern distribution of the world's major language families such as the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, Uralic, Sino-Tibetan or Indo-European phyla. The speculative Nostratic theory postulates the derivation of the major language families of Eurasia (excluding Sino-Tibetan) from a single proto-language spoken at the beginning of the Holocene period.

#### Eurasia

Evidence published in 2014 from genome analysis of ancient human remains suggests that the modern native populations of Europe largely descend from three distinct lineages: " Western Hunter-Gatherers ", derivative of the Cro-Magnon population of Europe, Early European Farmers introduced to Europe from the Near East during the Neolithic Revolution and Ancient North Eurasians who expanded to Europe in the context of the Indo-European expansion. The Ancient North Eurasian component was introduced to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture. Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through Paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers.

#### Sub-Saharan Africa

West-Eurasian back-migrations started in the early Holocene or already earlier in the Paleolithic period (30-15kya), followed by pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events from the Middle East, mostly affecting Northern Africa, the Horn of Africa, and wider regions of the Sahel zone and East Africa.

The Nilotic peoples are thought to be derived from an earlier undifferentiated Eastern Sudanic unity by the 3rd millennium BCE. The development of the Proto-Nilotes as a group may have been connected with their domestication of livestock. The Eastern Sudanic unity must have been considerably earlier still, perhaps around the 5th millennium BCE (while the proposed Nilo-Saharan unity would date to the Upper Paleolithic about 15kya). The original locus of the early Nilotic speakers was presumably east of the Nile in what is now South Sudan. The Proto-Nilotes of the 3rd millennium BCE were pastoralists, while their neighbors, the Proto- Central Sudanic peoples, were mostly agriculturalists.

The Niger-Congo phylum is thought to have emerged around 6,000 years ago in West or Central Africa. Its expansion may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3900 BCE. The Bantu expansion has spread the Bantu languages to Central, Eastern and Southern Africa, partly replacing the indigenous populations of these regions, including the African Pygmies, Hadza people and San people. Beginning about 3,000 years ago, it reached South Africaabout 1,700 years ago.

Some evidence (including a 2016 study by Busby et al.) suggests admixture from ancient and recent migrations from Eurasia into parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Another study (Ramsay et al. 2018) also shows evidence that ancient Eurasians migrated into Africa and that Eurasian admixture in modern Sub-Saharan Africans ranges from 0% to 50%, varying by region and generally higher in the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel zone, and found to a lesser degree in certain parts of Western Africa, and Southern Africa (excluding recent immigrants).

#### Indo-Pacific

The first seaborne human migrations were by the Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan known as the " Austronesian expansion ". Using advanced sailing technologies like catamarans, outrigger boats, and crab claw sails, they built the first sea-going ships and rapidly colonized Island Southeast Asia at around 3000 to 1500 BCE. From the Philippines and Eastern Indonesia they colonized Micronesia by 2200 to 1000 BCE.

A branch of the Austronesians reached Island Melanesia between 1600 and 1000 BCE, establishing the Lapita culture (named after the archaeological site in Lapita, New Caledonia, where their characteristic pottery was first discovered). They are the direct ancestors of the modern Polynesians. They ventured into Remote Oceania reaching Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Fiji by 1200 BCE, and Samoa and Tonga by around 900 to 800 BCE. This was the furthest extent of the Lapita culture expansion. During a period of around 1,500 years, they gradually lost the technology for pottery (likely due to the lack of clay deposits in the islands), replacing it with carved wooden and bamboo containers. Back-migrations from the Lapita culture also merged back Island Southeast Asia in 1500 BCE, and into Micronesia at around 200 BCE. It was not until 700 CE when they started voyaging further into the Pacific Ocean, when they colonized the Cook Islands, the Society Islands, and the Marquesas. From there, they further colonized Hawaii by 900 CE, Rapa Nui by 1000 CE, and New Zealand by 1200 CE.

In the Indian Ocean, Austronesians from Borneo also colonized Madagascar and the Comoros Islands by around 500 CE. Austronesians remain the dominant ethnolinguistic group of the islands of the Indo-Pacific, and were the first to establish a maritime trade network reaching as far west as East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. They assimilated earlier Pleistocene to early Holocene human overland migrations through Sundaland like the Papuans and the Negritos in Island Southeast Asia. The Austronesian expansion was the last and the most far-reaching Neolithic human migration event.

#### Caribbean

The Caribbean was one of the last places in the Americas that were settled by humans. The oldest remains are known from the Greater Antilles (Cuba and Hispaniola) dating between 4000 and 3500 BCE, and comparisons between tool-technologies suggest that these peoples moved across the Yucatán Channel from Central America. All evidence suggests that later migrants from 2000 BCE and onwards originated from South America, via the Orinoco region. The descendants of these migrants include the ancestors of the Taíno and Kalinago (Island Carib) peoples.

#### Arctic

The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c. 2500 BCE. AST consisted of several Paleo-Eskimo cultures, including the Independence cultures and Pre-Dorset culture.

The Inuit are the descendants of the Thule culture, which emerged from western Alaska around CE 1000 and gradually displaced the Dorset culture.


One-hit wonder

# One-hit wonder

## Abstract

A one-hit wonder is any entity that achieves mainstream popularity, often for only one piece of work and becomes known among the general public solely for that momentary success. The term is most commonly used in regard to music performers with only one hit single that overshadows their other work. Some artists dubbed "one-hit wonders" in a particular country had achieved success in other countries. Music artists with subsequent popular albums and hit listings are not properly considered a one-hit wonder, although artists with multiple hits have sometimes been erroneously labelled as "one-hit wonders" if one particular hit has become much more well-remembered years or decades later than their other hits. One-hit wonders usually see their popularity decreasing after their hit listing, and most often never return to hit listings with other songs or albums.

## Music industry

In The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, music journalist Wayne Jancik defines a one-hit wonder as "an act that has won a position on national, pop, Top 40 record chart just once." Billboard magazine defines a U.S. one-hit wonder as an "artist that cracks the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and never makes it back to that position."

This formal definition can include acts with greater success outside their lone pop hit and who are not typically considered one-hit wonders, while at the same time excluding acts who have multiple hits which have been overshadowed by one signature song, or those performers who never hit the top 40, but had exactly one song achieve mainstream popularity in some other fashion (that is, a " turntable hit " or a song that was ineligible for the top-40 charts).

## Lists of one-hit wonders

### Australia

#### "20 to 1: One Hit Wonders"

In 2006, the Australian series 20 to 1 aired the episode "20 to 1: One Hit Wonders", a list of songs that had been the only one by that artist to have success in Australia.

### New Zealand

#### C4's UChoose40: One Hit Wonders

In September 2006, New Zealand 's terrestrial music channel, C4, aired an episode dedicated to "One Hit Wonders" on the weekly theme-based chart show, UChoose40, where the chart was ranked entirely by viewer's votes from the website.

The top ten songs were ranked as follows:

### United Kingdom

The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles contains a list of ‘one hit wonders’ from 1979 to 2001 which comprises acts with their only Top 75 charting record being a number one hit.

#### One-Hit Wonders from the 1980s

Classic Pop magazine's list only includes acts who made the UK's Top 40 (as compiled by Gallup) once only in their careers and does not include acts which feature members from other successful bands from the 1980s. The top ten is as follows:

- "The First Picture of You" – The Lotus Eaters

- " Big in Japan " – Alphaville

- "Broken Land" – The Adventures

- "Waiting for a Train" – Flash And The Pan

- " Waiting for a Star to Fall " – Boy Meets Girl

- " 99 Red Balloons " – Nena

- "Let My People Go-Go" – The Rainmakers

- " The Captain of Her Heart " – Double

- "Kissing with Confidence" – Will Powers

#### One-Hit Wonders from the 1990s

In 2020, Absolute Radio 90s compiled a list of 'the 20 greatest one-hit wonders of the 1990s' as part of their 10th birthday celebrations; the list was as follows (listed in alphabetical order by artist):

- " Spaceman " – Babylon Zoo (1996)

- " Wake Up Boo! " – The Boo Radleys (1995)

- " Drinking in L.A. " – Bran Van 3000 (1997)

- " Bitch " – Meredith Brooks (1997)

- " Would I Lie To You? " – Charles & Eddie (1992)

- " Brimful of Asha " (Norman Cook Remix) – Cornershop (1997)

- " Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm " – Crash Test Dummies (1993)

- " What's Up? " – 4 Non Blondes (1993)

- " There She Goes " – The La's (1990)

- " Steal My Sunshine " – Len (1999)

- " Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) " – Baz Luhrmann (1999)

- " The Impression That I Get " – The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (1997)

- " Flat Beat " – Mr. Oizo (1999)

- " You Get What You Give " – New Radicals (1998)

- " You’re Not Alone " – Olive (1997)

- " How Bizarre " – OMC (1995)

- " In The Meantime " – Spacehog (1996)

- " Two Princes " – Spin Doctors (1993)

- " Inside " – Stiltskin (1994)

- " Your Woman " – White Town (1997)

In addition to these one-hit wonders, the NME also recognised the following hits in their one-hit wonders feature from 2014:

- " Sleeping Satellite " – Tasmin Archer (1992)

- " No Rain " – Blind Melon (1993)

- " Tubthumping " – Chumbawamba (1997)

- " Save Tonight " – Eagle-Eye Cherry (1997)

- " Groove Is in the Heart " – Deee-Lite (1990)

- " Breakfast at Tiffany’s " – Deep Blue Something (1995)

- " I Touch Myself " – Divinyls (1990)

- " To Earth with Love " – Gay Dad (1999)

- " Three Little Pigs " – Green Jellÿ (1992)

- " Glorious " – Andreas Johnson (1999)

- " Here Comes the Hotstepper " – Ini Kamoze (1994)

- " Jump " – Kris Kross (1992)

- " Stay " – Lisa Loeb (1994)

- " Can You Dig It? " – The Mock Turtles (1991)

- " One Of Us " – Joan Osborne (1995)

- " I’ll Be There For You " – The Rembrandts (1995)

- " Everybody's Free (To Feel Good) " – Rozalla (1991)

- " Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop) " – Scatman John (1994)

- " Closing Time " – Semisonic (1998)

- " Baby Got Back " – Sir Mix-a-Lot (1992)

- " Runaway Train " – Soul Asylum (1993)

- " Connected " – Stereo MC's (1992)

- " Cotton Eye Joe " – Rednex (1994)

- " One Headlight " – The Wallflowers (1997)

#### One-Hit Wonders from the 2000s

From the BBC in March 2017 (based on a combination of chart position and sales):

- Afroman – "Because I Got High" (2001)

- The Bravery – "An Honest Mistake" (2005)

- DJ Pied Piper & The Masters of Ceremonies – "Do You Really Like It?" (2001)

- Duffy – "Mercy" (2008)

- Gnarls Barkley – "Crazy" (2006)

- Junior Senior – "Move Your Feet" (2002)

- Las Ketchup – "The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)" (2002)

- Spiller (featuring Sophie Ellis-Bextor) – "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (2000)

From the BBC Radio 2 show One Hit Wonders with OJ Borg which started on 2 November 2020... (in alphabetical order):

- Bodyrockers – "I Like the Way"

- Caesars – "Jerk It Out"

- Kevin Lyttle (feat. Spraga Benz) – "Turn Me On"

- Nizlopi – "The JCB Song"

- Planet Funk – "Chase the Sun"

- Sweet Female Attitude – "Flowers"

- The Temper Trap – "Sweet Disposition"

#### One-Hit Wonders from the 2010s

The Official Charts Company's list of the biggest one-hit wonder releases of the 2010s, is based on sales and streams. Like the Classic Pop list it uses the UK singles Top 40 chart as the cut-off point. The top ten is as follows:

- " Let Her Go " – Passenger

- " 7 Years " – Lukas Graham

- " Waves " – Mr. Probz

- " Somebody That I Used to Know " – Gotye featuring Kimbra

- " Shut Up and Dance " – Walk the Moon

- " Dancing on My Own " – Calum Scott

- " Riptide " – Vance Joy

- " Feel It Still " – Portugal. The Man

- " Ho Hey " – The Lumineers

- " This Girl " – Kungs vs. Cookin' on 3 Burners


The Lifeguard

# The Lifeguard

## Abstract

The Lifeguard is a 2013 American drama film produced, written, and directed by Liz W. Garcia, and starring Kristen Bell and David Lambert. The film premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, and was released via video on demand on July 30, 2013, and received a limited release in theaters on August 30.

## Plot

Leigh London is a writer living in New York City with a job as a journalist and a relationship with her engaged boss. At the beginning of the story, Leigh must accept the end of her love affair and is tasked with reporting the story of a tiger cub who was kept tied up as a pet in someone's home until it died. To Leigh's astonishment the piece isn't run as serious news, and she breaks down, arguing with her boss and ex-lover. Now entirely disillusioned with her life in the city, she decides to leave—without notifying her job—and return to her hometown. When she arrives at home Leigh's mother questions her sudden return, meanwhile her father is delighted to see her, especially after Leigh announces her decision to stay indefinitely. She becomes reacquainted with two of her former friends, art appraiser, Todd, and vice principal, Mel. While having some drinks with them, she announces that she's taken up her high school job as the community pool lifeguard, where she meets the maintenance man's son, Little Jason.

Over the next few weeks, she becomes friends with Jason and his best friend, Matt, and encourages wild behavior on her two high school friends, hanging out with the teens and smoking pot. Todd happily goes along with Leigh's behavior; while Mel does too, it takes its toll on her relationship with her husband as they are trying to conceive a baby. Leigh begins to spend a lot more time with Jason, and soon she realizes her attraction to him and vice versa. One night, after hanging out at the pool after hours with their friends, Leigh goes to the bathroom/changing room where Jason follows her and they kiss. The kiss quickly escalates into sex, and this starts a relationship between the two that continues over the summer, leading to frequent sexual encounters. One day while the two are having sex in bed, Leigh realizes she's falling in love with Jason and talks him into staying around longer instead of moving to Vermont with Matt as he had planned. Matt has been kicked out by his mother and has made it clear that he is desperate to leave town.

After Jason postpones the Vermont plans, Matt becomes very disheartened. Meanwhile, Mel's husband becomes increasingly frustrated with her "carefree" behavior. While at the pool one morning, Todd discovers Leigh and Jason kissing but doesn't say anything. Leigh's mother asked her to move out as she isn't the only one trying to get their life in order; Leigh stays with Jason. Her cat goes missing in the process. Todd lets it slip to Mel that Leigh is staying at Jason's and Mel discovers the relationship between the two, to her horror. She approaches Leigh in anger and plans to inform Jason's father. Leigh and Jason then go searching for her cat, only to discover Matt has committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree in the woods. Matt repeatedly mentions throughout the film that he hates life in the town and is desperate to get to Vermont. It seems Jason's postponement was his last bit of hope broken.

This takes its toll on Jason very hard and he is deeply distraught. Leigh takes the responsibility to inform Matt's mother, who is also heartbroken at the news. Leigh consoles her until her relatives arrive and then later finds her missing cat hiding near her parents' house. At the funeral, she makes her peace with Mel and goes to meet Jason one last time before they both leave. They share an emotional hug, both showing a strong affection for one another. She gives him $1,000 she won from a journalist prize, and walks away with tears in her eyes, knowing that her feelings for Jason could never truly be acted upon. The final scene ends with a postcard from Jason stating he still thinks about her a lot and Matt also.

## Cast

- Kristen Bell as Leigh London

- David Lambert as Little Jason

- Mamie Gummer as Mel

- Martin Starr as Todd

- Alex Shaffer as Matt

- Joshua Harto as John

- Amy Madigan as Justine London

- John Finn as Big Jason

- Paulie Litt as Lumpy

- Sendhil Ramamurthy as Raj

- Adam LeFevre as Hans

- Mike Landry as Officer Miller

- Lisa Ann Goldsmith as Matt's mother

- Terri Middleton as Matt's Aunt

## Production

Principal photography began in Sewickley, Pennsylvania, on July 9, 2012, and continued in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area through August 10. A suburban Fox Chapel home was used for most interior shots. The communities of Aleppo, Edgeworth and Leetsdale were also considered as locations.

## Release

The film competed at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival for Best Dramatic Film.

## Critical reception

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 16% based on reviews from 31 critics.

Peter Debruge of Variety stated: "Drowning in self-pity is about as fun to watch as it sounds, which will mean difficulty getting people interested for any but prurient reasons." Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter: "Not even a checklist of indie film attributes can inject a sense of originality into this familiar narrative." Jordan Hoffmaгуn of Film.com gave the film a 2.7/10 and stated: " The Lifeguard is a painfully dull (alleged) drama utterly lacking in originality or self-awareness."


ANM Muniruzzaman

# ANM Muniruzzaman

## Abstract

ANM Muniruzzaman was a Bangladeshi statistician who was killed in the Bangladesh Liberation war and is considered a martyr in Bangladesh.

## Early life

Muniruzzaman was born in Kacherkol, Shailkupa, Jhenaidaha on 1924. He graduated from Narail SD High School in 1940 and in 1942 from Presidency College, Calcutta. He finished his BSc in statistics from Presidency College and his MSc, also in Statistics, from Calcutta University.

## Career

Muniruzzaman joined the Indian Statistical Institute in 1946 where he worked till 1948. After which he joined Dhaka University as a lecturer in the Department of Statistics. In 1961 he was promoted to reader and in 1967 to the chairman of the Department of Statistics.

## Death and legacy

On 25 March 1971, at the start of Operation Searchlight and Bangladesh Liberation war, the Pakistan Army attacked his residence. The army killed him, his older son, his nephew and also his brother. Bangladesh Post Office issued commemorative stamps with his name on 14 December 1991, the Martyred Intellectuals Day.


# Trump International Golf Club (West Palm Beach)

## Abstract

Trump International Golf Club, West Palm Beach is a private 27-hole golf course in West Palm Beach, Florida. It was designed by Jim Fazio, who was given a budget of over US$40 million, and was opened in 1999. This venue was Donald Trump 's first golf course property.

The Championship course measures 7,326 yards, and has a par 72 layout that has hosted championships for the LPGA. In addition, the golf course has a nine-hole course. The clubhouse can host weddings and other social or business events. A three-tiered driving range is available.

The regular initiation fee for membership was reported to be US$150,000 in 2011, and the annual fee US$25,000. The senior director of instruction for Trump Golf Properties, Gary Wiren, is based out of this resort.

## Shooting

On September 15, 2024, a shooting was reported at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach. The shooting occurred before 2 p.m. EDT, while Donald Trump was golfing at the club. The club's golf course was locked down shortly after, and no injuries were reported. A person of interest was detained while he was driving a vehicle, according to the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office. He was driving from Palm Beach County to Martin County northbound on Interstate 95. Federal investigators shut down the highway at Mile Marker 110. The suspect is identified as 58-year-old Ryan Wesley Routh from Hawaii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump#Post-presidency_(2021%E2%80%93present)

The United States Secret Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office are investigating the shooting. The shooter's intent is unknown right now, but the FBI is investigating the incident as an attempted assassination. Officials believe the suspect intended to shoot Trump. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris were briefed on the incident. The White House said in a statement: "The president and vice president have been briefed about the security incident at the Trump International Golf Course, where former President Trump was golfing. They are relieved to know that he is safe."