The Amityville Haunting

# The Amityville Haunting

## Abstract

The Amityville Haunting is a 2011 direct-to-video horror film released on December 13, 2011. The film is inspired by Jay Anson 's 1977 book The Amityville Horror. The film was produced by The Asylum and Taut Productions.

The film is written and directed by Geoff Meed and stars Tyler Shamy, Devin Clark, and Jon Kondelik, all of whom are uncredited. The tagline is "The family did not survive. But the recordings did." It claims to be based on "actual found footage that documents the horrifying experiences of a family that moved into the infamous haunted house." The film was panned by critics, and has been often cited as one of the worst horror films ever made.

## Plot

In June 2008, the Benson family moves into 112 Ocean Avenue, Amityville, due to issues with their teenage daughter, Lori. Despite the disturbing history of the house where Ronald DeFeo Jr. shot and killed six family members in 1974, the Bensons agree to purchase the house. Upon their decision, they find their realtor dead in their driveway. The following day, Tyler Benson witnesses one of the movers falling down the stairs, killing him instantly. The family continues to live in the house, despite the tension growing from the unexplainable events occurring.

From doors opening to a mysterious phone appearing in the kitchen, paranormal phenomena continue to bother Tyler, while his parents refuse to believe anything is happening beyond their own explanation. Douglas Benson takes matters into his own hands when he decides to install CCTV cameras in the house. Young Melanie Benson attracts the family's attention when she starts talking to her "imaginary friend," John Matthew, which leads Douglas to wonder if Lori or Tyler told Melanie about the house's history.

As the family grows more fearful of the unexplainable deaths of a close family friend and a neighbor boy attracted to Lori, Douglas breaks down, using religious paraphernalia to rid the house of any spirits that reside within the house. After one month within the house, Lori, Virginia, Douglas, and Tyler Benson all die in various manners. Melanie Benson is the only survivor, as she says that she has plans to stay in the house forever, along with John Matthew. The autopsy reports shown at the end of the film emphasize the fact that each victim was under extreme stress at the time of their death.

## Cast

- Jason Williams as Douglas Benson

- Amy Van Horne as Virginia Benson

- Devin Clark as Tyler Benson

- Nadine Crocker as Lori Benson

- Gracie Largent as Melanie Benson

- Luke Barnett as Ronald DeFeo Jr. / The Ghost

- Tyler Shamy as Greg

- John Kondelik as Brett

- Alexander Rzechowicz as Donny Reddit

- Casey Campbell as Detective

## Reception

The Amityville Haunting was panned by critics, and has been cited as one of the worst films made by The Asylum. A Horrornews.net writer called it "simply just a bad movie with no offering for viewers whatsoever", criticizing the over-used low-budget scare tricks and its false advertising as "Actual found footage". He also described Jason Williams' performance as Doug as "not believable for what it's trying to achieve and simply comes off as d*ck with an attitude", but said that "The military freak-out tops the icing by just making it all seem rather silly". Dread Central 's Foywonder scored it a one out of five, concluding his review with "A part of me almost wonders if the only reason The Amityville Haunting even exists is because someone made a bet that they could dethrone Amityville 3D for the title of worst “Amityville” movie of all time. I don’t know if they succeeded here, but they sure give it a run for its money."


Libelluloidea

# Libelluloidea

## Abstract

Libelluloidea is a superfamily of dragonflies.

A 2013 phylogenetic analysis suggests that this superfamily contains four families:

- Corduliidae Selys, 1850

- Libellulidae Leach, 1815

- Macromiidae Needham, 1903

- Synthemistidae Tillyard, 1911

## Recent taxonomic changes

The following dragonfly families are now considered invalid or potentially disputed:

- Pseudocorduliidae

- Gomphomacromiidae

- Cordulephyidae

- Synthemistidae

- Austrocorduliidae

- Oxygastridae

- Idomacromiidae

- Hemicorduliidae

- Urothemistidae

The following genera are no longer assigned to a family and are now placed incertae sedis within this superfamily, Libelluloidea:

- Apocordulia

- Archaeophya

- Austrocordulia

- Austrophya

- Cordulephya

- Gomphomacromia

- Hesperocordulia

- Idionyx

- Idomacromia

- Lathrocordulia

- Lauromacromia

- Macromidia

- Micromidia

- Neocordulia

- Neophya

- Nesocordulia

- Oxygastra

- Pseudocordulia

- Syncordulia

## Fossils

The following extinct fossil taxa are also included here:

- † Araripelibellulidae Bechly, 1996

- † Araripephlebiidae Bechly, 1998

- † Bolcacorduliidae Gentilini, 2002

- † Eocorduliidae Bechly, 1996

- † Palaeomacromiidae Petrulevicius et al. 1999

- † Valdicorduliidae Bechly, 1996

- † Urolibellulidae Zeiri, Nel, & Garrouste, 2015

This superfamily is one of two extant groups in the large, ancient clade Cavilabiata, in addition to Cordulegastroidea. The oldest known member is Araripelibellula brittanica from the Berriasian of England.


Sokol Bishanaku

# Sokol Bishanaku

## Abstract

Sokol Bishanaku (born 2 June 1971) is a former Albanian weightlifter who competed at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games, the 1991 Mediterranean Games in Greece, the 1993 Mediterranean Games in France, the 1997 Mediterranean Games in Italy, the 1999 World Weightlifting Championship in Athens, and many other international competitions. He was also a National Representative of Albania at the 2012 Olympic Games in London and the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio.

He set 102 national weightlifting records and was National Champion from 1993–1999. He won numerous medals at international competition.

He has remained involved in sport as a trainer and professor since 2005 and in 2017 was declared the best trainer in Albania. He is now a national coach.


Active Minds

# Active Minds

## Abstract

Active Minds is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting mental health, especially among young adults, via peer-to-peer dialogue and interaction. Active Minds was founded by Alison Malmon in 2003, after her older brother died by suicide in 2000.

In addition to 600 national chapters, Active Minds' programs include Send Silence Packing®, an award-winning suicide prevention exhibit; Active Minds Speakers, a group of presenters who provide encouraging mental health education; the Healthy Campus Award, which honors colleges that are prioritizing student health and well-being; and Active Minds @Work, which works to build a mental health culture in the workplace.

## History

Alison Malmon launched the first student-led chapter of what would become Active Minds in her junior year at the University of Pennsylvania, after the unfortunate death of her brother. Brian Malmon was a successful student at Columbia University: he was a member of the Dean's list, and was a leader in many extracurricular activities. However, he was suffering from what was later diagnosed as schizoaffective disorder, and was keeping those feelings to himself. After his death, many friends claimed that they had noticed changes in Brian, but were not sure what to say or how to approach the situation, and therefore did nothing. This silence and lack of awareness is what prompted Malmon to start Active Minds.

The organization, originally called "Open Minds", was dedicated to increasing awareness about mental illness. In 2003, when Malmon graduated, she launched Active Minds, Inc as a 501(c)(3) organization. She became the youngest person to receive the Tipper Gore Remember the Children Award from the National Mental Health Association.

Active Minds is on more than 600 campuses, and directly reach close to 1.8 million people each year through campus awareness campaigns, events, advocacy, outreach, and more.

## National programs

Active Minds primarily operates through peer-to-peer methods, supported by their chapter network in high schools, colleges, and universities. Additionally, they also provide various nationwide programs for students, workplace professionals, and organizations of any size.

### National Chapter Network

Active Minds is powered by more than 600 student-led chapters, both across the United States and internationally. Each year, thousands of students join an Active Minds chapter as passionate advocates, stigma fighters, and educators for mental health.

### Campus Policy Change

Transform Your Campus® is an Active Minds program for student leaders featuring guides on how to implement advocacy campaigns on campuses. Current campaign initiatives include adding mental health crisis numbers to student IDs, improving campus leave of absence policies, and reducing the rate of deaths by suicide by limiting access to fatal methods.

### K-12 Initiatives

Active Minds K-12 initiatives aim to mobilize and empower youth and young adults to change the conversation about mental health and engage in proven peer-to-peer approaches in their schools. These initiatives include the Active Minds Mental Health Advocacy Academy, the Your Voice is Your Power campaign, and K-12-specific mental health resources.

### National Conference

Presented since 2004, this annual event brings together hundreds of young adults and mental health leaders; campus and school professionals; government, foundation, and corporate representatives from across the country to share ideas and advance knowledge about mental health education, advocacy, and awareness.

The conference annually showcases the most innovative and effective approaches to supporting young adult well-being and changing the conversation about mental health on campuses, in workplaces, and within our communities.

### Send Silence Packing

In 2008, Active Minds held the first Send Silence Packing display at the National Mall in Washington DC. The display consists of 1,000 backpacks laid on the ground in a public space, with personal stories attached. These backpacks represent the lives of the over 1,000 college students that are lost to suicide each year. The Send Silence Packing tour now travels nationwide in the fall and spring of each year.

### Active Minds Speakers

Active Minds has over a dozen students available for presentations at schools, workplaces, community events, and more. The speakers are able to present on a variety of topics, including mental illness, workplace mental health, and suicide prevention.

### Active Minds @Work

Active Minds @Work offers simple and actionable tools for the next generation of employees and employers, designed to improve the culture of mental health in high-performing environments.

## Other initiatives and awards

### Emerging Scholars Fellowship

The Active Minds Emerging Scholars Fellowship, generously supported by the Scattergood Foundation for Behavioral Health and Avi and Sandra Nash, provides an opportunity for students to complete funded, independent mental health projects and to be connected with a network of young scholars and national experts in the field of behavioral health.

### Healthy Campus Award

The Active Minds Healthy Campus Award recognizes and celebrates U.S. colleges and universities that are prioritizing health and making significant progress toward creating a campus that promotes mental health, physical health, and well-being of its students. The award was established in 2016 and is supported by Peg's Foundation.

## Impact studies

### Active Minds' Student Mental Health Survey

Following Active Minds' spring 2020 survey (The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Mental Health), another survey was conducted to see the ways that COVID-19 had impacted students' mental health six months later. Active Minds surveyed over 2,000 students during fall 2020 to better understand the continued toll of the pandemic on students. Two thirds of students (66.89%) reported an increase in supporting others with their mental wellness. Respondents reported having received information from their institution regarding mental health (66.41%), academic policies (82.5%), and healthy coping strategies (49.15%).

### The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Mental Health

Active Minds surveyed 3,239 high school and higher education students between April 10-18, 2020 regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their mental health. It was found that 80% of college students report that COVID-19 has negatively impacted their mental health. Additionally, research revealed that Despite COVID-19, 79% of college students feel hopeful about achieving their school-related goals and their future job prospects.

### RAND Impact Study

A study done across 12 California colleges found that increased awareness of Active Minds led to an increase in perceived knowledge about mental health related issues and in helping behaviors. It also led to a decrease in stigma. This study had limitations, however, as it was done on a convenience sample, so the students involved may have been more involved in Active Minds than an average student.

### Healthy Minds Study

Another study included 70,000 students at colleges that participated in a Healthy Minds Survey. In this study, Active Minds was found to lower the stigma felt (both on a personal and public level), increase knowledge about resources and services, improve attitudes toward medications, and lower levels of depression and anxiety. The study did suggest, however, that Active Minds may not have an increasing effect on already positive mental health. This study was limited by its large sample size, which made significant results more likely.


List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids

# List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids

## Abstract

The following is a list of programs that are currently airing or have formerly aired on public television in the United States on the 24/7 PBS Kids Channel (the original channel and its revival) and the PBS Kids block on local PBS stations.

## Current programming

- Co-distributed by Amazon Prime Video, the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.

- Co-distributed by Roku on the PBS Retro streaming channel.

### Original programming

#### Local reruns

The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, though are still available for local stations to air independently.

### Programming from American Public Television

The following programs are distributed by American Public Television, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations.

### Programming from NETA

The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations.

### Interstitial programming

The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program.

## Upcoming programming

## Former programming

- Co-distributed by Amazon Prime Video, the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.

- Co-distributed by Roku on the PBS Retro streaming channel.

### PTV

### PBS Kids

#### Programming from American Public Television

The following programs were distributed by American Public Television, not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations.

## Special programming

Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7.

## Web-exclusive programming

The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television.

- Co-distributed by Amazon Prime Video, the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.

### Podcasts

- Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)

- Molly of Denali Podcast (May 30, 2019−present)

- Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast (October 28, 2020−present)

- Odd Squadcast (December 2, 2020−present)

- The Arthur Podcast (October 20, 2022−present)

- Keyshawn Solves It (May 26, 2023−present)

- Jamming on the Job (September 14, 2023−present)

- Work It Out Wombats! Podcast (January 4, 2024−present)


Thomas Gibson

# Thomas Gibson

## Abstract

Thomas Gibson (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and director. He is best known for his television roles as Aaron Hotchner on Criminal Minds (2005–2016), Greg Montgomery on Dharma & Greg (1997–2002) and Daniel Nyland on Chicago Hope (1994–1997).

## Early life

Gibson was born in Charleston, South Carolina, to Charles M. and Beth Gibson. His mother was a social worker, and his father was a lawyer and liberal Democrat who served in the South Carolina state Senate and House. He is Catholic. Gibson's interest in the performing arts began at a young age. Gibson was fascinated by Louis Armstrong. He and his sister were on a swim team together, and they frequented a pizza parlor after their swim meets. It was at this pizza parlor that Gibson would sing along with a Dixieland band, complete with his attempt to impersonate Armstrong's singing voice.

As a child, Gibson enrolled in Little Theater School and later graduated from Bishop England High School. He then attended the College of Charleston (1979–1981) and became an intern at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, where he was encouraged to apply to the Juilliard School. After a year and a half at Charleston, Gibson won a scholarship to Juilliard's Drama Division (Group 14: 1981–1985), where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1985.

## Career

Gibson started acting when he was nine years old, in children's theater. He appeared in Julian Wiles' Seize the Street: the Skateboard Musical, a Young Charleston Theater Company (now Charleston Stage) production. As a teenager, he began his classical theater training by becoming a member of the Young Charleston Theater Company and the Footlight Players, often performing at the historic Dock Street Theatre. During his time at College of Charleston, Gibson was an intern at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival. Gibson made his stage debut in David Hare 's A Map of the World in the New York Shakespeare Festival. He subsequently appeared in more plays for producer Joe Papp, both in Public Theater and in Central Park. He worked on and off Broadway for the next 10 years in a range of plays by Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Molière, Tennessee Williams, Howard Brenton, Romulus Linney, Noël Coward, and Alan Ball. Gibson also waited tables at Tavern on the Green.

Gibson's first television appearance was in 1987, in a guest role on the legal drama Leg Work, followed by stints on the daytime dramas As the World Turns and Another World. In 1992, Gibson made his movie debut in Ron Howard 's Far and Away, in which he portrayed Stephen Chase. Chase was the villainous rival of Joseph Donnelly (Tom Cruise) for Shannon Christie's (Nicole Kidman) affections. His next lead role was in 1993 as David, a gay waiter, in Denys Arcand 's Love and Human Remains. Also in 1993, he played bisexual businessman misanthrope Beauchamp Day in the television version of Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City (1993). At the time, Tales of the City was highly controversial for its gay, transgender, bisexual, and drag-queen characters along with nudity, sexual situations, drug use, and explicit language. Gibson later reunited with Arcand in Stardom (2000). In 1999, Gibson had a supporting role in Stanley Kubrick 's final film Eyes Wide Shut, where he was reunited with Cruise. Gibson then returned to television, portraying Dr. Danny Nyland on the medical drama Chicago Hope from 1994 to 1998. From 1997 to 2002, Gibson portrayed Greg Montgomery in the sitcom Dharma & Greg, for which he was nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award. After Dharma & Greg, Gibson appeared in various TV movies.

### Criminal Minds

In 2005, Gibson was cast as Supervisory Special Agent Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner, the unit chief of the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), in the series Criminal Minds.

Gibson directed six episodes of Criminal Minds beginning in 2013 (in 2001, he directed two last-season episodes of Dharma & Greg). Gibson had a prior altercation with an assistant director and had undergone anger-management counseling at that time.

On August 11, 2016, Gibson was suspended (after appearing in two episodes of the 12th season of Criminal Minds) following an on-set altercation with writer-producer Virgil Williams; he apologized for the confrontation in a statement, claiming the dispute arose from creative differences in an episode he was directing.

The following day, ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios (which co-distribute Criminal Minds) issued a statement announcing that Gibson's contract with the series had been terminated. The statement included the information that his character's exit story from the series had yet to be determined. In the October 12, 2016, episode " Taboo ", the absence of Gibson's character is explained as being away on special assignment; however, in the episode " Elliot's Pond ", it is revealed that he resigned and went into the Witness Protection Program after noticing a serial killer stalking his son.

## Personal life

Gibson resides in San Antonio, Texas, and has a house on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which he frequents. His son, Travis Carter, was featured in the Season 10 episode "Boxed In" (#5) of Criminal Minds as a friend of a kidnapped child. Gibson and his wife Christine separated in 2011, and he filed for divorce in 2014. The divorce was final on February 14, 2018.

Gibson enjoys golf. He plays at the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am every year, as well as other golfing events, and is friends with golfer Corey Pavin. He was part of the 2010 Host Committee for the Inaugural SAG Foundation Golf Classic, and he co-hosted the 2nd Annual SAG Foundation Golf Classic with Criminal Minds castmate Joe Mantegna.

## Filmography


# Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society

## Abstract

The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (PFASS) was founded in December 1833, a few days after the first meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society (in Philadelphia), and dissolved in March 1870 following the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It was founded by eighteen women, including Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann M'Clintock, Margaretta Forten, her mother Charlotte, and Forten's sisters Sarah and Harriet.

The society was a local chapter affiliated with the American Anti-Slavery Society created the same year by William Lloyd Garrison and other leading male abolitionists. The PFASS was formed as a result of the inability of women to become members of the male abolitionist organization. This predominantly white though racially mixed female abolitionist organization illustrates the important behind-the-scenes collective roles women played in the abolitionist movement. It also exemplifies the dynamics of gender and race within American patriarchal society that emphasized the cult of true womanhood (or cult of domesticity) in the nineteenth century.

## Membership

Historians often cite the PFASS as one of the few racially integrated anti-slavery societies in the antebellum era, rare even among female anti-slavery societies. PFASS membership typically came from middle-class backgrounds.

The best known white female abolitionist affiliated with the PFASS is Lucretia Mott. Other white women who were mainstays of the interracial organization included Sarah Pugh and Mary Grew, respectively the president and corresponding secretary of PFASS for most of its existence. Angelina Grimké, a noted female abolitionist, also joined the organization. White female members were mostly Quakers; historian Jean R. Soderlund maintains thirteen of the seventeen founding white women founders were Hicksite Quakers. Free black females helped organize the society as well. Prominent individuals included Grace Bustill Douglass and Sarah Mapps Douglass, Hetty Reckless, and Charlotte Forten (wife of notable abolitionist James Forten) and her daughters, Harriet, Sarah, and Margaretta. These women represented the city's African American elite. Historian Shirley Yee states that seven of the eighteen women who signed the PFASS constitution were black, and ten black women appear regularly in society records. Furthermore, many black women members consistently served in leadership roles.

Sarah Forten was a co-founder of the Society and served on its board of managers for three consecutive terms. Margaretta Forten was a co-founder of the Society and often served as recording secretary or treasurer, as well as helping to draw up its organizational charter and serving on its educational committee. She also offered the Society's last resolution, which praised the post-civil war amendments as a success for the anti-slavery cause. Through holding key offices, historian Janice Sumler-Lewis claims the efforts of the Forten women enabled this predominantly white organization to reflect a black abolitionist perspective that oftentimes was more militant.

Historian Julie Winch suggests that the free black middle-class females in Philadelphia initially organized female literacy societies prior to their membership in the PFASS. She argues these literacy societies offered black middle-class females opportunities to educate themselves and their children as well as to develop the necessary skills for community activism. According to Winch, it was hardly coincidental that members of the literacy societies also enrolled in the PFASS, and these societies were an integral part of the antislavery crusade.

Writer Evette Dionne notes that this amount of integration and cooperation in a society among black and white women would have been quite rare even in a free city like Philadelphia. Black members contributed to writing the constitution and establishing the organization's priorities.

## Abolitionist activities

In the 1830s, the PFASS largely focused on circulating antislavery petitions, holding public meetings, organizing fundraising efforts, and financially supporting community improvement for free blacks. Between 1834 and 1850, the PFASS sent numerous petitions to the Philadelphia state legislature and to Congress. The PFASS pressed the Pennsylvania legislature to allow jury trials for suspected fugitive slaves. They petitioned Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia and prohibit the interstate slave trade. Black female leaders in the PFASS served on committees that coordinated these drives. During this period when women had not yet been granted the right to vote, petition drives were one of the few forms of political expression available to women. Petition campaigns drew women out of their homes and into their neighborhoods where they conducted massive grassroots propaganda campaigns. Face-to-face communications and door-to-door efforts by women not only challenged social norms of femininity but it also "moved the antislavery movement from a predominantly moral to a predominantly political focus". Petitions like these eventually caused the U.S. House of Representatives to pass the gag rule.

The refusal of Congress to consider these petitions as well as fear of mob violence led to a shift in strategies in the 1840s. As the society matured, it reduced efforts to circulate petitions and increasingly devoted time to fundraising. The primary PFASS fundraiser was an annual fair in which handcrafted items such as needlework with abolitionist inscriptions and antislavery publications were sold. For example, the well-known piece of abolitionist literature, The Anti-Slavery Alphabet was printed and sold at the 1846 Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Fair. PFASS meetings consisted of coordinating activities for the fair and organizing sewing circles. By the 1850s, the fairs became elaborate occasions. In addition to selling items, the fairs featured speeches by well known abolitionists that attracted large audiences willing to pay admissions fees. The society's successful fundraising efforts enabled it to secure power and influence in the state anti-slavery society. Throughout the entire period, the PFASS provided a large proportion of all funds donated to the state society. From 1844 to 1849, funds raised by the Philadelphia women covered approximately 20 percent of the state anti-slavery society budget and accounted for 31 to 45 percent of donations. Hence, women were able to keep a high profile and assert their authority in leadership roles within the statewide abolitionist movement.

Financially supporting the free black community was also an aspect of the activities within the PFASS. Led primarily by its black female membership, the PFASS financially supported Sarah Douglass's school for free black girls. According to political scientist Gayle T. Tate in her book, Unknown Tongues: Black Women's Political Activism in the Antebellum Era, 1830-1860, the society continued its financial support with annual contributions throughout the 1840s. Tate maintains the Forten women's leadership and support led to the continuous contributions to the school. This reinforces the contention that black women played in integral leadership role within the PFASS.

The PFASS also raised money for clothing, shelter, and food to aid fugitive slaves. Black women members under the leadership of Hetty Reckless worked closely with the Vigilance Association of Philadelphia, an all-male benevolent society that aided fugitive slaves. Reckless "persuaded society members to contribute to community projects and to make donations... to provide fugitives with room and board, clothing, medical assistance, employment, financial aid, and advice concerning their legal rights." However, white female members of the society were quite divided over whether aid to fugitive slaves counted as true antislavery work. Lucretia Mott believed this activity was not the role of the PFASS. This division illustrates a difference in abolitionist agendas that began to emerge among the two races. Unlike their white female counterparts, black women, in an effort that Tate labels "pragmatic abolitionism," viewed subversive strategies like aiding fugitive slaves as compatible with the open challenges preferred by white abolitionists. White female abolitionists, on the other hand, tended to view these actions as "potential distractions from the main goal of fighting slavery."

## Birth of women's rights

As women played a pertinent role in the abolitionist movement, white and black members of the PFASS supported the radical idea of granting women the right to vote and to perform traditionally male roles such as speaking in public. Writing in the late 1970s, historian Ira V. Brown identifies the women of the PFASS as playing a key role in the development of American feminism or what she labels as the "cradle of feminism." Brown primarily focuses on the society's white female leadership and the key roles these women played in the eventual birth of the women's movement beginning at the Seneca Falls Convention. More recent additions to the historiography of female abolitionist societies incorporates the collective role of free black females. Shirley Yee asserts that black female community activists like those in the PFASS helped shape black women's community activism for later generations, especially in the modern civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

## In popular culture

- Ain Gordon 's 2013 play If She Stood, commissioned by the Painted Bride Art Center in Philadelphia, takes place at a fictional meeting of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.


Clotilde Apponyi

# Clotilde Apponyi

## Abstract

Clotilde "Klotild" Apponyi (née Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein; 23 December 1867 – 1 September 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian noblewoman, women's rights activist, politician and a diplomat.

## Early life and ancestry

Countess Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta was born as a third daughter and youngest child of the Austrian politician Prince Alexander von Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg and his wife, Countess Alexandrine Aline von Dietrichstein-Proskau-Leslie (1824-1906), second daughter and one of the heiresses of Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein. By virtue of birth, she was member of the House of Mensdorff-Pouilly and through Saxe-Coburg-Gotha blood was related to the British Royal Family, German Imperial family, Russian Imperial family, as well as to almost all other European Royal families.

## Career

Apponyi was president of the Klotild association for the selling of women's work from 1908, president for the alliance of Hungarian women's associations (MNSz) from 1910, board member of the Catholic protection society for women from 1913, president for the Maria Dorotea association for women teachers from 1930, as well as for numerous other charitable associations. As president of the MNSz, she addressed the Hungarian parliament in favor of women's suffrage in 1912, and supported this reform in public in 1918. After World War I, she, as president of the MNSz, became the spokesperson of the non-socialist women's associations of Hungary in oppose to the leftist MANSz under Cécile Tormay. In 1929, she protested against the suggestion to abolish women's right to run for office, and in 1939, she did the same against the suggestion to ban married women from holding office as civil servants.

During World War I, she was an informal diplomat for the Kingdom of Hungary in Switzerland, and she served as a sub-delegate to the League of Nations in Geneva in 1928-34, and as a delegate for Hungary in 1935-37.

## Personal life

On 1 March 1897 in Vienna, she married Hungarian politician Count Albert Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi, second child and only son of Count György Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi and his wife, Countess Júliane Sztáray de Nagymihály et Sztára (1820-1871). Albert was a leading member of the powerful Hungarian Apponyi family. Together, they were the parents of three children, one son and two daughters:

- Count György II Alexander Mária Antal Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1898–1970), a politician, member of the Parliament, journalist, married in 1923 to Princess Margarete Odescalchi and had issue.

- Countess Mária Alexandrina Angela Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1899–1967), who married Prince Karl of Rohan in 1933 and had issue.

- Countess Julianna Maria Georgina Antonia Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1903–1994), who married Count Ferenc Pálffy of Erdöd in 1924 and had issue. They divorced in 1934 and she married Hungarian nobleman Elemér Klobusiczky de Klobusicz et Zetény in 1943, and had issue. They divorced in 1947.

## Death

Countess Clotilde Apponyi died on 1 September 1942, at the age of 74 in Budapest, Hungary. At first, she was buried in Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, but later, her grave and a grave of her husband were moved to Éberhárd (today Slovakia), part of the Komárom County, where Apponyi family owned a country estate with a castle.


William Kelsey Fry

# William Kelsey Fry

## Abstract

Sir William Kelsey Fry (18 March 1889 – 26 October 1963) was a British dental surgeon and an importantfigure in the development of oral and maxillofacial surgery during World War I.

He was born in 1889 in Greenwich, the son of Kate née Kelsey and Edmund Fry, a stone merchant. He was educated at Hurstpierpoint College and Guy's Hospital where he qualified as a doctor and a dental surgeon. During World War I he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) and was a regimental medical officer attached to the Royal Welch Fusiliers, landing in France with the 7th Division in October 1914. He was wounded during the Battle of Festubert in May 1915 while carrying out his work under heavy fire and was awarded the Military Cross. He was wounded again on 26 August 1916. Fry spent two years at the Front and tended the wounded at Neuve Chapelle, Aubers Ridge, Festubert and the Somme. Later he worked with Harold Gillies, initially at the Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot in 1916 where they pioneered the development of Oral and maxillofacial surgery. In 1917 they continued this work at the newly-established Queen Mary's Hospital in Sidcup, where Fry was appointed Chief Dental Surgeon. Fry's experience at this time led to his essay on "Treatment of injuries of the jaws" which was awarded the Cartwright Prize of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

https://www.nature.com/articles/bdjteam201910

https://www.bapras.org.uk/media-government/news-and-views/view/plastic-surgery-the-surgical-specialty-of-world-war-one

https://www.bmj.com/content/2/5366/1206

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/spotlight/rescuing-facial-injuries-from-no-mans-land

https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38637/page/2906/data.pdf


Dražen Podunavac

# Dražen Podunavac

## Abstract

Dražen Podunavac (Serbian Cyrillic: Дражен Подунавац; born 30 April 1969) is a former Serbian footballer.

He played with NK Osijek in the Yugoslav First League, FK Spartak Subotica, Red Star Belgrade, FK Rad and OFK Beograd in the First League of FR Yugoslavia, with Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar in Iceland with Pusan Daewoo Royals in the K-League. Greek side Likhi Thessaloni and with Chemnitzer FC in the German 2. Bundesliga. He arrived to Chemnitzer in November 1999. He played with OFK the first half of the 1999–2000 First League of FR Yugoslavia.

He played with Red Star Belgrade in the 1995–96 season.

After retiring, he was the sporting director of OFK Beograd.


Dušan Anđelković

# Dušan Anđelković

## Abstract

Dušan Anđelković (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Анђелковић; born 15 June 1982) is a Serbian retired footballer who played as a defender.

## Club career

Anđelković started out at Sloga Kraljevo, before moving to Mladost Lučani. He made his top flight debut with Radnički Beograd in the 2004–05 season. After spending six months at Voždovac, Anđelković was transferred on loan to Red Star Belgrade in January 2006. He eventually signed for the club on a permanent basis, staying there for two more seasons, before moving abroad.

In fall 2008, Anđelković briefly played for Turkish club Kocaelispor. He subsequently moved to Russia and signed for Rostov in January 2009. Two years later, Anđelković joined Russian Premier League newcomers Krasnodar. He left the club at the end of the 2013–14 season.

In the 2015 winter transfer window, Anđelković returned to his former club Red Star Belgrade. He was named in the league's team of the season for 2016–17. In April 2018, Anđelković announced his plans to retire at the end of the season.

## International career

Anđelković earned one cap for Serbia, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier win over Kazakhstan on 24 November 2007.

## Honours

### Club

- Serbian SuperLiga: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2015–16, 2017–18

- Serbian Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07

### Individual

- Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2016–17


Negative air ions

# Negative air ions

## Abstract

Negative air ions (NAI) are important air component, generally referring to the collections of negatively charged single gas molecules or ion clusters in the air. They play an essential role in maintaining the charge balance of the atmosphere. The main components of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Due to the strong electronegativity of oxygen and oxygen-containing molecules, they can easily capture free electrons to form negatively charged air ions, most of which are superoxide radicals ·O,so NAI is mainly composed of negative oxygen ions, also called air negative oxygen ions.

## Research history

In 1889, German scientists Elster and Geitel first discovered the existence of negative oxygen ions.

At the end of the 19th century, German physicist Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard first explained the effects of negative oxygen ions on the human body in academic research. In 1902, scholars such as Ashkinas and Caspari further confirmed the biological significance of negative oxygen ions. In 1932, the world's first medical negative oxygen ions generator was invented in the United States.

In the middle of the 20th century, Professor Albert P. Krueger of the University of California, Berkeley,conducted pioneering research and experiments on the biological effects of ions at the microscopic level. Professor Krueger demonstrated the impact of negative oxygen ions on humans, animals, and plants from the aspects of biological endocrine, internal circulation, and the generation reactions of various enzymes through a large number of animal and plants experiments.

From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, many experts, scholars, and professional medical institutions applied negative ions (negative oxygen ions) technology to clinical practice. Through various explorations, new ways of treating diseases were opened up.

In 2011, the official website of the China Air Negative Ion (Negative Oxygen Ion) and Ozone Research Society was launched. This website is the first negative ions industry website in China, and its purpose is to rapidly promote the orderly development of the air negative ion (negative oxygen ion) industry. In 2020, the Tsinghua University successfully developed a medical-grade high- concentration negative oxygen ion generator. It only needs to be sprayed on the room's walls to form a uniform and dense layer of nanoparticles on the wall, allowing the indoor wall to stably and long-term release high-concentration small-particle negative oxygen ions.

## Generation mechanism

Common gases that produce negative air ions include single-component gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, or multi-component gases obtained by mixing these single-component gases. Various negative air ions are formed by combining active neutral molecules and electrons in the gas through a series of ion - molecule reactions.

In the air, due to the presence of many water molecules, the negative air ions formed are easy to combine with water to form hydrated negative air ions, which are typical negative air ions, such as O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, O ·(H O)n, OH ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, HCO ·(H O)n, CO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n, NO ·(H O)n,etc. The ion clusters formed by the combination of small ions and water molecules have a longer survival period due to their large volume and the fact that the charge is protected by water molecules and is not easy to transfer. This is because in the molecular collision, the larger the molecular volume, the less energy is lost when encountering collisions with other molecules, thereby extending the survival time of negative air ions.

## Generation methods

Negative air ions can be produced by two methods: natural or artificial.The methods of producing negative air ions in nature include the waterfall effect, lightning ionization, plants tip discharge, etc. Natural methods can produce a large number of fresh negative air ions. The artificial means of producing negative air ions include corona discharge, water vapour，and other methods. Compared with the negative air ions produced in nature, although artificial methods can produce high levels of negative air ions, there are specific differences in the types and concentrations of negative air ions, which makes the negative air ions produced by artificial methods may not achieve the excellent environmental health effects of negative air ions produced in nature. Improving the artificial method to produce ecological-level negative ions is necessary.

### Natural environments

- Waterfall method: When people are in a water-rich environment such as a waterfall, fountain, or seaside, they usually feel relaxed and release stress, which is related to many negative air ions in the environment, as one of the most common methods for producing negative air ions in nature.

- Lightning strike method: The atmosphere itself is a huge electric field. Positive and negative charges will accumulate above and below the clouds. When the droplets in the clouds continue to accumulate and gradually approach the ground due to gravity, a giant capacitor will be formed between the clouds and the ground. When the electric field strength between the two exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, discharge will occur and break through the air. During the lightning discharge process, charged particles bombard the surrounding air molecules, ionizing the molecules to generate negative air ions. At the moment of the lightning strike, hundreds of millions of negative air ions will be generated. This is why people feel the air is fresh and clean after rain. It is not only because the rain increases the humidity of the air, but more importantly, the concentration of negative ions in the air has increased significantly.

- Plants tip discharge: The tip of the leaves of vegetation will discharge under the action of the photoelectric effect. Like the corona discharge, the needle tip will continue to ionize and release negative air ions. In addition, the reason why negative air ions can maintain a high concentration for a long time in forests and some areas covered by green vegetation is that the oxygen concentration released by vegetation during photosynthesis is much higher than that in cities, and a large amount of water vapor is released through respiration and leaf transpiration. Oxygen and water vapor can produce free electrons under ionization. Due to their strong electronegativity, water molecules and oxygen molecules can easily capture free electrons to form negative air ions.

### Artificial ionization

- Corona discharge method: Currently, the most common artificial method is to use corona discharge to produce negative ions. The specific process of using corona discharge to produce gaseous negative ions is to connect the high-voltage negative electrode to a thin needle-shaped wire or a conductor with a very small radius of curvature, so that a strong electric field is generated near the electrode, releasing high-speed electrons. The speed is enough to drive the electrons to collide with gas molecules, further ionize, and produce new free electrons and positive ions. The newly generated free electrons will repeat the previous process, continue to collide and ionize, and this process will be repeated many times, so that the tip electrode will continuously release negative air ions.

- The water vapour method: The water vapour method refers to the use of artificial technology and modern instruments to simulate the principle of waterfall generation, using high-speed airflow to collide with water droplets, dispersing larger water droplets into a large number of microdroplets. As the water droplet dispersion process, the Leonard effect occurs, generating negative ions.

## Determination method

Detection of negative air ions is divided into measurement and identification. NAI measurement can be achieved by measuring the change in atmospheric conductivity when NAI passes through a conductive tube. NAI identification is generally achieved using mass spectrometry, which can effectively identify a variety of negative ions, including O, O, O, CO, HCO, NO, etc.

## Application of negative air ions

### Health Promotion

The effects of NAI on human/animal health are mainly concentrated on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and mental health. The impacts of NAI on the cardiovascular system include improving red blood cell deformability and aerobic metabolism and lowering blood pressure. In terms of mental health, a experiments have shown that after exposure to NAI, performance on all the experimenters test tasks (mirror drawing, rotation tracking, visual reaction time and hearing) was significantly improved, and symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) were alleviated. The effects of NAI in relieving mood disorder symptoms are similar to those of antidepressant non-drug treatment trials, and NAI have also shown effective treatment for chronic depression.

### Environmental Improvement

Negative air ions can be effectively used to remove dust and settle harmful pollutants such as PM. In particular, they can significantly degrade indoor pollutants, improve people's indoor living environment, and purify air quality. Some experts and scholars have used a corona -negative ions generator to conduct experiments on particles sedimentation through three steps: charging, migration, and sedimentation. They found that charged PM will settle faster or sink faster under the action of gravity so that PM will settle/precipitate faster than uncharged PM. In addition, experimental studies have shown that negative air ions have a specific degradation effect on chloroform, toluene, and 1,5-Hexadiene and produce carbon dioxide and water as final products through the reaction.


Clotilde Apponyi

# Clotilde Apponyi

## Abstract

Clotilde "Klotild" Apponyi (née Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein; 23 December 1867 – 1 September 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian noblewoman, women's rights activist, politician and a diplomat.

## Early life and ancestry

Countess Klothilde Wilhelmine Josepha Gabriele Maria Innocenta was born as a third daughter and youngest child of the Austrian politician Prince Alexander von Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg and his wife, Countess Alexandrine Aline von Dietrichstein-Proskau-Leslie (1824-1906), second daughter and one of the heiresses of Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein. By birth, she was member of the Lotharingian House of Mensdorff-Pouilly and through Saxe-Coburg-Gotha blood was related to the British Royal Family, German Imperial family, Russian Imperial family, as well as to almost all other European Royal families.

## Career

Apponyi was president of the Klotild association for the selling of women's work from 1908, president for the alliance of Hungarian women's associations (MNSz) from 1910, board member of the Catholic protection society for women from 1913, president for the Maria Dorotea association for women teachers from 1930, as well as for numerous other charitable associations. As president of the MNSz, she addressed the Hungarian parliament in favor of women's suffrage in 1912, and supported this reform in public in 1918. After World War I, she, as president of the MNSz, became the spokesperson of the non-socialist women's associations of Hungary in oppose to the leftist MANSz under Cécile Tormay. In 1929, she protested against the suggestion to abolish women's right to run for office, and in 1939, she did the same against the suggestion to ban married women from holding office as civil servants.

During World War I, she was an informal diplomat for the Kingdom of Hungary in Switzerland, and she served as a sub-delegate to the League of Nations in Geneva in 1928-34, and as a delegate for Hungary in 1935-37.

## Personal life

On 1 March 1897 in Vienna, she married Hungarian politician Count Albert Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi, second child and only son of Count György Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi and his wife, Countess Júliane Sztáray de Nagymihály et Sztára (1820-1871). Albert was a leading member of the powerful Hungarian Apponyi family. Together, they were the parents of three children, one son and two daughters:

- Count György II Alexander Mária Antal Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1898–1970), a politician, member of the Parliament, journalist, married in 1923 to Princess Margarete Odescalchi and had issue.

- Countess Mária Alexandrina Angela Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1899–1967), who married Prince Karl of Rohan in 1933 and had issue.

- Countess Julianna Maria Georgina Antonia Apponyi de Nagy-Aponyi (1903–1994), who married Count Ferenc Pálffy of Erdöd in 1924 and had issue. They divorced in 1934 and she married Hungarian nobleman Elemér Klobusiczky de Klobusicz et Zetény in 1943, and had issue. They divorced in 1947.

## Death

Countess Clotilde Apponyi died on 1 September 1942, at the age of 74 in Budapest, Hungary. At first, she was buried in Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, but later, her grave and a grave of her husband were moved to Éberhárd (today Slovakia), part of the Komárom County, where Apponyi family owned a country estate with a castle.


Dixie Walker

# Dixie Walker

## Abstract

Fred E. " Dixie " Walker (September 24, 1910 – May 17, 1982) was an American professional baseball player, coach, scout and minor league manager. He played as a right fielder in Major League Baseball from 1931 to 1949. Although Walker was a five-time All-Star selection, and won a National League batting championship (1944) as well as an RBI championship (1945) as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers, his accomplishments as a player were overshadowed by his attempt to keep Jackie Robinson from joining the Dodgers in 1947. He also played for the New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers and Pittsburgh Pirates.

In 11 years in the National League, Walker posted a.310 batting average (in nine seasons in the American League, an average of.295), with 105 total home runs and 1,023 RBIs in 1,905 games. Walker's popularity with the Ebbets Field fans in the 1940s brought him the nickname " the People's Cherce " (so-called, and spelled, because "Choice" in the " Brooklynese " of the mid-20th century frequently was pronounced that way).

## Early life

Born on September 24, 1910, in Villa Rica, Georgia, Walker was the scion of a baseball family. His father, Ewart (the original "Dixie Walker"), was a pitcher for the Washington Senators (1909–12); an uncle, Ernie Walker, was an outfielder for the St. Louis Browns (1913–15); and his younger brother, Harry "the Hat" Walker, also an outfielder, played for four National League teams between 1940 and 1955 and managed the St. Louis Cardinals (1955), Pittsburgh Pirates (1965–67) and Houston Astros (1968–72). All four Walkers batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

## Playing career

Walker originally entered the major leagues with the New York Yankees, and was considered the heir to Babe Ruth as the team's left fielder after playing with the Yankees in 1931, and again from 1933 to 1936.

After stints with the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers, Walker blossomed into a star with the Brooklyn Dodgers, with whom he played from 1939 to 1947. He was a five time All Star, being selected in every year from 1943 to 1947. Additionally, he was the National League's batting champion in 1944, with his average of.357 besting runner up Stan Musial 's.347. Additionally, Walker was the 1945 National League runs batted in champion, with his total of 124 topping Boston Braves outfielder Tommy Holmes, with 117. After the 1946 season, Walker became the first National League "player representative" recognized by major league owners. The post was created to stave off the formation of a players' union in the wake of the short-lived American Baseball Guild movement earlier that year. Johnny Murphy, the Yankees' stalwart relief pitcher, became the American League's first player representative.

After the 1947 season, Walker was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates, for whom he played two seasons before retiring in 1949.

## Career statistics

In 1905 games covering 18 seasons, Walker compiled a.306 batting average (2,064 -for- 6,740) with 1,038 runs, 376 doubles, 96 triples, 105 home runs, 1,023 RBI, 817 base on balls, a.383 on-base percentage and a.437 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a.972 fielding percentage. In the 1941 and 1947 World Series, playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, he hit.222 (10-for-45) with one home run and four RBI.

## Managing and coaching career

The Pirates released Walker after the 1949 season, and he began a managing and coaching career as manager of the minor league Atlanta Crackers. In his first year as manager, they won the Southern Association pennant. He then led them to finishes of sixth and second.

Walker coached with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1953, but left partway through the season to manage the Cardinals' Houston team in the Texas League. He managed Houston through 1954, after which he managed in the International League, first with the Rochester Red Wings (1955–1956), where he won back-to-back Governors' Cup championships, and then with the Toronto Maple Leafs (1957–1959).

The Milwaukee Braves made Walker a scout in 1960, and he worked in this position until 1963, when he joined the team's coaching staff for three years. When the Braves relocated to Atlanta in 1966, Walker was their chief scout for the Southeastern United States.

In 1968, Walker rejoined the Dodgers as hitting coach, and he held this position until 1974. From 1974 to 1976 he was a coach for the Dodgers' minor league system.

## Baseball integration

Walker vocally opposed the participation of black baseball players regardless of their skill but did not act on this opposition, even losing to a team of black players (Cuban All Stars) in the 1941 MLB Series with no complaints. He suggested he would not play for the Dodgers if a black baseball player were permitted on the team. He reportedly initiated a player petition within the Dodgers in 1947, opposing Jackie Robinson joining the team, and he wrote a letter to Dodgers owner Branch Rickey asking to be traded.

From the MLB Network special Jackie Robinson: ”A very popular player, a charming fellow, prepared a petition saying, ‘If you promote a black man, we will not play.’ Branch Rickey contacted Durocher and said, ‘Stomp this fire out right now because we can’t let it spread.’" Durocher called a meeting of the players and said, "I don't care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra...I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. What's more, I say he can make us all rich." Dixie Walker left a note for Branch Rickey, asking to be traded. Leeds, Alabama, is where Dixie Walker had his hardware store. He had to go home and answer to his customers, to his friends, ‘Do you mean you shower with this guy? Do you eat with this guy? We don’t do that.’ Branch Rickey explored trading Walker, but he couldn't afford to lose his star outfielder, and he continued to rely on Leo Durocher to keep the team in line.”

In a 1981 interview, Walker said that his trade request was not due to Robinson, but because Walker had become a scapegoat for opposition within the team. In his 2002 book, The Era, 1947–1957, author Roger Kahn wrote that Walker admitted to starting the Dodgers' player petition in 1947, in which the signatories opposed the integration of baseball. In an interview with Kahn, Walker stated, "I organized that petition in 1947, not because I had anything against Robinson personally or against Negroes generally. I had a wholesale business in Birmingham and people told me I’d lose my business if I played ball with a black man." According to Kahn, Walker referred to the petition as "the stupidest thing he’d ever done" and asked Kahn that, if he had the opportunity, he would write that Walker was sorry and apologized for his actions.

In his 2014 book, Rickey & Robinson: The True, Untold Story of the Integration of Baseball, Kahn also wrote that, in May 1947, Walker — the NL's player representative — proposed the idea of a league-wide players' strike in an attempt to end Robinson's MLB career. Although the St. Louis Cardinals reportedly were in favor of the idea, the quick intervention of their owner, Sam Breadon, and National League president Ford Frick, immediately reported by Stanley Woodward in the New York Herald Tribune, destroyed the strike movement.

## Personal life

In 1936 Walker married Estelle Shea. They were the parents of daughters Mary Ann and Susan, and sons Stephen, Fred Jr., and Sean.

Walker died of colon cancer in Birmingham on May 17, 1982, and was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Birmingham.


Mikhail Bobyshov

# Mikhail Bobyshov

## Abstract

Mikhail Pavlovich Bobyshov (Russian: Михаи́л Па́влович Бобышов) (7 November 1885 – 7 July 1964) was a Soviet Russian painter and stage decorator, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, Honored Art worker of the Russian Federation, professor of the Repin Institute of Arts.

## Biography

Bobyshov was born in Pogoreloye, in the Tver Governorate of the Russian Empire. In 1907, he graduated from the Central School of Technical Drawing of Daron Stieglitz, pupil of Vasily Savinsky, Matvey Chizhov. After graduation, received the title of artist and grant for overseas travel. Visited France, England, Italy, Spain. Take place in Art Exhibitions since 1912. From 1926 to 1964, he taught in the Repin Institute of Arts. As a theater artist, he began working in St. Petersburg since 1911. At the same time, he drew for magazines. He designed theatrical performances for the Maliy Opera Theatre, Leningrad Comedy Theatre, the State Academic Theater Opera and Ballet, the Moscow Opera Theater of Stanislavsky and the Maliy Theater, as well as theaters in Kiev, Sofia. He was the author of many paintings and drawings. His works reside in the State Russian Museum, Tretyakov Gallery, in many museums and private collections in Russia, France, Ukraine, Germany, and other countries. He died in Leningrad.

## Pupils

- Irina Baldina

- Yaroslav Krestovsky

- Igor Veselkin

- Nikolai Brandt

- Joseph Serebriany

## Sources

- Голлербах Э., Янковский М. Михаил Павлович Бобышов. Живопись и театр. - Л., 1928.

- Богданов А. Полвека — искусству // Вечерний Ленинград. 1957, 21 ноября.

- Бетхер-Остренко И. Художественная летопись истории. // Вечерний Ленинград, 1964, 28 января.

- Бобышов Михаил Павлович. Выставка произведений. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1964.

- Кручина В. Неувядающая молодость творчества // Вечерний Ленинград, 1964, 16 апреля.

- Художники народов СССР. Биобиблиографический словарь. Т.1. М., Искусство, 1970. С.418-419.

- Государственный Русский музей. Живопись. Первая половина ХХ века. Каталог. А—В. Т.8. СПб., Palace Edition, 1997. С.71-72.

- Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.14, 19, 357, 358, 362, 369, 373, 378–382, 385, 386, 389, 393, 394, 403, 441, 442. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.


# Trump International Golf Club (West Palm Beach)

## Abstract

Trump International Golf Club, West Palm Beach is a private 27-hole golf course in West Palm Beach, Florida. It was designed by Jim Fazio, who was given a budget of over US$40 million, and was opened in 1999. This venue was Donald Trump 's first golf course property.

The Championship course measures 7,326 yards, and has a par 72 layout that has hosted championships for the LPGA. In addition, the golf course has a nine-hole course. The clubhouse can host weddings and other social or business events. A three-tiered driving range is available.

The regular initiation fee for membership was reported to be US$150,000 in 2011, and the annual fee US$25,000. The senior director of instruction for Trump Golf Properties, Gary Wiren, is based out of this resort.

## Shooting

On September 15, 2024, a shooting was reported at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach. The shooting occurred before 2 p.m. EDT, while Donald Trump was golfing at the club. The club's golf course was locked down shortly after, and no injuries were reported. A person of interest was detained while he was driving a vehicle, according to the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office. He was driving from Palm Beach County to Martin County northbound on Interstate 95. Federal investigators shut down the highway at Mile Marker 110.

The United States Secret Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office are investigating the shooting. The shooter's intent is unknown right now, but the FBI is investigating the incident as an attempted assassination. Officials believe the suspect intended to shoot Trump. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris were briefed on the incident. The White House said in a statement: "The president and vice president have been briefed about the security incident at the Trump International Golf Course, where former President Trump was golfing. They are relieved to know that he is safe."


The British School in Tokyo

# The British School in Tokyo

## Abstract

The British School in Tokyo (BST; ブリティシュ・スクール・イン東京 Buritishu Sukūru in Tōkyō) is an international school in central Tokyo with over 1,100 students from over 65 nationalities. BST takes students aged 3–18 that have been rated in all eight areas examined by the Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI). A third of BST students are neither British nor Japanese and there are no entry requirements other than fluency in English. The curriculum follows the National Curriculum.

The school is based on two sites with students aged 3–8 based at the Shibuya campus and students aged 8–18 based at the Showa campus at Showa Women's University.

## History

Established as a trust in 1988 to meet the needs of parents who wished their children to receive a British style education in Tokyo, BST was officially opened by Margaret Thatcher in September 1989 with 63 students and rapidly expanded. By 1993 there were 200 students in the entire school.

The existing site could no longer accommodate the growing demand for places and a modern building with improved facilities (the current BST Shibuya site) was opened in Shibuya on 14 May 1998 for over 300 children aged three to eleven. In 2000 the School opened a second site at the municipal Shibuya Elementary School (SES) to accommodate a small number of older students up to age thirteen; the Upper School. In 2003 SES was demolished and the Upper School had to be moved to another municipal facility on the far side of Shibuya Station, the Owada Junior High School.

To address the issue of inadequate facilities, part of the school was moved in August 2006 to newly renovated accommodation on the campus of the Showa Women's University, located a 10 minute bus ride away to the west of Shibuya station. The original site, BST Shibuya, now accommodates 350 Nursery to Year 3 pupils in refurbished facilities. The Showa campus underwent construction during the summer of 2017 to accommodate the rising number of students joining the school, adding new classrooms, libraries, study areas and more. BST Showa offers educational provision from Year 4 to 13 for over 620 students with extra-curriculars, such as sports fixtures and music clubs. Key Stages 4 and 5 include IGCSE, A-Levels, AQA BAC and the International Duke of Edinburgh Award.

## Locations

BST has two campuses: Nursery through Year 3 attend the Shibuya Campus in the Shibuya area of Shibuya Ward, and students in Year 4 through Year 13 attend the Showa Campus in Building 5 of Showa Women's University in Setagaya Ward.

The Showa campus opened on 28 August 2006.

## Showa campus facilities

Not owning its own land on Showa campus, BST has had to rent out gyms, fields and halls from Showa Women's University and Temple University, both of which are located on the same campus and are in close proximity of one another. The main indoor sports facilities of BST showa are the Old gym (owned by Showa), the West gym (owned by Temple university), and the New gym (owned by Showa). The main outdoor sports facilities of BST showa are the Astro (big field outside school building), Leo ground (field mainly used by BST), and South Ground (mainly used by BST). Hall/Performance facilities of BST showa are Hitomi hall (seats 1000+), Green hall (slightly smaller, seats 500+), and other halls either on Showa territory or Temple university territory. As of 2021, BST showa used the pool which is located in the basement of a Temple university building, and is also under the west gym (mentioned above). However, before 2019, the specified pool was under construction, meaning the school had to create a contract with the pool of a nearby gym (approximately 500m away), where students would travel to have their swimming lessons and swim team practices.

## Curriculum

Throughout the whole school, BST offers a large range of subjects, including English (Language and Literature), Numeracy, Sciences, ICT, Wellbeing, History, Geography, Art, Drama, Photography, Economics, Business Studies, Music and Physical Education, all of which are offered at IGCSE and A Level. In addition, two Modern Foreign Languages are offered – Japanese from Nursery and French from Year 3. Spanish is also offered for IGCSE and A Level.

## Accreditation

BST is accredited by the Council of British International Schools (COBIS) and has been inspected by ISI. It is also a member of Kanto Plains Schools Association and the Japan Council of International Schools (JCIS).

## Sports

BST offers a range of competitive and recreational sport, with morning or after-school clubs available throughout the school year. Some of these sports include, but are not limited to:

- Volleyball

- Netball

- Futsal

- Football

- Hockey

- Swimming

- Athletics

- Cricket

- Basketball

- Badminton

- Fitness

- Yoga

## Extra-curricular activities

The following are secondary clubs, as of December 2021:

- Strategy games club

- Philosophy discussion club

- Diversity and inclusion club

- Science ambassador club

- Geography club

- DJ and Music production club

- Debating club

- Chess and Shogi club

- Rock 'n' Roll/Live club

- Science fiction club

- Tai Chi club

- STEP maths club

- NHK learning Japanese

- Nrich maths for Y7 and Y8

- Model United Nations club

- Art sustainable fashion workshop