Cinemax

# Cinemax

## Abstract

Cinemax, also known as Max, is an American pay television network owned by Home Box Office, Inc., a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. Launched on August 1, 1980, as a "maxi-pay" service to complement the offerings of its parent network, Home Box Office (HBO), Cinemax initially focused on recent and classic films. Today, its programming primarily includes recent and classic theatrically released films, original action series, documentaries, and special behind-the-scenes features.

It operates eight 24-hour linear channels and offers a traditional subscription video-on-demand service called Cinemax On Demand. Cinemax previously provided a TV Everywhere streaming platform, Cinemax Go, which is no longer available. However, its linear channels are accessible through multichannel video programming distributors such as Apple TV, Amazon Video, and Roku.

## History

Home Box Office, Inc., owned by Time Inc. 's Time-Life Broadcasting unit, launched a movie-centered pay service called Take 2 on April 1, 1979, as a companion to HBO. However, Take 2 struggled with subscriber growth and was discontinued in February 1981. HBO then announced the launch of Cinemax, a "maxi-pay" channel designed to complement HBO and compete with other movie channels. Cinemax debuted on August 1, 1980, focusing on theatrical films with no commercials or edits for content.

Cinemax initially aired on 56 cable systems in the Eastern and Central time zones, with a West Coast feed launching on September 1, 1980. The channel transitioned to a 24-hour schedule on January 1, 1981. Cinemax offered uncut films and was marketed as a premium addition to HBO, often bundled with HBO for a discount.

In October 1983, Cinemax faced a trademark infringement lawsuit from Tulsa 23 Limited Partnership over its promotional slogan, "We Are Your Movie Star." The court ruled in favor of Tulsa 23, and Cinemax was ordered to discontinue the slogan.

As competition increased, Cinemax adjusted its programming strategy by including more adult-oriented films and launching the "Friday After Dark" late-night block in 1984. The channel also introduced original music programming and series, including Second City Television and The Max Headroom Show. In February 1988, the network premiere of Lethal Weapon became one of Cinemax's highest-rated broadcasts.

On March 4, 1989, Warner Communications announced its intent to merge with HBO's parent company, Time Inc., for $14.9 billion. Despite legal challenges from Paramount Communications, the merger was completed on January 10, 1990, creating Time Warner (later WarnerMedia, now Warner Bros. Discovery), which remains the parent company of Cinemax and HBO.

In August 1991, Cinemax, along with HBO, was among the first American pay TV services to introduce multiplexed channels. Starting in 1992, Cinemax reintroduced television series development with adult-oriented scripted series, such as Erotic Confessions, Hot Line, Passion Cove, Lingerie, and Co-Ed Confidential.

From 1992 to 1997, Cinemax featured daily movie showcases centered on specific genres, identified by pictograms. This practice ended in September 1997, with Cinemax adopting a simplified branding strategy that included "Max Hits at 8" and "Max Prime at 10."

On March 1, 1994, Cinemax, HBO, Showtime, and The Movie Channel introduced a content advisory system to inform viewers about program content. A revised system with content codes was implemented on June 10, 1994.

In 1998, Cinemax began offering "sneak preview" blocks for its multiplex channels, ActionMax and ThrillerMax. Classic films, once a staple of the Cinemax schedule, were increasingly featured on multiplex channels like 5StarMax. By the mid-2000s, the main channel's programming focused on films from the 1990s to the present.

In 2001, Cinemax began premiering select blockbuster and lesser-known films before their HBO debut. In February 2011, Cinemax shifted its focus to original programming, launching action-themed series to compete with other premium and streaming services, and to rebrand its image from being primarily known for softcore pornographic content.

Following AT&T's acquisition of Time Warner in 2018, Cinemax's focus shifted significantly. Adult programming on Cinemax and HBO's multiplexes, as well as on-demand services, nearly disappeared due to increased availability of such content online and competition from other providers.

Cinemax, maybe moreso than HBO, is responsible for being the first promoter of many major motion picture releases. A majority of hit blockbuster movies got their first behind-the-scenes featurettes on Cinemax, and would be promoted on this show, including, as the first version of this show from the mid-80s, Sudden Impact, A View to a Kill, Code of Silence, Invasion USA, The Delta Force, and as Beyond the Screen, Licence to Kill, New York Stories, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, The Godfather Part III, Delta Force 2, GoodFellas (which premiered on the network, not HBO, and was always on Cinemax, never HBO; ironically, The Sopranos modeled themselves after the movie, despite the movie being a Cinemax staple), The Hitman, Boyz n the Hood, Juice, Batman Returns,, Singles, Menace II Society, Fresh, Clerks, Batman Forever, New Jersey Drive, Friday, GoldenEye, The Cure, Feeling Minnesota, Ransom, Home Alone 3, and The Devil's Advocate among many others. Most of the movies mentioned in the previous sentences made their network premiere on Cinemax, not HBO. Examples in the modern day include The Virgin Suicides, the original Matrix, and the John Wick franchise.

In January 2020, WarnerMedia announced that with the upcoming launch of HBO Max, Cinemax would cease commissioning original programming but would continue as a movie-focused service through existing distributors. Cinemax's original programming, although available internationally, was not included in HBO Max. Len Amato, the executive overseeing Cinemax and HBO's film and miniseries division, left WarnerMedia on August 14, 2020, marking the end of Cinemax's original programming efforts.

On May 17, 2021, AT&T and Discovery, Inc. announced a Reverse Morris Trust agreement, wherein WarnerMedia would spin-off from AT&T and merge with Discovery for $43 billion. This merger, completed in spring 2022, resulted in the formation of Warner Bros. Discovery, led by David Zaslav. On May 23, 2023, the merged company's streaming service was rebranded as Max.

## Channels

On May 8, 1991, Home Box Office Inc. announced plans to launch multiplexed companion channels for HBO and Cinemax, offering additional programming options at no extra charge. The test launch on August 1, 1991, introduced Cinemax 2, HBO2, and HBO3 (now HBO Signature) to select TeleCable customers, providing distinct programming from their parent channels. John K. Billock, HBO’s EVP of marketing, cited subscriber dissatisfaction with program scheduling as a reason for the multiplex expansion. A November 1991 ACNielsen survey showed positive impacts from the multiplex channels, including reduced negative opinions on pricing and improved overall usage.

In February 1996, Home Box Office announced plans to expand to twelve channels, including two additional Cinemax channels and a fourth HBO channel, projected for a Spring 1997 launch. The Cinemax multiplex expanded on December 1, 1996, with the launch of Cinemax 3, and the introduction of Mountain Time Zone feeds.

The Cinemax multiplex was marketed as "MultiChannel Cinemax" in September 1994, rebranded to "MultiMax" in April 1998, and later applied to the expanded four-channel package. This included MoreMax (formerly Cinemax 2), ActionMax (formerly Cinemax 3), and the new ThrillerMax channel.

On May 17, 2001, four additional themed channels were launched: OuterMax, WMax (later MovieMax), @Max (later Max Latino), and 5StarMax. Max Latino was rebranded as Cinemáx on April 1, 2015, mirroring the flagship Cinemax schedule with Spanish-language dubs. MovieMax started as a family-oriented channel and now focuses on recent and classic movies.

### List of channels

Cinemax offers up to eight 24-hour multiplex channels, available in both standard and high definition, with regional feeds based on time zones. These channels include a subscription video-on-demand service, Cinemax on Demand. Maintenance periods, ranging from 30 minutes to two hours, occur monthly during early morning hours before the 6:00 a.m. ET/PT start of the broadcast day.

Cinemax transmits its channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. The time zone-based feeds are usually packaged together, resulting in a maximum three-hour difference in local airtimes between geographic locations. The opposite-region feed serves as a timeshift channel, allowing viewers to watch programs up to three hours later or four hours earlier than their local airtime. While most providers offer only the East and West Coast feeds of the main Cinemax channel, timeshifted feeds for other multiplex channels are available on platforms like DirecTV, YouTube TV, and Hulu live TV.

### Other services

#### Cinemax HD

Cinemax HD broadcasts in 1080i resolution with Dolby Digital 5.1 sound. Cinemax provides high definition simulcast feeds for its main channel and all seven multiplex channels. Initially, from the 2008 rollout of HD simulcasts for the multiplex feeds, most pay television providers only offered the main Cinemax channel in HD, with HD availability for multiplex channels varying by market. As of 2020, most providers offer all eight Cinemax multiplex channels in HD, either on a dedicated HD channel tier or as hybrid SD/HD feeds. The flagship network switched to exclusive high definition programming on September 1, 2008.

#### Cinemax On Demand

Cinemax On Demand is the network’s companion subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service, available at no extra charge to subscribers of the linear television service. Launched in 2002, it offers VOD content through select virtual MVPD services such as DirecTV Stream and Hulu, as well as on Cinemax’s dedicated OTT video channels via Apple TV Channels, Amazon Video Channels, and The Roku Channel.

#### Cinemax Go

Cinemax Go (formerly MAX Go) was a TV Everywhere streaming service for Cinemax subscribers, available as a desktop website and through apps for Apple and Google Play devices, as well as most digital media players and game consoles. Launched on September 13, 2010, it mirrored the content of Cinemax On Demand, excluding live simulcasts of the linear channels. New episodes of the network's original programming were available at the same time as their wireline release.

The service was available to subscribers of AT&T U-verse, Cox Communications, DirecTV, Dish Network, Suddenlink Communications, and Charter Communications. The MAX Go app was discontinued on April 30, 2020, and the desktop website, renamed Cinemax Go, continued until July 31, 2022. The service was phased out as Warner Bros. Discovery consolidated its streaming efforts under HBO Max, rebranded as Max on May 23, 2023.

## Programming

Cinemax schedules movies for 20-24 hours daily on its main channel and 24 hours on its multiplex channels. Since June 2000, new theatrical and original movies have premiered every Sunday at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT. First-run films typically debut 10 months to a year after their theatrical release and within six months of DVD or VOD release.

### Original programming

On August 12, 2011, Cinemax expanded into original programming with the U.S. premiere of the British action series Strike Back. The series, which had originally aired in the UK, was produced in partnership with HBO. Cinemax's second original series, Hunted, premiered on October 19, 2012, in collaboration with BBC One. This was followed by Banshee in 2013, and in 2014, Sandbox and The Knick.

In 2020, Cinemax announced it would stop commissioning original programming to focus on HBO Max. The martial arts drama Warrior was the last original series on Cinemax, with its third season moving to HBO Max in April 2021.

#### Former program blocks

- Drive-In Saturday Night – Running Saturday nights at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time from 1984 to 1993 (competing against a similar block, "Joe Bob's Drive-In Theater" on The Movie Channel, during that period), the "Drive-In Saturday Night" block featured a broad mix of cult films and action movies.

- Cinemax Comic Relief – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1988, showcasing a selection of four or five different comedy films each month.

- Cinemax Comedy Experiment – Running from February 16, 1985, to 1988, the "Cinemax Comedy Experiment" was a showcase of original comedy specials that were more free-form in style (some featuring elements of the sketch comedy and improv genre) than the conventional stand-up format (such as the first special under the banner, Howie Mandel: Live at Carnegie Mall).

- Rising Star – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1986, showcasing feature films from up-and-coming actors.

- Cinemax Film Discovery – This film block ran in varied primetime timeslots from 1985 to 1990, showcasing feature films not previously seen on television or in wide theatrical release.

- Military Max – Running from 1985 to 1988, this showcase featured a mix of four or five different military-themed feature films (most commonly war films, although with occasional broadcasts of military-themed films of other genres).

- Cinemax Director's Chair – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1985 to 1993, showcasing a selection of notable films from an acclaimed director.

- Beyond the Screen - This in-between bumper shows behind the scene looks of an upcoming movie or a movie that will soon be aired on Cinemax.

- Cinemax Western Roundup – Running from 1985 to 1993, this weekend block featured a mix of film westerns.

- Cinemania – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of comedic films.

- Cinemax Classic Collection – Running from 1985 to 1993, this block showcased a selection of film classics from the 1930s to the 1960s.

- Cinemax From the Heart – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of romantic comedies and dramas.

- Vanguard Cinema – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1993, showcasing a selection of critically acclaimed films from the United States and abroad (the block was divided into three sub-blocks: "Cinemax Documentary", featuring first-run documentary films; "New Wave Films", featuring acclaimed recent movies; and "Cinemax Imports", originally a standalone block that began in 1985, which showcased film releases from other countries).

- Max Crime Time – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1997, showcasing a selection of crime dramas, detective films or film noirs.

- Starring... – This film block ran in varied timeslots from 1988 to 1997, showcasing a selection of hits as well as some early films from a particular film actor throughout the month.

- Summer of 1000 Movies – "The Summer of 1000 Movies" annual film festival ran from 1992 to 2005, and ran until the mid-2000s, in which the channel ran 1,000 films (many with a similar subject) over the course of each summer without repeats.

- Max Hits at 8 – Running from 1997 to 2001, this block showcased a popular feature film each night at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

- Max Prime at 10/Max Time – Debuting in 1997 under the "Max Prime" banner, this block showcased a particular choice movie of various genres each night at 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time (or on weeknights only between 1998 and 2000, as a result of the creation of the "ActionMax on Cinemax" and "ThrillerMax on Cinemax" blocks).

#### Max After Dark

Cinemax's late-night block, Max After Dark, featured softcore pornographic films and original series with TV-MA or R ratings, primarily for strong sexual content and nudity. This block, which began on May 4, 1984, as "Cinemax Friday After Dark," expanded to seven nights a week by the late 1990s. Programs included Lingerie, Life on Top, Femme Fatales, and Topless Prophet. The block was known for its lenient scheduling around mainstream films and series and was often humorously referred to as "Skinemax."

The adult content was not limited to the main Cinemax channel but also aired on multiplex channels like MoreMax, ActionMax, ThrillerMax, and OuterMax. However, channels like MovieMax and 5StarMax avoided adult programming. The block's presence, alongside other HBO channels, was partly due to the FCC’s content regulations not applying to cable networks.

By 2013, Cinemax began reducing Max After Dark content to focus more on original programming, as internet porn's prevalence made the block's content seem relatively tame compared to HBO's original series.

## International distribution

Latin America

Cinemax launched on September 5, 1993, offering classic and recent movies, television series, and miniseries. Starting June 1, 2010, it became an ad-supported basic cable channel in the region. Original series aired on HBO's premium suite in Latin America.

Asia

Cinemax began broadcasting in 1996, featuring action, comedy, science fiction, and western movies. The channel was known as Max from 2009 to 2012.

Central Europe

Launched in February 2005, Cinemax focused on festival, indie, European, and classic films. Cinemax and Cinemax 2 are available in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, and expanded to certain Balkan countries in 2009. Initially a timeshift channel, Cinemax 2 started airing a distinct schedule from 2016.


Hugh Saddler

# Hugh Saddler

## Abstract

Dr Hugh Saddler had a degree in science from the University of Adelaide and a PhD from Cambridge University. He was the author of a book on Australian energy policy, Energy in Australia and over 50 scientific papers, monographs and articles on energy technology and environmental policy, and was recognised as one of Australia's leading experts in this field.

Hugh Saddler was a member of the Experts Group on Emissions Trading, appointed by the Australian Greenhouse Office, of the ABS Environmental Statistics Advisory Group, and of the ACT Environment Advisory Committee. In 1998 he was appointed an adjunct professor at Murdoch University. He was a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Energy and a member of the International Association for Energy Economics.

Hugh Saddler founded the company Energy Strategies in 1982 and was its Managing Director.

His obituary in the Guardian (Australia) read:

Big changes in society need capable people who make it their mission to improve things. Australia’s energy transition has lost a titan. Hugh Saddler was deeply influential on generations of Australian energy researchers, industry experts and policymakers. His impact came not so much from the public limelight, but from a dedication to the best possible analysis, from relentless pursuit of understanding how the energy system works and how it can be improved, and from great generosity in sharing his insights. His work helped lay foundations for Australia’s transition to a low emissions energy system, one of the defining challenges of this decade and beyond.

Hugh grew up while his father Bruce, an engineer, contributed to the development of the South Australian electricity system. A graduate of Adelaide University, he gained a prize-winning PhD in biology at Cambridge University. With a rising interest in politics, society and the environment, he worked in London on transport and industrial development policy. He came to Australia in 1974 to work as a Research Fellow at the University of Sydney, and then to worked on the Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry, before moving to the Australian National University. He partnered in and often managed a series of energy and policy consulting firms from the early 1980s until this year.

Hugh also held numerous honorary academic positions, including as Adjunct Professor at the ANU Crawford School. Hugh was a founding director of the Australia Institute, serving on the board from 1994 to 2014 and on the Research Committee from 2001 to 2023. He was also on the Grattan Institute’s Energy Reference Group from 2011.

In 1983 he played an important role in the campaign to save the Franklin River, his report for the Tasmanian Wilderness Society debunking the myths that building hydroelectric dams were the answer. He did his first work on climate change policy in 1988. He led a business that provided energy efficiency advisory services to residential and business clients in Canberra. This work included specialist services for low-income households in financial hardship. One of Hugh’s profound legacies is the reverse auction system he helped design for electricity purchases, which provides clean electricity to the ACT at predetermined prices.

In 2006 Hugh developed a methodology for tracking Australia’s energy emissions with a lag of only a few weeks. This work evolved into a regular update on energy emissions, published first by pitt&sherry, then the Australia Institute, and most recently by ANU as the Australian Energy Emissions Monitor. Hugh’s research contributed to the Australian Energy Market Operator’s Integrated System Plan, a global benchmark planning tool for energy system transitions to 100% renewables.

He was the author of a book on Australian energy policy and of numerous book chapters, scientific papers, monographs and articles on energy, technology and environmental policy. He was a frequent commentator on electricity market and climate policy affairs in the national media and online publications.

Hugh will be remembered not only for his public-spirited research, his successful outreach and his influential advice to governments, but for his generosity in sharing knowledge and insight. He was a dear friend and colleague to many, and a mentor and teacher of many young minds.

Hugh was married to Marilyn Chalkley for almost 50 years. They have two sons, Owen and Harry. He died in Canberra on 29 June 2023, following a long illness.


Sarah Everhardt

# Sarah Everhardt

## Abstract

Sarah Elizabeth Everhardt (born November 12, 2006) is an American figure skater. She is the 2024 U.S. national pewter medalist, the 2024 CS Cranberry Cup International champion and the 2024 CS Lombardia Trophy silver medalist.

## Personal life

Sarah Elizabeth Everhardt was born on November 12, 2006, to Jonathan and Ekaterina Everhardt. She is of Irish and Belarusian descent.

Prior to becoming a figure skater, she tried out multiple sports such as swimming or gymnastics.

Everhardt currently attends Battlefield High School in Haymarket, Virginia. Outside of skating, she enjoys painting and drawing.

## Career

### Early career

Everhardt began skating at the age of five. Debuting at the 2022 U.S Junior Championships, she finished 11th.

### Junior career

#### 2022–2023 season

Everhardt made her international junior debut at 2022 JGP France in Courchevel, where she placed 10th overall. After winning the bronze medal at 2023 U.S. Eastern Sectional Championship, she qualified for the 2023 U.S junior Figure Skating Championships and finished 12th.

#### 2023–2024 season

Everhardt started the season with a gold medal at 2023 Cheasapeake Open and went on to win the silver medal at 2023 Glacier Falls Summer Classic behind compatriot and training mate, Audrey Shin. Competing at her 2nd JGP assignment in Poland, she placed 4th and 5th in the short and free program, respectively, but finished 6th overall

Debuting at her first senior national championship at 2024 U.S Figure Skating Championships, Everhardt placed 6th after the short program and went on to placed 3rd in the free skate. Overall, she finished 4th behind Amber Glenn, Josephine Lee and defending champion Isabeau Levito and won the pewter medal. She shared "I've never skated in front of such an awesome crowd - great to see everyone supporting me and kind of skating with me."

### 2024–25 season

Everhardt began the season by winning gold at the 2024 CS Cranberry Cup International ahead of teammate, Isabeau Levito. She went on to compete at the 2024 CS Lombardia Trophy where she won the silver medal behind reigning U.S. National champion, Amber Glenn, and ahead of World Champion, Kaori Sakamoto.

## Competitive highlights

- JGP – Event of the ISU Junior Grand Prix Series

## Detailed results


Thomas & Friends series 14

# Thomas & Friends series 14

## Abstract

Thomas (the Tank Engine) & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Reverend W. Awdry.

This article lists and details episodes from the fourteenth series of the show, which was first broadcast in 2010. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for the UK audiences, while Michael Brandon narrated the episodes for the US audiences.

## Episodes

## Voice cast


Cochin International Airport

# Cochin International Airport

## Abstract

Cochin International Airport (IATA: COK, ICAO: VOCI) (locally referred to as Kochi Airport, Kochi International Airport or Nedumbassery Airport) is an international airport serving the cities of Kochi and Thrissur in the state of Kerala, India. It is located at Nedumbassery, about 39 km (24 mi) away from Kochi and 50 km (31 mi) away from Thrissur. The airport is the first of its kind to be developed under a public-private partnership (PPP) model in India. This project was funded by nearly 10,000 non-resident Indians from 32 countries. It is the busiest and largest airport in the state of Kerala and the fourth busiest (in terms of International passengers) airport in India. As of 2024, the airport caters to more than 63% of the total air passenger traffic in Kerala. It is the fifth-busiest airport in India in terms of international traffic, and the eighth-busiest overall.

In fiscal year 2023–2024, the airport handled more than 10.3 million passengers with a total of 67,469 aircraft movements. As of 2024, the airport is served by over 25 airline companies, carrying passengers to 31 international destinations and 22 domestic destinations.

The airport operates three passenger terminals and one cargo terminal with a total area of over 225,000 square metres (2,421,880 sq ft). In 2015, the airport became the world's first fully solar-powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant. For this entrepreneurial vision, the airport won the coveted Champion of the Earth award in 2018, the highest environmental honour instituted by the United Nations. The airport was awarded The Best Airport in Asia-Pacific in 2020 (5 to 15 million passengers per year) by Airports Council International.

## History

Kochi's airport began as an airstrip on Willingdon Island, built in 1936 by the Kingdom of Cochin, intended for transporting officials involved in the development of the Cochin Port. The Kingdom of Cochin allowed the British, who ruled India at the time, to convert the airstrip into a military airport for use by the Indian Navy during World War II. The Royal Navy chose it as a strategic site for their headquarters in Southern India and as an air station cum landing craft and seaplane base. The military facility hosted naval fighter planes and was intended to thwart possible Japanese air raids. A small naval unit set up operations just two days before the outbreak of World War II.

After India achieved dominion status and the merger of the Kingdom of Cochin with India, the Indian Navy operated the airport, though it permitted civilian aircraft to use the facility. The Gulf economic boom of the 1980s made it necessary to develop international connections to Kochi in the interests of expatriates working in the Middle East.

## Construction

The original proposal for the airport outlined an estimated cost of ₹ 1 billion (US$12 million) and an expected date of commission in 1997. Approval was granted in May 1993. The funding was envisaged to be from interest-free loans from non-resident Indians working abroad, donations from industrial undertakings, exporters, cooperative societies and loans from the state government. A body called the Cochin International Airport Society, under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister of Kerala K. Karunakaran, was registered in July 1993 to execute the project. To better fund mobilisation, as well as an administrative convenience, a public limited company under the name Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL) was registered in March 1994 with an authorised capital of ₹ 900 million (US$11 million).

In 1996, E. K. Nayanar took over as chairman of the CIAL project. The construction picked up momentum during this period and Nayanar ensured that the airport project received special attention from the State Government and gave his unstinted support to CIAL. By 1997, substantial land was taken into CIAL possession through negotiated settlements. A total of 491 ha (1,213 acres) of land was acquired for the construction of the airport. Approximately 2,300 landowners and 872 families were resettled under a rehabilitation package. Major electric lines and an irrigation canal had to be diverted. The facility was formally inaugurated by the then President of India, K. R. Narayanan on 25 May 1999 and the first commercial service began on 10 June 1999. The operations from the old naval airport were moved to CIAL on 1 July 1999.

### Expansion

#### Phase 1

The airport had 18,580 m (200,000 sq ft) of floor space at its inauguration. CIAL envisioned four phases of expansion over 20 years, the third phase of which was completed in 2009. The original airport terminal was envisioned to handle just 100 passengers at a time. However, by 2001, the international passenger traffic was growing, making it necessary to redevelop the terminal.

In 2002, the floor area for the international operations of the original building rose due to the completion of a separate domestic terminal, shifting all domestic operations there.

#### Phase 2

With a rising number of airlines operating at the airport, CIAL decided to construct an exclusive terminal for domestic operations, namely Terminal 2, making the international one Terminal 1, increasing the floor space for international operations by 37,161 m (400,000 sq ft). As part of the second phase of the expansion plans, an airline center complex of 7,500 m (81,000 sq ft) was constructed on the western side of the terminal to accommodate the airline and CIAL's administrative offices. The cargo terminal was also expanded in the second phase.

#### Phase 3

Work on the third phase was intended to accommodate 5 million passenger movements annually and was started in 2007. The third phase involved the commissioning of a central block, connecting the domestic and international terminals and enlarging the airside area to accommodate more gates and waiting areas along with increased shopping areas. This increased the built-up area by another 29,700 m (320,000 sq ft). The airside area of the international arrivals and departures blocks were integrated and glass walls were installed to allow for more natural light. The runway was re-surfaced in 2008. The number of parking areas was increased from 15 to 24, including three dedicated for cargo airlines. The third phase also completed the expansion of the cargo village and a second aircraft taxiway to the MRO facility.

#### Phase 4

The fourth phase of expansion was originally planned to upgrade the domestic terminal, which has remained untouched in the past three phases. However, the expansion plans were changed after the new UDF government took over the administration of the state in May 2011.

As per the revised plans, the international terminal is to face a major renovation before being converted completely into a domestic terminal, while a new state-of-the-art international terminal is coming up. As per the new plans announced by the board of directors in September 2011, the new international terminal would come up on the eastern side of the existing structure. The built-up space of the new terminal would be 140,000 m (1,500,000 sq ft) having segregated departures and arrivals at different levels. The new terminal with an elevation featuring Kerala temple architecture will have all the latest features of international standards. Construction major Larsen & Toubro is building the facility which will be ready within 30 months. The two-level terminal will have provisions for 112 check-in counters, with in-line baggage screening facilities, 100 immigration counters, 3,716 square metres (40,000 sq ft) of duty-free shops at departure and arrival lounges, 19 boarding gates, 15 aerobridges, six baggage conveyor belts and fully covered alighting and boarding area.

The current domestic terminal would be converted into an "Executive Pavilion" and would handle VIP and private chartered flights and jets. The current international terminal once converted into a domestic terminal, will have 5 aerobridges and 10 boarding gates, apart from increased parking bays.

## Management

Cochin International Airport is the first in India to be built by a public-private partnership and is owned by a public limited company called Cochin International Airport Limited, better known as CIAL, created by the Government of Kerala in 1994. The Government of Kerala holds a 33.36% stake, making it the single largest investor in the project. Indian government companies like Air India, BPCL and AAI hold an 8.74% stake, while foreign companies like Abu Dhabi based Emke Group, the Oman-based Galfar Group, UAE based Majeed Bukatara Trading holds a 5.42% stake. Indian companies hold 8.57% stake, while scheduled commercial banks like Federal Bank, SBT and Canara Bank holds 5.91%. The remaining 38.03% stake is held by more than 10,000 personal investors from 29 countries, mostly non-resident Indians.

The company has decided to go for a public offering and give 10 million shares to HUDCO as part of a debt settlement, which would to lead HUDCO having a 3.37% stake in the company and a reduction of the stake of other holders.

The Chief Minister of Kerala is the ex-officio chairman of CIAL.

## Terminals

Cochin International Airport has three main terminals: two domestic and one international. There is also a cargo terminal.

### Terminal 1 (Domestic)

Terminal 1 used to be an international terminal until the operations were shifted to the new international Terminal 3. The terminal underwent a massive upgrade and renovation after that, which took its total handling capacity to 4,000 passengers per hour which is 5 times the previous capacity. The renovated Terminal 1 was opened to travellers on 12 December 2018.

With a total built-up area of 55,742 m (600,000 sq ft), Terminal 1 has 56 check-in counters, 7 aerobridges and a conveyor belt system to transfer baggage from 12 flights at a time. It is also equipped with 6 reserve lounges, an art area, a food court, an executive lounge, and a 4,645-square-metre (50,000 sq ft) shopping area. The terminal has a solar carport facility that can generate 2.4 MW of power and can house 1,400 cars. Together with the solar carport at the International Terminal 3, it can generate 5.1 MW of power which is the largest carport in the world.

### Terminal 2 (Executive)

Terminal 2 has an area of 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft) and is designed to handle up to 400 passengers at peak times. The departure hall has 26 common use terminal equipment (CUTE) enabled check-in counters, including 6 premium check-in counters, 4 self check in counters. It has 6 security gates and a common waiting area that can accommodate 400 passengers at a time. There is also a family lounge and a premium lounge for business class passengers and a food court is housed in the waiting area, while a restaurant operates in entry lobby. There are 4 remote gates facility available for domestic passengers. The arrivals hall has 2 baggage carousels. This block was converted into an executive terminal on 12 December 2018.

### Terminal 3 (International)

The new international Terminal 3 was opened to travellers in March 2017. The theme of the terminal is inspired by Thrissur Pooram and is built in traditional Kerala architecture. 15 real-size fibre elephants, adorning traditional costumes welcome the travellers at the departure facility area. The terminal has 5 entry gates, 84 check-in counters and 80 immigration counters. It is equipped with 10 escalators, 21 elevators, and 3 moving walkways. The terminal has a solar carport facility with a capacity of generating 2.7 MW power and can provide a parking facility for 1,400 cars. Along with the solar carport at the domestic Terminal 1, it is the largest solar carport in the world with a total capacity of 5.1 MW of power and a parking facility for 2,800 cars.

With a total area of more than 150,000 m (1,614,587 sq ft), the terminal is built over 4 levels. The ground level handles arrivals. With a total ground area of around 41,156 m (442,999 sq ft), it has 10 customs counters, 3 bank counters, a shopping complex for the passengers and the general public, a VIP lounge, arrival duty-free shops and a baggage claim area. The second level (5.5 metres above ground level) also handles arrivals and is equipped with 30 immigration counters, 10 e-T-Visa counters, 5 health check counters, and 2 moving walkways. The third level (10.5 metres above ground level) is the departure facility area. It has a 20,836 m (224,277 sq ft) check-in area, 3 check-in islands having a total of 84 counters, 40 emigration counters, an 800-square-metre (8,611 sq ft) departure duty-free shop, 3 VIP reserved lounges, airline offices, 2 prayer rooms, and 1 moving walkway. The fourth level (15.5 metres above ground level) is the departure security hold area. With an area of more than 8,674 m (93,366 sq ft), it has a food court, restaurant, 3 airline executive lounges, smoking lounge, bar and reclining area.

With the commissioning of Terminal 3, Cochin International Airport became India's 4th largest airport after Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, with a total built up area of more than 213,677 m (2,300,000 sq ft) for commercial operations.

### Cargo center

Cochin Airport has a dedicated cargo center on the eastern side of the complex. The cargo center is one of the largest facilities in India with a total floor space of 11,000 m (120,000 sq ft) in 20 hectares (50 acres) of land. There are three complexes in the cargo village:

- The Centre for Dry Cargo (CDC), with an area of 4,600 m (50,000 sq ft), has a dedicated warehousing facility and air-customs inspection facility for both import and export.

- The Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) is the largest dedicated cold storage center for perishable goods in India. It has a floor area of about 2,000 m (22,000 sq ft) and can handle approximately 25,000 tonnes of cargo. It was commissioned in 2008 at a cost of ₹ 380 million (US$4.6 million) jointly by CIAL, the Government of India through the Agricultural and Food Promotion Export Development Authority (APEDA), and the Government of Kerala.

- The Transshipment Cargo Complex is a dedicated warehouse allocated for transshipment cargo. The import and export cargo from the customs warehouses in the catchment area, as well as from airports like Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, etc., are handled and stored at this center for export.

In addition, an exclusive domestic cargo complex has also been constructed for private domestic logistics firms and India Post services.

### Business Jet Terminal

According to CIAL, it is now only the fourth airport in India with a terminal for business jets. The terminal is expected to provide customised services to charter and private jets

“This terminal stands unique as it is India's first Charter Gateway. This one-of-a-kind terminal integrates tourism, international summits, business conferences and the movement of high net worth individuals, also accentuates the idea of cost-effectiveness in the development of an elegant airport terminal,” CIAL said in a release.Spread in 3,700 m (40,000 sq ft), the business jet terminal will cater to international and domestic business jet operations with a ‘safe house’ facility for security-exempted persons, CIAL informed.Besides, it comprises an exclusive private car parking space, a drive-in porch, a grand lobby, five opulent lounges, a business center, duty-free shop, a foreign exchange counter and a high-end video conferencing room. “Upgradation and modernization of transport systems are indispensable for industrial development in Kerala,” said Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan after inaugurating the terminal.

#### 0484 Aero Lounge

Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL) will unveil India's largest aero lounge on September 1, 2024. The facility, spanning 50,000 square feet, offers a range of amenities including guest rooms, boardrooms, conference halls, co-working spaces, and a lounge accessible to both passengers and visitors.

Located within Terminal 2, Lounge 0484 is designed to provide an exceptional and premium airport lounge experience at affordable hourly rates. The lounge showcases the unique beauty of Kerala through its blend of traditional and contemporary aesthetics, incorporating local culture and budget-friendly accommodations.

The lounge features 37 rooms, 4 suites, 3 boardrooms, 2 conference halls, a co-working space, gym, spa, library, an exclusive café lounge, and a restaurant, offering a luxurious and self-contained experience.

## Infrastructure

### Air traffic control

The air traffic control (ATC) tower is 60 m (200 ft) tall. Cochin ATC controls flights below an altitude of 7,800 m (25,500 ft). The airport has two instrument landing systems (ILS) using distance measuring equipment (DME) which enable flights to land from both sides of the runway even in rough weather conditions. CIAL is the only airport in the country besides the airport in metros to have such a facility. The ATC uses Doppler VHF omni range I and II.

Large-scale upgrades such as the latest AIRCON 2100 air traffic control automation system were also introduced.

### Airport surveillance radar

The Airports Authority of India has installed an advanced airport surveillance radar (ASR) as well as monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR). In addition, a surface movement radar was installed for effective monitoring of flights on the runway and in parking bays.

### Runway

Cochin International Airport has one 3,445m long runway oriented as 27/09, which can handle Code E planes. It has a full-length parallel taxiway of 3,445 m (11,302 ft). The 807 m × 125 m (2,648 ft × 410 ft) apron comprising 16 stands can accommodate five wide-bodied and eight-narrow bodied aircraft. The runway is spread over the panchayat areas of Nedumbassery, Sreemoolanagaram and Kanjoor.

Cochin Airport has one helipad for dedicated use of helicopters, meant for air-taxi purposes. Plans for constructing a heliport are underway.

### Naval Air Enclave

The Indian Navy has set up a Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL). The Naval Aircraft Enclave comprises a hangar for bigger aircraft of the Navy, an administrative office, a disbursal center, an apron capable of holding 2 Boeing-type aircraft (P-8I long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft) and a taxi track. The Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin airport is the second such facility of the Navy attached to an international airport, after Mumbai. It is the first public-private participation model airport to hand over land to the Navy for such a facility.

Construction began in 2013 on 4 hectares (10 acres) of Navy-owned land at the airport.

### Indian Coast Guard Air Enclave

The Indian Coast Guard has taken space in CIAL to develop its second air squadron in Kochi after the INS Garuda facility to improve coastal air surveillance and air-related assistance.

The facility comprises 2 hangars to accommodate the Chetak helicopter squadron, and the Dornier squadron along with advanced light helicopters are expected to be based here. The Air Enclave would have a 50m taxi link to the runway at CIAL and would consist of aircraft hangars, technical areas and administrative buildings.

## Airlines and destinations

### Cargo

The following cargo airlines fly to the airport:

- SpiceXpress

## Statistics

## Security

Cochin International Airport is listed among the 12 major airports of India. Its safety and security is handled by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security through the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). Cochin was the third international airport and the first private airport in the country to come under the cover of CISF in 2001, after the Government of India decided to hand over airport security to CISF in the wake of the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814. Security was handled by the Kerala Police; Special Branch of Kochi Police before the CISF. The airport company's Aviation Safety Wing (ASW) oversees security facilities and equipment. The ASW is also responsible for fire and emergency services.

Security management training is provided by CIAL's Aviation Academy and personnel are employed by the company as security agents – deployed in baggage screening rooms, entry gates, the general cargo area and the lounge areas. CIAL ASW employs Army -trained sniffer dogs to check for explosives in baggage areas, the only Indian airport to have such a facility. CIAL has introduced three state-of-the-art ION scanning detectors that can identify small amounts of material, down to nanograms, of explosives.

The airport is under the direct protection of the Kochi City Police, who have a station outside the terminal. CISF maintains two armed squadrons and one bomb detection and disposal squad. CISF has a command center 250metres outside the terminal, with an intelligence division and mobilisation cell. The air customs division operates a narcotics detection squad in the terminal. The CIAL ASWs are working on installing a fully automated perimeter intrusion detection system that will detect any possible violation, using sensors that will provide critical time for the security forces to react. Phase one of the intrusion prevention system is in place with barricades, automatic retractable bollards, surveillance cameras, parking gate management systems and the introduction of biometric ID cards for staff.

The immigration department is handled by Kerala Police, Special Branch officials trained by the Bureau of Immigration.

The airport company also has a high-end robotic security system capable of remote-handling of explosive devices and fire-fighting and hostage situations. The system is operational from September 2014, making CIAL the first in South India to have such a facility. It comprises safety robots developed by Canada-based Pedsco Ltd. and Threat Containment Vessel (TCV) and sophisticated luggage containment vehicle – both developed by Nabco, USA. The main equipment of the system is a threat containment vessel (TCV) carried by robots, which is capable of containing a blast of minimum 8 kg of TNT or equivalent quantity of explosive, triggered by suspected luggage including chemicals, radioactive materials and bombs. The container is reusable as it withstands repeated detonations and size of the TCV can be adjusted with the size of the suspected baggage. In addition to TCV, the technology also comprises a remote mobile Investigator (RMI)-9WT, which is a multipurpose six-wheel vehicle with removable tracks for step climbing capability. Using fixed arm extenders, the robot can be configured for different applications such as under car searches and second-store window access.

## Education and training

Since 2008, CIAL has been the first airport to venture into providing higher education in aviation management and technical areas to overcome the shortage of skilled manpower in the aviation industry. CIAL has teamed up with the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) to start two schools in aviation education.

CIAL Aviation Academy provides two-year management degrees in aviation and airport management, operations, economics, finance and human resources, along with short-term aviation oriented vocational diplomas. The academy also trains technical manpower required for airport operations. Air India Express has its temporary stewards grooming and training center in the facility.

Aviation Security Training Institute – The Aviation Security Training Institute (ASTI), envisioned by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security has been inaugurated in February 2014. The institute has state-of-the-art facilities like X-ray simulators (21), explosive model room, two classrooms with LCD projectors and other training infrastructures. Explosive model rooms display different types of switch mechanism to trigger explosion. Library consists of CDs, catering to International Civil Aviation With the establishment of ASTI in Kochi, employees and management personnel from Mangalore, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram airports can take training here. Employees of the proposed Kannur international airport are also likely to be trained here.

## Ground transportation

CIAL is located between National Highway 544 (NH 544), one of the main highways of South India, and the Main Central Road (MC Road), one of the State Highways of Kerala. An expressway is planned from NH 49 to the MC Road to facilitate faster transport. Though the main railway line is only about 500 meters from the airport, the nearest station is Angamaly about 8 km away.

### Air-taxi services

Cochin airport has dedicated air-taxi services for passengers to travel to major pilgrim destinations in Kerala as well as to cities like Trivandrum and in northern Kerala like Kozhikode. In association with Bharat Airways, it provides scheduled air-taxi services to Sabarimala.

## CIAL Aerotropolis

One of the main projects for the future of the airport was the CIAL Aerotropolis, or Airport City, with a total area of 202 hectares (500 acres). The Aerotropolis was proposed by its founder, V.J. Kurien, to ensure additional revenue sources for the growth of the company and to increase airport traffic through tourism and allied activities. The Aerotropolis first began in Nedumbassery and nearby villages, aimed to convert into a self-sustainable town, with the airport forming the core element with a residential zone. Work on the Aerotropolis commenced in 2007, and most of the aerotropolis has been completed, as of 2023.

### Manufacturing and business zone

The master plan envisages the creation of a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) for aircraft-allied industries, especially spare parts and OEM manufacturing units, an airline research and development center, workshops and service zones. In addition to this an Information Technology Park, with dedicated airline support technology, design and development centers is also proposed. An integrated logistics center and central container freight station are planned at the cargo village.

CIAL's proposal for establishing the SEZ was approved by the Board of Approval of SEZs in 2008; however, work is yet to start due to the global recession. The project is estimated was started in August 2011, and some parts are completed, as of 2023.

### CIAL solar power project

The CIAL Solar Power Project is a 15 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic (PV) power station built by CIAL. Cochin International Airport became the first fully solar-powered airport in the world with the commissioning of the plant.

The plant comprises 46,150 solar panels laid across 18 ha (45 acres) near the international cargo complex, and was installed by the German -based Bosch. It is capable of generating 50,000 units of electricity daily, and is equipped with a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), through which remote monitoring is carried out. The project components include PV modules of 265 watt-peak (W) capacity manufactured by Renesola, and inverters of 1 MW capacity manufactured by ABB India.

The plant is coupled with a 1.1 MW solar plant that was commissioned in 2013, the first megawatt scale installation of a solar PV system in Kerala. This plant was installed by Emvee Photovoltaic Power Pvt. Ltd., consisting of 4,000 monocrystalline modules of 250 W and 33 string inverters of 30 kW capacity each.

CIAL has doubled solar production to 28.8 MW of power production within 2 years as part an ambitious plan to expand solar power, with 3 major projects under construction. The first came up over a 3.4 km-long (2.1 mi) canal close to the airport, the second was through development of India's first solar carport roof utility plan and the third will use ground level panels on open space near the airport.

## Accidents and incidents

- On 30 July 1998, Indian Airlines Flight 503, a Dornier 228 from Agathi, crashed into a building after takeoff, killing all six people on board and three more people in the building.

- On 25 April 2010, Emirates Flight EK 530, a Boeing 777-200 from Dubai, dropped around 61 metres (200 ft) during heavy turbulence as the aircraft entered a thick cumulonimbus cloud while on its descent. 20 passengers were injured and some internal damage was caused to the plane. The aircraft was on descent into Kochi when the incident occurred. There were 350 passengers and 14 crew on board.

- On 29 August 2011, Gulf Air Flight GF 270, an Airbus A320 from Bahrain, carrying 137 passengers skidded off the runway at 3:55 am during its descent. The reason for the crash is suspected to be the heavy rain at the time. The aircraft had been said to have slipped off the runway and landed nose first. The aircraft broke one of its wings while landing and stalled air traffic for hours. Passengers after the crash, in chaos, were reported to have jumped from the aircraft through emergency exit doors even before stairways were brought into place. The crash caused seven minor injuries and two serious injuries due to the chaos that followed.

- On 4 September 2017, Air India Express Flight IX 452, a Boeing 737-800 which arrived from Abu Dhabi, got stuck in the drain canal while taxiing to the international terminal 3 after landing. Passengers and crew were safely evacuated. The incident happened when the pilot took a wrong turn from the parallel taxiway, almost 90 meters before the link taxiway through which the aircraft was supposed to vacate.

### 2018 Kerala floods

As a consequence of 2018 Kerala floods, the airport was closed 14 – 29 August 2018. Water in the Periyar, which flows 500 metres (1,640 ft) away from the airport, rose to 1,433 mm (4.7 ft) during these days. The runway and other facilities were non-functional due to excessive flooding and inclement weather. Flights to Kochi were diverted to and were operating from other airports in the state like Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode. From 20 August 2018, INS Garuda (a naval airbase in Kochi) was used as a civilian airport for small aircraft operations to neighbouring cities like Bangalore, Chennai, and Coimbatore. The airport reopened on 29 August 2018, 14:00 Indian Standard Time (UTC+05:30). It suffered an estimated loss of ₹ 3 billion (US$36 million) during the closed period.

### 2019 Kerala floods

As a consequence of 2019 Kerala floods, water flooding the runway due to the heavy rains led to temporary suspension of airport operations from 8 August 2019 to 12:00 Indian Standard Time on 11 August 2019.

## Awards and accolades

Cochin International Airport achieved major international recognition in 2015 when it became the first fully solar-powered airport in the world. In 2017, it also became the first airport in the world to implement a solar carport, a parking bay with rooftop solar panels. The airport was selected as "the best non-metro airport in India" in 2016 by the Air Passengers Association of India. The airport has also won numerous awards for energy conservation, productivity and infrastructure. In July 2018, the airport was selected for the Champion of the Earth award, the highest environmental honour instituted by the United Nations.


Slovak Democratic Coalition

# Slovak Democratic Coalition

## Abstract

The Slovak Democratic Coalition (Slovak: Slovenská demokratická koalícia, SDK) was an electoral platform—constituted as an instrumental political party—for the 1998 parliamentary election. The party split in 2000, when some members rejoined their original parties, while others, led by Mikuláš Dzurinda, founded the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÚ).

## SDK coalition

The SDK was founded on 3 July 1997 as an electoral coalition, from the five political parties, namely Democratic Union, Christian Democratic Movement, Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party of Slovakia and Green Party in Slovakia. It had great chance to win parliament elections in 1998. The leaders of this coalition were chiefs of respective parties, with Mikuláš Dzurinda as its speaker. The ruling government coalition with the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia as a leader, in response passed a law, which restricted candidature of such coalitions.

As a reaction of passing an "anti-coalition" law, the SDK transferred itself from electoral coalition into a political party with 150 members, with each one being a candidate into the parliament.

## SDK in government

Although Movement for a Democratic Slovakia narrowly won the parliamentary election in 1998 with 27% of the vote, it was unable to form a government coalition. Instead, the SDK, which finished second with 26.33% of the vote formed government coalition with three other parties - Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ) (14.66%), Party of the Hungarian Coalition (SMK) (9.12%) and Party of Civic Understanding (SOP) (8.01%). The new government gained nickname "Government of Changes", from its election campaign, with Mikuláš Dzurinda as its prime minister.

The party formally ceased to exist on August 2002, shortly before the elections in 2002, although it started to dissolve in 2000/2001, when some of the members left the party to join the newly established Slovak Democratic and Christian Union.

## Election results


Derek Richardson (actor)

# Derek Richardson (actor)

## Abstract

Derek Richardson Jr. (born January 18, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his TV roles on Men in Trees and Anger Management, and for starring as young Harry Dunne in the film Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd.

## Early life

Richardson was born in Queensbury, New York, the eldest of the five children of Ellen and Dr. Derek Richardson, a dermatologist.

## Career

Richardson's first screen work was in New York in 2000, appearing in one episode each of Strangers with Candy and Law & Order.

He moved to Los Angeles in 2002, to pursue his career. His first role was that year, in a two episode run as Keri Russell 's love interest of the week, late in the final season of Felicity. He subsequently co-starred in the prequel to the Dumb and Dumber franchise Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd as a younger version of Jeff Daniels ' character, Harry Dunne.

Richardson starred as one of the leads in the horror film Hostel, earning a 2006 MTV Movie Award nomination for "Best Frightened Performance". In 2006, he began starring as Patrick Bachelor in the series Men in Trees.

From 2012–14, he played Nolan Johnson on all 100 episodes of Anger Management.


Dragan Kokanović

# Dragan Kokanović

## Abstract

Dragan Kokanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Кокановић; born 1 May 2002) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Vojvodina.

## Club career

### Vojvodina

Kokanović is a product of Vojvodina youth academy. His debut for the first team came under coach Nenad Lalatović, on 12 April 2021, replacing Miodrag Gemović, in 2:1 home win against Zlatibor Čajetina. In July 2022, Kokanović signed a new three-year deal with the club. On 13 September 2024, Kokanović extended his contract with the club until 2027.

#### Loan to Kabel

Kokanović spent season and a half on loan at Kabel.

#### Loan to Mladost GAT

He spent the entire 2023–24 season on loan at Mladost GAT in Serbian First League, where he helped the team avoid the relegation. He started the 2024–25 on loan at Mladost GAT as well, but was recalled to Vojvodina.


List of museums in Oklahoma

# List of museums in Oklahoma

## Abstract

This list of museums in Oklahoma encompasses museums, defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included.

## Defunct museums

- Center of the American Indian (1978–1992), Oklahoma City

- Derailed Railroad Company Museum, Blackwell, display moved to Top of Oklahoma Historical Society Museum after creator's death

- Ida Dennie Willis Museum of Miniatures, Dolls, and Toys, Tulsa

- Indian City USA Cultural Center, Anadarko

- International Linen Registry Museum, Tulsa

- National Lighter Museum, Guthrie

- Old Santa Fe Depot of Guthrie, Guthrie

- RS & K Railroad Museum, Sayre


Miss Martinique

# Miss Martinique

## Abstract

Miss Martinique is a French beauty pageant which selects a representative for the Miss France national competition from the overseas region of Martinique. The first Miss Martinique was crowned in 1977, while the pageant has been organized regularly since 1984.

The current Miss Martinique is Angélique Angarni-Filopon, who was crowned Miss Martinique 2024 on 14 September 2024. No Miss Martinique titleholders have gone on to win Miss France.

## Results summary

- 1st Runner-Up: Véronique Caloc (1997); Morgane Edvige (2015); Floriane Bascou (2021)

- 2nd Runner-Up: Elsa Victoire (1987)

- 3rd Runner-Up: Camille René (2012); Axelle René (2022)

- 5th Runner-Up: Brigitte Matrol (1985); Murielle-Justine Jobello (1994); Charlène Civault (2011)

- 6th Runner-Up: Vanessa Aimée (2006); Anaïs Corosine (2010)

- Top 12 / Top 15: Flora Renault (2003); Laure-Anaïs Abidal (2017)


Runner's diarrhea

# Runner's diarrhea

## Abstract

Runner's diarrhea, also known as runner's colitis or runner's trots is a condition that often affects distance runners characterized by an urgent need for a bowel movement mid-run.

## Causes

The causes of runner's diarrhea remain under debate, although several theories include ischemia and mechanical trauma. The reduced incidence of diarrhea in cyclists would indicate the latter. Diet is often cited as a common cause of diarrhea in distance runners, particularly with meals including berries and dried fruit.

## Treatment

Runner's diarrhea will normally clear up by itself from several hours to two days after running. As with all forms of diarrhea, replacement of fluids and electrolytes is advisable. Methods to prevent runner's diarrhea will vary between individuals, although it is advisable to consider examining the pre-running diet to determine potential trigger foods.

## Notable cases

- At the 1998 London Marathon, winner Catherina McKiernan suffered from recurrent diarrhea during the race.

- At the 2005 London Marathon, winner Paula Radcliffe, in desperate need for a toilet break during the race, stopped by the road in full view of the crowd and live TV cameras and defecated. She later blamed a surfeit of pasta and grilled salmon from the previous night for the incident.

- At the 2008 Göteborgsvarvet half marathon, Mikael Ekvall finished the race in 21st place in spite of being stained with his own excrement. A reporter asked him if he had ever considered stopping to clean off. He explained: "No, I'd lose time. If you quit once, it's easy to do it again and again and again. It becomes a habit."

- At the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk, Yohann Diniz led the race, but due to gastrointestinal issues, he fainted multiple times midrace. He was able to recover and finish in 8th place, six minutes behind the winner Matej Tóth, however he was disqualified immediately after finishing the race for drinking outside of designated hydration stations.

- At the 2019 Perm International Marathon, Alexander Novikov finished first despite suffering from a bout of diarrhea, which left his clothes sodden.

- At the 2024 Boston Marathon, Davis Clarke finished in 2 hours and 56 minutes after he soiled his shorts toward the end of the race.


NGC 6540

# NGC 6540

## Abstract

NGC 6540 is a globular cluster of stars in the souther constellation Sagittarius, positioned about 4.66° away from the galactic center. It was discovered by German-British astronomer Wilhelm Herschel on May 24, 1784, with an 18.7-inch mirror telescope, who described the cluster as "pretty faint, not large, crookedly extended, easily resolvable". It has an apparent visual magnitude of 9.3 with an angular diameter of about 9.5 arcminutes.

The cluster is located at a distance of 12 kly (3.7 kpc) from the Sun, and 14 kly (4.4 kpc) from the galactic center. It was originally thought to be an open cluster before being designated a globular. The cluster includes a peculiar X-ray source of uncertain type.


Braybrook, Victoria

# Braybrook, Victoria

## Abstract

Braybrook is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maribyrnong local government area. Braybrook recorded a population of 9,682 at the 2021 census.

Braybrook is bounded in the west by Duke Street, in the north by the Maribyrnong River, in the east by Ashley Street, and in the south by the Sunbury railway line and Sunshine Road.

## History

Braybrook Post Office opened on 1 December 1860.

Braybrook is primarily an industrial suburb.

## Today

Approximately midway between the former Councils of Footscray and Sunshine in the heart of the western suburbs before the more recent urban sprawl and due west from the Melbourne CBD along Ballarat Road, Braybrook is starting to resemble a bedroom community due to a recent expansion of the western suburbs of Melbourne which are far less populated than the east. Historically this is due to stigma, but the western suburbs are expanding now due to prime location and rising fuel prices. Some gentrification has occurred in the past decade with many former factory sites developed for modern housing projects (townhouses etc.). More and more first home buyers and developers are focusing on Braybrook and neighbouring Maidstone and West Footscray, but traces of its industrial past may be still evident.

Braybrook has been ranked 95 out of top 314 most liveable suburbs in Melbourne in the "2011 Liveability Stakes" by The Age and The Melbourne Magazine.

## People

The suburb has produced a number of famous sporting and show business personalities. The late 1960s pop singer Yvonne Barrett resided with her family in Dodds Street. Yvonne Barrett was murdered in 1985, with her funeral service held at Braybrook's Christ The King Catholic church in Churchill Avenue. 1970's Pop sensation Jamie Redfern also lived in the area. Ray "Screamy" Eames, the drummer from popular Melbourne pub-rock act The Blue Echoes lived in Braybrook. High-profile Australian rules footballers Doug Hawkins, Ted Whitten and Brian Wilson played for the Braybrook Football Club.

## Education

### Kindergarten/ day care services

- ABC Goodstart Early Learning (1 Vine Street)

- Cherry Crescent Pre-school (Cherry Crescent)

- Kids Heaven Family Day Care Services (5/6 South Road)

- Little Champs Day Care (97A-101 Hargreaves Crescent)

- Shifa Family Day Care (Office D4 67 Ashley Street)

### Schools

- Dinjerra Primary School, located on South Road.

- Rosamond School, located on the old Braybrook Primary School site on the corner of Ballarat Road and Errol Street.

- Braybrook College, a public secondary school, located on Ballarat Road.

- Caroline Chisholm Catholic College, located on Churchill Avenue.

- Christ the King Primary School, located on Riley Court.

- Braybrook contains the main campus of WELS (Western English Language School) which is located on South Road.

- Braybrook Primary School (former), which was 120 years old and located on Ballarat Road was closed and amalgamated with Sunshine East Primary and Sunvale Primary in 2007. The old buildings burned down in 2010. The buildings have since been demolished and the site allocated to the relocated Rosamond School.

## Transport

- Six bus routes operate around Braybrook Route 215 Caroline Springs to Highpoint via Ballarat Road. Route 216 Burnside to Brighton Beach via Sunshine, South Road, Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran. Route 219 Sunshine Park to Gardenvale via Sunshine, South Road, Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran. Route 220 Sunshine to Gardenvale via Ballarat Road Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran. Route 408 St. Albans to Highpoint via Sunshine and Churchill Avenue. Route 410 Sunshine to Footscray via Ballarat Road or Churchill Avenue.

- Route 215 Caroline Springs to Highpoint via Ballarat Road.

- Route 216 Burnside to Brighton Beach via Sunshine, South Road, Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran.

- Route 219 Sunshine Park to Gardenvale via Sunshine, South Road, Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran.

- Route 220 Sunshine to Gardenvale via Ballarat Road Footscray, Melbourne CBD and Prahran.

- Route 408 St. Albans to Highpoint via Sunshine and Churchill Avenue.

- Route 410 Sunshine to Footscray via Ballarat Road or Churchill Avenue.

- The area is served by rail, with Tottenham and Sunshine the closest railway stations to Braybrook.

- Braybrook is also a home to Britz Melbourne (campervan hire), located in the Central West Business Park.

## Community infrastructure

### Community Centre

The Braybrook Community Centre is located at 107–139 Churchill Avenue, Braybrook. The centre offers children's facilities, crafts, English as a second language (ESL) classes, computer and Internet facilities, playgroups, health and wellbeing classes and financial counselling. It also offers rooms and halls for hire. Cohealth is housed within the centre and offers general medical practitioners, optometry, physiotherapy, podiatry, social work, occupational therapists, speech pathology for children, pharmaceutical program and a women's and children's health nurse.

### Other community facilities

The Community Hub at 19 Hargreaves Crescent is a base for the Neighbourhood Renewal Team and the Braybrook and Maidstone Neighbourhood Association to collaborate with local residents to bring about change. Local residents are welcome to visit and learn more about Neighbourhood Renewal and the Association. The Hub will be home to the Braidstone Bulletin – a local community newsletter and will have small meeting rooms available for local groups.

The Catholic parish of Christ the King, Braybrook was established in 1952, from sections of Sunshine and West Footscray parishes. In 1958, the parish transferred from its temporary centre in Rupert Street to its present location on 65–67 Churchill Avenue, with the opening of the Catholic Centre.

### Attractions

- Maribyrnong River

- Maribyrnong River Trail

- 234 Fun Galore Family Entertainment Complex (Previously known as Fun City Go Karts),

## Commerce and shopping

There is a local shopping centre called Central West Plaza, located on the corner of Ashley Street and South Road on the border of West Footscray. It was built on the grounds of a former RAAF base and the shopping centre has a general aviation theme, including a WW2 Vampire fighter plane on display at the Ashley Street entrance. This was moved from the office complex development adjacent in 2003.

There is another major shopping centre on the corner of Ashley Street and Ballarat Road, Braybrook Shopping Centre. It has 24 hour Derrimut Gym and Rabbit Hole Kids playcentre. KFL supermarket recently took over Woolworths whom left in 2021.

Most retail businesses in the area are still located in strip malls and small individual shops on Ballarat Road. The strip malls are on South Road, Churchill Avenue and Ballarat Road. A large number of fast food restaurants are on the Braybrook section of Ballarat Road.

Braybrook is near Barkly Village, a section of Barkly Street in West Footscray that hosts many local and ethnic grocers, stores and a Sims Supermarket.

Australia's first Masters Home Improvement store was located on Ballarat Road, however it closed in 2016 when the chain went out of business. The site, since its opening in 2019, is a Home Consortium shopping centre, featuring a TK Maxx fashion outlet and a Coles supermarket.

## Sport

Braybrook Sporting Club has Australian Rules football teams competing in the Western Region Football League. The Braybrook Club has produced a number of high-profile Australian rules football stars, including 1982 Brownlow Medalist Brian Wilson (Footscray, North Melbourne, Melbourne and St Kilda football clubs), Ted Whitten (Footscray Football Club) and Doug Hawkins (Footscray and Fitzroy Football Club Football Clubs)

There are also:

- Melbourne Knights FC Junior Football Club (Dobson Reserve)

- Rosamond Bowling Club

- Leros United Soccer Club (Scovell Reserve)

- Rosamond Tennis Club (Footscray North Primary School)

- Maidstone Junior Sporting Club (also at Footscray North Primary School)

- Footscray United Cricket Club (Scovell Reserve)


Tonight We Ride

# Tonight We Ride

## Abstract

Tonight We Ride is the twelfth studio album by American singer-songwriter Michael Martin Murphey and his first for Warner Bros. Records. Released in 1986, the album was produced by Jim Ed Norman and contains guest performances by Holly Dunn, Reggie Young, Mark O'Connor, Charlie McCoy, and JD Souther. The album's title track was also its first single. The album peaked at number 46 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.

## Track listing

## Credits

Music

- Michael Martin Murphey – lead vocals, guitar, banjo

- Fred Carter Jr. – guitar

- Paul Worley – guitar

- Steve Gibson – guitar

- Reggie Young – electric guitar

- Josh Leo – guitar, mandolin

- Sonny Garrish – steel guitar

- Carmen Acciaioli – steel guitar

- Buddy Emmons – steel guitar

- Mitch Humphries – piano, synthesizer

- Barry Beckett – piano

- Dennis Burnside – piano, synthesizer

- John Jarvis – piano, synthesizer

- David Hoffner – synthesizer, piano

- Mark O'Connor – fiddle

- Charlie McCoy – harmonica

- Michael Rhodes – bass

- Michael Bowden – bass

- Eddie Bayers – drums

- Pam Tillis – vocals

- JD Souther – background vocals

- Gary Pigg – background vocals

- Robb Strandlund – background vocals

- Thomas Flora – background vocals

- Sonny Throckmorton – background vocals

- Michael Lund – background vocals

Production

- Nick DeCaro – arranger

- Bergen White – arranger

- Scott Hendricks – engineer

- Chris Hammond – assistant engineer

- Eric Prestidge – engineer, mastering, mixing

- Lee Groizsch – assistant engineer, mixing assistant

- Glenn Meadows – mastering

- Kurt Markus – photography

- W.C. Matthews – design


The Mudge Boy

# The Mudge Boy

## Abstract

The Mudge Boy is a 2003 American drama film directed by Michael Burke, based on Burke's 1998 short film Fishbelly White which was featured in the compilation Boys Life 5. It stars Emile Hirsch, Tom Guiry, and Richard Jenkins. It was produced by Elizabeth W. Alexander and distributed by Showtime after its release at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival.

## Plot

In the past, Duncan Mudge's mom dies from a heart attack while riding her bike. In the current day, Duncan works with his grieving father Edgar on their poultry farm, where Duncan has developed a bond with most of the chickens. His relationship with his father has been split due to his father's depression. While riding his bike with one of the chickens on a rural path, he stops to pet a cow belonging to Perry Foley, whom he engages in a conversation with.

The next day, at church, Duncan interrupts Perry having sex in the bathroom with a girl named Tonya. Perry and his friends later arrive at a convenience store, where Duncan is refilling his tires. Tonya is with the group and comforts Duncan over his mother; she invites Duncan to go with them. Later, in Duncan's barn, Perry tells Duncan of one of his sexual encounters.

Duncan visits Perry again, who has a cut on his lip from his abusive father. Perry takes him swimming in a lake below a support bridge. Duncan begins to have feelings for Perry. Back at the farm, Perry asks about Duncan's parents and speaks about his lack of a role model growing up. Duncan then shows Perry how his mother taught him to soothe a chicken by putting its head into his mouth. Perry shames him for it, then goes home. Duncan later goes with Perry's friends to an outdoor party and finds Perry receiving fellatio from April. After the party, they examine his mother's belongings in the barn. Perry convinces him to put on his mother's wedding dress as a joke, which he does reluctantly. He then forces Duncan to fellate him, before he rapes him. Duncan's father catches him in the dress alongside Perry and is disgusted.

In the morning, Duncan stops digging a plot and is reprimanded by his father. His father resorts to burning his wife's belongings. At night, Duncan meets Perry in a tractor where Perry says they should not be friends. Duncan asks if he has thought about kissing him before Perry does so. Duncan kisses him again, while Perry tells him to stay away. At the convenience store, Perry and his friends steal Duncan's chicken and taunt him. Perry gives it back to Duncan and tells him to put the chicken's head in his mouth. While being tormented for doing so, Duncan bites off the chicken's head. His father later sees him arrive with the dead chicken, and responds by hugging him as Duncan breaks down in tears.

## Cast

- Emile Hirsch as Duncan Mudge

- Tom Guiry as Perry Foley

- Richard Jenkins as Edgar Mudge

- Pablo Schreiber as Brent

- Zachary Knighton as Travis

- Ryan Donowho as Scotty

- Meredith Handerhan as Tonya

- Beckie King as April

## Release

On January 17, 2003, The Mudge Boy premiered at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival and in 2003 and 2004 it made the rounds at several gay and lesbian and independent film festivals around the United States. The region 1 DVD was released on May 9, 2006.

## Critical reception

The film received generally positive reviews from critics; review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 77% out of 26 professional critics gave the film a positive review. Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun-Times called it "odd and intense, very well acted, and impossible to dismiss." Lisa Rose from The Star-Ledger said about it that "It's not an easy film to watch, but it is a memorable one."

## Awards

The Mudge Boy was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award and the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. It won a Grand Jury Award LA Outfest.


Rey de Parejas

# Rey de Parejas

## Abstract

The Rey de Parejas (Spanish for "King of Tag Teams") is a professional wrestling round-robin tag team tournament held by Dragongate. It was created in 2003 by Toryumon Japan to determine the strongest tag team of the promotion. In 2004, after Último Dragón left Toryumon with the name and trademarks associated, the Toryumon Japan roster and staff formed Dragon Gate and a second Rey de Parejas tournament was held to establish the inaugural Open the Triangle Gate Championship as a spiritual successor to the UWA World Trios Championship.

From 2007 to 2016, the tournament was held as the Summer Adventure Tag League. In 2011, it was held as a single-elimination tournament under the name of Summer Adventure Tag Tournament. In 2012, the tournament featured trios instead of tag teams. In 2023, the tournament was revived as the Rey de Parejas once again.

The tournament is held under a points system, with 2 points for a win, 1 for a time limit draw, and 0 for a loss, no contest or double decision. The two top-scoring teams in each block advance to a single-elimination playoff to determine the winners of the Rey de Parejas.

## Results

### 2003

The first Rey de Parejas featured eight teams in a single block and was held from October 5 to October 26, 2003.

### 2004

The 2004 edition of the Rey de Parejas took place from October 3 to November 7. The tournament featured seven trios competing in a single block to win the newly created Open the Triangle Gate Championship. From October 28 onward, Ryo Saito replaced Magnum Tokyo who suffered an injury.

### 2007

The 2007 Summer Adventure League featured ten teams, and was held from 5 August to 26 August. The top four ranked teams from the round robin round qualified for the single-elimination semi-finals. The two winners of the semi-finals met in the final to decide the winner.

### 2008

The 2008 Summer Adventure League featured nine teams, and was held from 9 August to 28 August. The top four ranked teams from the round robin round qualified for the single-elimination semi-finals. The two winners of the semi-finals met in the final to decide the winner.

### 2009

The 2009 Summer Adventure League featured nine teams, and was held from 1 August to 26 August. The top four ranked teams from the round robin round qualified for the single-elimination semi-finals. The two winners of the semi-finals met in the final to decide the winner.

### 2010

The 2010 Summer Adventure League featured ten teams, and was held from 30 July to 25 August. The round robin round featured two blocks of five teams each, and the top two teams from each block qualified for the single-elimination semi-finals. The two winners of the semi-finals met in the final to decide the winner.

### 2011

The 2011 Summer Adventure League featured twelve teams, and was held from 3 August to 7 August, covering three shows; the format of the League was changed to a single-elimination tournament. Four teams received a bye into the second round. Kotoka qualified to be Don Fujii's partner by beating Shisa BOY, Super Shenlong and Eita Kobayashi.

### 2012

The 2012 Summer Adventure League featured eight teams with three members instead of the usual two. The round robin round features two blocks of four teams each, and the top team from each block will qualify for the finals to decide the winner of the tournament while the last team from each block will face each other to determine the last placed team. Super Shenlong III qualified to be Shingo Takagi and YAMATO's partner by beating Chihiro Tominaga. The tournament was held from 2 August to 19 August.

Mondai Ryu, Kzy and Cyber Kong lost to Ryo "Jimmy" Saito, Genki Horiguchi H.A.Gee.Mee!! and Naoki Tanizaki in 16:31 to become the last placed team

Akira Tozawa, BxB Hulk and " Naoki Tanisaki " pinned CIMA, Gamma and Magnitude Kishiwada in 23:21 to become champions

### 2013

The 2013 Summer Adventure League reverted to teams of two members, and was held from 7 September to 28 September. The round robin round featured two blocks of four teams each, and the top team from each block qualified for the finals. The Block A match between Shingo Takagi and Akira Tozawa versus Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino ended in a no contest with no points awarded when Doi turned on Yoshino and joined Mad Blankey. This caused Yoshino to team up with the Former Super Shenlong III: Yosuke Watanabe for his final Block A match against Masaaki Mochizuki and Don Fujii.

T-Hawk and Eita defeated Yamato and BxB Hulk in 19:26 to become the interim Open the Twin Gate Champions.

### 2014

The 2014 Summer Adventure Tag League and was held from 5 September to 23 September. The round robin round featured two blocks of four teams each, and the top team from each block qualified for the finals. During the tournament Kotoka was injured on their last match and was replaced by Yuga Hayashi.

Ryotsu Shimizu and Yuga Hayashi lost to Kzy and Naruki Doi in 11:53 to become the last placed team

### 2015

The 2015 Summer Adventure Tag League and was held from 5 September to 27 September. The round robin round featured two blocks of four teams each, and the top team from each block qualified for the finals. On September 9 Cima was injured and was replaced by Takehiro Yamamura.

Knockout round

### 2016

On July 7 it was announced the 2016 Summer Adventure Tag League and it will be held from August 6 to September 10. The round robin round featured two blocks of six teams each, and the top team from each block qualified for the finals. On July 24 it was announced that Kotoka would miss the tournament due to facial injuries and Cyber Kong will replace him as Shingo Takagi 's place and Osaka06 (CIMA and Gamma) replaced the team of Mondai Ryu and Cyber Kong.

Knockout round