53rd International Eucharistic Congress

# 53rd International Eucharistic Congress

## Abstract

The LIII International Eucharistic Congress 2024 was the Eucharistic congress that took place from September 8 to 15, 2024 in Quito, Ecuador.

Was the first time that the Ecuadorian capital hosts the ecumenical event and the sixth time that it takes place in the American continent, after the various congresses in some cities in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia and after the held in the capital of Hungary, Budapest in 2021.

## Background

After the visit made by Pope Francis in 2015, during the period of the then president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, the pope was enthusiastic about the warmth shown by the Andean country, for which in a meeting held in Rome, he determined that Quito is chosen for the ecumenical congress, to give greater projection to the Catholic religion in a region that has once again been divided in the religious sphere due to the constant sieges of leftist-leaning politicians that have left the region weak.

In one of the Masses held on Thursday, September 9, 2020, at the Eucharistic Congress in Hungary; The Archbishop of Quito, Alfredo José Espinoza Mateus, announced that Quito will host the event that will coincide with the 150th anniversary of the Consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

## Venue

On September 8-15, 2024, will held in the Centro de Convenciones Bicentenario. and the Parque Bicentenario de Quito will be the place of the opening and closing Masses of the Congress.

## Symbols

### Official logo and anthem

The official logo and the winning anthem that will be used in the 53rd edition of the International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) to be held in Quito, were presented at the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference (CEE) this May 10, 2023.

The authorship of the Congress logo was Publio Escobar. According to him, his creation represents “brotherhood to heal the world.”

For its part, the winning anthem was Around your table by composers Marco Antonio Espín and the musical religious group Solideo. These are Catholic artists dedicated to evangelizing through "new and unpublished contemporary music."

### Gospel Book

The “Gospel,” symbol of the 53rd International Eucharistic Congress, blessed and signed by Pope Francis, will tour Ecuador starting in September 2024. It is a liturgical book that contains the gospels for each Sunday of the year and solemn holidays.

It is an artistic work made by Santiago Guartambel, whose talent in goldsmithing has given a strong meaning to this unique piece. In this interview, the artist shares details about the creative process and the meanings behind his work.

The artist explains that his work consisted of representing the Sacred Heart of Jesus as an iconic symbol of Ecuador, the same one that is captured on the main cover of the Gospel. Elements that represent the cultural diversity of the country were incorporated, through ethnicities, such as:

On the front cover, the representation of the Heart of Jesus is gold-plated, and the mantle is fire-enamelled. On the back cover there is a shuar symbolizing the East; an indigenous person representing the Sierra; an Afro-Ecuadorian, representing the Coast. In this composition, there is generally a baby, a young man and an old man at the same time.

The design uses in its symbology: a cross, an open heart, a host and 0º (zero latitude), referring to Quito as the middle of the world.

## Broadcasting

### Television and Internet

On May 21, 2024, the 53rd. International Eucharistic Congress was choicen to EWTN, as the official broadcaster for to be carried the ecumenical event broadcasts in all languages around the world, including audiovisual media and through social networks, as Facebook, X, Instagram and WhatsApp.

## Preparations

It was announced that, with this communication, the organizational and spiritual preparation of the next International Eucharistic Congress (IEC2024) begins, in which the National Delegates appointed by the Episcopal Conferences of the different countries also participate. Remembering that the International Eucharistic Congresses are not relics of the past that are difficult to integrate into today's world, but rather, much like the other great public events of the Church, they are committed to generating historical processes of growth of Christian communities around values that bear witness to the presence of God in the history of humanity and reflect more clearly the role of the Eucharist in ecclesial life and praxis.

Father Juan Carlos Garzón, general secretary of the International Eucharistic Congress of Quito 2024, pointed out that this event, which will take place from September 8 to 15 in that city, will be an opportunity to heal “a wounded Ecuador.”

Among those preparations for the ecumenical event, on May 20, 2024, Pope Francis appoints Cardinal Kevin Farrell as special envoy to the LIII International Eucharistic Congress and on August 24, 2024, the Cardinnal Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo was appointed by Pope Francis as the Pontifical Legate for the Internacional Eucharistic Congress to be held in Quito, Ecuador.

## Contingency Plan

In a meeting held on July 17, the details of logistics in mobilization, places of concentration of people, security, health and cleaning and the operations that will be deployed for the successful development of the 53rd Eucharistic Congress that will be held from the 4th to the 15th were refined. September 2024.

The meeting was chaired by Fernanda Racines, deputy mayor, and she learned about the logistical issue that the Archdiocese will move and the agreements that must be reached with the municipality and the operations that will be carried out with all municipal agencies.


Kagurabachi

# Kagurabachi

## Abstract

Kagurabachi (カグラバチ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takeru Hokazono. It has been serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since September 2023, with its chapters collected in three tankōbon volumes as of July 2024.

## Plot

Chihiro Rokuhira is the son of Kunishige Rokuhira, a renowned blacksmith who forged six enchanted blades that were instrumental in ending the Seitei War. After living in hiding, the Rokuhiras are discovered and attacked by a criminal gang of sorcerers called the Hishaku. The Hishaku murder Kunishige and then steal the enchanted blades. Armed with a seventh enchanted blade called Enten, Chihiro embarks on a bloody path of vengeance and justice to destroy the Hishaku and reclaim the stolen enchanted blades.

## Characters

### Chihiro's group

### Kamunabi

The Kamunabi (神奈備, Kamunabi) is a government-affiliated organization of sorcerers with a mission established during the Seitei War to eliminate threats to the nation as a whole, notably different to civilian sorcerers who generally deal with more person-specific matters such as corporations or the yakuza.

#### Anti-Cloud Gouger Special Forces

The Anti-Cloud Gouger Special Forces (対クラウドガウガー特殊部隊, Tai Kuraudo Gaugā Tokushu Bbutai) was a squadron of six elite sorcerers within the Kamunabi who were tasked with opposing Sojo and the Enchanted Blade Cloud Gouger he wielded.

### Antagonists

#### Hishaku

The Hishaku (毘灼, Hishaku) is a small group of elite sorcerers who murdered Kunishige and stole his six Enchanted Blades three years ago, and are as such the targets of Chihiro's revenge. Their expertise in sorcery is so great that they are compared to monsters.

#### Sazanami Clan

The Sazanami Clan (漣家, Sazanami-ke) is a powerful criminal clan of sorcerers who are the proprietors of the Rakuzaichi, an annual auction which serves as a highly popular fixture in the Japanese underworld, and have administered this auction for over 200 years.

#### Others

### Other characters

## Publication

Written and illustrated by Takeru Hokazono, Kagurabachi began serialization in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on September 19, 2023. The first tankōbon volume was released on February 2, 2024. As of July 4, 2024, three volumes have been released.

Viz Media and Shueisha's Manga Plus platform are publishing the series in English. In March 2024, Viz Media announced the print release of the manga. The first volume is set to be released on November 5, 2024.

### Chapters not yet in tankōbon format

These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume.

- "Breach" (突破口, Toppakō)

- "Selection" (取捨, Shusha)

- "Intruders" (乱入者, Rannyūsha)

- "Greeting" (挨拶, Aisatsu)

- "Selection" (選別, Senbetsu)

- "Defend to the Death" (死守, Shishu)

- "Duty" (役目, Yakume)

- "Cage" (檻, Ori)

- "Geniuses" (天才達, Tensai-tachi)

- "Equal" (対等, Taitō)

- "Race" (競合, Kyōgō)

- "Surpass!" (超えろ!!, Koero!!)

- "The Tip" (一端, Ippashi)

- "Fervent" (熱狂, Nekkyō)

- "Everything" (全部, Zenbu)

- "Fulfill" (全う, Mattō)

- "The Curtain Falls" (閉幕, Heimaku)

- "What Comes Next" (これからの話く, Korekara no hanashi)

- "Unruly Punk" (勝手な野郎, Kattena Yarō)

- "Uruha" (漆羽, Uruha)

- "The Kokugoku Steam Squad" (国獄 湯煙スクワッド, Kokugoku Yukemuri Sukuwaddo)

- "Deadlock" (均衡, Kinkō)

## Reception

By July 2024, the manga had over 350,000 copies in circulation (including digital copies). Upon release, Kagurabachi surpassed series such as Spy × Family, Dragon Ball Super, and Boruto on Manga Plus ' s popularity ranking. Its sudden popularity amongst global readers was partially the result of numerous Internet memes, with many ironically considering it to be the inheritor of Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s "Big Three" (One Piece, Naruto, and Bleach). Its first chapter was the world's most viewed in its first week of publication on Manga Plus, and the series has received over 99 million page views on the platform by April 2024. The series has been recommended by manga creators Kōhei Horikoshi and Masashi Kishimoto, and the musician Vaundy.

It ranked seventh on AnimeJapan 's "Most Wanted Anime Adaptation" poll in 2024. The manga won the 10th Next Manga Award in the print category in 2024.


Production of Justice League (film)

# Production of Justice League (film)

## Abstract

The 2017 film Justice League had a troubled production history, undergoing major changes before and during production, including a change in directors. This resulted in the theatrical release being markedly different from its conception in pre-production and principal photography.

Justice League was directed by Zack Snyder for most of its production but he stepped down during post-production after his daughter's death. Joss Whedon completed the film as an uncredited co-director, overseeing script rewrites, reshoots, runtime cuts, and other changes driven by Warner Bros. Pictures and the reception of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad (both 2016). The theatrical release of Justice League was a commercial failure, and received mixed reviews.

When details surfaced about its troubled production, some expressed interest in the idea of releasing an alternate cut of the film that would be more faithful to Snyder's vision. This was later petitioned by audiences, some of the film's cast and crew, and other film industry figures. Although Warner initially rejected the idea of releasing an alternate cut, Zack Snyder's Justice League was released in 2021, on HBO Max.

## Original Snyder/Beall/Terrio script (2014–2016)

Following the release of Man of Steel (2013), Snyder outlined the basis of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), which centered around a five-film arc including Man of Steel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and a Justice League trilogy. As interpreted by Stephen M. Colbert of Screen Rant, the structure of the franchise would have been the "inverse" of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Instead of solo films culminating in cross-over Avengers films, DC would primarily feature cross-over films with occasional solo films set at different points in time.

The original Justice League that Chris and I wrote... a lot of it we shot the actual idea we never filmed because the studio was like, 'That's crazy.' And we were so insecure after we were just like, 'I guess it is crazy. There's gonna be mass hysteria if we film this.'

—Zack Snyder, Syfy Wire

Snyder opted to have Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as the darkest in tone, and the following films be more hopeful in tone (Snyder described his original Justice League script written with Chris Terrio as "dark" and "scary"). Concept art revealed scenes involving Apokolips and the New Gods, and were noted as being heavily influenced by science fiction and the work of H. R. Giger. In cinematographer Fabian Wagner 's first meeting with Snyder, Snyder informed him he wanted to depart from the "stylized, desaturated, super-high contrast looks of other films", hinting at a darker tone.

As revealed in 2024, Will Beall was hired to write a very early draft for the script of Justice League; some of its elements would find their ways into Zack Snyder's Justice League. Beall's draft had the majority of the second act acting like a "little sort of coda" of the post-apocalyptic "Knightmare" future timeline that appeared in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as a flashforward with the heroes and villains forced to team up, having lots of inspiration to Back to the Future Part II (1989).

In 2019, Snyder revealed part of Justice League would have seen Darkseid teleport into the Batcave and kill Lois Lane. This would eventually make Superman subject to the Anti-Life Equation and under Darkseid's control to take over Earth. In response, Batman and Cyborg would send Flash back in time to save Lois and Superman. This idea was never filmed, however, it was partly referenced in Zack Snyder's Justice League, as a vision from Cyborg.

## The "Snyder Cut" (2016–2017)

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice received generally negative reviews from critics, and mixed reviews from audiences. Criticism centered around its dark tone, lack of humor, and slow pace. This caused Warner and Snyder to reevaluate upcoming DCEU films, particularly Suicide Squad and Justice League. As such, Snyder and Terrio's original plan to make DCEU films become progressively lighter and more positive in tone was abandoned, and the "dark and weird" Justice League was rewritten to be more light hearted. Snyder cited this version to be a mixture between his original idea and the light hearted tone requested by Warner.

In May 2016, Warner hired Jon Berg and Geoff Johns to oversee the DCEU, including Justice League rewrites. Batman actor Ben Affleck was hired to rewrite and serve as an executive producer on Justice League and help ensure continuity between the film and The Batman, which he was expected to star in and direct at the time. Alfred Pennyworth actor Jeremy Irons said Snyder's script was simpler, smaller and more linear than Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. The rewrites resulted in delays to filming, which began in May 2016.

Principal photography was shot entirely on 35 mm film and wrapped in December 2016. Months later, cuts of the film were shown to Warner executives and Snyder's friends and family. A final run-time and picture lock were achieved, though the cuts had incomplete VFX shots and partial audio mixing. Composer Tom Holkenborg completed the film's score. Snyder said that the film contained multiple cuts which needed only "a few CG tweaks" and the final version would be approved by Warner. Screenwriter Mark Hughes reported that the final cut was mostly done, while The Telegraph cited a VFX expert as estimating that the studio would need another $30–40 million to finish the film. This mostly finished version of Justice League is what is often referred to as the "Snyder Cut". Citing unnamed sources of Justice League ' s crew "at various levels", Kevin Smith described the state of the cut as:

"When people hear 'Snyder Cut', they think an extended cut that's finished. The 'Snyder Cut' that I've heard of was never finished. It was a that people in production could watch and fill in the blanks. It was certainly not meant for mass consumption".

This version of the "Snyder Cut" was 214 minutes (over three-and-a-half hours) while the assembly cut was nearly five hours long. The basic story from Snyder's Justice League was largely maintained for the theatrical release but dozens of additional scenes related to backstories, mythos, worldbuilding elements, new characters, and teases for upcoming films were removed. This included the introductions of Darkseid, Desaad, Nuidis Vulko, Ryan Choi, Elinore Stone, Iris West, and Martian Manhunter. Sequences related to the on-screen prominence of Lex Luthor, Silas Stone, Mera, Lois Lane, and Ares were reduced, as was the time-travel plot in Snyder and Terrio's original draft. The theatrical cut instead opted to emphasize the involvement of Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg. The depiction of Aquaman in the film and in Aquaman (2018) was said to be consistent with Snyder's intended vision.

According to insider reports, Warner executives noted the effort to lighten the Snyder cut's tone but labelled it "unwatchable", citing a lack of humor. Neil Daly, who oversaw the film's test screenings, said test audiences ranked Batman and Superman the lowest of the main cast. In 2021, David Brenner, one of the film's editors, claimed Warner never screened Snyder's cut to test audiences and instead viewed a 2 and a half hour cut, after which, they began initiating further rewrites. The first two trailers for Justice League used footage from the "Snyder Cut", and were subject to mixed reception.

### #ReleaseTheSnyderCut movement

Immediately after the theatrical release of Justice League, fans created an online petition to release the "Snyder Cut" that gained more than 180,000 signatures. The movement, which uses the hashtag #ReleaseTheSnyderCut on social media, began before fans had any knowledge that a cut of Snyder's Justice League film actually existed in any capacity. The movement was ignited by the divisive reaction toward the theatrical cut, knowing that Snyder left directorial duties and the final cut of the film in the hands of Joss Whedon and the assumption that Whedon created an inferior film. The circumstances have been compared to a similar situation with the film Superman II (1980). Both Justice League and Superman II feature a director that was replaced, for different reasons, before completion of a film, which led to a second director coming in and making substantial changes to the tone of each film. Although the reasoning behind each director's departure differs, Richard Donner was able to complete his Superman II cut in 2006. Some assumed that an alternate cut of Justice League was inevitable because historically several of Snyder's films have been re-released as extended cuts for home media (Watchmen (2009), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice) which are seen by some critics as superior to the original version. In July 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Warner had no plans of releasing an alternate cut of Justice League. In November 2019, both The Hollywood Reporter and Variety independently reported Warner had no plans to release the "Snyder Cut", with the latter quoting an inside source as saying, "That's a pipe dream. There's no way it's ever happening".

## Outline of Snyder's cancelled Justice League sequels

Scripts for two sequels to follow Snyder's Justice League were never written and never had writers assigned to them, but Snyder had a plan for their stories and comic-book artist Jim Lee drew breakdown boards for them. Production was expected to begin shortly after the release of Justice League, but work on the first sequel, tentatively titled Justice League: Part Two was stopped when Snyder stepped down in May 2017 and was pushed back indefinitely in December 2017 in favor of a stand-alone Batman film titled The Batman starring Ben Affleck, which similarly never came to fruition and was converted into a separate, standalone project entirely. After the commercial flop of Justice League caused Warner to re-think their DCEU strategy and move away from Snyder's vision, Snyder and members of the cast and crew slowly began leaking details about his Justice League trilogy plan. Those details include:

- After being teased in Zack Snyder's Justice League, Darkseid would have been the main villain of Justice League Part Two.

- The "Knightmare" would have been important to the plot. Snyder's plans for the "Knightmare" future and beyond were loosely inspired by the plot of the 2013 video game Injustice: Gods Among Us and Grant Morrison 's 2008-2009 DC Comics crossover storyline " Final Crisis " and Geoff Johns' 2011 DC crossover storyline " Flashpoint ".

- An early version of the first Justice League film's script, according to Snyder in the YouTube podcast of Anthony and Joe Russo, had a romantic subplot between Batman and Lois Lane prior to Superman's resurrection, citing that romance as a result of Lois being a "pretty amazing person" and his wish to incorporate the subplot to highlight Amy Adams' acting talents. He compared the storyline to the common war film -like plotline where a soldier's wife moves on after believing her husband died only for him to resurface and reveal his survival, hence why Lois would see herself in a difficult situation due to still loving Superman but Batman having already fallen for her.

- Justice League Part Two would have featured the fall of Earth and its terraformation into a copy of Apokolips as teased by Cyborg's vision of "the future" in Zack Snyder's Justice League. Darkseid would've killed Lois Lane in the Batcave while Batman himself would've been unable to stop him, ultimately making Superman susceptible to the Anti-Life Equation through his grief, resulting in his corruption and eventual alliance with the forces of Apokolips as Earth's tyrant ruler. This would have forced the Flash—the only survivor of an attack by the evil Superman, to escape through time travel using a cosmic treadmill built by Cyborg. This plot device was also alluded to in the events of Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice, during which Barry Allen, presumed to be from the "Knightmare" future, broke through time to warn the present Wayne about Superman's impending threat to the planet before realizing he went back "too soon" for Bruce to understand what he was referring to.

- Following a now cut ending scene from Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021), which originally featured Green Lanterns John Stewart, Kilowog and Tomar-Re, later repurposed to Stewart and Martian Manhunter before being reworked to solely involve the latter, members of the Green Lantern Corps were expected to appear in Justice League Part Two including Hal Jordan. Producer Charles Roven was rumored to be interested in having Mark Wahlberg play The Corps' most famous member, though he was never officially cast in the role. In earlier scrapped ideas from 2014 to 2015, of Justice League Part 2 and Part 2A, Hal Jordan would have been introduced in the final Justice League film set in the "Knightmare" timeline. By 2016, with those ideas having been partly scrapped and altered, it seems plans changed for Hal to also appear a bit earlier in Justice League 2 alongside the Green Lantern Corps.

- According to Snyder, the scene in Batman v Superman with crosses over Superman's dead body was a cryptic reference to events in Justice League 2.

- In spite of having no plans to originally feature him in Justice League Part One, Snyder planned to flesh out the past story between Batman and the Joker in Justice League Part Two by exploring how Robin died, including flashbacks of how the Joker murdered Dick Grayson before burning down Wayne Manor and confronting Batman. The way this sequence would have gone was that there was a Last Supper -inspired moment with the resistance in which they all tell each other stories, as they believe they are going to die the following day, with the Joker's story being of how he killed Robin. Snyder said the fight sequence would have been shown on screen, as Robin "does go down without a fight".

- While on the set of Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) at Pinewood Studios —where Justice League was also created— Kevin Smith met with some of the crew who worked on Snyder's films and learned about what the future would have held. He revealed that Justice League 2 was supposed to end in defeat, comparing it to the films The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018).

- Also according to Smith, Justice League 3 would have been set entirely in the post-apocalyptic "Knightmare" Earth seen in Bruce Wayne's dream sequences in Batman v Superman and Zack Snyder's Justice League, with a rough synopsis of it being, "The heroes' last stand against Darkseid and the forces of Apokolips ". Conversely, Snyder later stated that it would have been Justice League Part Two that was set in the post-apocalyptic "Knightmare" Earth.

- Justice League 3 would have featured a time-traveling Flash avert the apocalyptic future by preventing Superman's fall into darkness, travelling back to the events of Part Two. As a result, Batman was to sacrifice himself to save Lois from Darkseid, resulting in Superman becoming the leader of the Justice League and the central character of the film.

- Following Batman's sacrifice, Superman would've reverted to his classic suit, completing his 5-6 film character arc as intended by Snyder since Man of Steel by uniting mankind and other armies around the Earth once more for the upcoming showdown against Darkseid and his Apokoliptian forces, including aircraft carriers, United States Army Special Forces members, Atlanteans led by Aquaman rising out of the ocean, Amazons led by Wonder Woman coming off Themyscira, and even the Green Lantern Corps. Hippolyta would have died in the war, with Diana succeeding her as queen of the Amazons. Aquaman would have united all the kingdoms of the sea and be recognized as their true king for uniting with the surface world. Sometime after the war, the Amazons would open up Themyscira to the rest of the world again. Meanwhile, Barbara Gordon, who would've been introduced to Snyder's story arc in the Ben Affleck-directed The Batman (2022), would replace her father as Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department upon his retirement, and would've assumed Batman's crimefighting duties as Batgirl, until the powerless son of Superman and Lois became the new Batman 20 years later.

- According to storyboard artist Jay Oliva in August 2023, in addition to the intended "Darkseid quadrilogy" by Snyder that would have ended up with "a Justice League Unlimited version" of the "Snyder-verse", Warner Bros. planned to make a Flash trilogy, which was at different points of development with directors like Seth Grahame-Smith and Rick Famuyiwa, that would have culminated in a "Flashpoint" film adaptation similar to Oliva's DC Universe Animated Original Movies (DCUAOM) film Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013) that would have revealed that Professor Zoom had been behind the DCEU's events, being in the background during most of the trilogy while having some influence over the Justice League films, provoking the Flash into changing the universe in a way that everyone is enemies with those who used to be their allies, forcing Flash to reboot the film series in a way that could have introduced a new cast due to the studio feeling that the starring actors would wish to move on from their roles after a decade.

In January 2019, Snyder released a T-shirt as a reward for donating to a crowdfunding campaign, with all proceeds going toward the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. His design, which resembles the Kabbalah Tree of Life, is said to contain the plot of his five-film arc including a planned Justice League trilogy within a mosaic of cryptic symbols and phrases. The reverse side of the shirt has a quote from Joseph Campbell, American literature professor famed for his creation of the Hero's journey, which reads: "All the gods, all the heavens, all the hells, are within you". The Dreamscapes Of Zack Snyder's Justice League Exhibition in downtown Dallas revealed an outline for Justice League Parts 2 and 2A by Snyder, lettered by Geoff Johns, and with art by Jim Lee; it showed costumes and props that were used in the additional photography for Zack Snyder's Justice League.

### Current status

In February 2021, Snyder stated that as far as he knew, Warner Bros. had no interest in hiring him for further Justice League sequels or any DCEU films overall. Snyder revealed at Justice Con 2021 that he had cast Wayne T. Carr as John Stewart / Green Lantern and filmed footage with him for the film's epilogue but was turned down by the studio.

## Theatrical cut (2017)

Justice League came out as scheduled in November 2017, credited to Zack Snyder despite not looking or feeling or behaving like a Zack Snyder film at all. The course he'd set had manifestly been abandoned; the DCEU had taken the opportunity afforded by his absence to dramatically rebrand. The curt two-hour runtime. The brightness. The relative bubbliness. The distinctly Whedonesque quippiness. "Itchy," quips Superman, when asked by Amy Adams's Lois Lane how it felt to come back from the dead; the Flash, meanwhile, awkwardly rambles on about brunch and pratfalls face-first onto Wonder Woman's chest.

—Rob Harvilla, The Ringer

After disapproving of the direction of the "Snyder Cut", Warners and Geoff Johns hired filmmaker Joss Whedon to re-write the script and help with extensive re-shoots. (However, he may have been hired earlier than reported, to join a larger writer's room.) Whedon had gone to Warner Bros. with a pitch for a Batgirl film, to which Johns accepted his pitch and was working with him on developing that film. Johns then saw this as an opportunity to help with additional rewrites and reshoots for Justice League. Dismissing reports that he requested Whedon's help, Snyder did hope that Whedon could give him some help by writing some "cool scenes", but only had one conversation about the studio's notes with Whedon. Soon, the studio gave Whedon more power as he was also given power to help direct reshoots. Finding anguish rather than relief on their work, when Snyder and his wife left the project after their daughter's death, Whedon took over as director and directed reshoots for approximately 55 days. Then-Warner CEO Kevin Tsujihara mandated that Justice League's length was not to exceed two hours, something the studio had been pushing for throughout principal photography, but Snyder himself never took seriously, saying it was near impossible to tell his story in two hours. The film company also reportedly decided not to push back the release date (which would have allowed the filmmakers more time to properly complete Justice League), partly so that executives could keep their annual bonuses, and partly because they were concerned that AT&T might dissolve the studio after an upcoming merger, which might result in the incomplete film getting scrapped altogether.

Snyder may also have turned down an offer to delay the release date. He was expected to film the scenes that Whedon re-wrote, and they were working together to fix the film in accordance with the studio's requests when Snyder's daughter, Autumn Snyder, died by suicide in March 2017. He continued to work on Justice League for two months after the tragedy to distract himself, before finally stepping down in May 2017. His wife Deborah Snyder who was producing Justice League also stepped away from the project. Some reports, however, say that Snyder may have been quietly fired from the project in January or February 2017, a month or two before his daughter's suicide and several more before his official departure from the project. Once Snyder left, Whedon assumed full control over the completion of the theatrical cut of Justice League. Warner COO Toby Emmerich said at the time:

"The directing is minimal and it has to adhere to the style and tone and the template that Zack set. We're not introducing any new characters. It's the same characters in some new scenes. He's handing the baton to Joss, but the course has really been set by Zack. I still believe that despite this tragedy, we'll still end up with a great movie".

In accordance with Warner's run-time limitations, the Justice League theatrical cut is exactly 120 minutes (two hours) long including credits. Whedon added nearly 80 new pages to the script. Wagner, who did not work on Whedon's reshoots, roughly estimates that the theatrical cut uses only about 10% of the principal photography he shot. Holkenborg had completed his score before being replaced by Danny Elfman (Spider-Man, Batman) mid-way through post-production, although he had only composed for about two hours worth of film as Warner Bros. wanted the film to be around that runtime. Recalling the situation, Holkenborg stated that he had one meeting with Whedon and decided not continue on the project due to Whedon's negative attitude towards Snyder and the film; before he could step down, he was informed that Whedon had chosen to go with Elfman anyway.

All of the re-shot scenes were filmed digitally, using an Arri Alexa XT. Wagner was briefly contacted to return, but was busy shooting another project that was being shot in the same area and briefly visited the set, finding the atmosphere very different from the original production, corroborating statements made by Ray Fisher, Jason Momoa and Gal Gadot about the experience on set of the reshoots. Wagner also said the reshoots lasted about 55 days or 7 weeks, and said the studio brightened up the color palette of the film when Snyder was working in post and went further in this with Whedon. The scenes that Whedon wrote or re-shot for the theatrical release added a brighter tone and humor, and reduced the level of violence seen in Snyder's darker direction. Fisher has also said nearly every Snyder shot scene had a Whedon addition spliced in except the scene on the GCPD roof top with the League and Commissioner Gordon. To meet the mandated run-time, more than 90 minutes of footage from the "Snyder Cut" was removed, but the result still adhered to the basic outline of the story established by Snyder. While the "Snyder Cut" was poorly received by test audiences, the early screening of Whedon's cut scored as high as Wonder Woman (2017) did with test audiences, so Warner decided to move forward with it. However, the film's editor David Brenner has since contested this.

Upon release, the theatrical cut of Justice League was met with mixed to negative reviews. Several critics described it as a "Frankenstein" film, in that similar to Frankenstein's monster that is composed of different humans' body parts, Justice League was very obviously the work of two different directors with competing visions for the finished product. Warner decided to move away from Snyder's vision for a shared universe of interconnected films and focus on stand-alone films and solo franchises instead. The previously announced sequel to Justice League scheduled for a 2019 release was pushed back indefinitely. Similar to the fallout after Batman v Superman, Warner initiated a shakeup of executives between late-2017 and mid-2018, ahead of the release of the next DCEU film, Aquaman. Both Jon Berg and Geoff Johns, who were hired as co-chairmen and co-runners of the DCEU after Batman v Superman to get the franchise back on track, departed DC Films at the end of 2017. In early 2018, Berg and Johns were replaced by Walter Hamada (It, The Conjuring) and Chantal Nong. Warner's head of casting Lora Kennedy departed in May 2018. The Hollywood Reporter quoted an insider familiar with the station as saying Hamada "walked into a shitshow, and he's trying to clean it up". Several DCEU actors are no longer attached to the franchise following Justice League, with several others currently in question.

An anonymous Warner Bros. executive stated in February 2021 that even the studio did not like the "stupefying" changes Whedon brought to Snyder's film, criticizing the Black Clad and the Russian family as goofy and pointless additions to the film. The executive affirmed that the finished film felt "awkward" because the studio did not want to admit what "piece of shit" it had become.

### Significant changes to the theatrical cut

The following is an overview of reported major differences between the "Snyder Cut" and the theatrical cut of Justice League. It is not an exhaustive list and dozens of other major and minor changes have been reported.

#### Fate of Silas Stone

In the "Snyder Cut" Victor's father Silas Stone dies after activating a Mother Box at STAR Labs in an act of self-sacrifice. In the theatrical cut Silas survives the final battle.

#### Characters removed or given a reduced presence

The theatrical cut entirely removed at least 10 comic book characters from Snyder's original script, among others. The "Snyder Cut" included a short scene where Flash saved Iris West from a car accident. Ryan Choi / Atom appeared as a S.T.A.R. Labs scientist working with Silas Stone. Cyborg's mother Elinore Stone appeared in some flashback scenes. Aquaman's mentor Nuidis Vulko appeared in an underwater scene and a cut post-credits scene. Justice League antagonist Darkseid appeared in four different scenes. Master torturer and follower of Darkseid in the comic books Desaad played a minor role. Harry Lennix's character Calvin Swanwick from Man of Steel and Batman v Superman was planned to appear in a scene revealing he was secretly the shapeshifting alien Martian Manhunter all along. The supporting characters Silas Stone, Lex Luthor, Lois Lane, Mera, Ares, Zeus and Antiope had multiple scenes cut or reduced, but still appear in the theatrical release.

Marc McClure, the actor who played Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman films, played Lois Lane's bodyguard throughout the entire "Snyder Cut" but only makes a cameo appearance in the theatrical cut. Snyder had a non-speaking cameo in a cafe. Actor Sam Benjamin said he filmed 20–30 minutes worth of scenes for a military subplot that was cut from the theatrical release.

#### Removal of lore and backstories for Flash, Aquaman and Cyborg

Several scenes introducing and exploring in more depth the mythologies of the three new characters to the DCEU—Flash, Aquaman and Cyborg—were removed from the theatrical cut. In the "Snyder Cut", Barry demonstrates the ability to reverse time by briefly surpassing the speed of light in a new version of the final battle, and his relationship with Bruce Wayne was established as being "between someone who is naive and excited and someone who is experienced and jaded". In the theatrical cut, much of this is removed or replaced by "forced jokes" and a scene in which Flash saves a Russian family during the final battle.

Cyborg was described as the "heart" of the film and the original script had included additional scenes of his origin story, learning to use his abilities and connecting with his cybernetic enhancements. According to Ray Fisher, the only Snyder-shot scene Whedon kept in the theatrical cut was the one of Cyborg meeting with J. K. Simmons ' Commissioner James Gordon at the Gotham City Police Department's rooftop. Fisher later voiced his displeasure with Whedon and the studio removing much of Cyborg's backstory, among other allegations, leading to a months-long feud that culminated in Whedon being investigated and Fisher leaving his role as Cyborg in 2021 after reporting that Hamada was halting the investigation to protect Whedon. Aquaman had additional scenes exploring his backstory and Atlantean lore including the Dead King of Atlantis' throne and a scene involving Vulko and Mera that directly connected to Aquaman (2018). In November 2017, Jason Momoa defended the removal of these scenes, stating: "There was no need for it because you're going to see it in Aquaman. It's not an Aquaman movie, it's a Justice League movie".

#### Changes to Superman

Most of Henry Cavill 's Superman scenes were re-shot by Whedon. Cavill's reshoots were scheduled around Paramount 's Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018), for which Cavill was contractually obligated to keep a moustache. Originally, the filmmakers of Fallout agreed to let Cavill shave for the reshoots in exchange for $2-3 million to accommodate a temporary shutdown production on Fallout, but Paramount executives vetoed the idea. Warner then decided to digitally remove Cavill's moustache, but under a tight deadline and the film being close to its release, the visual effects team did not have the time to properly apply the CGI; the finished product was criticized for its awkward appearance. Nearly all of Superman's scenes throughout the film feature the CGI lip, suggesting they have all been re-shot. Following the young Superman portrayed in Man of Steel and the conflicted Superman portrayed in Batman v Superman, the version of Superman that appeared in the "Snyder Cut" was described as coming closer to completing his story arc and becoming more like the "true" Superman as depicted in the comics after being reborn, and donning a black costume as opposed to the standard costume seen in the theatrical version. Superman's behavior at the end of the "Snyder Cut" in the final battle was described by storyboard artist Jay Oliva as "unhinged".

Snyder had originally intended for the hero to wear his iconic black and silver lined suit as famously first depicted in 1992's " The Death of Superman " comic storyline. However, due to the criticism of the "darkness" of Snyder's previous DC Films by critics, Warner Bros. did not allow him to use the suit since it gave the impression of a darker film - a tone they wanted to avoid. So Snyder and his visual effects team did some testing to see how easy it is to dial the color of the suit in color correction to black. They then made some slight physical alterations to the suit to make this process easier. So throughout the filming of the film, all of Superman's footage was shot in the classic suit with Snyder hoping to convince Warner Bros. in post-production to go for the black suit.

Snyder's reasoning behind using the black suit is that it resembles Superman's character more inwards, specifically his Kryptonian heritage while the blue suit resembles his role on Earth, as humanity's protector, hero, and leader. Superman choosing the black suit is an indication that his character journey is not yet complete as Snyder's originally planned vision for his DC films was a 5-6 film arc that focused on Superman with the character at the end of the arc becoming the classic iconic Superman from the comics.

#### Changes to Batman and Wonder Woman

While their arcs are mainly the same in both versions of the film, many of Batman's and Wonder Woman 's scenes were reshot by Whedon, including when Diana explains the first invasion of Earth to Bruce. In addition, their dynamic is changed: while Snyder's version of the film portrays Bruce and Diana with a good working relationship and subtly hints at their mutual romantic interest, Whedon introduces a subplot in the theatrical cut in which the two characters bicker constantly, which many critics saw as a borrowed element from The Avengers (2012), which Whedon had also directed. Batman's characterization is noticeably changed, as Whedon made him more indecisive, oafish, and obsessive in the theatrical cut, whereas Snyder's original version portrayed him with newfound resolve and optimism after witnessing Superman's sacrifice in Batman v Superman.

Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot, who portrayed Batman and Wonder Woman, respectively, both voiced displeasure working with Whedon during the reshoots, and were among the most prominent supporters of the #ReleaseTheSnyderCut movement. In fact, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote in a review of the theatrical cut that Affleck "looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here". Affleck's experience on the set of Justice League, especially during the reshoots, was cited as one of his reasons for stepping down from the role of Batman before he changed his mind and returned for additional shots for Zack Snyder's Justice League and The Flash (2023). Gadot also disagreed with Whedon's choices for her character, including a controversial scene in which Flash falls on Wonder Woman's breasts, but Whedon retaliated by threatening to "make look stupid" in the film. Though Gadot reported Whedon to studio executives to resolve their conflict, many of Wonder Woman's scenes and soundbytes in the final theatrical cut ultimately appear to sexually objectify her, which viewers noted was done in a similar fashion to Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in The Avengers and its sequel Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015). Conversely, Snyder's director's cut portrays her in a more dignified manner. In addition, both Batman's and Wonder Woman's action scenes have been restored in the "Snyder cut".

#### Changes to Steppenwolf

As with Superman, many of Steppenwolf 's scenes were reshot by Whedon and the character was drastically altered. Originally conceived as a monstrous, horned alien, Steppenwolf was given a more humanoid form and "cheesier" lines and was inserted in numerous scenes originally featuring Darkseid. Snyder's version of the film utilizes the character's original design, with the character speaking more "poetically" but less frequently, resulting in a more intimidating and menacing presence. Steppenwolf is also given a more complex armor capable of moving with his emotions, in addition to numerous gadgets, while his relationships with Darkseid and DeSaad are explored in-depth. While the theatrical cut seemingly portrays him like a " Saturday-morning cartoon villain", the director's cut depicts him as a tragic villain and "space knight " in similar fashion to a " fallen angel ", as he is aiming to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid and regain his commander's favor.

During post-production of Zack Snyder's Justice League, which happened during the COVID-19 pandemic, several special effects studios were shut down or inaccessible, resulting in some unused visuals intended for the 2017 cut being unavailable and needing to be re-rendered. This included the rendering of Steppenwolf, who was "built from scratch" for the director's cut, also because the character had reverted to Zack Snyder's original design.

Originally conceived as a monstrous, horned being with seven fingers on each hand and hooved feet, Steppenwolf was "toned down" during the troubled production of the film, as Warner Bros. deemed Zack Snyder 's design as too intimidating. Joss Whedon 's "sanitized" rendering of the character made him more humanoid and "self aware". He refers to the Mother Boxes as "Mother" and makes several "cheesy" quips in the film, and as described by Mark Birrell of Screen Rant, resembles a " Saturday-morning cartoon villain" who enjoys "being a bad guy" with Darkseid's role in the film being almost entirely scrapped.

Once the director's cut was greenlit, Steppenwolf was reverted back to his original, alien design, and was given new armor and gadgets. In addition, the character's relationships with Darkseid and DeSaad are explored, and his fight scenes are much more violent and emotional. Hinds described Steppenwolf as characterized in this version of the film as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid. He also speaks more "poetically" but overall less frequently, letting his violent actions speak for themselves. Snyder also adds that the character was designed with a " fallen angel " archetype, trying to regain his commander's good graces. His armor, in particular, was rendered by Weta Digital as a bevy of spikes that appear to move with the character's emotions and also follows his design as a "space knight". Anders Langlands, one of the supervisors at Weta, comments that "Zack had the idea that his armor would react to his mood and be part of his performance, as if it was some kind of alien technology that’s symbiotic with him."

#### Musical score

The musical soundtracks of both cuts are significantly different with very little overlap. The theatrical cut was ultimately scored by Danny Elfman —this score was more orchestral and upbeat in sound to reflect the theatrical version's intention to have a lighter, more family friendly tone compared to the preceding DCEU films like Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, both of which were scored by Hans Zimmer with assistance from Junkie XL (Tom Holkenborg). Junkie XL had been scheduled to return as composer for the theatrical cut of Justice League, but was dropped in favour of Elfman when Joss Whedon took over from Snyder in post production. For his Justice League score he brought back the iconic Superman March by John Williams from the 1978 film series and also his own "The Batman Theme" originally used in the first two films of the Batman 1989 film series (which were both directed by Tim Burton and scored by Elfman) for the theatrical cut of Justice League. Elfman also reworked Zimmer's Wonder Woman theme into a more orchestral form. An excerpt from Zimmer's work on Man of Steel can be heard during the theatrical version of the film itself but is not included in the commercially released soundtrack for the theatrical cut. Elfman stated he wanted to keep things simple when scoring the film by using musical lemotifs for individual characters rather than full musical themes only developing one main theme to represent the Justice League as a whole team.

When Holkenborg was rehired by Zack Snyder to score his directors cut of the film he mostly disregarded the material Elfman had used for 2017 version as the 'Snyder Cut' would have a darker, grittier tone similar to Batman v Superman and Man of Steel on which Holkenborg had worked with Hans Zimmer and used his and Zimmer's previous DCEU work as a starting point. Holkenborg's new score overall is much less whimsical and less traditionally orchestral than Elfman's score for the theatrical version. It focuses on orchestral elements such as brass, percussion, electronica, piano and electric guitar, similar to the approach he and Zimmer used in their previous DCEU work, in order to further emphasize the "Snyder Cut" having a similar feel to the first two DCEU films. Holkenborg also created new themes for established characters such as Batman and Wonder Woman.

#### Flashback to the first invasion of Earth

The flashback scene illustrating Steppenwolf's first invasion of Earth against the Olympian Old Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, Green Lantern Corps and humans was altered for the theatrical release. The "Snyder Cut" was longer, included a younger version of Darkseid named Uxas instead of Steppenwolf, a battle between Ares and Darkseid, additional footage of the Green Lantern Yalan Gur, and included dialogue from most of these characters that was removed from the theatrical release. When Steppenwolf strikes his axe into the ground, it creates a glowing red symbol. In the "Snyder Cut" this was explained to be a representation of the Anti-Life Equation, but the theatrical cut never addresses what the symbol is.

#### Final battle in Russia

The final battle between the Justice League and Steppenwolf's army of Parademons was largely redone. Whedon added the reddish hue coloration, the root-like structures growing out of the ground, a redesign of Steppenwolf's base of operations inside the cooling tower, and the Russian family that Flash saves. The Russian family sidequest / subplot and Whedon's coloration changes are completely removed from the Snyder Cut. Batman played a larger role in the action in the "Snyder Cut". In the theatrical cut, Steppenwolf showed fear at the prospect of defeat, causing his Parademons to attack because they are drawn to the smell of fear—a plot device Whedon introduced both in this scene and the opening scene with Batman and the burglar. In the "Snyder Cut", Wonder Woman decapitated Steppenwolf before he could escape through a boom tube and on the other side of the tube was Darkseid, teasing his appearance in a sequel. This is after The Flash (whose role was reduced in the theatrical cut) was able to reverse the Justice League's initial defeat (caused by the Mother Boxes becoming unified) by reversing time through use of the Speed Force to a point in time before the Mother Boxes synched together and terraformed the world thus giving the Justice League a second chance to prevent this from happening.

#### Knightmare Sequence

The Knightmare sequences in Zack Snyder's Justice League establishes that following Darkseid's victory in the hypothetical Justice League Part Two, Aquaman and Wonder Woman have died, and that Superman has turned evil following the death of Lois Lane. Batman has formed a makeshift Justice League with Flash, Cyborg, Deathstroke and Mera. In the film, Batman is mocked by the Joker for failing to save those close to him, including Robin, while also trying to form an alliance with the Justice League against Darkseid and Superman. The scene ends with the Justice League being ambushed by Superman.

The Knightmare sequence in the epilogue was filmed by Snyder specifically for Zack Snyder's Justice League, with Affleck, Ezra Miller, Fisher, Joe Manganiello, Heard and Jared Leto reprising their roles from earlier installments in the DCEU; Cavill was digitally imposed into the scene using archive footage from Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice

#### Post-credits scene

The post-credits scene featuring Lex Luthor and Deathstroke was initially supposed to tease Ben Affleck's original version for The Batman, in which Deathstroke would have played a pivotal role. The sequence originally filmed back in 2016 during principal photography had Deathstroke and Luthor discussing about what to do with Batman, with Luthor revealing to Deathstroke that Batman was Bruce Wayne. When Affleck stepped away from directing The Batman in January 2017 (before Matt Reeves took over as director and rewrote the film to no longer be set in the DCEU) and Joss Whedon was hired to replace Snyder a few months later, the sequence was redone with a reshoot of Jesse Eisenberg's dialogue to instead tease a planned Justice League sequel not planned by Snyder or set in his universe involving the Injustice League by rewriting Luthor's dialogue.

Another early iteration for the post-credits scene planned by Snyder had the Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Bruce Wayne at his lake house at night to further tease the then upcoming Green Lantern Corps film and Justice League sequels. Another iteration of this was Green Lantern, clarified by Snyder to be John Stewart, visiting Bruce at the lake house. In principal photography in London, Snyder only shot half of the scene with green lights shining on Affleck, with the Green Lantern side to be filmed later. Snyder likely planned to finish the scene in pickups later in post production but left the project. When Zack Snyder's Justice League was green-lit, Snyder finished shooting the scene on his driveway at his house with actor Wayne T. Carr playing John Stewart, and also included Martian Manhunter, with the two speaking to Bruce Wayne about Darkseid, setting up Justice League sequels and the Green Lantern Corps film, instead of Kilowog and Tomar-Re. However, Warner Bros. Pictures did not like the idea of Snyder introducing John Stewart as they had their own plans for him elsewhere; a compromise was made and Snyder repurposed and reshot the scene to instead only include Martian Manhunter. Snyder also said an early idea was Ryan Reynolds (who previously portrayed Hal Jordan in the unrelated 2011 film Green Lantern) playing the "additional Lantern" in that scene but it never went beyond an idea and he never talked to Reynolds directly about it at the time.

## Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021)

On May 20, 2020, Snyder officially announced that HBO Max would be releasing his cut of Justice League as Zack Snyder's Justice League on their service on March 18, 2021. It reportedly cost more than $70 million to complete the special effects, musical score, and editing, as well as filming additional scenes with the cut also being presented in an open matte aspect ratio of 1.33:1.

Snyder stated this version is not intended to affect the future of the DCEU continuity, but that it takes place in a slightly alternate universe. Despite previous reports describing it as a mini-series, Snyder described his cut as being a four-hour movie to be viewed in "one shot".

Affleck, Fisher, Miller, Heard and Manganiello, along with Lennix and Leto, returned to their respective roles for additional photography, in order to finish the project. Characters who were intended to debut in Snyder's original version of the film before their scenes were cut also appear in the film, such as Darkseid (portrayed by Ray Porter), DeSaad (portrayed by Peter Guinness), Iris West (portrayed by Kiersey Clemons), and Ryan Choi (portrayed by Zheng Kai), as well as several Green Lanterns. Sam Benjamin was part of an estimated 20–30 minutes military subplot that was cut from the 2017 theatrical release.