Operation Bowery

# Operation Bowery

## Abstract

Operation Bowery was an Anglo-American operation during the Second World War to deliver fighter aircraft to Malta, an operation known informally as a Club Run. Spitfires were needed to replace the remaining obsolete Hurricane fighters, to defend Malta from Axis air raids.

In the first half of 1942, the Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica had inflicted serious damage on airfields, docks and other infrastructure. The bombing had severely depleted the number of operational fighters and anti-aircraft guns and the RAF had to withdraw most of its bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. So many ships were sunk in harbour that the Navy withdrew most of its ships.

The Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) found it much easier to protect convoys to Libya and the vast majority of the supplies and personnel convoyed reached port in April and May, allowing the Axis forces there to prepare for Operation Venice (26 May – 21 June 1942) against the Eighth Army at Gazala.

The success of Operation Bowery regained British air superiority, creating the conditions for Operation Julius and Operation Pedestal, convoy operations which revictualled Malta, easing the siege and allowing offensive air and naval operations to be resumed.

## Background

### Intelligence

#### Axis

In the autumn of 1941 Axis intelligence agencies had established eleven stations around Gibraltar, the main one at Algeciras. Two of the stations had Spanish agents and others had German and Italians in Spanish uniforms and by early 1942 had gained a fair degree of efficiency. Messages usually reached Berlin within the hour but the British code-breakers at Bletchley Park could decrypt the signals so quickly that the Admiralty knew of a ship arrival at Gibraltar before the authorities there had sent a notification signal. Axis reports were usually accurate enough to name the big ships, except in poor visibility. The Germans began to install infra-red devices and night telescopes, to be more effective in poor weather and in the dark. In Unternehmen Bodden (Operation Bay) buildings were put up on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar for the new apparatuses and were operational by April 1942, the Admiralty having warned on 7 March that ships were likely to be detected at night.

#### British

The British on Malta obtained tactical intelligence from the local Royal Air Force (RAF) Y service unit. The Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) at Bletchley Park in England was able to decrypt some Luftwaffe operation orders, which showed that the main effort was to be against British airfields on Malta. The decrypts were not frequent enough because much of the Axis signals traffic was sent by land line and the time needed to decrypt wireless signals precluded their use for early-warning. The exploitation of radio and wireless transmissions by the Y unit was useful but neither it nor the radar on the island could give sufficient warning of air raids. The air superiority enjoyed by the Axis air forces meant that such warning of raids that was possible was of little tactical value. As soon as a supply convoy left Gibraltar or Alexandria, Axis agents reported it, GC & CS gaining a plethora of decrypts from them which the Admiralty could pass on to the local naval commanders on Axis positions, strengths, reconnaissance practices and the equipment and methods of their bombers and torpedo-bombers. Before a Malta convoy, the RAF conducted many photographic sorties, revealing more about Axis air force locations and strengths but this reached only as far as Naples. The authorities in London had a grandstand view but for early warning of attacks, until May 1942, convoys were reliant on aerial patrolling, radar and lookouts.

### Malta

As Malta began to run short of supplies, Operation MG 1 was mounted to escort Convoy MW 10 from Alexandria on 21 March. The convoy was the subject of a tentative attack by an Italian fleet; the Italians inflicted severe damage on several escorts in the Second Battle of Sirte but the weaker British force fended off the Italian fleet. The attack on the convoy led to its dispersal which caused a delay and it reached Malta in the morning and not at night as planned, leaving the merchant ships exposed to Axis air attack. In the next 48 hours, all the merchant ships were sunk off Malta or at their moorings; barely 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) of supplies were unloaded.

By the end of April 1942, Axis bombing had smashed the docks, ships, aircraft and airfields and the bombers began attacks on army camps, barracks, warehouses and road junctions, the preliminaries of invasion. After 18 April, German bombing suddenly stopped and Italian bombers took over, regularly bombing with small formations of aircraft. During the month, Axis aircraft flew more than 9,500 sorties against 388 by the RAF all but 30 of which were fighter sorties. The British lost 50 aircraft, 20 shot down in combat against 37 Axis losses, during the dropping of 6,700 long tons (6,800 t) of bombs, three times the March figure, 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) falling on the docks, 2,600 long tons (2,600 t) on airfields.

The bombing killed 300 civilians, left 350 people seriously wounded and demolished or damaged 11,450 buildings. Good shelters existed but some of the casualties were caused by delayed-action bombs. Three destroyers, three submarines, three minesweepers, five tugs, a water carrier and a floating crane were sunk in port and more ships damaged. The island continued to function as a staging post but the Axis bombing neutralised Malta as an offensive base. Two boats of the 10th Submarine Flotilla had been sunk, two were damaged in harbour and on 26 April the flotilla was ordered out because of mining by small fast craft, which were undetectable by radar and inaudible during the bombing; the surviving minesweepers were too reduced in numbers to clear the approaches. By May 1942, the civilian ration was only 1,200–1,500 Cal (5,000–6,300 kJ) and the bread ration was cut to 10.5 oz (300 g) on 5 May. The governor, Sir William Dobbie had given a deadline of mid-June for the exhaustion of the food on the island and could only be met by the delivery of substantial supplies of food, fuel, ammunition and equipment brought by sea. Lord Gort, who had taken over from Dobbie in May 1942, reported that starvation would force him to surrender within two months.

### Malta convoys

A supply convoy to Malta in January 1942 lost one of four ships and an escort was sunk by a U-boat; the February convoy suffered the loss of its three merchant ships to aircraft attack. During the March convoy, the escorts were forewarned by a submarine sighting and decrypts from the Italian C 38m coding machine that an Italian fleet had sailed from Taranto, leading to the Second Battle of Sirte on 22 March 1942, the defence of the convoy by the 15th Cruiser Squadron which forced the battleship Littorio, the heavy cruisers Gorizia, Trento, one light cruiser and ten destroyers to turn away, having inflicted little serious damage to the British escorts and none to the convoy. Two of the four merchantmen were sunk by air attack near Malta and the other two were sunk at their moorings when the unloading of their cargoes had barely begun. Despite the ferrying of fighter aircraft to Malta by aircraft carrier, submarines had to be used to ferry aviation fuel and by early May the dire state of the island's food and fuel stocks meant that another convoy operation in June was unavoidable.

### Axis convoys

The Axis air offensive against Malta and the losses inflicted on the Mediterranean Fleet by Italian human torpedoes of the Decima Flottiglia MAS and other losses made it much harder for the British to attack convoys to Libya. On 4 January, massed air attacks on Malta coincided with the Italian Operazione M43, six merchant ships crossing from Italy escorted six destroyers and five torpedo boats, a close escort of a battleship, four light cruisers and five destroyers and a distant escort of three battleships, two heavy cruisers and eight destroyers. Intelligence decrypts revealed to the British the timing and route of the battleship convoy, with reconnaissance reports from aircraft. Bombers from Malta and Cyrenaica missed the convoy and Force K in Malta remained in port.

The convoy arrived on 5 January, a notable Axis success; British submarine attacks on the convoy on its return journey failed. On 22 January, Operazione T18, another battleship convoy, got four of five ships to Tripoli. On 21 February in Operazione K7, three groups of merchant ships departed Italy with another elaborate battleship escort, a British air attack was defeated by German fighters on 22 February and the convoy arrived the next day. The Italians sent eleven convoys in February, thirteen of the fifteen ships arriving, 58,965 long tons (59,911 t) (99.2 per cent) of the supplies despatched being unloaded; submarines sank three of the eleven ships making the return journey.

Convoy V5 sailed on 7 March from several ports and attacks failed as they did on the return convoy. Operazione Sirio on 15 March brought four merchant ships to Tripoli on 18 March. The Regia Marina had used much of its fuel oil on the battleship convoys, when German oil deliveries had been suspended and the Italians had to return to smaller escort operations. Four ships departed Italian ports on 17 and 18 March, one hitting a mine near Tripoli and the rest arriving, the danger of attacks from Malta having diminished considerably. Fourteen convoys had sailed for Tripoli in March and eighteen of twenty ships survived the journey, 47,588 long tons (48,352 t) of supplies arrived (82.7 per cent). On 4 April, Operazione Lupo six ships in three convoys arrived at Tripoli and Operazione Aprilia delivered six merchantmen on 16 April.

The decline of Malta as an offensive base led the British to resort to submarines, which sank a light cruiser and six freighters and bombers from Egypt attacking Libyan ports. In April, 159,389 long tons (161,947 t) of supplies arrived (99.2 per cent). In May the bombers attacked Italian ports and the Italians sent lots of small convoys, 23 to Libya, 26 coastal convoys and 24 return journeys by 110 ships. On 10 May Operazione Mira covered Convoy R and Convoy G and a British attack by the 14th Destroyer Flotilla was intercepted by the Luftwaffe, which sank three of the four destroyers. In May 86,849 long tons (88,243 t) of supplies arrived in Libya (93 per cent). Italian ships were at their safest from April to mid-July 1942, convoys sailing 50 nmi (58 mi; 93 km) from Malta, escorted by a couple of aircraft.

## Prelude

### Club Runs

#### Operation MG 1

Operation MG 1 to escort Convoy MW 10 to Malta succeeded but hardly any of the supplies reaching Malta survived Axis air attacks. Malta had been neutralised as an offensive base by the loss of 126 aircraft on the ground and twenty in the air. The RAF withdrew most of its bombers and reconnaissance aircraft and the Navy evacuated most of its ships; Axis convoys were being run to Libya with scant opposition. The demands on the Home Fleet for escorts for the Arctic Convoy PQ 16 in May 1942, led Churchill and the War Cabinet to decide that merchant ships could not be risked on Malta convoys until its air defences had been reinforced. The Air Officer Commanding, Air H.Q. Malta, Sir Hugh Lloyd wrote that

Malta's need is for Spitfires, Spitfires and still more Spitfires. And they must come in bulk, not in dribs and drabs.

Recent Club Runs to deliver aircraft from Gibraltar had been dogged by failures and inefficiency; the new 90 imp gal (410 L; 110 US gal) external fuel tanks for Spitfires had proved inadequate, forcing the cancellation of the Club Runs Operation Spotter I and Operation Picket I Club Runs. The deck of HMS Argus was too short for enough Spitfires with long-range tanks to be accommodated, Eagle was in dock for emergency repairs and the fleet carriers had lifts that were too narrow for the wingspan of Spitfires or were busy in the Indian Ocean. Churchill made a request to the US president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for the use of the American aircraft carrier, USS Wasp (Captain John W. Reeves, Jr.), that was in British waters, which Roosevelt granted.

#### Operation Calendar

Wasp and its destroyers USS Lang and Madison sailed for the River Clyde and by 14 April had taken on 52 Spitfires Mk Vc (trop) at King George V dock at Shieldhall with the pilots of 601 Squadron and 603 Squadron. The ships sailed that day and went west-about Ireland then sailed southwards. Wasp and its destroyers were met by the British battlecruiser HMS Renown (Captain Charles Daniel, commander Force W) and the destroyers HMS Inglefield, Ithuriel, Echo and Partridge. The ships passed the Strait of Gibraltar on the night of 18/19 April, where Force W was joined by the cruisers HMS Charybdis and Cairo and the destroyers HMS Westcott, Wishart, Vidette, Wrestler and Antelope. RAF staff officers briefed the pilots while the new long-range external tanks were attached.

The 90-gallon tanks were found to be as unserviceable as on Operation Spotter, ill-fitting and leaking large amounts of fuel, which was being siphoned off into the slipstream instead of flowing into the engine. Many of the Spitfires were discovered to have guns that were non-operational and only a quarter of the Spitfires had operational R/Ts. Covered by F4F Wildcats from Wasp, the 48 Spitfires that were airworthy, of the 52 embarked, took off for Malta on 20 April at about 20° 20' East. A US Sergeant pilot flew to Algeria and passed himself off as a "lost civilian pilot in need of repatriation". The other 47 Spitfires arrived safely but the Axis air forces were forewarned of their arrival.

Force W turned back, stopped briefly at Gibraltar and then returned to the Clyde, arriving on 26 April. When the Spitfires arrived at Takali, the blast pens, to protect aircraft on the ground, had been destroyed by bombing and the Luftwaffe flew 272 sorties against the Spitfires that day. Next day 27 Spitfires remained operational and by dark only 19 were serviceable. The Spitfires that lasted longest were hampered by the chronic shortage of spare parts and ground crews lacking familiarity with the type; the poor standard of the aircraft sent from Britain made this worse and the "humiliating shambles" had been witnessed by the Americans. Lloyd signalled to London that too many of the new pilots were inexperienced and that ".... only fully-experienced operational pilots must come here. It is no place for beginners".

## Operation Bowery

Wasp returned to Glasgow on 29 April 1942 and embarked another 47 Spitfires Mk Vc (trop) at Shieldhall; the aircraft had better streamlining which yielded a small but useful improvement, despite the drag of a tropical air filter. The loading arrangements were as incompetent as they had been for Operation Calendar, the condition of the aircraft was as deplorable as before and its recurrence was a serious embarrassment. The Flag Officer Glasgow reported that the situation "is unsatisfactory, and has unfortunately created a very bad impression". The long-range fuel tanks still fitted badly and leaked; many aircraft had defective R/T and poorly serviced guns; Reeves refused to continue loading until the long-range tanks had been repaired. Wasp stopped at the Tail of the Bank and its crew completed the repairs to the long-range tanks. Wasp and is destroyers Lang and Sterett sailed to Scapa Flow, still part of Force W, with Renown, the cruiser Charybdis and the destroyers Echo and Intrepid the US ships sailed from Scapa Flow on 3 May.

On the night of 7/8 May, Force W was joined from Gibraltar by Eagle, with the destroyers Ithuriel, Partridge, Westcott, Wishart, Wrestler, Antelope, Salisbury, Georgetown and Vidette. Eagle carried 17 Spitfires left over from abortive Club Runs. On 9 May 1942, eleven of Wasp ' s Wildcats rose to cover 64 Spitfires as they took off from Wasp and Eagle, 61 arriving at Malta. The 23rd Spitfire to take off from Wasp had failed to gain sufficient flying speed, its propeller being set in coarse pitch by mistake, fell off the flight deck and was cut in two by the bow of the carrier, killing the Canadian pilot, Sergeant R. D. Sherrington. Another Canadian, Pilot Officer Jerry Smith, found that he had a faulty fuel pump and landed on Wasp the second time around, stopping the Spitfire 6 ft (1.8 m) short of the end of the flight deck. A Spitfire was lost en route to Malta but the other sixty-one Spitfires landed at Luqa and Takali between 10:20 a.m. and 11:00 a.m.

After the fiasco of the Operation Calendar Spitfires, the reception arrangements for the Bowery Spitfires were much improved. The aircraft circled at low altitude covered by light anti-aircraft guns as they waited their turn to land. Manpower and material for quick repairs to runways had been substantially increased and as each Spitfire landed, it was met by its numbered runner, who directed the pilot to a particular blast pen, the Spitfire rapidly to be refuelled, rearmed, its slipper tank detached and the ferry pilot replaced by an experienced pilot, intended to be ready to fly in ten minutes. Ammunition rationing was lifted during the arrivals and while the Abdiel-class, fast minelayer HMS Welshman (Captain William Friedberger) was in harbour. The first Spitfires arrived at 10:30 a.m. and about half of them were airborne by 11:00 a.m. when Luftwaffe aircraft tried to catch them on the ground as they had the Calendar Spitfires. For a loss of three Spitfires, 37 Axis aircraft were shot down or damaged; the air battle on 10 May becoming known as the Battle of Malta. The anticipated big bombing raid at dusk did not occur.

### HMS Welshman

Welshman was ordered to make a solo run to Malta. Churchill said "... we may well lose this ship... but in view of the emergency... there appears to be no alternative". At Gibraltar on 7 May, the ship embarked some unusual items, along with 340 long tons (350 t) of medical stores, other supplies and food, 72 crates of smoke-screen chemicals, 100 spare Merlin aircraft engines and 120 passengers, most being RAF ground crews trained on Spitfires. During the night the unusual items were unwrapped, they turned out to be plywood bulkheads for the superstructure and cowls to be put on top of the funnels. At 3:00 a.m. on 8 May. Welshman continued its voyage, independent of Force W, disguised as the French destroyer Léopard. Early on 9 May, the Spitfires passed overhead and at 10:00 a.m. a Junkers Ju 88 (Ju 88) inspected the ship as the turrets faced forward and a couple of crewmen loafing around gave the aircraft a wave as it made a low pass and flew away. A British Catalina appeared, then another Ju 88 checked the ship.

Between Galita and the Tunisian coast a Vichy French seaplane flew by and the ship received a challenge from a land station but Welshman kept going. As dark fell, the navigator, Lieutenant-Commander Lindsay Gellatly (RAN), plotted a route to Malta as Welshman accelerated to about 28 kn (32 mph; 52 km/h). Gellatly guided the ship through shoals to the south of Cape Bon then rounded Pantellaria, turning eastwards towards Malta, the island coming into view two minutes before the sun appeared. The trawler Beryl met Welshman off Delimara Point and led it close to shore along a route used by fishing boats, to avoid mines. Welshman rounded Ricasoli Point and its starboard paravane severed two mines from their moorings, which passed close by the stern without exploding. As soon as Welshman entered Grand Harbour a smoke screen was raised from the canisters on the ship. Welshman was showered by wreckage, 4 long tons (4.1 t) of girders were blown onto the forward Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, bomb splinters punctured the hull above the water line and the deck plates were buckled but the cargo was unloaded. After refuelling, Welshman departed from Valetta at 8:00 p.m. following the last operational minesweeper, then raced for Gibraltar, arriving on 12 May.

## Aftermath

### Analysis

Stephen Roskill, the naval official historian, wrote in 1962 that though the Club Runs by Eagle and the two by Wasp were vital to the survival of Malta by creating the conditions for a convoy operation, they had no effect on the lack of supplies. In 2003, Richard Woodman wrote that the safe delivery of Spitfires, ground crews and spare parts were only the start of the attempt to revive Malta as an offensive base. The mid-June deadline given by Dobbie for the exhaustion of the food on the island remained and could only be met by the delivery of substantial supplies of food, fuel, ammunition and equipment brought by sea.

### Subsequent operations

Attempts had been made to recover oil from Breconshire, sunk at its moorings after arriving in Convoy MW 10 in March. A hole was made in the underside of the ship for a suction pipe but on 3 May only 22 long tons (22 t) of fuel oil was pumped out due to water seepage. On 4 May one of the oil lighters being used for the extracted oil was bombed and sunk and by the end of the month 47 long tons (48 t) more had been extracted but it had to be moved in barrels after all of the oil lighters had been sunk; lack of fuel oil reduced the amount of local patrolling and German Schnellboote (E-boats to the British) laid more mines, despite two being sunk. To receive a large enough convoy to end the food, fuel and supply shortages at Malta, Eagle delivered 17 Spitfires in Operation LB on 18 May, 32 in Operation Style on 3 June (27 arrived) and 32 in Operation Salient on 7 June. Three submarines delivered aviation spirit, paraffin and ammunition during the period.

#### Operation Julius

A big supply operation for Malta, Operation Julius, was planned for June, eleven merchant ships were to reach Malta from Alexandria (Operation Vigorous) and six more from Gibraltar (Operation Harpoon). The convoy from Gibraltar sailed on 12 June, supported by Force H but on 15 June when the main body of Force H had turned back at the Sicilian Narrows, the convoy was attacked by ships and aircraft, which sank three of the freighters. More ships were mined and sunk off Malta and only two cargo ships reached port. Vigorous was handicapped by the lack of battleships and aircraft carriers and turned away from Malta on 14 June, after losing two merchant ships and two being damaged by Ju 87 and Ju 88 bombers; a cruiser and a destroyer were sunk by the 3rd S-Boat Flotilla. When the Italian fleet was spotted heading towards the convoy it was ordered to return to Alexandria on 15 June.

#### Operation Pedestal

By late July, the 10th Submarine Flotilla had returned to Malta and in August a convoy sailed from Britain, the largest yet attempted to Malta. Several subsidiary operations took place, including a diversionary operation by the Mediterranean Fleet and another Club Run Operation Bellows. On 11 August the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious dispatched 37 Spitfires to Malta; the carrier Eagle, veteran of so many Club Runs was sunk by German submarine U-73 the same day. The escort for the convoy comprised three fleet aircraft carriers, two battleships, seven cruisers and 24 destroyers. Axis naval and air forces made a maximum effort with ships, submarines and aircraft, managing to sink all but four of the freighters and the tanker Ohio. Despite the severe losses, 31,000 long tons (32,000 t) of supplies and 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) of fuel reached Malta which revived Malta as an offensive base.


2024 Pittsburgh Steelers season

# 2024 Pittsburgh Steelers season

## Abstract

The 2024 season is the Pittsburgh Steelers ' 92nd season in the National Football League (NFL), their third under general manager Omar Khan and their 18th under head coach Mike Tomlin. They will attempt to improve on their 10–7 record from last year, make the playoffs for the 2nd consecutive season, and end their 3-year AFC North title drought.

## Regular season

### Schedule

Notes

- Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

- Networks and times from Weeks 5–17 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling.

- The date, time and network for Week 18 will be finalized at the end of Week 17.

- All games are broadcast on a local station per NFL regulations.

### Game summaries

#### Week 1: at Atlanta Falcons

at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

- Date: September 8

- Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT

- Game weather: None (retractable roof closed)

- Game attendance: 72,291

- Referee: Brad Rogers

- TV announcers (Fox): Joe Davis, Greg Olsen and Pam Oliver

- Recap, Game Book

#### Week 2: at Denver Broncos

at Empower Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado

- Date: September 15

- Game time: 4:25 p.m. EDT/2:25 p.m. MDT

- Game weather: Mostly sunny, 86 °F (30 °C)

- Referee: Clete Blakeman

- TV announcers (CBS): Spero Dedes, Adam Archuleta and Aditi Kinkhabwala

- Preview

#### Week 3: vs. Los Angeles Chargers

at Acrisure Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

- Date: September 22

- Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT

- TV announcers (CBS): Jim Nantz, Tony Romo, and Tracy Wolfson

- Preview

### Standings


Crib Goch

# Crib Goch

## Abstract

Crib Goch is described as a "knife-edged" arête in the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, Wales. The name means "red ridge" in Welsh.

The highest point on the arête is 923 metres (3,028 ft) above sea level. All routes which tackle Crib Goch are considered mountaineering routes in winter or scrambles in summer—meaning that they must cross "graded territory" as defined in Steve Ashton's Scrambles in Snowdonia. The easiest of these lines (the ‘bad step’ part of the route) is given a scrambling grade of Grade 1 (the most difficult being Grade 3—routes more difficult than Grade 3 are considered rock climbs).

## Route

The classic traverse of Crib Goch from East to West leads up from the Pyg track to a ‘bad step’, where hands and feet are both needed briefly. It is followed by ascent to the arête, before tackling three rock-pinnacles to a grassy col at Bwlch Coch. This first part of the ridge is exposed with precipices below, having resulted in several fatalities, even of experienced mountaineers; the Snowdonia National Park Authority describes it as ‘not a mountain for the inexperienced’. It is also possible to ascend Crib Goch's North Ridge, which adjoins the main ridge. The route is far more difficult in high winds or frozen ground, and so it is recommended that walkers check the weather forecast beforehand.

It is possible to ascend Crib Goch from Bwlch y Moch SH663552 or from Nant Peris, an ascent via Cwm Beudu Mawr.

From the col the ridge rises again, joining the main Snowdon ridge via the sister peak Garnedd Ugain in the west. Here the path meets the Pyg Track (which descends to Pen-y-Pass) at Bwlch Glas (marked by a large standing stone), before the final climb to Snowdon summit. To the south of the arête lie the lakes of Glaslyn and Llyn Llydaw. To the north is the Llanberis Pass. Crib Goch is classed as a Welsh 3000er and is also often climbed as the first part of the Snowdon Horseshoe, which goes on over Garnedd Ugain, Snowdon and Y Lliwedd, before returning to Pen-y-Pass.

Crib Goch is one of the wettest spots in the United Kingdom, with an average of 4,473 millimetres (176.1 in) rainfall a year over the past 30 years.


Scheur

# Scheur

## Abstract

The Scheur (Dutch pronunciation:; Dutch for "The Rip") is a branch of the Rhine - Meuse delta in South Holland, Netherlands, that flows west from the confluence of the Oude Maas and Nieuwe Maas branches past the towns of Rozenburg and Maassluis. It continues as the Nieuwe Waterweg (New Waterway) to the North Sea.

Originally, the Scheur was the northern branch of the river around Rozenburg island and curved south a few kilometres past Maassluis to join the Nieuwe Maas again in the Maasmond ("Mouth of Meuse") estuary near Den Briel. When the Nieuwe Waterweg was completed in 1872, the Scheur was dammed off and connected to the east end of the Nieuwe Waterweg to form the new channelized main mouth of the Rhine-Meuse delta.

51°54′54″N 4°14′31″E / 51.915°N 4.242°E


Mocedades

# Mocedades

## Abstract

Mocedades (Spanish pronunciation:) is a Spanish singing group from the Basque Country, who represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1973 with the hit song " Eres tú ". Since June 2014, Mocedades has been the name of two bands: one with Izaskun Uranga as its leader and the other with Javier Garay. A third group, El Consorcio, is composed of former Mocedades members who left the group but have continued a career together outside the Mocedades brand.

## Group formation

In 1967, in the Basque city of Bilbao, three young sisters, Amaya, Izaskun and Estibaliz Uranga, formed a vocal trio named Las Hermanas Uranga (The Uranga Sisters). They sang in various locations at Bilbao. During their rehearsals, their brothers and friends joined. Eventually they decided to form a vocal group named Voces y guitarras ("Voices and Guitars") with folk and spiritual music and The Beatles as their influences. The members of Voces y guitarras were Amaya Uranga, Izaskun Uranga, Estibaliz Uranga, Roberto Uranga, Rafael Blanco, Sergio Blanco, José Ipiña, Javier Garay and Francisco "Paco" Panera. They spent a year performing around their hometown before sending a demo cassette to producer Juan Carlos Calderón in Madrid. He took an immediate interest in the group and renamed them Mocedades, meaning "youths," from the Spanish word mocedad, which means "youth." Javier Garay could not join them because of his military service, and so Mocedades started out as an eight-member group.

## Eurovision and worldwide success

In 1970, both Ipiña (for military service) and Panera (to become a professor at a local university) left Mocedades. Javier Garay who had previously belonged to Voces y Guitarras rejoined the group in 1970 after serving in the Spanish military in Africa. Estíbaliz Uranga and the Blanco brothers followed in 1971, and in 1972 Ipiña returned and Carlos Zubiaga (from Los Mitos) joined. It was with this configuration of six (three Uranga siblings, Zubiaga, Garay and Ipiña), known in Spain as "The Six Historic Ones", that Mocedades achieved its greatest successes.

The group was now on its way to making a remarkable string of hits, most notably " Eres tú " ("You are..."), runner up in 1973's Eurovision Song Contest and the next year a massive hit in Europe and the United States of America. " Eres tú " became one of the only Spanish language songs to reach the top 10 in the United States, peaking at #9 in the Billboard Hot 100 chart and also reaching the top 10 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The B-side of the single was the English-language version of the song ("Touch the Wind"), but radio stations preferred to play the original A-side version. There were also several cover versions of the tune in both English and Spanish, only one of which ("Touch the Wind" as done in English by Eydie Gorme), charted, becoming a minor Adult Contemporary hit. The song was re-released in English as "Touch The Wind" in later years. It was subsequently released in German (Das bist Du, or "You Are That"), French (C'est pour toi, or "It Is For You"), Italian (Viva noi, or "Long Live Us"), and Basque (Zu Zara, or "You are"). The song was the only U.S. Billboard hit for Mocedades; a follow-up, " Dime Señor " ("Tell Me, Lord", with "I Ask The Lord" on its B-side), flopped.

The 1973 Eurovision Song Contest was marked by a scandal, with charges that "Eres tú" was plagiarized and merely a rewrite of the Yugoslav entry from the 1966 contest (" Brez Besed ", sung by Berta Ambrož). Nevertheless, "Eres tú" was not disqualified. After winning second place in the contest, and as of 2013 the highest score for Spain with 125 points, the song went on to become a huge international hit. (Per Mocedades' homepage Juan Carlos copyrighted the lyrics in 1973)

However, many more hits followed in Latin America and Spain, most notably " Tómame o déjame " ("Take Me or Leave Me"), " El vendedor " ("The Peddler"), " La otra España " ("The Other Spain") and " Me siento seguro " ("I Feel Secure"). In 1980 Mocedades signed up to CBS Records, now Sony, and recorded more songs for the Spanish-speaking market, including " ¡Ay amor! " ("Oh Love") and " Amor de hombre " ("Love of Man"), which was the first Mocedades track to enter English-speaking charts since the smash hit " Eres tú ".

In 1984, the lead singer, Amaya Uranga, left the group to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by Ana Bejerano, with whom Mocedades recorded three more albums for CBS. For the third album, also José Ipiña and Carlos Zubiaga had left the group, and had been replaced by Iñaki Uranga, one of the youngest brothers of the family. The comparisons between Amaya and Ana were lethal for Mocedades' mainstream popularity, and after this last album at Sony, the group was almost disbanded when Ana, Iñaki and Roberto left it, leaving Izaskun and Javier as the only historic members left. They reformed the group adding Ines Rangil, José García and Iñigo Zubizarreta to the group, establishing Izaskun as the female leader of the team and recovering the style of the first years, without a particular soloist at all. In 1995, the re-formed Mocedades made another album entitled "Suave luz" ("Soft light") before the new members left again in 1996. They were quickly replaced by Idoia Arteaga, Jose Antonio Las Heras, Arsenio Gutierrez and Fernando Gonzalez, and this new team worked again with Juan Carlos Calderon to make an album for Walt Disney Records, where they performed their own versions of Disney songs in Spanish. They started appearing on television again but Izaskun had a car accident in 1999 which forced her to stay in bed for two years during which time the group stopped performing. Due to the lack of work, Idoia, Arsenio and Fernando left Mocedades, while José Antonio and Javier patiently waited for Izaskun's full recovery.

In 2001 Mocedades came back, recruited Luis Hornedo and Iratxe Martinez, and started performing live concerts in Spain and Latin America with some success, while they promoted themselves on the Internet. They recorded several Beatles covers which were never released. 2005 proved to be an annus horribilis for Mocedades, since three members from different phases of the group died in a matter of months, Rafael Blanco, Roberto Uranga and José Antonio Las Heras (who was still active in the group). He was replaced by a returning Fernando González. Iratxe left the group and the music business, and was replaced by Rosa Rodríguez. Mocedades, with Izaskun Uranga, Javier Garay, Luis Hornedo, Rosa Rodríguez and Fernando Gonzalez recorded a new album, "Mocedades canta a Juan Luis Guerra", with songs from the Dominican singer Juan Luis Guerra. This album was only released in Latin America and remains the only Mocedades album unreleased in Spain. In 2010, Fernando took a temporary leave and was replaced by Edorta Aiartzagüena for their successful tour through the US. Fernando came back after their return to Spain in 2011. In June 2012, Javier Garay announced an impending new album. The first two songs, "Fue mentira" and "El diluvio universal", are available on iTunes. Work on the album was halted, however, due to the sudden departure of Rosa Rodríguez and Fernando Gonzalez from the group at the end of 2012. Early in 2013 they were replaced by Begoña Costa and Aitor Melgosa who participated in the group's 45th anniversary tour of Mexico. In June 2014, just after a successful tour of Mexico, Izaskun Uranga, the only member of the group who had never left it since its foundation as Las Hermanas Uranga, decided to leave the group and, since she also had the rights to use the name, she formed her own group also named Mocedades, with former members Rosa Rodríguez, Fernando Gonzalez, and Arsenio Gutierrez and new member José María Santa María. In August 2014, after just two months with the new formation, Arsenio Gutierrez left and was replaced by José María Cortés, who was himself replaced by José Miguel Robles a short while later. Meanwhile, the original Mocedades continued with Javier Garay, Luis Hornedo, Begoña Costa, Aitor Melgosa and new member Icíar Ibarrondo, and they began recording a new album in July 2014. In late 2018 Begoña Costa left the original group and was replaced by Ana Bejerano, returning after an absence of 25 years.

## Members

The first date listed in brackets is the year in which the member joined Mocedades – the second date is the year in which they left.

- Amaya Uranga (1969–1984)

- Izaskun Uranga (1969–present)

- Estibaliz Uranga (1969–1972)

- Roberto Uranga (1969–1993)

- Sergio Blanco (1969–1972)

- Rafael Blanco (1969–1972)

- Javier Garay (1970–present)

- José Ipiña (1969–1970) (1972–1989)

- Francisco Pañera (1969–1970)

- Carlos Zubiaga (1972–1989)

- Ana Bejerano (†2022) (1985–1993, 2018–2022)

- Iñaki Uranga (1989–1993)

- José Garcia (1993–1996)

- Iñigo Zubizarreta (1993–1996)

- Ines Rangil (1993–1996)

- Arsenio Gutiérrez (1997–1999)

- Idoia Arteaga (1997–1999)

- José Antonio Las Heras (1997–2005)

- José Fernando González (1997–1999) (2005–2010) (2010–2012)

- Iratxe Martínez (2001–2005)

- Luis Hornedo (2001–present)

- Rosa Rodríguez (2005–2012)

- Edorta Aiartzagüena (2010–2011)

- Begoña Costa (2013–2018)

- Aitor Melgosa (2013–present)

- Belén Esteve (2022–present)

More than twenty-five people have been part of Mocedades since its inception.

## Eres Tú Covers

A well known cover version of "Eres Tú" was recorded by Perry Como on 29 April 1974.

A guitar instrumental version of "Eres Tú" was used in a Bank of New Zealand TV advertising campaign in the 1990s.

In the movie Tommy Boy, there's a scene in which Chris Farley and David Spade sing the original Spanish version of "Eres Tú".

## Discography

### Albums

- 1969 Mocedades 1

- 1970 Mocedades 2

- 1971 Mocedades 3

- 1973 Mocedades 4

- 1974 Mocedades 5

- 1975 La otra España

- 1976 El Color de tu Mirada

- 1977 Mocedades 8

- 1978 Kantaldia

- 1978 Mocedades 10

- 1980 Amor

- 1981 Desde que tú te has ido

- 1982 Amor de hombre

- 1983 La musica

- 1984 15 años de música

- 1984 La vuelta al mundo de Willy Fog

- 1986 Colores

- 1987 Sobreviviremos

- 1992 Intimamente

- 1995 Suave luz

- 1997 Mocedades canta a Walt Disney

- 2007 Mocedades canta a Juan Luis Guerra

Release dates in Spain are shown except the 2007 album which was only released in America.

### Compilation albums

- Recuerdos de Mocedades

- Lo mejor de Mocedades

- Especial de: Mocedades

- Especial de: Mocedades 2

- Mocedades 11/12

- Mocedades

- Mocedades 2

- Mocedades en Euzkera

- Todo Mocedades

- Mocedades 3

- Álbum de oro

- 15 éxitos 15—Mocedades

- 14 éxitos de Mocedades

- 12 grandes éxitos

- Lo mejor de Mocedades 2

- 20 de colección

- Antología—Sus 30 grandes canciones

- Antología 2

- Queridos Mocedades

- Internacional

- Serie Brillantes—Mocedades

- Lo mejor de Mocedades 3

- Serie Platino—20 Éxitos—Mocedades

- Personalidad

- Personalidad Vol. II

- Grandes Éxitos

- Más allá + Mocedades 8

- Lo mejor de Mocedades 4

- Ayer y hoy

- Ídolos de siempre

- Colección la vida por delante

- Latin Stars – Mocedades – 15 Éxitos

- Colección original

- Recuerdos

- 30 aniversario

- Tómame o déjame

- La otra España

- Maitechu mía

- Las cosas sencillas

- 40 grandes éxitos

- Mocedades – RCA Club

- Éxitos de Mocedades

- 22 Ultimate Latin hits 2002

## Songs not included in the original albums

- 1969 Navidad Feliz (Happy Christmas) (never released on vinyl or on CD but sung on the Spanish TV network TVE with Marisol)

- 1970 Viejo Marino (side B of a special edition single (45rpm) of the Latin religious song Pange Lingua)

- 1970 Un mundo mejor (not released, sung on the Spanish TV network TVE. Mocedades and Voces Amigas both sang this song in the competition to choose a group to represent Spain in Eurovision.)

- 1973 Gitano (originally not released, included in the re-mastering of Mocedades 5 and on Eres tú, los grandes éxitos. Mocedades chose Eres tu over this song to compete in Eurovision.)

- 1973 4 covers of the song Eres tu done in German: Das Bist Du, French: C'est pour toi, English: Touch the Wind and Italian: Viva noi. The same melody and orchestration was used for each cover but the translations of the lyrics were quite different from the original Eres tu.

- 1981 El Niño Robot (The Robot Kid) (included in the album Cosas de niños in which several Spanish groups sing children's songs)

- 1981 Los Cochinitos Dormilones (The 3 Little Sleepy Pigs) (included in the album Cosas de niños)

- 1981 Desde que tú te has ido was released in Brazil and Portugal with 2 songs re-done in Portuguese. The title song Desde que tu te has ido was redone as Despedida (Se voce for embora) and Peter Skellern's You're a Lady was redone as Reencontro. Both Portuguese versions can now be heard on YouTube.

- 1983 Amor primero (duet with Patxi Andión on one of his albums)

- 1983 Lo creas o no (cover of the American hit song: Believe It or Not the theme song of the American TV program The Greatest American Hero) (never included in any of the albums by Mocedades but appears on side B of the single Maitechu mía, with Plácido Domingo; it is also included in Antología 2)

- 1985 Lluvia de plata (a duet with Sergio y Estibaliz on their album Cuidado con la noche which was recorded after Amaya Uranga left the group but before Ana Bejerano joined the group.)

- 1986 Ay, amor (a duet with Jose Luis Perales on one of his albums.)

- 1992 Las 1001 Américas (included on a 45rpm single with the two theme songs from the cartoon series Las 1001 Americas)

- 1992 Volando en tu imaginación (included on a 45rpm single with the two theme songs from the cartoon series Las 1001 Americas)

- 1997 Mi tierra (a duet with Nino Bravo in his second greatest hits album. Although Nino Bravo had died in 1973, two sets of Greatest Hits albums were produced with some songs artificially made into duets with modern Spanish singers.)

- 1997 Dicen (a duet with Nino Bravo in his second greatest hits album. Other singers in this song included Eva Ferri, Sandra Morey, Ma Conchita Alonso, Marcos Llunas, Jacobo Calderon (son of album producer Juan Carlos Calderon,) Michelle and Maria Caneda.)

- ???? Vieja ciudad (never released on its own but finally included in Antología 2)

- ???? Tiempo de vals (never released on its own but finally included in Antología 2)

## Covers of Eres tú

- 101 Strings – Eres tu

- Acker Bilk – Eres tu

- Al estilo de Mocedades – Eres tu

- Alvaro Clemente – Eres tu

- Amaya Uranga/Juan Carlos Calderon – Eres tu

- Anacani – Eres tu

- Andrés Calamaro – Eres tu

- Annemieke & Jan Rot – Dicht Bij Jou (Dutch)

- Atalaje – Eres tu

- Austin Kley & Mantovani – Eres tu

- Bedevilers – Eres tu (punk rock)

- Bert Kaempfert – Touch The Wind (English)

- Bertín Osborne – Eres tu

- Bing Crosby – Eres tu

- Bo Derek – Eres tu

- Bres Bezed – Eres tu

- Bullerfnis – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- Byron Lee and the Dragonaries – Eres tu

- Calito Soul – Eres tu

- Cerveza Mahou – Eres tu

- Daniela Castillo – Eres tu

- Dansk top – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- David and the High Spirits – Eres tu

- Eydie Gorme – Eres tu

- El Chaval De La Peca – Eres tu

- El Consorcio – Eres tu

- El Frenillo de Gaugin – Eres tu (Punk Rock)

- El ser y ser – Eres tu (Rap)

- Estela Raval – Eres tu (from Argentina)

- Floyd Cramer – Touch The Wind (English)

- Gé Korsten – Touch The Wind (English)

- Gebroeder Brouwer – Eres tu (Trumpet instrumental)

- GrupoSarao – Eres tu

- Hella Joof & Peter Frödin – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- Howard Morrison Chor – Eres tu

- III of a Kind Philippines – Eres tu

- Ilanit – Eres tu

- Inger Lise Rypdal – I Mitt Liv (Norwegian)

- Inger Öst – Rör vid mig (Swedish)

- Instrumental – Eres tu

- Jimmy Mitchell – Eres tu (Spanish with American accent)

- Johanna of La Academia 4ta Generación – Eres tu

- Johnny Mathis and Juan Carlos Calderon – Touch the Wind (English with Spanish chorus)

- Johnny Reimar – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- Johnny Rodriguez – Eres tu

- José Augusto – Eres tu

- José Calvário – Eres Tu (orchestral version)

- Juan Carlos Calderón – Eres tu (Composer version)

- Justo Lamas – Eres tu

- Karaoke – Eres tu

- Karel Gott, Spravny Ton – Eres tu (Czech)

- Kathy Kelly – Eres tu

- Katri Helena – Runoni Kaunein Olla Voit (Finnish)

- Katri Helena – Sinä Vain (Finnish)

- Kelly Family – Eres tu

- Khanh Ha – Co Gai Rung Mo (Vietnamese)

- Korean Choir – Eres tu

- La Decada Prodigiosa – Eres tu

- Lady lu – Eres tu

- Landscape – Touch The Wind (English)

- Lecia & Lucienne – Lecia & Lucienne – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- Lettermen – Eres tu

- Liceo Panamericano – Eres tu

- Little Angels Of Korea – Eres tu

- Lola Ponce – Eres tu

- Luis Chacon – Eres tu

- Luis Miguel – Eres tu

- Lupita D'Alessio – Eres tu

- Mantovani Orchestra – Eres tu

- Mariachi Vargas – Eres tu

- Mona – I mitt liv (Norwegian)

- Pan Flute – Eres tu (Pan Flute)

- PANDORA – Eres tu

- Parrita – Eres tu

- Patricia Y Los Stars – Eres tu

- Patti Donelli @ USC-Pgh – Touch the Wind (English)

- Percy Faith – Touch the Wind (English)

- Perry Como – Eres tu

- Perpetuum Jazzile – Brez besed/Eres tu (ironic medley of Eres tu with the song Calderon was accused of copying)

- Perry Como – That's You (English)

- Petula Clark – Will My Love Be You (English)

- Pistas – Eres tu (Panflute)

- Ray Conniff – Eres tu

- Reggae Chico Man – Eres tu

- Regina Orozco – Eres tu

- Rika Zarai – C'est pour toi (French)

- Rina Hugo – Jy's vir my (Afrikaans)

- Roberto Delgado – Eres tu (Instrumental)

- Rob's Band – Eres tu

- Rodrigo e Rogério – É você (Brazilian Portuguese)

- Romantica de Xalapa – Eres tu

- Sandy Caldera – Eres tu

- Shegundo Galarza e a Sua Grande Orquestra – Eres Tu (orchestral version)

- Sonny James – Eres tu

- Soul Sanet – Eres tu

- Spaanse Schaep Cast – Er is toe (Dutch)

- Stef Meeder – Tweedle dee, Eres tu medley instr

- Supremas de Mostoles – Eres tu

- Sweethearts – Rør Ved Mig (Danish)

- TBC – Rør Ved Mig (Danish Rap)

- Tish Hinojosa – Eres tu

- Unknown, tenor – Du Bist Wie Die Sonne (German)

- volkana – Eurovision medley including Eres tu

- Wheeler St James – Touch the wind (English)

- Willeke Alberti – Waar naartoe (Dutch)

- Zereno – Eres tu


Mark Mathew Braunstein

# Mark Mathew Braunstein

## Abstract

Mark Mathew Braunstein (born August 6, 1951) is an American writer, nature photographer, art librarian, and advocate of medical marijuana legalization. His writing focuses on the topics of vegetarianism / veganism, wildlife conservation, animal rights, sprouting, and raw food. Braunstein has written six books, including his sixth, Mindful Marijuana Smoking: Health Tips for Cannabis Smokers, and his first, Radical Vegetarianism: A Dialectic of Diet and Ethic, and many magazine articles.

## Life

Braunstein was born in New York City. His parents were Benjamin and Clare Braunstein. Benjamin Braunstein (died 2005) was a book critic and a literature and journalism teacher at Bayside High School, Queens, New York City. Clare Braunstein (January 20, 1926 - April 5, 2011) was a homemaker and an editor of the Hadassah newsletter, and of its cookbook entitled One People, One Heart: Culinary Classics. Mark Braunstein has a brother, Jack A. Braunstein of Gibson, Pennsylvania.

In 1969, Mark Braunstein graduated from Farmingdale High School (Farmingdale, New York) In 1974 he received his B.A. degree from the State University of New York at Binghamton. In 1978 he received a Master of Science degree at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn.

From 1978 to 1980, Braunstein was Editor at Rosenthal Arts Slides, Chicago. From 1980 to 1983 he was Assistant editor at Art Index in New York City. From 1983 to 1987 he was Head of slides and photographs at Rhode Island School of Design in Providence. Since 1987, he has been an art curator and art librarian at Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut.

Braunstein has been a vegetarian since 1966 and a vegan since 1970.

In 1981, Braunstein published his book, Radical Vegetarianism: A Dialectic of Diet and Ethic.

An "About the Author" blurb in 1990 said this:

Mark M. Braunstein is the author of Radical Vegetarianism: A Dialectic of Diet & Ethic. In addition to editing reference books on art history, he writes about animal rights and wildlife for journals such as Animals' Agenda, Between the Species, Vegetarian Times, Backpacker and East West. He lives in a wildlife refuge in Quaker Hill, CT, where his favourite hobby is sabotaging hunting. He served as the guest editor for this issue of the Trumpeter.

On August 6, 1990 (his 39th birthday), Braunstein became a paraplegic due to a spinal cord injury from a diving accident. Since then, he smokes marijuana to control the pain and spasms in his feet and has been an advocate of medical marijuana legalization. He testified before committees of the Connecticut legislature seven times over 14 years, urging passage of bills to legalize medical marijuana.

Braunstein, after discovering that some prostitutes were meeting with clients on his private road, began documenting their lives. From his photographs of them and their life stories collected over a ten-year period, he created a literary and photography project entitled "Good Girls on Bad Drugs", which explores the lives of streetwalkers in the New London, Connecticut, area. In October 2017, Braunstein published a book entitled Good Girls on Bad Drugs: Addiction Nonfiction of the Unhappy Hookers.

His sixth and most recent book, Mindful Marijuana Smoking: Health Tips for Cannabis Smokers, was published in 2022.

Braunstein is single and lives in Quaker Hill, Connecticut.

## Books

- LCCN 2009024467. Foreword by Viktoras Kulvinskas.

- LCCN 99014286.

- LCCN 2013002999. Gail Lord (November 19, 2013). " Microgreen Garden: Indoor Grower's Guide to Gourmet Greens ". Spirit of Change Retrieved 2024-04-14. (Review). Winter 2013.

- Gail Lord (November 19, 2013). " Microgreen Garden: Indoor Grower's Guide to Gourmet Greens ". Spirit of Change Retrieved 2024-04-14. (Review). Winter 2013.

- {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) "Braunstein collects the life stories of several young, female addicts in this nonfiction work ". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 2024-04-14. (Review). October 2, 2018.

- "Braunstein collects the life stories of several young, female addicts in this nonfiction work ". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 2024-04-14. (Review). October 2, 2018.

- LCCN 2018966460

- Braunstein, Mark Mathew (2022-07-17). Mindful Marijuana Smoking: Health Tips for Cannabis Smokers. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1538156674. LCCN 2021051061

## Articles

- Check the issn.

- Braunstein, Mark Mathew (2022-09-01). " Playing With Fire - Safer Ways to Tune up your Cannabis Ignition System ". Weed World Magazine. Coventry, England (Issue 159, early Fall 2022). ISSN 1362-3540. Retrieved 2024-04-14. “Countless medical studies have shed light upon the health risks of smoking herbs, be they tobacco or cannabis. Yet most smokers hide behind a smokescreen of denial in recognizing the risky business of inhaling the ignition fumes from lighters or matches.”

- Braunstein, Mark Mathew (2022-11-01). " Waterpipes - The Big Bong Theory ". Weed World Magazine. Coventry, England (Issue 160, late Fall 2022). ISSN 1362-3540. Retrieved 2024-04-14. “While the waterpipe had for centuries traditionally been used for tobacco, waterpipes are now associated only with cannabis use.”

- Braunstein, Mark Mathew (2023-01-01). " Eat and Drink to Reduce the Health Risks of Smoking Cannabis ". Weed World Magazine. Coventry, England (Issue 161, Winter 2023). ISSN 1362-3540. Retrieved 2024-04-14. “Except for the nicotine in tobacco and the cannabinoids in cannabis, the smoke from the two herbs is quite similar. The nutrient loss from smoking tobacco is well documented, but there is no research about how smoking cannabis, too, might adversely affect your body’s storage and usage of nutrients.”

- Braunstein, Mark Mathew (2023-09-01). " How to Preserve the Potency of Pot ". Weed World Magazine. Coventry, England (Issue 165, early Fall 2023). ISSN 1362-3540. Retrieved 2024-04-14. “Warmth. Light. Air. Water. The same elements that empower living plants to grow and flourish also reduce the potency of cannabis after it’s been dried and cured.”


Mark Twain House

# Mark Twain House

## Abstract

The Mark Twain House and Museum in Hartford, Connecticut, was the home of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) and his family from 1874 to 1891. The Clemens family had it designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter and built in the American High Gothic style. Clemens biographer Justin Kaplan has called it "part steamboat, part medieval fortress and part cuckoo clock."

Clemens wrote many of his best-known works while living there, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, Life on the Mississippi, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, A Tramp Abroad, and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.

Poor financial investments prompted the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891. The Panic of 1893 further threatened their financial stability, and Clemens, his wife Olivia, and their middle daughter, Clara, spent the year 1895–96 traveling so that he could lecture and earn the money to pay off their debts. He recounted the trip in Following the Equator (1897). Their other two daughters, Susy and Jean, had stayed behind during this time, and Susy died at home on August 18, 1896, of spinal meningitis before the family could be reunited. They could not bring themselves to reside in the house after this tragedy and spent most of their remaining years living abroad. They sold the house in 1903.

The building later functioned as a school, an apartment building, and a public library branch. In 1929, it was rescued from possible demolition and put under the care of the newly formed non-profit group Mark Twain Memorial. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. A restoration effort led to its being opened as a house museum in 1974. In 2003, a multimillion-dollar, LEED-certified visitors' center was built that included a museum dedicated to showcasing Twain's life and work.

The house faced serious financial trouble in 2008 due partly to construction cost overruns related to the new visitors' center, but the museum was helped through publicity about their plight, quick reaction from the state of Connecticut, corporations, and other donors, and a benefit performance organized by writers. Since that time, the museum has reported improved financial conditions, though the recovery was marred by the 2010 discovery of a million-dollar embezzlement by the museum's comptroller, who pleaded guilty and served a jail term.

The museum claimed record-setting attendance levels in 2012. It has featured events such as celebrity appearances by Stephen King, Judy Blume, John Grisham, and others; it has also sponsored writing programs and awards. Also in 2012, the Mark Twain House was named one of the Ten Best Historic Homes in the world in The Ten Best of Everything, a National Geographic Books publication.

## Move to Hartford

Mark Twain first came to Hartford in 1868 while writing The Innocents Abroad in order to work with publisher Elisha Bliss, Jr. of the American Publishing Company. Hartford was a publishing center at the time, with twelve publishers. He moved into a substantial home in Buffalo, New York after marrying Olivia Langdon; however, he considered moving to a more opulent house in Hartford within two years, partly to be closer to his publisher.

The family first rented a house at what was called Nook Farm in 1871 before buying land there and building a new house. Twain said of Hartford, "Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see, this is the chief…. You do not know what beauty is if you have not been here." He was attracted to the town which had the highest per-capita income of any city in the United States at that time.

## Architecture and construction

The house was designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter, an architect from New York City. When it was being built, the Hartford Daily Times noted, "The novelty displayed in the architecture of the building, the oddity of its internal arrangement and the fame of its owner will all conspire to make it a house of note for a long time to come." The cost of the house was paid out of Mrs. Clemens' inheritance.

The home is in the style of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture, including the typical steeply-pitched roof and an asymmetrical bay window layout. Legend says the home was designed to look like a riverboat. According to A Field Guide to American Houses the house was built in the Stick style of Victorian architecture.

In 1881, an adjoining strip of land was purchased, the grounds re-landscaped, and the home was renovated. The driveway was redrawn, the kitchen rebuilt and its size doubled, and the front hall was enlarged. The family also installed new plumbing and heating and a burglar alarm. After its renovations, the total cost of the home amounted to $70,000, $22,000 were spent on furnishings, and the initial purchase of land cost $31,000.

## Life in the house

The Clemens family moved into the home in 1874 after its completion. The top floor was the billiards room and his private study where he would write late at night; the room was strictly off limits to all but the cleaning staff. It was also used for entertaining male guests with cigars and liquor. Twain had said, "There ought to be a room in this house to swear in. It's dangerous to have to repress an emotion like that."

The children had their own area with a nursery and a playroom/classroom. Mrs. Clemens tutored her daughters in the large school room on the second floor. Clemens played with his children in the conservatory, pretending to be an elephant in an imaginary safari. He noted that the house "was of us, and we were in its confidence and lived in its grace and in the peace of its benediction."

Clemens enjoyed living in the house, partly because he knew many different authors from his Hartford neighborhood, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe who lived next door and Isabella Beecher Hooker. He also hosted several authors as guests, including Thomas Bailey Aldrich, George Washington Cable, and William Dean Howells, as well as actors Henry Irving, Lawrence Barrett, and Edwin Booth.

Clemens worked on many of his most notable books in this home, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Life on the Mississippi (1883). The success of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer inspired him to renovate the house, and he had Louis Comfort Tiffany supervise the interior decoration in 1881. He also was fascinated with new technologies, leading to the installation of an early telephone.

Clemens invested heavily in the typesetting machine invented by James W. Paige. He also formed the firm Charles L. Webster & Company, which published Twain's own writings, and issued a bestseller with Ulysses S. Grant 's memoirs. Its first publication was Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884. The company went bankrupt in 1894, leaving Twain with a large amount of debt; Paige's typesetting machine never functioned properly and was overcome by competition from Ottmar Mergenthaler 's linotype machine backed by Whitelaw Reid. The losses from these investments as well as several bank panics led the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891 where the cost of living was more affordable. He began lecturing across the continent to recoup some money for their family. Unable to afford living in the house, Twain rented it out, returning only once in 1895. ‘’As soon as I entered this front door I was seized with a furious desire to have us all in this house again & right away,’’ he wrote, ‘’& never go outside the grounds any more forever... It is the loveliest home that ever was.”

## Post-Twain

Katharine Seymour Day was a grand-niece of Harriet Beecher Stowe who had known the Clemens family, and she saved the Twain House from destruction in 1929. She founded the Friends of Hartford organization, which raised $100,000 to secure a mortgage on the home through a two-year capital campaign. It was carefully restored between 1955 and 1974. It took many decades to pay off the mortgage and raise money to restore the deteriorating property, as well as to retrieve artifacts, furnishings, and personal possessions. The entire process finally ended in 1974, just in time for the 100th anniversary of the house. It also earned the David E. Finley Award in 1977 for "exemplary restoration" from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Admission to the Mark Twain House is by guided tour only; tours are organized around various themes. The House and Museum offer a wide variety of events, in addition to tours, such as lectures, writers' workshops, and family events.

### Renovation

The house underwent a major renovation starting in 1999, including work on the exterior wood, tile, and terra cotta brick, and rebuilding the purple slate roofs. Restoration and preservation brought the house and grounds back to the state that they were in between 1881 and 1891, when the Clemenses most loved the house. The marble floor in the front hallway underwent a historic restoration, and specialists re-stenciled and painted the walls and ceilings and refinished the woodwork to recover the Tiffany-decorated interiors. Restoration was funded in part by two federal Save America’s Treasures grants totaling $3 million. Scanning computers were also used in the restoration. In 2016, the Mahogany Suite underwent a complete restoration effort that included the restoration of the architectural woodwork and plaster, and the reinstatement of the historic wallcoverings. The home today contains 50,000 artifacts: manuscripts, historic photographs, family furnishings, and Tiffany glass. Many of the original furnishings remain at the house, including the Clemens' ornate Venetian bed, an intricately carved mantel from a Scottish Castle and a billiard table.

### Financial problems

The number of admissions leveled off at around 53,000, and the house's trustees decided that they must expand or be forced to shrink their operations. They commissioned Robert A. M. Stern to design a visitor's center that would not draw attention away from the house. The Education and Visitors Center was built adjacent to the Carriage House where the Clemens family's coachman once lived with his family. The green museum was the first in America to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. The center is a $16.3 million, 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m) facility that houses artifacts from the museum's collection that are not shown in the house itself. It contains a lecture hall and classroom facilities. The house received $1 million from the state government to meet expenses related to the construction of the museum and restoration of the house. Since the museum opened in November 2003, attendance has increased by 15%.

In 2000, the house was generating $5 million in tourism from 50,000 visitors. The Aetna foundation gave $500,000 to the campaign. The National Endowment for the Humanities gave $800,000 in challenge grants for teacher development programs, a student writing contest, and an educational website.

After building the Visitors Center in 2003, the house became financially unsustainable and launched a campaign to raise awareness and funds. In response, the state government, the governor, United Technologies, and many others contributed. As of 2011, officials of the museum said that it had recovered financially.

In 2011, staff writer Steve Courtney published a book detailing the house's history and renovations. It includes a foreword by Hal Holbrook, a trustee of the house.


2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

# 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen

## Abstract

The 2024 Go Bowling at The Glen is an upcoming NASCAR Cup Series race that will be held on September 15, 2024, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it will be the 28th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the second of the 2024 NASCAR playoffs, and the second race of the Round of 16.

## Report

### Background

Watkins Glen International (nicknamed "The Glen") is an automobile race track located in Watkins Glen, New York at the southern tip of Seneca Lake. It was long known around the world as the home of the Formula One United States Grand Prix, which it hosted for twenty consecutive years (1961–1980), but the site has been home to road racing of nearly every class, including the World Sportscar Championship, Trans-Am, Can-Am, NASCAR Cup Series, the International Motor Sports Association and the IndyCar Series.

Initially, public roads in the village were used for the race course. In 1956 a permanent circuit for the race was built. In 1968 the race was extended to six hours, becoming the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen. The circuit's current layout has more or less been the same since 1971, although a chicane was installed at the uphill Esses in 1975 to slow cars through these corners, where there was a fatality during practice at the 1973 United States Grand Prix. The chicane was removed in 1985, but another chicane called the "Inner Loop" was installed in 1992 after J.D. McDuffie's fatal accident during the previous year's NASCAR Winston Cup event.

The circuit is known as the Mecca of North American road racing and is a very popular venue among fans and drivers. The facility is currently owned by NASCAR.

#### Entry list

- (R) denotes rookie driver.

- (P) denotes playoff driver.

- (i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

## Practice

Tyler Reddick was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:12.018 seconds and a speed of 122.469 mph (197.095 km/h).

## Qualifying

Ross Chastain scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:12.130 and a speed of 122.279 mph (196.789 km/h).

## Race

### Race results

#### Stage results

Stage One Laps: 20

Stage Two Laps: 20

### Final Stage results

Stage Three Laps: 50

## Media

### Television

USA covered the race on the television side. as part of a Radio style Broadcast for the race. Leigh Diffey and Steve Letarte called the race from the broadcast booth. MRN broadcaster Mike Bagley called the race from the Esses, Dillon Welch had the call from Turn 5 to Turn 9, and Jeff Burton called the race from Turn 10 & 11. Kim Coon, Parker Kligerman and Marty Snider handled the pit road duties from pit lane.

### Radio

Motor Racing Network had the radio call for the race, which will also be simulcast on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. Alex Hayden, Jeff Striegle, and former crew chief Todd Gordon covered the action when the field raced down the front straightaway. Dave Moody called the race when the field raced thru the esses. Kyle Rickey wcovered the action when the field raced thru the inner loop and turn 5 and Jason Toy covered the action in turn 6 & 7. Steve Post, Brienne Pedigo, Chris Wilner & Jacklyn Drake called the action from the pits for MRN.


The Thacher School

# The Thacher School

## Abstract

The Thacher School is a private co-educational day and boarding school in Ojai, California. Founded in 1889 as a boys' school, it began admitting girls in 1977 and is California's oldest co-educational boarding school, as well as the oldest private boarding school west of the Mississippi River. The school educates approximately 250 students in grades 9–12, who come from 21 states and 12 countries.

Originally a ranch, Thacher's 540-acre campus supports formal horse and outdoors programs. School founder Sherman Day Thacher believed in the power of the outdoors to help shape students: “Come West, breathe deep, let these hills be your teachers.” In 2019, the school's older buildings were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## History and overview

### Origins

In 1887, Sherman Day Thacher moved to the Casa de Piedra ("CdeP") orange ranch in Nordhoff, California (later renamed to Ojai) with his brother, who was seeking a "fresh air" cure for his tuberculosis. Thacher's father Thomas was a professor at Yale, and in 1889, Thacher's friend Henry W. Farnam (another Yale professor) asked Thacher to tutor his son for Yale's entrance exams. Thacher agreed to do so, provided that the son move to California for his lessons. According to the Los Angeles Times, Thacher is the oldest private boarding school west of the Mississippi.

At CdeP, Thacher tutored the younger Farnam in both academics and maturity, blending classroom studies with outdoor living and horsemanship. Tuition was $14 a week, "washing excluded." Soon other friends were sending their sons out to California to receive Thacher's instruction, and a school was born. By 1900, Thacher educated 45 students and its advertisements counted the presidents of Yale, Harvard, Stanford, and Berkeley as references.

Sherman Thacher served as an inspiration (direct or indirect) for various other college-preparatory boarding schools. His Yale roommate Horace Dutton Taft visited CdeP in 1889, and Taft's experience helped crystallize his decision to found Connecticut's Taft School the following year. In addition, Curtis Cate taught English at Thacher in the 1900s before establishing Thacher's athletic rival Cate School in 1910. Due to the school's popularity, the admissions office was oversubscribed. As a result, Sherman Thacher encouraged Thompson Webb to move from Tennessee to Claremont, California and establish The Webb School of California, which opened in 1922.

Thacher incorporated the school as a nonprofit in 1924, but continued running the school until his death in 1931. He was succeeded by Morgan Barnes, who led the school for five years until Thacher's son Anson (CdeP 1923) was ready to take over. Anson Thacher served as head of school from 1936 to 1949, and was the last member of the Thacher family to lead the school. He continued teaching math at Thacher until 1970.

### Horse and outdoor programs

When founding the school, Sherman Thacher imposed "the unusual requirement that each student must care for a horse," remarking that "there's something about the outside of a horse... that's good for the inside of a boy." (There was also a practical element to the horse program: "students had to ride the five-mile trek into Ojai every day just to pick up the mail.") Today, the Horse Program requires students to ride and care for a horse during all athletic seasons their freshman year at Thacher, while students who join at later grades complete the requirement during one athletic season. An annual gymkhana event provides students the opportunity to demonstrate horsemanship in competition. Though Western-style riding is required, the Horse Program offers an English riding elective in grades 10–12.

As part of the Outdoors Program, students are encouraged to take weekend camping trips into the local mountains, in addition to week-long trips each fall and spring that include backpacking, rock climbing, cycling, sailing, horse camping, canyoneering, backcountry skiing and kayaking.

### Evolution

Under Sherman Thacher, the size of the student body was limited to approximately 60 students. Anson Thacher expanded enrollment to 94 boys by the time of his retirement, but Thacher's primary period of expansion came in the 1960s and mid-1970s; the school educated 189 students by 1975. In 1977, Thacher began admitting female students.

### Recent developments

From 1999 to 2008, Thacher conducted a $82 million fundraising campaign that both increased endowments for faculty salaries and student financial aid, and funded new buildings on campus (including a performing arts center, student commons, and dormitories).

The school launched a $160 million fundraising campaign in 2017. In 2018, Thacher reported that the campaign had helped grow the school endowment from $125 to $171 million. In 2020, Thacher further reported that its financial aid budget increased by 50.7% and the percentage of students on financial aid had increased by 5%. The campaign also funded a new academic building and dining hall, improved faculty housing, and a solar power facility that contributes more than 90% of the school's energy needs.

## Admissions and student body

In 2024, the school's admission rate was 16%. 79% of admitted students chose to enroll at Thacher. In 2016, Business Insider ranked Thacher as the most selective boarding school in the United States; that year, its admission rate was 12%.

In the 2024–25 school year, Thacher educated 225 boarders and 20 non-faculty day students. 45% of boarding students came from outside California, and 14% of students came from abroad. 31% of Thacher students received financial aid. The average award was $64,993, equivalent to 83% of boarding tuition.

## Academics

### Curriculum

Thacher students engage in a rigorous, college preparatory curriculum and are required to complete four years of Mathematics and English with three years of Science, History, and a foreign language of choice, plus two years of Art. Students must take five solid courses (defined as classes with substantial written homework) each term. Students are placed in and choose from more than 80 courses, ranging from English I to Advanced Music Theory. Classes such as Latin, Global Crises and Solutions, Astronomy Research, Modern Middle East, Advanced Actors Studio, Multivariable Calculus, Perspectives on Nature, Field Biology and Conservation are on offer.

Thacher uses the Harkness method in its classrooms. "Daily preparation, thoughtful participation, analytical thinking and intellectual rigor" are part of life in the Thacher classroom.

All seniors exhibit mastery on a topic by designing and researching a topic of choice. This Senior Exhibition must have an oral and written component and be presented to the Thacher community.

### Test scores

For the Class of 2023, Thacher reported a middle-50% SAT score range of 1300-1520 and an average ACT score of 30.

### Observatory program

Thacher has an astronomical research program, where students participate in astrophysics research in collaboration with teams at Harvard University, Boston University, the University of California at Santa Cruz, and the Las Cumbres Observatory.

The observatory was brought to campus in 1965 by Caltech and UCLA as part of the Summer Science Program. It was renovated in 2016 into a state-of-the-art, research-grade facility and now houses a PlaneWave CDK-700 telescope with a 0.7m aperture and a fully robotic dome. The observatory uses a flexible dispatch schedule for full automation.

## Campus and facilities

The campus, located in the foothills in the northeast corner of the Ojai Valley, about 85 miles north of Los Angeles, was originally the Casa de Piedra ranch. Buildings reflect a variety of architectural styles, including California Craftsman and Spanish Colonial Revival.

In addition to the normal boarding school mix of athletic facilities like a gymnasium, tennis courts, track, three fields, fitness center, and pool (although the pool is not used for athletic events), the campus has barns, pastures, arenas, and fields for equestrian use, including a network of trails that links the campus to the adjacent Los Padres National Forest. The school maintains base camps in the Sespe Wilderness and the Eastern Sierra's Golden Trout Wilderness, which it uses for backcountry trips, educational programs and alumni retreats. The school also hosts a game room, sand volleyball courts and two wellness centers.

## Mascot and traditions

While The Thacher School's symbol has always been the pegasus, its mascot is the toad, chosen, according to the founder's grandson, Nick Thacher, for its quiet humility and persistence.

## 2021–23 sexual misconduct investigation

### Internal and county investigations

In 2020, reports of sexual misconduct at Thacher circulated on social media. In response, the school hired law firm Munger, Tolles & Olson (MTO) to investigate these reports and other allegations of misconduct. Thacher published MTO's 91-page report in June 2021 and a 168-page supplemental report in February 2023. As summarized by the Los Angeles Times, MTO investigators "laid out episodes of alleged rape, groping, unwanted touching and inappropriate comments dating back 40 years in a level of detail surprising for a private institution." Collectively, the reports identified ten alleged perpetrators by name, collected incidents related to other, unnamed, alleged perpetrators, and disclosed allegations that former school administrators covered up student complaints.

With respect to contemporary incidents, MTO said that it did not receive any "firsthand, credible reports" of sexual misconduct by current school employees. In 2023, Thacher disclosed that in 2021, a current Thacher student had made an allegation of student-on-student physical abuse, and the school administration had inadvertently (that is, "not due to any deliberate effort to obfuscate") delayed reporting the allegation to law enforcement for a period of months. The same year, the school had promptly reported a contemporary allegation of student-on-student sexual abuse.

In 2023, the Ventura County Sheriff's Office declined to file criminal charges, citing a variety of reasons, including the statute of limitations, a lack of proof for certain allegations, and victims who declined to press charges. Civil litigation is ongoing.

### School response

Following publication of the 2021 report, the school's board of trustees issued a statement acknowledging that "many suffered lasting harm not just from the sexual misconduct itself but also from the school’s handling of the misconduct." The board added that the school "tolerated and at times fostered a culture that valued the experiences and voices of boys and men over those of girls and women and that allowed sexual misconduct to be minimized, ignored, and dismissed."

The school created a support fund to help victims pay for therapy. It also revised its sexual misconduct reporting process and hired several outside organizations to train its administrators and staff on how to prevent further instances of abuse in the future. In addition, the board of trustees removed the names of two former heads of school from the campus dining hall, the athletic field, and a hiking trail. The first administrator had "fail to protect Thacher students from harm," and the second had been credibly accused of sexual misconduct.

Thacher's head of school resigned in August 2022. Jeff Hooper became the acting/interim Head of School in 2021 and the permanent Head of School in 2023.

## Notable alumni

- Phil Angelides, 31st California State Treasurer

- Max Barbakow, screenwriter and director (Palm Springs)

- Riley P. Bechtel, Bechtel CEO

- Laurel Braitman, science historian, New York Times bestselling author, and TED Fellow

- Rukmini Maria Callimachi, journalist and poet

- Donald Cooksey, physicist

- Jennifer Crittenden, television writer (The Simpsons, Everybody Loves Raymond, Seinfeld)

- Paul B. Fay, Jr., businessman and adviser to President John F. Kennedy

- Sidney D. Gamble, renowned photographer and sociologist of early 20th century China

- Glen David Gold, author of Carter Beats the Devil, Sunnyside, and I Will Be Complete: A Memoir.

- James Newton Howard, composer

- Ye Htoon, Burmese lawyer and political dissident

- Howard Hughes, aviator and industrialist. Thacher was the second prep school that he attended. He enrolled when he and his parents moved to California, and he was still at Thacher when his mother died.

- Roger Kent, Naval officer and political advisor

- Sherman Kent, intelligence analyst

- D. Andrew Kille, writer, teacher, and scholar of psychological biblical criticism

- Josh Klausner, screenwriter and director (Date Night, Shrek Forever After, Wanderland)

- Michael E. Knight, actor (All My Children)

- Sarah Konrad, Olympian: the first American woman to compete in two different disciplines at the same Winter Olympics (United States at the 2006 Winter Olympics).

- John Lenczowski, founder and president of The Institute of World Politics

- Norman Livermore, environmentalist, lumberman and official serving under Governor Ronald Reagan.

- J.P. Manoux, actor (Aaron Stone)

- John Wescott Myers, World War II test pilot

- Charles Nordhoff, co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty

- Wheeler J. North. marine biologist

- Leland Orser, actor (Taken)

- William Horsley Orrick Jr., United States federal judge

- Clay Pell

- Michel Raoul Duval, Special Counsel to the President; investment banker; attorney

- Joely Richardson, actress (Nip/Tuck)

- Matt Shakman, director

- Jonathan Tucker, actor (Justified)

- Charles L. Tutt, III, engineer and hotelier

- Thornton Wilder, one of Thacher's most notable alumni, playwright and author. He began writing plays while at Thacher.

- Barry Wood, College Football Hall of Fame inductee

- Noah Wyle, television actor (ER)

- Suriya Evans-Pritchard Jayanti, diplomat and journalist

## Notable faculty

- Stacy Margolin (born 1959), tennis player

- David Lavender, historian


Imre Varadi

# Imre Varadi

## Abstract

Imre Varadi (born 8 July 1959) is an English former professional [[Association football|footballer who was a forward who appeared for 16 clubs at all levels of professional football in England.

## Playing career

Varadi was born in Paddington, London, to a Hungarian father and Italian mother. He started out in non-League football with Letchworth before joining Sheffield United in 1978, shortly before his nineteenth birthday.

Varadi went on to become a nomadic journeyman, who rarely spent more than two years with any club and never made 100 league appearances in the colours of any team he played for.

From Sheffield United, he moved on to Everton, Newcastle United, Sheffield Wednesday, West Bromwich Albion, Manchester City, Swansea Town, Sheffield Wednesday again, Leeds United, Luton Town, Oxford United, Rotherham United, Mansfield Town, Boston United, Scunthorpe United and finally had a spell as player-manager at Matlock Town.

He was part of the Leeds United side that won the old First Division in 1992 but only played in three matches which was not enough games to earn a winner's medal. He was also part of the Sheffield Wednesday side that won promotion to the First Division in 1984, after 14 years away. He was sold to West Bromwich Albion a year later and was their top scorer with nine league goals in 1985–86, but was unable to prevent them from being relegated in bottom place with just four wins in the league. He was then sold to Manchester City, and was unable to prevent their relegation the following season, although he did help them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in his second campaign there. He was nicknamed "Imre Banana" by the City fans, following the inflatable banana craze which the club's fans helped start that season. He scored 26 league goals in two seasons at Maine Road.

He left Maine Road to sign for Sheffield Wednesday for a second time in the summer of 1988, and spent two seasons there, but after 18 months he was sold to their Yorkshire rivals Leeds United in February 1990. He spent three years at Elland Road, helping them win promotion to the First Division on his arrival, but rarely played for Leeds in the First Division due to the arrival of new players in the midfield and forward positions. He did not make enough appearances in 1991–92 to earn a league title medal. He had loan spells at Luton Town and Oxford United before finally exiting Elland Road and dropping down two divisions to sign for Rotherham United in the summer of 1993.

He spent two seasons at Millmoor, scoring 25 Division Two goals, before brief spells at Mansfield Town and Scunthorpe United. He called time on his professional career in 1995 when he became player-manager of non-league Matlock Town, before joining Guiseley.

In the spring of 1997, Varadi signed with the South Jersey Barons of the USISL D-3 Pro League in the United States. He only played in two league games before returning home to England with his manager Matt Driver citing "personal reasons." He scored his lone goal of his brief stint with the Barons against the New Hampshire Phantoms on 3 May 1997 in the club's first-ever home game at Carey Stadium in Ocean City, New Jersey.

He broke his retirement for one game for Stalybridge Celtic in 1998.

## Post-retirement

He became a fully licensed FIFA Agent in March 2004 and provides commentary on games for both PA Sport (for the Football Live project) and BBC Radio Sheffield.


1975 Cincinnati Reds season

# 1975 Cincinnati Reds season

## Abstract

The 1975 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The Reds dominated the league all season, and won the National League West with a record of 108–54, the best record in MLB and finished 20 games ahead of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds went on to win the NLCS by defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in three straight games, and the World Series in seven games over the Boston Red Sox. The Reds were managed by Sparky Anderson and played their home games at Riverfront Stadium. It was the first World Series championship for Cincinnati since 1940. The 1975 Reds are one of the few teams to consistently challenge the 1927 New York Yankees for the title of the best team in major league history. The Reds went 64–17 at home in 1975, which remains the best home record ever by a National League team. It is currently the second-best home record in MLB history, behind the 1961 Yankees, who went 65-16.

## Offseason

- October 25, 1974: Andy Kosco was released by the Reds.

- October 25, 1974: Phil Gagliano was released by the Reds.

- January 2, 1975: Joe Henderson was purchased by the Reds from the Chicago White Sox.

## Regular season

The 1975 Reds clinched a playoff appearance on September 7, the earliest clinch date of any MLB team in a 162-game season.

Joe Morgan was the National League 's Most Valuable Player in 1975.

### Season standings

### Record vs. opponents

### Notable transactions

- April 8, 1975: Roger Freed was purchased from the Reds by the Sultanes de Monterrey.

- May 6, 1975: Doug Corbett was signed as a free agent by the Reds.

## Game log

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

#### Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

#### Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

## Postseason

### National League Championship Series

#### Game One

October 4, Riverfront Stadium

#### Game Two

October 5, Riverfront Stadium

#### Game Three

October 7, Three Rivers Stadium

## Awards and honors

- Sparky Anderson, Associated Press NL Manager of the Year

- Johnny Bench, Lou Gehrig Award

- Gary Nolan, Hutch Award

- Pete Rose, World Series Most Valuable Player

- Joe Morgan, NL MVP

### All-Stars

All-Star Game

- Johnny Bench, catcher, starter

- Dave Concepción, shortstop, starter

- Joe Morgan, second baseman, starter

- Pete Rose, right fielder, starter

- Tony Pérez, reserve

## Farm system

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Eugene


Mary Cadorette

# Mary Cadorette

## Abstract

Mary Cadorette (born March 31, 1957) is an American actress best known for playing Jack Tripper 's live-in girlfriend, flight attendant Vicky Bradford, on the short-lived 1984 Three's Company spin-off Three's a Crowd.

## Education

Cadorette graduated with a BFA in Dramatic Arts and Theater from the University of Connecticut in 1979.

## Television, theater and film credits

In 1981, she was acting in commercials. In 1984, the producers of Three's Company decided at the end of the 8th season that they would spin off a new show starring John Ritter with a love interest. Over 500 women auditioned for the love interest role who would be named Vicky Bradford. During auditions Ritter felt an immediate connection to Cadorette, who was cast as stewardess Vicky Bradford, and introduced in the Three's Company episode "Cupid Works Overtime". Cadorette as Vicky appeared in two more episodes of Three's Company before she began as a co-star in Three's a Crowd. The show lasted one season.

Cadorette performed in multiple dinner theatres with the USO. She also spent three and a half years on Broadway as an understudy for the lead role of "Peggy Sawyer" in the Broadway musical 42nd Street. She later took over the role. In 1990, she landed the recurring role of Margaret Turner on Night Court.

Cadorette has been in multiple films, including Stewardess School and The Rat Pack. In the 1980s she was also seen on a number of game shows, including The $25,000 Pyramid, Super Password, and Body Language.

## Later career/return to Connecticut

In 1999, Cadorette left California and moved back home to Connecticut to take care of her mother who had suffered a stroke. Her mother died eight years later. She continues to act in local stage productions, such as playing Mrs. Gibbs in Our Town for Connecticut Repertory Theatre in 2011.

## The Chapeau Rouge Dance Project

Cadorette and two friends, whom she had known since they were in dance school as children, decided to take up dancing again and share their craft and experience. They formed "The Chapeau Rouge Dance Project," encouraging former, retired, (and often older) dance students to attend classes in the dance studio that they rented.

## Nug and Bug Antique Collectibles

In 2014, Cadorette opened an antique store in Granby, Connecticut, called Nug and Bug Antique Collectibles.

## Personal life

Cadorette married William Harris, and went by the name Mary Cadorette-Harris. William Harris died on October 15, 2010. On November 1, 2015, she married her childhood sweetheart Michael Daly, and is now known as Mary Cadorette-Daly.

## Directorial credits/educational career

- In March 2011, Cadorette directed and choreographed Hairspray at Glastonbury High School in Glastonbury, Connecticut.

- In March 2012, Cadorette directed and choreographed 42nd Street at Glastonbury High School utilizing some original Gower Champion choreography.

- In May 2013, Cadorette directed and choreographed Hairspray at the Greater Hartford Academy of the Arts in Hartford, Connecticut.

Other directorial/choreographical credits at the Greater Hartford Academy of the Arts include: A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine (December 2014) and West Side Story (May 2016)


Aranđel Stojković

# Aranđel Stojković

## Abstract

Aranđel Stojković (Serbian Cyrillic: Аранђел Стојковић; born on 2 March 1995) is the Serbian footballer who plays as a defender for Hungarian club Debrecen, on loan from Partizan.

## Club career

Born in Belgrade, Stojković joined BSK Borča in 2013, where he started his senior career same year. He made several appearances during the 2013–14 season, and after he ended his youth career, he became the first choice on right-back place for the next season. He was called to U20 national team and played some friendly matches, but he was not in squad for World Cup. Stojković joined OFK Beograd beginning of 2016. In September 2016, Stojković signed with Spartak Subotica, where he stayed for 2 seasons. On 16 June, 2018, Stojković moved to Vojvodina. The transfer fee was reported as €100k plus 10 percent of the future transfer.

## Honours

- Serbian Cup: 2019–20


Itacarambi

# Itacarambi

## Abstract

Itacarambi is a municipality in the north of the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. As of 2020 the population was 18,164 in an area of 1,252 km.

- The elevation of the municipal seat is 445 meters.

- It became a municipality in 1962.

- The postal code (CEP) is 39470–000.

- Statistical microregion: Januária

Icaraí de Minas is on the left bank of the São Francisco River between Januária and Manga. It is connected to Januária by paved BR-135. The distance is 63 km.

The economy is based on agriculture with emphasis on cattle raising. There were 39,000 head in 2006. The main agricultural crops were corn, manioc, sugarcane, and mamona —castor oil plant. The GDP was R$65,000,000 in 2005.

- Municipal Human Development Index:.622 (2000)

- State ranking: 801 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000

- National ranking: 4,267 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000

(For the complete list see Frigoletto)

## Climate


53rd International Eucharistic Congress

# 53rd International Eucharistic Congress

## Abstract

The LIII International Eucharistic Congress 2024 was the Eucharistic congress that took place from September 8 to 15, 2024 in Quito, Ecuador.

Was the first time that the Ecuadorian capital hosts the ecumenical event and the sixth time that it takes place in the American continent, after the various congresses in some cities in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia and after the held in the capital of Hungary, Budapest in 2021.

## Background

After the visit made by Pope Francis in 2015, during the period of the then president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, the pope was enthusiastic about the warmth shown by the Andean country, for which in a meeting held in Rome, he determined that Quito is chosen for the ecumenical congress, to give greater projection to the Catholic religion in a region that has once again been divided in the religious sphere due to the constant sieges of leftist-leaning politicians that have left the region weak.

In one of the Masses held on Thursday, September 9, 2020, at the Eucharistic Congress in Hungary; The Archbishop of Quito, Alfredo José Espinoza Mateus, announced that Quito will host the event that will coincide with the 150th anniversary of the Consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

## Venue

On September 8-15, 2024, will held in the Centro de Convenciones Bicentenario. and the Parque Bicentenario de Quito will be the place of the opening and closing Masses of the Congress.

## Symbols

### Official logo and anthem

The official logo and the winning anthem that will be used in the 53rd edition of the International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) to be held in Quito, were presented at the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference (CEE) this May 10, 2023.

The authorship of the Congress logo was Publio Escobar. According to him, his creation represents “brotherhood to heal the world.”

For its part, the winning anthem was Around your table by composers Marco Antonio Espín and the musical religious group Solideo. These are Catholic artists dedicated to evangelizing through "new and unpublished contemporary music."

### Gospel Book

The “Gospel,” symbol of the 53rd International Eucharistic Congress, blessed and signed by Pope Francis, will tour Ecuador starting in September 2024. It is a liturgical book that contains the gospels for each Sunday of the year and solemn holidays.

It is an artistic work made by Santiago Guartambel, whose talent in goldsmithing has given a strong meaning to this unique piece. In this interview, the artist shares details about the creative process and the meanings behind his work.

The artist explains that his work consisted of representing the Sacred Heart of Jesus as an iconic symbol of Ecuador, the same one that is captured on the main cover of the Gospel. Elements that represent the cultural diversity of the country were incorporated, through ethnicities, such as:

On the front cover, the representation of the Heart of Jesus is gold-plated, and the mantle is fire-enamelled. On the back cover there is a shuar symbolizing the East; an indigenous person representing the Sierra; an Afro-Ecuadorian, representing the Coast. In this composition, there is generally a baby, a young man and an old man at the same time.

The design uses in its symbology: a cross, an open heart, a host and 0º (zero latitude), referring to Quito as the middle of the world.

## Broadcasting

### Television and Internet

On May 21, 2024, the 53rd. International Eucharistic Congress was choicen to EWTN, as the official broadcaster for to be carried the ecumenical event broadcasts in all languages around the world, including audiovisual media and through social networks, as Facebook, X, Instagram and WhatsApp.

## Preparations

It was announced that, with this communication, the organizational and spiritual preparation of the next International Eucharistic Congress (IEC2024) begins, in which the National Delegates appointed by the Episcopal Conferences of the different countries also participate. Remembering that the International Eucharistic Congresses are not relics of the past that are difficult to integrate into today's world, but rather, much like the other great public events of the Church, they are committed to generating historical processes of growth of Christian communities around values that bear witness to the presence of God in the history of humanity and reflect more clearly the role of the Eucharist in ecclesial life and praxis.

Father Juan Carlos Garzón, general secretary of the International Eucharistic Congress of Quito 2024, pointed out that this event, which will take place from September 8 to 15 in that city, will be an opportunity to heal “a wounded Ecuador.”

Among those preparations for the ecumenical event, on May 20, 2024, Pope Francis appoints Cardinal Kevin Farrell as special envoy to the LIII International Eucharistic Congress and on August 24, 2024, the Cardinnal Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo was appointed by Pope Francis as the Pontifical Legate for the Internacional Eucharistic Congress to be held in Quito, Ecuador.

## Contingency Plan

In a meeting held on July 17, the details of logistics in mobilization, places of concentration of people, security, health and cleaning and the operations that will be deployed for the successful development of the 53rd Eucharistic Congress that will be held from the 4th to the 15th were refined. September 2024.

The meeting was chaired by Fernanda Racines, deputy mayor, and she learned about the logistical issue that the Archdiocese will move and the agreements that must be reached with the municipality and the operations that will be carried out with all municipal agencies.


Arsen Mihajlović

# Arsen Mihajlović

## Abstract

Arsen Mihajlović (born 2 June 1969) is a Serbian retired footballer.

He became a top 5-goalscorer in the Greek second tier twice, in 1992–93 and 1993–94, both for Anagennisi Giannitsa.