Cameron Grimes

# Cameron Grimes

## Abstract

Trevor Lee Caddell (born September 30, 1993), best known under the ring name Trevor Lee (a shortened version of his real name), is an American professional wrestler currently signed to Major League Wrestling (MLW) and also appears on various independent promotions. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and WWE, having performed as Cameron Grimes in the latter promotion.

Caddell made his debut on the independent circuit in 2009 as Trevor Lee, most notably in Pro Wrestling Guerilla (PWG), where he was PWG Tag Team Champion with Andrew Everett. He signed with Impact Wrestling in 2015, where he stayed for the next four years, winning the Impact X Division Champion three times, and the TNA World Tag Team Champion once with Brian Myers. After leaving Impact, Caddell signed with WWE and was assigned to NXT with the name Cameron Grimes. In WWE, he is a former NXT North American Champion and was the final Million Dollar Champion. He then joined the SmackDown brand in 2023 until his release from the company the next year.

## Professional wrestling career

### Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2014–2019)

Caddell began his career in 2009 working for numerous independent promotions under the name Trevor Lee, starting with CWF-Mid Atlantic in North Carolina. He then made his debut with Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) on March 28, 2014, at Mystery Vortex II, losing to Andrew Everett in a three-way match also involving Cedric Alexander. However, Lee received a big push in PWG, defeating the top names of the promotion. On July 26, 2014, at Eleven, Lee picked up a huge upset win by defeating three-time PWG World Champion, Kevin Steen in Steen's farewell match for the company. Lee was one of 24 participants in the 2014 Battle of Los Angeles tournament. Lee defeated Cedric Alexander in the 1st round and Michael Elgin in the quarter-finals, before ultimately losing to Johnny Gargano in the semi-finals. On October 17, 2014, at Untitled II, Lee defeated the longest reigning PWG World Champion in the title's history, Adam Cole. On December 12, 2014, at Black Cole Sun, Lee defeated yet another PWG World Champion, Chris Hero. On February 27, 2015, at From Out of Nowhere, Lee received his first shot at the PWG World Championship against Roderick Strong, but was unsuccessful in his attempt. On May 22, 2015, Lee and Andrew Everett won the 2015 DDT4 tournament, defeating the PWG World Tag Team Champions The Beaver Boys (Alex Reynolds and John Silver) in the finals to win the tournament and also the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On June 26, 2015, at Mystery Vortex III, Lee and Everett lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to The Young Bucks, following outside interference from PWG World Champion, Roderick Strong. On July 24, at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla 's 12 year anniversary show, Threemendous IV, Trevor Lee defeated Tommaso Ciampa via Small Package Driver after a hard-hitting match. He entered PWG's Battle Of Los Angeles tournament on the first night defeating Trent?. The second night he teamed up with Biff Busick and Andrew Everett to take on Mount Rushmore 2.0 (The Young Bucks and Super Dragon) on a six-man Guerrilla Warfare match, which his team lost. In the third night he lost in the second round of the tournament against Marty Scurll.

At PWG's All Star Weekend 11, he began to show villainous traits such as cheap shotting opponents before matches and insulting the crowd. He achieved victory on both nights defeating Will Ospreay on night one, and Matt Sydal on night two. He entered the 2016 Battle of Los Angeles and made it all the way to the finals, a three-way elimination match where along with Marty Scurll eliminated Will Ospreay before once again tapping to Scurll's crossface chicken wing submission. On February 18, 2017, at Only Kings Understand Each Other, Lee defeated Cody Rhodes. Following that Lee started a losing streak for the rest of 2017 losing to the likes of Lio Rush, Keith Lee, Chuck Taylor and Ricochet.

Lee later entered into the 2017 edition of the Battle Of Los Angeles, getting eliminated in the first round by Donovan Dijak. At PWG All Star Weekend 14, Lee was defeated by Rey Horus on night one but defeated Morgan Webster on night two. In the 2018 Battle Of Los Angeles, Lee defeated Marko Stunt in the first round, then Brody King in the second round, but lost to Jeff Cobb in the semi-finals. On October 19, at Smokey and the Bandido, Lee defeated Darby Allin. Lee wrestled at PWG's Hand of Doom on January 18, 2019, against the current champion Jeff Cobb in a losing effort. Following the match, Lee gave a farewell address to crowd ask WWE.

### Independent circuit (2024–present)

Lee has also wrestled for other independent companies, including OMEGA Championship Wrestling, where on May 21, 2015, he won the OMEGA Heavyweight Championship in a triple threat match that included his mentor Matt Hardy. On February 27, 2016, Lee – while wrestling at a CWF Mid-Atlantic event – defeated Roy Wilkins in one hour and forty-five minutes (105 minutes) to win the CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship.

At All American Wrestling 's AAW Showdown 2018, Lee defeated DJZ to win the AAW Heritage Championship. On April 7, 2018, Lee unsuccessfully challenged A.C.H. for the AAW Heavyweight Championship. On November 24, 2018, he wrestled ACH to a 60-min time limit draw for AAW. DJZ regained the Heritage Championship beating Lee on December 8, 2018. His first match of 2019 was a successful defense of his CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight title against Cain Justice.

### Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling

#### The Helms Dynasty (2015 – 2017)

Lee made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut on the August 12, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, where he teamed with Brian Myers as part of Team GFW and lost to The Wolves. On the September 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee and Myers defeated The Wolves in a rematch to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship with help from Sonjay Dutt. The next week on the September 9, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, they lost the title to The Wolves. On October 4, at Bound for Glory, Lee and Myers had a rematch for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Wolves but were unsuccessful.

After a four-month hiatus; on the February 2, 2016 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee defeated Tigre Uno to win the TNA X Division Championship with the help from his new manager Gregory Shane Helms. During the reign, he successfully retained his title against Tigre Uno in a two rematch, Eddie Edwards and DJZ. In April, Andrew Everett joined Lee and Helms, forming the Helms Dynasty. At Slammiversary, he lost his title against Eddie Edwards in a four-way who including Everett and DJZ. At Destination X, he lost a ladder match for #1 contendership to the X Division Championship. On October 2, at Bound for Glory, Lee unsuccessfully challenged DJZ for the X Division Championship. On the February 2, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling, he defeated him in a ladder match to win the title for the second time. The following week, Everett was attacked by Lee and Helms, and kicked out of The Helms Dynasty. On the April 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee lost the X Division Championship to Low Ki in a six-way match that included Everett, Dutt, Dezmond Xavier and Suicide.

#### The Cult of Lee (2017 – 2019)

On the July 6 episode of Impact, Lee attacked new X Division Champion Sonjay Dutt after his match with Caleb Konley and stole the X Division Championship, declaring himself the new X Division Champion. He then began "defending" the X Division Championship against handpicked local competitors and even wrestled with the title around his waist. On August 17, at Destination X, Dutt regained his title against Lee after interference from a returning Petey Williams. On the September 14 episode of Impact!, Lee would form an alliance with Konley, where he would help him regain the X Division Championship in a Falls Count Anywhere match. Lee would go on to recruit former Helms Dynasty teammate Andrew Everett to face Dutt, Williams and Matt Sydal on the October 5 episode of Impact! in a losing effort. At Bound for Glory, Lee successfully retained the title in a Six-way match.

On the November 9, 2017 episode of Impact, Lee would lose the X Division Championship against Taiji Ishimori. In January 2018, Lee and Konley would start a feud against the Latin American Xchange, defeating them on January 11, thus earning a championship match that they lose. At Redemption, Lee competed in a Six-way match which was won by Brian Cage. On the July 26 episode of Impact, Lee was defeated by Johnny Impact. On December 31, 2018, his contract with Impact Wrestling expired. To write him off television they did an angle where Killer Kross punched a concrete block through his face. This aired on the January 3, 2019 episode of Impact.

### WWE

#### NXT beginnings (2019–2020)

After leaving Impact Wrestling, Caddell revealed on January 12, 2019, at a CWF Mid-Atlantic show, that he signed a contract with WWE. It was made official on February 11, 2019, as he began working at the WWE Performance Center. Shortly after, he started appearing at NXT Live events in the Florida area, and he made his Full Sail University debut in a dark match before the May 1 NXT television tapings, defeating Shane Strickland. In June, his ring name was changed to Cameron Grimes. That same month, it was announced that Grimes would compete in the NXT Breakout Tournament, where the winner would get an opportunity to challenge for any title in NXT. Grimes made his debut on the July 3 episode of NXT, defeating Isaiah "Swerve" Scott in the first round of the tournament. On the July 31 episode, Grimes defeated Bronson Reed to move on to the final round, but lost against A.C.H. on the August 14 episode.

On September 18, Grimes defeated Sean Maluta on NXT ' s debut on the USA Network. Over the next few weeks, Grimes would develop a winning streak, defeating the likes of Raul Mendoza and Boa. On the October 23 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated by Matt Riddle. Grimes would begin a feud with Kushida when he attacked him backstage after losing to him. On the December 11 episode of NXT, Kushida cost Grimes his match against Raul Mendoza and would taunt him by stealing his signature hat. The following week, Grimes defeated Kushida to end the feud. After defeating Dominik Dijakovic on the February 26, 2020 episode, Grimes would issue a challenge to Keith Lee for the NXT North American Championship, which Lee accepted. He faced Lee for the title in a losing effort on the March 11 episode.

On the May 6 episode of NXT, he defeated Denzel Dejournette but was attacked by Finn Bálor after the match, who Grimes had called out earlier. The following week, Grimes defeated Bálor in a match following interference from Damian Priest. Grimes would go on to flaunt his victory over Bálor while mocking Priest for losing to Bálor at TakeOver: In Your House and calling him a loser, which led to Priest attacking him backstage. On the June 17 episode of NXT, Priest found the tires of his Dodge Challenger punctured, which turned out to be done by Grimes, who once again mocked Priest. Priest would challenge Grimes to a match the following week. Prior to the match, Priest was attacked and came into the match injured, giving Grimes the victory. A rematch was scheduled on the June 24 episode of NXT in which Grimes lost. On the August 12 episode, Grimes defeated Velveteen Dream and Kushida to qualify for the NXT North American Championship ladder match at TakeOver XXX. At the event, Grimes was unsuccessful in capturing the title.

On the September 23 episode of NXT, Grimes competed in the first ever Gauntlet Eliminator match to determine the #1 contender for the NXT Championship at TakeOver 31 against Finn Bálor, losing to Kyle O'Reilly. Grimes then entered a feud with Dexter Lumis, attacking him on the October 7 episode of NXT, after his match with Austin Theory for disrespecting him last week. After distracting him during his North American title match against Damian Priest the following week, Grimes was put in a Haunted House of Terror match against Lumis on October 28 at Halloween Havoc, losing to him in the ring by submission. On the November 11 episode of NXT, Grimes interfered in Lumis's match against Timothy Thatcher, subsequently wrapping his head in a burlap sack and attacking him. The following week, they faced off in a blindfold match, which ended in an apparent no contest after Grimes unknowingly knocked the referee unconscious and eventually ran off. He would lose to Lumis again in a strap match on December 6 at TakeOver: WarGames. On the December 9 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated by Tommaso Ciampa and attacked by Timothy Thatcher after the match because Grimes had angrily questioned Thatcher about being at ringside. It was announced the following week that Grimes was out injured for four to six weeks after Thatcher's attack. This was used to write him off television as Grimes legitimately needed arthroscopic knee surgery.

#### The Richest Man In NXT (2021–2022)

Grimes returned on the February 10, 2021 episode of NXT with a new gimmick as he claimed to have become a GameStop investor during his time away (in reference to the GameStop stock rise) thus making him the "richest man in NXT." He then failed to win a gauntlet match at TakeOver: Stand & Deliver for a future North American Championship match. On the April 27 episode of NXT, Grimes began a feud with WWE Hall of Famer Ted DiBiase after encountering him in a jewelry store over their watches. Over the next few weeks, "The Million Dollar Man" would continue to one-up Grimes, outbidding him in various purchases, and would end up costing Grimes a match to Jake Atlas on May 18. The two then had a "Million Dollar Face-Off" on the May 25 episode where LA Knight attacked Grimes and aligned himself with DiBiase, turning Grimes into a babyface in the process. On the June 8 episode, DiBiase reintroduced the Million Dollar Championship and announced that the winner of a ladder match between Grimes and Knight at TakeOver: In Your House would win the title, where Grimes was unsuccessful. On the following episode of NXT, Grimes saved DiBiase from an attack by Knight further signaling his face turn. Grimes would subsequently challenge Knight to a rematch for the title at The Great American Bash, under the stipulation that if he loses, he will be forced to become Knight's butler. At the event, Grimes failed to win the title and as a result, was forced to become Knight's butler. At NXT Takeover 36 Cameron Grimes faced L. A. Knight for the Million Dollar Championship where if he loses Ted DiBiase becomes LA Knight's butler. Grimes defeated Knight at the event and won his first Million Dollar Championship. On August 24, the storyline finally came to a conclusion on NXT, as they talked about Grimes’ journey to the title and how he was now headed "Straight to the moon!". The celebration ended with fake $100 bills with Grimes’ face raining down over the Capitol Wrestling Center.

A segment later aired with Grimes seeing The Million Dollar Man to his limousine in the parking lot, to say their goodbyes. Grimes gave the Million Dollar Title back to DiBiase, but Ted handed it back and said he wanted Grimes to have the strap so he thinks of their partnership and what they accomplished when he looks at it. Grimes took the title back, but noticed how it felt lighter, and was made out of a different material. Grimes looked on the back of the title and confirmed that Ted switched the belts out, giving him a WWE Shop replica to keep. DiBiase drove away while doing his signature laugh, while Grimes also laughed to end the segment.

#### NXT North American Champion (2022–2023)

Grimes faced Carmelo Hayes for the NXT North American Championship at the Vengeance Day special episode on February 15, 2022, and lost. He would win the NXT North American Championship on April 2, 2022 at NXT Stand & Deliver, by defeating Carmelo Hayes, Santos Escobar, Solo Sikoa and Grayson Waller in a fatal five-way ladder match. He made his first successful title defense against Solo Sikoa on the April 12 episode of NXT 2.0. Grimes would make another successful title defense in a Triple Threat match at NXT Spring Breakin' against Carmelo Hayes and Solo Sikoa. At NXT In Your House, Grimes lost the North American Championship to Hayes, ending his reign at 63 days.

Grimes then entered a rivalry with NXT Champion Bron Breakker, which culminated in a championship title match at NXT: The Great American Bash, where Grimes failed to win the NXT Championship. On the July 12 edition of NXT 2.0, Grimes would cut an emotional promo, only for JD McDonagh to interrupt and attack him. However, Grimes would retaliate, thus setting up a match for the following week which he lost. Shortly after, he entered a feud with Joe Gacy as the latter claimed that he could be his father figure as Grimes lost his real life father years prior. During this rivalry, the debuting Ava Raine would join Schism and cost Grimes in his final match with Gacy on the November 8th episode of NXT.

#### SmackDown (2023–2024)

As part of the 2023 WWE Draft, Grimes was drafted to the SmackDown brand. He debuted in the main roster on the May 12 show of SmackDown, defeating Baron Corbin in 6 seconds. On April 23, 2024, Lee announced that he had been released from WWE.

### Major League Wrestling (2024–present)

On September 9, 2024, Major League Wrestling announced that Lee would make his debut for the promotion at Slaughterhouse.

## Personal life

Caddell's father, Tracy Caddell, was a professional wrestler and promoter who died on July 29, 2018.

## Championships and accomplishments

- All American Wrestling AAW Heritage Championship (1 time) AAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett

- AAW Heritage Championship (1 time)

- AAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett

- Carolina Wrestling Federation Mid-Atlantic CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time) CWF Mid-Atlantic Rising Generation League Championship (1 time) CWF Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chet Sterling CWF Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times) PWI Ultra J Championship (1 time) CWF Annual Rumble (2017) Kernodle Brothers Tag Team Tournament (2018) – with Chet Sterling

- CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- CWF Mid-Atlantic Rising Generation League Championship (1 time)

- CWF Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chet Sterling

- CWF Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)

- PWI Ultra J Championship (1 time)

- CWF Annual Rumble (2017)

- Kernodle Brothers Tag Team Tournament (2018) – with Chet Sterling

- OMEGA Championship Wrestling OMEGA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- OMEGA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- Pro Wrestling Guerrilla PWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett DDT4 (2015) – with Andrew Everett

- PWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett

- DDT4 (2015) – with Andrew Everett

- Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 61 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016

- Ranked No. 61 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016

- Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling TNA / Impact X Division Championship (3 times) TNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brian Myers Race for the Case (2017 – Blue Case)

- TNA / Impact X Division Championship (3 times)

- TNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brian Myers

- Race for the Case (2017 – Blue Case)

- WWE NXT North American Championship (1 time) Million Dollar Championship (1 time, final)

- NXT North American Championship (1 time)

- Million Dollar Championship (1 time, final)


Kosmos 638

# Kosmos 638

## Abstract

Kosmos 638 (Russian: Космос 638) was an uncrewed test of the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Soyuz. It carried an APAS-75 androgynous docking system.

This was followed by another uncrewed test of this spacecraft type, Kosmos 672. It was a Soyuz 7K-TM spacecraft.

When the air was released from the orbital module (which is ejected before re-entry of the capsule) it caused unexpected motions with the spacecraft. This led to the next test also being uncrewed.

## Mission parameters

- Spacecraft: Soyuz-7K-TM №71

- Mass: 6510 to 6680 kg

- Crew: None

- Launched: April 3, 1974

- Landed: April 13, 1974


The Crossing Guard

# The Crossing Guard

## Abstract

The Crossing Guard is a 1995 American independent drama film co-produced, written, and directed by Sean Penn. The film stars Jack Nicholson, David Morse, Robin Wright and Anjelica Huston. It tells the story of Freddy Gale, a man who has been tormented for more than five years by his daughter's death in a car accident. When he finds out that the man who was responsible for the death is being released from prison, he decides to seek vengeance.

The film was released on November 16, 1995 and received generally positive reviews from critics.

This was the last film scored by Jack Nitzsche.

## Plot

Jewelry store proprietor Freddy Gale has been tormented for the five years following the death of his daughter Emily. Once a devoted husband and father, he is now an alcoholic who spends his nights in strip clubs, sleeping with strippers. When John Booth, the drunk driver who killed his daughter, is released from prison, Freddy immediately reveals to his ex-wife Mary that he is going to kill Booth. She begs him not to kill him. An altercation results, ending when Mary's husband throws Freddy out of their house.

Booth resides in a trailer outside his parents' house. He merely desires to resume his life outside of prison, although he is haunted and remorseful for killing Emily. One night, Freddy arrives at the Booth residence, armed with a pistol. He clumsily breaks into the trailer and tries to shoot, but he forgot to load a magazine. John calmly explains he won't call the police and will let Freddy kill him, but he asks for some time to savor his freedom. Freddy accepts, and gives John three days to live.

John tries to live his life as best as he can before the third day arrives. He meets an artist named JoJo at a friend's party. They have a brief romance before she realizes that he cannot let go of the mistake he made. He reveals to her that when he hit Emily, he came to her side as she was dying and Emily apologized to him for "not having looked both ways." John goes to Emily's grave and leaves flowers, but he leaves when he sees Mary there.

On the third day, Freddy calls Mary and breaks down in tears as he tells her of a terrible nightmare he had. In the nightmare, he is driving by his daughter's school and stops at a crosswalk where children (including a living Emily) wait. He sees that John Booth is the crossing guard. Freddy then sees himself run over all of the children, even Emily. Freddy and Mary meet at a diner, and Mary tells him that he is beyond her help; Freddy becomes enraged and curses her. After Mary leaves, Freddy gets drunk and starts to drive to John's house. John waits in his trailer. A police officer stops Freddy and arrests him for drunk driving. Before the police can take him in, however, Freddy grabs his pistol and runs away. He breaks into a home and hides in a little girl's room. The girl guides the police away, and Freddy thanks her and leaves.

Freddy arrives at John's trailer and waits before he enters. John abruptly jumps from a corner with a rifle in hand. Freddy tells him since he is on the run, on his property, and armed, John should be able to get away with killing him. There is a standoff as they point guns at each other. However, John drops his rifle and runs away. Freddy follows him. After a lengthy chase across the city, Freddy catches John climbing a fence and fires at him. John is only superficially wounded and continues running. Freddy continues his pursuit until he realizes that John has led him to the graveyard where Emily is buried. John talks silently to the grave and finally says, "Your daddy's coming". Freddy hands John his pistol and cries over the grave, apologizing to his daughter. John takes Freddy's hand as the sun rises.

## Cast

- Jack Nicholson as Freddy Gale

- David Morse as John Booth

- Anjelica Huston as Mary

- Robin Wright Penn as Jojo

- Piper Laurie as Helen Booth

- Richard Bradford as Stuart Booth

- Priscilla Barnes as Verna

- David Baerwald as Peter

- Robbie Robertson as Roger

- John Savage as Bobby

- Kellita Smith as Tanya

- Kari Wuhrer as Mia

- Richard Sarafian as Sunny Ventura

- Joe Viterelli as Joe

- Eileen Ryan as disgruntled store customer

## Reception

### Critical reception

The film received generally positive reviews with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes reporting a score of 75% based on 28 reviews.

### Box office

Despite the positive critical reception, the film grossed only $868,979 in the United States and Canada. It grossed $7 million worldwide, against a budget of $9 million.

## Soundtrack

MissingWritten and Performed by Bruce Springsteen Courtesy of Columbia Records

Room At The TopWritten by Adam Ant, Andre Cymore and Marco PirronePerformed by Adam Ant Courtesy of MCA Records

Hopping To HealthWritten and Performed by Sophia L. Cassidy

Any Time, Any Place, Any WhereWritten and Performed by Hadda Brooks

King's HighwayWritten and Performed by Joe Henry Courtesy of Mammoth Records

Whatta ManWritten by Hurby 'Luv Bug' Azor (as Herby Azor), Cheryl 'Salt' James (as Cherly James) and Dave CrawfordPerformed by Salt-N-Pepa (as Salt 'N Pepa)Courtesy of Next Plateau/London Records

The Ubiquitous Mr. LovegroveWritten by Lisa Gerrard and Brendan PerryPerformed by Dead Can Dance Courtesy of 4ADBy arrangement with Warner Special Products

Born A CowboyWritten and Performed by David BaerwaldCourtesy of A&M Records

UnspokenWritten and Performed by David BaerwaldCourtesy of A&M Records

I Want A Little Sugar In My BowlWritten by Nina SimonePerformed by Hadda Brooks

Herida de Amor (Love Hurts)Written by Felice Bryant and Boudleaux Bryant

Performed by YndioCourtesy of Mexican FontanaBy arrangement with Polygram Special Markets

EmilyWritten and Performed by Jewel (as Jewel)Courtesy of Atlantic Records

Freddy and MiaWritten and Performed by Kari Wuhrer

Good Ship LollipopWritten by Richard A. Whiting and Sidney ClarePerformed by Shirley Temple

## Awards

Anjelica Huston 's performance in the film was praised and she received nominations for Best Supporting Actress from the Hollywood Foreign Press and the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). She lost out on the Golden Globe to Mira Sorvino for Mighty Aphrodite and the SAG award to Kate Winslet for Sense and Sensibility.


# 1902 cholera outbreak of the Philippines

## Abstract

The 1902 cholera outbreak of the Philippines began in Manila in March 1902 and ended in February 1903. Cholera, a disease familiar to both Filipinos and American medical officers, spread throughout the archipelago during the aftermath of the Philippine–American War. The cholera epidemic reappeared again in 1908.

## Epidemic

### First cases

On March 3, 1902, the Insular Government at Manila was notified of an "Asiatic cholera" found in Canton, China. On March 8, the spread of the disease reached Hongkong. On March 20, the board of health which consists of U.S. Army medical officers, was notified that two patients at the San Juan de Dios Hospital was showing symptoms of this Asiatic cholera.

Due to the worrying cases of the patients, Lieutenant General Adna Romanza Chaffee, Military Governor of the Philippines at the time, conducted an armed patrol near the Marikina River. Chaffee shared information that the Marikina River could pose "danger" to the inhabitants living there, especially to the estimated 14,000 inhabitants in Montalban. He informed that the water from the river are used for drinking, bathing, and other domestic uses. Due to the pollution of the river, infection soon broke out in the Marikina Valley.

### Spread

Cholera infections occur when contaminated water is consumed, often due to "fecal matter". This was the case of worries on contaminated bodies of waters by American officials. An alleged outbreak in the Philippines were also suspected to began when locals consumed cabbage washed ashore from an infected Chinese trading ship. Although the origin is contested, Charles E. Woodruff, a U.S. Army surgeon noted that uncooked vegetables can harbor bacteria from infectious diseases, contributing to their spread when eaten.

The aftermath of the war with Filipino revolutionaries further exacerbate the spread of cholera. As the number of infections grew in Manila, the disease began to spread in other Philippine provinces.

## Response

Under Chaffee, certain measures were taken to combat a cholera outbreak in Manila. It was divided into sanitary districts, and medical officers were assigned to each. The sale of certain foods was prohibited, and strict inspections of markets and restaurants were implemented. Cholera cases were isolated in hospitals, and contacts were detained. Cholera houses were quarantined and disinfected. Autopsies were performed to confirm cholera cases and avoid unnecessary detention. It was conducted by American doctors such as Richard P. Strong, J. W. Jobbings, J. B. Thomas, and assisted by Norman Williams. Bodies of cholera victims were cremated if not claimed within twenty-four hours.

In the provinces, some American army medical officers observed the lack of competency among Filipino physicians in handling and control of the disease. According to J. C. Perry, Surgeon General and Chief Quarantine Officer in the Philippines:

The provincial and municipal boards of health, composed of Filipino physicians, have proved to be entirely incompetent to meet the emergency of dealing with an epidemic...

Perry further added that most of the disease control of cholera were done by U.S. army surgeons.

To prevent infectious diseases entering the islands, American authorities would check if a watercraft such as boats or ships are permissible to land. Since the Americans were preoccupied before the epidemic during the Philippine-American War, they failed to enforce the necessary precautional procedures throughout the islands. Additionally, Filipinos are banca drivers who knew the local geographical locations of beaches, some of them even avoided docks guarded by authorities. There were also the threat of smugglers who would try to bypass precautionary measures before landing.

In Manila, Chaffee was disappointed by the opposition from Filipinos and Spanish physicians. Although they agreed to provide the board of health assistance, they neglected to report them the number of cholera cases while some resort to falsification. Although, there were some exceptions such as Manuel Gomez, who provided immense work on investigating cholera cases in the islands, and Luis Arabella, a medical inspector.

## Medical treatment

U. S. Army surgeons began conducting research for prevention and treatment of cholera in the islands. Richard P. Strong tried to develop a cholera vaccine for civilian capacity. Questions aroused regarding its safety and Strong admitted that it might take years to produce a strain of the suffieciently weakened organism suitable for safe use.

In 1903, Japan created a vaccine solely for the prevention of cholera and an antitoxin for its treatment. As tests were given, the U.S. Army was impressed but the vaccines were not for sale and unobtainable.

In Manila, a medical officer informed George Miller Sternberg, an American army surgeon, that he was using a normal salt solution to the vein. According to the officer, the solution "in collapse, gave the most gratifying results". Attempts at curing cholera became successful using a saline solution to be injected under the skin through the veins.

## Casualties

After the epidemic, official records from the board of health made a total of 103,076 reported cases and 66,387 deaths in the provinces. In Manila, there are 4,174 cases and 3,146 deaths. Most of the cases and deaths occured were underreported by Filipino physicians due to cultural taboos and fear of property loss from American authorities. J.C. Perry commented in August 1902:

They will adopt every measure to conceal the cases and throw every obstacle in the way of the authorities in their attempt to suppress the disease.

In 1908, another cholera epidemic occurred but was treated using intravenous injections in hospitals, despite sporadic Filipino rebellions until 1911.


Moroccans in France

# Moroccans in France

## Abstract

French-Moroccans or Franco-Moroccans or simply (French: Franco-Marocains) are French citizens and nationals ethnic group, of the France with French citizenship and a French passport of Moroccans descent, immigrants from Morocco to the France and their descendants they are the second largest ethnic group in the France after Algerians in France. French people of Moroccan descent living in France account for a large sector of the total immigrant population in France. Following the French protectorate in French Morocco from 1912 to 1956, many Moroccans chose to immigrate to France from the 1960s to the present due to France's favorable economic conditions.

## Demographics

The 2011 Census recorded 433,026 Moroccan-born people.

## Religion

According to the national survey of 2020 holden by the INSEE, 65% of the French of Moroccan origin adhered to Islam; at the same time, 5% of the French of Moroccan origin adhered to Christianity, of whom 3% were Catholics and 2% other Christians (without further specification), and 4% to Judaism. 25% of the French of Moroccan origin declared that they had no religion. According to the same survey 89% of Moroccan-born people in France adhered to Islam.

## Notable people

.


# List of NFL career passing touchdowns leaders

## Abstract

In American football, passing, along with running (also referred to as rushing), is one of two primary methods to advance the ball, typically executed by the quarterback from behind the line of scrimmage, but any offensive player can attempt a pass provided they are behind the line. A pass must move forward from the passer's hands to qualify as a passing play, whereas lateral or backward movements classify as running plays. A player who catches a forward pass is called a receiver. A touchdown pass is a pass thrown from a passer to a receiver that results in a touchdown being scored. The National Football League (NFL) records the number of touchdown passes made by players, a statistic also noted historically for the American Football League (AFL), which merged into the NFL in 1970 after operating from 1960 to 1969.

Tom Brady holds the record for most passing touchdowns with 649, followed by Drew Brees with 571 and Peyton Manning with 539. Aaron Rodgers leads all active players with 475 career passing touchdowns. Brady also is the record holder for the most career playoff passing touchdowns with 88. He is followed by Joe Montana and Rodgers, with both tied at 45. Rodgers leads all active players in career playoff passing touchdowns. The longest career passing touchdown record holder was Fran Tarkenton, who held the record from 1975 to 1994.

## Regular season career passing touchdowns leaders

Bolded player(s) indicate making their debut on list. Through Week 2 early Sunday games of 2024 season.

## Playoff leaders

Based on 15 TD passes minimum. Through 2023 playoffs.

## Historical passing touchdowns leaders

Sixteen players are recognized as having held outright or tied the record as the NFL's career passing touchdowns leader.


Together Again (Janet Jackson song)

# Together Again (Janet Jackson song)

## Abstract

" Together Again " is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her sixth studio album, The Velvet Rope (1997). It was written and produced by Jackson and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, with additional writing by Jackson's then-husband René Elizondo Jr. It was released as the second single from the album in December 1997 by Virgin Records. Originally written as a ballad, the track was rearranged as an uptempo dance song. Jackson was inspired to write the song by her own private discovery of losing a friend to AIDS, as well as by a piece of fan mail she received from a young boy in England who had lost his father.

"Together Again" was well received by music critics, who praised the song's structure and Jackson's vocals. The single was a commercial success, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, as well as reaching number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. The single was additionally certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Worldwide, it peaked within the top-five in many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, and topped the charts in the Netherlands. The single sold six million copies worldwide.

Two music videos were produced for "Together Again". The video for the original, directed by Seb Janiak, shows Jackson and her dancers performing in a futuristic African paradise where people are seen living side by side with wild animals such as elephants, giraffes, and wildcats. Another video released for the 'Deeper Remix', was directed by Elizondo Jr. and shows Jackson in an apartment. Jackson performed "Together Again" in a number of occasions to promote The Velvet Rope, including at the American Music Awards and also on all of her tours since its release. It is also included in two of her greatest hits collections, Number Ones (2009) and Icon: Number Ones (2010).

## Background and release

"Together Again" was written as a tribute from Jackson to a friend who had recently died of AIDS as well as AIDS victims and their families worldwide, as stated in the liner notes of The Velvet Rope (1997). Originally written as a ballad, the track was re-arranged as a dance and house song. Jackson was reportedly inspired to write the song from her own personal experience, as well as a piece of fan-mail she received from a young boy in England who had lost his father. According to Jimmy Jam, "it had a deep meaning for her because it was about a friend she lost to AIDS, but as with all her songs, she tries to make them apply in a general sense to anybody. The idea was to make it a joyous song musically".

The arrangement of the song was constructed in 30 minutes by Jam, Lewis, and Jackson while in the recording studio. Once the melody was in place, Jackson finished writing the lyrics to the song. The song's sound was inspired by Donna Summer 's song " Last Dance ". Jackson told MTV News that her inspiration to write "Together Again" was " Runaway " by Nuyorican Soul, as the song reminded her of being in Studio 54 in New York when she was a child. "Runaway" gave Jackson a kind of New York feel of disco and she wanted to do something like this. "Together Again" was released in the United Kingdom on December 1, 1997, as a 7-inch vinyl single, a 12-inch vinyl single, a CD single, and a cassette single. The following day, the song was released in the United States on all four formats plus a maxi-CD. In Japan, a CD single was issued later that month, on December 22.

## Composition

"Together Again" was written and produced by Jackson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, with additional writing by Jackson's then-husband, René Elizondo Jr. It is a dance and house track. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a key of C major. Jackson's vocals range between A to D. The song has a moderate tempo of 123 beats per minute with the chord progression following the sequence of C – Em /B – Em (b)/B – A – Dm – G – Dm – G. The bass line in the chorus descends according to the key until reaching the supertonic, after which it goes back to the dominant note set up the resolution, the repetition of the chorus or the interlude, which begins on the submedian. At the end of the second bridge, the song modulates up a minor third into E-flat major. Three versions of the song were released; the original dance version, the "Deep Remix", an R&B and hip-hop version, and the "Deeper Remix", which is an R&B and soul remake. Lyrically, it was described as an ode from Jackson to a friend who had died from AIDS. Larry Flick from Billboard noted its "tear-stained lyrics". Ernest Hardy of Rolling Stone described it as "unsullied pop bliss", saying "The bass-heavy house track "Together Again" showcases a poignant lead vocal, giving off a '60s soul/girl group vibe".

## Critical reception

"Together Again" received positive reviews. BBC deemed it a "thumping great hit, an old-fashioned piece of professional dance music, played perfectly". Larry Flick from Billboard magazine called it a "gorgeous disco ode to loved ones lost to AIDS -related illnesses". Jackson "has clearly been studying Donna Summer records, delivering a wonderfully nuanced performance that takes firm command of the track's vibrant house beat without sacrificing an ounce of emotion". Music critic Joey Guerra from The Daily Cougar stated, "Jackson pours her heart into "Together Again," which builds to an ecstatic house beat" which takes "a cue from the soaring melodies of '60s girl groups". He further commented that the song is "genuine happy-feeling. It sounds lame at first but pay attention to what she's singing; that vocal smile changes everything." A reviewer from Daily Record said, "Michael's wee sis has never sounded so good. Janet has found herself and her sound."

"She even makes a bid for gay icon status", wrote Neil McCormick in a review of The Velvet Rope for The Daily Telegraph, "delivering a diva-ish performance reminiscent of Diana Ross on 'Together Again'." J.D. Considine for Entertainment Weekly said that "the gently throbbing house beat beneath ”Together Again” keeps this tribute to a dead friend from sounding as lachrymose as it looks on the page." British magazine Music Week gave it four out of five, noting, "Contrasting sharply with the subtle groove of its predecessor, this is Janet at her most commercially accessible with a dance anthem full of big beats and a tasty hook." Jon Pareles from The New York Times described "Together Again" as "a creamy Diana Ross homage", noting that Jackson "deploys her small voice shrewdly" in it. Ian Hyland from Sunday Mirror said it is "some of the best club tunes she's ever done." Danyel Smith, while interviewing Jackson for Vibe in November 1997, elaborated that the song was a big, perfect ode to Donna Summer, and likened it to her songs " MacArthur Park " and " Last Dance ". In 1999, 'Together Again" won the award for "Most Played Song" at the BMI Pop Awards.

## Chart performance

"Together Again" debuted at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the issue dated December 20, 1997, before becoming Jackson's eighth number-one single on January 31, 1998, spending two weeks at number one, and a total of forty-six weeks on the chart. It was Jackson's first single to reach number one in the U.S. since " Again " in 1993. The song also peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart and at number eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Together Again" was certified Platinum by the RIAA. In Canada, it peaked at number two on the official singles chart and reached number one on the dance chart. In Australasia, "Together Again" also experienced success. In Australia, it debuted at number eighteen on the issue dated December 7, 1997, peaking at number four and staying on the ARIA Charts for twenty-five weeks and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for 70,000 copies shipped. In New Zealand, it debuted at number sixteen the week of December 21, 1997. On February 22, 1998, it reached its peak of number five, staying on the chart for ten weeks.

The song debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on December 13, 1997, falling to six the following week, three weeks later it returned to its peak of four, spending ten weeks in the top ten and 19 weeks inside the chart. It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), selling 600,000 units in the UK. It also spent a week atop the UK R&B singles Chart and number six on the UK Dance Charts. It is Jackson's best selling UK single. In Austria, it entered the singles chart at number twenty-five, eventually peaking at number six and spending a total of fourteen weeks on the chart. In France, the song peaked at number two for ten weeks, and was certified Platinum by the SNEP. In Germany, it peaked at number two for two weeks and remaining on the German Singles Chart for twenty-four weeks. It was certified Platinum for 500,000 copies sold. In the Netherlands, "Together Again" entered the singles chart at number sixty-one during the week of December 13, 1997. It eventually peaked at number one, staying a total of thirty-two weeks on the chart. The Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers (NVPI) certified the single Gold for shipment of 10,000 copies. On the Swiss Singles Chart dated January 11, 1998, "Together Again" debuted at number thirteen. After two weeks, it peaked at number two and was later certified Gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). A portion of the single's worldwide sales were donated by Jackson to The American Foundation for AIDS Research.

## Music videos

Two music videos were produced for "Together Again". The original version was directed by French photographer Seb Janiak and choreographed by Tina Landon. Jackson became interested in working on a music video with Janiak upon meeting him in Paris, although he had never directed a video before. She wanted something different for hairstyle for the video as she was getting bored and decided to dye it red, using wire to look like it was tree branches. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California, with her brother Michael 's giraffe and elephant being used for the shoot; the giraffe got away during the shoot, but it was found afterwards.

Set in the Serengeti, Tanzania, the video depicts Jackson with mini red ponytails on her head. She and her dancers perform in a futuristic African-flavored paradise where people are seen living side by side with wild animals such as elephants, giraffes, and wildcats. At a point of the video, Jackson appears to be hugging another version of herself. Dan MacRae from ET Canada commented, "Janet is positively beaming as she participates in some lovely choreography and chills out with local wildlife". This version received a nomination for Best Dance Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards.

Another music video was released for the "Deeper Remix". Directed by René Elizondo Jr, the video depicts Jackson in an apartment remembering a lost lover, with the singer commenting that "there's a butterfly that's throughout the video that represents the spirit" of this lover. Both videos are featured on the DVD edition of 2001's All for You and the 2004 video compilation From Janet to Damita Jo: The Videos.

## Live performances

In order to promote The Velvet Rope and the single, Jackson performed "Together Again" at the American Music Awards of 1998. The singer has also performed the song on all of her tours since its release. She included the song on the 1998 The Velvet Rope Tour. Dressed up in "chandeliers and sensible clothing", it was performed as the closing song from the concert. Jon Pareles from The New York Times viewed the performance as "an elegy disguised as an arm-waving, feel-good song". The performance of the song at the October 11, 1998, show in New York City, at the Madison Square Garden, was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope: Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO. It was also added to the setlist at its DVD release, The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert in 1999. It was again performed as the encore on the All for You Tour in support of her follow-up album, All for You in 2001 and 2002. Gina Vivinetto from St. Petersburg Times, while reviewing the concert, described the performance, "The show closed with a buoyant Together Again that found Jackson grinning, surrounded by dancers moving in refreshing, unscripted merriment". The February 16, 2002, final date of the tour at the Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, was broadcast by HBO, and included a performance of "Together Again". This rendition was also added to the setlist at its DVD release, Janet: Live in Hawaii, in 2002. Jackson also performed it on VH1 's The Concert for New York City benefit concert which paid tribute to victims of the September 11 attacks the same year.

In 2004, while promoting her eighth studio album, Damita Jo, Jackson made surprise performances of "Together Again" and " All Nite (Don't Stop) " at New York's Gay Pride March. "Together Again" was one of her older songs on the 2008 Rock Witchu Tour, her first tour in seven years. It was at the middle of the setlist. She was dressed in a gold and black glam hip hop -inspired track suit, and one gold glove. Variety magazine's Phil Gallo likened her vocals in the song to that of Diana Ross's. Rap-Up noted the audience "went wild" during the song. While reviewing the Vancouver concert, Marsha Lederman of The Globe and Mail noted that the most memorable moment of the show was when Jackson "stopped on the catwalk after her hit Together Again, listened to the crowd roar its approval, and became emotional – really emotional. We're talking tears. 'Thank you,' she said – seeming to really mean it, as she waved her hands, begging the audience to stop", she completed. While promoting her second greatest hits album, Number Ones, the singer performed an eight-minute medley of six hits during the American Music Awards of 2009. It included " Control ", " Miss You Much ", " What Have You Done for Me Lately ", " If ", " Make Me ", and finished with "Together Again". For the latter's performance, Jackson stood alone at center stage, smiling, as the received applauses and standing ovation from the audience. It also was the closing song of her concert at Essence Music Festival in New Orleans, in July 2010, which she headlined. "Together Again" was again performed as a closing number on her Number Ones: Up Close and Personal 2011 tour as a dedication to her late brother, Michael Jackson, wearing a tight white one-piece disco suit. MTV News' writer Vaughn Schoonmaker noted that the song appeared to be the biggest hit of the show. Writing for the Hartford Courant, Thomas Kintner pointed out that "A finale of 'Together Again', offered as a simple tribute that recalled her brother again, proved the evening's highlight, a relaxed trip through the sort of juicy pop Jackson has stockpiled throughout her career, and which still charms when she lets it run". Jackson also included the song on her 2015-16 Unbreakable World Tour. The song is also included on the 2017-2019 State of the World Tour. Jackson also included the song on her 2019 Las Vegas Residency Janet Jackson: Metamorphosis. Jackson later named her 2023 tour after the song, and performed it in multiple versions throughout the show: The DJ Premier 50 to 100 remix at the beginning of the show, the Deeper remix at the middle, and, as the encore, the album version.

## Impact and legacy

In 2024, Esquire and Forbes ranked "Together Again" numbers 37 and 26 in their lists of the 50 best songs of the '90s. Hugh McIntyre of Forbes wrote, "'Together Again' was a message of love and resilience, wrapped in a pop tune the masses could fall in love with. It celebrated unity in the midst of loss, finding optimism in the darkest of times. A vibrant tribute where Jackson honors friends lost to AIDS through dance, many who enjoy the cut may not even realize how deep it really is."

## Track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from The Velvet Rope ' s CD liner notes:

- Janet Jackson – vocals, songwriter, producer, vocal and rhythm arrangement

- Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis – songwriters, producers, all other instruments, vocal and rhythm arrangements

- René Elizondo Jr. – songwriter

- Steve Hodge – engineering, mixing

- Alexander Richbourg – drum machine

- Xavier Smith – assistant engineer

## Charts

## Usage in media

In 2023, Fifty Fifty used an interpolation of "Together Again" in their song " Barbie Dreams " for Barbie the Album.


William Kelsey Fry

# William Kelsey Fry

## Abstract

Sir William Kelsey Fry (18 March 1889 – 26 October 1963) was a British dental surgeon and an importantfigure in the development of oral and maxillofacial surgery during World War I.

He was born in 1889 in Greenwich, the son of Kate née Kelsey and Edmund Fry, a stone merchant. He was educated at Hurstpierpoint College and Guy's Hospital where he qualified as a doctor and a dental surgeon. During World War I he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) and was a regimental medical officer attached to the Royal Welch Fusiliers, landing in France with the 7th Division in October 1914. He was wounded during the Battle of Festubert in May 1915 while carrying out his work under heavy fire and was awarded the Military Cross. He was wounded again on 26 August 1916. Fry spent two years at the Front and tended the wounded at Neuve Chapelle, Aubers Ridge, Festubert and the Somme. Later he worked with Harold Gillies, initially at the Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot in 1916 where they pioneered the development of Oral and maxillofacial surgery. In 1917 they continued this work at the newly-established Queen Mary's Hospital in Sidcup, where Fry was appointed Chief Dental Surgeon. Fry's experience at this time led to his essay on "Treatment of injuries of the jaws" which was awarded the Cartwright Prize of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

https://www.nature.com/articles/bdjteam201910

https://www.bapras.org.uk/media-government/news-and-views/view/plastic-surgery-the-surgical-specialty-of-world-war-one

https://www.bmj.com/content/2/5366/1206

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/spotlight/rescuing-facial-injuries-from-no-mans-land

https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38637/page/2906/data.pdf


Philip J. Deloria

# Philip J. Deloria

## Abstract

Philip Joseph Deloria (born February 27, 1959) is a Yankton Dakota Native American author who specializes in Native American, Western American, and environmental history. He is the son of scholar Vine Deloria, Jr., and the great nephew of ethnologist Ella Deloria. Deloria is the author of the award-winning books Playing Indian (1998) and Indians in Unexpected Places (2004), among others. Deloria received his Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University and currently teaches in the Department of History at Harvard University. In 2021 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

## Family background

Deloria is an enrolled citizen of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, and the son of Barbara and Vine Deloria Jr. His father was a scholar, writer, and activist for Native American rights who earned national recognition for his 1969 book, Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. Philip J. Deloria's paternal great aunt Ella Deloria worked as an ethnologist, and Ella's sister Mary Sully was an artist. Deloria's grandfather, Vine Deloria Sr. and great grandfather Philip Joseph Deloria, also known as Thípi Sápa, were Episcopal priests. Philip J. Deloria is also the great-great grandson of U.S Army officer and painter Alfred Sully, and the great-great-great-grandson of painter Thomas Sully. Growing up, his mother was a librarian at the Fairhaven Library in Bellingham, Washington. After school he and his brother often read at the library until their mother's shift ended.

## Education and career

Deloria graduated from the University of Colorado in 1982 with a B.M.E. in music education. In 1988, Deloria completed his M.A. in journalism and mass communications at the University of Colorado. Deloria received his Ph.D. in American studies from Yale University in 1994. Deloria worked as a professor at the University of Colorado in the Department of History from 1994 to 2000, before taking up a professorship at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in both the Department of American Culture and the Department of History. Deloria was the associate dean of undergraduate education in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor's College of Literature Science and the Arts and was the Carroll Smith-Rosenberg Collegiate Professor. In 2018 he was made the first tenured professor of Native American history at Harvard University. He is a trustee of the National Museum of the American Indian-Smithsonian and a former chair of the Repatriation Committee. Deloria is the 2022 president of the Organization of American Historians.

- 2021: Curti Lecturer

## Published works

Deloria is the author of two non-fiction books and a number of articles and book chapters.

Deloria's 1998 text, Playing Indian, addresses the historical phenomenon of "playing Indian", whereby non-Native people in the United States construct national and personal identities through the performance of Indian dress and ritual. It was adapted from his dissertation at Yale, which he finished in 1994. Playing Indian won the 1999 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award from the Gustavus Myers Program for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America.

Deloria's second book, Indians in Unexpected Places (2004), explores stereotypes of Native American people which confine them to the past and analyzes the seeming disunity between Indian people and modernity. Indians in Unexpected Places received the John C. Ewers Prize for Ethnohistorical Writing in 2006 from the Western History Association.

Deloria additionally produced, directed, and edited PBS program Eyanopapi: Heart of the Sioux.

## List of selected works

- Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-300-08067-4.

- Blackwell Companion to American Indian History, ed. Boston: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-1405121316

- Indians in Unexpected Places. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7006-1459-2.

- C.G. Jung and the Sioux Traditions: Dreams, Visions, Nature, and the Primitive, ed. New Orleans: Spring Journal Press, 2009.

- "Four Thousand Invitations." American Indian Quarterly 37, no. 3 (July 2013): 25-43.

- "American Master Narratives and the Problem of Indian Citizenship in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 1 (Jan 2015): 3-12.

- American Studies: A User's Guide. University of California Press, 2017. ISBN 9780520287730

- Becoming Mary Sully: Toward an American Indian Abstract. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019.

- "Thanksgiving in Myth and Reality," New Yorker Nov 25 (2-19): 70-70.

- "Tecumseh's doomed quest for a Native confederacy," New Yorker (November 2, 2020), 76-80.


1926 in Germany

# 1926 in Germany

## Abstract

Events in the year 1926 in Germany.

## Incumbents

### National level

- President - Paul von Hindenburg (Non-partisan)

- Chancellor - Hans Luther (German People's Party) (to 12 May), Wilhelm Marx (Centre) (from 17 May)

## Events

- 1 January – the city of Cologne is badly hit by flooding in the river Rhine.

- 6 January – Deutsche Luft Hansa is formed by the merger of Deutsche Aero Lloyd and Junkers Luftverkehr

- 7 January – Deutschlandsender, a radio transmitter, is opened for the first time.

- 20 January – Chancellor Hans Luther is forced to reconstitute his cabinet as a minority government, having lost the support of some of his partners the previous December.

- 14 February – the Nazi Party hold the Bamberg Conference in an attempt to strengthen Adolf Hitler 's control over the party.

- 19 March – Max Wolf of the University of Heidelberg discovers the asteroid 2732 Witt.

- 11 April – Hermannplatz railway station opens in Berlin.

- 24 April – Treaty of Berlin (1926) is signed with the Soviet Union promising a five-year period of non-involvement if either state is attacked by a third party.

- 16 May – Wilhelm Marx succeeds Luther as Chancellor although otherwise the make-up of the Cabinet is not altered.

- 24 June – the liner Padua is launched. Other ships launched this year (all with date of launch unknown) include SS Amrum, SS Ilse L M Russ and SS Siegmund.

- 28 June – German company Daimler-Benz was founded.

- 3 September – Funkturm Berlin radio tower is opened to the public.

- 8 September – Germany officially joins the League of Nations.

- 1 November – Joseph Goebbels is appointed Nazi Gauleiter of Berlin.

- 17 December – The Marx administration loses a vote of confidence and, although Marx continues as Chancellor, he does so without the involvement of previous coalition partners the German Democratic Party.

### Date unknown

- The National Socialist German Students' League is established.

- The Old Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation are both established.

- Gustav Stresemann is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with fellow architect of the Locarno Treaties Aristide Briand.

- German company Südzucker was founded.

## Popular culture

### Arts

- 27 March – Der Protagonist, an opera by Kurt Weill, is performed for the first time at Semperoper in Dresden.

- 9 November – Paul Hindemith 's opera Cardillac is premiered at the Staatsoper, Dresden.

- 14 November – Der Golem, an opera by Eugen d'Albert receives its premiere at the Alte Oper in Frankfurt.

- 27 November – Ernst Krenek 's opera Orpheus und Eurydike premieres at the Staatstheater in Kassel.

- The Adventures of Prince Achmed by Lotte Reiniger is released. It is the oldest surviving animated feature film.

### Sport

- 11 July – The German Grand Prix makes its first appearance on the sporting calendar. The event is won by Rudolf Caracciola.

- 1. FC Nürnberg are crowned German football champions.

- SV Wehen Wiesbaden and FSV 1926 Fernwald are amongst the new association football clubs set up.

- Berliner RC, a Rugby Union club, are established.

## Births

- 2 January – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (died 2020 in France)

- 3 January – W. Michael Blumenthal, German-American economist and politician

- 5 January – Walther Leisler Kiep, German politician (died 2016)

- 6 January – Walter Sedlmayr, actor (died 1990)

- 24 January – Hans-Jürgen Borchers, mathematical physicist (died 2011)

- 26 January – Kurt-Heinz Stolze, pianist (died 1970)

- 28 January – Meier Schwarz, Israeli plant physiologist (died 2022 in Israel)

- 29 January – Ernst Träger, judge (died 2015)

- 31 January: Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, Archbishop of Paderborn (died 2002) Horst Giese, actor (died 2008) Rudi Kopp, cross country skier Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, nobleman (died 2012)

- Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, Archbishop of Paderborn (died 2002)

- Horst Giese, actor (died 2008)

- Rudi Kopp, cross country skier

- Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, nobleman (died 2012)

- 2 February – Fritz Stern, German-American historian (died 2016)

- 3 February: Franz Islacker, footballer (died 1970) Hans-Jochen Vogel, politician (died 2020)

- Franz Islacker, footballer (died 1970)

- Hans-Jochen Vogel, politician (died 2020)

- 6 February – Elisabeth Guttenberger, Holocaust survivor and human rights activist (died 2024)

- 8 February – Sonja Ziemann, actress (died 2020)

- 11 February – Ursula Buckel, opera singer (died 2005)

- 16 February – Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank (died 1945)

- 20 February – Adolf Bechtold, footballer (died 2012)

- 23 February – Christian Habicht, historian (died 2018)

- 11 March: Albrecht Dietz, German entrepreneur and scientist (died 2012) Heinz Kiessling, musician (died 2003) Peer Schmidt, actor (died 2010)

- Albrecht Dietz, German entrepreneur and scientist (died 2012)

- Heinz Kiessling, musician (died 2003)

- Peer Schmidt, actor (died 2010)

- 17 March – Siegfried Lenz, writer of novels, short stories and essays (died 2014)

- 25 March – Georg Schäfer (artist), painter and writer (died 1991)

- 26 March – Heinz Staab, German chemist (died 2012)

- 8 April: Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian (died 2024) Elisabeth Wiedemann, German actress (died 2015)

- Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian (died 2024)

- Elisabeth Wiedemann, German actress (died 2015)

- 18 April: Horst Käsler, handball player (died 1987) Günter Meisner, actor (died 1994)

- Horst Käsler, handball player (died 1987)

- Günter Meisner, actor (died 1994)

- 22 April – Harald Leipnitz, actor (died 2000)

- 26 April – Michael Mathias Prechtl, artist (died 2003)

- 8 May – David Hurst, actor (died 2019)

- 17 May – Franz Sondheimer, German-born Israeli-British chemist (died 1981)

- 19 May – Peter Zadek, film director (died 2009)

- 24 May – Rudolf Kippenhahn, astrophysicist (died 2020)

- 28 May – Gerhard Beil, politician (died 2010)

- 5 June – Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, businessman (died 1990)

- 14 June – Hermann Kant, writer (died 2016)

- 20 June – Hans-Dieter Lange, journalist and television presenter (died 2012)

- 21 June – Johanna Quandt, business woman (died 2015)

- 24 June – Walter Hirrlinger, German politician (died 2018)

- 22 June – Elyakim Haetzni, Israeli lawyer and politician (died 2022)

- 1 July: Carl Hahn, businessman (died 2023) Hans Werner Henze, composer (died 2012)

- Carl Hahn, businessman (died 2023)

- Hans Werner Henze, composer (died 2012)

- 2 July – Berthold Wulf, priest (died 2012)

- 4 July – Wolfgang Seidel, racing driver (died 1987)

- 12 July – Oswald Mathias Ungers, architect (died 2007)

- 15 July – Hans Frankenthal, writer and Holocaust survivor (died 1999)

- 16 July – Stef Wertheimer, German-born Israeli entrepreneur and industrialist

- 24 July – Hans Günter Winkler, showjumper (died 2018)

- 25 July – August Lütke-Westhüs, equestrian (died 2000)

- 1 August – Theo Adam, opera singer (died 2019)

- 6 August – Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse (died 2013)

- 9 August – Gustav Schmidt, sprint canoer (died 2016)

- 21 August – Ben-Zion Orgad, (German-born) Israeli composer (died 2006)

- 27 August – Karl-Heinz Heddergott, football manager

- 30 August – Rudi Gutendorf, footballer and manager (died 2019)

- 3 September: Rudi Arnstadt, East German border guard (died 1962) Jochen Bleicken, professor of ancient history (died 2005)

- Rudi Arnstadt, East German border guard (died 1962)

- Jochen Bleicken, professor of ancient history (died 2005)

- 4 September – Helmut Ringelmann, film producer (died 2011)

- 6 September – Prince Claus of the Netherlands (died 2002)

- 10 September – Gerda Munsinger, prostitute and alleged spy (died 1998)

- 17 September: Hermann Bausinger, cultural scientist (died 2021) Klaus Schütz, politician (died 2012)

- Hermann Bausinger, cultural scientist (died 2021)

- Klaus Schütz, politician (died 2012)

- 1 October: Manfred Messerschmidt, historian (died 2022) Gerhard Stolze, opera singer (died 1979)

- Manfred Messerschmidt, historian (died 2022)

- Gerhard Stolze, opera singer (died 1979)

- 4 October – Klaus Koch, theologian (died 2019)

- 5 October – Gottfried Michael Koenig, composer (died 2021)

- 8 October – Günter Mittag, politician (died 1994)

- 14 October – Günther Schwarberg, journalist (died 2008)

- 15 October – Karl Richter, conductor (died 1981)

- 18 October – Klaus Kinski, actor (died 1991)

- 19 October – Udo Schaefer, Baháʼí author (died 2019)

- 20 October – Ursula Happe, swimmer

- 21 October – Leo Kirch, media entrepreneur (died 2011)

- 26 October – Bernhard Klodt, footballer (died 1996)

- 30 October – Dieter Zechlin, pianist (died 2012)

- 1 November – Günter de Bruyn, writer (died 2020)

- 11 November – Werner Schmieder, politician

- 15 November: Alfred Biehle, politician (died 2014) Manfred Müller, German bishop or Roman Catholic Church (died 2015) Helmut Fischer, actor (died 1997)

- Alfred Biehle, politician (died 2014)

- Manfred Müller, German bishop or Roman Catholic Church (died 2015)

- Helmut Fischer, actor (died 1997)

- 26 November: Peter van Pels, German-Dutch boyfriend of Anne Frank (died 1945) Ralf Wolter, actor

- Peter van Pels, German-Dutch boyfriend of Anne Frank (died 1945)

- Ralf Wolter, actor

- 28 November – Eberhard von Brauchitsch, industrialist (died 2010)

- 9 December – Erhard Eppler, politician and businessman (died 2019)

- 10 December – Jacob Birnbaum, Jewish activist (died 2014)

- 16 December – Alfred Koerppen, musician (died 2022)

- 19 December – Hans Henn, bobsledder

- 20 December – Otto Graf Lambsdorff, politician (died 2019)

- 21 December – Herbert Ehrenberg, politician (died 2018)

- 23 December – Heinz Graffunder, architect (died 1994)

## Deaths

- 2 February – Karl von Weizsäcker, politician (born 1853)

- 4 January – Franz Stockhausen, conductor (born 1839)

- 7 January – Paul Cassirer, art dealer (born 1871)

- 29 January – Wilhelm Heitmüller, theologian (born 1869)

- 5 February – Gustav Eberlein, sculptor and painter (born 1847)

- 6 February – Wolf Wilhelm Friedrich von Baudissin, theologian (born 1847)

- 11 February – Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert, painter (born 1865)

- 13 February – Friedrich Krafft Graf von Crailsheim, German politician (born 1841)

- 20 February – Georg Friedrich Knapp, economist (born 1842)

- 28 February – Gustav Otto, aircraft engineer (born 1883)

- 7 March – Paul Matschie, zoologist (born 1861)

- 24 March – Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg, nobleman (born 1860)

- 26 March – Constantin Fehrenbach, politician (born 1852)

- 4 April – August Thyssen, industrialist (born 1842)

- 21 May – Friedrich Kluge, lexicographer (born 1856)

- 23 May – Hans von Koessler, composer (born 1853)

- 3 June – Rudolf Oeser, politician (born 1858)

- 5 June – Richard Wolffenstein, chemist (born 1864)

- 22 July – Otto Wilhelm Madelung, surgeon (born 1846)

- 23 July – Kurt Wüsthoff, fighter pilot (born 1897)

- 5 September – Karl Harrer, journalist and politician (born 1890)

- 15 September – Rudolf Christoph Eucken, philosopher (born 1846)

- 7 October – Emil Kraepelin, psychiatrist (born 1856)

- 9 October – Josias von Heeringen, Army general (born 1850)

- 15 October – Mathilde Bauermeister, opera singer (born 1849)

- 17 October – Otto Heubner, internist and pediatrician (born 1843)

- 26 November – Fritz Cassirer, conductor (born 1871)

- 2 December – Karl Joseph Eberth, pathologist (born 1835)

- 11 December – Carl Magnus von Hell, chemist (born 1849)


John King Fairbank

# John King Fairbank

## Abstract

John King Fairbank (May 24, 1907 – September 14, 1991) was an American historian of China and United States–China relations. He taught at Harvard University from 1936 until his retirement in 1977. He is credited with building the field of China studies in the United States after World War II with his organizational ability, his mentorship of students, support of fellow scholars, and formulation of basic concepts to be tested.

The Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard is named after him. Among his most widely read books are The United States and China, first published in 1948 and revised editions in 1958, 1979, and 1983; East Asia: The Great Tradition (1960) and East Asia The Great Transformation (1965), co-authored with Edwin O. Reischauer; and his co-edited series, The Cambridge History of China.

## Early life

Fairbank was born in Huron, South Dakota, in 1907. His father was Arthur Boyce Fairbank (1873–1936), a lawyer, and his mother was Lorena King Fairbank (1874–1979), who campaigned for women's suffrage. His paternal grandfather, John Barnard Fairbank, was "from the long 'J.B.' line, mainly of Congregational ministers, which stemmed from the Fairbank family that came to Massachusetts in 1633 graduated... from Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1860." John K. Fairbank was educated at Sioux Falls High School, Phillips Exeter Academy, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Harvard College, and Oxford University (Balliol). As an undergraduate, he was advised by Charles Kingsley Webster, the distinguished British diplomatic historian who was then teaching at Harvard, to choose a relatively-undeveloped field of study. Webster suggested that since the Qing dynasty 's archives were then being opened, China's foreign relations would be a prudent choice. Fairbank later admitted that he then knew nothing about China itself.

In 1929, when he graduated from Harvard summa cum laude, he went to Oxford as a Rhodes scholar. At Oxford, Fairbank began his study of the Chinese language and sought the counsel of H.B. Morse, retired from the Imperial Maritime Customs Service. On Webster's advice, he had read Morse's three-volume study of the Qing dynasty's foreign relations on the ship that was coming to England. Morse became his mentor. The young scholar decided to go to China for language study and research and arrived in China in January 1932.

In Beijing, he studied at Tsinghua University under the direction of the prominent historian Tsiang Tingfu, who introduced him to the study of newly available diplomatic sources and the perspectives of Chinese scholarship, which balanced the British approaches he saw at Oxford.

Wilma Denio Cannon, the eldest daughter of Walter Bradford Cannon and sister of Marian Cannon Schlesinger, came to China in 1932 to join Fairbank. They were married on June 29, 1932. Wilma had studied fine arts at Radcliffe College and had been an apprentice to the Mexican muralist Diego Rivera before she traveled to China. She began a career of her own in Chinese art history. John and Wilma came to know a number of Chinese intellectuals. They became especially warm friends with Liang Sicheng, the son of the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao, and his wife, Lin Huiyin, whom they called Phyllis. The Lins introduced them to Jin Yuelin, a philosopher and originally a political scientist trained at Columbia University. Fairbank wrote later that he and Wilma began to sense through them that the Chinese problem was the "necessity to winnow the past and discriminate among things foreign, what to preserve and what to borrow...." Sicheng gave Wilma and John Chinese names, his was Fei Zhengqing, "Fei" being a common family name, and "Zhengqing", meaning "upright and clear". Hers was "Weimei", which means "comforting plum."

In 1936, Oxford awarded him a D.Phil. for his thesis, which he revised using further research and eventually published as Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 in 1953.

## Early career

Fairbank returned to Harvard in 1936 to take up a position teaching Chinese history and was its first full-time specialist at Harvard. In 1941 he and Edwin O. Reischauer worked out a year-long introductory survey covering China and Japan, later adding Korea and Southeast Asia. The course was known as "Rice Paddies," and it became the basis for two influential texts: East Asia: The Great Tradition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960) and East Asia: The Modern Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).

Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Fairbank was enlisted for service in the Office of Strategic Services in Washington and the Office of War Information in Chongqing, the temporary capital of Nationalist China.

## Chinese studies

### Development of field

When he returned to Harvard after the war, Fairbank inaugurated a master's degree program in area studies, one of several major universities in the United States to do so. That approach at Harvard was multi-disciplinary and aimed to train journalists, government officials, and others who did not want careers in academia. That broad approach, combined with Fairbank's experience in China during the war, shaped his United States and China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, Foreign Policy Library, 1948). That survey went through new editions in 1958 and 1970, each synthesizing scholarship in the field for both students and the general public. In 1972, in preparation for Nixon 's visit, the book was read by leaders on both sides.

### Scholarship and influence

Fairbank taught at Harvard until he retired in 1977. He published a number of both academic and non-academic works on China, many of which would reach a wide audience outside academia. He also published an expanded revision of his doctoral dissertation as Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast in 1953. One of his students, Paul Cohen, noted that the approaches or stages in the development of China studies of the 1950s are sometimes referred to as "the Harvard 'school' of China studies."

Fairbank played a major role in developing Harvard as a leading American center for East Asian studies, including establishing the Center for East Asian Research, which was renamed the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies after his retirement. He was its director from 1955 to 1973.

Fairbank raised money to support fellowships for graduate students, trained influential China historians at Harvard, and placed them widely in universities and colleges in the US and overseas. He welcomed and funded researchers from all over the world to spend time in Cambridge and hosted a series of conferences, which brought scholars together and yielded publications, many of which Fairbank edited himself. He established the Harvard East Asian Series, which published monographs to enable students to publish dissertations, which was essential for achieving tenure. Fairbank and his colleagues at Harvard, Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert Craig, wrote a textbook on China and Japan, A History of East Asian Civilization. Fairbank established links to figures in government both by training journalists, government officials, and foundation executives and by giving his thoughts to the government on policy on China.

In 1966, Fairbank and the sinologist Denis C. Twitchett, then at Cambridge University, set in motion plans for The Cambridge History of China. Originally intended to cover the entire history of China in six volumes, the project grew until it reached a projected 15 volumes. Twitchett and Fairbank divided the history, with Fairbank editing volumes on modern (post-1800) China, and Twitchett and others took responsibility for the period from the Qin to the early Qing dynasties. Fairbank edited and wrote parts of Volumes 10 to 15, the last of which appeared in the year after his death. Martha Henderson Coolidge and Richard Smith completed and published Fairbank's biography of H. B. Morse.

Among his students were Albert Feuerwerker, Merle Goldman, Joseph Levenson, Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, Akira Iriye, Philip A. Kuhn, Kwang-ching Liu, Roderick MacFarquhar, Rhoads Murphey, David S. Nivison, Andrew Nathan, David Tod Roy, Benjamin I. Schwartz, Franz Schurmann, Teng Ssu-yu, James C. Thomson Jr., Theodore White, John E. Wills Jr., Alexander Woodside, Guy S. Alitto, Mary C. Wright.

Fairbank was an elected member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

## Reception

### Accusations of communist sympathies

In the late 1940s, Fairbank was among the so-called China Hands, who predicted the victory of Mao Zedong 's Chinese Communist Party and advocated the establishment of relations with the new government. Although Fairbank argued that relations with the new China would be in the American national interest, the China Lobby and many other Americans accused the China Hands of selling out an ally, promoting the spread of communism, and being under Soviet influence. During an intensification of the Cold War in 1949, Fairbank was targeted for being "soft" on communism and was denied a visa to visit Japan. In 1952, he testified before the McCarran Committee, but his secure position at Harvard protected him. Ironically, many of Fairbank's Chinese friends and colleagues who returned to China after 1949, such as Fei Xiaotong, Ch'ien Tuan-sheng, and Chen Han-seng, would later be attacked for being "pro-American," as the Chinese Communist Party took on a stance that was increasingly anti-Western in the 1950s and the 1960s.

Critics in Taiwan charged that Fairbank was a communist tool. According to Chen Lifu, former Republic of China minister of education, Fairbank and his wife "spread rumors, attacked Chinese government officials, and provided false information to the United States government, which helped to produce incorrect policies that eventually benefited the communist forces".

### Accusations of US imperialism

During the Vietnam War in the late 1960s, Fairbank, who had earlier been criticized as being pro-communist, came under fire from younger scholars and graduate students in the new Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars, which he had helped form but then soon ended his participation.

The younger scholars charged that Fairbank and other leaders of the area studies movement had helped to justify American imperialism in Asia. By his grounding the study of Asia in modernization theory, Fairbank and other liberal scholars presented China as an irrational country, which needed American tutelage. Since Fairbank rejected revolution, he condoned imperialism. A further charge was that scholars of the Harvard School had put forth a "radical new version" of China's modern history that argued imperialism "was largely beneficial in China."

In December 1969, Howard Zinn and other members of the Radical Historians' Caucus attempted to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution. A later report said a "debacle unfolded as Harvard historian (and AHA president in 1968) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from Zinn's hands", in what Fairbank called "our briefly-famous Struggle for the Mike."

## Death

Fairbank finished the manuscript of his final book, China: A New History in the summer of 1991. On September 14, 1991, he delivered the manuscript to Harvard University Press, then returned home and suffered a fatal heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Wilma, and their two daughters, Laura Fairbank Haynes and Holly Fairbank Tuck.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about John King Fairbank, OCLC / WorldCat encompasses roughly 600+ works in 1,500+ publications in 15 languages and 43,000+ library holdings.

- -- The origin of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1850-58. University of Oxford DPhil thesis, 1936.

- -- The United States and China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1st ed 1948; 4th, enl. ed. 1983. online 4th edition

- -- Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854. 2 vols. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1953. online

- -- "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20, no. 3/4 (1957): 480–511.

- -- Ch'ing Administration: Three Studies. (with Têng Ssu-yü) Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, V. 19. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.

- -- China: The People's Middle Kingdom and the U.S.A (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967).

- -- China Perceived; Images and Policies in Chinese-American Relations (New York: Knopf, 1974).

- -- Chinese-American Interactions : A Historical Summary (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1975).

- -- Chinabound: a fifty-year memoir. New York : Harper & Row, 1982. online

- -- The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985 (New York: Harper & Row, 1986). online

- -- China Watch (Harvard University Press, 1987) online

- -- China: A New History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992. Enlarged Edition, with Merle Goldman, 1998; Second Enlarged Edition, 2006. Translated into Chinese, French, Japanese, Korean, Czech; OCLC 490612305 online

### Collaborative works

- John K. Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu, Modern China; a Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works, 1898–1937 (Cambridge,: Harvard University Press, 1950).

- Conrad Brandt, Benjamin Schwartz, John K. Fairbank, eds., A Documentary History of Chinese Communism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952). online

- Ssu-yü Têng, John K. Fairbank Chaoying Fang and others. with E-tu Zen Sun, eds., China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1954). online

- John King Fairbank, Masataka Banno (坂野 正高 Banno Masataka), Japanese Studies of Modern China; a Bibliographical Guide to Historical and Social-Science Research on the 19th and 20th Centuries (Rutland, Vt.,: Published for the Harvard-Yenching Institute by C. E. Tuttle Co., 1955). online

- Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank Albert M. Craig, A History of East Asian Civilization (Boston,: Houghton Mifflin, 1960). revised as East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (1989) online

- Noriko Kamachi, Ichiko Chuzo & John King Fairbank, Japanese Studies of Modern China since 1953: A Bibliographical Guide to Historical and Social Science Research on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries : Supplementary Volume for 1953–1969 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University : distributed by Harvard University Press, 1975).

- Denis Twitchett & John K. Fairbank (eds), The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978-).

- John King Fairbank, Martha Henderson Coolidge & Richard J. Smith, H. B. Morse, Customs Commissioner and Historian of China (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995).

### Conference volumes

- John King Fairbank, ed., Chinese Thought and Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).

- John King Fairbank, The Chinese World Order; Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968).

- Frank Algerton Kierman, John King Fairbank, eds., Chinese Ways in Warfare (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1974).

- John King Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974). online

- Suzanne Wilson Barnett John King Fairbank, ed., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by the Committee on American-East Asian Relations of the Dept. of History in collaboration with the Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University : Distributed by the Harvard University Press, 1985).

- Ernest R. May, John King Fairbank, eds, America's China Trade in Historical Perspective: The Chinese and American Performance (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Committee on American-East Asian Relations of the Department of History in collaboration with Council on East Asian Studies distributed by Harvard University Press, 1986).

### Edited letters and texts

- John King Fairbank, Katherine Frost Bruner, et al., The I. G. In Peking Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975).

- Katherine Frost Bruner, John King Fairbank, et al., Entering China's Service: Robert Hart's Journals, 1854–1863 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Council on East Asian Studies Distributed by the Harvard University Press, 1986).

- Richard J. Smith, John King Fairbank, et al., Robert Hart and China's Early Modernization: His Journals, 1863–1866 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by the Council on East Asian Studies Distributed by the Harvard University Press, 1991).