Václav Jelínek

# Václav Jelínek

## Abstract

Václav Jelínek (23 August 1944 – 8 February 2022) was a Cold War era spy for Communist Czechoslovakia, who worked in London under the assumed identity of Erwin van Haarlem.

Jelínek was born on 23 August 1944 in Modřany near Prague (now part of the city).

The real Erwin van Haarlem was born on 22 August 1944, the son of Johanna van Haarlem, a woman of Dutch and Jewish ancestry who had been raped by Gregor Kulig, a Nazi soldier with whom she had been fraternising. Soon after Erwin's birth, by which time Kulig had already been killed in action, he was placed for adoption in Holešovice, Prague. He was later listed in the Netherlands as a missing person.

After compulsory national service, Jelínek became a sergeant, working for the Ministry of the Interior. He was recruited by the Czechoslovak secret police, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). In 1967 Václav Jelínek was transferred from the V. Directorate (Protection of State and Government Officials) to the I. Directorate of the Security Corps. Shortly afterwards, his special training to become a member of the illegal intelligence started. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.

He adopted van Haarlem's identity and moved to London in June 1975, using a genuine Dutch passport, illicitly obtained in van Haarlem's name. He obtained work at the Hilton Hotel restaurant on Park Lane, and began spying on the United Kingdom and United States, for the StB and for the KGB, their equivalent in the Soviet Union. His handler was Lieutenant colonel Josef Kafka. Jelínek was decorated by the KGB on 25 March 1986. Although he posed as a Dutch national, he never lived in the Netherlands.

When Johanna van Haarlem contacted him, in 1977, believing him to be her real son, he was ordered to play along, in order not to blow his cover, and did so, even going so far as to visit her family in Holland. As a result of this deception, she was not reunited with her real son until February 1992.

Eventually, Jelínek tired of working as a waiter, and, with funding from the StB, bought a flat at Silver Birch Close in Friern Barnet, North London and set up as an art dealer. He was eventually arrested in the flat on 22 April 1988, while in the process of receiving coded messages by radio. His trial for espionage at London's Old Bailey opened on 6 February 1989 and was the first trial of a spy in the United Kingdom since 1961. A Metropolitan Police officer said he was "probably the first person to be tried at the Old Bailey under an alias". Among those to testify against him was Stella Rimington, using the alias "Miss J". The jury returned a guilty verdict after just 45 minutes deliberation, and on 3 March 1989 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. He was subsequently held at HM Prison Parkhurst. While he was in Parkhurst, the 1989 Velvet Revolution saw the overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Following an unsuccessful escape attempt and a period on hunger strike, as well as lobbying on his behalf by Czech diplomats, Jelínek was freed on 5 April 1993 and deported to the Czech Republic.

In 2006, VPRO, a radio station in the Netherlands, ran a two-part programme about van Haarlem, called Het Spoor Terug (The Trail Back). His memoirs, written up by Jaroslav Kmenta were published in Czech in 2010, under the title Český špion Erwin van Haarlem.

As of 2016, Jelínek was living in Prague.

## Books


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Early life and education

Stefan Mross was born on November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria.

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

## Career

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.

Mross was married to production assistant Susanne Schmidt from 2013 to 2016. The marriage produced a daughter in 2013 and a son in 2015. The couple lived in Unterwössen, a municipality in the Traunstein district of Upper Bavaria, until their separation in autumn 2016.

Since December 2016, he has been in a relationship with singer Anna-Carina Woitschack, whom he met on his show Immer wieder sonntags in the summer of 2016. In the show Das Adventsfest der 100.000 Lichter he proposed to her on November 30, 2019. On June 6, 2020, the two got married live on television in the music show Schlagerlovestory.2020 with presenter Florian Silbereisen as witnesses. The couple lived in Windorf near Passau. In November 2022, they announced their separation. Mross has been in a relationship with Eva Luginger since March 2023.


Madeleine Dring

# Madeleine Dring

## Abstract

Madeleine Winefride Isabelle Dring (7 September 1923 – 26 March 1977) was an English composer, pianist, singer and actress.

## Life

Madeleine Dring spent the first four years of her life at Raleigh Road, Harringay, before the family moved to Streatham. She showed talent at an early age and was accepted into the junior department of the Royal College of Music where she began on her tenth birthday. She was offered scholarships for violin and piano and chose violin. She studied piano as a secondary instrument, with RCM students guiding her studies for the first several years.

As part of their training, all of the students performed in the children's theatre under the guidance of Angela Bull. Dring formally began composition studies at the junior department with Stanley Drummond Wolff in 1937, in 1938 with Leslie Fly, and worked with Sir Percy Buck for the next two years. Near the end of her studies, she was assigned to Lilian Gaskell for piano studies. She continued at the Royal College for senior-level studies where her composition teacher was Herbert Howells. She had occasional lessons with Ralph Vaughan Williams (an official substitute for Howells). She dropped the violin study after the death of her instructor, W.H. Reed, at the end of the first year. She focused on piano and composition and studied mime, drama, and singing. Dring's love of theatre and music co-mingled happily; many of her earliest professional creations were for the stage, radio, and television.

In 1947, she married Roger Lord who served as Principal Oboist with London Symphony Orchestra for over thirty years. She composed several works for Roger, including the highly regarded Dances for solo oboe. Soon after her marriage, her first pieces were published with Lengnick and with Oxford (1948). The Lords had one son in 1950.

Dring died in 1977 of a cerebral hemorrhage (brain aneurysm). Dring's tombstone was recently uncovered (in situ) at Lambeth Cemetery in Streatham. Both Roger and their son, Jeremy, died in 2014. Roger died at age 90 and Jeremy died of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A book, Madeleine Dring: Her Music, Her Life, by Ro Hancock-Child, was published in 2000 (2nd edition 2009), and included cartoon illustrations from Dring's own notebooks interpreted by Ro Hancock-Child. The biography was partially funded by Dring's husband, Roger Lord, in order to disseminate information about his late wife's compositions. Several articles, compact disc recordings, and inclusions of Dring's biographical information in books about composers in the last decade have secured her name a place in the modern lexicon.

Another book, Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer by Wanda Brister and Jay Rosenblatt was published in 2020 by Clemson University Press and Liverpool University Press and is distributed by OUP. Over 100 pages of footnotes and references are included in this volume as well as complete works lists and document performances by Dring. It has received positive press from journals on singing, women in music, double reeds, and light music.

Both of these authors have also worked diligently to record and publish works by Dring.

Dring's most recent posthumous honor was to have the Streatham & Clapham High School Dining Hall named after her. It is indeed an honour, since she did not attend this high school, but attended La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School in Clapham Park. It is geographically located in the middle of the neighborhood in which Dring spent most of her life.

## Music

Dring's favourite composer in her youth was Rachmaninov and she owned much piano and vocal sheet music by Rachmaninov, which is now in the possession of Ro Hancock-Child. Dring studied with Herbert Howells but her own work shows no debt to his musical style. Occasionally she was taught by Ralph Vaughan Williams but again there is little obvious influence, and her music does not reflect the English folk song tradition, although she studied this genre as a singer. She sometimes set a text she had encountered in a solo or choral work, leaving her mark on it. She looked further afield.

Dring particularly enjoyed (and imitated) the mannerisms of Poulenc, for instance in the accompaniment to her song I Feed A Flame. As observed by Ro Hancock-Child, Dring preferred jazzy idioms, Gershwin, Cole Porter and the sunny style of Arthur Benjamin. Having heard the calypso in London, she responded with her own Caribbean Dance and West Indian Dance, for piano.

Dring deliberately did not repeat her musical material from piece to piece, always finding a fresh approach to harmony and rhythm. If her vocal music has ever been compared to Roger Quilter (possibly because of similar text choices) it is a mistaken comparison. Quilter was solidly Victorian in outlook, and his songs are deeply melodic and contrapuntal. By contrast, Dring looked to the future, and thrived on novelty and surprise, hoping that what she wrote might gently shock or make you smile. Her vocal melodies arise from the underlying harmonies and can be difficult to pitch: the chords come first, as Ro Hancock-Child observes. Dring wrote most of her songs for her own use: she had a soprano voice with a wide range, and perfect pitch. Several informal and informative recordings exist of Dring singing and playing her own compositions.

Dring's cabaret songs and West End Revue material sometimes featured her own lyrics and are full of clever writing, both musically and textually. They have recently been recorded and published by several dedicated artists.

Dring chose not to compose large-scale works, therefore most of her output was in shorter forms. She wrote pieces for solo piano, piano duets, songs with piano, and some chamber music, including pieces for piano duo, flute, oboe, harmonica, recorder, and clarinet, a small number of which are pedagogical works. Her works for television and radio are all within a 45-minute time frame or shorter. She completed a one-act opera, Cupboard Love with her friend D.F. Aitken (never performed during her lifetime, but it was published in 2017 and received its stage premiere in the United States in April 2018 at Florida State University and its European premiere in Scotland in June 2019). A dance drama entitled The Fair Queen of Wu which was broadcast on BBC Television in 1951. The ballet called for a full company of soloists who were off camera. She was commissioned to write music for "The Real Princess," a ballet and for several stage plays in London given from 1946 to 1971. She often collaborated with Felicity Gray, choreographer, and D.F. Aitken, librettist.

## Works

Dring rarely provided dates for her compositions; many dates come from Alistair Fisher's treatise on her songs. Publication dates have been provided, many of which are posthumously published by her husband, Roger Lord. Some dates have more recently been re-established using dates of first performances and other information as confirmed in Dring's personal papers as well as in archival newspaper reviews. In 2018 three volumes of songs were engraved and published as well as four volumes of cabaret and musical revue numbers. Duets and ensembles were also published.

### Instrumental

- Italian Dance (1960) Oboe and Piano

- Fantasy Sonata in one Movement (1938, published 1948), solo piano

- Three Fantastic Variations on Lilliburlero for Two Pianos (1948), two pianos

- Jig (1948), piano

- Prelude and Toccata (1948), piano

- Tarantelle (1948), piano duet

- Festival Scherzo (1951), piano and string orchestra;

- Sonata for two pianos (1951)

- March: for the New Year (1954), piano

- Caribbean Dance (Tempo Tobago) (1959), piano duet or solo

- Dance Suite (1961), piano

- Polka (1962), oboe and piano

- Colour Suite (1963), piano

- Danza Gaya (1965), two pianos or oboe and piano (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Three Dances (1968; Josef Weinberger), piano

- Trio for Flute, Oboe, and Piano (1968)

- Valse française (1980), solo or duo piano * (original scores housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Three Pieces: WIB Waltz, Sarabande, Tango (1983), flute and piano*

- Waltz (1983), oboe and piano*

- Suite (1984), harmonica and piano (later arranged by Roger Lord for oboe)*

- Trio for oboe, bassoon, and harpsichord (1986)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Idyll for oboe (viola) and piano (The composer's husband Roger Lord, disappointed that the piece remained unplayed and unpublished for many years, perhaps because of its chromaticism, decided to transcribe the solo part for oboe, his own instrument, to which it is well suited. Idyll was first recorded in 2007 by Thierry Cammaert, oboist of the Quartz Ensemble, a Belgian winds ensemble. The ensemble has also performed the work as a trio for flute, oboe and piano.)

### Vocal

- Three Shakespeare Songs (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London), (1949) (Published by Legnick 1949, republished with 4 additional Shakespeare songs, Thames 1992, published as Dring Volume 1)* First performance 10 May 1944 with Ifor Evans, Baritone, Madeleine Dring, Accompanist, performed at the RCM

- Thank you, Lord (1953), vocal, text L. Kyme (not published as composed - Dring did not approve of this edition)

- An additional four songs with texts by L. Kyme were written in 1953. They have now been published.

- The Pigtail (1963) vocal duet, text A. von Chamisso.

- Dedications: Five poems by R. Herrick (1967), vocal suite (published 1992 by Thames as Dring Volume 2)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Love and time: Four Songs (1970s) (published in 1994 by Thames as Dring Volume 5)*

- Four Night Songs: texts of Michael Armstrong (1976), (published 1985 Cambria (US) 1992 Thames as Dring Volume 3)*

- Five Betjeman Songs (1976) (published in 1980 by Weinberger)* (original score housed at Royal College of Music, London)

- Seven Songs for Medium Voice (various compositional dates, compiled and published by Thames in 1993 as Dring Volume 4)*

- Six Songs for High Voice (various compositional dates, compiled and published by Thames in 1999 as Dring Volume 6)* Includes: My true-love hath my heart, Echoes, The Cherry Blooming, The Parting, The Enchantment, Love is a Sickness

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 1: Art Songs and Arrangements: Lyrics of Shakespeare, Herrick, Rossetti, Ellison, Anon, and Arrangements of Horn, Pinsuti, Kjerulf, and Pattison. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 2: Cabaret Songs: All Music and Lyrics of Madeleine Dring. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 3: More Art Songs: Lyrics of Cibber, Marlowe, Goldsmith, Blake, Dring, Longfellow, and Tynan. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 4: More Cabaret Songs: Lyrics of Madeleine Dring and Charlotte Mitchell. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 5: Still More Art Songs, Arrangements, and Love Songs: Lyrics of Herrick, Campbell, Lord, Dring, and Kyme. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 6: Still More Cabaret and Theatre Songs: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, Vanbrugh, and Bridie. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 7: Cabaret Duets: Lyrics of Aitken, Breton, Dring, Howitt, Lear, Mitchell, and Rafferty. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 8: Cabaret Ensembles of 3 or More Voices: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, and Aitken. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

- Previously Unpublished Vocal Works Volume 9: Songs from West End Revues: Lyrics of Dring, Mitchell, and Rafferty. Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. Published 2018 Copyright Simon Lord.

### Theatre, drama, and television

#### Incidental music

- The Emperor and the Nightingale (1941) Performed at the RCM 20 December 1941. No score is available at this time.

- Tobias and the Angel (1946) Incidental music and two songs published 2018

- Somebody’s Murdered Uncle (1947) for BBC radio; Duets: "I should have trusted you darling" and "There's nothing to stop us now" There are also two quartets: "There's no such thing as a perfect crime" and "Bloggins, Birch, and Frome," as well as a solo entitled, "J. Allington Slade." Songs published 2018

- The Buskers (1959), for which she provided music for the Wedding Song, not located at this time.

- Little Laura Cartoons (1960–61), Dring provided and played music for six episodes. Four episodes were broadcast in New Zealand in 1976.

- The Jackpot Question (1961), for Associated TV, repeated in 1962 with another cast.

- The Whisperers (1961), for ITV Season 7, Episode 7.

- The Provok’d Wife (1963), texts by Vanbrugh: Four pieces typeset by Alistair Fisher. Published in 2018

- The Lady and the Clerk (1964), for Associated TV

- I Can Walk Where I Like, Can’t I? (1964), for Associated TV

- When the Wind Blows (1965), for Associated TV

- Helen and Edward and Henry (1966), for Associated TV

- Variation on a Theme (1966), for Associated TV

#### Musical revues

- Airs on a Shoestring (1953) Songs: "Model Models," Films on the Cheap Side at Cheapside" "Strained Relations," and "Snowman" (all lyrics by Charlotte Mitchell), "Sing High, Sing Low" (Lyrics by Madeleine Dring). Songs published 2018

- Pay the Piper (1954) "Pay the Piper" (Lyrics at BL) Location of song scores unknown at this time).

- From Here and There (1955) "Resolutions" and "Life Sentence" (Lyrics Charlotte Mitchell) (Lyrics at BL) (Location of song scores unknown at this time)

- Fresh Airs (1955) "Mother knows," Sketch "Witchery," and "Miss Spenser," (Lyricist Madeleine Dring) (Lyrics at BL, but location of song score for Miss Spenser unknown at this time). Mother knows published 2018

- Child’s Play (1958) Overture, "High in the Pines," "Love Song," and "Hearts and Arrows" have been recovered. (Location of scores for four other songs missing this time)) (Lyricist Sean Rafferty) These are not at the BL because Players' Theatre is a private club and was not censored.

- Four to the Bar (1961) "Diedre" was included in this, also known as "Mother knows" from "Fresh Airs"(Lyricist Madeleine Dring.) An LP was produced by Philips of this music. Published 2018.

#### Ballet

- Waiting for ITMA (1947), for BBC TV

- The Real Princess (1971), scored for 2 pianos

#### Opera

- Cupboard Love (performed posthumously December 19, 1983, at St John's Smith Square by Intimate Opera Company). Published in 2017 by Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR, American staged Premiere in April 2018, Florida State University. European staged premiere Byre Opera, St Andrews University scheduled for June 2019. London staged premiere by The Operatists, Tête à Tête Opera Festival 6 September 2023.

#### Other compositions

- The Wild Swans (1950), children's play, Cygnet Company

- The Fair Queen of Wu (1951), dance-drama for BBC TV, Score at RCM

- The Marsh Kings’s Daughter (1951), children’s play, Cygnet Company

- The Scarlet Crabapple, Cygnet Company

## Sources

- Banfield, Stephen, "Madeleine Dring". Grove Music online. (subscription access)

- Barnett, Rob, "Madeleine Dring: her life and Music by Ro Hancock-Child" (review of 2000 edition), MusicWeb International, April 2000

- Berg, Gregory,"The Listeners Gallery: Songs of Madeleine Dring" Journal of Singing, Sept/Oct 2014, Vol 71, No 1, pp. 128–131.

- Berg, Gregory,"The Listeners Gallery: Cabaret Songs of Madeleine Dring" Journal of Singing, May/June 2019, Vol 75, No 5, pp. 621–625.

- Brister, Wanda, CD: Courtney Kenny, Nuala Willis, Matt Cooksey, "Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer," Cambria Music, 2022 liner notes. 30 vocal selections. Selections from stage, revues, radio, and song.

- Brister, Wanda and Jay Rosenblatt, "Madeleine Dring: Lady Composer," Clemson University Press 2020 (full academic biography) 356 pages.

- Brister, Wanda, The Songs of Madeleine Dring: Organizing a Posthumous Legacy, DMA dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2004. (Biography, overview of works, examination of art songs.)

- Brister, Wanda, "The Songs of Madeleine Dring," Journal of Singing: The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing Vol 64 No 5, pp. 565–578. (Biographical sketch and discussion of all published art songs by 2004.)

- Brister, Wanda, CD: "The Songs of Madeleine Dring," Cambria Music, 2013 liner notes. 40 vocal selections.

- Brister, Wanda, CD: Courtney Kenny, Nuala Willis, "The Cabaret Songs of Madeleine Dring," Cambria Music, 2018 liner notes. 17 vocal selections.

- Brister, Wanda,"Madeleine Dring" (biographical notes), inside each volume of Previously Unpublished Vocal Works, Classical Vocal Reprints, Fayetteville, AR. (c) Wanda Brister.

- Davis, Richard, "The Published Songs of Madeleine Dring. Journal of Singing. March/April 2007. Vol.63. Nr. 4. pp. 393-403.

- Fisher, Alistair, The Songs of Madeleine Dring and the Evolution of Her Compositional Style", Bachelor's thesis, University of Hull, 2000

- Hancock-Child, Ro, Madeleine Dring: Her Music, Her Life 2nd edition, Micropress 2009 (biography and full catalogue of works)

- Kimball, Carol, "Madeleine Dring," article in Song: A Guide to Art Song Style and Literature, Rev ed, Hal Leonard 2006, pp 401–403. (biographical sketch, short look at vocal works, includes bibliography.)

- Lord, Roger, biographical notes, Thames/Elkins volumes of songs.

- Roland-Silverstein, Kathleen, "Past Treasures and New Discoveries," Journal of Singing, Nov/Dec 2018, Vol 75, No. 2, pp. 227–230. Review of newly published works.


1907 in Germany

# 1907 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1907 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Bernhard von Bülow

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick I then Frederick II

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick V

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – George, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg -Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Karl Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line as regent)

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – vacant to 28 May, then Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Otto Gleim (acting governor) (2nd term) to 1 July, then Theodor Seitz (3rd term)

- Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Oskar von Truppel

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Georg Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Albert Hahl (2nd term)

- German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) – Wilhelm Solf

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Friedrich von Lindequist to 20 May, then Bruno von Schuckmann

- Togoland – Johann Nepomuk Graf Zech auf Neuhofen

## Events

- 25 January – The ' Hottentot election ', so called because of the nationalist atmosphere whipped up during the campaign, sees the Social Democratic Party of Germany gain half a million votes and yet lose half of their seats.

- May – A separate Imperial Colonial Office is set up distinct from the Auswärtiges Amt.

- 15 July – An experimental train is reported to reach 81 mph and reach 98 mph maximum

- 6 October – The Deutscher Werkbund is established in Munich.

- The Herero and Namaqua Genocide reaches its climax in this year.

### Undated

- Arsphenamine is first synthesised in 1907 in Paul Ehrlich's lab by Alfred Bertheim.

## Architecture

- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke, a swing bridge is opened in Wilhelmshaven.

## Arts

- Oscar Straus 's opera Ein Walzertraum receives its premiere.

## Diplomacy

- 18 October – Germany is among the signatories of the Hague Convention of 1907.

## Education

- The University of Mannheim is established.

## Science

- Eduard Buchner is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

## Sport

- May – 1907 World Wrestling Championships held in Frankfurt

- 13–14 June – 1907 Kaiser Preis motor race is held.

- Freiburger FC are crowned German football champions for the first time.

- The Rund um die Hainleite cycling race in Erfurt is held for the first time.

## Transport

- 5 October – The SMS Dresden is launched.

## Births

- 4 January – Willy Busch, footballer (died 1982)

- 16 January – Martin Scherber, composer (died 1974)

- 20 January – Manfred von Ardenne, physicist (died 1997)

- 25 January – Helmut Weiss, film director (died 1969)

- 1 February – Günter Eich, author (died 1972)

- 7 February – Kurt Hasse, equestrian (died 1944)

- 19 February – Rudolf von Beckerath, organ builder (died 1976)

- 23 February – Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal, German resistance member (died 1944)

- 11 March: Heinz Brandt, equestrian and officer (died 1944) Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, jurist (died 1945) Konrad Wolff, musicologist (died 1989)

- Heinz Brandt, equestrian and officer (died 1944)

- Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, jurist (died 1945)

- Konrad Wolff, musicologist (died 1989)

- 12 March – Josef Stangl, Bishop of Würzburg (died 1979)

- 13 March – Ludwig Biermann, astronomer (died 1986)

- 17 March – Franz Kartz, boxer

- 20 March – Helmut Echternach, theologian (died 1988)

- 24 March – Josef Lanzendörfer, bobsledder

- 30 March: Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, Luftwaffe officer (died 1994) Rudolf Krause, racing driver (died 1987)

- Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, Luftwaffe officer (died 1994)

- Rudolf Krause, racing driver (died 1987)

- 7 April – Friedrich Wegener, pathologist (died 1990)

- 8 April – Walter Leinweber, ice hockey player (died 1997)

- 16 April – August Eigruber, Nazi Gauleiter (died 1947)

- 30 April – Karl-Lothar Schulz, General (died 1972)

- 8 May – Wolf Graf von Baudissin, General (died 1993)

- 9 May – Baldur von Schirach, head of the Hitler Youth (died 1974)

- 11 May: Hermann Behrends, Schutzstaffel officer (died 1948) Eva Schulze-Knabe, painter (died 1976)

- Hermann Behrends, Schutzstaffel officer (died 1948)

- Eva Schulze-Knabe, painter (died 1976)

- 14 May – Hans von der Groeben, diplomat (died 2005)

- 17 May – Ulrich Biel, CDU politician (died 1996)

- 22 May – Werner Müller, ethnologist (died 1990)

- 27 May Alois Kratzer, ski jumper (died 1990) Herbert Seifert, mathematician (died 1996)

- Alois Kratzer, ski jumper (died 1990)

- Herbert Seifert, mathematician (died 1996)

- 2 June – Willy Langkeit, general (died 1996)

- 6 June – Ernst Gaber, rower (died 1975)

- 7 June – Hilarius Breitinger, Franciscan (died 1974)

- 14 June – Paul Klinger, actor (died 1971)

- 22 June – Eberhard Koebel, German youth leader and writer (died 1955)

- 25 June: J. Hans D. Jensen, nuclear physicist (died 1973) Hugo Strauß, rower (died 1941)

- J. Hans D. Jensen, nuclear physicist (died 1973)

- Hugo Strauß, rower (died 1941)

- 26 June – Friedrich Asinger, chemist (died 1999)

- 1 July – Fabian von Schlabrendorff, jurist and German resistance member (died 1980)

- 2 July – Ernst Kupfer, Luftwaffe officer (died 1943)

- 7 July – Walter Dieminger, space scientist (died 2000)

- 8 July – Otto Kranzbühler, judge (died 2004)

- 11 July – Adalbert von Blanc, Kriegsmarine officer (died 1976)

- 17 July – Winfried Mahraun, diver (died 1973)

- 13 August – Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, industrialist (died 1967)

- 30 August – Hans Georg Rupp, judge (died 1989)

- 6 September – Ilse Schwidetzky, anthropologist (died 1997)

- 9 September – Joachim Sadrozinski, officer (died 1944)

- 10 September – Dorothea von Salviati, member of the royal family (died 1972)

- 15 September – Alfred Delp, priest and philosopher (died 1945)

- 18 September – Jakob Brendel, wrestler (died 1964)

- 19 September – Heinrich Trettner, general (died 2006)

- 20 September – Nicolaus von Below, adjutant to Adolf Hitler (died 1983)

- 22 September – Hermann Schlichting, engineer (died 1982)

- 23 September – Herbert Kappler, police chief (died 1978)

- 25 September – Otto Weiß, Luftwaffe officer (died 1955)

- 29 September – Helmut Lemke, CDU politician (died 1990)

- 9 October – Horst Wessel, Nazi Party activist (died 1930)

- 12 October – Wolfgang Fortner, composer (died 1987)

- 17 October – Herbert Böhme, poet (died 1971)

- 19 October – Paul Klingenburg, water polo player (died 1964)

- 22 October: Emilie Schindler, humanitarian (died 2001) Günther Treptow, opera singer (died 1981)

- Emilie Schindler, humanitarian (died 2001)

- Günther Treptow, opera singer (died 1981)

- 24 October – Albert Hoffmann, Nazi Gauleiter (died 1972)

- 9 November – Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, son of Kaiser Wilhelm II (died 1994)

- 10 November – Hans Herbert Fiedler, opera singer (died 2004)

- 15 November – Claus von Stauffenberg, German resistance member and leader of the 20 July plot (died 1944)

- 22 November – Gustav Adolf Scheel, physician (died 1979)

- 24 November – Friedrich Geiger, car designer (died 1996)

- 30 November – Anton Biersack, composer (died 1982)

- 9 December – Max Deuring, mathematician (died 1984)

- 12 December – Ilse Fürstenberg, actress (died 1976)

- 13 December – Theodor Wisch, SS commander (died 1995)

- 16 December – Hanns Scharff, interrogator (died 1992)

- 20 December – Leny Marenbach, actress (died 1984)

- 23 December – Georg Haentzschel, pianist (died 1992)

- 27 December: Sebastian Haffner, journalist (died 1999) Johann Trollmann, boxer (died 1943)

- Sebastian Haffner, journalist (died 1999)

- Johann Trollmann, boxer (died 1943)

- 28 December Franz Ehrlich, architect (died 1984) Erich Mielke, politician (died 2000) Heinz Förstendorf, field hockey player (died 1988)

- Franz Ehrlich, architect (died 1984)

- Erich Mielke, politician (died 2000)

- Heinz Förstendorf, field hockey player (died 1988)

- 31 December – Walter Huppenkothen, lawyer (died 1978)

## Deaths

- 9 January – Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of Hanover (born 1818)

- 30 January – Ludwig Woltmann, German zoologist (born 1871)

- 5 February – Ludwig Thuille, composer (born 1861)

- 8 February – Alfred Kirchhoff, German geographer (born 1838)

- 14 February – Adolf Seel, painter (born 1829)

- 17 February – Wilhelm von Bezold, physicist (born 1837)

- 24 February – Otto Goldschmidt, composer (born 1829)

- 6 March – Karl Heinrich von Boetticher, FKP politician (born 1833)

- 13 March – Fritz Scheel, conductor (born 1852)

- 20 March – Ottomar Rosenbach, physician (born 1851)

- 25 March – Ernst von Bergmann, surgeon (born 1836)

- 1 April – Johann Friedrich Jaennicke, entomologist (born 1831)

- 30 April – Julius Langbehn, art historian (born 1851)

- 3 May – Hermann Tietz, merchant (born 1837)

- 13 May – Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg, nobleman (born 1829)

- 30 May – Ottomar Anschütz, inventor (born 1846)

- 5 July – Kuno Fischer, philosopher (born 1824)

- 13 July – Heinrich Kreutz, astronomer (born 1854)

- 10 August – Hermann Ende architect (born 1829)

- 13 August – Hermann Carl Vogel, astronomer (born 1841)

- 13 September – Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist (born 1833)

- 28 September – Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, nobleman (born 1826)

- 3 October – Alfred Reisenauer, pianist (born 1863)

- 10 October – Adolf Furtwängler, archaeologist (born 1853)

- 12 November – Prince Arnulf of Bavaria, nobleman and General (born 1852)

- 16 November – Gustav Hertzberg, historian (born 1826)

- 21 November – Paula Modersohn-Becker, painter (born 1876)

- 25 November – Heinrich Dernburg, jurist (born 1829)

- 30 November – Ludwig Levy, German architect (born 1854)

- 21 December – Klara Hitler, mother of Adolf Hitler (born 1860)


Gregory Andrews

# Gregory Andrews

## Abstract

Gregory Andrews is the founder and managing director of Lyrebird Dreaming. He was Australia's first Threatened Species Commissioner, and was the former Australian High Commissioner to Ghana and West Africa.

## Early life and education

Gregory Andrews was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and is a Dharawal man of shared Aboriginal and European ancestry.

He holds a Master of Arts (Foreign Affairs and Trade) from the Australian National University and a Bachelor of Economics, majoring in econometrics, with First Class Honours from the University of Newcastle.

## Career

Andrews joined the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade as a graduate in 1992.

In 2014, Andrews was appointed Threatened Species Commissioner, a position created by the incoming Coalition Government. Environment monister Greg Hunt conceded the role lacked statutory powers and would have to liaise with other agencies.

Andrews served as assistant secretary of the International Organisations Branch. He has previously served overseas as first secretary at the Australian Embassy, Beijing. From 2017 to 2019, Andrews was Australia's national focal point for the Responsibility to Protect and represented Australia in United Nations, bilateral and non-government negotiations on atrocity prevention.

In June 2020 Andrews was appointed as Australia's High Commissioner to Ghana to Ghana and West Africa. His appointment was reportedly marred with controversy based on his support for marginalised people such as so called accused witches and Ghana's LGBT community. On 20 December 2021, it is reported that the Australian Government ended Andrews appointment to Ghana, and he returned home.

Andrews served as Australia's deputy chief climate negotiator to the United Nations.

He is the founder and managing director of Lyrebird Dreaming.

## Climate activism

On 2 November 2023, Andrews begun a hunger strike on the lawns of Australian Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, protesting the lack of government action on climate change. Andrews was taken to hospital after a 16-day hunger strike, ending the longest hunger strike for climate action by a single person in Australia. His petition received over 4,500 signatures.

On 9 August 2024, Andrews set out on a community awareness trip, intending to cycle 4,500 km (2,800 mi) across Australia from west to east on an ebike. In addition to promoting the importance and benefits of renewable energy, Andrews encouraged donations made online will be earmarked to specific projects which help to provide more renewable energy for people living regional and remote areas.


Hominidae

# Hominidae

## Abstract

The Hominidae (/ h ɒ ˈ m ɪ n ɪ d iː /), whose members are known as the great apes or hominids (/ ˈ h ɒ m ɪ n ɪ d z /), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.

Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans and other apes were considered to be "hominids".

The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term hominin, which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until the turn of the 21st century.

Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and extinct genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera. Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

## Evolution

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of tree-adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils from 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.

At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non- cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age— Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus fossils found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.

Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.

## Taxonomy

### Terminology

The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term " hominin ". The meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.

A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:

- A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.

- A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

- A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).

- A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.

- A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.

- A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.

A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):

### Extant and fossil relatives of humans

Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the sub family Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.

Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.) But, those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.

Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.

However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, and some say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.

## Description

The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 lb) in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140 to 180 kilograms (310 to 400 lb). In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.

## Behavior

Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use. They build complex sleeping platforms, also called nests, in trees to sleep in at night, but chimpanzees and gorillas also build terrestrial nests, and gorillas can also sleep on the bare ground.

All species are omnivorous, although chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic Revolution, have consumed mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat.

Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.

Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots.

This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.

## Legal status

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and, per the Declaration on Great Apes, should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal. On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.

## Conservation

The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.

## Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram with extinct species. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

### Extant

There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:

- Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Tribe Pongini Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Genus Pongo Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Northwest Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus

- Northeast Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus morio

- Central Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

- Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii

- Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Tribe Gorillini Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Genus Gorilla Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla

- Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli

- Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei

- Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Subtribe Panina Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Genus Pan Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes

- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus

- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti

- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

- Bonobo, Pan paniscus

- Subtribe Hominina Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Genus Homo Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Human, Homo sapiens Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

- Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

### Fossil

In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.

Family Hominidae

- Subfamily Ponginae Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Tribe Lufengpithecini † Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Lufengpithecus Lufengpithecus lufengensis Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Lufengpithecus lufengensis

- Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis

- Lufengpithecus hudienensis

- Meganthropus Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Meganthropus palaeojavanicus

- Tribe Sivapithecini † Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus meteai

- Ankarapithecus meteai

- Sivapithecus Sivapithecus brevirostris Sivapithecus punjabicus Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus sivalensis Sivapithecus indicus

- Sivapithecus brevirostris

- Sivapithecus punjabicus

- Sivapithecus parvada

- Sivapithecus sivalensis

- Sivapithecus indicus

- Gigantopithecus Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis Gigantopithecus blacki Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis

- Gigantopithecus blacki

- Gigantopithecus giganteus

- Tribe Pongini Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Khoratpithecus † Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis Khoratpithecus piriyai Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis

- Khoratpithecus piriyai

- Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis

- Pongo (orangutans) Pongo hooijeri †

- Pongo hooijeri †

- Subfamily Homininae Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Tribe Dryopithecini † Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Kenyapithecus (placement disputed) Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Kenyapithecus wickeri

- Danuvius Danuvius guggenmosi

- Danuvius guggenmosi

- Pierolapithecus (placement disputed) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

- Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

- Otavipithecus Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Otavipithecus namibiensis

- Morotopithecus (placement disputed) Morotopithecus bishopi

- Morotopithecus bishopi

- Oreopithecus (placement disputed) Oreopithecus bambolii

- Oreopithecus bambolii

- Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Nakalipithecus nakayamai

- Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Anoiapithecus brevirostris

- Hispanopithecus (placement disputed) Hispanopithecus laietanus Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Hispanopithecus laietanus

- Hispanopithecus crusafonti

- Dryopithecus Dryopithecus fontani

- Dryopithecus fontani

- Rudapithecus (placement disputed) Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Rudapithecus hungaricus

- Samburupithecus Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Samburupithecus kiptalami

- Graecopithecus † Graecopithecus freybergi

- Graecopithecus freybergi

- Tribe Gorillini Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus † (placement debated) Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Chororapithecus abyssinicus

- Tribe Hominini Subtribe Panina Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Subtribe Panina

- Subtribe Hominina Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Sahelanthropus † Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Sahelanthropus tchadensis

- Orrorin † Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin praegens

- Orrorin tugenensis

- Orrorin praegens

- Ardipithecus † Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus kadabba

- Ardipithecus ramidus

- Ardipithecus kadabba

- Kenyanthropus † Kenyanthropus platyops

- Kenyanthropus platyops

- Australopithecus † Australopithecus bahrelghazali Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Australopithecus bahrelghazali

- Australopithecus anamensis

- Australopithecus afarensis

- Australopithecus africanus

- Australopithecus garhi

- Australopithecus sediba

- Australopithecus deyiremeda

- Paranthropus † Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei

- Paranthropus aethiopicus

- Paranthropus robustus

- Paranthropus boisei

- Homo – close relatives of modern humans Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens) Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain) Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus) Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus) Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis † Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain) Homo antecessor † Homo heidelbergensis † Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens) Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens) Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species) Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) † Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis † Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens) Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo gautengensis † (probable H. habilis specimens)

- Homo rudolfensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo habilis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo naledi † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus † (probable early subspecies of Homo erectus)

- Homo ergaster † (African Homo erectus)

- Homo erectus † Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis † Java Man, Homo erectus erectus † Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis † Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis † Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis † Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species) Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis † Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis †

- Java Man, Homo erectus erectus †

- Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis †

- Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis †

- Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis †

- Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis † (possible separate species)

- Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis †

- Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †

- Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo luzonensis † (membership in Homo uncertain)

- Homo antecessor †

- Homo heidelbergensis †

- Homo cepranensis † (probable H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Homo helmei † (probable early H. sapiens specimens)

- Homo tsaichangensis † (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan; unlikely to be separate species)

- Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned) †

- Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis †

- Homo rhodesiensis † (probable late H. heidelbergensis specimens)

- Modern human, Homo sapiens (sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens) Homo sapiens idaltu † Archaic Homo sapiens †

- Homo sapiens idaltu †

- Archaic Homo sapiens †


Jason Hewitt

# Jason Hewitt

## Abstract

Jason Hewitt (born 28 August 1983 in Manchester, England) is an English professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Hull Seahawks in the NIHL.


1908 in Germany

# 1908 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1908 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Bernhard von Bülow

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Frederick Augustus III

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick II

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis IV

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Adolphus Frederick V

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Frederick Augustus II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – William Ernest

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – George, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg -Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Charles Gonthier, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line as regent)

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg to 7 February, then Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Theodor Seitz (3rd term)

- Kiaochow (Kiautschou) – Oskar von Truppel

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Georg Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Albert Hahl (2nd term)

- German Samoa (Deutsch-Samoa) – Wilhelm Solf

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Bruno von Schuckmann

- Togoland – Johann Nepomuk Graf Zech auf Neuhofen

## Events

- 8 July – The paper coffee filter, created by German housewife Melitta Bentz, is patented.

- 28 October – Daily Telegraph Affair: a British newspaper publishes undiplomatic remarks made by Emperor Wilhelm.

- date unknown German association football club BFC Nord 08 Berlin is founded. Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff is appointed German ambassador to the United States.

- German association football club BFC Nord 08 Berlin is founded.

- Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff is appointed German ambassador to the United States.

## Births

- 26 January – Rupprecht Geiger, German painter (died 2009)

- 27 January – Trude Eipperle, German operatic soprano (died 1997)

- 4 February – Heinz Pollay, German equestrian (died 1979)

- 10 February – Alfred Kranzfelder, German naval officer (died 1945)

- 25 February – Karl Heinz Stroux, German actor, film- and theatredirector (died 1985)

- 2 March – Walter Bruch, German electrical engineer (died 1990)

- 7 March – Inge Viermetz, German official and defendant at the Nuremberg Trials (date of death unknown)

- 12 March – Kurt Stöpel, German bicycle racer (died 1997)

- 25 March – Helmut Käutner, German film director (died 1980)

- 26 March – Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling, German tennis player (died 1981)

- 15 April – Richard Löwenthal, German author and journalist (died 1991)

- 19 April – Joseph Keilberth, German conductor (died 1968)

- 7 May – Max Grundig, German entrepreneur (died 1989)

- 19 May – Rolf Dahlgrün, German politician (died 1969)

- 20 May – Carlo Otte, Nazi administrator

- 22 May – Gustav Jaenecke, German ice hockey player (died 1985)

- 11 June – Karl Hein German athlete (died 1982)

- 24 June – Hugo Distler, German composer (died 1942)

- 31 July – Franz Meyers, German politician (died 2002)

- 10 August – Hanan Rubin, German-born Israeli politician (died 1962)

- 18 August – Heinrich Hellwege, German politician (died 1991)

- 27 August – Karl Ernst Rahtgens, German officer (died 1944)

- 22 September – Fritz Gunst, German water polo player (died 1992)

- 9 October – Werner von Haeften, Oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht, who took part in the military-based conspiracy against Adolf Hitler known as the 20 July plot (died 1944)

- 12 October – Georg Henneberg, German physician (died 1996)

- 14 October – Rudolf Ismayr, German weightlifter (died 1998)

- 25 October – Gotthard Handrick, German athlete and fighter pilot (died 1978)

- 26 October – Richard Häussler, German actor (died 1964)

- 11 November – Martin Held, German actor (died 1992)

- 20 November – Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine (died 1968)

- 21 November – Franz Pfnür, German alpine skier (died 1996)

## Deaths

- 5 January – Joseph von Mering, German physician (born 1849)

- 9 January – Wilhelm Busch, German humorist, poet, illustrator and painter (born 1832)

- 22 January – August Wilhelmj, German violinist (born 1845)

- 7 February – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, nobleman (born 1826)

- 24 March – Eduard von Pestel, Prussian military officer and German general (born 1821)

- 27 March – Johann Georg Mönckeberg, politician (born 1839)

- 26 April – Karl Möbius, German zoologist (born 1825)

- 17 May: Jacques Blumenthal, German pianist and composer (born 1829) Carl Koldewey, German Arctic explorer (born 1837)

- Jacques Blumenthal, German pianist and composer (born 1829)

- Carl Koldewey, German Arctic explorer (born 1837)

- 4 June – Hermann von der Hude, German architect (born 1830)

- 13 June – Henry Lomb, German-American optician, founder of Bausch & Lomb (born 1828)

- 10 July – Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten, German botanist (born 1817)

- 29 July – Cuno von Uechtritz-Steinkirch, German sculptor (born 1856)

- 3 November – Harro Magnussen, German sculptor (born 1861)

- 20 November – Albert Dietrich, conductor and composer (born 1829)


Episode 4 (Baby Reindeer)

# Episode 4 (Baby Reindeer)

## Abstract

" Episode 4 " is the fourth episode of the psychological black comedy - drama thriller television miniseries Baby Reindeer. The episode was directed by Weronika Tofilska and written by the series creator Richard Gadd, and was released on Netflix on 11 April 2024 along with the rest of the series. The episode recounts Donny's early career, when he was groomed and raped by a television writer named Darrien.

## Plot

Donny finally reports Martha to the police, six months after the stalking began. When asked why it took so long for him to report, Donny has a flashback.

Five years earlier, while participating in the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Donny meets a television writer, Darrien. Darrien helps Donny improve his comedy routine, and his gigs begin growing in popularity. Before the festival ends, Darrien seemingly disappears, and Donny presumes he returned to London. Donny attends drama school in Oxford, though he misses Darrien and is unhappy with his current career status after the success in Edinburgh. One day, Donny receives a call from Darrien, inviting him to write a television pilot together, and Donny is elated.

Donny brings his work-in-progress script to Darrien's flat, but rather than reading his work, Darrien invites him to get high together. They take MDMA and GHB, which makes Donny vomit. While patting Donny's back, Darrien digitally rapes him. Afterward, he pours Donny a glass of water as if nothing happened.

At school one day, Donny receives a call from Darrien, who tells him that a network loves his pilot and wants to work with him. Donny begins spending his weekends at Darrien's flat, taking hard drugs and being groomed with promises of career success. On several instances, Donny regains consciousness to find Darrien sexually assaulting him. One evening, Donny takes LSD and has a bad trip, so Darrien offers him GHB for relaxation. As Donny falls in and out of consciousness, Darrien anally rapes him. Despite the traumatic experience, Donny recounts that he stayed at Darrien's flat for days afterward before leaving.

Donny's mental health plummets after the rape. Feeling angry and sexually confused, he begins having reckless sex with people of all genders, putting himself in risky situations to understand the rape and why it happened to him. He goes on numerous dates, ditching them before the evening is over, until he meets Teri. Despite falling in love with her, he feels anger and shame.

In the present day, back at the police station, Donny notes the irony of reporting Martha but having never reported Darrien.

## Production

### Development

Director Weronika Tofilska visited Edinburgh before the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for research purposes. For the apartment set, she stated, "The concept was very much that, during the day, this flat feels almost cozy. The design is a bit quirky, but there’s a coziness, a lot of softness, warm colors. When it changes to night, it has this quiet, very warm, orangey feel that trends towards red. It has this slightly nightmarish feel."

### Filming

The episode was shot on location in Edinburgh, with specific locations including the Grassmarket and the Royal Mile. The Hoppy, a pub in Meadowbank, was used as the Fringe venue where Donny performs. Exterior shots were also filmed at Marsham Court in Westminster.

While the majority of the series was shot on a 35 mm lens, Krzysztof Trojnar, the director of photography, shot the scenes in Darrien's apartment on a wider lens; Tofilska noted that this was to give the audience a feeling of alienation and discomfort. For the scenes where Donny is high, Trojnar employed a handheld camera, rather than a dolly.

Richard Gadd noted that his hardest days on set were filming the fourth episode. He stated, "God bless Tom Goodman-Hill for being, like, the sweetest, kindest man, because that was a very intense few days. Those feelings can come back into your body, so I was very uncomfortable. I remember a few days where I found myself going to set and thinking, 'I wouldn’t mind a traffic jam today.'" He also noted that several crew members cried while filming the episode.

## Reception

### Critical response

Marah Eakin of Vulture gave the episode four stars out of five, calling the writing "really amazing" and stating, "You need to see this episode to really absorb it. Once you do, its images, feelings, and expressions will undoubtedly be burned into your brain...."

Therese Lacson of Collider wrote, "The series, up until that moment, is serious but hasn't become completely devastating. After Episode 4, we are now fully aware of Donny's truth and the struggles he's been facing. Recent breakups, struggles with his sexuality, difficulty in his career, and even his relationship with Martha are seen in a new light. It is absolutely soul-crushing to connect the dots of Donny's life with the benefit of hindsight, and that's where Gadd achieves brilliance."

Louisa Mellor of Den of Geek called the episode "stunning" and wrote, "This exposing and truthful episode is the pivot on which Baby Reindeer turns, transforming a good show into a great one. Episode four is like a light switching on behind an X-Ray scan of Donny’s mind, illuminating its previously dark paths, connections and areas of damage."

Brian Farvour of The Playlist wrote, "While gruesome, shocking, and often appalling, this degenerate section elucidates why Donny tolerated Martha for so long. And it's a white-hot, distressingly frank, and vulnerable psychological tale of shame, insecurity, shattered ego, self-doubt, and crippled self-confidence. What it ultimately reveals, as well, is a show that's infinitely more layered and intricate than just a stalker narrative, a genre arguably exploited as a Trojan Horse ruse to explore something much more emotionally complex, damaged, and anguishing."

Miles Ellingham of British GQ wrote, "It's truly nightmarish and, what's more, it's based on Gadd's real-life experiences, making it one of the most radically confessional episodes put to television in a long time. The horror of episode four is neatly packaged in darkening gradations."

Rebecca Nicholson of The Guardian called it the "most chilling TV episode of the entire year".


1894 in Germany

# 1894 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1894 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- Kaiser – Wilhelm II

- Chancellor – Leo von Caprivi to 26 October, then from 29 October Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

### State level

#### Kingdoms

- King of Bavaria – Otto

- King of Prussia – Wilhelm II

- King of Saxony – Albert

- King of Württemberg – William II

#### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden – Frederick I

- Grand Duke of Hesse – Ernest Louis

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Frederick Francis III

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Frederick William

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg – Peter II

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Charles Alexander

#### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe – George, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Karl Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Lippe – Woldemar, Prince of Lippe

- Reuss Elder Line – Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

- Reuss Younger Line – Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line

- Waldeck and Pyrmont – Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

#### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt – Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt

- Duke of Brunswick – Prince Albert of Prussia (regent)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg – Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

#### Colonial Governors

- Cameroon (Kamerun) – Leist to 24 February, then Eugen von Zimmerer (4th and final term) to 31 December, then Jesko von Puttkamer (3rd term)

- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) – Friedrich Radbod Freiher von Schele

- German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) – Gerog Schmiele (Landeshauptleute of the German New Guinea Company)

- German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) – Curt von François (Landeshauptleute) to 15 March, then Theodor Leutwein (Landeshauptleute)

- Togoland – Jesko von Puttkamer (Landeshauptleute) (2nd term)

## Events

- 1 October – Leipziger Volkszeitung is first published.

### Undated

- The Reichstag building in Berlin is completed and opened.

- The German company Wintershall is founded.

## Births

- 8 February – Ludwig Marcuse, German philosopher (died 1971)

- 26 February – Wilhelm Bittrich, German Waffen SS general (died 1979)

- 11 March – Otto Grotewohl, German politician (died 1964)

- 1 April – Eduard Wagner, German general (died 1944)

- 11 April – Fritz Lindemann, German officer (died 1944)

- 14 April – Fritz Thiele, German member of the German resistance who served as the communications chief of the German Army (died 1944)

- 19 April – Adolf Wissel, German painter, an official artist of Nazism (died 1973)

- 19 May – Heinz Ziegler, German general (died 1972)

- 30 July – Gerda Müller, German actress (died 1951)

- 17 August – Otto Suhr, German politician (died 1957)

- 19 August – Joseph Müller, German Roman Catholic priest (died 1944)

- 20 August – Josef Straßberger, German weightlifter (died 1950)

- 6 September – Carl Grossberg, German painter (died 1940)

- 12 September – Friedrich Ebert Jr., German politician (died 1979)

- 15 September – Herbert Windt, German composer (died 1965)

- 14 October – Heinrich Lübke, German politician (died 1972)

- 2 November – Alexander Lippisch, German aeronautical engineer, pioneer of aerodynamics (died 1976)

- 19 November – Heinz Hopf, German mathematician (died 1971)

- 17 December – Hans Henny Jahnn, German playwright and novelist (died 1959)

- 19 December – Paul Dessau, German conductor and composer (died 1979)

- 21 December – Gustav Ehrhart, German chemist (died 1971)

## Deaths

- 1 January – Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (born 1857)

- 11 January: Wilhelm von Freeden, German mathematician (born 1822) Joseph Weyland, German bishop of Roman Catholic Church (born 1826)

- Wilhelm von Freeden, German mathematician (born 1822)

- Joseph Weyland, German bishop of Roman Catholic Church (born 1826)

- 12 February – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, virtuoso pianist, and composer (born 1830)

- 20 February – Georg Albert Lücke, German surgeon (born 1829)

- 11 April – Constantin Lipsius, German architect (born 1832)

- 21 May – August Kundt, German physicist (born 1839)

- 8 September – Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician (born 1821)

- 17 October – Ludwig von Henk, German naval officer (born 1820)