1801 in Germany

# 1801 in Germany

## Abstract

Events from the year 1801 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### Holy Roman Empire

- Francis II (5 July 1792 – 6 August 1806)

#### Important Electors

- Bavaria Maximilian I (16 February 1799 – 6 August 1806)

- Saxony Frederick Augustus I (17 December 1763 – 20 December 1806)

### Kingdoms

- Kingdom of Prussia Monarch – Frederick William III of Prussia (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)

- Monarch – Frederick William III of Prussia (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)

### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Frederick Francis I (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)

- Frederick Francis I (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)

- Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg Wilhelm (6 July 1785 – 2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign. Peter I (2 July 1823 – 21 May 1829)

- Wilhelm (6 July 1785 – 2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.

- Peter I (2 July 1823 – 21 May 1829)

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Karl August (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809

- Karl August (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809

### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe George William (13 February 1787 – 1860)

- George William (13 February 1787 – 1860)

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Louis Frederick II (13 April 1793 – 28 April 1807)

- Louis Frederick II (13 April 1793 – 28 April 1807)

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 – 19 August 1835)

- Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 – 19 August 1835)

- Principality of Reuss-Greiz Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800 – 29 January 1817)

- Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800 – 29 January 1817)

- Waldeck and Pyrmont Friedrich Karl August (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)

- Friedrich Karl August (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)

### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)

- Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick

- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Francis (8 September 1800 – 9 December 1806)

- Francis (8 September 1800 – 9 December 1806)

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Georg I (1782–1803)

- Georg I (1782–1803)

- Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)

- Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)

- Duke of Württemberg Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)

- Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)

### Other

- Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt Louis I (6 April 1790 – 14 August 1806)

- Louis I (6 April 1790 – 14 August 1806)

## Events

- 9 February – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, Aachen is officially annexed by France.

### Date unknown

- Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter.

- The magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published.

## Births

- 22 January – Friedrich Gerke, German pioneer of telegraphy (died 1888)

- 19 April – Gustav Fechner, German psychologist (died 1887)

- 16 June – Julius Plücker, German mathematician, physicist (died 1868)

- 14 July – Johannes Peter Müller, German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (died 1858)

- 10 August – Christian Hermann Weisse, German Protestant religious philosopher (died 1866)

- 3 September – Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, German palaeontologist (died 1869)

- 12 October – Carl August von Steinheil, German engineer, astronomer (died 1870)

- 23 October – Albert Lortzing, German composer (died 1851)

- 3 November – Karl Baedeker, German guidebook publisher (died 1859)

- 13 November – Queen Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, queen of Prussia (died 1873)

- 24 November – Ludwig Bechstein, German writer and collector of folk tales (died 1860)

- 4 December – Karl Ludwig Michelet, German philosopher (died 1893)

- 11 December – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (died 1836)

### Date unknown

- Thierry Hermès, German-born French businessman, founder of Hermès (died 1878)

## Deaths

- 14 March – Christian Friedrich Penzel, German musician and composer (born 1737)

- 25 March – Novalis, German poet (born 1772)

- 26 April – Karl Heinrich Heydenreich, German philosopher (born 1764)

- 14 May – Johann Ernst Altenburg, German composer, organist and trumpeter (born 1734)

- 19 September – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (born 1745)

- 23 October – Johann Gottlieb Naumann, Kapellmeister, conductor and composer (born 1741)


Spend Spend Spend

# Spend Spend Spend

## Abstract

Spend Spend Spend is a musical with book and lyrics by Steve Brown and Justin Greene and music by Brown. The musical is inspired by the life of Viv Nicholson.

## Productions

### Original Leeds production (1998)

Spend Spend Spend premiered on 26 May 1998, running until 27 June at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds and won the Barclays Theatre Award for Best Musical of the Year. The production starred Rosemary Ashe and Nigel Richards.

### Original London production (1999)

After a week of previews, the West End production, directed by Jeremy Sams and choreographed by Craig Revel Horwood, opened on 12 October 1999 at the Piccadilly Theatre, where it ran until 5 August 2000. The original cast included Barbara Dickson, Steven Houghton, Jeff Shankley and Rachel Leskovac. The original London production was arranged by the Musical Director, Dane Preece.

A BBC Two documentary, Trouble at the Top, followed the progress of the production, particularly focusing on producer Andre Ptaszynski, and was broadcast in March 2000.

Shortly after closing in London, the production, with most of the original cast, went on a UK Tour. The Musical Director for the tour was Steve Hill and the role of Keith was played by Grant Anthony.

### Newbury revival (2009)

On 8 July 2009 the Watermill Theatre, Newbury, presented a revival of the musical, directed by Craig Revel Horwood, with Karen Mann as the older Viv, Kirsty Hoiles as young Viv and Greg Barnett as Keith. The production next had a 7-week tour across the country, beginning 28 September 2010 to 9 November 2010. It was awarded the 2010 TMA award for Best Musical and Kirsty Hoiles (young Viv) was awarded the TMA award for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical.

### Manchester revival (2024)

There will be a new production at the Royal Exchange, Manchester beginning Saturday 23rd November 2024 to Saturday 11th January 2025, directed by Josh Seymour, with Rachel Leskovac (nominated for an Olivier Award for her portrayal of the young Viv Nicholson in the original London production) in the leading role.

## Premise

In 1961, Yorkshire housewife Viv Nicholson wins £152,319 in the football pools. When a reporter asks her what she plans to do with her new fortune, she replies, "I'm going to spend, spend, spend!," which is exactly what she does. Her rags-to-riches-to-rags-again story takes her through five husbands, expensive sports cars, fur coats and jewelry, a battle with alcohol, and bankruptcy as, unable to cope with her new-found wealth and fame, she rapidly spirals downward.

## Awards and nominations

- Olivier Award Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical (nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical (Dickson, winner) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical (Leskovac, nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance In A Musical (Houghton, nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director (nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Choreography (nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design (nominee) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Designer (Mark Henderson, winner for multiple productions)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical (nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical (Dickson, winner)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical (Leskovac, nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance In A Musical (Houghton, nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director (nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Choreography (nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design (nominee)

- Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Designer (Mark Henderson, winner for multiple productions)

- Evening Standard Award for Best Musical, 1999 (winner)

- Critics Circle Award for Best Musical (winner)


Valeria Maximilla

# Valeria Maximilla

## Abstract

Valeria Maximilla (fl. 293–312) was a Roman Empress and wife of Emperor Maxentius.

## Life

Maximilla was the daughter of Emperor Galerius and his first wife, whose name is unknown. Around 293 (the exact date is unknown), she married Maxentius, son of Emperor Maximian, in what was likely an attempt to forge an alliance between the families of Maximian and Galerius. They had two sons. The eldest, Valerius Romulus, was born c. 295 and died in 309; the other son's name is not recorded, but might be Aurelius Valerius, who was executed in 312. As an emperor's daughter, she was entitled nobilissima femina.

Maxentius was acclaimed emperor in October 306 against the wishes of Maximilla's father, who unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the usurper in 307. Maxentius remained the ruler of Rome, Italy, and Africa until 312, when Constantine I invaded Italy. Valeria and her husband were together before his defeat at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, after which she disappears from the historical record. Her fate is unknown.

Valeria Maximilla's portrait does not appear on any of the coinage issued under Maxentius, but she may have been depicted on a defaced sculpture now housed in the Capitoline Museums. If it is of Maximilla, it was likely defaced after her husband's overthrow, when his own images were also defaced.

## In St. Catherine's hagiography

Maximilla may be the nameless queen who appears in the hagiography of St. Catherine of Alexandria by Jacobus de Voragine (one of the fantastic stories in the " Golden Legend "). In this story, the queen converted to Christianity after meeting with Catherine, and the both of them were then tortured and executed by Maxentius, depicted here as a persecutor of Christians.

In another similar version by 15th-century Italian hagiographer Petrus de Natalibus, the queen was named "Faustina". She was accompanied to Catherine's jail by Porphyrius, an army captain. Along with Faustina, the captain and 200 of his soldiers also converted, and they were all supposedly martyred by Maxentius. In Eastern Orthodox churches, Faustina, Porphyrius (called a stratelates) and the soldiers share a feast day with Catherine: November 24 for the Russian Orthodox Church, and Nov. 25 for the Greek Orthodox Church.


Montenegrin diaspora

# Montenegrin diaspora

## Abstract

The Montenegrin diaspora (Montenegrin: Црногорска дијаспора) consists of communities of ethnic Montenegrins and/or Montenegrin citizens living outside Montenegro. Estimates on its size are only approximate because of incomplete statistical records and naturalization, but (highest) estimates suggest that the Montenegrin diaspora may be as large as the nation's population of 620,000.

## Communities

### United States

At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, mass migration of Montenegrins into America occurred. It went in groups, but also individually. First of all, young people from the coastal part of Montenegro were leaving: Boka, Pastrovici, the surroundings of Budva, then from Crmnica, Katun nahija, Gragova, Krivosija, Vilusa, so that in a few years the departure would be extended to the region of Niksic, Bjelopavlici, Piva, Zabljak, Moraca and the whole northern part of Montenegro.

The number of emigrants has grown from year to year. According to the passport book, which was carefully conducted from 1864 to 1914 in the Kingdom of Montenegro, in the United States, according to Pavel Rovinsky, there were 17 thousand young Montenegrins. This is stated in the "Glas Crnogorca", which was at that time in Cetinje, as well as in the "Slobodna Misao" newspaper in Niksic. Interesting is the fact that in 1903, in the course of five months, from the beginning of August to the end of December, 621 Montenegrins went to America.

Today, it is estimated that there are 40,000 Montenegrins in the United States and these Montenegrins mainly live in the central and eastern United States, consisting of Albanians from Ulcinj and Tuzi, and Bosniak Muslims of Bar, Plav and Gusinje; much of which is concentrated in New York City and Chicago, and to a lesser extent in Detroit, and recent arrivals from former Yugoslavia in the Los Angeles area.

Montenegrin Americans are found throughout the state of Alaska. About a quarter of all known Montenegrin Americans live in Anchorage. Their presence in Alaska dates back to the gold rushes of the early 20th century.

### Argentina

During the early 1900s, Montenegrins from the Kingdom of Montenegro began emigrating to the country, and nowadays there are approximately 50,000 Montenegrins and descendants living in Argentina. Besides Poles (450,000) and Croatians (440,000) they are one of the most populous Slavic communities in Argentina. Currently most of them are located in the northern province of Chaco, while the remaining part lives in Buenos Aires, Tandil, Venado Tuerto, and General Madariaga.

Descendants of ethnic Montenegrins established Colonia La Montenegrina, the largest Montenegrin colony in South America, in which they are part of even today. General Madariaga is a specially important place for Montenegrins in Argentina since many of them have achieved a remarkable wealth there through the business of cattle breeding, and most Montenegrins and their descendants are buried in its cemetery. Additionally, the Montenegrin-Argentine organization, Yugoslav Society Njegoš (Sociedad Yugoslava Njegoš, previously called the Montenegrin Society and Montenegrin-Yugoslav Society for Mutual Aid before World War II) provides mutual aid inside the town.

### Germany

Montenegrins in Germany are supported and represented by various associations. They number around 30,000. It is the largest Montenegrin diaspora in the EU.

Some Montenegrins immigrated during the 1960s and 1970s as Gastarbeiter ("guest workers") when Montenegro was still a part of Yugoslavia. A minority arrived as refugees during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s.

Some Montenegrins still want to migrate to Germany, especially from the northern parts of Montenegro. In 2015, approximately 6,000 attempted to travel into Germany to seek asylum but were unsuccessful. In 2016, 683 Montenegrins were granted work permits. In 2017, this number rose to 876. In 2018, Germany made it easier for Montenegrins to gain a work permit.


Killaloe Cathedral

# Killaloe Cathedral

## Abstract

The Cathedral Church of St Flannan, Killaloe (/ ˌ k ɪ l ə ˈ l uː / kil-ə- LOO) is a cathedral of the Church of Ireland in Killaloe, County Clare in Ireland.

Previously the cathedral of the Diocese of Killaloe, it is now one of five cathedrals in the Diocese of Tuam, Limerick and Killaloe. The Dean of the Cathedral is the Very Reverend Roderick Lindsay Smyth who is also Dean of Clonfert, Dean of Kilfenora and both Dean and Provost of Kilmacduagh

## Architecture

Killaloe Cathedral dates from the transition between the Romanesque and Gothic periods and was completed in 1225. The front is decorated with arabesque ornaments. On the north side of the cathedral is a small oratory or chapel of a date earlier than the cathedral; and probably the original sanctuary of the holy man who founded the abbey. Its roof is very deep, and made entirely of stone; it has a belfry, and two doorways to the east and west.

In the bell tower is a chime of eight bells cast by Matthew O'Byrne of Dublin in 1896. The heaviest bell weighs just over 500 kilograms.

## Recent restoration

A £200,000 restoration project involving the repair of a Romanesque doorway and the reconstruction of a 12th-century high cross, was completed in 2001. The Kilfenora Cross, embedded in the walls of the Gothic cathedral in the 1930s, is once again free-standing. The imposing 12-ft monument is now in the nave of the building.

## Burials

- John Rider (bishop)


Magdalen Society of Philadelphia

# Magdalen Society of Philadelphia

## Abstract

The Magdalen Society of Philadelphia was a private charitable organization founded in 1800 to redeem prostitutes and other "fallen women". This was the first association in the United States that sought to rescue and reform wayward women. A number of local clergymen and citizens affiliated with Quaker, Episcopal and Presbyterian denominations met to form the Society. Bishop William White, the nation's highest-ranking Episcopal bishop, was the first president of the Society, which officially incorporated in 1802. The organization was based on Magdalen hospitals in England and Ireland, which were named for Mary Magdalene. Similarly designated groups were soon started in other American cities in the early 19th century.

## Background

The Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, a private charitable organization was founded in 1807. The stated purpose of Philadelphia 's Magdalen Society was "restoring to the paths of virtue those unhappy females who in unguarded hours have been robbed of their innocence." The president of the Society was Bishop William White, rector of Christ Church; the vice-president was Robert Wharton, mayor of Philadelphia.

While many women's societies existed at the time, The Magdalen Society stood out in its belief that "fallen" women could be rehabilitated and returned to society to live successful lives. One such woman was Elizabeth Ogden. After her stay at The Magdalen Society, Elizabeth went on to open a school. Other society women followed this same path, marrying into better families and finding new ways to contribute to society. Not every woman experienced a lifestyle change like Elizabeth, but if they wanted access to other options, the Magdalen Society was an easy place to access it. This was especially important for those who turned to prostitution and other illegal means of living because they had no other choice.

The Society in 1808 opened the Magdalen Asylum on the northeast corner of Schuylkill Second (now 21st) and Race Streets, at 39°57′29″N 75°10′26″W / 39.958°N 75.174°W. It was operated by the Society's Board of Managers, and initially housed about a dozen prostitutes and other errant women. The Magdalen Asylum stood on this site for more than a century, until 1916. Starting in 1988, an archeological investigation of the site was conducted in connection with the construction of the Franklin Institute 's Futures Center, which now overlaps the site.

## Operation

The women that the asylum admitted were called magdalens and were assigned a number in the order they entered the facility. They were mostly young immigrant women between the ages of 17 and 23 who were on their own and unsupported. They generally did not share the Magdalen Society's image of their "guilt and wretchedness," but instead simply sought a sanctuary from disease, the prison or almshouse, unhappy family situations, abusive men, and dire economic circumstances.

In its early years, the Magdalen Society Asylum functioned as a refuge for prostitutes. Most of these stayed only a few days or weeks. In 1877, the asylum was changed into a home for wayward girls, with a rule requiring a stay for twelve months. As the Magdalen Society Asylum became more selective, relaxed its emphasis on personal guilt and salvation, and standardized in some respects the treatmentof the inmates, its rate of failure diminished.

A much larger Magdalen Home was erected at the same locality in the 1840s. This building separated the inmates ("magdalens") from the staff, and recalcitrant inmates from new arrivals. Fences and eventually a 13-foot wall were built around the property to keep the magdalens from seeing or otherwise interacting with the encroaching city.

The Philadelphia Magdalen Society lodged 2,726 women in all, attempting to change them into domestic servants, factory workers, seamstresses or laundresses—and sometimes even returning the inmates to their families, hopefully with a more "proper" mindset. Still, even the Board of Managers conceded that few magdalens were converted to lives of virtue. So the Society began to focus on preventing waywardness and providing education to girls.

The Home for Magdalens moved to Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1915, about the time that it was becoming clear that the refuge had outlived its usefulness. Other private organizations and state institutions had become concerned with the treatment of "delinquent" girls, and the asylum's functions had been taken over by city courts, which placed youthful offenders on probation rather than committing them to institutions.

## White-Williams Foundation for Girls

The Society began to seek a new direction for its work. It wanted to find ways to prevent the delinquency it had worked to treat for over a hundred years. The Board of Managers voted to address the heart of the problem by providing direction and assistance to steer children away from trouble. Accordingly, the Magdalen Society changed its name to White-Williams Foundation for Girls in 1918. (The name honored Bishop William White and George Williams, a Quaker philanthropist and former Board chairman.) White-Williams began the service that it continues today: providing stipends to needy Philadelphia students. White-Williams Scholars visit area colleges, attend cultural events and career exploration workshops, and participate in peer support groups. Now known as White-Williams Scholars, the organization currently serves both male and female pupils in Philadelphia public high schools.


Cornelius Rost

# Cornelius Rost

## Abstract

Cornelius Rost (27 March 1919, Kufstein, Austria – 18 October 1983, Munich, Germany) was an Austrian drafted into the German army as a soldier in World War II who allegedly escaped from a Soviet Gulag camp in Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia. His supposed experiences were the basis for a book, a television series, and a film. Later research strongly indicates that Cornelius Rost's escape story is not true.

## Life

Rost was born on 27 March 1919 in Kufstein, Tyrol, Austria. He was living in Munich when the Second World War broke out, and during the war, he was captured by the Soviet Army. By his own statement, made in 1942, he held the rank of private, although Clemens Forell, his alias in his novel, was depicted as a Wehrmacht officer.

According to the Munich registration office, Rost returned from war imprisonment in Russia on 28 October 1947. In 1953, he started working in the in-house printing division of the Franz Ehrenwirth publishing house in Munich. After ruining numerous book covers, Rost said that he had been made color blind by being imprisoned in Soviet lead mines. Seeking an explanation, Ehrenwirth learned of Rost's prisoner of war experiences. Sensing a good story, Ehrenwirth asked Rost to write down his recollections. Rost's script was of very poor quality, but Ehrenwirth was keen on the story and hired professional writer Josef Martin Bauer to get the material into shape.

## Book

Allegedly fearing a possible backlash by the post-war Allied authorities, Rost agreed to an oral interview only after being granted the use of the alias Clemens Forell. Bauer then processed the eight hours of taped material into his famous 1955 So weit die Füße tragen (As far as my feet will carry me).

In the 1960s, Rost used some of his recollections in his own paperback, Unternehmen Konterbande (Mission Contraband), but it was never printed or published. Bauer's novel, however, was translated into at least 15 languages and is still being re-published.

## Death

Rost died on 18 October 1983 and was interred at Munich's Central Cemetery.

## True identity

Almost 20 years after Rost's death, Ehrenwirth's son Martin revealed Rost's true identity to radio journalist Arthur Dittlmann, who researched the life of Bauer for a radio feature-documentary for the author's 100th birthday anniversary.

## Adaptations

In 1959, Rost's story was the subject of a six-part television adaption, starring the German character actor Heinz Weiss. When it was first aired, it quickly became Germany's first television blockbuster. In 2001, it was remade as the film As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me, starring Bernhard Bettermann as Forell. Added to the story was a duel between Forell and a Soviet officer who was chasing him, ending in a showdown on a bridge on the Soviet-Iranian border. Many scenes feature characters speaking Russian and other foreign languages, without any subtitles; the intention was to convey to German and other non-Russian viewers the feeling of helplessness experienced by the protagonist with his limited knowledge of Russian.

## Fraud Allegations

Currently Rost's escape story is widely dismissed. In addition to numerous factual errors (e.g., the supposed lead mine in the Chukchi Peninsula never existed), key points in his tale cannot be verified (e.g., his repatriation via Iran). After many years of research, in three broadcasts on Bayerischer Rundfunk on 2, 3 and 4 April 2010, the journalist Arthur Dittlmann concluded that Rost's descriptions cannot be true. As a result, within Germany today, Rost's tale is widely regarded as "eine Fälschung" (a fake).


Laura Hamilton

# Laura Hamilton

## Abstract

Laura Jane Hamilton (born 24 April 1982) is an English television presenter, property expert and entrepreneur. She began her career on children's television, presenting shows such as Fun Song Factory and on Nickelodeon. She participated in series six of Dancing on Ice in 2011, finishing in second place.

Since February 2012, Hamilton has been a presenter of Channel 4 's A Place in the Sun and also co-presented Cowboy Builders & Bodge Jobs for Channel 5 in 2015. In 2022 she joined ITV's This Morning presenting Live features on location.

## Early life and early career

Hamilton grew up in Dartford, Kent. After gaining A-Levels at Dartford Grammar School for Girls, she turned down an offer to study law and psychology at university for a one-year contract at Channel 4 television, as a runner for Dermot O'Leary. She left Channel 4 after her contract ended and worked as an Assistant Floor Manager on productions including Top of the Pops, The Buckingham Palace Jubilee Celebrations, The Games, T4, Party in the Park, Robbie Williams at Knebworth and Big Brother. She then went on to work as a 2nd/3rd Assistant Director on TV shows including Family Affairs, The Bill, and films including Harry Potter and Stardust. She worked behind the camera for four years in assistant roles before making her on-screen TV debut.

She has also worked for production companies and broadcasters including ITV, Channel 5, Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, Boomerang and Disney XD.

## Television and film career

Her first break in front of the camera came as 'Melody' in the popular pre-school show Fun Song Factory for CITV, which she played for two and a half years until the show ended in 2006. She had appeared alongside Aston Merrygold from JLS on Fun Song Factory. She also appeared in the films Dead Man's Cards in 2006 and Magicians in 2007. She was also the face of Citibank for their European campaign.

In 2006, Hamilton became the female face of kids' TV channel Nickelodeon, and has presented Nickheads, Slime Across the UK in summer 2007, and ME:TV (LIVE) for the channel. She has also presented the Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards, with McFly in 2007, and Dannii Minogue in 2008.

In March 2008, Hamilton started guest presenting on GMTV 's Toonattik. She was involved in the Endemol -produced The Bratz Design Academy in late 2008 where children got to become fashion designers and design a dress that she wore to an awards ceremony. In 2009, Hamilton co-hosted the UK version of Staraoke on Boomerang with Nigel Clarke.

On 18 December 2010, Hamilton was revealed as one of the 16 celebrities to participate in ITV1's flagship show, Dancing on Ice in 2011.

In early 2011, amongst a few others, she was in discussions with Simon Cowell to present The Xtra Factor that year. She decided to quit her job with Nickelodeon to move away from children's television.

On 4 October 2011, Hamilton appeared on the Channel 5 show Real Food Family Cook Off as a guest judge alongside chef Ainsley Harriott. On 17 February 2012, Hamilton appeared in Series 11 of The Real Hustle, as a participant.

On 24 March 2012, Hamilton appeared on Winter Wipeout 's first celebrity special. She failed to progress to the "Wipeout Zone" final, after being eliminated in 4th place at the 'Winter Blunderland' stage. On 13 December 2012, Hamilton appeared on Celebrity Eggheads alongside Alistair Appleton, Simon O'Brien, Ed Hall and Angus Purden in the "house and home experts" team.

Her show Beat my Build aired on Channel 4 in November 2013. In 2014, she participated in the first series of The Jump and left the competition on day 5, after narrowly losing the ski jump-off against Donal MacIntyre.

### Recent work

Hamilton presented the revived series of Fort Boyard for CITV, now called Fort Boyard: Ultimate Challenge, which also aired on Disney XD in the USA. She co-hosted alongside American actor, Geno Segers in series 1 & 2 and former Blue Peter presenter, Andy Akinwolere from series 3 to 5. The show was not renewed for a 6th series in 2015.

On 24 August 2011, it was announced in Hello Magazine that Hamilton would be joining the team of Channel 4's award-winning show, A Place in the Sun. Her first episode aired on 6 February 2012.

Laura presents outside feature broadcasts and viewer competitions including for ITV's This Morning. Hamilton regularly writes for A Place in the Sun magazine and also reviews hotels for national publications.

## Dancing on Ice

Hamilton took part and came second place in the 2011 series of popular ITV show Dancing on Ice with Canadian professional Colin Ratushniak. They were top of the leaderboard four times during the competition; Qualifier 1 with a score of 19.5 out of 30, week 4 with a score of 25.5 out of 30, week 5 with a score of 25.5 out of 30 and week 7 with a score of 28.5 out of 30/57.0 out of 60.

In week 7 of the competition, Hamilton captained a team in the 'team challenge'. The judges decided her group's performance was the better of the two and thus, every skater in her team had their points doubled, therefore Hamilton and Ratushniak's score for that week was 57.0 out of a possible 60.

They were only the fourth couple in Dancing on Ice history to achieve a perfect score of 30.0 out of 30.0 when they performed their favourite routine to " I'm So Excited " in the Final. They came second place overall. She also took part in Dancing on Ice: The Tour 2011 along with Ratushniak.

## Charity work

Hamilton is an ambassador for the charities WellChild and the Children's Trust, Tadworth.

## Personal life

Hamilton lives in Surrey with her children. Her husband left her and they are Divorced. She seated with Jonny from the TV show.


1809 in Germany

# 1809 in Germany

## Abstract

Events from the year 1809 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### Kingdoms

- Kingdom of Prussia Monarch – Frederick William III of Prussia (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)

- Monarch – Frederick William III of Prussia (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)

- Kingdom of Bavaria Maximilian I (1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825)

- Maximilian I (1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825)

- Kingdom of Saxony Frederick Augustus I (20 December 1806 – 5 May 1827)

- Frederick Augustus I (20 December 1806 – 5 May 1827)

- Kingdom of Württemberg Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)

- Frederick I (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)

### Grand Duchies

- Grand Duke of Baden Charles Frederick (25 July 1806 – 10 June 1811)

- Charles Frederick (25 July 1806 – 10 June 1811)

- Grand Duke of Hesse Louis I (14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830)

- Louis I (14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830)

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Frederick Francis I – (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)

- Frederick Francis I – (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)

- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)

- Charles II (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)

- Grand Duke of Oldenburg Wilhelm (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign. Peter I (2 July 1823 - 21 May 1829)

- Wilhelm (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.

- Peter I (2 July 1823 - 21 May 1829)

- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Karl August (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809

- Karl August (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809

### Principalities

- Schaumburg-Lippe George William (13 February 1787 - 1860)

- George William (13 February 1787 - 1860)

- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Friedrich Günther (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867)

- Friedrich Günther (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867)

- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835)

- Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835)

- Principality of Lippe Leopold II (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851)

- Leopold II (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851)

- Principality of Reuss-Greiz Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800-29 January 1817)

- Heinrich XIII (28 June 1800-29 January 1817)

- Waldeck and Pyrmont Friedrich Karl August (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)

- Friedrich Karl August (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)

### Duchies

- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)

- Leopold III (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)

- Duke of Brunswick Frederick William (16 October 1806 – 16 June 1815)

- Frederick William (16 October 1806 – 16 June 1815)

- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick

- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1826) - Frederick

- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Ernest I (9 December 1806 – 12 November 1826)

- Ernest I (9 December 1806 – 12 November 1826)

- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Bernhard II (24 December 1803–20 September 1866)

- Bernhard II (24 December 1803–20 September 1866)

- Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)

- Frederick Charles Louis (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)

## Events

- 9 April – Tiroleans rise, under the command of Andreas Hofer, against French and Bavarian occupation.

- 14 April – Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon defeats Austria.

- 19 April – War of the Fifth Coalition – Battle of Raszyn: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the Duchy of Warsaw. Battle of Teugen-Hausen: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies.

- Battle of Raszyn: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the Duchy of Warsaw.

- Battle of Teugen-Hausen: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies.

- 21 April – Battle of Landshut

- 21/22 April – Battle of Eckmühl

- 23 April – Battle of Ratisbon

- 24 April – Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit

- 8 July – Battle of Gefrees

- 29/30 July – Battle of Halberstadt

- 1 August – Battle of Ölper

- Black Brunswickers established

- Corps Hannovera Göttingen established

- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach formed from a merger and raised to a grand duchy

## Births

- 3 February – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)

- 24 February – Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1885)

- 21 February – Carl Ernst Bock, German physician and anatomist (d. 1874).

- 15 April – Hermann Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)

- 5 May – Frederick Langenheim, German American pioneer of panoramic photography (died 1879

- 23 May – Hugo von Kirchbach, Prussian general (d. 1887)

- 13 June – Heinrich Hoffmann, German author and children's poet (d. 1894)

- 20 June – Isaak August Dorner, German theologian (d. 1884)

- 16 July – Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz, Prussian general (d. 1877)

- 8 August – Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)

- 12 September – Julius von Bose, Prussian general (d. 1894)

- 10 November – David Einhorn (rabbi), German-American abolitionist (d. 12879)

- 20 November – Gustav Koerner, German-born revolutionary, journalist, lawyer, politician, a statesman of Illinois and Germany, Colonel of the U.S. Army (d. 1896)

- 30 December – Wilhelm von Tümpling, Prussian general (d. 1884)

## Deaths

- 6 January – Johann Augustus Eberhard, German theologian, philosopher (b. 1739)

- 18 March – Karoline Kaulla, German banker (b. 1739)

- 26 April – Bernhard Schott, German music publisher (b. 1748)

- 1 September – Johann Friedrich August Göttling, German chemist (b. 1753)

- 7 September – Caroline Schelling, German scholar (b. 1763)

- 28 November – Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres, German lepidopterist (b. 1769)


Miss America 1964

# Miss America 1964

## Abstract

Miss America 1964, the 37th Miss America pageant, was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 7, 1963 and was broadcast on CBS.

Donna Axum became the first Miss Arkansas to win the crown.

## Results

### Order of announcements

### Awards


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Early life and education

Stefan Mross was born on November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria.

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

## Career

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.

## Personal life

Mross was married to Stefanie Hertel from 2006 to 2012 and has a daughter with her in 2001. Three months after the couple announced their separation, Karl Moik claimed on December 6, 2011 on the ZDF show Markus Lanz that the partnership between his former Mross and Hertel had been arranged for the media.

Mross was married to production assistant Susanne Schmidt from 2013 to 2016. The marriage produced a daughter in 2013 and a son in 2015. The couple lived in Unterwössen, a municipality in the Traunstein district of Upper Bavaria, until their separation in autumn 2016.

Since December 2016, he has been in a relationship with singer Anna-Carina Woitschack, whom he met on his show Immer wieder sonntags in the summer of 2016. In the show Das Adventsfest der 100.000 Lichter he proposed to her on November 30, 2019. On June 6, 2020, the two got married live on television in the music show Schlagerlovestory.2020 with presenter Florian Silbereisen as witnesses. The couple lived in Windorf near Passau. In November 2022, they announced their separation. Mross has been in a relationship with Eva Luginger since March 2023.


Montenegrin diaspora


2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season

# 2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season

## Abstract

The 2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season, is the 9th season of the top Uruguayan female basketball league, since its establishment in 2016. It started on 13 April 2024 with the regular season.

Malvín is the defending champion, having won the last two editions of the tournament.

## Teams

### New teams

A total of 11 teams contested the league, including 10 from the 2023 season and Tabaré who entered the tournament for the first time.

### Venues and locations

## Torneo Clasificatorio

The Torneo Clasificatorio (Qualifying Tournament) was the first stage of the LFB. The clubs played each other once, and the first six of the table played in the Serie 1. The last six played the Serie 2.

### Results

## Serie 1

The Series 1 is a phase where the top-six teams of the Torneo Clasificatorio define their qualification for the two cups in dispute. The clubs play each other twice, home and away.

### Results

## Serie 2

The Serie 2 is a phase where the last five teams of the Torneo Clasificatorio define the two remaining spots for the Copa de Plata. The clubs play each other twice, home and away.

### League table

### Results

## Copa de Plata

The Copa de Plata (Silver Cup) is a tournament played to order the teams from fifth to eighth place, with one cup in dispute.

Lagomar is the defending champion, having won the last two editions of this tournament.

## Copa de Oro

The Copa de Oro (Gold Cup) is the LFB playoff to determinate the champion of the season.

## Statistical leaders

Source: FUBB


Hanoi

# Hanoi

## Abstract

Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Nội) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river," – Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers. As a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one district-level town. The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km (1,297.24 sq mi) and as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100. Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD in 2022, behind Ho Chi Minh City.

In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Chinese rule for around a thousand years. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (lit. ' ascending dragon '). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh (東京, lit. ' eastern capital '), and remained being so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. After the August Revolution, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area.

Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of Northern Vietnam. As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarters of People's Army of Vietnam, its own Vietnam National University system, and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022. The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations and disorganized alleys – tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century.

## Names

Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên (龍編, lit. ' dragons interweaving '), then Tống Bình (宋平, lit. ' Song pacification ') and Long Đỗ (龍肚, lit. ' dragon belly '). Long Biên later gave its name to the famed Long Biên Bridge, built during French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of the Red River. Several older names of Hanoi feature long (龍, transl. dragon), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (大羅, lit. ' big net '). This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, lit. ' La citadel '). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍). Thăng Long later became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city center to Nội Bài Airport, and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed.

During the Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô (東都, lit. ' eastern metropolis '). During the Ming occupation, it was called Đông Quan (東關, lit. ' eastern gate '). During the Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh (東京), which gave the name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin. A square adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization.

After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành (北城, lit. ' northern citadel '). Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội (河內) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.

Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (lit. ' marketplace '), Tràng An (lit. ' long peace '), Phượng Thành/Phụng Thành (lit. ' phoenix city '), Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long, "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh kỳ (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội, "city of Hanoi"), Hoàng Diệu, and Thủ Đô (capital).

## History

### Pre-Thăng Long period

Many vestiges of human habitation from the late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of Đồng Mô Lake (Sơn Tây, Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic Age around 20,000 years ago. During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region. Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater. It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.

#### Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue

In around third century BC, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as Cổ Loa, the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era, with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population. For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.

#### Hanoi under Chinese rule

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years. Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.

In March of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han. It began at the Red River Delta, but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan, gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements. Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh. In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries. The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang.

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery. The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464. The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with a metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi.

#### Protectorate of Annam

By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan (Chinese: 安南; Vietnamese: An Nam; "pacified south"), with Songping as its capital.

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the Tang dynasty, built Luocheng (Chinese: 羅城; Vietnamese: La Thành) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now Ba Đình district. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng (Vietnamese: Kim Thành). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao, as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000. In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels. He renamed the city to Daluocheng (Chinese: 大羅城; Vietnamese: Đại La Thành). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height. Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians. It became an important trading center of the Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao rebellion. By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.

### Hanoi under Independent Vietnam

#### Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh

In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) – a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".

In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan (Chinese: 東關; Vietnamese: Đông Quan; "eastern gate"). In 1428, the Lam Sơn uprising, under the leadership of Lê Lợi, overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000. Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành (北城).

### During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period

When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved the capital to Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 (lit. ' ascending dragon ') to 昇隆 (lit. ' ascent and prosperity '), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty. Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was conquered and briefly occupied by the French military in late 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As Hanoï, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina in 1902.

### During WWII and American War in Vietnam

The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese in 1940 and liberated in 1945, when it briefly became the seat of the Việt Minh government after Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in 1946. After nine years of fighting between the French and Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the capital of an independent North Vietnam in 1954. The French Army withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam and International Control Commission occupied the city under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.

During the Vietnam War, Hanoi's transportation facilities were disrupted by the bombing of bridges and railways by the U.S. Seventh Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force. These were all, however, later repaired. Following the end of the war, Hanoi became the capital of a reunified Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.

### Modern Hanoi

On 21 December 1978, the National Assembly of Vietnam approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of Ba Vì, Thạch Thất, Phúc Thọ, Đan Phượng, Hoài Đức, and the town of Sơn Tây from Hà Sơn Bình Province, and the districts of Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn from Vĩnh Phú Province. The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to Hà Tây and Mê Linh to Vĩnh Phúc in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008.

After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi. High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam. Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi. Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province, Vĩnh Phúc Province 's Mê Linh District and four communes in Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình Province be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008. Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions with the new population being 6,232,940, effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi Capital Region (Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with 15 million people by 2020.

Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by a construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam).

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake. The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.

On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge fire in an apartment block in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in the rapidly expanding city.

## Geography

### Location, topography

Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the city proper.

### Climate

When using the Köppen climate classification, Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with plentiful precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam. The city experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons. Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days. Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare. From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild. Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter and large amount of sunshine. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland. The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. The city has times to be influenced by cold waves from the Northeast originating from the Siberian High. Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia with a subtropical climate.

The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration). Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain. The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955. The city have also experienced extremely hot weather on 4 June 2017 due to La Niña, with the temperature reached up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain range, and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on January 24, 2016.

## Administrative divisions

Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây is demoted to a district-level town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards.

– formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province.

## Demographics

During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina, Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145. After the First Indochina War, many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate.

Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km, with a population of 2.5 million people. By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km (357 sq mi), but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999. After the most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world. According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people. As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females. The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year).

Nowadays, the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area.

The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.

Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit available in all areas of Hanoi.

### Religion

The three teachings (Vietnamese: tam giáo) of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism have been the main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion.

### Ethnic groups

There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%.

## Economy

According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025. In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000). Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).

Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm, Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa; and newly developing Cầu Giấy, Nam Từ Liêm, Bắc Từ Liêm, Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in the west.

Similar to Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market. The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình, the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City)

Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques.

After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system. Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into the city, such as McDonald's, Lotteria, Pizza Hut, KFC, and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase " fast-food " as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures. Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods.

Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations. 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector. The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow. Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy. A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces. The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of " microbusiness " and local grassroots economic development by business reports. In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners. Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies. The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi.

Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.

## Development

### Infrastructural development

A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented. The previous close relationship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984. It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.

In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development. The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction. The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and the Thanh Trì District. The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010. In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020. It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi. A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.

Hanoi is still faced with the problems associated with increasing urbanization. Although it is a major transport hub with a large network of national routes, expressways, railways, and is home to Noi Bai International Airport, the busiest airport in Vietnam, Hanoi's public infrastructure was assessed as in poor condition with high amounts of pollution and congestion in 2001. The city also has air and water pollution, difficult road conditions, traffic congestion, and a rudimentary public transit system. Traffic congestion and air pollution are worsening as the number of motor cycles increases. Squatter settlements are expanding on the outer rim of the city as homelessness rises (2001). Living spaces have decreased as land prices have risen; in 2003, it was estimated that around 30% of the population lived in spaces of less than 3 square meters per person, and the average living space was 5 square meters per person.

In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure. The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products. The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget. Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.

### Civil society development

Part of the goals of the Đổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a result of both the market reforms and civil society movements. Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate much slower than in Ho Chi Minh City. Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems. This marked difference from Ho Chi Minh's civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam. Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in Ho Chi Minh City. A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from statism, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.

## Landmarks

As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam, and boasts more than 1,000 years of history; that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.

### Old Quarter

The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which are now part of Hoàn Kiếm district. Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or even bamboo. The street names still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce. The area is famous for its specializations in trades such as traditional medicine and local handicrafts, including silk shops, bamboo carpenters, and tin smiths. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near Đồng Xuân Market) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food.

The city's more than six decades of French colonization, as well as centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.

### Imperial sites

Imperial sites are mostly in Ba Đình District and a bit of Đống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university in Vietnam which was started in 1010, the One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of king Lý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and the Flag Tower of Hanoi (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of Ba Đình Square.

### Lakes

A city between rivers built on lowlands, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called the "city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, Trúc Bạch Lake and Bảy Mẫu Lake (inside Thống Nhất Park). Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the magic sword. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi, with many temples in the area. The lakeside road in the Nghi Tam – Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying the lotus ponds in the summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West Lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially from The Summit at Pan Pacific Hanoi (formally known as Summit Lounge at Sofitel Plaza Hanoi).

### Colonial Hanoi

Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for French Indochina for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The French colonial architectural style became dominant, and many examples remain today: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and many villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some notable colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général Paul Doumer (1898–1902) played a crucial role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.

French Colonial buildings in Hanoi are mostly in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District, the two French Quarters of the city. Notable landmarks include:

In Ba Đình district:

- Presidential Palace

- Cửa Bắc Church

- Ministry of Foreign Affairs building

- Several ministries, government agencies and foreign embassies

In Hoàn Kiếm district:

- Grand Opera House

- St. Joseph's Cathedral

- Long Biên Bridge

- Grand Palais

- French School of the Far East

- Hotel Metropole

- Tonkin Palace (State Guest House)

- Hỏa Lò Prison

- Supreme Court building

- Indochina Medical College

- Museum of Revolution

- Central Station

- State Bank of Vietnam

- Several foreign embassies

### Museums

Hanoi is home to a number of museums:

- National Museum of Vietnamese History

- Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts

- Vietnam Museum of Ethnology

- Vietnam Museum of Revolution

- Hỏa Lò Prison

- Ho Chi Minh Museum

- Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre

- Vietnam Military History Museum

- Hanoi Museum

### Suburbs

Hanoi's western suburbs, previously Hà Tây Province, offers a number of important religious sites:

- The Thầy Pagoda in Quốc Oai District was established in the 11th century and dedicated to Vietnamese Thiền master Từ Đạo Hạnh. It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Vietnam.

- The Perfume Pagoda is a vast complex of Buddhist temples and shrines built into the limestone Huong Tich mountains. It has a long pilgrimage route along the Yen river.

## Tourism

According to Mastercard ’s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018. Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the " Paris of the East " for its French influences. With its tree-fringed boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, Hanoi is a popular tourist destination.

The tourist destinations in Hanoi are generally grouped into two main areas: the Old Quarter and the French Quarter(s). The "Old Quarter" is in the northern half of Hoàn Kiếm District with small street blocks and alleys, and a traditional Vietnamese atmosphere. Many streets in the Old Quarter have names signifying the goods ("hàng") the local merchants were or are specialized in. For example, "Hàng Bạc" (silver stores) still have many stores specializing in trading silver and jewelries.

Two areas are generally called the "French Quarters": the governmental area in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District. Both areas have distinctive French Colonial style villas and broad tree-lined avenues.

The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese government headquarters, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly Building, and several ministries and embassies, most of which used administrative buildings of colonial French Indochina. The One Pillar Pagoda, the Lycée du Protectorat and the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum are also in Ba Dinh.

South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has several French colonial landmarks, including the Hanoi Opera House, the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi hotel, the National Museum of Vietnamese History (formerly the École française d'Extrême-Orient), and the St. Joseph's Cathedral. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are now used as foreign embassies.

Northwest of the historic center, the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology opened in 1997, and consists of two major exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. It is one of the most important Asian collections of traditional architecture.

Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014, fourth in 2015 and eighth in 2016. Hanoi is the most affordable international destination in TripAdvisor's annual TripIndex report.

## Entertainment

A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours. The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of Huynh Thong Nhat.

Nhà Triển Lãm at 29 Hang Bai street hosts regular photo, sculpture, and paint exhibitions in conjuncture with local artists and travelling international expositions.

A popular traditional form of entertainment is water puppetry, which is shown, for example, at the Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre.

## Honor

The name of Hanoi has been used to name many species of organisms.

- Adoretus hanoiensis

- Anosia hanoiensis

- Bellatheta hanoiensis

- Coniophora hanoiensis

- Diduga hanoiensis

- Elasmus hanoicus

- Floresorchestia hanoiensis

- Icerya hanoiensis

- Miridiba hanoiensis

- Oberea hanoiensis

- Tomato leaf curl Hanoi virus

- Trachys hanoiensis

- Guaranisaria hanoi

- Lemyra hanoica

- Spilosoma hanoica

- Siler hanoicus

- Sasajiscymnus hanoiensis

The name Hanoi has also been given to asteroid 7816 Hanoi, which was discovered in 1987 and has a diameter of nearly 3 km.

## Cuisine

Hanoi has rich culinary traditions. Many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as bún chả, chả cá Lã Vọng, bánh cuốn and cốm are believed to have originated in Hanoi. Bún chả, a dish consisting of charcoal roasted pork served in a sweet/salty soup with rice noodle vermicelli and lettuce, is by far the most popular food item among locals. President Barack Obama famously tried this dish at a Le Van Huu eatery with Anthony Bourdain in 2016, prompting the opening of a bún chả restaurant bearing his name in the Old Quarter.

Hanoi has a number of restaurants whose menus specifically offer dishes containing snakes and various species of insects. Insect-inspired menus can be found at a number of restaurants in Khuong Thuong village, Hanoi. The signature dishes at these restaurant are those containing processed ant -eggs, often in the culinary styles of Thai people or Vietnam's Muong and Tay ethnic people. Eating dog meat used to be popular in Hanoi in the 1990s and the early 2000s but is now dying out quickly due to strong objections.

## Education

Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including Indochina Medical College (1902) – now Hanoi Medical University, Indochina University (1904) – now Hanoi National University (the largest), and École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine (1925) – now Hanoi University of Fine Art.

After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, many new universities were built, most prominently the Hanoi University of Science and Technology. Recently ULIS (University of Languages and International Studies) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level. Other universities that are not part of Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, Electric Power University and University of Transport and Communications.

It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi. Admission to undergraduate study is through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open to everyone who has successfully completed their secondary education in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University, founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France, was the first private university in Vietnam. Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around the intense examination periods. In recent years, these entrance exams have been coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but entrance requirements are decided independently by each university.

Although there are state owned kindergartens, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the U.S., with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and high school from grades 10 to 12. There are several specialised schools (also known as high schools for the gifted) in Hanoi where students with the most academic prowess attend.

Education levels are much higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs. 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.

### Reform

Country-wide educational change is difficult in Vietnam due to the restrictive control of the government on social and economic development strategies. According to Hanoi government publications, the national system of education was reformed in 1950, 1956 and 1970. It was not until 1975 when the two separate education systems of the former North and South Vietnam territories became unified under a single national system. In Hanoi in December 1996, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam stated that: "To carry out industrialization and modernization successfully, it is necessary to develop education and training strongly maximize human resources, the key factor of fast and sustained development."

## Transportation

Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and 7 main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including 9 main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city also has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.

Hanoi is served by Noi Bai International Airport, located in Soc Son District, approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for the airport. In addition, a new highway and the new Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thang Long bridge). Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre.

Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi). The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period of nearly 40 years, from 1899 to 1936. The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km (1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours. As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the north–south line.

The main means of transport within Hanoi are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. Cars are the most notable change in the past five years as many Vietnamese people have started to purchase them for the first time. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them. On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport. The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.

There are two metro lines in Hanoi, one of which is under construction, as part of the master plan for the future Hanoi Metro system. Line 2A opened on 6 November 2021, while Line 3 began operations on 8 August 2024.

People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi, although this falls inside a grey legal area.

## Sports

There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The most approved ones are Mỹ Đình National Stadium (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), Quần Ngựa Sports Palace (Văn Cao Avenue), Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex and Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium. The others include Hàng Đẫy Stadium, Hà Đông Stadium or Thanh Trì Stadium. The third Asian Indoor Games were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium, Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium, Vạn Bảo Sports Complex. Some of these venues held events at the 2003 and 2021 SEA Games, both hosted in Hanoi.

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA Formula 1 Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to 2021. The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman Nguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.

Hanoi has two basketball teams that compete in the Vietnam Basketball Association (VBA), the Hanoi Buffaloes and Thang Long Warriors. The city also has three professional football clubs participating in V.League 1, including Hanoi FC, Hanoi Police and The Cong-Viettel.

## Health care and other facilities

Some medical facilities in Hanoi:

- Bạch Mai Hospital

- Viet Duc Hospital

- Saint Paul General Hospital

- 108 Military Central Hospital

- Hôpital Français de Hanoi

- International SOS

- Hanoi Medical University Hospital

- Thanh Nhan Hospital

- Vinmec International Hospital

- Thu Cuc General Hospital

- K Hospital

- Medlatech Hospital

## City for Peace

On 16 July 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.

Hanoi is the only city in Asia-Pacific that was granted this title.

## International relations

Hanoi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.

### Twin towns – sister cities

Hanoi is twinned with:

- Phnom Penh, Cambodia

- Jakarta, Indonesia

- Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

- Astana, Kazakhstan

- Seoul, South Korea

- Warsaw, Poland

- Moscow, Russia

- Victoria, Seychelles

- Bangkok, Thailand

- Beijing, China

- Hangzhou, China

- Ankara, Turkey

- Minsk, Belarus

- Palermo, Italy

- Pretoria, South Africa


NCAA Season 100 basketball tournaments

# NCAA Season 100 basketball tournaments

## Abstract

The NCAA Season 100 basketball tournaments are the basketball tournaments of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) for its 2024–25 season. The tournament is being hosted by Lyceum of the Philippines University. The opening day will be held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena on September 7, 2024, while the rest of the first-round games will be hosted at the Filoil EcoOil Centre.

## Tournament format

The NCAA is expected to follow the Final Four format used since 1997.

The NCAA mulled in moving the seniors' tournament to the second semester, and the juniors' tournament to the first semester. Reasons for the move include struggles in adjusting its calendar as a 10-team league, and for a more "unified" college basketball season; the move would have also allowed the juniors' tournament to revert to a double round robin elimination round format.

The plans did not push through, as the league opted to have the seniors' tournament in the first semester of the academic year. Unlike in the past two seasons, while men's gamedays are held five days a week, all gamedays will have doubleheaders, except for the final playing day of the first round of eliminations, which shall be a single game involving last year's finals participants.

## Teams

All ten schools are participating.

## Venues

For the men's tournament, the SM Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay will host opening day, while Filoil EcoOil Centre in San Juan will host the remainder of the elimination round.

## Squads

Each team can have up to 15 players on their roster, with an additional up to three players in the injured reserve list.

* Reserves

## Men's tournament

The men's tournament will start on September 7, 2024, with the traditional host vs. defending champion opening game featuring the Lyceum Pirates and the San Beda Red Lions in the SM Mall of Asia Arena.

### Elimination round

#### Team standings

#### Match-up results

#### Results

Results on top and to the right of the dashes are for first-round games; those to the bottom and left of it are second-round games.

## Juniors' tournament

The juniors' tournament is expected to be held in the second semester of academic year in early 2025.


Alec Sokolow

# Alec Sokolow

## Abstract

Alec Sokolow is an American screenwriter who has worked on such projects as the films Cheaper by the Dozen, Toy Story, Money Talks, and Garfield: The Movie. He frequently works with writing partner Joel Cohen.

Along with Joss Whedon, Andrew Stanton, John Lasseter, Pete Docter, Joe Ranft, and Cohen, Sokolow was nominated in 1995 for the Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) for his work on Toy Story.

Beyond writing, Sokolow and Cohen jointly directed Monster Mash: The Movie (1995) and executive produced Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber (2008).

## Selected writing credits

### Movies

- NBA All-Star Stay in School Jam (1992)

- Monster Mash: The Movie (1995)

- Toy Story (1995)

- Money Talks (1997)

- Goodbye Lover (1998)

- Cheaper by the Dozen (2003)

- Garfield: The Movie (2004)

- Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006)

- Evan Almighty (2007)

- Daddy Day Camp (2007)

- Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber (2008)

- The Last Godfather (2010)

- Shooting an Elephant (2015)

- I am Jane Doe (2017)

- I Am Little Red (2017)

- Magic Arch 3D (2020)

- Norm of the North: Family Vacation (2020)

- Rock Dog 2: Rock Around the Park (2021)

- The Inseparables (2023)

### Video games

- Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure (2011)


# Wheelchair tennis at the Asian Para Games

## Abstract

Wheelchair Tennis events have been contested at every Asian Para Games since 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou.

## Medalists

Medal winning teams for every Asian Para Games since 2010 are as follows:


Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe

# Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe

## Abstract

Adesegun Olusola Ogunlewe (born 16 October 1953) is a Nigerian Public administrator, technocrat and former Lagos State Head of Service.

## Early life

Ogunlewe was born on October 16, 1953, at Igbogbo, a city in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria.He had his elementary education at United African Methodist Church Primary School, Igbogbo before he proceeded to Oriwu College, Ikorodu, Lagos State where he obtained the West Africa School Certificate in 1969. He received a bachelor's degree in Sociology from Obafemi Awolowo University in 1978 and a Post Graduate Diploma in Public administration.

## Civil service

He joined the Lagos State Civil Service in 1979 as administrative officer after he completed his university education. In May 2010, he was appointed as Head of Service to succeed Balogun Yakub Abiodun. He retired from the civil service in October 2013 and was succeeded by Josephine Oluseyi Williams, whose appointment was confirmed in the same month by Babatunde Fashola, the Executive Governor of Lagos State.