7th Street (Lewisburg, Pennsylvania)

# 7th Street (Lewisburg, Pennsylvania)

## Abstract

40°57′43″N 76°53′21″W / 40.96182°N 76.88919°W

7th Street is a downtown street in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. It runs for around 1.06 miles (1.71 km), from North 10th Street, in the northwest, to River Road in the southeast. North of its intersection with Market Street (Pennsylvania Route 45), it is named North 7th Street; south of it, it is South 7th Street. From the Susquehanna River inland, Market Street's cross streets are numbered 2 through 8, with Front Street replacing what was originally 1st Street. Lewisburg's street layout was designed by Ludwig Derr in 1785, and is believed to have been inspired by that of Philadelphia.

As well as passing through downtown Lewisburg, (South) 7th Street passes through the heart of the Bucknell University campus.

In 2024, Lewisburg Neighborhoods, a non-profit community development organization, was awarded around $5 million to improve the streetscapes of 7th Street, South 5th Street and the Bull Run Greenway.

## Route

North 7th Street begins at an intersection with North 10th Street, a few yards short of the latter's terminus at Buffalo Road (Pennsylvania Route 192). Continuing southeasterly, North 7th Street crosses North Derr Drive (U.S. Route 15). Entering downtown Lewisburg, it forms the southwestern boundary of Green Park, beside which it crosses Bull Run. A short distance later, North 7th Street crosses Market Street (Pennsylvania Route 45), at which point it becomes South 7th Street. At South Catherine Street, it forms the northeastern boundary of Lewisburg Cemetery. Three blocks later, at ROTC Drive, South 7th Street enters the campus of Bucknell University.

### Bucknell University

After crossing Miller Run, South 7th Street continues into the Bucknell campus, crossing an intersection with Moore Avenue and Walker Street, then, as it climbs the hill to the Upper Campus, Dent Drive. Beyond the Carnegie Building, a cresting South 7th Street passes Fraternity Road and Snake Road, before exiting the campus at its eastern edge as it passes South Campus Drive. The road terminates a short distance later at River Road, on the western banks of the West Branch Susquehanna River.

## Notable addresses

From north to south (eastern side):

Western side:


Ten Days That Shook the World

# Ten Days That Shook the World

## Abstract

Ten Days That Shook the World (1919) is a book by the American journalist and socialist John Reed. Here, Reed presented a firsthand account of the 1917 Russian October Revolution. Reed followed many of the most prominent Bolsheviks closely during his time in Russia.

## Background

John Reed was on an assignment for The Masses, a magazine of socialist politics, when he was reporting on the Russian Revolution. Although Reed stated that he had "tried to see events with the eye of a conscientious reporter, interested in setting down the truth" during the time of the event, he stated in the preface that "in the struggle my sympathies were not neutral" (since the book primarily shares the perspective of the Russian working class).

This book is a slice of intensified history—history as I saw it. It does not pretend to be anything but a detailed account of the November Revolution, when the Bolsheviki, at the head of the workers and soldiers, seized the state power of Russia and placed it in the hands of the Soviets.

John Reed

Before John Reed left for Russia, the Espionage Act was passed on June 15, 1917. This provided for fines and imprisonment as a punishment for interference with the recruiting of soldiers and prohibited the mailing of any newspaper or magazine that promoted such sentiments. The US Post Office was also given permission to deny any mailing disqualified by these standards from further postal delivery, and then to disqualify a magazine because it had missed a mailing (owing to the ban) and could therefore be no longer considered a "regular publication". The Masses was thereby forced by the United States federal government to cease publication during the autumn of 1917 after the staff refused to change the magazine's policy against World War I. The Liberator, a magazine founded by Max Eastman and controlled by him and his sister, published Reed's Russian Revolution accounts instead. In an effort to ensure the magazine's survival, Eastman compromised and tempered its views.

Reed returned from Russia during April 1918 via Kristiania in Norway. Since February 23, he had been prohibited from traveling either to America or Russia by the United States Department of State. His trunk of notes and materials about the revolution (which included Russian handbills, newspapers, and written speeches) were seized by custom officials, who interrogated him for four hours over his activities in Russia during the previous eight months. Michael Gold, an eyewitness to Reed's arrival to Manhattan, recalls how "a swarm of Department of Justice men stripped him, went over every inch of his clothes and baggage, and put him through the usual inquisition. Reed had been sick with ptomaine on the boat. The inquisition had also been painful." Back home during mid-summer 1918, Reed, worried that "his vivid impressions on the revolution would fade," fought to regain his papers from the possession of the government, which long refused to return them.

Reed did not receive his materials until seven months later in November. Max Eastman recalls a meeting with John Reed in the middle of Sheridan Square during the period of time when Reed isolated himself writing the book.

wrote it in another ten days and ten nights or little more. He was gaunt, unshaven, greasy-skinned, a stark sleepless half-crazy look on his slightly potato-like face—had come down after a night's work for a cup of coffee.

"Max, don't tell anybody where I am. I'm writing the Russian revolution in a book. I've got all the placards and papers up there in a little room and a Russian dictionary, and I'm working all day and all night. I haven't shut my eyes for thirty-six hours. I'll finish the whole thing in two weeks. And I've got a name for it too— Ten Days that Shook the World. Good-bye, I've got to go get some coffee. Don't for God's sake tell anybody where I am!"

Do you wonder I emphasize his brains? Not so many feats can be found in American literature to surpass what he did there in those two or three weeks in that little room with those piled-up papers in a half-known tongue, piled clear up to the ceiling, and a small dog-eared dictionary, and a memory, and a determination to get it right, and a gorgeous imagination to paint it when he got it. But what I wanted to comment on now was the unqualified, concentrated joy in his mad eyes that morning. He was doing what he was made to do, writing a great book. And he had a name for it too— Ten Days that Shook the World !

## Critical response

The account has received mixed responses since its publication in 1919, resulting in a wide range of critical reviews ranging negative to positive. It was overall received positively by critics at the time of its first publication despite some critics' opposition to Reed's politics.

George F. Kennan, an American diplomat and historian who was opposed to Bolshevism and is known best as a developer of the idea of " containment " of communism, praised the book. "Reed's account of the events of that time rises above every other contemporary record for its literary power, its penetration, its command of detail" and would be "remembered when all others are forgotten." Kennan considered it as "a reflection of blazing honesty and a purity of idealism that did unintended credit to the American society that produced him, the merits of which he himself understood so poorly." In 1999, The New York Times reported New York University 's "Top 100 Works of Journalism", works published in the United States during the 20th century, scored Ten Days that Shook the World as seventh. Project director Mitchell Stephens explains the judges' decision:

Perhaps the most controversial work on our list is the seventh, John Reed's book, "Ten Days That Shook the World", reporting on the October revolution in Russia in 1917. Yes, as conservative critics have noted, Reed was a partisan. Yes, historians would do better. But this was probably the most consequential news story of the century, and Reed was there, and Reed could write. The magnitude of the event being reported on and the quality of the writing were other important standards in our considerations.

Not all responses were positive. Joseph Stalin argued in 1924 that Reed was misleading with regard to Leon Trotsky. The book portrays Trotsky (at that time commander of the Red Army) as co-director of the revolution with Vladimir Lenin and mentions Stalin only twice, one of those occasions being in a recitation of names. Russian writer Anatoly Rybakov elaborates on the Stalinist USSR 's ban of Ten Days That Shook The World: "The main task was to build a mighty socialist state. For that, mighty power was needed. Stalin was at the head of that power, which means that he stood at its source with Lenin. Together with Lenin he led the October Revolution. John Reed had presented the history of October differently. That wasn't the John Reed we needed." After Stalin's death, the book was allowed to recirculate in the USSR.

In contrast to Stalin's objections, Lenin had a different attitude towards the book. At the end of 1919, Lenin had written an introduction for it.

Stalin remained silent on the topic at the time, and only spoke against it after Lenin's death in 1924.

## Publication

After its first publication, Reed returned to Russia during the autumn of 1919, delighted to learn that Lenin had taken time to read the book. Furthermore, Lenin agreed to write an introduction that first appeared in the 1922 edition published by Boni & Liveright (New York):

With the greatest interest and with never slackening attention I read John Reed's book, Ten Days that Shook the World. Unreservedly do I recommend it to the workers of the world. Here is a book which I should like to see published in millions of copies and translated into all languages. It gives a truthful and most vivid exposition of the events so significant to the comprehension of what really is the Proletarian Revolution and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. These problems are widely discussed, but before one can accept or reject these ideas, he must understand the full significance of his decision. John Reed's book will undoubtedly help to clear this question, which is the fundamental problem of the international labor movement.

V. LENIN.

End of 1919

In his preface to Animal Farm titled "Freedom of the Press" (1945), George Orwell claimed that the British Communist Party published a version which omitted Lenin's introduction and mention of Trotsky.

At the death of John Reed, the author of Ten Days that Shook the World — a first-hand account of the early days of the Russian Revolution — the copyright of the book passed into the hands of the British Communist Party, to whom I believe Reed had bequeathed it. Some years later the British Communists, having destroyed the original edition of the book as completely as they could, issued a garbled version from which they had eliminated mentions of Trotsky and also omitted the introduction written by Lenin.

## Aftermath

In the book, Reed refers several times to a planned sequel, titled Kornilov to Brest-Litovsk, which was not finished. In 1920, soon after the completion of the original book, Reed died. He was interred in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow in a site reserved normally only for the most prominent Bolshevik leaders.

## Film versions

### Dramatizations

Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein filmed the book as October: Ten Days That Shook the World in 1928.

John Reed's own exploits and parts of the book itself were the basis for the 1981 Warren Beatty film Reds, which he directed, co-wrote and featured in. Similarly, the Soviet filmmaker, Sergei Bondarchuk, used it as the basis of his 1982 film Red Bells II. The original Red Bells had covered events earlier in Reed's life.

### Documentaries

The British network Granada Television presented a 1967 feature-length documentary. This was narrated by Orson Welles.

## References in media

Socialist/communist screenwriter Lester Cole referenced the title of the book in his script for the 1946 movie Blood on the Sun, though in a different context. The main characters (played by James Cagney and Sylvia Sidney) plan on spending ten days together, causing one to utter the phrase.

The book is mentioned in the 1981 film Reds which focuses on Reed's life and work.


Kalan Masjid

# Kalan Masjid

## Abstract

Kalan Masjid, or Kalan Mosque is a 14th-century mosque in Delhi, India.

## Etymology

The mosque is titled Kalan Masjid, meaning chief mosque. It is also known as Kali Masjid, or black mosque, although this may also be a corruption of the word Kalan.

## History

The mosque was commissioned by Khan-i-Jahan during the reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.

## Description

The mosque is built out of sandstone. It is an oblong structure, measuring 140 feet (43 m) in length and 120 feet (37 m) in breadth. It has two stories, with a total height of 66 feet (20 m).

A flight of steps leads to the doorway on the first story through which the mosque is to be entered. The doorway is surmounted by a low dome, which is flanked by two conical columns. Over the doorway is a marble slab on which there is an inscription in the Naskh script. The inscription describes the date of completion of the mosque, and that it was constructed by Khan Jahan during the reign of Firuz Shah.

The mosque has a square plan, and is divided into four quadrants.


# List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders

## Abstract

In baseball, the batting average (BA) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three decimal places and pronounced as if it were multiplied by 1,000: a player with a batting average of.300 is "batting three-hundred." A point (or percentage point) is understood to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken to more than three decimal places.

Catcher Josh Gibson, whose career ended in 1946, has the highest batting average in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. He batted.372 over 14 seasons, mostly with the Homestead Grays. In addition, he also holds the single-season record for highest batting average in major league history at.466 in 1943. Gibson never record a batting average of under.310 in any full season. Ty Cobb is second all-time with a career batting average of.366. He won a record 11 batting titles in the American League from 1907–1909, 1911–1915 and 1917–1919. Oscar Charleston is third with a career batting average of.364. He is the only player to have won consecutive Triple Crowns, having done so in 1924 and 1925.

A player must have a minimum of 5,000 at-bats to qualify for the list. For Negro League players, the minimum is set at 1,800 at-bats, or 5,000 at-bats combining both Negro League and AL/NL appearances.

## List

Different sources of baseball records present somewhat differing lists of career batting average leaders. Until the incorporation of statistics from Negro league baseball into major-league records in 2024, Ty Cobb was the consensus leader. Subsequently, he was supplanted by Josh Gibson on the official MLB leaderboard.

As of 14 September 2024, no active player appears in the below list; the active player ranking highest is Jose Altuve, tied at 140th with a.3068 career batting average.

Source:


# James A. Porter Colloquium on African American Art

## Abstract

The James A. Porter Colloquium on African American Art and Art of the African Diaspora is a three-day scholarly program at Howard University exploring African American art history and cultural development.

Started in 1990 by art historian Floyd C. Coleman, the Porter Colloquium is named to honor James A. Porter, author of Modern Negro Art (Dryden, 1943), and a former chair of Howard University 's Department of Art.

For more than three decades, the Porter Colloquium has advanced the study, appreciation and celebration of African American Art. The 34th annual gathering was held from April 4-6, 2024, at the Driskell Center at the University of Maryland, College Park, The Phillips Collection, and Howard University.

Over the years the Colloquium's presenters have included leaders in the field, including: David Driskell, Samella Lewis, Lowery Stokes Sims, Deborah Willis, Lisa Farrington, Okwui Enwezor, Robert Farris Thompson, Kellie Jones, Valerie Cassel Oliver, Lorna Simpson, William T. Williams, Sam Gilliam, Lyle Ashton Harris, Chakaia Booker and Lorraine O’Grady..


David Blackbourn

# David Blackbourn

## Abstract

David Gordon Blackbourn (born 1949 in Spilsby, Lincolnshire, England) is Cornelius Vanderbilt distinguished chair of history at Vanderbilt University, where he teaches modern German and European history. Prior to arriving at Vanderbilt, Blackbourn was Coolidge Professor of history at Harvard University.

## Career

Blackbourn went to Leeds Modern School (now Lawnswood School), and then read history at Christ's College, Cambridge, before moving to Jesus College.

After completing his dissertation at Jesus College, Blackbourn became a lecturer at Queen Mary College in 1976, before joining the faculty of Birkbeck College in 1979.

In 1992 Blackbourn moved to the US, where he was Coolidge Professor of history at Harvard, and served as director of the university's Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies from 2007 to 2012. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1994. He was chair of the Harvard History Department from 1998 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2002. In 2007, he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He is on the editorial board of the journal Past & Present; the academic advisory board of the Institute for European History, Mainz; and the advisory board of the Friends of the German Historical Institute, Washington. He was president of the Conference Group on Central European History of the American Historical Association (since 2012 called Central European History Society) in 2003–2004. Since 2016, he has served as a trustee of the National Humanities Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

## Works

- Class, Religion, and Local Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (1980)

- The Peculiarities of German History (with Geoff Eley, 1984)

- Populists and Patricians (1987)

- The German Bourgeoisie (co-edited with Richard J. Evans, 1991)

- Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany (1994)

- The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918 (1997)

- The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany (2006)

- Germany in the World: A Global History, 1500–2000 (2023)


2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season

# 2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season

## Abstract

The 2024 Liga Femenina de Básquetbol season, is the 9th season of the top Uruguayan female basketball league, since its establishment in 2016. It started on 13 April 2024 with the regular season.

Malvín is the defending champion, having won the last two editions of the tournament.

## Teams

### New teams

A total of 11 teams contested the league, including 10 from the 2023 season and Tabaré who entered the tournament for the first time.

### Venues and locations

## Torneo Clasificatorio

The Torneo Clasificatorio (Qualifying Tournament) was the first stage of the LFB. The clubs played each other once, and the first six of the table played in the Serie 1. The last six played the Serie 2.

### Results

## Serie 1

The Series 1 is a phase where the top-six teams of the Torneo Clasificatorio define their qualification for the two cups in dispute. The clubs play each other twice, home and away.

### Results

## Serie 2

The Serie 2 is a phase where the last five teams of the Torneo Clasificatorio define the two remaining spots for the Copa de Plata. The clubs play each other twice, home and away.

### League table

### Results

## Copa de Plata

The Copa de Plata (Silver Cup) is a tournament played to order the teams from fifth to eighth place, with one cup in dispute.

Lagomar is the defending champion, having won the last two editions of this tournament.

## Copa de Oro

The Copa de Oro (Gold Cup) is the LFB playoff to determinate the champion of the season.

## Statistical leaders

Source: FUBB


Crane Brinton

# Crane Brinton

## Abstract

Clarence Crane Brinton (Winsted, Connecticut, 1898 – Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 7, 1968) was an American historian of France, as well as a historian of ideas. His most famous work, The Anatomy of Revolution (1938) likened the dynamics of revolutionary movements to the progress of fever.

Born in Winsted, Connecticut, his family soon moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he grew up and attended the public schools there before entering Harvard University in 1915. His excellent academic performance enabled him to win a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Oxford University, receiving a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1923. Brinton then began teaching at Harvard University that same year, becoming full professor in 1942 and remaining at Harvard until his death. He was McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History from 1946 to 1968.

For many years he taught a popular course at Harvard known informally to his students as "Brunch with Brinton". Brinton was known for his witty, convivial, and urbane writing and commentary, and was fluent in French. During World War II he was for a time Chief of Research and Analysis in London in the Office of Strategic Services. He was also Fire Marshal for St. Paul's Cathedral in London, which withstood the Blitz with minor damages. After the war, he was commended by the United States Army for "Conspicuous Contribution to the Liberation of France" and was chairman of the Harvard Society of Fellows in the late 1940s. Membership during that period included McGeorge Bundy and Ray Cline, who would go on to become quite influential in national security and intelligence.

In the early 1960s Brinton was the dissertation supervisor at Harvard of the young historian Will Johnston. He also served as an advisor for historian Elizabeth Eisenstein, author of The Printing Press as an Agent of Change.

Brinton was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939 and the American Philosophical Society in 1953. In 1963 Brinton was elected president of the American Historical Association. He was also president of the Society for French Historical Studies.

On February 19, 1968, Brinton testified at the Fulbright Hearings on the Vietnam War as to the nature of the Vietnamese opposition, saying that Americans are sympathetic to a revolution but not a Communist one, and that if Ho Chi Minh had not been a Communist, "The whole story would have been different."

Brinton wrote a review of Carroll Quigley 's book Tragedy and Hope.

Among those his scholarship inspired were Samuel P. Huntington, who cited Brinton many times in his book Political Order in Changing Societies, and Robert Struble, Jr., in his Treatise on Twelve Lights.

## Works

Articles

- "Lord Acton's Philosophy of History." The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1919, pp. 84–112. JSTOR 1507914.

- "The History of Paper Money to the War." The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 6, No. 3, September 1934, pp. 308–318. JSTOR 1871279.

- "Napoleon and Hitler." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 2, January 1942, pp. 213–225. doi: 10.2307/20029145.

- "Comment on Gay." American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3, April 1, 1961, pp. 677–681. doi: 10.1086/ahr/66.3.677

- "Many Mansions." American Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 2, January 1964, pp. 309–326. doi: 10.1086/ahr/69.2.309. An address presented at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association at the Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 29, 1963.

- "Ideas in History." The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 37, No. 4, December 1965, pp. 464–468. JSTOR 1876860.

Books

- The Political Ideas of the English Romanticists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926.

- The Jacobins: An Essay in the New History. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930. A detailed account of the political radicals of the French Revolution. Reissued by Transaction Publishers (2012) with a new introduction: "Crane Brinton, The New History, and Retrospective Sociology," by Howard G. Schneiderman.

- English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century. London: E. Benn, 1933.

- A Decade of Revolution, 1789–1799. New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1934. A study of the French Revolution. Reprinted by Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983, 1934.

- The Lives of Talleyrand. New York: Norton, 1936. A biography of Talleyrand with a uniquely favorable perspective.

- French Revolutionary Legislation on Illegitimacy, 1789–1804. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.

- The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: W.W. Norton, 1938. A revised collection of lectures delivered in Boston at the foundation of the Lowell Institute in February and March, 1938.

- Nietzsche. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941. A highly critical account of the German philosopher. Reprinted by Harper Torchbooks (The Academy Library) in 1965.

- The United States and Britain. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945. Maps prepared under the cartographic direction of Arthur H. Robinson.

- From Many, One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948. "Based on lectures delivered at Pomona College, Claremont, California, in March 1947 under the Joseph Horsfall Johnson Foundation."

- English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949.

- Ideas and Men: the Story of Western Thought. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950. An account of Western thought from ancient Greece to the present.

- The Temper of Western Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953.

- Modern Civilization: A History of the Last Five Centuries, with John B. Christopher & Robert Lee Wolff. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1957.

- A History of Western Morals. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959. An account of ethical questions.

- The Fate of Man. New York: G. Braziller, 1961.

- The Shaping of the Modern Mind. 1963. An abridged version of his Ideas and Men

- The Americans and the French. 1968. An attempt to explain the often difficult relations between two longtime allies.

Book reviews

- "The Future in Retrospect: Spencer's Horrid Vision." Review of The Man Versus the State by Herbert Spencer. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 4, July 1937, p. 768. doi: 10.2307/20028812.

- "The Residue of Pareto." Review of Trattato di Sociologia Generale (The Mind and Society) by Vilfredo Pareto, Arthur Livingston, & Andrew Bongiorno. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 4, July 1954. doi: 10.2307/20031062.

- Review of The Napoleonic Revolution by Robert B. Holtman. American Historical Review, Vol. 74, No. 2, December 1968, pp. 627–628. doi: 10.1086/ahr/74.2.627.


Xcitement Wrestling Federation

# Xcitement Wrestling Federation

## Abstract

The X Wrestling Federation (XWF) (later referred to as the Xcitement Wrestling Federation) was an American professional wrestling promotion that operated from 2001 to 2002.

The previous number two and three American promotions, World Championship Wrestling and Extreme Championship Wrestling, had folded earlier in 2001, leaving only one national wrestling company. As such, the letter "X" in XWF stood for the missing variable in the sport. The official definition of the "X" became Xcitement as cited by "Mean" Gene Okerlund in the Extras on the XWF DVD and not "Xtreme" as sometimes written.

## History

### Formation

The idea of the XWF was generated when Kevin Harrington pitched the idea of replacing the then- AOL Time Warner owned World Championship Wrestling, which was just purchased by rival competitor the World Wrestling Federation. He suggested this plan to several wrestling superstars at the time, including Hulk Hogan, Jimmy Hart, The Nasty Boys, and Greg Valentine. These conversations led to the X Wrestling Federation coming together and Hart becoming the President of the company.

The basis of the XWF was to create a wrestling promotion showcasing family-friendly entertainment, all while displaying the talents of past legends and future superstars, similar to the format that was used on WCW Saturday Night and WCW Main Event. The intent was to create a PG-style of wrestling that was similar to what WCW presented before the nWo was formed. It would also give the wrestlers another place to work, since the WWF had become the only nationally televised wrestling organization.

### TV tapings

The initial XWF tapings were conducted in November 2001 at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, in the soundstage that used to be the home for the WCW Worldwide Wrestling tapings, and later the home for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 's TV tapings for iMPACT! and Xplosion as well as some of its pay-per-views. Former WCW play-by-play announcer Tony Schiavone and former WWF color commentator Jerry Lawler were brought in to call the matches. Lawler had left the WWF earlier in the year, in protest, after he felt they had unfairly fired his then-wife Stacy Carter. Shortly after the tapings, Lawler and Carter divorced, he mended fences with the WWF, and asked the XWF to be let out of his contract so that he could return there. They also brought in Mean Gene Okerlund to be their locker room interviewer. The storylines were based on a struggle for power in the company between Rena Mero (formerly Sable in the WWF), who was the heel CEO, and Rowdy Roddy Piper, the babyface commissioner. The XWF Roster was a mixture of former WWF, WCW, and ECW Stars, as well as several indy stars. They brought in Hulk Hogan, with the hope that he would be both a wrestler and a part owner of the company. He would then wrestle and defeat Curt Hennig (who was accompanied by his "agent" Bobby Heenan) in his only match at the tapings. In addition to Hogan and Hennig other stars included; Vampiro, Buff Bagwell, A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, the Nasty Boys, Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Jimmy Snuka Jr. (managed by Jimmy Snuka Sr.), Marty Jannetty, Greg Valentine, Horace Hogan, Ryan Sakoda (who wrestled as Vapor and was managed by Sonny Onoo), Low Ki (who wrestled as Quick Kick), Kid Kash, Juventud Guerrera, Psicosis, Konnan, Carly Colón (who was accompanied by Carlos Colón, Sr.), Maximum Force (Simon and Swinger, who were managed by Dawn Marie), Johnny B. Badd, Norman Smiley, the KISS Demon (managed by Gene Simmons), Devon Storm (Crowbar in WCW), Big Vito, the Road Warriors, Public Enemy (who wrestled as the South Philly Posse), the Shane Twins, Josh Matthews, and Emory Hail (The Machine in WCW; managed by Jimmy Hart). Ten episodes were taped, and prepared for broadcast. The talents were only signed for the initial set of tapings. Shortly after the tapings, WWF owner Vince McMahon poached several of their key talents such as Lawler, Hogan, Hennig, Piper, and others. Hart expressed his frustration in an interview. He explained that they would go to network executives to pitch the show. The executives would get excited by the roster, but Hart and company would then have to explain that several talents were no longer with the XWF and had gone to the WWF. They would then get turned down.

During the tapings, a joint angle was worked with the Puerto Rico-based World Wrestling Council (WWC) which began by having Ray González appear backstage speaking to Hogan, Bagwell and other talents in an effort to have them join his La Familia del Milenio stable. This was worked along WAPA-TV, which produced a prime time special titled XWF vs. WWC: Invasión, but the angle was heavily modified since it featured the reduced roster and González left for the IWA-PR. More cards were co-promoted, with WWC ultimately winning a series where the only consequential outcome was a title change of the XWF World Tag Team Championship.

### House shows

Following the initial tapings held in fall 2001, the XWF held their first three shows in Hammond, Indiana; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Green Bay, Wisconsin. In Spring 2002 the promotion ran more shows, and a series of house shows in Texas. In addition to the wrestlers that stayed on, the XWF brought in Rey Mysterio, who teamed with his longtime friend Konnan against the Nasty Boys, and hardcore legend Terry Funk, who wrestled Greg Valentine. The XWF scheduled a second series of house shows in Michigan, but ultimately had to cancel them due to low ticket sales. After not being able to secure a television deal, the promotion later folded.

### Jimmy Hart era

Jimmy Hart acquired the rights for the XWF for an undetermined amount in 2004. In September 2004, the idea of bringing a special television series about the XWF to The Wrestling Channel and likely other channels thereafter was explored by Hart. The collaboration with WWC was briefly revived during this time. During July 2005, the XWF released a three DVD series called In Your Face: The Lost Episodes of the XWF. It featured 19 matches from the original Universal Studios tapings with extras including an interview with Hulk Hogan. The series is hosted by Jimmy Hart and Brian Knobs. They also broadcast a series of pay-per-views on DISH Network featuring matches from the tapings.

### Redesign

In November 2008 the XWF re-launched its wrestling website displaying the new logo. In January 2009 it was rumored that there were talks of a possible pay-per-view similar to how Total Nonstop Action and Ring of Honor received their television deals. Also, footage from the XWF "invasion" of WWC in 2002 was to be released. Additionally, plans were underway to launch a series of matches featuring living legends from 2001, new up and coming talent, as well as having living remaining members make personal appearances for the XWF. A Special Collectors set including a DVD, T-shirt, autographs, and an actual piece of the ring apron from the 2001 tapings was expected to be released later in 2009.

As of 2024, no further activity from the relaunched XWF has taken place, and the website has been taken down.

## Wrestling style

XWF’s wrestling style was to encompass Sports Entertainment, Rasslin, Puroresu and Lucha Libre, as many of the talent signed to the federation trained primarily in each or all of these styles of wrestling.

The XWF held four distinctive wrestling divisions with titles for each: The XWF Heavyweight Championship, the XWF Tag Team Championship, the XWF Cruiserweight Championship and the XWF Women’s Championship. Talks of a 5th championship were rumored and, if created, would have been a mid-card title similar to World Wrestling Entertainment ’s Intercontinental and United States Championships or Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ’s Television Championship.


Edward Channing

# Edward Channing

## Abstract

Edward Perkins Channing (June 15, 1856 – January 7, 1931) was an American historian and an author of a monumental History of the United States in six volumes, for which he won the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for History. His thorough research in printed sources and judicious judgments made the book a standard reference for scholars for decades. Channing taught at Harvard 1883–1929 and trained many PhD's who became professors at major universities.

## Life and works

Edward Channing was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, the fifth child of Ellen Kilshaw Fuller (1820–1856), a sister of Margaret Fuller, and William Ellery Channing (1818–1901), the poet and walking companion of Henry David Thoreau. Some months after his birth, his mother died, and he was placed out with a shoemaker and his wife in Abington, Mass. Some time around 1860, his paternal grandfather Walter Channing and his daughter took care of him. Young Edward Channing attended a private school and entered Harvard College in autumn 1874. He received his A.B. in 1878, and two years later he received his PhD in history with a thesis on the Louisiana Purchase. In 1880, his grandfather died, leaving an inheritance of $300 (equivalent to $9,500 in 2023). He undertook a nine-months tour through Europe, which led him also to the Near East and North Africa. After he returned, he wrote geographical articles for Science, for example about the Sudan and geography-instruction at German schools. In 1883, he became an instructor of history at Harvard University and an assistant for professor Charles Cutler Torrey. On July 22, 1886, he married the sister-in-law of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Alice Thacher. They had two daughters.

He died at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on January 7, 1931.

## Academic

In 1883, Channing received a prize of $150 for his work "Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America". This monograph also brought him the membership in the Massachusetts Historical Society and was the basis of the first paper given at the first meeting of the American Historical Association in 1884 in Saratoga Springs, New York.

In 1883, Channing published a revised edition (translated by William H. Tillinghast) of An Epitome of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History by German historian Karl Ploetz, adding new sections on English and U.S. history.

In 1887, Channing became assistant professor, in 1897 professor, and in 1912 McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History (one of the oldest professorships for secular history in the United States, once held by Jared Sparks). He retired in 1929.

Channing was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1885. Channing was elected president of the American Historical Association in 1919. In 1921 and 1926 respectively, he received honorary doctorates from Michigan University and Columbia University.

## Works

- The Navigation Laws (1890)

- The United States of America, 1765–1865 (1896), a textbook. 2nd ed. 1930.

- A History of the United States Vol. 1: The Planting of a Nation in the New World, 1000–1660 (1905)

- A History of the United States Vol. 2: A Century of Colonial History, 1660–1760 (1908)

- A History of the United States Vol. 3: The American Revolution, 1761–1789 (1912)

- A History of the United States Vol. 4: Federalists and Republicans, 1789–1815

- A History of the United States Vol. 5: The Period of Transition, 1815–1848 (1921)

- A History of the United States Vol. 6: The War for Southern Independence, 1849–1865 (1925), 1926 Pulitzer Prize for History

- A Short History of the United States for School Use, 1908