Trace McSorley

# Trace McSorley

## Abstract

Richard Thomas " Trace " McSorley III (born August 23, 1995) is an American professional football quarterback. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions, where he holds school records in single-season passing yards and touchdowns and career total yards. McSorley was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the sixth round of the 2019 NFL draft.

## Early years

McSorley attended Briar Woods High School in Ashburn, Virginia from 2010 to 2014. He played high school football and started as a freshman. In his freshman year, he led the team to a 13–2 record and a state championship. Two seasons later in his junior year, he led the team to a 15–0 record and its third consecutive state title. He was named First-team All-State by the Virginia Coaches Association and Virginia Preps. As a junior, he was awarded All-Dulles District First Team; Dulles District Offensive Player of the Year; and Second-team All-Region quarterback.

## College career

### 2015 season

During McSorley's redshirt freshman year, he appeared in a total of six games, five of them when the game was in hand and McSorley was only in for a few plays. In the 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl against the Georgia Bulldogs, after starter Christian Hackenberg went out with an injury, McSorley was brought in with Penn State down 24–3. He nearly led a comeback, finishing the game 14 for 27 with 142 yards and two touchdowns, but Penn State fell short 24–17.

### 2016 season

With the early departure of quarterback Christian Hackenberg, who was drafted in the 2016 NFL draft by the New York Jets, McSorley and redshirt freshman Tommy Stevens competed for the job. On McSorley's birthday, August 23, 2016, head coach James Franklin announced that McSorley would be the starter. In his first start on September 3, against the Kent State Golden Flashes, he went 16 of 31 for 209 yards and two touchdowns in a 33–13 win. In McSorley's second game, he threw for 332 yards and a score in the loss at Pitt. Later in the season when the Nittany Lions played Minnesota, McSorley put up career high yardage numbers when he threw for 335 yards in a 29–26 OT win.

On October 22, 2016, Penn State and McSorley played Big Ten rival Ohio State. McSorley struggled with accurately throwing the ball, completing 8 of 23 passes for 153 yards. However, he scored two touchdowns, one passing and one rushing, en route to a stunning upset of #2 Ohio State by unranked Penn State. The win gave PSU a #24 ranking in the AP Poll, PSU's first ranking in the top 25 since the 2011 season. The next week at Purdue, McSorley completed 12 of 23 passing for 228 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions. The Nittany Lions won in a 62–24 rout and cemented their place in the AP Top-25 with a #20 ranking.

On November 1, 2016, Penn State was named #12 in the first official College Football Playoff rankings of the season.

On November 26, against rival Michigan State, McSorley threw for a career-high 376 yards, four touchdowns and no interceptions. He went 17 of 23 with a completion percentage of 73%, and led Penn State to the 45–12 win, earning a berth to the Big Ten Championship game against Wisconsin. On November 30, 2016, McSorley was named Second Team All-Big Ten by the coaches and media. With a third quarter completion to DaeSean Hamilton, McSorley broke the Penn State single-season record for passing yards. The sophomore started the night fourth on the single-season list, but passed Christian Hackenberg, Daryll Clark and Matt McGloin ’s to retain the top spot.McSorley finished the game with 384 yards, 22 of 31 passing, and four touchdowns in an MVP, Big Ten Championship winning performance.

"Trace has been dynamic all year long," head coach James Franklin said after the game. "I'm really proud of him, you know, his attitude, his demeanor, the type of teammate he is, the type of leader he is. Obviously he made plays tonight."

McSorley led the Nittany Lions back from a 28–7 deficit and broke the Big Ten Championship Game record for passing yards, set by Michigan State’s Connor Cook back in 2013, and touchdowns. His 364 total yards was also a championship game record.

On December 5, 2016, it was revealed that McSorley was on multiple Heisman ballots, some even as high as two, just behind Louisville quarterback Lamar Jackson. McSorley became the first Nittany Lion to be on a Heisman ballot in over ten years.

After the Big Ten Championship game, McSorley ranked third in FBS in passing yard on throws over 20 yards with 1,491.

In the 2017 Rose Bowl, McSorley went 18 for 29 with 254 yards and four touchdowns and three interceptions. He also rushed for 13 yards in a 49–52 loss to the USC Trojans.

### 2017 season

McSorley and the Nittany Lions entered the 2017 season ranked sixth by the AP Poll. In the Nittany Lions’ season opener McSorley passed for 280 yards and two touchdowns in a 52–0 rout over Akron. He helped lead the team to a remarkable 7–0 start (with a 3–0 mark in conference play), outscoring opponents by a combined 213 points over that span. Through the first seven games McSorley had passed for 1,879 yards and thrown 14 touchdowns passes.

Bolstered by that strong start, the Lions were ranked #2 in the country coming into a rivalry match at #6 Ohio State. In the primetime matchup, McSorley threw for 192 yards, two touchdowns and zero interceptions. He also rushed for 49 yards and another touchdown. However, a 19-point fourth quarter by the Buckeyes propelled them to a 39–38 comeback win, ending a potential perfect season for the Nittany Lions.

The next week against the Michigan State Spartans, McSorley threw for a season-high 381 yards and three touchdowns. However, after a 3 and a half hour delay due to weather the Nittany Lions were upset by the Spartans on a game winning field goal 27–24. The Nittany Lions and McSorley responded to the two-game losing streak however. The team finished the regular season 3–0 and McSorley threw for 776 yards and seven touchdowns with no interceptions in his final three contests.

The 10–2 Nittany Lions faced the 10–2 Washington Huskies in the 2017 Fiesta Bowl. McSorley struggled early and threw two interceptions in the first quarter however he finished the game 342 yards and two touchdown passes and also rushed for 60 yards. McSorley was named offensive MVP for the Nittany Lions.

After the season, it was speculated whether McSorley would declare for the 2018 NFL draft. After the bowl game, McSorley announced he was returning to Penn State for his senior season.

### 2018 season

McSorley helped lead the Nittany Lions to a 4–0 start. In that stretch was a game against Kent State, where he passed for two touchdowns and ran for three touchdowns. In the next game, a 27–26 loss to Ohio State, he had 286 passing yards, two passing touchdowns, and 25 carries for 175 rushing yards. After a loss to Michigan State in the next game, he had 220 passing yards, 107 rushing yards, and two rushing touchdowns in a victory over Indiana. After a victory over Iowa and a loss to Michigan, he helped lead the Nittany Lions to three consecutive wins over Wisconsin, Rutgers, and Maryland to close out the regular season. The Nittany Lions qualified for the Citrus Bowl, where they lost 27–24 to Kentucky. McSorley finished his final season with 2,530 passing yards, 18 passing touchdowns, and seven interceptions to go with 798 rushing yards and 12 rushing touchdowns.

### Honors and awards

- Fiesta Bowl Champion – 2017

- Fiesta Bowl Offensive MVP – 2017

- Big Ten Champion – 2016

- Big Ten Championship game MVP – 2016

- Second team All-Big Ten – 2016, 2017

#### Records

- Penn State Most single-season passing yards – 3,360 yds (as of December 2016) Most single-season total yards – 3979 yds (as of December 2016) Most single-season passing touchdowns – 29 (as of December 2016) Most single-season 300-yard passing games – 5 (as of December 2016) Most consecutive games with touchdown pass – 27 Most total offensive yards in a single game – 461 (as of September 2018)

- Most single-season passing yards – 3,360 yds (as of December 2016)

- Most single-season total yards – 3979 yds (as of December 2016)

- Most single-season passing touchdowns – 29 (as of December 2016)

- Most single-season 300-yard passing games – 5 (as of December 2016)

- Most consecutive games with touchdown pass – 27

- Most total offensive yards in a single game – 461 (as of September 2018)

## Professional career

### Pre-draft

McSorley was automatically eligible for the 2019 NFL draft as he was a graduating senior.

At the NFL Scouting Combine, McSorley posted a quarterback-best 4.57-second 40-yard dash, a vertical jump of 33 inches, as well as a 115-inch broad jump. NFL insider Adam Schefter reported that some teams asked McSorley to perform workouts with defensive backs, which he declined.

### Baltimore Ravens

#### 2019 season

McSorley was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the sixth round with the 197th overall pick in the 2019 NFL draft.

McSorley was the third-string quarterback behind Lamar Jackson and Robert Griffin III and made his debut in Week 17 of the 2019 season against the Pittsburgh Steelers. His sole snap was a quarterback draw which went for one yard. The Ravens won 28–10.

#### 2020 season

McSorley remained the third-string quarterback heading into the 2020 season. He was placed on the reserve/ COVID-19 list by the team on November 20, 2020, and activated on December 1. On December 2, 2020, McSorley came in during the fourth quarter of a rare Wednesday afternoon game against the Steelers after backup Griffin left the game with a hamstring injury. McSorley completed two out of six attempts for 77 yards and his first career touchdown, which was a 70-yard pass to Marquise Brown. He also carried the ball three times for 16 yards, including a seven-yard run for a fourth-down conversion. However, the Ravens lost 19–14. McSorley played two games later against the Cleveland Browns when starting quarterback Lamar Jackson suffered cramps and was pulled from the game in the third quarter. McSorley completed one of four passes for 13 yards and rushed twice for one yard. However, he suffered a left knee sprain on a quarterback draw and had to be pulled from the game in favor of a recovered Jackson. The Ravens came back and won the game 47–42. McSorley was placed on injured reserve the following day, causing him to miss the remainder of the regular season.

#### 2021 season

On August 31, 2021, McSorley was waived by the Ravens; however, he was re-signed to the practice squad the next day. On November 20, 2021, McSorley was activated to the Ravens' active roster, as Jackson was unable to play due to an illness, and backup quarterback Tyler Huntley had to act as the starter.

### Arizona Cardinals

#### 2021 season

On November 22, 2021, McSorley was signed off the Ravens practice squad by the Arizona Cardinals.

#### 2022 season

On August 30, 2022, McSorley was waived by the Cardinals and signed to the practice squad the next day. On September 7, he was promoted to the active roster. On December 21, after starter Kyler Murray tore his ACL in Week 14 and backup Colt McCoy suffered a head injury against the Denver Broncos in Week 15, McSorley was named the starter for the Cardinals in Week 16 matchup against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Passing 24-for-45 with one interception, McSorley netted 217 yards in the Cardinals' 19-16 loss in overtime. Prior to the Week 17 match-up against the Atlanta Falcons he was benched in favor of David Blough.

### New England Patriots

On April 13, 2023, McSorley signed a one-year deal with the New England Patriots. He was released on August 28, 2023.

### Chicago Bears

On October 17, 2023, the Chicago Bears signed McSorley to their practice squad. He was released on November 21.

### Pittsburgh Steelers

On December 4, 2023, the Steelers signed McSorley to their practice squad. He was released on January 10, 2024.

### Washington Commanders

On August 14, 2024, McSorley signed with the Washington Commanders. He was released on August 27, 2024.

## Personal life

Trace is the son of Rick and Andrea McSorley, and he has one younger sister, Micaela. His father played football at the University of Richmond and an uncle, Jeff McSorley, played football at Marshall University. He enjoys playing organized and pick-up sports and video games. McSorley graduated from Penn State in May 2018 with a degree in accounting and is working on a second degree in journalism. In October 2020, McSorley was the subject of a viral trend on the app TikTok. The song featured in the video, Trace McSorley by Matty Fresh, was originally uploaded in August 2018.

McSorley is a Christian. McSorley has a tattoo on his left biceps consisting of a cross with the Bible verses Philippians 4:13 and Psalms 23:4. He has said that the message behind the tattoo is "always pulling me in the right direction" and keeps him grounded and true to his roots.

He married Kasey Morano, his longtime girlfriend whom he met at Penn State, on March 25, 2023, in Philadelphia.


2024–25 Cambridge United F.C. season

# 2024–25 Cambridge United F.C. season

## Abstract

The 2024–25 season is the 113th season in the history of Cambridge United Football Club and their fourth consecutive season in League One. In addition to the domestic league, the club would also participate in the FA Cup, the EFL Cup, and the EFL Trophy.

## Transfers

## Pre-season and friendlies

On 24 May, Cambridge confirmed their initial pre-season plans, with matches against West Bromwich Albion, Braintree Town, Ebbsfleet United along with a training camp in Portugal. A week later, a fourth friendly was added to the pre-season schedule, versus Colchester United.

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

## Competitions

### Overall record

Last updated: 5 September 2024 Source: Soccerway

### League One

#### League table

#### Results summary

Last updated: 14 September 2024. Source: Soccerway

#### Results by round

#### Matches

On 26 June, the League One fixtures were announced.

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### FA Cup

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### EFL Cup

On 27 June, the draw for the first round was made, with Cambridge being drawn at home against Queens Park Rangers.

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

### EFL Trophy

In the group stage, Cambridge were drawn into Southern Group C alongside Bromley, Charlton Athletic and Chelsea U21.

Win Draw Loss Fixtures

## Statistics

### Appearances and goals

Players with no appearances are not included on the list


1998 FIFA World Cup Group D

# 1998 FIFA World Cup Group D

## Abstract

Nigeria won their first two games while Paraguay drew their first two games 0–0, which meant that Nigeria were certain of qualifying in first place with a game to spare. In their final game, Spain got their only victory after scoring six against Bulgaria, but were still eliminated in third place after Paraguay beat Nigeria. Thus, Spain were the only top seed not to advance to the second round, while all others topped their respective groups. On the other hand, Bulgaria could not repeat their surprise performance from the previous tournament, finishing last in the group with a single point.

## Standings

- Nigeria advanced to play Denmark (runner-up of Group C) in the round of 16.

- Paraguay advanced to play France (winner of Group C) in the round of 16.

## Matches

### Paraguay vs Bulgaria

### Spain vs Nigeria

### Nigeria vs Bulgaria

### Spain vs Paraguay

### Nigeria vs Paraguay

### Spain vs Bulgaria


Stefan Mross

# Stefan Mross

## Abstract

Stefan Mross (born November 26, 1975 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria) is a German trumpeter, singer,and television presenter. He is one of the most famous German folk musicians.

## Career

Mross completed his secondary education in his hometown. He took the entrance exam to the Mozarteum in Salzburg, but then concentrated on his musical career.

Since 2005, Mross has hosted the ARD (SWR) show Immer wieder sonntags live from Europa-Park in Rust. On August 10, 2014, Mross collapsed during a live broadcast of the show after eating a very hot currywurst and had to stop presenting. He was represented by Guido Cantz for the rest of the broadcast.


List of race horse trainers

# List of race horse trainers

## Abstract

Race horse trainers train horses for horse racing. This involves exercising, feeding, management and, in early years, to get them used to human contact.

Once a horse is old enough to be ridden, a trainer prepares a horse for races, with responsibility for exercising it, getting it race-ready by designing exercise routines tailored for each horse and its needs as well as determining which races it should enter. Leading horse trainers can earn a great deal of money from a percentage of the winnings that they charge the owner for training the horse. They typically collect 10% of the purse money won by the horses they are currently training.

Outside horse racing, most trainers specialize in a certain equestrianism discipline. Some fields can be very lucrative, usually depending on the value of the horses one trains or prize money available in competition.

## Race horse trainers by country

### Australia

- Rod Bonella

- Scobie Breasley

- Fred Castledine

- Bart Cummings

- Etienne L. de Mestre

- Jack Denham

- Isaac Earnshaw

- Greg Eurell

- Seth Ferry

- Lee Freedman

- Cecil Godby

- Sol Green

- Theodore Green

- David Hall

- George Hanlon

- John Hawkes

- Colin Hayes

- David A. Hayes

- Robert Hickmott

- Jack Holt

- Sampson Hosking

- Bob Hoysted

- Pat Hyland

- Sheila Laxon

- Ciaron Maher

- Kerryn Manning

- Bob Maumill

- John F. Meagher

- Denis Pagan

- Brett Sutton

- Gai Waterhouse

- Kim Waugh

- Tommy Woodcock

### Argentina

- Francisco Maschio

- Angel Penna Sr.

### Barbados

- William C. Marshall

- Michael Stoute * Edward Walcott Junior * Elizabeth Deane

### Canada

- Sid C. Attard

- Roger Attfield

- Reade Baker

- Macdonald Benson

- James C. Bentley

- Gary Boulanger

- Charles Boyle

- William H. Bringloe

- Josie Carroll

- Lou Cavalaris Jr.

- Reggie Cornell

- David C. Cross Jr.

- Robert T. Davies

- Jim Day

- William Donohue

- Mark Frostad

- Harry Giddings Jr.

- Lucien Laurin

- Roger Laurin

- Les Lear

- Barry Littlefield

- Jerry C. Meyer

- Gordon J. McCann

- Barbara J. Minshall

- Eva Ring

- Rayel Robinson

- William Robinson (Horse trainer)

- Gil Rowntree

- Laurie Silvera

- Yonnie Starr

- Robert Tiller

- Daniel Vella

- Francine Villeneuve

### Cuba

- Laz Barrera

### France

- Pascal Bary

- Patrick Biancone

- François Boutin

- Georges Bridgland

- Robert Collet

- François Doumen

- Camille du Gast

- William B. Duke

- André Fabre

- Raymond Gruppi

- John Hammond

- Criquette Head-Maarek

- Alec Head

- Freddy Head

- Éric Legrix

- Élie Lellouche

- François Mathet

- Markus Münch

- Jean-Claude Rouget

- Alain de Royer-Dupré

- Bernard Secly

- Charles Semblat

- Nash Turner

- Jimmy Winkfield

- Maurice Zilber

### Germany

- Johannes Frömming

- Heinz Jentzsch

- Charlie Mills

- Peter Schiergen

- Andreas Schütz

- Andreas Suborics

### Hong Kong

- Derek Cruz

- Tony Cruz

- David Ferraris

- Caspar Fownes

- David Hall

- Brian Kan

- Almond Lee

- Andy T. W. Leung

- Frankie Lor

- Manfred K. L. Man

- Anthony T. Millard

- John Moore

- Gary T. K. Ng

- Peter B. K. Ng

- Paul O'Sullivan

- Andreas Schütz

- John Size

- Sean Woods

- Dennis C. H. Yip

- Ricky P. F. Yiu

### India

- Rashid Byramji

- Pesi Shroff

### Ireland

- Jim Bolger

- Cecil Boyd-Rochfort

- Neville Callaghan

- Peter Casey

- Noel Chance

- Denny Cordell

- Barney Curley

- Richard Dawson

- Henry de Bromhead

- Tom Dreaper

- Pat Eddery

- Gordon Elliott

- Richard Fahey

- Francis Flood

- Patrick J. Flynn

- Tom Foley

- Jessica Harrington

- Eoin G. Harty

- Paul Hennessy

- Dessie Hughes

- Richard Hughes

- Kevin Kerr

- Sheila Lavery

- Adrian Maguire

- Noel Meade

- Brian Meehan

- Mouse Morris

- Emmet Mullins

- Paddy Mullins

- Willie Mullins

- Johnny Murtagh

- Aidan O'Brien

- Donnacha O'Brien

- Fergal O'Brien

- Joseph Patrick O'Brien

- Phonsie O'Brien

- Vincent O'Brien

- Edward O'Grady

- Jonjo O'Neill

- Joseph Osborne

- Mick O'Toole

- John Oxx

- James Parkinson

- Paddy Prendergast

- Christy Roche

- Fergie Sutherland

- Charlie Swan

- Pat Taaffe

- Tom Taaffe

- David Wachman

- Michael G. Walsh

- Ted Walsh

- Dermot Weld

### Italy

- Antonio Balzarini

- Marco Botti

- Luca Cumani

- Giordano Ruffo

- Federico Tesio

### Japan

- Masayoshi Ebina

- Kazuo Fujisawa

- Yuichi Fukunaga

- Katsuhiko Sumii

- Koshiro Take

- Yoshito Yahagi

### New Zealand

- Tony Allan

- Murray Baker

- Cecil Devine

- Bill Hazlett

- Tony Herlihy

- Charlie Hunter

- Free Holmes

- Roger James

- Colin Jillings

- Linda Jones

- Laurie Laxon

- Sheila Laxon

- Hedwick Wilhelmina McDonald

- Trevor McKee

- Michael Moroney

- Denis Nyhan

- Mark Purdon

- Roy Purdon

- Natalie Rasmussen

- Steven Reid

- Dave O'Sullivan

- Lance O'Sullivan

- Paul O'Sullivan

- Jamie Richards

- Graeme Rogerson

- Doody Townley

- Chris Waller

### Norway

- Terje Dahl

- Kjell Håkonsen

- Arnfinn Lund

### Singapore

- Garnet Bougoure

### South Africa

- David Ferraris

- Terrance Millard

### United Arab Emirates

- Saeed bin Suroor

- Mahmood Al Zarooni

### United Kingdom

- Neil Adam

- Ivan Allan

- Robert Alner

- Jack Anthony

- Charlie Appleby

- Robert Armstrong

- Andrew Balding

- Ian Balding

- Ivor G. Balding

- Toby Balding

- David Barons

- Frederick Whitfield Barrett

- Peter Beaumont

- Ralph Beckett

- George Beeby

- Michael Bell

- Basil Blackett

- George Blackwell

- Herbert Blagrave

- William Blenkiron

- Milton Bradley

- Mark Brisbourne

- Clive Brittain

- Peter Bromley

- Charlie Brooks

- Tim Brookshaw

- Arthur Budgett

- Frank Butters

- Simon Callaghan

- Julie Camacho

- Roy Cambidge

- Henry Candy

- Tom Cannon Sr.

- Peter Cazalet

- Henry Cecil

- Mick Channon

- Jane Chapple-Hyam

- Peter Chapple-Hyam

- Roger Charlton

- Stanley Clarke

- Paul Cole

- Robert Cowell

- Jim Culloty

- Luca Cumani

- Len Cundell

- Fred Darling

- Sam Darling

- Tom Dascombe

- Zoe Davison

- George Dawson

- Mathew Dawson

- John Day

- John Barham Day

- William Day

- Michael Dickinson

- Louie Dingwall

- George Dockeray

- Simon Dow

- Neil D. Drysdale

- George Duller

- Ed Dunlop

- John Dunlop

- Bill Dutton

- Walter Earl

- Mick Easterby

- Peter Easterby

- Tim Easterby

- Edward Ede

- George Edwards

- Eric Eldin

- Bill Elsey

- Charles Elsey

- David Elsworth

- James Fanshawe

- Lord John FitzGerald

- John Forth

- Tim Forster

- Tregonwell Frampton

- Arthur Freeman

- Harry Fry

- Josh Gifford

- Peter Gilpin

- John G. Goldsmith

- Steve Gollings

- John Gosden

- Thady Gosden

- Towser Gosden

- Chris Green

- Brian Gubby

- William Haggas

- John Hammond

- Richard Hannon Jr.

- Richard Hannon Sr.

- Peter Harris

- Guy Harwood

- Patrick Haslam

- Peter Hastings-Bass

- Alfred Hayhoe

- Richard Head, 2nd Viscount Head

- Peter Hedger

- Nicky Henderson

- Dick Hern

- Anne Cowdrey, 14th Lady Herries of Terregles

- Edward Hide

- Barry Hills

- John Hills

- Jeremy Hindley

- Bruce Hobbs

- Philip Hobbs

- Gavin Hunter

- William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon

- Jack Jarvis

- Michael Jarvis

- Malcolm Jefferson

- Fulke Johnson Houghton

- Helen Johnson Houghton

- Mark Johnston

- Harry Thomson Jones

- James Kasparoff

- Gay Kindersley

- Alan King

- Henrietta Knight

- George Lambton

- Joseph Lawson

- Francis Lee

- Geoff Lewis

- Morgan Lindsay

- Carl Llewellyn

- David Loder

- Len Lungo

- William Macdonald

- James Octavius Machell

- Beryl Markham

- Marcus Marsh

- Richard Marsh

- William C. Marshall

- Ginger McCain

- Charles McVittie

- Stan Mellor

- Marcus Milner

- Hughie Morrison

- Charles Morton

- Noel Murless

- Florence Nagle

- Richard Newland

- David Nicholls

- Paul Nicholls

- David Nicholson

- Frenchie Nicholson

- Walter Nightingall

- Peter Niven

- Jeremy Noseda

- Ken Oliver

- Tom Olliver

- Jack Ormston

- Jamie Osborne

- Jonathan Pease

- Charles Peck

- Amanda Perrett

- Atty Persse

- Lester Piggott

- David Pipe

- Martin Pipe

- Jenny Pitman

- John Porter

- Mark Prescott

- Ryan Price

- Micky Quinn

- Andrew Reid

- Mary Reveley

- Gordon W. Richards

- Nicky Richards

- John Maunsell Richardson

- Fred Rimell

- Jack Robinson

- Robert Robson

- Richard Rowe

- Lucinda Russell

- Mick Ryan

- Alex Scott

- John Scott

- Michael Scudamore

- Oliver Sherwood

- Robert Sherwood

- Bob Sievier

- Dan Skelton

- Denys Smith

- Sue Smith

- Matt Stephenson

- Michael Stoute

- Alan Swinbank

- Walter Swinburn

- Alec Taylor Jr.

- Alec Taylor Sr.

- Colin Tizzard

- Mark Tompkins

- Jeremy Tree

- Marcus Tregoning

- Nigel Twiston-Davies

- Bernard van Cutsem

- Roger Varian

- Richard Vernon

- Tom Walls

- Fulke Walwyn

- Peter Walwyn

- James Waugh

- Vere Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland

- Venetia Williams

- Norah Wilmot

- Fred Winter

- Richard Woollacott

- Geoff Wragg

- Harry Wragg

### United States

- Whitey Abel

- Smiley Adams

- Paul T. Adwell

- Thomas Albertrani

- Frank A. Alexander

- Hank Allen

- Jena Antonucci

- Fernando Alvarez

- Thomas M. Amoss

- Pete D. Anderson

- Steve Asmussen

- Ivor G. Balding

- Kaye Bell

- Bob Baffert

- Dale Baird

- Robert L. Baird

- Laz Barrera

- Thomas J. Barry

- Caroll K. Bassett

- H. Guy Bedwell

- Jesse Beery

- Macdonald Benson

- Elizabeth Williams Berry

- Patrick Biancone

- Sylvia Rideoutt Bishop

- Scott Blasi

- Lew Bloom

- Thomas Bohannan

- Pete Bostwick

- James E. Bracken

- Buck Brannaman

- Kelly J. Breen

- Donna Barton Brothers

- Frank L. Brothers

- Chad Brown

- Edward D. Brown

- Preston M. Burch

- William P. Burch

- Fred Burlew

- Merritt C. Buxton

- J. Dallett Byers

- Patrick B. Byrne

- W. Bret Calhoun

- Robert W. Camac

- Gregory Duncan Cameron

- Hardy Campbell Jr.

- John P. Campo

- Del W. Carroll

- Henry L. Carroll

- Mark E. Casse

- Wayne M. Catalano

- Frank Catrone

- Lou Cavalaris Jr.

- Alice Headley Chandler

- Henry S. Clark

- William R. Claypool

- Christophe Clement

- Chris Cox

- Edward A. Christmas

- Junior Coffey

- Jimmy Combest

- Don Combs

- Gary C. Contessa

- George H. Conway

- James P. Conway

- Edward C. Corrigan

- Brad H. Cox

- Jimmy Croll

- David C. Cross Jr.

- Laura de Seroux

- Hilton Dabson

- J. Keith Desormeaux

- Patrick B. Devereux Sr.

- John Dickerson

- Stephen A. DiMauro

- Stephen L. DiMauro

- Douglas Dodson

- Samuel Doggett

- Wallace Dollase

- William Donohue

- A. Thomas Doyle

- William B. Duke

- Wally Dunn

- Richard E. Dutrow Sr.

- Tony Dutrow

- Ronald W. Ellis

- David Erb

- Jerry M. Fanning

- William B. Finnegan

- William H. Fires

- James E. Fitzsimmons

- William H. Fizer

- Hugh L. Fontaine

- Mark Ford

- Henry Forrest

- Willard C. Freeman

- David A. Gall

- William M. Garth

- John M. Gaver Jr.

- Loyd Gentry Jr.

- Stanley I. Gold

- Alan E. Goldberg

- J. Paco Gonzalez

- Edwin J. Gregson

- Richard E. Handlen

- Carl Hanford

- Scott Harlan

- Eoin G. Harty

- Billy Haughton

- Casey Hayes

- Eddie Hayward

- Bruce Headley

- T. J. Healey

- Dan L. Hendricks

- Mark A. Hennig

- John O. Hertler

- Sam Hildreth

- Sonny Hine

- William J. Hirsch

- Thomas Hitchcock Sr.

- David Hofmans

- Jerry Hollendorfer

- Robert E. Holthus

- Stanley M. Hough

- Lindsay C. Howard

- Neil J. Howard

- Jim Hudson

- Hollie Hughes

- William A. Hurley

- Tim Ice

- Barry Irwin

- Eugene Jacobs

- Hirsch Jacobs

- Silas Jayne

- Lawrence W. Jennings

- H. Allen Jerkens

- Jimmy Jerkens

- Albert Johnson (jockey)

- Philip G. Johnson (horseman)

- Moody Jolley

- LeRoy Jolley

- Ben A. Jones

- Gary F. Jones

- Horace A. Jones

- J. Larry Jones

- Walter A. Kelley

- Thomas Joseph Kelly

- Ralph Kercheval

- John C. Kimmel

- Scott A. Lake

- Chick Lang

- Lucien Laurin

- Roger Laurin

- John J. Lenzini Jr.

- Budd Lepman

- Bruce N. Levine

- Barry Littlefield

- Johnny Longden

- Vance Longden

- Charles LoPresti

- D. Wayne Lukas

- Sarah A. Lundy

- Horatio Luro

- Guy J. Lyon

- John E. Madden

- Michael J. Maker

- James W. Maloney

- Richard E. Mandella

- Steve Margolis

- Pancho Martin

- Jose A. Martin

- Brian Mayberry

- Ron McAnally

- Frank McCabe

- Michael W. McCarthy

- Thomas R. McCarthy

- Byron McClelland

- Conn McCreary

- Robert V. McGarvey

- Shug McGaughey

- Kiaran McLaughlin

- Kenneth McPeek

- Jerry C. Meyer

- Bert S. Michell

- David Miller

- MacKenzie Miller

- Peter Miller

- Richard O. Miller

- William Molter

- J. D. Mooney

- Henry M. Moreno

- Jim Morgan (basketball)

- H. Graham Motion

- William I. Mott

- Winbert F. Mulholland

- Jeff Mullins

- Carl Nafzger

- Jim Nazworthy

- Edward A. Neloy

- John A. Nerud

- Victor J. Nickerson

- Joe Notter

- Niall M. O'Callaghan

- Richard O'Connel

- George M. Odom

- Doug O'Neill

- Joe Orseno

- Homer C. Pardue

- John Parisella

- Burley E. Parke

- Ivan H. Parke

- William L. Passmore

- Charles T. Patterson

- Charles Peoples

- Benjamin W. Perkins Jr.

- Daniel Perlsweig

- Abraham Perry

- Maurice Peters

- Clyde Phillips

- Joseph H. Pierce Jr.

- Helen Pitts

- Jimmy Pitt

- Edward Plesa Jr.

- Todd Pletcher

- Ernie T. Poulos

- Thomas F. Proctor

- Virgil W. Raines

- Rodney Rash

- Eric Reed

- Linda L. Rice

- Katherine Ritvo

- Timothy F. Ritchey

- Jay M. Robbins

- Craig G. Roberts

- Carl A. Roles

- Walter C. Rollins

- Dale Romans

- Haskell Ross

- Louie J. Roussel III

- James G. Rowe Jr.

- James G. Rowe Sr.

- Gail Ruffu

- John Russell

- Sol Rutchick

- James E. Ryan

- John W. Sadler

- Jamie Sanders

- Louis Schaefer

- Ray Schnittker

- Flint S. Schulhofer

- Andy Schuttinger

- Gary Sciacca

- Woodrow Sedlacek

- Jason Servis

- John Servis

- Jonathan E. Sheppard

- Art Sherman

- John Shirreffs

- Bill Shoemaker

- Richard Small

- James W. Smith

- Robert Augustus Smith

- Evert V. Snedecker

- J. Bert Sonnier

- Albert Stall Jr.

- William Ward Stephens

- Woody Stephens

- Dallas Stewart

- Joseph H. Stotler

- Melvin F. Stute

- Warren Stute

- Barclay Tagg

- Jimmy Takter

- Frank M. Taylor

- J. Thomas Taylor

- Mesh Tenney

- Howard M. Tesher

- Herbert J. Thompson

- J. Willard Thompson

- Noble Threewitt

- Vincent Timphony

- Gwyn R. Tompkins

- James J. Toner

- Harry Trotsek

- Clyde Troutt

- Robert Tucker

- Clyde Turk

- Billy Turner

- Jack Van Berg

- Clyde Van Dusen

- David R. Vance

- Harvey L. Vanier

- John M. Veitch

- Sylvester Veitch

- Donnie K. Von Hemel

- R. Wyndham Walden

- W. Elliott Walden

- Roy Waldron

- Billy Walker

- George Walsh

- John T. Ward Jr.

- Wesley A. Ward

- Frank D. Weir

- Buster Welch

- Robert L. Wheeler

- Oscar White

- David A. Whiteley

- Lynn S. Whiting

- Charles E. Whittingham

- Ian Wilkes

- Moe Williams

- Ansel Williamson

- G. Carey Winfrey

- Jimmy Winkfield

- Martin D. Wolfson

- Bennie L. Woolley Jr.

- Frank I. Wright

- Vester R. Wright

- Edward J. Yowell

- Frederick Hinde Zimmerman

- Nick Zito

According to The American Racing Manual, the thoroughbred horse racing trainers who have led the annual money-earning list more than twice since 1908 are:

- D. Wayne Lukas (14)

- Sam Hildreth (9)

- Charlie Whittingham (7)

- Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons, Horace A. Jones (5)

- Bob Baffert, Laz Barrera, Ben A. Jones, William Molter (4)

- Hirsch Jacobs, Edward A. Neloy, James G. Rowe Sr. (3)


Sarah Everhardt

# Sarah Everhardt

## Abstract

Sarah Elizabeth Everhardt (born November 12, 2006) is an American figure skater. She is the 2024 U.S. national pewter medalist, the 2024 CS Cranberry Cup International champion and the 2024 CS Lombardia Trophy silver medalist.

## Personal life

Sarah Elizabeth Everhardt was born on November 12, 2006, to Jonathan and Ekaterina Everhardt. She is of Irish and Belarusian descent.

Prior to becoming a figure skater, she tried out multiple sports such as swimming or gymnastics.

Everhardt currently attends Battlefield High School in Haymarket, Virginia. Outside of skating, she enjoys painting and drawing.

## Career

### Early career

Everhardt began skating at the age of five. Debuting at the 2022 U.S Junior Championships, she finished 11th.

### Junior career

#### 2022–2023 season

Everhardt made her international junior debut at 2022 JGP France in Courchevel, where she placed 10th overall. After winning the bronze medal at 2023 U.S. Eastern Sectional Championship, she qualified for the 2023 U.S junior Figure Skating Championships and finished 12th.

#### 2023–2024 season

Everhardt started the season with a gold medal at 2023 Cheasapeake Open and went on to win the silver medal at 2023 Glacier Falls Summer Classic behind compatriot and training mate, Audrey Shin. Competing at her 2nd JGP assignment in Poland, she placed 4th and 5th in the short and free program, respectively, but finished 6th overall

Debuting at her first senior national championship at 2024 U.S Figure Skating Championships, Everhardt placed 6th after the short program and went on to placed 3rd in the free skate. Overall, she finished 4th behind Amber Glenn, Josephine Lee and defending champion Isabeau Levito and won the pewter medal. She shared "I've never skated in front of such an awesome crowd - great to see everyone supporting me and kind of skating with me."

#### 2024–25 season

Everhardt began the season by winning gold at the 2024 CS Cranberry Cup International ahead of teammate, Isabeau Levito. She went on to compete at the 2024 CS Lombardia Trophy where she won the silver medal behind reigning U.S. National champion, Amber Glenn, and ahead of World Champion, Kaori Sakamoto.

## Competitive highlights

- JGP – Event of the ISU Junior Grand Prix Series

## Detailed results


Xigou

# Xigou

## Abstract

Xigou (Chinese: 細狗), also known as Xiquan (Chinese: 細犬), Xiliegou (Chinese: 細獵狗), Xiǎn (Chinese: 獫), and Chinese Xiquan (Chinese: 中國細犬), is a breed of sighthound native to China. Xigou is a rare dog breed.

## Background

Xigou is an ancient native dog breed in China. Xigou is currently known to be 2,500 years old. Xigou has always been popular with nobles and citizens of Chinese dynasties.There are traces of Xigou in many Chinese tombs and cultural relics.

While some cynologists speculate just might be the principal ancestor of all sighthounds known today, others indicate some intermixing with modern stock, pointing to greyhounds shipped to China by the East India Company. Once used to chase and capture prey on the open, flat land of the Huangtu Plateau, the breed is now in trouble, its numbers plummeting as a result of the government curbing the rights of its citizens to hunt. The China Kennel Union (CKU) classifies the breed as 'rare', and is trying to resurrect it. To that end, the CKU initiated an effort to collect DNA from the dogs in 2017.

## Appearance

Xigou is lanky, 60 to 78 centimetres (24 to 31 in) tall and weighs between 20 and 30 kilograms (44 and 66 lb). Xigou has a long and narrow head, a flat forehead, small spacing between ears, drooping ears, a slender neck, a slender waist, a curved back, and a long tail. It is divided into short-haired and feathered species, etc. Coat colors include yellow, black, brown, white, and fawn red.

## Variety

The existing Xigou varieties mainly include Shaanxi Xigou (Chinese: 陝西細狗), Shandong Xigou (Chinese: 山東細狗), Hebei Xigou (Chinese: 河北細狗) and Menggu Xigou (Chinese: 蒙古細狗), etc.

### Shaanxi Xigou

The Shaanxi Xigou, also known as Shanxi Hound, is an ancient and rare breed that originated in China. These majestic dogs are skilled hunters, dependable guard dogs, and devoted companions. Some experts believe the Shaanxi Xigou is the original sighthound breed. The Shaanxi Xigou is characterized by a long, narrow sheep-like head, but not all descendants will necessarily inherit this head type.

### Shandong Xigou

The Shandong Xigou is a rare breed with a keen sense of smell and innate hunting instinct.Shandong Xigou once served as the royal hunting dog of the Tang dynasty and has been a royal hunting dog for centuries. In fact, in addition to working with hunters, this breed excels at protecting livestock on farms.

### Hebei Xigou

Hebei Xigou, also known as Kangxi Imperial Dog (Chinese: 康熙御犬), is a rare breed in China. Hebei Xigou is similar in appearance to Greyhound. Hebei Xigou is mainly used for hunting hares. Hebei Xigou is very loyal to the owner, has a strong memory, a keen sense of smell, a high desire to hunt, and has good endurance. It is suitable for hunting in the plains and can also be used as a guard dog.Hebei Xigou is a Xigou variety improved and extended from Shandong Xigou, some scholars believe that the Hebei Xigou appeared around the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the Qing Dynasty, the Hebei Xigou was selected as the royal hunting dog and was favored by the Kangxi Emperor.

### Menggu Xigou

The Menggu Xigou, also known as Qidan Hound (Chinese: 契丹獵犬). is a distinctly different looking hound; much stockier and with a thicker coat. The Menggu Xigou is an ancient hunting breed known for its tenacity, keen sense of smell, and running ability. Mongolian Xigou was loved by some northern aristocrats in Chinese history who used Menggu Xigou as a hunting dog and watchdog. Experts believe the Menggu Xigou originated from one of the oldest dog breeds, the Saluki. Once a top hunting dog in Northeastern Mongolia, this breed is relatively rare today.

## In mythology

Xiaotian Quan (Chinese: 哮天犬) is a Chinese mythological beast and companion of the Chinese god Erlang Shen (Chinese: 二郎神). According to the descriptions of many mythological texts, drawings and sculptures, Xiaotian Quan is a slender, short-haired white dog. For this reason, some scholars believe that Xiaotian Quan is a white short-haired Xigou.


Laudakia stellio

# Laudakia stellio

## Abstract

Laudakia stellio is a species of agamid lizard. also known as the starred agama or the roughtail rock agama.

## Common names

Common names for L. stellio include dikenli keler, hardim, hardun, kourkoutas (Cypriot Greek), kourkoutavlos, painted dragon, roughtail rock agama, short-toed rock agama, sling-tailed agama, star lizard, starred agama, and stellion.

## Geographic range

Laudakia stellio can be found in Turkey, Greece, Israel, Palestinian Authority, Cyprus, Lebanon, western Asia and northern Egypt; it has also been introduced to Malta.

## Description

Laudakia stellio may attain a total length (including tail) of 35 cm (14 in) or slightly longer.

## Behaviour and habitat

Like many agamids, L. stellio can change its color to express its mood. It basks on stone walls, rocks, and trees. It is usually found in rocky habitats, and is quite shy, being very ready to dive into cracks to hide from potential predators.

## Etymology

The common name "stellion" comes from Latin stellio, stēlio (stelliōn-, stēliōn-), from stella, star. It may have referred to any spotted lizard.

## Mythology

Stellio is mentioned in Ovids Metamorphoses Book 5 line 461. A naughty boy mocks the goddess Ceres for drinking a drink containing honey and barley with too much greed, as she is quite thirsty. Angrily the goddess throws the drink in the face of the boy, and there by changes him into a Stellio or a starred agama. It is an Etiological myth explaining why the starred agama got its spotted skin.

## Uses

For the indigenous people of Europe, and perhaps the Middle East, traditionally the excrement of the stellio was a popular medicine for the eyes, also used as a cosmetic, known as cordylea, crocodilea or stercus lacerti (i.e. 'lizard shit'), the faeces being imported to European pharmacies from the Levant – a rarer and more potent form was acquired from monitor lizards in olden days (stercus magni lacerti). The dung was used to improve one's eyesight, as well as take away any itches and cure cataracts (webbe).

## Subspecies

The following 2 subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies, are recognized as being valid.

- Laudakia stellio daani (Beutler & Frör, 1980)

- Laudakia stellio stellio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Laudakia.


McCovey Cove

# McCovey Cove

## Abstract

McCovey Cove is the unofficial name of a section of San Francisco Bay beyond the right field wall of Oracle Park, home of the San Francisco Giants, named after famed Giants first baseman Willie McCovey. The proper name for the cove is China Basin, which is the mouth of Mission Creek as it meets the bay. The cove is bounded along the north by Oracle Park, with a ferry landing and a breakwater at the northeast end. The southern shore is lined by China Basin Park and McCovey Point. To the east, it opens up to San Francisco Bay, while the west end of the cove is bounded by the Lefty O'Doul Bridge, named after San Francisco ballplayer and manager Lefty O'Doul.

## Naming

The name was coined thanks to two sportswriters. Mark Purdy of the San Jose Mercury News wrote an article suggesting naming the body of water after McCovey, though his original suggestions were 'McCovey Channel,' 'McCovey Stream' or 'McCovey Run.' Purdy then noted the more 'lyrical' name of 'McCovey Cove' was suggested by his colleague Leonard Koppett, a writer for the Oakland Tribune. The name did not take long to become very popular, although the moniker has never become official.

## Features

On game days, fans take to the water of McCovey Cove in boats and even in kayaks, often with fishing nets in the hope of collecting a home run ball. This echoes what used to happen during McCovey's playing days. Before Candlestick Park 's upper deck was extended, the area behind right field was occupied by three small bleacher sections and a lot of open space. Kids in those bleachers would gather behind the right field fence when "Stretch" would come to the plate. Just beyond the wall is a public waterfront promenade. Across the cove from the ballpark is McCovey Point and China Basin Park, featuring a statue of McCovey at the mouth of the Cove. At his feet are small plaques commemorating the winners of the Willie Mac Award, named in McCovey's honor. Along the southern shore of the cove, between McCovey Point and the O'Doul Bridge, is a walkway featuring plaques showing the Opening Day Roster of every Giants team from 1958 through 1999. Just south of the statue of Willie McCovey is Barry Bonds Junior Giants Field, a t-ball sized baseball diamond. (As of 2020, the features in this area have been temporarily warehoused while extensive construction takes place.)

## Splash hits

A "splash hit" is recorded when a Giants player hits a home run that lands in McCovey Cove on the fly (foul balls, home runs hit by opposing players, and hits that strike or bounce off the stadium wall or pedestrian path are not counted toward this total). These hits are tallied on an electronic counter on the right field wall. As of September 15, 2024, 105 splash hits have been hit into the Bay by 30 Giants players since the park opened; 35 of those were by Barry Bonds. Seven other Giants have reached the Cove more than twice: Brandon Belt (ten), Pablo Sandoval (eight), Mike Yastrzemski (six), LaMonte Wade Jr. (six), Denard Span (five), Brandon Crawford (four), and Joc Pederson (four). Five additional players — Felipe Crespo, Michael Tucker, Ryan Klesko, Aubrey Huff, and Andrés Torres — have done it twice. Seventeen other Giants players have accomplished the feat once. Bonds' splash hit on April 17, 2001 marked his 500th career home run. Carlos Beltrán 's splash hit on September 14, 2011 marked his 300th career home run. Tyler Colvin 's splash hit on May 12, 2014 was also his first hit for the Giants and occurred in his first at bat at Oracle Park since joining the team. Bonds is the only Giants player to hit the Cove twice in the same game, having done so on May 10, 2000 and May 18, 2002. On June 15, 2021, two different Giants players got splash hits in the same game for the first time: Steven Duggar and Mike Yastrzemski.

Two players have gotten splash hits while playing for the Giants and visiting teams. Ryan Klesko got a splash hit on April 9, 2003, while playing for the San Diego Padres before getting two splash hits as a Giants player during the 2007 season. He was joined by Joc Pederson on May 24, 2022, who became the first player to have a splash hit for three different teams, having previously hit a total of three home runs into the water while a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Chicago Cubs.

Four splash hits have been walk-off home runs: Barry Bonds ' on August 19, 2003, Brandon Crawford 's on April 13, 2014, and Mike Yastrzemski 's two splash hits on July 29, 2020 and June 19, 2023, respectively.

Three splash hits have been grand slams: Bonds' on August 14, 2001, Michael Tucker 's on April 9, 2005, and Yastrzemski's on June 15, 2021.

Denard Span and LaMonte Wade Jr. are the only Giants to lead off with a splash hit, doing so on June 13, 2016 and June 2, 2023, respectively.

On September 15, 2024, Heliot Ramos became the first-ever right-handed Giant to hit McCovey Cove on the fly.

Bonds is currently the only Giant to record a splash hit in the postseason. He did so in the fifth inning of Game 3 of the 2002 National League Championship Series on October 12, 2002.

When the stadium hosted the 2007 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby, McCovey Cove was heavily featured in promotional materials, and the namesake slugger presented each participant with special bats before the competition. However, the difficulty of hitting McCovey Cove with a home run was shown, as none of the eight sluggers competing were able to hit the water on the fair side of the foul pole, and all three left-handed batters (who are more likely to hit home runs to right field, and thus, to the Cove) were eliminated in the first round of the contest. Justin Morneau of the Minnesota Twins and Prince Fielder of the Milwaukee Brewers were able to hit the Cove once each, but both of their hits were foul balls. However, Fielder eventually did hit McCovey Cove with a fair ball on July 19, 2008, as the 13th visiting player to hit the 17th non-Giants home run into the Cove. It was also his 100th career home run.

The majority of home runs surrendered into McCovey Cove have been off right-handed pitchers. 22 left-handed pitchers have surrendered a splash hit: Rich Rodriguez, Chuck McElroy, Vic Darensbourg, Brian Anderson, Jeriome Robertson, Chuck Finley, Ted Lilly, Ray King, Doug Davis, Joe Kennedy, Hong-Chih Kuo, Trever Miller, Wandy Rodríguez, Rex Brothers, David Price, Drew Smyly, Ranger Suárez, Matt Strahm, Alex Young, Génesis Cabrera, David Peterson, and Ray Kerr.

Four visiting pitchers have each surrendered two splash hits: John Thomson, Liván Hernández, Rodrigo López, and Chris Paddack. López is the only pitcher to give up a splash hit as a member of two visiting teams while pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies and the Chicago Cubs. No pitcher has surrendered two splash hits in the same game. However, two pitchers have surrendered splash hits to the same player twice: Thomson to Bonds on May 24, 2001 and August 31, 2001; and López to Pablo Sandoval on July 30, 2009 and August 31, 2011.

The most splash hits the Giants have had in a season is 11 in 2001, nine of which were part of Bonds' successful chase to hit the most home runs in a season. On the flip side, the Giants did not hit any splash hits in 2015 (Cody Asche of the Philadelphia Phillies was the only player that season to accomplish the feat). This splash-hit drought lasted nearly two years; after Brandon Belt hit one on September 25, 2014, he would break the drought himself on June 8, 2016.

## Other McCovey Cove hits

60 non-Giants players have hit the water 77 times. Of the visiting players who have hit McCovey Cove, Carlos Delgado, Adam LaRoche, Carlos González, Curtis Granderson, Max Muncy, and Joc Pederson have performed the feat the most, doing it three times each. Current players Bryce Harper, Mike Moustakas, and Jack Suwinski, and former players Luis Gonzalez and Cliff Floyd are the only other visiting players to do so twice. Suwinski is also the only visiting player to hit the Cove twice in the same game, doing so on May 29, 2023. In that game, Suwinski hit his second home run into the water off of second baseman Brett Wisely, who became the first-ever position player to surrender a splash hit. Eight American League players have hit the Cove: David Ortiz, Mitch Moreland, Adam Dunn, Rougned Odor, Shin-Soo Choo, Nathaniel Lowe, Josh Naylor, and Spencer Horwitz. Delgado, LaRoche, Harper, Moustakas, and Pederson are the only five players to have hit home runs into McCovey Cove as members of two visiting teams. Moustakas is the only player to get a splash hit as both an American League and National League player while a member of the Kansas City Royals and the Cincinnati Reds.

Every National League team has had at least one player hit a home run into McCovey Cove. The last club to have a player hit a ball into the water for the first time was the Cincinnati Reds, doing so in April 2021. Of the 15 American League teams, only six (the Boston Red Sox, the Texas Rangers, the Chicago White Sox, the Kansas City Royals, the Cleveland Guardians, and the Toronto Blue Jays) have had a player hit a home run into McCovey Cove. No player for the Houston Astros has hit a home run into McCovey Cove since the Astros moved to the American League in 2013.

Luis Gonzalez ' splash hit on May 30, 2002, Dioner Navarro 's splash hit on July 20, 2011, and Max Muncy 's splash hit on June 9, 2019, are the only three instances where a splash hit accounted for the only run of a game.

Brian Giles of the San Diego Padres is the only visitor to lead off with a splash hit, doing so on August 24, 2008.

On August 14, 2024, Michael Harris II of the Atlanta Braves became the first visitor to hit a grand slam into McCovey Cove.

Two visiting players have hit McCovey Cove on the fly in the postseason. Rick Ankiel of the Braves hit the Cove in the 11th inning of Game 2 of the 2010 National League Division Series on October 8, 2010; his run would go on to be the winning run for the Braves. Bryce Harper became the second visitor to hit the water in the postseason in the seventh inning of Game 4 of the 2014 National League Division Series on October 7, 2014, as a member of the Washington Nationals.

Tim Lincecum has surrendered the most splash hits to visitors, having done so six times. The other Giants pitchers to give up multiple splash hits are Johnny Cueto with five; Madison Bumgarner with four; Matt Cain, Ryan Vogelsong, and Hunter Strickland with three; and Brett Tomko, Matt Morris, Kevin Correia, Tim Hudson, Matt Moore, and Anthony DeSclafani twice each. Correia is the only pitcher to have given up a splash hit both as a Giant and as a visiting pitcher while pitching for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2014.

Three Giants pitchers have surrendered splash hits to the same visiting player twice each: Morris to Carlos Delgado on April 26, 2006, and May 9, 2007; Lincecum to Adam LaRoche on August 11, 2007, and August 27, 2010; and Bumgarner to Carlos González on April 8, 2013, and April 11, 2014.

Players from the Giants and visiting teams have hit home runs into McCovey Cove in the same game four times: on May 28, 2001 (Felipe Crespo and Mark Grace); July 4, 2011 (Pablo Sandoval and Will Venable); May 12, 2014 (Tyler Colvin and Freddie Freeman); and August 9, 2019 (Stephen Vogt and Bryce Harper).

On September 29, 2009, two different visiting players hit home runs into the Cove in the same game for the first time: Miguel Montero and Justin Upton of the Arizona Diamondbacks. Upton also became the first right-handed batter to ever hit the Cove, a feat that is normally expected to be accomplished by left-handed batters.

Daulton Varsho 's splash hit on September 5, 2020 marked his first MLB career home run. Charlie Blackmon 's splash hit on June 7, 2022 marked his 200th career home run.


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen was a NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 92 laps -- extended from 90 laps due to an overtime finish Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16. Chris Buescher won the race, his first win since the 2023 Coke Zero Sugar 400. Shane Van Gisbergen finished 2nd, and Carson Hocevar finished 3rd. Ross Chastain and Zane Smith rounded out the top five, and Chase Briscoe, Michael McDowell, Corey LaJoie, Ryan Preece, and Austin Cindric rounded out the top ten.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

### Race statistics

- Lead changes: 11 among 9 different drivers

- Cautions/Laps: 7 for 21 laps

- Red flags: 0

- Time of race: 2 hours, 38 minutes, and 41 seconds

- Average speed: 80.226 miles per hour (129.111 km/h)

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch called from Turn 5 to 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network radio called for the race, which was also simulcasted on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey covered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.

## Standings after the race


Literacy in China

# Literacy in China

## Abstract

The People's Republic of China has one of the highest literacy rates in the world. The overall literacy rate in China reached 99.8% in 2021. Adult literacy in China, defined as literacy in those aged 15 and above, was measured at 97% in 2020 by the World Bank. Youth literacy, defined as literacy in those aged 15–24, was 100% since 2010 and remained so in 2020.

## Knowledge of characters, education level, and degree of literacy

The relatively high memory load involved in learning Chinese characters required for basic literacy in Chinese has been noted. There are about 6,500 characters in regular use in modern Chinese, of which 3,500 characters are used to write 99% of the words (the majority of which are two-character combinations) in popular reading material.

The average Chinese college student is estimated to know about 5,150 characters, which he uses to write more than 30,000 words. Enrollment in undergraduate education in China among youth has been expanding rapidly in recent years, reaching 40% in 2019 and, according to the Chinese Ministry of Education, reaching 60% in 2023.

## Historical trends under the PRC

From 1994 onwards, the PRC began a campaign to eradicate illiteracy, and the State Council issued the "Outline on the Reform and Development of Education", which set the goal of reducing illiteracy to below 5% before the 21st century. This target was achieved.

When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, more than 400 million of the country's more than 500 million people were illiterate, and the illiteracy rate was about 80 percent, including over 95 percent in rural areas. In 1964, the results of the second national census showed that the country's total population was 723 million, and the literacy campaign reduced the illiteracy rate (the proportion of illiterate people aged 15 and over) in China to 52%, and about 100 million people became literate. During the Cultural Revolution, the college entrance examination system was suspended, and millions of young people went to the countryside for a month out of each year as part of secondary school.

In 1977, the college entrance examination was resumed during the "rectification of troubles" period. By the end of 1978, China's population was close to one billion, and the illiteracy rate reached 25 percent, with nearly 240 million illiterates and 30–40 percent of young and middle-aged people being illiterate. After the reform and opening, compulsory education and literacy education were included in the newly revised Constitution of the People's Republic of China (82 Constitution) in 1982. In 1986, the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China came into effect, and since then, the nine-year compulsory education has been implemented in mainland China.

In 2001, The State Council virtually eliminated illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. In the sixth national census in 2010, the total population of mainland China was about 1.34 billion, of which about 54 million were illiterate, with an illiteracy rate of 4.08 percent. According to UNESCO, by 2015, China's illiteracy rate had dropped to 3.6 percent, and by 2020, it reached 3%. Amongst those aged between 15 and 24, it was completely eradicated - China's young adult population is 100% literate.

## Before the founding of the PRC

During the period of the mainland the Republic of China, the popularization of education was only implemented briefly due to the influence of the education system and the turbulent social situation. By the time the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, more than 500 million people were illiterate, with an illiteracy rate of about 80 per cent. The vast majority of them are workers and peasants, and illiterate women are the majority of them. In 1949, for example, 81.4 per cent of the young adults in Huangdu, a suburb of Shanghai, then China's largest city, were illiterate. No one could be found who could read among the poor and lower-middle peasants. For example, there were 24 families in Shenjiabang Village in the Huangdu area before 1949, of which 19 had not been to school for three generations. Each family did not even have a pencil, and they had to go to the town four miles away to ask someone to write a letter. At that time, only 289,000 primary schools in China had 23.68 million students.

Before 1949, all the areas under Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control also carried out literacy work. At that time, every winter farming season in the accessible areas, farmers were organized to read and read. This kind of learning is only carried out in winter, called "winter learning". There are different levels of winter schools in other places, various organizational forms, teaching materials and teachers, and many winter schools still attach importance to political education and neglect cultural education.

In September 1949, the Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, formulated by the First Plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, like the Provisional constitution, called for strengthening part-time education for workers and on-the-job education for cadres.

## Mao Zedong period

### The early days of the founding of China

In November 1949, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government set up the "Literacy Campaign Committee", which led the literacy education of peasants, workers and cadres. In December 1949, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government convened the first National Conference on Education Work, at which it was proposed that education must serve national construction, that schools must be open to workers and peasants, and that the structure of new education should be based on the unique educational experience of the old liberated areas, absorb some helpful knowledge in senior education, and make use of the advanced expertise of Soviet education. It also proposed to carry out a nationwide literacy campaign from 1951. It issued the "Instructions on carrying out the Winter School Work in 1949", pointing out that the winter school campaign should be generally tried in rural areas throughout the country.

From 20 to 29 September 1950, the Ministry of Education and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions jointly convened the first National Work Conference on Education for Workers and Peasants. Ma Xulun, Minister of Education, pointed out in his opening speech that worker and peasant education should focus on literacy education. More than 400 staff members from the central government, education departments of major administrative regions, women's federations, and model teachers and students from workers' and peasants' spare-time schools attended the meeting. Issues such as the implementation policy and leadership relationship between worker and peasant education were discussed at the meeting. The slogan "promoting literacy education and gradually reducing illiteracy" was put forward, and the principle of "government leadership, relying on mass organizations and cooperation from all sides" was realized. The main educational objects were workers and peasants cadres and activists, and the leading educational contents were culture education and policy and current affairs education, respectively.

The literacy campaign has been carried out on a large scale throughout the country, but in the implementation process, some places have ignored reality and rushed ahead. In promoting the "rapid literacy method", there are also too hasty and unstable learning results. After the end of 1952, only 550,400 people in China needed to be made literate. On 15 November 1952, the 19th meeting of the Central People's Government Committee passed a resolution to establish the Central People's Government Illiteracy Work Committee (chairman and Party Secretary Chu Tunan, deputy chairman Li Chang, Lin Handa, Qi Jianhua) to eradicate illiteracy step by step. In January 1953, the Cultural and Education Commission of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government proposed at the meeting of the directors of the Regional Cultural and Education Commissions held in Beijing that cultural and education work should be carried out as planned. Literacy was a long-term and complex task requiring more than a decade or more to complete, requiring all localities to continue to correct the aggressive tendency of literacy work after the autumn of 1952.

In response to the problems caused by the lack of unified literacy standards, on 24 November 1953, the Illiteracy Eradication Commission of the Central People's Government issued the Notice on Interim Measures for Literacy Standards and Graduation Examinations, in which the concepts of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy were defined for the first time after the founding of the People's Republic of China according to the different literacy targets of cadres, workers and peasants. That is, "in terms of literacy, those who can read more than 500 words and do not meet the literacy standard are semi-illiterate; Illiterate or literate number below 500 is illiterate ", but also provides for unified literacy standards and literacy test rules and regulations, that is, "cadres and workers, generally can be set to know 2,000 common words, can read popular books and newspapers, can write two to three hundred words of application; Farmers are generally prescribed to be able to read 1000 common words, generally can read popular books and newspapers, can write common notes, receipts; Urban working people are generally prescribed to be able to read 1,500 common words, and the reading and writing standards refer to the standards of workers and farmers." "At the request of the masses, the county literacy Work committee or the Education Department may issue a literacy diploma to those who have passed the exam." "The graduation examination for eradicating illiteracy shall be presided over by the leading grass-roots institutions for eradicating illiteracy or full-time cadres and teachers... Exam content can be divided into three literacy, reading, and writing ". Since then, the literacy movement has grown steadily.

### Literacy class

By the end of 1951, literacy classes had been set up nationwide. Statistics show that in 1951, more than 1.7 million factory workers participated in literacy classes. In the 1950s, the song "Husband and Wife Literacy" was sung in literacy classes across the country along with the literacy campaign, with the lyrics: "Haig in the winter sky, out come out stars."

### Literacy book

At the beginning of the literacy movement, schools were temporary, teachers were amateur, there was no uniform regulation of teaching materials and various "literacy books" were published in multiple places. Some of these "literacy books" were aimed at workers, others at peasants, and still others at urban housewives. Textbooks vary in content depending on the group they are aimed at. "Literacy textbook" mainly consists of text, new words, after class exercise three parts. Ideological and political education, such as supporting the CCP, loving the motherland, anti-feudalism, and loving one's job and dedication, is also necessary content in the textbook. Various types of literacy competitions were held in the course of learning. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) held in Beijing in August 1952 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the army, even set up a "literacy race" (write the required characters on the ground to start) and "cultural test" items. Rural literacy competitions are more common; some students write on the walls of their homes, doors, and work tools and compete to be "active" in literacy.

### Rapid literacy method

Qi Jianhua, a cultural education instructor of a department of the Southwest Military Region of the People's Liberation Army, invented the "rapid literacy method" in the process of carrying out cultural education in the army and carried out teaching in three steps:

- Learn phonetic symbols and pinyin.

- Surprise literacy requires the ability to read and initially speak.

- Study Chinese textbooks and conduct reading, writing, and writing activities.

In practice, it generally takes only half a month to read more than 1,500 people.

In December 1951, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government held an "Accelerated Literacy Law" symposium. On 23 April 1952, the Cultural and Educational Committee of the Central People's Government Administration Council issued a certificate of award to Qi Jianhua. Three days later, the People's Daily published an editorial calling for the "universal implementation of the accelerated literacy law" nationwide. In May 1952, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government issued the Notice on the Teaching Experiment of the "Accelerated Literacy Law" in all Localities and decided to promote the "Accelerated Literacy Law" among workers and farmers nationwide to eliminate illiteracy step by step. After the policy was introduced, through publicity and mobilization, workers and farmers signed up for literacy classes on a large scale. Experimental classes on accelerated literacy were quickly set up across the country. Chongqing textile workers accelerated practical literacy course after 21 days off work learning, students from an average of more than 400 words to more than 2000 words. In the Gaobeidian farmers' experimental class in the eastern suburbs of Beijing, 26 students learned 1638 characters after 164 hours of learning and initially could write letters. In 1952, rapid literacy teaching achieved remarkable factory and rural literacy results. According to incomplete statistics in northeast China, Shanghai, Beijing and other places, 258,000 workers have participated in the accelerated literacy program. Most of them learn 1,500 to 2,000 words after 150 to 200 hours of study and can read popular books and write simple articles.

### Mid-fifties

In 1955, the enthusiasm for literacy in various places cooled down. However, the number of illiterates was still significant, and many people who had lost their illiteracy became illiterate because they were not consolidated in time. In the late autumn of 1955, Mao Zedong discussed with Hu Yaobang, Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the New Democratic Youth League of China in the Summer Palace, how to combine literacy and agricultural cooperation. After Mao Zedong read it, he changed the title of this material to "The Experience of the Youth League Branch in Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County" and included it in the book "The Socialist Upsurge in China's Rural Areas" and wrote more than 800 articles. Word notes:

On 11 October 1955, at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong said: "I think it is better to sweep up the literacy campaign. Some places have eliminated the literacy campaign, which is not good. To eradicate illiteracy in the process of co-operativeization is not to eradicate illiteracy campaigns, not to eradicate illiteracy, but to eradicate illiteracy."

Mao Zedong's commentary on "The Experience of the Youth League Branch in Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County, Establishing Work-Recording Classes" soon spread throughout the country with the book "The Socialist Upsurge in Chinese Rural Areas". All provinces, cities, counties and even villages have compiled new literacy teaching materials adapted to local conditions. According to statistics, more than 6 million illiterate farmers and residents were eliminated in 1957, reaching the peak of the development of literacy education after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

### Great leap Forward

During the Great Leap Forward period, literacy work also fell into the trend of exaggeration and high indicators. In February 1958, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the Central committee of the Communist Youth League, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the All-China Women's Federation, and the National Illiteracy Eradication Association held a representative meeting of advanced units of literacy, at which a cultural "atomic explosion" was proposed. The panel presented to the country to eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people within five years. On 7 March 1958, and 20 May 1958, the People's Daily published editorials "Setting off a Great Leap Forward in Literacy on a Grand Scale" and "Eliminating Illiteracy with a Revolutionary Spirit." At that time, 150 million illiterate young people between the ages of 14 and 40 lived in rural areas alone. If the average literacy rate of the previous eight years were applied, even if 3 million illiterates were eradicated yearly, it would take 50 years to eliminate them. Literacy soon became the climax of the mass movement, and false reporting and exaggeration were severe everywhere. According to reports, from January to September 1958 alone, 100 million young and middle-aged people were wiped out. For example, I don't believe in wiping out illiteracy in half a year or a year, but it will be good during the second five-year plan." Since then, the "literacy leap" has cooled down.

From 1959 to 1961, the "three-year difficult period", the rural literacy work fell to a low point, and at this time, the proportion of political education in literacy was heavy.

The second National population census in 1964 also conducted a comprehensive survey on the artistic quality of the people. The results showed that the illiteracy rate of people over the age of 15 had dropped from 80 per cent in 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded to 52 per cent, and from 1949 to 1964, more than 100 million people became literate. By 1965, the literacy campaign had reduced the national illiteracy rate from about 80 per cent in 1949 to 38.1 per cent, according to another official Chinese statistic.

### Cultural revolution

From 1966 to 1976, Mao Zedong and others launched the Cultural Revolution in mainland China. During this period, China's scientific research and education were severely impacted, and intellectuals became one of the first targets to be knocked down. They were regarded as "reactionary academic authorities" and "stinky old nine" of the bourgeoisie and were widely criticized and persecuted. At the same time, during the Cultural Revolution, the college entrance examination was suspended, and tens of millions of sent-down youths went to the mountains and countryside. In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, rural literacy institutions were abolished, and literacy work almost stagnated. Only a few rural areas continued to eliminate illiteracy. For example, Bazhong County in Sichuan Province and Taojiang County in Hunan Province resumed literacy in 1969 and 1971.

## Deng Xiaoping Period

Deng Xiaoping, who returned to politics for the third time in 1977, first proposed to "set things right" in September 1977 and resumed the college entrance examination, which was suspended for ten years due to the Cultural Revolution. On 19 September 1977, Deng Xiaoping and the heads of the Ministry of Education, Liu Xiyao, Yong Wentao, and Li Qi, talked about the reversal of the educational front during the ten-year Cultural Revolution, with Deng Xiaoping stating that “If you made a mistake in the past, repeat it and correct it. In any case, the language should be clear and ambiguous, which will not solve the problem. Do things quickly, don't procrastinate."

In October 1978, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "education is the most fundamental cause of a nation," rejecting the belief of Zhang Chunqiao, one of the Gang of Four, that "the whole country is illiterate is also a victory." Based on the restoration of the literacy order in 1977, the State Council of the People's Republic of China promulgated the Directive on Literacy Eradication on 6 November 1978, which put forward the basic principles of eradicating illiteracy among young people aged 12 to 45 years and improving the literacy of those who have already become literate.

In December 1978, when the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was held, Deng Xiaoping became the second-generation supreme leader of the People's Republic of China. Afterwards, several measures were proposed with the goal of accelerating rural development, which introduced deepening rural economic reforms, including literacy being reintroduced into the agenda.

At the end of 1978, the population of mainland China was close to 1 billion, 81 percent of whom were farmers. 240 million were illiterate, and the illiteracy rate reached 25 percent, with 30–40 percent of the young and middle-aged being illiterate. From 1978 to 1980, literacy developed rapidly, and the slogan "Compulsory education" was put forward when putting things right. During the Chinese economic reform, Deng Xiaoping put forward the view that "intellectuals are already part of the working class themselves" and "respect knowledge, respect talents and oppose the erroneous idea of not respecting intellectuals".

### Reform and opening up

According to the data of the third National census in 1982, 237.22 million illiterates and semi-illiterates were over the age of 12, accounting for 23.5 per cent of the total population, of which 91 per cent were illiterate in rural areas, and 218.53 million were unreadable over the age of 40. On 4 December 1982, compulsory education and literacy education were included in the newly revised Constitution of the People's Republic of China (82 Constitution); Article 19 of the Constitution stipulates:

The State develops socialist education and raises the scientific and cultural level of the people throughout the country. The State runs various schools, makes primary education compulsory, develops secondary, vocational, and higher education, and develops preschool education. The State develops all kinds of educational facilities, eliminates illiteracy, provides political, cultural, scientific, technical and professional education to workers, peasants, state functionaries and other working people, and encourages self-study. The State enables collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other social forces to organize various educational undertakings under the law. The State promotes the use of Mandarin throughout the country.

On 5 February 1988, The State Council issued the Regulations on the Eradication of Illiteracy, stipulating that the standards for individual literacy are: "Farmers can read 1,500 Chinese characters, employees of enterprises and public institutions, and urban residents can read 2,000 Chinese characters; I can read plain and popular newspapers and articles, keep simple accounts, and write simple, practical articles." The standard has remained unchanged for decades. The regulations also stipulate that "all illiterate and semi-illiterate citizens between the ages of 15 and 40 have the right and duty to receive literacy education, regardless of sex, nationality or race, except those who are unable to receive literacy education." "A system of acceptance shall be implemented for the eradication of illiteracy. The literacy trainees shall be assessed by the township people's government, urban sub-district offices or enterprises and institutions at the same level, and those who meet the literacy standards shall be issued a "literacy certificate". Cities and counties that have eliminated illiteracy shall be inspected by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government ", and proposed for the first time that "the eradication of illiteracy and the popularization of compulsory primary education should be planned as a whole and implemented simultaneously." Where universal compulsory primary education has been achieved, and eliminating illiteracy has not yet been completed, the goal of eliminating illiteracy should be achieved within five years." In the following years, The State Council continued to issue relevant documents which put forward precise requirements for literacy and universal education.

## Twenty-first century

In 1999, the State Council approved the Action Plan for the Revitalization of Education for the 21st Century, which stated that "the goal of basically making nine-year compulsory education universal and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people by the year 2000 is the Top Priority of the national education work." The "two bases" have entered a critical stage. We must ensure the realization of the national goal. The key points and difficulties in popularizing compulsory education are in the central and western regions. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, we will continue implementing the National Project of Compulsory Education in poor Areas, focusing on mountainous areas, pastoral areas and border areas." "By 2010, based on fully realizing the 'two basic' goals, we will make senior high school education universal in cities and economically developed areas step by step, and the number of years of schooling of the entire population will reach the advanced level of developing countries".

In October 2000, the CCP Central Committee issued the "Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development", which proposed: "Continue to popularize nine-year compulsory education, eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people, and expand the scale of senior high school education and higher education. We will actively develop various types of vocational education and training. We will improve the continuing education system and gradually establish a lifelong education system."

The National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China released the "2010 Sixth National Population Census Main Data Bulletin (No. 1)" in the "National illiterate population aged 15 and above by age, sex and education level" data. Among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government (excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province) and the active military population, there are 54,656,573 illiterate people (illiterate people aged 15 and above), a decrease of 3,0413,094 compared with the fifth National census in 2000. The illiteracy rate dropped from 6.72% to 4.08%, a reduction of 2.64 percentage points.

### 2010 and beyond

According to the National Statistical Report on Education data, from 2010 to 2014, a total of 3,253,600 people were illiterate across the country, and the number of illiterates across the country decreased year by year. In 2012, the number of illiterates across the country fell by one quarter over 2011. Experts believe the slowdown is due to the full realization of nine-year compulsory education in China after 2011, eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people and the remaining difficulties in literacy work. Among them, the old, the young, the border and the poor areas still have high incidences of illiteracy. Statistics show that in the 14 contiguity areas with particular difficulties, the proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate workers is 3.6 percentage points higher than that of the whole country, and many villages in these areas are still illiterate.

In 2011, the Ministry of Education issued the Guidelines for Curriculum Setting and Preparation of Teaching Materials for Literacy Education, requiring local literacy courses to integrate literacy and numeracy learning with adult basic life skills, vocational skills training, health care, legal knowledge, and protection of rights and interests. For many years, some places have carried out "foreign language literacy" for people who go abroad to work and "urban living ability literacy" for farmers who work in cities. Experts believe that this kind of literacy is worth further promotion, and it should be moved from "scanning text blindness" to "scanning cultural blindness", integrating educational resources, targeting different groups, and carrying out new literacy work flexibly and accurately.

Large-scale organized literacy continues to be carried out in the prison system. On 25 April 2012, Wu Aiying, Minister of Justice of the People's Republic of China, said that since 2008, 1.25 million prisoners have been given literacy and compulsory education in prisons nationwide. On 29 January 2014, UNESCO released the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2013–2014, showing that 72% of the world's illiterate population is concentrated in 10 countries (India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Brazil, Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The illiterate population of these countries is 557 million, of which India is the world's largest illiterate population, with an illiterate adult population of 287 million, accounting for 37% of the world's illiterate population. The report also highlights China's outstanding performance in literacy, with the number of illiterate adults falling by 130 million (or 70 per cent) in the past 20 years.

Statistics from the Ministry of Education show that in 2014, there were only 10,800 full-time teachers for literacy education in China, a decrease for the third consecutive year, and only 455,500 people participated in literacy learning. Regular literacy classes are no longer available in remote rural areas. The government has stopped making literacy requirements because some of the remaining illiterates are too old. There has also been no special literacy fund allocated at the grassroots level for many years, and literacy work has often stalled as a result.