Split (1)

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You can perform mass actions like Update, Delete or Move on your solution articles. To perform a mass action, do the following: - In the Help Center home page, select multiple articles using the checkbox. - Click Update. - In the Mass update window, select the Field to Update and provide a New value. - Click Save. - Click Delete. - Click OK in the confirmation window. - Click Move to. - Specify the section you intend to move the article to. - Click Move.	1	FineWeb
As women age, their metabolism slows down, which means fat tends to accumulate unless they are extremely active and eat a very low-calorie diet. After menopause, fat tends to accumulate around the middle, as opposed to the legs or arms. However, you can take preventive steps with diet and exercise to minimize or avoid middle-age spread. Two Types of Fat When you think of belly fat, you probably think of a roll of fat you can squeeze with your hand. That is called subcutaneous fat, as it lies just below the skin. Of greater health concern is visceral fat, which accumulates around the organs in your midsection. Visceral fat is strongly associated with cardiovascular and diabetes risk. Genetics and hormones may play the biggest roles in whether you tend to accumulate much visceral fat, as diet and exercise can only have a minor impact on visceral fat, though they can strongly affect how much subcutaneous fat gathers around your middle. Video of the Day Women can lose belly fat by make several key changes to their diet, such as smaller portions and reduced daily calorie intake. Think about how much you ordinarily eat at dinner, for example, and start to take a little less, particularly of foods such as pasta, bread and desserts. Weight loss is all about fewer calories consumed than those burned, so start counting calories and see where you can cut back. Other dietary tips to help women lose belly fat include reducing consumption of saturated fats and replacing them with unsaturated fats. Also, replace simple carbohydrates, such as white flour pasta and soda, with complex carbohydrates such as fruits and vegetables. Daily fat-burning exercise, such as brisk walking or jogging, will help you lose weight all over. But if you tend to gather fat in your midsection, that may be an area where you start to see early reductions once you start exercising. You can also perform some belly-targeted exercises that may not immediately burn fat around the middle, but will tone your abdominal muscles to help flatten your belly. One exercise worth trying is known as "abdominal hollowing." To start, get on all fours and let your belly hang down as you take a deep breath. After you exhale, draw you belly up as though you were trying to push your bellybutton toward your spine and hold for 10 seconds. Release and repeat 10 times. You should feel a tightening around the waist as you hold in your belly. To lose weight and keep it off, you may need to surround yourself with supportive people. Enlisting your family in a healthier approach to eating is a great idea and will pay dividends for everyone. A spouse or partner on board with smaller portions, healthier foods and more exercise can help keep you on track. Local support groups, particularly women-only groups, may also help keep you focused on your goal. Your physician or your local hospital may have information about support groups. See if your doctor will prescribe the services of a registered dietitian who can help you revamp your diet in a way that still allows you to enjoy tasty, but healthier foods.	0.8542	FineWeb
Not Exactly Rocket Science covers a fascinating study on how touching different objects influences how we perceive the world – based on abstract associations between things like weight and seriousness. Weight is linked to importance, so that people carrying heavy objects deem interview candidates as more serious and social problems as more pressing. Texture is linked to difficulty and harshness. Touching rough sandpaper makes social interactions seem more adversarial, while smooth wood makes them seem friendlier. Finally, hardness is associated with rigidity and stability. When sitting on a hard chair, negotiators take tougher stances but if they sit on a soft one instead, they become more flexible. The study, led by psychologist Joshua Ackerman, involved a series of innovative experiments that asked people to complete tasks and looked at the effect of simply changing texture or sensation on how the participants’ behaved or perceived the situation. For example: Ackerman also looked at the influence of an object‚Äôs hardness. He asked 49 volunteers to touch either a hard block of word or a soft blanket, under the pretence of examining objects to be used in a magic act. Afterwards, when they read an interaction between a boss and an employee, those who felt the wood thought the employee was stricter and more rigid than those who touched the blanket (but no less positive) This has obvious practical implications and I suspect attractive shop assistants will find themselves puzzled by sudden influx of the oddly alluring strangers who keep asking for a couple of peaches before asking them out. Link to write-up from Not Exactly Rocket Science.	0.6295	FineWeb
Competency-based learning is an approach to education that focuses on the student’s demonstration of desired learning outcomes as central to the learning process. Competency-based learning is an effective model, potentially reducing inefficiency (including time spent learning) and increasing pedagogical precision and student achievement. Critical thinking is one of the most valuable skills that every student must learn mastering. It is not just limited to problem-solving skills in class but also in real-life situations. A variety of skills are taught while learning about critical thinking, this involves any kind of circumstances that requires planning, analysis, and reflection.	0.9937	FineWeb
Most people are crap with axes, including myself until I undertook a diligent study of the art. It takes time and patience to learn. You need a sharp axe. Most of all you need to know that less often equals more when it comes to the use of an axe. First splitting. This is the only use of an axe that is widely practised these days. A saw is sensibly used to reduce a tree trunk into logs and then an axe is used to split that into usable chunks. A fat bodied spitting axe works best but almost any axe will do even a blunt one. But you need a sharp axe to chop trees down or to chop logs into two like a real lumberjack. Sharpen your axe with a metal file until all the dings are gone and the blade can shave wood like a knife. Remember, most of the work is done by the axe not your shoulders. Indigenous people leave a lot of wood chopping to women and if you watch them at work you can learn a lot. Almost lazily they raise their machete or axe and then let it fall using its own weight only slightly accelerated. You can chop for hours like this. With a long felling axe only lift it high enough to still feel in control (this will get higher as you get better) and just let it fall- when it moves past you add your own force to the downward momentum but don’t strain yourself. Chop at a manageable rhythm. To aim for a spot just look at it and the axe will follow a bit like teeing off in golf. Here is the big axe secret: when people chop logs in two they start by cutting a small ‘V’ and then they realise to make it deeper they have to expand it wider and wider, so a lot of their chopping effort goes into widening the hole not deepening it- which is wasted effort. To cut a log a foot in diameter you need to make a cut a foot wide to start with by making one axe chop on one side and another at a slight angle a foot away. Then lever the axe sideways and split out the intervening wood – or sometimes it just flies out as a big chunk. By magic, instead of shaving away constantly at both sides, you just took out a whole hunk of word. Just keep repeating this double action as you go down through the log and each chop will naturally get closer and closer to the other. Getting into a steady rhythm and you will beat any muscled Tyro who thinks it’s all about chopping like a mad axe murderer. To take down a tree with an axe use the same principles but sideways on. First however chop out a section in the back of the tree lower down than you intend to cut at the front. This lower cut will be the direction the tree should fall in assuming it’s not leaning. It only needs to be about quarter of the way through the tree. Then go around to the front and if the tree is 2 feet wide start chopping out sections about 18 inches apart. Split out each chunk as before. When the tree starts to move you can give it a push in the right direction. Remember to shout timber!!!	0.6163	FineWeb
- U.S. Department of Labor - Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management - (formerly Directorate of Science, Technology and Medicine) - Office of Science and Technology Assessment OSHA Hazard Information Bulletins Potential Fire with Fluorescent Light Bulbs within Plastic Tubes July 15, 1997 - FRANK STRASHEIM - Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary - STEVEN F. WITT - Directorate of Technical Support - Hazard Information Bulletin1 - Potential Fire with Fluorescent Light Bulbs within Plastic Tubes The Consumer Product Safety Commission informed us that the fire department of Plymouth, Massachusetts noted that fluorescent light bulbs with protective plastic sleeves used in some bagel or donut display cases may cause a fire. The protective plastic sleeve covering is designed to protect food from broken glass in the event a bulb breaks. The potential for this lighting system to overheat and cause a fire was discovered during an investigation of a fire in Plymouth, Massachusetts. During this investigation, the Plymouth Fire Department discovered that the two pins at one end of the bulb were not properly seated in the socket. Therefore, the fire investigator noted that the fire hazard appears to be due to the improper installation of the fluorescent light bulb in its socket. That is, if the pins at the ends of the fluorescent bulbs are not properly seated in the socket, the exposed pins can heat up and melt the black end caps and then the plastic sleeve covering (protective covering) surrounding the fluorescent bulb, and thereby create a fire hazard, as it occurred in Plymouth. According to the Plymouth Fire Department, the plastic tube was manufactured by Tri Lite Plastic, Falsington, Pa. The display cases were made by Monarch Industries, Inc., Providence, RI and provided by Paramount Restaurant Supply Corporation. As a result of the incident, Paramount and Monarch manufacturers voluntarily replaced the fluorescent light bulbs that were equipped with protective sleeve coverings and end caps with a shatterproof bulb that is easier to install, in order to eliminate this potential fire hazard. This corrective action should eliminate the hazard. Some small shop owners, however, have not yet corrected the problem, and workers in those shops could be exposed to a fire hazard. Please distribute this bulletin to all area offices, State Plan States, Consultation Projects and appropriate local, labor and industry associations. Copies of this HIB may be used for outreach Purposes. 1 The Directorate of Technical Support issues Hazard Information Bulletins (HIBs) in accordance with OSHA Instruction CPL 2.65 to provide relevant information regarding unrecognized or misunderstood health hazards, inadequacies of materials, devices, techniques, and safety engineering controls. HIBs are initiated based on information provided by the field staff, studies, reports and concerns expressed by safety and health professionals, employers, and the public. Information is complied based on a thorough evaluation of available facts, literature and in coordination with appropriate parties.	0.5008	FineWeb
A prescription drug already approved to treat genital warts and skin cancer may have a new use in boosting the effectiveness of future vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases, such as hepatitis C and HIV (the AIDS virus). These findings appear in ACS' Molecular Pharmaceutics, a bi-monthly journal. John Pesce and colleagues at the Naval Medical Research Center and UC-Berkeley note that vaccines prepared from weakened or inactivated viruses or bacteria have had enormous success in preventing polio, influenza, and other diseases. However, vaccines containing living or weakened viruses cannot be used for HIV, hepatitis C, and other devastating diseases due to safety concerns. Scientists are instead trying to develop a new generation of vaccines, made with DNA or proteins from infectious agents that can prevent illness without carrying a risk of causing the diseases. These vaccines will be weaker than conventional vaccines and require a new generation of "adjuvants," ingredients that boost a vaccine's immunogenicity. The report identifies a promising candidate in the form of imiquimod, an immune-boosting drug already in general use. The scientists coated imiquimod with dextran-based microparticles in hopes of increasing the efficiency of cellular uptake by cells associated with immune response initiation. Sure enough, the coated drug significantly boosted levels of inflammatory cytokines in laboratory cultures of immune cells from mice. The findings have "broad significance" and open the door to more extensive testing of the approach, they indicate. Cite This Page:	0.7515	FineWeb
Stuart Erskine checks in from the UMPLE team. Umple is a powerful tool for Model-Oriented Programming. It allows the programmer to work on a more abstract level by generating code automatically for attributes, associations and state machines. This eliminates the writing of a lot of _boiler plate code_ when developing and speed up the development process. We are so confident in Umple’s code generating capabilities that we even write Umple using Umple 🙂 The Umple team consists of 6 members this term. They have made a few decesions on how best to improve the process. Thomas Morrison has accepted the challenge of allowing special ordering of association elements. Currently association elements are added in the order they are created and it would be useful to have other ordering methods. (Issue 184) Stuart Erskine is now working on allowing associations to interfaces. At minimum we should be able to have a one directional association, but ideally classes that implement interfaces should generate the required methods and thus allow for bi-directional associations. Andrew Paugh has accepted issue 231 and is working on generating more meaningful comments. Because umple has the ability to mix in parts of a class from many different umple files, finding the source from generated code would be difficult. This commentary would allow future users to debug code much easier so they could find the origonal umple file from generated code much easier. Russell Staughton has expressed intrest on two possible issues. One is working more on the Papyrus generation. Another is dealing with compositions and aggregation. When you delete an object you sometimes want to delete all the objects an item contains. Sacha Bagasan is currently working on issue 318, the detection of proper state machine syntax. Currently when umple does not understand code found in an umplefile it outputs it as other code assuming it is means to be compiled in the target language. This may lead to confusion when it was meant to be umple code and a warning message was not presented to the user. Christopher Hogan has accepted the task of adding constraints on the before and after capability. The idea is we want to be able to limit what possible values a class attribute may have, or likewise, what kinds of associations the class is allowed to have.	0.5576	FineWeb
Intuition and Proof For The Derivative of ln(x) and Solved Examples One of the questions that I sometimes made to myself when first studying calculus was: why the natural logarithm is "natural"? One of the reason it is called natural is the simplicity of the formula for the derivative of ln(x). The formula for the derivative of ln(x) is not at all obvious. We know, because of the power rule, that the derivative of a polynomial is a polynomial. We also know we can obtain negative powers of x as derivatives of other negative powers of x. To see what I mean, look at the following equations. In these equations, I just applied the power rule. We can see from these equations that we can obtain any positive power of x as a derivative of a simple polynomial function. We can also obtain almost any negative power of x in this way. Now, what is the function whose derivaitve is x-1 We will show that this function is ln(x). That is, we'll prove that the derivative of ln(x) is x-1 Graphical Deduction of the Formula For the Derivative of ln(x) We'll use a graphical method for the deduction of the derivatie of ln(x). For that, we'll use the geometric definition of derivative: the slope of the tangent line. We'll begin with the graph of ex . To construct this graph, we first note that e0 =1. So, the point (0,1) is on the graph. Also, as x approaches +∞, ex also approaches +∞. And when x approaches -∞, ex approaches zero, because in this case it equals 1 divided by a very big number. Then, the graph of ex looks like this: Now, let's try to guess how the graph of ln(y) will look like. We know that ln(1)=0. So, the point (1,0) is on the graph. In this case let's use the letter y for the horizontal axis, and the letter x for the vertical axis. We have that When y approaches +∞, we have, by the equation above, that ex approaches infinity. But by looking at the graph of ex above, we see that this only happens when x approaches +∞. So, we deduce that ln(y) approaches +∞ when y approaches +∞. Now, when y approaches zero, we have that ex approaches 0. From the graph of ex we can see this happens only when x approaches -∞. So, we deduce that ln(y) approaches -∞ when y approaches zero. So, the graph of ln(y) looks like this: Now let's observe something interesting. The graph of ln(y) is the same as the graph of ex , but somehow reflected. This is because ln(y) is the inverse of the exponential function. With respect to what line is the graph reflected? If you look closely at the graphs, you might be able to realize that they are reflected with respect to the diagonal line on the x-y plane. That is, the line y=x. This means that to obtain the graph of ln(y), we just need to draw the graph of ex , draw the diagonal line on the x-y plane, and imagine that this line is a mirror. The reflection of the graph of ex will be the graph of ln(y). Now, let's return to what were trying to do. We want to calculate the derivative of ln(y). To do that, we need the slopes of the tangent lines. Now, as the graph of ln(y) is the reflection of the exponential function, its tangent lines will also be reflections. This means that the tangent line to ln(y) at any point is the reflection of the corresponding tangent line to ex . It is possible to prove, using simple geometric arguments, that the slope of a reflected line is the reciprocal of the original slope. That is, if the slope of a line is k, its reflection will have slope 1/k . This is all we need. Because we already know the slope of the tangents to ex . The slope of a tangent to ex is ex. So, the corresponding tangent to ln(y) will have slope 1/ex . But as we defined things, we have that y = ex . Then, the tangent to ln(y) has slope 1/y. In other words, the derivative of ln(y) is 1/y: Or if we return to the use of the more common letter x, we have that That was the quick and easy graphical deduction of the derivative of ln(x). Now we are ready to apply it to calculate more derivatives. Let's consider the function Here we'll need to apply the chain rule. What is the derivative of the outside function? It is one over the argument: And the derivative of cos(x) is -sin(x): Let's calculate the derivative of Here a and b are constants. We'll apply the chain rule: And the derivative of the inside function is a: Let's calculate the derivative of We can actually solve this problem using the chain rule. However, if we go that route, this will become a long and hairy calculation. Instead, we'll use an old trigonometric trick that will make our life easier. Inside the square root, let's multiply both the numerator and denominator by 1+sin(x): The expression in the denominator is interesting. It actually equals cos2 That simplified the expression. Now we can simplify it a little more, applying a property of logarithms Now we are finally ready to calculate the derivative. We apply the chain rule We can leave at that and accept that expression as the answer. In this case, though, we can simplify it So the derivative equals That's all for now. At this point you already know most rules for the calculation of derivatives. There is a nice trick, called implicit differentiation, that allows you to calculate the derivative of functions whose expression you don't know. And that's the next step from here: Implicit Differentiation. Have a Doubt About This Topic? Have an "Impossible Problem"? If you have just a general doubt about a concept, I'll try to help you. If you have a problem, or set of problems you can't solve, please send me your attempt of a solution along with your question. These will appear on a new page on the site, along with my answer, so everyone can benefit from it. Return to Home Page	0.9893	FineWeb
Incredible as it may seem, water is quite possibly the single most important catalyst in losing weight and keeping it off. Although most of us take it for granted, water may be the only true “magic potion” for permanent weight loss! Water suppresses the appetite naturally and helps the body metabolize stored fat. Studies have shown that a decrease in water intake will cause fat deposits to increase, while an increase in water intake can actually reduce fat deposits. Here’s why: The kidneys can’t function properly without enough water. When the kidneys don’t work to capacity, some of their load is dumped onto the liver. One of the liver’s primary functions is to metabolize stored fat into usable energy for the body. If the liver has to do some of the kidney’s work, it can’t operate at full throttle. As a result, it metabolizes less fat, more fat remains stored in the body, and weight loss stops. Drinking enough water is the best treatment for fluid retention. When the body gets less water, it perceives this as a threat to survival and begins to hold on to every drop. Water is stored in extra cellular spaces (outside the cells). This shows up as swollen feet, legs and hands. Diuretics offer a temporary solution at best. They force out stored water along with some essential nutrients. Again, the body perceives a threat and will replace the lost water at the first opportunity. Thus, the condition quickly returns. The best way to overcome the problem of water retention is to give the body what it needs…PLENTY OF WATER.	0.782	FineWeb
The Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA) has no standard specific to funeral homes. There are several regulations, however, within OSHA's Industry Standards Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 29 Part 1910 that apply to funeral homes. This document reviews the standards funeral home operators must follow to maintain a safe work environment. As of 2013, there are 19,486 funeral homes in the United States. As with any workplace, funeral homes present a variety of occupational hazards. Funeral-affiliated employers must address these hazards to ensure their employees have a safe work environment. The OSHA act states that each employer shall furnish to each of his employees a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing, or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. It also requires that employers comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under OSHA. Who's Covered By OSHA? Any employer with one or more employees is covered, and can be cited under the OSHA Act of 1970. In addition, employers with 11 or more employees are required to comply with OSHAs Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illness (29 CFR 1904) requirements. Under 29 CFR 1904, employers are required to maintain occupational injury and illness records. The purpose of maintaining these records is to: - Provide injury and illness information which is used by OSHA to measure and direct the agency's efforts - Enable employees and employers to identify types and causes of injuries and illnesses at each establishment - Make employers and employees more safety conscious - Encourage employee and employer cooperation (For more information on OSHA's recordkeeping requirements, refer to Quick Tips #183, OSHA Reporting Requirements.) Funeral Homes and OSHA's General Industry Standards A number of occupational activities performed in funeral homes fall under OSHA's General Industry Standards. These general industry standards are discussed in this document. Funeral home operators must be aware of the following regulations in order to stay compliant. The Right-To-Know Law The Right-To-Know Law, officially known as The Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 was enacted November 25,1983, by OSHA. Its purpose is to ensure that chemical hazards in the workplace are identified and evaluated, and that the information concerning these hazards is communicated to both employers and employees. This transfer of information is to be accomplished by means of a comprehensive hazard communication program that includes container labeling and other forms of warning including Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and employee training. (Refer to Quick Tips #150 for detailed information on the Hazard Communication Standard and Quick Tips #374 on Globally Harmonized System (GHS).) OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) Regulation (29 CFR 1910.1030) This regulation applies to all individuals who may reasonably anticipate contact with blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluids in the course of their employment. This includes contact with skin, eyes, mucous membranes or contact from piercing the skin. The focus of the regulation is the creation of a written Exposure Control Plan that describes how the employer will protect employees from exposure (See Quick Tips #105 for additional information on the BBP Standard.). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards A key component of the PPE Standard is the hazard assessment of the work area as required under the General Requirements. According to OSHA, under 1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection states that the employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment. If the assessment determines that hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall: - Select and have each affected employee use PPE that will protect from the identified hazards - Inform each affected employee of the selection decision - Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee - Document that the hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment In addition, the employer is also required to train the affected employees on the proper use of the selected PPE (For more information on PPE Standard request Quick Tips #240). Respiratory Protection Program This program ensures that all employees are properly protected from respiratory hazards. According to 29 CFR 1910.134, creating and maintaining an individualized written respiratory protection program is the responsibility of all employers who provide respirators to their employees. The program must be administered by a suitably trained program administrator. When establishing a Respiratory Protection Program, the funeral home operator must first identify what airborne contaminants are present. The SDS required under the Hazard Communication Standard contains this important information. Once the contaminants are identified, the operator will need to conduct air monitoring to determine whether employee exposures exceed OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) for the identified contaminant(s). The established PEL(s) are also printed on the SDS. If, after conducting the air monitoring, the employer determines contaminant concentrations are above the PEL, the employer must implement engineering controls (ventilation systems) or administrative controls (job rotations) to reduce the employee exposure. If neither of these options are feasible, the employer must then provide appropriate respiratory protection to the employee. Assigned respiratory protection must be approved by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for the contaminant(s) present (For more information on establishing a Respiratory Program refer to Quick Tips #195). Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde Regulations Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are two common hazardous materials used in funeral homes. Formaldehyde use is regulated under a specific OSHA standard, 29 CFR 1910.1048 and was established to protect workers from occupational exposures to formaldehyde. It defines an Action Level, a PEL and a Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) for formaldehyde exposure in the workplace. The following are the established airborne concentrations for each of these levels: - Action level: Airborne concentration of 0.5 parts per million (ppm) formaldehyde. If this level is exceeded, the employer must perform periodic air monitoring until the levels can be reduced below this point (29 CFR 1910.1048 (b)) - PEL: Airborne concentrations of 0.75ppm formaldehyde as an 8 hour time weighted average (29 CFR 1910.1048 (C)(1)) - STEL: Airborne concentration of 2ppm formaldehyde over a 15 minute time interval (29 CFR 1910.1048 (C)(2)) All employers who have any form of formaldehyde in the workplace must monitor employee exposure unless they can objectively document that the presence of airborne formaldehyde will not exceed the action level or STEL under foreseeable conditions (29 CFR 1910.1048 (d) (1)). If this cannot be done, the employer must begin monitoring. Initial monitoring is accomplished by identifying all employees who potentially have an exposure at or above the action level or STEL. Each potentially exposed employee may be monitored, or a representative sampling plan implemented for each job classification and work shift. Monitoring must occur each time a change in equipment, process, production, personnel, or control measures is instituted (29 CFR 1910.1048 (d) (2)). If formaldehyde concentrations are revealed at or in excess of the action level, monitoring must be repeated every 6 months. If the monitoring shows levels at or above the STEL, annual monitoring is required (29 CFR 1910.1048 (d) (3)). Monitoring can be discontinued if after two consecutive sampling periods (taken at least seven days apart) airborne concentrations are below both the action level and STEL (29 CFR 1910.1048 (d) (4)). Glutaraldehyde, which is not covered under a specific OSHA standard, is still a hazardous material with established exposure limits. NIOSHs recommended exposure limit (REL) for glutaraldehyde is a ceiling limit of 0.2 ppm. This exposure level should not be exceeded at any time. Another organization that establishes chemical exposure limits is the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The ACGIH has reduced their ceiling limit to a more conservative level of 0.05 ppm (Additional information on glutaraldehyde awareness is available on Quick Tips #174). Eye/Face and Wash/Shower Requirements When it comes to emergency eye/face wash and shower requirements, OSHA has two different types of regulations, general and specific. Funeral homes fall under the general requirements that are located in OSHA's First Aid Standard under 29 CFR 1910.151(c). This standard states where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the area for immediate emergency use. The performance guideline for emergency drenching equipment that OSHA recognizes is the American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) Z358.1-1998. This Emergency Eye Shower and Wash Equipment standard aids employers in selecting and installing emergency equipment to meet OSHA requirements (For more information on this ANSI standard see Quick Tips #120). Medical and First Aid Regulations In 1998, OSHA revised its Medical Services and First Aid regulation, 29 CFR 1910.151. The revision states; In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first aid. Adequate first aid supplies shall be readily available. Included in the revision was Appendix A, a non-mandatory guideline that contains examples of minimal contents for first aid kits. This appendix is taken from the ANSI Z308.1-1978, Minimum Requirements for Industrial Unit-Type First Aid Kits; it identifies the fill content that should be adequate for small worksites. The employer is responsible for determining the need for additional first-aid kits, quantities and the types of supplies at the worksite for large/larger worksites (Quick Tips #208 has more information on first aid kits.). Chemical Compatibility Concerns in Storage Chemicals play an important role in many workplace applications. The inherent hazards of chemicals can be reduced by minimizing the quantity of chemicals on hand. However, when chemicals must be in-house, proper storage and handling can reduce or eliminate the associated risks. Proper storage information can usually be found on the chemical's SDS. The SDS will answer questions such as: - Is the chemical a flammable or combustible? - Is the chemical a corrosive? - Does the chemical need to be stored at a temperature other than ambient? - Is the chemical an oxidizer or reducer? - Is the chemical light sensitive? - Does the chemical require any special handling procedures? Proper segregation of chemicals is necessary to prevent incompatible materials from inadvertently coming into contact with each other. If incompatible materials come into contact, a fire, explosion, violent reaction or the creation of toxic gases can result. When segregating chemicals, acids should not be stored with bases and oxidizers should not be stored with reducing agents or organic materials. A physical barrier and/or distance is effective for proper segregation. If cabinets are used to segregate chemicals, consider the compatibility of the chemicals with the cabinet itself. For example, corrosives like strong acids and caustics will corrode most metal cabinets. Non-metallic or epoxy-painted cabinets are available and will provide a better service life with these corrosive materials. Safety cabinets are specifically made to maintain flammable and combustible materials. It's important to be aware of maximum allowable container size and maximum quantities for storage in cabinets based on the class of the flammable. The class of a flammable or combustible is determined by its flash point and boiling point (For more information on flammable and combustible liquids, see Quick Tips #179 and Quick Tips #180). Disposal of Hazardous Waste The disposal of hazardous waste varies from State to State and even between municipalities within the State. To validate that you are in compliance within your local requirements, you may want to contact your waste-water treatment plant. While this document identifies the OSHA standards that apply to funeral homes, additional guidance may be necessary in interpreting how these standards apply to a specific situation. Your state OSHA Consultation Project (see Quick Tips #185) and the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA) are resources for this information. The NFDA has an OSHA Support Line that's available to its members. For information on NFDA membership, you can access their website at http://nfda.org/about-nfda-/membership-information.html or call 1-800-228-6332. Federal Trade Commission's Funeral Customer's Guide Resource American Board of Funeral Services Education Bureau of Labor Statistics	0.5408	FineWeb
Visit Siemens at Booth 2747 to explore products and solutions, and speak directly with product experts to learn more about innovations and the future of energy. Products to explore at the show: - Navigate the inside of a transformer in our hands-on, interactive 3D experience - Gas-insulated substation - Vacuum tap changer and control panel - 362 kV dead-tank circuit breaker - 72 kV live-tank vacuum breaker - Surge arrester - Medium-voltage gas-insulated switchgear - Distribution recloser - Disconnect switches - Outdoor distribution arc-resistant circuit breaker. Solution demos and models on display: - High-voltage systems - Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) - Gas-insulated lines - Voltage regulators.	0.9953	FineWeb
The average body mass for an adult male grizzled leaf-monkey is around 6.5 kilograms, and for the female it is around 6.7 kilograms (Fleagle, 1988). This species has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose. The grizzled leaf-monkey has enlarged salivary glands. This species has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose. The incisors are narrow and the molars have sharp, high crests (Oates and Davies, 1994). This species has a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 on both the upper and lower jaws (Ankel-Simons, 2000). The jaw is deep and the face is short and broad (Oates and Davies, 1994). The pollex (thumb) is reduced in this species (Davies, 1991). The orbits are widely spaced and the hindlimbs are longer as compared to the forelimbs (Oates and Davies, 1994). The grizzled leaf-monkey has two subspecies each having their own pelage coloration: Presbytis comata comata: On the dorsum the pelage is a dark gray color (Nijman, 1997a). The tail on this subspecies is dark gray to black and the arms and legs are dark gray, being darker than the back (Nijman, 1997a). The innerside of the arms, legs, and tail are whitish (Nijman, 1997a). On the head there is a black colored prominent crest (Nijman, 1997a). The neonate has a pelage coloration that varies from medium gray to dark gray (Nijman, 1997a). Presbytis comata fredericae: The dorsum (dorsal side) is black and the throat, upper chest are white or light gray (Nijman, 1997a; Brandon-Jones, 1995). The lower abdomen, innerside of legs, arms and tail are white (Nijman, 1997a). On the thumbs and middle and sometimes the distal phalanges of the digits there is a small amount of white (Brandon-Jones, 1995). The neonate has a pelage coloration that varies from dark gray to black (Nijman, 1997a). The grizzled leaf-monkey is found in the country of Indonesia on the island of Java. On Java this species is found from the westernmost tip at Ujung Kulon to Mt. Lawu on the border between central and east Java (Nijman, 1997b; Nijman and van Balen, 1998). This species lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforests (Gurmaya et al., 1994). The grizzled leaf-monkey can be found in altitudes up to 2000 meters (Van der Zon, 1979; cited in Gurmaya et al., 1994), although Nijman (1997b) found that the altitudinal range is 2500 meters. Nijman (1997a) found this species to occur in primary and secondary forests, ecotones, in the forest interior, lowland forests, in forests on steep slopes and hills, and in montane and upper montane forests. The grizzled leaf-monkey has also been found on plantations and orchards (Sujatnika, 1992; cited in Nijman, 1997b; Melisch and Dirgayusa, 1996; Seitre and Seitre, 1990). At Gunung Pongkor, Mt. Halimun National Park this species was found to occur in hill forests from 500 to 1000 meters in altitude (Indrawan et al., 1995/1996). The two different subspecies have different ranges: Presbytis comata comata: This subspecies is found in west Java (Nijman, 1997a). Presbytis comata fredericae: This subspecies is found in central Java (Nijman, 1997a). This subspecies is only known from Mt. Slamet, the northwestern slopes of the mountains north of the Dieng plateau, and Mt. Lawu (Nijman and Sozer, 1995). In the Dieng Mountains, this subspecies is found to live in primary and secondary forests, at the edges and the interior, and in lowland forests, forests on steep slopes and hills, and upper montane forests (Nijman and van Balen, 1998). In the Dieng Mountains this subspecies has been observed at an altitude of 2565 meters (Nijman and Sozer, 1995). The grizzled leaf-monkey is primarily a folivorous species, but will also consume fruits, flowers, and seeds. Ruhiyat (1983) found that the diet of this species consisted of 59.1% young leaves, 13.5% fruits, 7.0% flowers, 5.6% mature leaves, 4.1% fungi, 2.7% pseudobulbs, 1.5% branch tips, and 0.7% seeds. The leaves taken generally are immature ones that have a low level of lignins and tannins (Gurmaya et al., 1994). Preferred leaves of this species include: Ficus pubinervis, Passiflora ligularis, Elaegnus triflora, Schefflera aromatica, Jasminum azoricum, Hoya sp., and Aeshynanthus sp. (Ruhiyat, 1983). This species prefers leaves of epiphytes and lianas in the lower and middle layers of the forest (Ruhiyat, 1983). Preferred fruits of this species are: Premna parasitica, Pygeum spp., Saurauia spp., and Castanopsis argentea (Ruhiyat, 1983). During the fruiting season this species was found to be attracted to orchards and other solitary fruiting trees (Melisch and Dirgayusa, 1996). Flowers of the species Pandanus furcatus and petioles of Alsophylla glauca are preferred food items of the grizzled leaf-monkey (Ruhiyat, 1983). This species rarely drinks water; it receives most of its water from the food it eats. The grizzled leaf-monkey has been observed to come to the ground and eat a reddish colored soil (Ruhiyat, 1983). There are three to four feeding peaks during the day for an individual (Ruhiyat, 1983). Group sizes for this species range from 3 to 20 individuals. Nijman (1997b) found that on Mt. Slamet, central Java, that group sizes ranged from 4 to 10 individuals. At Gunung Tukung Gede Nature Reserve, the size of groups ranged from 5 to 23 individuals (Melisch and Dirgayusa, 1996). At Mt. Prahu, central Java, group sizes for this species ranged from 2 to 13 individuals (Nijman and van Balen, 1998). This species is found at an average height of 25 meters in the forest, in the upper canopy of the forest (Melisch and Dirgayusa, 1996). The day range of a group will decrease with increasing rainfall (Ruhiyat, 1983). When feeding, traveling and resting, group kept close together (Ruhiyat, 1983). Usually the adult male will be positioned at the front or rear of the group when feeding, traveling, or resting, except when sleeping at night when the adult male is positioned in the middle of the group (Ruhiyat, 1983). Groups will sometimes split for temporary periods of time (Ruhiyat, 1983). When coming together after splitting-up, group members will emit the kik call when rejoining (Ruhiyat, 1983). During daily activity, resting (60%) made up of most of the time, with feeding occurring 30% of the time and traveling only 5% of the time of an individual (Ruhiyat, 1983). This is a diurnal and an arboreal species. This species will rarely use the same sleeping site more than once, and sleeping sites tend to be located on ridges or higher places (Ruhiyat, 1983). Most members of the group sleeps in the upper layer of the canopy at about 20 meters, sometimes up to 40 meters, but the adult male mostly sleeps in the middle layer at a height of 10-20 meters (Ruhiyat, 1983). Predators of the grizzled leaf-monkey could be the leopard, Panthera pardus, and the fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Melisch and Dirgayusa, 1996; Seidensticker, 1983; Ruhiyat, 1983). When pursued by humans, Homo sapiens, this species would drop to the forest floor and flee through the dense understory (Brandon-Jones, 1995). The grizzled leaf-monkey moves through the forest quadrupedally (Fleagle, 1988). This species also moves through the forest primarily by leaping and also to a lesser extent by forelimb suspension (brachiation) (Fleagle, 1988). The grizzled leaf-monkey has a unimale social system and a polygynous mating system. More than one male has been observed in a group even though usually there is only one (Ruhiyat, 1983). This is a territorial species that has aggressive encounters with conspecific groups. A group's home range will overlap with the home range of other groups, and intergroup aggression will occur in overlap zones if preferred foods of the grizzled leaf-monkey are present in abundance (Ruhiyat, 1983). The adult male is dominant over all other members of the group (Ruhiyat, 1983). Females perform most of the grooming bouts in the group. Males disperse from the natal group before adolescence. This species has been found to form mixed-groups with the ebony leaf-monkey, Trachypithecus auratus (Nijman, 1997b). Social play occurs in this species with most bouts occurring amongst juvenile and infant males (Ruhiyat, 1983). Juvenile females and adult females rarely engage in social play (Ruhiyat, 1983). VOCAL COMMUNICATION: kik: This call is a fast sequence of 20 "kik" notes heard within 2.5 seconds (Ruhiyat, 1983). This call is given by adult males during intergroup encounters (Ruhiyat, 1983). This call is also given to humans and when large trees fell down (Ruhiyat, 1983). An adult female would emit this call when she missed her infant, but the call is weaker and shorter (Ruhiyat, 1983). When the adult male utters this call, other group members move to the upper levels of the canopy (Ruhiyat, 1983). hiccup: This call serves as a soft warning and is heard when an enemy is far away (Ruhiyat, 1983). This call is emitted by the adult male of a group (Ruhiyat, 1983). ngek: This is a nasal weak call heard when foraging (Ruhiyat, 1983). nguok: This call is emitted by both adult males and females when two groups would approach and confront each other (Ruhiyat, 1983). chiet: This call is given by adult females after adult males perform the kik display (Ruhiyat, 1983). This call is also heard by embracing females after two subgroups come together (Ruhiyat, 1983). chiit: This is a squeak type call that is emitted by infants when they are separated from their mothers or when they are being transferred (Ruhiyat, 1983). ngiik: This call is emitted by adult females and juveniles (Ruhiyat, 1983). This is heard when individuals grimace when they presented and were chased by more dominant individuals (Ruhiyat, 1983). This call serves to communicate submission (Ruhiyat, 1983). VISUAL COMMUNICATION: kik display: This behavior is performed by an adult male of a group when he locates another conspecific group (Ruhiyat, 1983). This is where an adult male will emit a series of kik calls while running along a branch horizontally and/or leaping vertically about 5 to 15 meters (Ruhiyat, 1983). This behavior is responded to with a reciprocal display by adult males of the other group (Ruhiyat, 1983). Other members of the group will emit chiet calls during or after the male performs this display (Ruhiyat, 1983). rush: This is where the adult male of one group will rush towards the adult female and/or juveniles of another group (Ruhiyat, 1983). This is responded to running away by the individuals being rushed (Ruhiyat, 1983). The adult male of the other group counter-attacks the male performing this behavior (Ruhiyat, 1983). TACTILE COMMUNICATION: social grooming: This is when one individual grooms another and is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals. The grizzled leaf-monkey gives birth to a single offspring. Ruhiyat (1983) found no definite birth season for this species. The mother holds the infant ventrally until it is about one year old (Ruhiyat, 1983). Infant transferring has been observed where the adult female hands her infant over to other adult female or juvenile females (Ruhiyat, 1983). After about 1.5 years of age the young will stop following its mother (Ruhiyat, 1983). Ankel-Simons, F. 2000. Primate Anatomy: An Introduction. Academic Press: San Diego. Brandon-Jones, D. 1995. Presbytis fredericae (Sody, 1930), an endangered colobine species endemic to central Java, Indonesia. Primate Conservation. Vol. 16, 68-70. Burton, F. 1995. The Multimedia Guide to the Non-human Primates. Prentice-Hall Canada Inc. Fleagle, J. G. 1988. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press: New York. Gurmaya, K.J., Adiputra, I.M.W., Saryatiman, A.B., Danardono, S.N., and Sibuea, T.T.H. 1994. A preliminary study on ecology and conservation of the Java primates in Ujung Kulon National Park, west Java, Indonesia. in Current Primatology Vol. 1: Ecology and Evolution. eds. B. Thierry, J.R. Anderson, J.J. Roeder, and N. Herrenschimdt. Universite Louis Pasteur: Strasbourg, France. Indrawan, M., Supriyadi, D., Supriatna, J., and Andayan, N. 1995/1996. Javan gibbon surviving at a mined forest in Gunung Pongkor Mount Halimun National Park, west Java: Considerable toleration to disturbances. Asian Primates. Vol. 5(3/4), 11-13. Melisch, R. and Dirgayusa, I.W.A. 1996. Notes on the grizzled leaf monkey (Presbytis comata) from two nature reserves in west Java, Indonesia. Asian Primates. Vol. 6(1/2), 5-11. Nijman, V. 1997a. Geographical variation in pelage characteristics in Presbytis comata (Desmarset, 1822) (Mammalia, Primates, Cercopithecidae). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde. Vol. 62, 257-264. Nijman, V. 1997b. On the occurrence and distribution of Presbytis comata (Desmarest, 1822) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Java, Indonesia. Contributions to Zoology. Vol. 66(4), 247-256. Nijman, V. and Sozer, R. 1995. Recent observations of the grizzled leaf monkey (Presbytis comata) and an extension of the range of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in central Jawa. Tropical Biodiversity. Vol. 3(1), 45-48. Nijman, V. and van Balen, S.B. 1998. A faunal survey of the Dieng Mountains, central Java, Indonesia: Distribution and conservation of endemic primate taxa. Oryx. Vol. 32(2), 145-156. Oates, J.F. and Davies, A.G. 1994. What are colobines? in Colobine Monkeys: Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution. eds. A.G. Davies and J.F. Oates. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Ruhiyat, Y. 1983. Socio-ecological study of Presbytis aygula in west Java. Primates. Vol. 24(3), 344-359. Seidensticker, J. 1983. Predation by Panthera cats and measures of human influence in habitats of South Asian monkeys. International Journal of Primatology. Vol. 4(3), 323-326. Seitre, R. and Seitre, J. 1990. Recent sightings of rare primates in Java. Primate Conservation. Vol. 11, 18. Sujatnika, 1992. Studi habitat Surili (Presbytis aygula Linnaeus, 1758) dan pola penggunaanya di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango dan kawasanhutan Haurbentes-Jasinga: i-xiii, 1-150 (unpublished M. Sci. thesis, Institut Pertanian Bogor). Van der Zon, A.P.M. 1979. Mammals of Indonesia. FAO Project, FO/INS/78/061.	0.5156	FineWeb
Immense Dinosaur Specimen from an Undescribed Species - Mounted Femur, Tibia, Fibula and Foot Diplodocus sp., possibly Amphicoelias Morrison Formation, Wyoming From a recently discovered undescribed dinosaur species, a thigh, leg and foot specimen of prodigious size represents one of the largest creatures ever to exist on the planet. Sauropods were the most massive dinosaurs among the behemoths of their time. An infraorder of long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs, they walked on four short, thick, five-toed legs. Diplodocus, the likely genus of the present specimen, reached a length of over 100 feet. It possessed a long whip-like tail to balance its very long neck, a small head with nostrils above the eyes and pencil-like teeth located only in the front of the mouth. The vertebrae of these prehistoric behemoths featured hollow chambers to lighten their weight. The present massive specimen attests to the almost unimaginable size of these Jurassic giants. The specimen is composed of a mounted femur, tibia and fibula, and foot. A custom metal armature supports this awe-inspiring discovery. Height 11 feet	0.9603	FineWeb
F. H. Bradley: Logic Although the logical system expounded by F. H. Bradley in The Principles of Logic (1883) is now almost forgotten, it had many virtues. To appreciate them, it is helpful to understand that Bradley had a very different view of logic from that prevalent today. He is hostile to the idea of a purely formal logic. Today, deductive logic is largely restricted to a study of the rules through which we can legitimately re-arrange our thoughts, permitting the elimination of items no longer required, but not allowing the addition of anything genuinely new. Bradley had a much wider conception and took logic to be the discipline through which we give an account and explanation of the special function of thought through which we transcend immediate experience. Bradley believes logic covers topics that would fall today under the heading of theory of knowledge. For Bradley, the processes of thought through which we transcend immediate experience involve ideas, judgments, and inferences. He begins with judgment and offers a natural account of both relational judgments with more than one subject and judgments without a special subject, such as: “It is raining.” His general theory that the ultimate subject of all judgment is reality as such could also accommodate the mass terms that give modern logicians so much trouble. Although Bradley accepts the credo of empiricism that all our knowledge begins in experience, he does not accept Hume’s view that our immediate experience is composed by a swarm of impressions. He rejects the theory, widespread at the time, that knowledge could be explained through the association of ideas derived from such impressions. Neither psychological particulars nor any connections among them are the sorts of thing capable of representing anything beyond themselves. Judgment requires “logical” ideas that are universal, not particular. What most baffles readers is an esoteric doctrine in which Bradley assimilates judgment and inference as processes in which there is a movement of thought from a ground to a conclusion. Unless there is a change, nothing has happened, but any change requires justification, if the inference is to be valid or the judgment true. For the movement of thought to be satisfactory, the ground and justification cannot remain external and must be brought inside. This is achieved to the extent that we can enlarge our system of thought. It may seem that Bradley is now heading to a Hegelian solution in which the completion of the system of thought brings about the identity of Thought and Reality, but Bradley is not prepared to go this far. This is, however, a matter for metaphysics and is beyond the scope of logic. Table of Contents - Bradley’s Conception of Logic - Logical Ideas - Categorical Judgments - Hypothetical Judgments - The Esoteric Doctrine - Other Types of Judgments - Other Topics - Judgment: Concluding Remarks - The Nature of Inference - The Association of Ideas - Inductive Inference - Inference: The Inclusive Theory - Inference and Judgment - Formal Logic - Truth and Validity - The Final Doctrine - References and Further Reading Francis Herbert Bradley was born in 1846 into a very large family that included the celebrated Shakespearean critic, A.C. Bradley. Having studied at Oxford University, F. H. Bradley was awarded in 1870 a Fellowship at Merton College, where he remained until his death in 1924. He was not required to teach and did not do so. The dominant philosophy in England when he came to Oxford was the (kind of) empiricism, originally due to John Locke, whose champion in the nineteenth century was John Stuart Mill. This theory attempted to explain cognition through the association of mental particulars, impressions and ideas, originally introduced into the mind, it was supposed, by external causes. Bradley was implacably opposed to this position and determined to demolish it. He gained assistance in this from his wide reading in German philosophy, but refused to call himself a Hegelian, since he denied the central principle of the identity of Thought and Reality. Nonetheless, he is generally regarded as the central figure in the group of British Idealists in the late nineteenth century. The principal source for Bradley’s thoughts about logic is a substantial two-volume work entitled The Principles of Logic, published in Oxford in 1883. A second edition appeared in 1922, in which the original text was supplemented by a large number of additional notes and terminal essays through which Bradley expressed his mature position. (Page references in what follows will be to this second edition.) Bradley had a very different view of logic from that prevalent today. Today, logic is largely restricted to a study of the rules through which we can legitimately re-arrange our thoughts, permitting the elimination of items no longer required, but not allowing the addition of anything genuinely new. Bradley had a much wider conception and took logic to be the discipline through which we give an account and explanation of the special function of thought through which we transcend immediate experience. Logic, for Bradley, therefore covers topics that would fall today under the heading of theory of knowledge. The processes of thought were traditionally taken to involve ideas, judgments, and inferences. These topics, however, are very closely connected. One could begin at any point, but Bradley proposes to begin in the middle with the faculty of judgment. Bradley’s central definition is as follows: “Judgment proper is the act which refers an ideal content (recognized as such) to a reality beyond the act.” (10) This definition immediately raises two serious questions: (1) What is this ideal content and how is it acquired? (2) What is reality and how is it accessed? These are questions that Bradley tackles in considerable detail. Moreover, the definition commits Bradley to the thesis that the structure of judgment is essentially subject-predicate, “that in every judgment there is a subject of which the ideal content is asserted.” (13) The subject is what is real, and the predicate is the ideal content referred to it: judgment is essentially predication. This is, of course, to display the form of the act or function of judgment. It does not specify the essential structure of the ideal content, nor does it trap Bradley within the traditional logic of the categorical statement, as Russell believed. Categorical statements involve the combination of two terms—a subject term and a predicate term—with the two terms united by the copula in such a way that the act of combination is the act of judgment. Bradley resists this account on the ground that the ideal complex expressed is the same whether the proposition is asserted or merely entertained. “We may say then, if the copula is a connection which couples a pair of ideas, it falls outside judgment; and, if on the other hand it is the sign of judgment, it does not couple. Or, if it both joined and judged, then judgment at any rate would not be mere joining.” (21) It is not even true that every judgment contains two ideas: on the contrary, it has but one. The ideal content may be as complex as you please: it may be “a complex totality of qualities and relations” (11); but even if we distinguish separate ideas within the complex, it is as a unit that it is referred to reality. When we assert that the wolf eats the lamb, it is the whole complex that is referred beyond the act of judgment, even if we distinguish within it the separate ideas of (at least) the wolf and the lamb. Because we can distinguish separate objects such as the wolf and the lamb that can function as special subjects, we can draw at the level of logic a distinction between singular judgments that characterize single things and plural judgments in which a number of such things may be related. But even with non-singular judgments, we must assume a unified reality within which various objects are assigned a place. Bradley’s theory that relational judgments that appear to refer to a number of identifiable and discriminable individuals actually presuppose a single underlying reality gets confirmation from his logical analysis of a kind of judgment in which this reality is introduced directly. This is the kind of judgment that denies the existence of things of a certain type, such as sea-serpents. “Sea-serpents do not exist” has “sea-serpents” as its grammatical subject, but we must distinguish the grammatical subject from the real subject that confers a truth-value upon the statement. Sea-serpents are not the reality to which we refer when making this judgment, since there are no sea-serpents. The correct logical analysis is something like: “Reality is such that it contains no sea-serpents.” This corresponds to: “Reality is such that A and B are simultaneous.” Bradley can therefore handle this kind of judgment without presupposing the existence of what is denied. What he presupposes is the reality that is the ultimate subject of every judgment. The competing analysis offered by modern logic through the negation of existential quantification presupposes a universe of discourse comprising all possible values of the individual variables in the system. Judgment has a dimension of truth and falsity, and Bradley uses this to confirm his view that judgment necessarily involves a reference to what is real. “For consider;” he says, “a judgment must be true or false, and its truth or falsehood cannot lie in itself. They involve a reference to a something beyond. And this, about which or of which we judge, if it is not fact, what else can it be?” (41) It may be thought that logical truths, said to be true in all possible worlds, are an exception. For Bradley, logical truths, or tautologies, are not true in all possible worlds: they are not true in any possible world. “A bare tautology …is not even so much as a poor truth or a thin truth. It is not a truth in any way, in any sense, or at all.” (Appearance and Reality, Note A, 501.) Bradley’s definition of judgment introduces “ideal content.” What is “ideal content” and how is it acquired? Bradley was completely sure that the psychological particulars with which empiricists furnished the mind could not begin to explain judgment, knowledge, and cognition. If such things existed, they certainly could not function as predicates in judgment, since they could not be moved from their place in the mind. What Bradley had to explain was how we get from psychological ideas, which are mental particulars, to logical ideas, which are universal ideal contents, while preserving the information that the impressions have no doubt acquired from elsewhere. He begins by distinguishing two sides that belong to every psychological idea—its existence as a mental particular and its content. “We perceive both that it is and what it is.” (3) Unlike existence, content can be loosened from its home in the psychological idea and transferred elsewhere—a loosening of content that takes place within the act of judgment. It is not, however, the entire content of the psychological idea that is used in judgment. The original content, he says, is “mutilated.” That the acquisition of ideal content involves abstraction is more clearly appreciated, if we move from the Humean picture of a swarm of distinct impressions arriving together in the mind to the notion of an organic immediate experience with which Bradley is more comfortable. It is clear that the logical ideas used in judgment require the separation of elements within the “sensuous felt mass” presented in immediate experience. Even if we begin, however, with an isolated impression or sense-datum, we must recognize that universals are associated at different levels. Bradley makes an unsuccessful attempt to explain what he has in mind by using the notion of a symbol. A symbol, such as a particular inscription, has, like everything else, two sides: its existence and its content. But it has also a third side—its meaning or signification. This meaning can be identified with the logical idea used in judgment. The symbol RED has as its meaning exactly what we assign to a variety of objects in the act of judgment. This provides an opening for Frege and those who favor the linguistic turn to slip in an item distinct from any image or psychological idea that may be associated with the word. (The logical idea is, of course, to be identified with what Frege calls the sense of the sign, not the referent.) But the attachment of the idea to the symbol through decision or convention does nothing to explain the connection between the abstract universal and the immediate experience which must be its home. It is only because we can abstract a part of the given content that we obtain the sense that we attach to the sign in the language. The standard classification of judgments distinguished categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive. Bradley reduces the universal form of the categorical judgment to a hypothetical form. The universal form does not even guarantee the existence of real things to which we refer. “All trespassers will be prosecuted” is designed to ensure that the subject class remains empty. Thus, “Animals are mortal” becomes “If anything is an animal, then it is mortal.” (47) Bradley admits that he got this from Herbart, and Russell admits, in turn, that he got it from Bradley. Singular judgments, however, are different. Bradley takes as his example: “I have a toothache.” I and my toothache are both individual, but I describe my condition in general terms as “suffering from toothache.” This example belongs to the first division of singular judgments that he calls “analytic judgments of sense.” “The essence of these is to hold only of the now, and not to transcend the given presentation.” (56) Analytic judgments of sense do not always have a grammatical subject or copula. We may call the cry “Wolf” a warning, but it is also a statement of fact, or is supposed to be. The cry of “Wolf” or “Rain” refers to an undifferentiated present reality. The thought is that a wolf is somewhere and that rain is everywhere, at least everywhere that matters. But there are also singular judgments without grammatical subjects in which we qualify by our idea “but one piece of the present.” (57) One way to do this is by pointing. I point to my dog and say “Asleep.” Bradley rejects the view that the grammatical subject is merely suppressed. Even if a grammatical subject may appear when my judgment is reported. Bradley identifies a second kind of analytic judgments of sense that do have a grammatical subject. “The ideal content of the predicate is here referred to another idea, which stands as a subject. But in this case, as above, the ultimate subject is no idea, but is the real in presentation. It is this to which the content of both ideas, with their relation, is attributed.” (57) “This bird is yellow” is a typical example. The ideal content “bird”, perhaps aided by a pointing finger, is used to identify the particular object that is the special subject of the judgment. In addition to analytic judgments of sense in which a real object is introduced through what we would now call a definite description, there are other cases in which a proper name is used, such as “John is asleep.” The name “John” is bestowed to help us identify a particular person. Bradley attacks the view that a proper name has a denotation, but no connotation. The proper name is a sign connected with what it denotes, but I could not identify what it denotes without some descriptive content to help me recognize it. The discussion of proper names allows Bradley to move to a second category of singular judgment-synthetic judgments of sense. “Proper names,” he says, “have a meaning that always goes beyond the presentation of the moment.” (61) In using the name of a person, we assume an existence that goes beyond what is available in immediate experience, a reality that appears but is distinct from its appearance. In a synthetic judgment of sense, “we make generally some assertion about that which appears in a space or time that we do not perceive.” (61-2) But how is this possible? How can we make a judgment about a reality that appeared in the past, will appear in the future, or is now over the horizon, if we encounter reality only through presentation in immediate experience? No idea can capture the uniqueness of the day that is last Tuesday. We can form the idea of a certain kind of event: we can form the idea of an extensive history involving as large a sequence of events as you please, but such ideal contents cannot capture the unique past that actually took place, which alone can make the ideas we refer to the past either true or false. For Bradley, the solution requires a crucial distinction between “this” and “thisness”. Only this day is today. Yesterday was today yesterday, but it is no longer today today. Today is also a particular day distinct from every other day and has its own date. It has its own position in a series of days within which every day is rigidly ordered through the relation of earlier and later. This series of days does not change, even when it is envisaged at different times. It is therefore a universal ideal content, and each day within the series has particularity or “thisness”. After McTaggart, the series has been known as the B-series. This ideal series can be attached to reality, only through the identification of a particular day within it with the reality given in present experience, which will turn that day into “today.” Once this is done, days that come after the day with that date are future days that will be real, and days that come before are past days that were real. This introduces the McTaggart A-series. To explain Bradley’s theory, the unit “day” has been used, although it does not appear in the text and involves an oversimplification, since we cannot identify an entire day with the present of immediate experience. On the other hand, it would be a complete mistake to identify the immediate present with an instant or a moment, imagined as either the end product of the infinite division of a period of time or as the interface between adjacent periods. Since we cannot introduce a reference to what really happened in the past or will really happen in the future, which synthetic judgments of sense seem to demand, through the construction of even the most complex and extensive ideal content constituting a history of a possible world, how is the feat to be accomplished? Bradley’s solution is that although I can access reality only through a point of contact in immediate present experience, reality is not restricted to its appearance in my experience. The problem of appearance and reality is metaphysical and requires another book; but even at the level of logic it is clear that the identity of reality and what appears in experience is not mandated. “If the real must be ‘this’, must encounter us directly, we cannot conclude that the ‘this’ we take is all the real, or that nothing is real beyond the ‘this’.” (70) Being given in experience is not a quality of reality “in such a sense as to shut up reality within that quality.” (70) An ideal content can be true “because it is predicated of the reality, and unique because it is fixed in relation with immediate perception.” (72) Since immediate perception may involve an experience of change, a fragment of the temporal series may be abstracted and extended indefinitely through an ideal process. Bradley has one further move to make to introduce the idea of a particular fact. “The idea of particularity implies two elements. We must first have a content qualified by ‘thisness’, and we must add to that content the general idea of reference to the reality.” (77) Without the second element, we have members that are exclusive within the series, “but the whole collection is not unique.” (77) For absolute uniqueness, we require the connection of the series with direct presentation. To think of tomorrow we may require a universal ideal content to connect it with today, but the day we think about is as unique as is today. Bradley handled universal judgments by reducing them to hypothetical form, but how can a hypothetical judgment be taken as true, since its antecedent is supposed, but not categorically affirmed? Modern logic evades this problem by treating hypothetical statements as truth-functional, but this evasion has consequences. For Bradley, the hypothetical judgment involves an ideal experiment. “The supposal is treated as if it were real, in order to see how the real behaves when qualified thus in a certain manner.” (86) The connection of the components is what is asserted in the hypothetical judgment, and it is this that has its ground in reality. Bradley believes that not only are all universal judgments hypothetical, but also that all hypothetical judgments are universal. This may be thought doubtful, since there seem to be exceptions. “If this man has taken that dose, he will be dead in twenty minutes.” (89) This would not be necessarily true of any man who took the dose; but if the judgment is true, there will be some universal connection, even if restricted to the case of that specific man. Bradley is assuming that the truth of a hypothetical statement must depend on some (possibly) latent feature of reality. Singular judgments, however, appear to connect us more directly with solid fact. The synthetic judgment of sense has its special status as categorical because of its connection with a reality actually given. It therefore depends on the analytic judgment of sense which assigns an ideal content to that given. Bradley has already argued that all universal statements are hypothetical. This is now widely accepted. He now moves to the startling claim that all singular statements are hypothetical, which he recognizes as an “unwelcome conclusion.” (91) Construed as categorical, analytic judgments of sense are all false, because they do not provide the whole truth about what is given in immediate experience, far less the whole truth about reality. This follows from his original story that an ideal content used in judgment is limited to part of the content of the given reality. But to say that the judgment is not the whole truth is not to say that it is not wholly true and hence partly false, even false tout court. Bradley complains that the choice of an ideal content to qualify the immediate given is arbitrary. Arbitrary is too strong, since the choice may very well have a purpose, but even if it were arbitrary, the assignment of universal content to the given reality would be just as true as the choice of any other content from the selection available. Bradley is suggesting that the loosening of part of the content of the given reality that he introduced earlier as the very essence of thought is doomed to failure in advance. This is why he talks about “mutilation”. But the success or failure of the operation is surely relative to what it is intended to achieve. It is not designed to provide an ideal content that will be a complete characterization of reality as a whole; it has surely a much more limited aim. One idea is that loosening a part of the content is associated with separating out a segment of the given reality that conforms to the concept introduced. Loosening the concept of a dog from what I am given allows me to separate out Fido and perhaps other dogs within my field of view. The analytic judgment of sense that here is a dog would appear to be categorically true. This way of explaining the function of the judgments immediately associated with the loosening of ideal contents would allow Bradley, were he so minded, to make peace with logical systems, such as both Aristotelian and modern logic, that give a central position to the individual object. (This is essentially the problem of “special subjects”, discussed in Campbell: 1967.) We have now come to a parting of the ways. If we accept the truth of analytic judgments of sense, such “judgments that analyze what is given in perception will all be categorical.” (106) Abstract, universal judgments will all be hypothetical. Synthetic judgments “about times and spaces beyond perception” (106) are also categorical, although they require inferences that rely on the universal. Bradley is prepared to allow those who lack the courage to follow him to a more esoteric theory “to remain at a lower point of view.” (106) Bradley, however, proposes a trip to a region where the “distinction between individual and universal, categorical and hypothetical, has been quite broken through.” (106) It is at this higher level that Bradley’s logic becomes so difficult, perhaps impossibly difficult. At the lower point of view, we separate out individual objects that we characterize through universal properties and relations in singular and plural judgments. Bradley begins the move to what is higher (or deeper) with the point that these individual objects are conditioned by the setting in which they are found. They are not unconditioned, but are asserted subject to a condition. What is subject to a condition can be asserted categorically, if the condition is taken as satisfied. Bradley is well aware that conditional and conditioned are not the same. “A thing is conditional on account of a supposal, but on the other hand it is conditioned by a fact.” (99) His argument is that for anything with a setting in space and time, the condition can never be satisfied. To introduce the series of conditions in space and time is to introduce a chain whose last link hangs unsupported in the air. This is a worrying argument, traditionally used to prove that the world must have a beginning in time (perhaps also a First Cause), or else by Kant to vindicate transcendental idealism. The assessment of how far it provides a solid support for what Bradley proposes to build on it will be postponed until 18b. Rejecting the categorical judgment that assigns an ideal content to the segment of reality from which it has been loosened, Bradley is left with no more than hypothetical judgments. These cannot even be our standard hypothetical judgments that are composites of categorical statements. They are mere husks, connecting adjectives For example, “If lightning, then thundering.” Certainly, hypotheticals that connect adjectives are in a way also categorical, since they affirm a ground of connection in reality. But we have lost our standard hypothetical judgments and are left with mere scraps. Even more baffling is the replacement we are offered for a singular judgment in the higher point of view. “Instead of meaning by ‘Here is a wolf,’ or ‘This tree is green’ that ‘wolf’ and ‘green tree’ are real facts, it must affirm the general connection of wolf with elements in the environment, and of ‘green’ with ‘tree.’” (104) Bradley offers a further explanation of his “unwelcome conclusion” in Terminal Essay II, which I discuss in 18b and offer a way of escape. In the meantime, he returns from the heights and provides a more mundane account of other kinds of judgment. Bradley now turns to negative judgments. Negative judgments, he believes, are more complicated than affirmative, since they must begin with a suggestion that is rejected in the judgment. Moreover, this rejection must depend on the assumption of a positive ground of exclusion, even if what this is may not be known. Negative existential judgments are of particular interest. In “Ghosts do not exist,” the grammatical subject cannot be the real subject; the real subject is the nature of things to which we deny the quality of harboring ghosts. The positive character of reality that excludes ghosts is not, however, determined through the negative judgment. This entails that the same character of the real may exclude a variety of different suggestions. The suggestions excluded have their source in an ideal experiment and not in the nature of reality. The negative judgment affirms that some quality of the real excludes a suggestion, but it does not determine what quality that is. The truth of a negative judgment depends on a quality of the real incompatible with the quality excluded in the judgment. The true quality and the quality assigned in the judgment are thus contraries and not contradictories. The way in which a negative judgment presupposes a quality in what is real that we may not be able to specify may be compared with the way in which a hypothetical judgment presupposes the same kind of quality as grounding its connection. It follows that the negation of a hypothetical judgment would be the rejection of this sort of ground. The mere assertion of the antecedent and the negation of the consequent is indeed incompatible with the hypothetical judgment, but it is not its contradictory. A genuine contradictory would be strong enough to rule out counterfactual conditionals. Bradley understands disjunction as providing a list of two or more mutually exclusive alternatives. He is willing to associate disjunction with a nest of hypothetical judgments, but since neither the hypothetical judgments nor the disjunction are truth-functional, the disjunctive judgment may have a certain categorical aspect. “Disjunctive judgment is the union of hypotheticals on a categoric basis.” (131) Bradley connects disjunction with choice, where we make a selection from a number of alternatives. There is a definite list of possibilities; this is its categorical feature. We cannot use disjunctive addition to add in an arbitrary fashion another disjunct that is not a real possibility. In the same way, to say that something is colored is associated with a list of possibilities from which we select the actual color. To produce the disjunctive judgment that lists the varieties of color is to assign to the object categorically the property of being some kind of color, even if we do not know which color it is. This example conforms to the template that Bradley favors in place of the form “either p or q or…” that is used today. Bradley treats the disjunctive judgment as a kind of singular judgment, with the format “A is either b or c or d….” This analysis will run into difficulties when A does not exist, but Bradley has met this problem before, and deals with it by replacing the grammatical subject with the real subject. This maneuver can even handle cases that seem most recalcitrant, such as “Either the light bulb is dead or the fuse has blown.” This would become: “Reality is either characterized by light bulb malfunction or fuse meltdown.” Chapter V examines logical principles. Bradley dismisses the Law of Identity as an empty tautology. Judgment requires the identity of differences, not provided by “A is A.” This means that the accusation (by Bertrand Russell) of confusing the “is” of predication with the “is” of identity cannot be fair, since for Bradley predication is the essence of judgment, whereas through the “is” of strict identity we do not make a judgment at all. The most interesting part of the section on “The Principle of Contradiction” is the discussion of (Hegelian) dialectic. Bradley’s simple solution is that if the ideas combined in the synthesis are merely different, there is no problem. The ideas of self and other are different ideas, but no one would say that it is a contradiction to assert the existence of the self and other things as well. The challenge to the principle of contradiction comes, only if the different ideas combined are taken to be discrepant or contrary, since the contrary of a given proposition entails its contradictory. Bradley offers a compromise according to which ideas that appear to be contrary are reconciled when harmonized within a wider reality. For example, opposite properties can be assigned to the same thing at different times. The Law of Excluded Middle takes the form of a disjunctive judgment and would be expressed today as “either p or not p.” Bradley, however, has a different form for disjunction, so that his version of the principle will be: “A is either b or not-b.” A is not always a real particular thing, but sometimes reality as such. Indeed, if Bradley gets his way, the ultimate subject will always be reality. Excluded middle uses the variety of disjunction in which the number of disjuncts is exactly two. When the second disjunct is constructed as the negation of the first, there can be no other choice. Bradley next tackles the familiar distinction between intension and extension in the chapter on the quantity of judgment, explaining that “in every symbol we separate what it means from that which it stands for.” (168) (Frege’s distinction between sinn and bedeutung.) His account of the extensional treatment of universal judgments such as “Dogs are mammals” is disappointing, because he fails to register that a set is a special kind of entity, suggesting that a set of dogs must be a pack of dogs, failing which the only alternative is the ludicrous idea of a collection of dog-images in the mind! With a proper notion of set in place, “Dogs are mammals” can be taken to assert a relation between two sets, just as many other judgments assert a relation between two objects. Judgments founded on intension refer to the connection of attributes and meanings, and ignore the denotation of objects. Universal judgments based on meanings are those Kant considers strictly universal, because they do not permit even the possibility of exceptions. Not all universal judgments are of this type, and singular judgments never are. Our concept of what is real, denoted in a singular judgment, is the concept of the individual, which is both particular, excluding all other individuals, and universal, as unifying various characteristics and constituting an identity in difference. The real individual is a concrete universal: abstract universals, which can be separated from the individual in thought and applied elsewhere, cannot be real. In a similar way, what is truly individual is a concrete particular; abstract particulars that are nothing more than their distinction from other particulars are also unreal. “A reality in space must have spatial diversity, internal to itself.” (188) A point in space is distinct from all other points, but is a mere abstraction. A moment in time is also an abstraction; a concrete individual existing in time must have some duration. Bradley rejects as erroneous the view that modal differences do not affect the actual content of the judgments involved. Certainly, you can take any judgment and “express any attitude of your mind towards it.” (198) These propositional attitudes are many and various. I may say: “I wish to make it” or “I fear to make it” or “I am forced to make it.” “All these are simple assertorical statements about my condition of mind.” (198) Statements about possibility and necessity do not, however, express my state of mind. They are assertions that claim objective truth. “There clearly can be but one kind of judgment, the assertorical. Modality affects not the affirmation, but what is affirmed.” (197) This is in line with the logic of Principia Mathematica, in which everything takes place under the aegis of the assertion sign. In this system, there is not even a corresponding negation sign, just a sign for the negation of a proposition. This is more extreme than Bradley, who does allow a distinct function of negation. Thus, judgments of necessity and possibility have a special content not to be found in the corresponding assertoric judgment. For Bradley, “The possible and the necessary are special forms of the hypothetical.” (198) Necessity consists in a necessary connection between antecedent and consequent in a hypothetical judgment. To say that a fact is necessary is not to elevate it to a higher status, but merely to say that it is a necessary consequence of some other state of affairs, also taken as fact. As already explained, the connection through which the antecedent necessitates the consequent must itself depend on a categorical ground. This includes cases where we assert a necessary connection, because of a regular succession of events. Not that this ground has to be a necessary causal connection. “The real connection which seems the counterpart of the logical sequence, is in itself not necessary.” (206) Bradley also connects the possible with the hypothetical. To say that something is possible is to say that some of its conditions are satisfied, excluding those specified in the antecedent of the associated hypothetical statement. “It is possible to see an eclipse of the moon tonight” means “If you get up early enough and the weather co-operates, you will see an eclipse of the moon.” To assert a potentiality or power or disposition is to commit to a hypothetical judgment stating that if certain other conditions are satisfied, a certain state of affairs will necessarily come to pass. Bradley has a problem with modality because of his metaphysical vision of a Parmenidean Absolute Reality. Modal distinctions come to life with the conception of an open future, in which some things are unavoidable and others are possibilities among which we may choose. What is actual at the present time cannot be properly said to be either possible or necessary (Bradley gets this right!); although some things that have taken place were necessary and others were not. Without this kind of background, the conceptual scheme Bradley is discussing would not exist. In his presidential address to the American Philosophical Association in 1957 “Speaking of Objects,” W.V. Quine presents the manifesto for the position of modern logic. “We persist in breaking reality down somehow into a multiplicity of identifiable and discriminable objects to be referred to by singular and general terms. We talk so inveterately of objects that to say we do seems almost to say nothing at all; for how else is there to talk?” The reality to which Quine referred at the beginning disappears under the carpet and is heard from no more. For Bradley, the reality that is broken down is, and has to be, the reality available in immediate experience. It is broken down through the faculty of thought and judgment, which introduces distinct individuals characterized through universal logical ideas. This makes possible singular and plural judgments involving qualities and relations. Not all judgments about what is real conform, however, to this template. There are genuine judgments about reality that bypass a reference to real individuals. Some such judgments modern logic may handle in other ways, but there are some that remain troublesome, such as judgments involving mass terms. Bradley’s system of logic is more flexible and can handle the variety we find. The strength of Bradley’s theory of judgment is the flexibility through which it accommodates a variety of forms. Its weakness is that through insisting that the ultimate subject of judgment is reality, he seems to undermine the legitimacy of the singular and plural judgments on which we normally rely. One way to retain Bradley’s logic while rejecting the absolute monism of his metaphysical theory is to recognize that “reality” is itself a mass term. The later developments in the logic of mass terms that are proving such a headache for modern logic also make more palatable the logic of Bradley. Concepts, like “gold”, which do not by themselves package reality into units in the same way as count nouns like “dog”, can be used in various ways. They can be used in a singular judgment to refer to a piece of gold: they can be used in plural judgments to refer to pieces of gold: and there is also a third use, as in “Gold is yellow,” where the concept is associated with a mass term. (Interestingly, Bradley uses this very example (46) without noticing its special character.) The possibility of this third use surely does not invalidate the other uses in singular and plural judgments. This explanation of the process described by Quine is, of course, given at Bradley’s lower point of view, but the use of a mass term to designate the setting for the individual object, in place of a string of other individuals, may well discourage the desire to move to the mysterious higher view. To isolate within the sensuous felt mass, designated by a mass term, an individual object associated with an ideal content loosened from what is given, seems about as good an account of the process of thought as we can get. Bradley moves on in Books II and III to the important topic of inference. There is a problem emerging from the distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments of sense introduced in Book I, in that the synthetic judgments move us beyond what is given in immediate experience and must involve some kind of inference. In a book on the principles of logic, Bradley must also engage with the traditional doctrine of the syllogism, which was taken to be the core of deductive inference. Bradley proposes in the second book to deal with deductive inferences generally agreed to be valid, without probing too deeply, then moving in a third book to a fundamental theory intended to cover all forms of inference. He begins by setting out three features of inference with which it is difficult to disagree. First, the conclusion of an inference depends on a process of thought through which it is reached. Second, the process rests on a basis. “In inference, we advance from truth possessed to a further truth.” (245) Third, there must be a difference between basis and conclusion; otherwise, the supposed inference is a “senseless iteration.” (246) Bradley makes a list of forms of deductive inference, casting his net more widely to capture specimens that do not usually appear in the textbooks of the day. The traditional syllogism cannot be taken as fundamental, since it does not cover all the forms that Bradley has listed, such as those empowered by transitive relations. Bradley describes the process of inference as an operation of synthesis which “takes its data and by ideal construction combines them into a whole.” (256) Logical connection, however, requires the identity of common links, such as the middle term in a syllogism. The first step is to form the whole: the second step is to extract the conclusion perceived within the whole by omitting parts that are no longer of interest. Bradley denies that there is any general principle that will serve as a test of the validity of reasoning. The traditional syllogism is not up to the job and no replacement can be found. The common link required to combine premisses is both the same and different. “If it were not different it would have nothing to connect, and if it were not the same there could be no connection.” (288) But how can we have both identity and difference? The solution is that the common term is an ideal content “appearing in and differenced by two several contexts.” (288) The process of inference depends entirely on this identity in difference. There are, however, two radically different kinds of identity that Bradley does not distinguish at this point. There are universal characters which are identical throughout their various instantiations (abstract universals) and there are individual objects that remain identical throughout their various appearances (concrete universals). These individuals may even combine characters that are in some sense discrepant, if they are extended in space or enduring in time. Caesar was in Gaul, and Caesar was in Italy. Both types of identity in difference can provide a ground for inference, even within traditional syllogistic logic. By suggesting that inference takes place only through the development of an ideal content and not via reference to an individual object, Bradley undermines the singular judgment and prepares the ground for a logical doctrine that downgrades it. The “association of ideas” is the name for a process that exists as a psychological fact; what Bradley is attacking is the empiricist account of this fact and the use of it to explain judgment and inference. The empiricist theories of David Hume and John Stuart Mill attempt to explain the life of the mind in terms of the association of ideas that are distinct existences or psychological atoms. The laws of association usually recognized are contiguity and similarity. Bradley argues that the empiricists do not have the resources even to state clearly their central position, and offers the following restatement: “Any element tends to reproduce those elements with which it has formed one state of mind.” (304) He calls this law “redintegration”, getting the term from Sir William Hamilton. The use of the qualification “tends” is standard for laws of association. Bradley insists that his law “does not exclude any succession of events which comes as a whole before the mind,” (305) which is, of course, vital for the explanation of causal inference. In spite of a superficial resemblance, there is a chasm that divides Bradley’s redintegration and the association of the empiricists. Association is cohesion between psychical particulars: redintegration concerns the connection of universals, “which is an ideal identity within the individuals.” (306) Only an ideal connection in the mind can survive the disappearance of connected individuals. The impressions originally given in conjunction are gone and cannot be resurrected. Only the universal ideal content, the “what” as opposed to the “that” is left behind as a memory trace. Through the universals, we may perhaps be able to produce images that are, as it were, ghosts of the past, but these images will be fresh particulars and distinct existences that can be considered re-incarnations of the past, only in virtue of an ideal identity preserved through the universal. In the empiricist theory developed, for instance, by John Stuart Mill, the bare contiguity of impressions was not considered to be by itself sufficient to operate the mechanism of association. Past contiguity can be operative only if the memory thereof is introduced through the similarity between a component in a past experience and a sensation now being enjoyed. But we still face the problem: “What has been called up has never been contiguous; and what has been contiguous cannot be called up.” (318) Not even similarity can resurrect what is now dead and gone. Similarity can exist, only if the similar terms both exist. Therefore, reproduction through similarity is not possible, since the similarity requires that what is reproduced is already there. There are few traces surviving today in either psychology or philosophy of the theory demolished by Bradley. The violence of the rhetoric, although amusing, might be considered excessive, but in its day the theory was solidly entrenched, and dynamite may have been justified. It seems that we often make inferences from particulars to particulars. We take note that Fido barks when approached by a stranger; we infer that Rover will do the same. Bradley denies that such inferences tacitly involve the inductive generalization that all dogs bark when approached by strangers, since people quite happy to make the inference from Fido to Rover might be reluctant to issue a general guarantee for all inferences of this type. This does not mean, however, that universals are not involved. The inference to the barking of Rover is based on a connection of ideal content, acquired through the encounter with Fido. Bradley now turns to inductive generalization through which we reach a conclusion about all members of a certain class when only some members have been examined. This arena is the stamping ground of John Stuart Mill against whom Bradley directs his fire. Even if Mill’s Methods may be useful, standard textbooks agree that they are not logically sound. Bradley endorses the usual criticisms, and adds the point that in any case they do not take us from mere particulars to general truths, since the facts from which they begin are already conceptualized as instances of general kinds. The story so far is that inference operates by combining premises that contain a ground of identity. A conclusion is reached by eliminating the middle term. Bradley now recognizes that this theory will not cover all forms of reasoning and sees the need for a third book in which to put things right. The original theory will handle the syllogism and many other arguments. What it does not cover is arguments where there is no elimination of a middle term, where the conclusion emerges as a structure incorporating A, B, and C on the basis of information relating A to B and B to C. An example may clarify what Bradley has in mind. We connect a day to the day before through the identity of the intervening night and the same day to the day after through a similar process. In this way we construct a succession of days that will constitute a history. This result will count as the conclusion of an inference in the wide sense. Mathematics is also important in our cognitive life, and often not covered by the theory in Book II. Other exceptions are the processes of comparison and distinction. These are mental operations resulting in judgment, and are therefore inferences. Recognition is also inference, when we make the move from the perception of the man entering the room to the recognition of someone seen before. Hegelian Dialectic also transcends the pattern permitted in the original theory. Bradley offers a heretical version that tones down the excesses of the orthodox view. Instead of supposing that the process begins in contradiction, Bradley suggests that our unrest begins in the recognition that the original datum is incomplete. The dialectical move is to complete the incomplete through positing a larger whole in which it is a component. This larger whole is itself seen to be incomplete, and the process is repeated. The way in which the incomplete is completed has its source in the subject. Although a dialectical move may have a source in past experience, the inferential move goes directly from the datum to what lies beyond, even if we are able sometimes to uncover a hypothetical judgment expressing the function that controls the inference. Bradley is now ready to unveil general characteristics of inference. Because it is intended to cover all cases, this will have to be vague. In the beginning is a datum or data, followed by a mental operation, producing a result. For example, in the inference: “A to the right of B, and B of C, and therefore A to the right of C” (432), we begin with “two sets of terms in relations of space” (432) and put them together. This act of construction makes a difference, “but it does not make such a difference to the terms that they lose their identity.” (432-3) Nor do A and C change their identity when directly related in the conclusion. Inference makes a change, but it does not change the world. Bradley often describes inference as “ideal experiment.” It is a movement of thought that we make, but we are not compelled to take this path. If we have several premises, we are not compelled to put them together. The act of combination is arbitrary, in the sense that it is something that we choose, but might not have chosen. The act of inference is not a revision of the original data, although it introduces a fresh thought. This makes sense where there is more than one premiss and an act of combination is required that depends upon the will of the agent. But Bradley discovers many inferences where the conclusion issues through the development of a single premiss. Certainly, there is no inference without mental activity in which we begin with a datum and end with a judgment predicating a fresh characteristic; but does such intellectual activity all count as inference? Standard inference involves “a construction round an identical centre” (457), but there are non-standard inferences in which there seems to be no given identity. However, the middle process, the operation leading from datum to conclusion, cannot “dispense with all identity.” (457) The mere co-presence of all my thoughts is not enough, since this does not explain the special identity that enables the inference. Take “recognition” and “dialectic”, where we are given a real thing with a quality and infer another quality. The inference depends on the connection of these qualities, and we might want to say that the middle term is the given quality. The problem is that the connection of the qualities is neither explicit nor given. “It is a function of synthesis, which never appears except in its effects.” (458) “It is a construction by means of a hidden centre.” (458)Bradley distinguishes two operations associated with inference: synthesis and analysis. In synthesis the many become one; in analysis the one becomes many. Bradley makes a further distinction between analysis and elision. We may begin with a judgment about a given whole, move by analysis to a plural judgment about its elements, and then by elision reach a conclusion about specific elements. Central cases of inference in which premises are combined and a middle term eliminated involve both synthesis and analysis, but there are other inferences in which one or other operation is at least predominant. Although they are different functions, analysis and synthesis have an intimate connection. In analysis, the elements in the result are separated, but this means that they are also combined in a latent synthetic unity. In synthesis, elements are combined, but the unity formed will be capable of analysis into the original components. “Analysis is the synthesis of the whole which it divides, and synthesis the analysis of the whole which it constructs.” (471) The crucial idea is the idea of the whole that analysis disassembles and synthesis constructs. In analysis we operate on an explicit whole that falls into the background. In synthesis we bring out the invisible totality comprehending the elements combined. With this wider conception of inference, it is getting harder to separate inference and judgment. Certainly, synthetic judgments of sense involve a substantial inferential component, but even a judgment that comes straight from presentation seems to involve the analysis and synthesis that is characteristic of inference. Judgment involves abstraction from the sensuous felt mass, and hence analysis. Judgments assigning various characters to reality involve synthesis. Bradley is certainly anxious to retain the distinction between judgment and inference. “Inference is an experiment performed on a datum,” whereas in judgments of perception “there is properly no datum.” (479) They do, indeed, have a basis, but this basis is for the intellect nothing. “It is a sensuous whole which is merely felt and is not idealized.” (479) Judgment is required to provide the ideal content from which inference takes its start. In judgments of perception we have no rational ground to justify our result and “the stuff, upon which the act is directed, is not intellectual.” (480) We can now, perhaps, make this clearer by explaining that the stuff in question is designated by a mass term. The distinction between judgment and inference may not, however, be as sharp as one might like, as becomes clear when Bradley discusses the beginnings of our intellectual life. “The earliest judgment will imply an operation which, although it is not inference, is something like it; and the earliest reasoning will begin with a datum, which though kin to judgment, is not intellectual.” (481) “Experience starts with a stimulation coming in from the periphery [what John McDowell calls ‘a brute impact from the exterior’]; but….the stimulation must be met by a central response.” (481) Sensations do not “simply walk into the mind.” They are “the product of an active mental reaction.” (482) The senses may give us sensations, but “the gift contains traces of something like thought.” (482) The interface between cognition and the sensory input is murky indeed, but two things are clear. The response to the stimulus is not entirely arbitrary, nor is it a simple re-enactment of a given. Nothing is given until it is received! Bradley is hostile to the idea of a purely formal logic whose goal is to construct a system of valid patterns of inference, covering all cases through the use of blanks and variables. Partly, he does not believe that the goal can be achieved. More basically, his concern is that the attempt to reconstruct inference in terms of the manipulation of counters in accordance with rules breaks the connection between inference and that continued reference to reality that lies at its heart. Inferences do, indeed, proceed in accordance with principles, and we can reject a principle employed by finding another similar inference in which the premiss is true and the conclusion false. In a particular inference, we can distinguish the principle from the matter involved, but we should not separate it and turn it into a major premiss in order to exhibit the argument as a syllogism. The principle is not a premiss, because it is not a datum but a function. There may sometimes be a point in replacing the original argument with such a syllogism, but this option will not always be available. Every inference depends on a principle that is not a premiss, as Lewis Carroll has shown in “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles.” Even Principia Mathematica has the Law of Substitution and the Law of Detachment that are not axioms of the system! So far the focus has been on the phenomenology of inference. But inference is important, not because it takes place, but because it is taken to have validity and justification. The problem is to explain how inference can have validity and justification in the face of the fundamental dilemma that Bradley identifies. Unless there is a transition from the premiss to a different conclusion, nothing has happened, and there is no inference; but if there is a difference between premiss and conclusion, how can we justify the intellectual move? Bradley dismisses the extreme claim that since they are different, there is an actual contradiction between premiss and conclusion. To assert the premisses is not to deny the conclusion: it is merely to fail to assert it until the inference is completed. But how is the eventual assertion of a different conclusion to be justified? Logicians who do not challenge the legitimacy of the analytic judgment of sense can form a concept of truth that will allow them to explain that what is crucial for a valid inference is not that there be no change from premiss to conclusion, but merely that there be no change in the truth value from true to false. In the case of valid deductive inference this is guaranteed, because we merely re-arrange our information to make a certain element more salient. What changes is merely our knowledge of the relation implicit in the premisses. The act of inference requires an intervention by the subject that is arbitrary in the sense that it might not have taken place; but in the case of valid deductive inference, it is not an intervention that tampers with the truth. There is, perhaps, more interference by the subject when a decision is made to eliminate part of the original ideal content, as when we drop the middle term in the conclusion of a syllogism. Dropping ideal content even makes it possible that the conclusion is true, when the premisses contain error; but this does not matter, so long as it remains the case that if the premisses are true, the conclusion must also be true. Perhaps deductive inference can be handled, if we do not probe too deeply, but Bradley now comes to a “rising sea” of non-deductive inferences that are not so easily controlled. In mathematical construction we may infer the extension of a given straight line to double its size, but this is not the deduction of a conclusion from a premiss. Comparison and distinction are also acts of the mind that are not deductive inference. It could be argued, indeed, that these acts are not in fact inferences at all, but rather forms of plural judgment, originally involving more than one object distinguished within immediate experience. Bradley, however, would not be greatly interested in this, since in his final view the distinction between judgment and inference is to be broken down. The really serious problem, however, is empirical inference, including the prediction of the future on which we rely so heavily to carry out our purposes. Bradley took the first step at the beginning of The Principles of Logic when he introduced the loosening from the given experience of an ideal content that can be transferred elsewhere. This may explain how it is possible to formulate a belief about what will happen, but it does not explain why we choose to adopt the beliefs we do, or how these beliefs are to be justified. Suppose we abstract from immediate experience a conjunction of ideal elements. This may tempt us to imagine a similar conjunction in our representation of the future, but this would be justified, only if the connection of the elements were unconditioned and necessary. Since in abstracting the conjunction from the given experience it has been separated from the context in which it was found, it remains, as Bradley believes, conditioned by that context. Since this context is never completely known, the successful transfer of an ideal complex abstracted from the given context to a fresh context that may well be different cannot be guaranteed. The recognition of the context in which the given ideal content is embedded undermines its guaranteed transfer elsewhere. Does it also undermine the analytic judgment of sense that predicates the content of immediate experience? This is what we are led to think in the move to the higher point of view, and it would be extremely serious, since it would destroy the very concept of true judgment. It is ironic that at the beginning of The Principles of Logic Bradley uncovers the source of true judgment in the predication of an ideal content of an immediate experience from which it has been loosened and with which it is necessarily connected. This explains how it is possible to transfer an ideal content extracted from immediate experience to a segment of reality not immediately experienced. Such judgments, of course, may be either true or false. This system is available as a lower point of view for those who are unable to follow Bradley all the way. (It is also there as a fallback position, in the event that a fatal flaw is discovered in Bradley’s advanced reasoning, although Bradley himself does not seem to fear this possibility.) The lower point of view is happy enough with the argument that empirical inferences have no logical guarantee, since the given object involved in the premiss is embedded in a context, ultimately unknown. This argument establishes a conclusion to which everyone would agree. What cannot be accepted is the use of the same fact to break the tie between ideal content and object that constitutes true judgment. Without a viable concept of true judgment, even inference as we normally understand it will disappear, since the premisses and conclusion of an inference are all judgments, and a deductive argument is valid, if the conclusion must be true when the premisses are all true. We have been following the argument in the first edition of The Principles of Logic, in which Bradley tries to keep out the influence of his own metaphysical ideas, when operating at the lower level. This is fortunate, because it makes Bradley’s often insightful discussion available to logicians who would be appalled by his metaphysics. Bradley, as we know, is not ultimately satisfied with the lower point of view and feels compelled to move to a different position, where the influence of his metaphysical views can be detected. This difficult theory was not well understood, so that in the second edition of The Principles of Logic he included a set of terminal essays, which he hoped would provide a clearer exposition of his final views. The original book began with judgment; the terminal essays begin with inference which he now moves to the center. “Every inference is the ideal self-development of a given object taken as real.” (598) This definition attempts to explicate inference without using the notion of judgment, which will later be explained as a kind of inference. Even the third member of the logical trinity, the universal idea, is partly concealed under cover as “the given object.” The given object must be ideal, since this is the only kind of entity capable of ideal self-development. Bradley’s definition of inference would have been much clearer, if he had explained it as the ideal self-development of a logical idea taken as real. The concept of ideal self-development, however, contains a problem, encountered before. If there is no change, there is no inference; but if there is change, then “the inference is destroyed.”(599) Bradley cannot take the usual line that the transition in inference from judgment to judgment is valid, so long as the preservation of truth is guaranteed. This would be circular, since he intends to explain judgment in terms of inference. Bradley’s solution relies on the double nature of the datum, considered in itself and as part of a systematic whole. This is what is involved in the reference of the ideal content to reality. This reference to reality, familiar from Bradley’s initial account of judgment, now turns out to mean “taken to be real, as being in one with Reality, the real Universe.” (598) This is the point of “taken as real” in the original definition. To take an ideal content as real is to identify it with Reality, in so far as it belongs to Reality. We can now perhaps understand why Bradley replaces “logical idea” with “given object” in his initial definition. A logical idea can only be a part of a system of logical ideas, a system of thought. A given object, as normally understood and as understood within Bradley’s lower point of view, is a part of the real universe. It is the act of judgment that connects the domain of thought with the real world. It is judgment that predicates a logical idea of reality or of an object that belongs to reality. Without judgment, the only possible movement of thought is a movement along a stream of ideas. The only thing more real than a logical idea is a complete system of all ideas, and we have fallen into the clutches of Hegel! To adopt the term “given object” to denote logical ideas makes it difficult to use the same term to introduce concrete individuals constituting the universe. The movement of inference can be illustrated in the Dialectical Method, in which we expand a given content through recognition of its incompleteness. The explicit premiss is “some distinguished content set before us.” (601) Implicit is “the entire Reality as an ideal systematic Whole.” “Every member in this system…develops itself through a series of more and more inclusive totalities until it becomes and contains the entire system.” (601) When I use this method, everything is necessary except where I begin and when I stop. For Bradley, however, such inferences are never fully satisfactory, since their ground is largely implicit and unknown. Bradley goes on to consider in some detail other processes such as analysis, abstraction and comparison. His discussion of arithmetic is of surprising interest, because the construction of the natural number series does seem to make sense of the notion of ideal self-development. Each natural number develops itself through the successor function to introduce the number that follows it. The number three is an ideal content, since it is a universal property shared by all triples, so that the transition to four must lie in the domain of ideality. The representation of space and time is constituted through a similar process involving the ideal self-development of a given space or time. Although these examples may illuminate the obscure notion of ideal self-development, they will not help to explain inference, if the construction of the successor of a natural number or the space and time that lies beyond what is given is not an inference. Inference is usually considered a movement of thought from judgment to judgment, from premiss to conclusion. This is not what happens when we extend a line or form a new number. Bradley, however, would not accept this, since he considers judgment itself to be a kind of inference in the wide sense. It is a kind of inference in which the ground that compels the judgment is not made explicit. Inference is present, even in the purest case of an analytic judgment of sense. As we have seen, Bradley recasts the judgment “S is P” in the form: “Reality is such that S is P.” The word “such” is the placeholder for the ground in reality that compels the conclusion “S is P.” Since this condition is unspecified and not completely specifiable, the inferential structure is merely implicit. This is a radical change, under the influence of Bosanquet, from Bradley’s original position, where judgment lies at the interface between the ideal and the actual, between the universal and particular, and is hence distinct from inference which is a movement within thought. Bradley supports his change of heart by giving an example. Suppose I immediately experience A to the right of B and therefore form the judgment that A is to the right of B. There is, presumably, some sort of causal explanation for the relative position of these things. My objection is that any such condition for the existence of a state of affairs is not a truth condition for the corresponding judgment. It would be a truth condition only if it were incorporated in the judgment, which it is not. Even if I am prepared to say that A is to the right of B because John put it there, I am not saying that A is to the right of B, if John put it there. My statement is categorical, not conditional, and I will insist that A is to the right of B, even if it turns out that John is not responsible. The objects A and B that are the special subjects of the plural judgment are necessarily selected from and connected with “our whole Universe.” (Presumably, this is our Universe, because it is connected with our immediate experience.) In a singular judgment the special subject is this reality, which is “some special and emphasized feature in the total mass.” (629) All such special subjects are conditioned by what lies beyond. Even without invoking the law of causality, they are all conditioned by their setting in space and time. Bradley argues that since the special subject of the judgment must be conditioned, even if its conditions are not known, the judgment itself cannot be unconditioned. “The object therefore remains conditioned by that which is unknown, and only on and subject to this unknown condition is the judgment true.” (631) This sentence explicitly identifies the existence conditions of the object with the truth conditions of the judgment. If we refuse to make this jump, we can remain comfortably at Bradley’s “lower point of view” and ignore the obscure and baffling complexities of the esoteric theory. Even if we insist on a sharper distinction between judgment and inference than Bradley would allow, there is a general idea of a movement of thought that covers both activities. There may be some movements of thought we prefer to call judgments and others we call inferences, but Bradley’s purpose is to dig out what all acts of thought have in common. He believes he can state the fundamental problem without a final distinction between judgment and inference. Thinking is a process that reaches a result, and this implies the transcending of some initial state. It is not enough, however, that there be a mere succession of states. The movement of thought requires justification. The movement of thought must “satisfy the intellect.” In the case of inference, the satisfactory is called “valid”; in the case of judgment, the satisfactory is called “true.” In both cases the problem of the satisfaction condition is essentially the same. “Thought demands to go proprio motu…with a ground and reason…. Now to pass from A to B, if the ground remains external, is for thought to pass with no ground at all.” (Appearance and Reality, Note A, 501) We might suppose that in the case of deductive inference, there is an internal ground within the domain of ideas, although Bradley would not agree. But there is clearly no such internal justification for the inferential move in the case of non-deductive or empirical inferences. The success of empirical inferences or predictions depends on the way the world is or will be. Our general level of success depends on our living in a reasonably well-ordered world in which we have developed reliable systems for the acquisition of information. Since the ground that justifies the movement of thought is the nature of reality, this ground can never be brought within thought without the identity of thought and reality. Nothing less than this will satisfy the intellect. This is the essentially Hegelian move to identify thought and reality by turning reality into a system of thought. Not that a finite center can ever reach an unconditioned completion of its thought. We may try to get as close as we can, and the closer we get to a final completion, the more truth our thought contains. As we expand our system of thought to make it more comprehensive, the truer it will become, so long as it remains harmonious and coherent. Although the goal of Thought in Dialectic may be to complete the incomplete, Bradley believes that there is more to reality than even a completed system of thought could provide. Bradley is not a Hegelian, because he denies that the completion of thought, even if it were possible, would be identical with the Absolute. He rejects the replacement of reality by “some spectral woof of impalpable abstractions, or unearthly ballet of bloodless categories.” (591) Although Bradley follows Kant in accepting the transcendental ideality of the series of phenomena, a position that provided a stepping stone for Hegel, Bradley refuses to accept this creation of the mind as the reality encountered in immediate experience. For Bradley, “it is the whole continuity of the total series which is absolutely based on ideal reconstruction. By means of this function, and this function alone, we have connected the past in one line with the present.” (587) Immediate experience is associated with a cluster of ideas: “this”, “my”, “now”, “here”. What is immediately experienced is felt. “Feeling may be either used of the whole mass felt at any one time, or it may again be applied to some element in that whole.” (659) What I immediately experience is real enough, but this does not mean that everything real must be experienced by me. As less than reality as a whole, Bradley calls my immediate experience an appearance of reality. To Bradley, “it seems clear that we not only start from the given ‘this,’ but remain resting on that foundation throughout. Our whole ordered universe we may call a construction resting on immediate experience.” (661) Bradley clearly retains the phenomenal realism at the heart of traditional empiricism, while rejecting the idea that immediate experience is a collection of distinct existences, which was responsible for its demise. Experience, for Bradley, is originally a sensuous, felt mass. This is particularly acceptable with the re-instatement of mass terms, excluded by the logic of Principia Mathematica. For Bradley, a collection of distinct existences is not given, but emerges through an analysis carried out by thought. “I have to turn my experience into a disjunctive totality of elements.” (665) This is uncannily like Quine’s idea that “we persist in breaking reality down somehow into a multiplicity of identifiable and discriminable objects.” The connection is particularly striking, once we realize that special subjects, as well as Reality as a Whole, may extend beyond what is presented in immediate experience. The ideal contents, necessary to separate objects within the sensuous felt mass, do not confine these objects to their presentation in immediate experience. Because the contents are universal, they permit what Hume would call the continued existence of such real things beyond their appearance in my mind. Bradley’s theory must be taken very seriously because of the detailed account that it offers of a process that Quine leaves shrouded in mystery. It may be understood as a way of fixing what is wrong with empiricism. It is harder to sympathize with the arguments that led Bradley to abandon what he calls the “lower point of view” and which may be based on a mistake. - The Principles of Logic. Oxford University Press, 1883; second revised edition including terminal essays, 1922. - (This is the main source for Bradley’s logical theory.) - Appearance and Reality. Oxford University Press, 1893; second edition with appendix, 1897. - (The metaphysical theory.) - Essays on Truth and Reality. Oxford University Press, 1914. - (A collection of articles, for the most part originally published in Mind, and many on broadly logical topics.) - Collected Works. Thoemmes Press: Bristol, England and Sterling, Va., 1999. - (Volume I contains Bradley’s notes for The Principles of Logic.) - Allard, J. W., 2005, The Logical Foundations of Bradley’s Metaphysics: Judgment, Inference, and Truth. Cambridge University Press. - Basile, Pierfrancesco, 1999, Experience and Relations: an Examination of F. H. Bradley’s Conception of Reality. Chapter 4. - Blanshard, Brand, 1939, The Nature of Thought. Two Volumes. London: George Allen & Unwin. - (Especially, Chapter XIII: Bradley on Ideas in Logic and in Psychology.) - Bosanquet, Bernard, 1885, Knowledge and Reality, A Criticism of Mr. F. H. Bradley’s ‘Principles of Logic’. London: Kegan Paul, Trench. - Bradley, James (ed.), 1996, Philosophy after F. H. Bradley. Bristol: Thoemmes. - Bradley Studies, the journal of the Bradley Society, was published from 1995 to 2004. - (It has now been succeeded by Collingwood and British Idealist Studies.) - Campbell, C. A., 1931, Scepticism and Construction: Bradley’s Sceptical Principle as the Basis of Constructive Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin. - Campbell, C. A., 1957, On Selfhood and Godhood. London; George Allen & Unwin. - (Gifford Lectures delivered at the University of St. Andrews.) - Campbell, C. A., 1967, In Defence of Free Will. London: George Allen & Unwin. - (Chapter XII. The Mind‘s Involvement in Objects. This was originally published in 1962 as a contribution to Theories of the Mind, edited by Jordan M. Scher, published by the Free Press of Glencoe, a division of the Macmillan Company.) - Candlish, S., 2007, The Russell/Bradley Dispute and its Significance for Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. - Ferreira, P., 1999, Bradley and the Structure of Knowledge. Albany: SUNY Press. - Ferreira P., 2014, ‘Idealist Logic’ in The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 111-132. - Hylton, Peter, 1990, Russell, Idealism, and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Chapter 2. - Levine, James, 1998, “The What and the That: Theories of Singular Thought in Bradley, Russell and the Early Wittgenstein” in Appearance Versus Reality: New Essays on Bradley’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Mander, W. J. (ed.), 1996, Perspectives on the Logic and Metaphysics of F. H. Bradley. Bristol: St. Augustine’s Press. - Mander, W.J., 2008, ‘Bradley’s Logic’ in D. Gabbay and J.H. Woods (eds.) Handbook of the History of Logic. Volume Four: British Logic in the Nineteenth Century, Elsevier, pp. 663-717. - Mander, W., 2011, British Idealism. A History. Oxford University Press. - Manser, A., 1983, Bradley’s Logic. Oxford University Press. - Peacocke, C., 1992. A Study of Concepts. Chapter 3. Cambridge MA and London: MIT Press. - (This entry requires explanation, since Bradley is never mentioned in the book. Chapter 3 introduces scenarios, which are non-conceptual representational contents. As general, they qualify as ideal contents in Bradley’s sense. The positioning of scenarios in reality is therefore a special case of an act of judgment that refers an ideal content to a reality beyond the act. Peacocke is thus presenting the essence of Bradley’s position in an up-to-date form.) - Sprigge, T.L.S., 1993, James and Bradley. Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. Part II. Chapters 2 and 3. - Wollheim, R., 1959, F. H. Bradley. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. D. L. C. Maclachlan	0.8036	FineWeb
Over the years I have gathered a few "cleansing tips" that I use to keep myself on track. A few of my favorites are: - Make a list of what you are expecting to get from your cleanse and refer to it in those moments of wavering resolve - Make a list of what challenges you expect to face. For me this normally consists of one thing - cravings. Your list of what you are expecting to get will be much longer and therefore put the challenges in perspective - If you give in and cheat don't throw the whole cleanse out. Try not to cheat but if you start going down that road try to have a safe cheat item: i.e. a little watermelon or cucumber slices. These water filled items may allow you to quickly move on from your weak moment and complete your cleanse. Why am I suddenly blogging on cleansing??? I'm coming off of a few days of vacationing and a few weeks of reckless indulgence. With that, last night I announced to my kids that I would be embarking on a juice cleanse for a few days. READ: Don't bug me to go out to eat!! In the spirit of appealing to my selfish side, I have compiled a list of "what's in it for me". So, much like on Letterman, here are the top 10 reasons everyone should occasionally cleanse your body... - Get Blood Sugar Levels in check: keeping blood sugar levels under control help reduce future health problems, prevent weight gain, and reduce unhealthy cravings. - Reduce Unhealthy Cravings: see #1. When the body is nutritionally balance, cravings seize to happen. - Increase Absorption of Vital Nutrients: When you cells are clean, they can more easily absorb nutrients in your food. Every body system will benefit from this. - Boost Your Immune System: I do not take flu shots. My immune system is very strong and cleansing just makes the cells of the body more equipped to fight disease. - Brain Chemistry Boost: My mental clarity is always enhanced after a cleanse. My thinking is clearer and more concise. I've read that cleansing helps your body absorb fats and proteins more effectively. The better your body does this, the more healthy brain chemicals it produces. - Increase Energy: During my last cleanse I was amazed at my increased level of activity - yes I said DURING! After a cleanse this increase continues. Cleansers definitely feel more inclined to exercise. Your cells are "de-junked" and full of super nutrition -- the effect is more energy and more motivation to move your body. - Balance Your Hormones: Cleansing and super nutrition help your body balance its hormone levels. This leads to increased stamina, better sleep, and a feeling of well-being. - Support Your Liver: The liver is your body's primary elimination organ. When it gets overwhelmed with toxins and poor nutrition, poor thyroid function and low energy are the results. Cleansing supports the liver and leads to better thyroid function. - Improve Your Quality of Life: This is the ultimate reason to cleanse and replenish your body. When you are clean, you feel happier, sleep better, exercise more, make better food choices and loose excess weight. - Lose Weight: All though this is the least important reason to cleanse it is an added benefit! Your body protects itself from ingested toxins by producing extra fat cells. These fat cells encapsulate the impurities and keep them from depositing into and harming your vital organs. Cleansing leeches chemicals from fat cells and helps your liver and kidneys flush them from your system.	0.7099	FineWeb
- ScienceNOW: “Human Evolution Is Speeding Up” Led by University of Utah paleoanthropologist Henry Harpending, the team analyzed DNA from 270 individuals, searching for single-nucleotide polymorphisms in sequence data from Europeans, Africans, and Asians. After the analysis, the team concluded that the rate of evolution “has accelerated in 1800 human genes, which encompass about 7% of the human genome.” The source for most of the mutations, the scientists speculate, is a series of “recent” population booms. “The pace of change has accelerated a lot in the last 40,000 years, especially since the end of the Ice Age,” explains Harpending. The source for most of the mutations, the scientists speculate, is a series of “recent” population booms. Not all evolutionists are convinced, however. Yale University geneticist Kenneth Kidd cautions that, while he doesn’t deny recent rapid selection, “I am not yet convinced that so much rapid selection at so many places in the genome has occurred. ... I think we need much more data.” AiG’s Dr. Georgia Purdom said of this research: “The researchers suggest two reasons for human ‘evolution’ speeding up: an increase in population size and increased migration of humans to new environments (changing lifestyle, diet, and other selection pressures). Although creationists would not agree with the time scale of 40,000 years ago, these two reasons they suggest for the ‘speed up’ would have occurred shortly after Noah’s Flood and the Tower of Babel event around 4500 years ago. In Genesis 9:1 God commanded Noah and his sons to be fruitful and multiply, and after the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel, people migrated to different parts of the earth that had been drastically altered by the Flood. It is conceivable that natural selection would have occurred in the human population helping them adapt to their new environments. However, this is not an example of human evolution. Humans are still humans! This is why it is so important to not equivocate the terms natural selection and evolution and to clearly define them (see this past Friday’s Feedback, The Nature of Myth, for more information on this issue).” Be sure to check back soon for an in-depth article on this news from Dr. Purdom. For More Information: Get Answers Remember, if you see a news story that might merit some attention, let us know about it! (Note: if the story originates from the Associated Press, FOX News, MSNBC, the New York Times, or another major national media outlet, we will most likely have already heard about it.) And thanks to all of our readers who have submitted great news tips to us. If you didn’t catch all the latest News to Know, why not take a look to see what you’ve missed?	0.5041	FineWeb
The Logical Limits of Liberty & Needism Your needs can’t all be as easily fenced off as land. But that map-like model lurks behind unbalanced ideas about private and public interests. The “public good” is both bedrock and climate to all private interests. No logic of liberty should ignore their inalienable interdependence. The “tragedy of the commons” shows why: Herders using a commons (public pasture) seemingly have rational incentives to add animals; grazing is free, and profits can be increased. But if others do the same, the commons becomes overgrazed. So short-term asocial self-interest becomes self-defeating, causing collective tragedy. Two fixes are known; either fence off, assign property rights, and leave it to the new owners; or manage the commons for everyone’s benefit, which entails restricting freedom of use, but prevents tragedy (Elinor Olstrom’s Nobel Prized-work showed how). The moral: too much “freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.” The “public good” and the nation itself both face “tragedy of the commons” logic. In politics, special interests that prioritize their gain above the public good resemble those overgrazing herders. But it’s always irrational to discount the health of what supplies your needs. And no “politics of parts” can work unless the health of the whole governs. A nation isn’t only the sum of its special interests, or even the private interests of its people. A workable nation must balance those with the health of the whole. America’s founders agreed, they defined duties “to promote the general Welfare” and to enact laws “necessary for public good.” Tocqueville feared that Americans might forget “the close connection between the private fortune of each and the prosperity of all.” But he said “Americans combat individualism by the principle of interest rightly understood,” which “inclines them willingly to sacrifice a portion of their time and property to the welfare of the state.” Markets also face commons-like logic. Profit seeking that risks damaging markets is best restricted. Concern about large banks posing “systemic risks,” signals a nascent realization of this need. In describing “the social contract” Hobbes used an image of “the body politic” illustrating that no part thrives alone, and ailing parts risk an unhealthy body. Some politics now borders on becoming a fenced-off “asocial contract,” dominated by asocial (or even anti-social) self-interest. But that map-like model of interests misguides. Even the value of what you do on your land depends utterly on what is happening beyond your fences. No workable logic of liberty can ignore that the common good is the soil in which all private interests grow. Whatever your political beliefs, they need needism: Know your needs. Don’t damage them, or what supplies them. Don’t let others, either. Or you’re doomed (separately and jointly). Illustration by Julia Suits, The New Yorker Cartoonist & author of The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions.	0.6251	FineWeb
Exchange TRON (TRX) To Bitcoin (BTC) What Is TRON (TRX)? TRON (TRX) is a decentralized blockchain-based operating system developed by the Tron Foundation and launched in 2017. Originally TRX tokens were ERC-20-based tokens deployed on Ethereum, but a year later they were moved to their own network. Initially, the project was created with the aim of providing full ownership rights to makers of digital content. The main goal is to help content creators (who receive only a small part of the income) and encourage them with more rewards for their work. How: invite content consumers to reward content makers directly (without intermediaries like YouTube, Facebook or Apple). The TRON software supports smart contracts, various kinds of blockchain systems, and decentralized applications aka dApps. The cryptocurrency platform uses a transaction model similar to Bitcoin (BTC), namely UTXO. Transactions take place in a public ledger, where users can track the history of operations. Therefore, the platform was built to create a decentralized Internet and serves as a tool for developers to create dApps, acting as an alternative to Ethereum. Anyone can create dApps on the TRON network, offer content, and in return receive digital assets as compensation for their efforts. The ability to create content and share it openly without hesitation regarding transaction fees is an undeniable advantage of TRON. What Is Ripple (XRP)? Launched in 2021, the XRP Ledger (XRPL) is an open-source, permissionless and decentralized technology. Benefits of the XRP Ledger include its low-cost ($0.0002 to transact), speed (settling transactions in 3-5 seconds), scalability (1,500 transactions per second) and inherently green attributes (carbon-neutral and energy-efficient). The XRP Ledger also features the first decentralized exchange (DEX) and custom tokenization capabilities built into the protocol. Since 2012, the XRP Ledger has been operating reliably, having closed 70 million ledgers.	0.5827	FineWeb
In this ongoing series, we explore what culturally responsive teaching looks like at different grade levels and offer concrete examples and resources. Last month we explored the intentional selection of texts for reading discussion in first grade. This month, educator Lindsay Barrett offers guidance on culturally responsive teaching in grade 2 by bridging between the familiar and unfamiliar in literature discussions. More in this series: - What is Culturally Responsive Teaching? - Culturally Responsive Teaching in Kindergarten: Read Alouds to Build Relationships - Culturally Responsive Teaching in Grade 1: Intentional Selection of Texts for Reading Discussion - How Culturally Responsive is Your Classroom Library? There is a key shift in Common Core’s expectations for students’ response to literature from first to second grade. In Grade 1, students “describe characters, settings, and major events.” In Grade 2, they move to describing, “how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.” This is a tall order when you’re seven or eight, especially when you consider that a “major challenge” to someone this age could be anything from an argument with a friend at recess to a tragic event or significant family struggle. Whatever their experiences, many eight-year-olds’ worlds are still relatively self-focused. Empathizing with book characters that face unfamiliar challenges can be a reach. We must keep in mind that education, at its best, hones and develops the knowledge and skills each student already possesses, while at the same time adding new knowledge and skills to that base. How can teachers support students by bridging familiar and unfamiliar book content? Books with relatable characters who encounter multiple layers of events and challenges can provide familiar entry points while also stretching students’ thinking. Intentionally crafted discussions can help students make the leap from thinking about their own lives to thinking about the challenges others face. For example: - In Finding the Music/En Pos de la Musica, Reyna breaks a treasured instrument in a moment of anger and searches her neighborhood for a way to repair it. Many students will be able to relate to being frustrated with a family situation or wanting to fix a mistake, so these make helpful discussion openers. Questions like, “What does it mean to honor your family’s heritage?” or “What makes a neighborhood a community?” invite students into new thinking territory. - The Have a Good Day Cafe tells what happens when other vendors encroach on the location of Mike’s family’s food cart. Many students will identify with Mike’s conversations with his grandmother, who yearns for the way things used to be in Korea and doesn’t always understand Mike’s modern preferences. Deeper conversations such as, “What’s the impact on an entire family when parents’ jobs are threatened?” and “How can honoring traditions be both challenging and beneficial?” could lead students to consider broader perspectives. - Armando and the Blue Tarp School is the powerful account of a boy who is finally able to go to school when a teacher sets up a makeshift classroom at the Tijuana garbage dump where he lives. A discussion could begin with the universal question, “What makes a teacher great?” and progress to conversations about “Why is obtaining an education especially powerful for those who experience extreme hardship?” The “I wish my teacher knew” exercise publicized in connection with this book can be a way for teachers to learn more about the hidden challenges their students face that can inform their teaching in the future. Culturally responsive teaching means viewing learning as a “socially mediated process,” so it’s not just important for students to read books that reflect their own challenges and expose them to those of others; they should also talk about these topics with peers. For example: - Facilitate partner discussions of My Very Own Room/Mi Propio Cuartito, which tells of a girl’s quest for some quiet space in a crowded house, and Soledad Sigh Sighs/Soledad Suspiros, the story of a girl who hates coming home each day to her empty apartment. Have partners discuss: “How does each main character respond to the challenges she faces?” “Who helps each girl and how?” “With which character do you identify more and why?” Hearing partners’ perspectives broadens students’ thinking. - After reading Tashi and the Tibetan Flower Cure, the story of a granddaughter who orchestrates a modern version of a traditional Tibetan practice to help her ailing grandfather, begin a partner discussion with the question, “What do you think about when someone you care for is sick or hurt?” Expand the conversation to, “How can connecting to others have healing powers?” Talk to students about the power of literature to widen and deepen their worldviews. Using one’s own experiences to make sense of those of others is a powerful lesson for someone who is eight or eighty-eight. About the Author: Lindsay Barrett is a former elementary teacher and literacy nonprofit director. She currently works as a literacy consultant and stays busy raising three young boys. Find out more about her work at lindsay-barrett.com.	0.9871	FineWeb
While I work hard play hard, even my play won’t ever chill. Why do I prefer to go-go-go instead of letting go? Continue reading Why I go-go-go instead of let go! We have all suffered heartbreak, and we all carry around scars. How come it takes so long to heal, and what does it say about our spiritual wellness? Continue reading How to let go or the lost conduit to source	0.9073	FineWeb
It is very difficult to keep track of number of balls and number of overs bowled simultaneously so in order to solve this problem we built a small Cricket Over Counter which keeps track of no balls and no of overs bowled.Whenever the legal ball is bowled the switch is pressed and it reminds when one over is completed.The circuit operation is simple – after each ball has been bowled, the scorer presses switch S2, which sends a negative going pulse to the trigger input, pin 2, of CMOS timer IC1, triggering it for a period determined by the values of components R3 and C2. The resulting positive output from IC1 pin 3 triggers the inputs of decade counters IC2 and IC3. It also enables all the 7-segment common cathode l.e.d. displays until the timing period is over, thus conserving battery power (i.e. the displays will show the ball and over count for a few seconds after S2 has been pressed, before turning off. IC2 counts the balls and then resets itself, and IC3, when output Q7 goes high when the sixth ball is reached. The solid-state buzzer WD1 is simultaneously also turned on, via transistor TR1, signalling the end of the over. It remains sounding for the same duration as the display is on. The balls display is returned to zero and the reset pulse clocks counter IC4, ensuring that the l.e.d. units display advances by one digit. When the tenth over is reached, counter IC5 receives a carry-out pulse from IC4 and therefore the tens display advances by one digit and so forth. A maximum of 99·5 overs can be counted. An extra display stage could be added for a greater number of overs. No reset switch is included – resetting can be achieved by switching the unit off and then on again, after a brief delay to allow capacitor C4 to discharge completely. A good quality switch must be used for S2.	0.6809	FineWeb
A high level of LDL--low-density lipoprotein--cholesterol places a person at risk for developing heart disease or having a heart attack, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. The goal of lowering this type of cholesterol is to lower a person's risks for these conditions. Many treatment options exist for those with high cholesterol, from lifestyle changes to medications. For some people, it takes a combination of both. Reduce your weight. Being overweight is a risk factor for high cholesterol, therefor, shedding excess pounds can help lower LDL levels, as the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute explains. Men with a waist measurement greater than 40 inches and women whose waists are larger than 35 inches suffer from a condition known as metabolic syndrome, and face a greater risk for developing heart disease. Do 30 minutes of physical activity on most days, suggests the American Heart Association. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for heart disease. Not only does it help reduce a person's weight, it helps increase a person's HDL--the good cholesterol. The job of HDL cholesterol is to carry away excess amounts of LDL; the higher the levels of HDL, the lower the levels of LDL. The American Heart Association suggests 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week, and recommends aerobic activities such as running, brisk walking or swimming--any activity that increases the heart rate. Even gardening, raking the yard or dancing in the living room are acceptable. Adhere to the TLC diet, which includes lifestyle changes made specifically to lower LDL cholesterol. These include limiting saturated fats and cholesterol, eating enough calories to maintain weight, increasing the amount of soluble fiber because it absorbs excess cholesterol and increasing foods fortified with plant sterols and stanols, such as margarine, orange juice and yogurt drinks. Sterols and stanols--when one consumes at least 2g a day--can reduce cholesterol by more than 10 percent, according to the Mayo Clinic. Take prescribed medication to reduce your LDL cholesterol. The first choice of medication, according to the American Heart Association, when it comes to lowering LDL cholesterol, belong to a class of drugs known as statins. Not only are they extremely effective for lowering LDL cholesterol, they have few short-term side effects. Most patients tolerate the medications in this class well and have few drug interactions. In some cases, patients may require a combination of drugs before their cholesterol levels are effectively lowered. Patients who take medications need to remember that medication is not a cure-all, and should still adhere to lifestyle changes to see optimal results and a decrease in their cholesterol levels.	0.5478	FineWeb
Keeping your money in the bank is the best thing to do in order to keep the money but there are other things you can do to earn from your idle money instead of keeping it in the bank. How to Earn with Idle Fund 1. You need not keep the fund in the bank but to INVEST the money 2. Instead of keeping the cash, you could buy stocks 3. You could invest in real estate or properties even if you need to start small. 4. You could do importation of cheap Smartphones or computers and resale 5. You could import cars and start selling the cars 6. You can make money from you idle fund only if you get working with it by buying 7. You could invest in transport and haulage business 8. Instead of keeping the fund idle, why not start small scale Agriculture like fish farming 9. You could make your money work for you by buying Treasury Bills 10. Your Idle money could be used to buy ladies/ guys wears as well as household materials for sale This is just few ways by which your money get working and not remain idle in the bank. Think about this, invest your cash and see how it works. It might be difficult at first but i bet you that the smarter you are in business, the more money you earn. Thanks for reading.	0.8692	FineWeb
250 opera performances captured on video through staged productions, interviews, and documentaries Opera in Video presents streaming online video of 250 opera performances, captured through staged productions, interviews, and documentaries. The full range of operatic composition is represented, from the Baroque to the 20th century, with multiple performances of major operas. Search or browse by genre, composer, performer, ensemble, time period and role. Make, annotate, and share playlists; or use the video clip making tools. Use this database to answer questions like - I would like to watch the opera Aida. - I would like to compare two or more performances of Carmen. - Do you have any examples of Renaissance operas? - Gibson Library Connections	0.7565	FineWeb
Muscle Strain Topic Guide Muscle Strain: Muscle strain or muscle pull or even a muscle tear implies damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. Symptoms and signs include swelling, bruising, pain, and weakness. Treatment may involve rest, ice, compression, and elevation in addition to taking anti-inflammatory medications. CT Scan (CAT Scan, Computerized Axial Tomography) Computerized tomography scans (CT scans) are an important diagnostic tool for a variety of medical conditions. The process uses X-rays and a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body. Expert Views and News	0.5684	FineWeb
The drastic effects of climate change are now felt more aggressively in many provinces in Fiji leading to destruction of agricultural and poultry produce, damages to households and major disruptions in the school timetable for children. These impacts of climate change were voiced out by the Nadroga Navosa Provincial Youth Council at the Strategic planning workshop, facilitated by the Pacific Community’s (SPC) Human Rights and Social Development (HRSD) division. The provincial youth council member, Iosefa Tavoitai, highlighted climate change as a hinderance to the development of youth as the impacts have ripple effects in the community. “Lately the Tuva river that runs within Emuri, the host village, has been flooding three to four times a year. This leads to disruption on the community’s diets, health issues such as diarrhea and typhoid but most importantly the loss of income for the majority who are dependent on agriculture for survival,” he said. In response to these severe impacts, the youth in the province are now leading the mitigation work by turning towards the use of traditional knowledge-based initiatives to lessen the impacts of climate change in the area. Tavoitai explained that improving infrastructure in the settlement using traditional knowledge practices was proposed by the council. In its assessment, the council saw severe erosion of soil along Tuva river due to flooding, prompting a response from the youth. “Tree planting is done to mitigate soil erosion from flooding is one of the traditional methods young people applied. During the Strategic Planning Workshop week, we planted 2,000 native plants along the Tuva river banks in Emuri and Vavinaqiri and Nalele settlements,” Tavoitai said. The weeklong Strategic Planning Workshop was facilitated and supported by the HRSD division of SPC and was funded by the New Zealand Government. The Nadroga Navosa Provincial Youth Council Strategic Plan 2021 – 2025 was drafted as an outcome of the workshop and is currently undergoing further consultations and deliberations by the Council board members and community youth. It is expected to be finalised by 24 April, 2021.	0.688	FineWeb
We all have issues, whether from long standing hurt, memories of trauma, unresolved anger or current frustration, from which we find hard to move on. They circulate endlessly in our minds, invade our dreams and hijack headspace. Dwelling on unhappy or unpleasant episodes stops us enjoying the good things in life and having the self-confidence to achieve what we want. Writing is an immensely effective way of processing these episodes and our reactions to them, freeing us from associated negative emotions and allowing the events themselves to pass quietly into history. Putting feelings into words produces therapeutic effects in the brain. Professor James W. Pennebaker has probably done more research than any other psychologist on the “writing paradigm”. He explains how the actions of putting life events and our reactions to them into written form causes us to pay attention to the words we use to describe them and the structure of our “story”; which in turn forces our brain to integrate the emotions with our understanding and interpretation of them. Though the process of expressing feelings may be painful at times, Pennebaker’s expressive writing experiments have demonstrated major improvements in not only the mood and distress levels of his subjects, but on their immune systems, stress levels, self-esteem and productivity. Here are 5 easy to follow writing methods that Pennebaker suggests will help process negative emotions: 1. Choose an issue or event that you want to deal with and write first about your own subjective experience of what happened, then how you felt about it. Write about the deepest thoughts and feelings you have about it, including perhaps how they relate to other people in your life, your situation, the person you are now. Recognise that doing so may bring up painful memories and feelings but that these are part of the process. When writing from your own perspective you will probably use the first person singular pronoun, “I”, frequently as you describe what caused your emotions, and the feelings themselves. This writing style is associated with stress symptoms, depression and negative feelings; it is a necessary first step. Only write for fifteen to twenty minutes at most and don’t write again that day. “Write hard and clear about what hurts.” Ernest Hemingway. 2. The following day, or a few days later, move on to another blank page. Write again about the same matter but this time from a more objective point of view. Take a journalistic approach and describe the event(s) as if you were watching yourself and any others involved from the outside. Use your own name and third person pronouns (she/he/they) about yourself as well as others. Then attempt to describe the feelings of everyone involved, as well your own, and the effect the incident had on them. Research shows that the more that people make reference to others in their writing, the healthier they are mentally, and moving from first to third person pronouns is linked to adaptive coping and improved physical health. Again, only write for fifteen to twenty minutes at most and don’t write again that day. “There is a tremendous wisdom that is accumulated after loss. Healing takes place when we can turn our pain into something meaningful.” Dan Baker, psychologist 3. The third time you sit down to write about your chosen issue, look for reasons as to why the initial event happened; why individuals – including you – acted as they did, felt the way they did, made the decisions they did. This will encourage you to retell the story from yet another perspective, thereby gaining still more awareness and understanding. We know that using causal (“because”, “reason”, “infer”) and insight (“understand”, “realise”) words, are strongly related to emotional recovery and better physical health. 4. Finally, one or more days later, sit down and write again. This time write about the ways you have coped with the bad experience. Describe how you yourself have grown as a result of the event. Write about any positive outcomes from what has happened to you: perhaps you have become more insightful and understanding, maybe you have made new relationships or some existing ones have been strengthened through the experience. Consider the ways you have become stronger, better equipped to deal with life, possessed of more wisdom and greater ability. 5. Over the next few weeks, check in with yourself to see if you feel more at peace about the situation. If it works for you, repeat the process with any other outstanding emotional issues or new irritations that crop up. Get into the habit of processing and clearing painful or difficult experiences on a regular basis, so your past is dealt with, your present is clear and your future open to every possibility. More on writing for wellbeing in The Real Secret (available on Amazon in paperback and Kindle), and on http://www.therealsecret.net	0.8296	FineWeb
EXCLUSIVE PRODUCT! NOT SOLD IN STORES! 50% OFF Limited Offer ONE YEAR WARRANTY INCLUDED Compatible with Android & iOS - Accurate Location: We use GPS WIFI and LBS Three models location for accurate position. - Safe Incoming Calls: After setting SOS Family number . Contacts . Telephone numbers in the APP . kids can only receive calls from the setting numbers. Not from STRANGER! - Kids can press SOS or familiarity number button to call you! - Walkie Talkie: By this function . you can have voice conversation between smart watch and app. Send voice message over app or watch recording message send to phone\’s app all is available! - Safety Zone: The Min.fence radius is within 500 meters .if the watch user walked out of the range . your phone will received and alert. - Pedometer: It can record your dear bay’s steps too . calories and distance. Let you know baby’s sports data . adjust exercise program and get healthier life! - Sleeping Monitoring: The smart watch will record your baby’s turnover times . you can check the related data through the APP. - History Route: Path query in your children’s historical activities by the choose the period. - Find the watch: If the watch is not nearby . send this command . the watch will start to ring for 1 mins so that you can easily find it . press any button will stop the ringer. - Take off watch: If you set the telephone number in the APP’s “SMS alerts setting” . you will receive a message when occurring the above 3 conditions. - Listen to kids: If you miss your baby . you can listen to them without disturbing them. - Alarm: You can set 3 different alarms as your child’s requirements! - Remote Shutting Down: You can remote controlled the smart watch power off via APP. - Anti-lost: After registered your smart watch in the phone and the APP is on-line . if someone take off the watch from your children’s wrist . you phone will alert to remind you. - Quick learning: The kids can play the sample Mathematical games by the watch - Flashlight: The will a LED flashlight for you when you in the darkness. - Smartwatch * 1 - Manual * 1 - Original box * 1 - Charge Cable * 1 *Please allow 10-21 business days for the item to arrive	0.9764	FineWeb
admincheat SpawnDino "Blueprint'/Game/PrimalEarth/Dinos/Piranha/Piranha_Character_BP.Piranha_Character_BP'" 500 0 0 35 Variant Aberrant Piranha admincheat summon Piranha_Character_BP_Aberrant_C admincheat SpawnDino "Blueprint'/Game/PrimalEarth/Dinos/Piranha/Piranha_Character_BP_Aberrant.Piranha_Character_BP_Aberrant'" 500 0 0 35 Basic Info[edit \| edit source] Dossier[edit \| edit source] Megapiranha magnadmorsus is carnivorous fish found fairly commonly in the rivers and ponds of the island. Its bite is incredibly powerful; I've even seen them break through the armored turtles of the island. Megapiranha has one of the strongest bites, pound-for-pound, of any creature on the island. When encountering a Megapiranha, be on the lookout for the rest of the school. No one Megapiranha is an overwhelming threat, but their tendency to swarm prey can make short work of much larger and stronger creatures. Any given Megapiranha is easy to kill, but killing the entire school can be a daunting task. Like some of the other creatures on the island, a tamed Megapiranha is best suited as a guard. Their high metabolism makes them require more food than many other creatures, but they are very adept at hunting their own food, particularly the Coelacanths. Behavior[edit \| edit source] Very aggressive to anything that is in their immediate vicinity, they will even attack the mighty Tyrannosaurus, although these attacks usually prove futile. Megapiranha tend to stay in groups of 4-5. In such numbers, they can tear through weak armor in a matter of seconds. Players who cross large bodies of water often find multiple schools converging on them, which can prove a problem even for the most advanced of players. Appearance[edit \| edit source] Traversing the island's freshwater rivers and lakes can be a dangerous proposition, especially when the fearsome Megapiranha is in the area. As large as a coelacanth and far more aggressive, these fish usually travel in small groups to hunt, swarming weak and wounded animals in a flurry of snapping jaws and cutting teeth. The Megapiranha's rough skin and violent behavior make it unmistakable for any other fish species. Color Scheme and Regions[edit \| edit source] This section displays the Piranha's natural colors and regions. For demonstration, the regions below are colored red over an albino Piranha. The colored squares shown underneath each region's description are the colors that the Piranha will randomly spawn with to provide an overall range of its natural color scheme. Hover your cursor over a color to display its name and ID. Server admins can use this region information in the Console Command cheat SetTargetDinoColor <ColorRegion> <ColorID>. cheat SetTargetDinoColor 0 6 would color the Piranha's "body" magenta. Eye Area and Stripes Region 3 is not used Drops[edit \| edit source] Base Stats and Growth[edit \| edit source] Note that creatures will have different stats in Survival of the Fittest \|Attribute\|\|Amount at Level 1\|\|Increase per point\| 1Percentages are based on the value of the stat the moment the creature was tamed (after taming effectiveness) 2The absolute Base Damage is shown here instead of the percentage. 3Wild creatures do not level up movement speed 4Torpidity increases every level on wild creatures, but can not be increased once they are tamed. 5The Piranha is incapable of drowning. \|Movement Type\|\|Base Speed\|\|Sprinting\| - These are the base speeds of the creature at 100% Movement Speed - For a comparison of the speeds of all creatures, see Base Creature Speeds \|Base\|\|Minimum\|\|Activation\|\|The Megapiranha bites the target.\| \|Attack Type\|\|Projectile Values\|\|Torpor Values\| \|Impulse\|\|Radius\|\|Base\|\|Mult\|\|Duration\|\|Damage Mult\|\|Amount\|\|Duration\|\|Damage Mult\|\|Amount\| Taming[edit \| edit source] The Piranha can be 'tamed' using a Fish Basket . However, their level are affixed, thus cannot earn any experience, and they do not eat from the trough. The engram for the basket can only be learned on Aberration and you need amongst other things 60 × Fungal Wood . You can also transfer tamed piranhas or pre built fish baskets to the desired map via a Tek Transmitter. Combat[edit \| edit source] This section describes how to fight against the Piranha. General[edit \| edit source] Any melee weapon will suffice to kill them off, as they have relatively low health. Make sure that you do not stay nearby them for so long, as others will swim over and pile themselves on. At that point, it becomes dangerous. Stepping away from the water removes them as a threat entirely. Tamed mounts such as Baryonyx are sufficiently easier to kill them on instead of a pike or sword, this is because of their stun. Strategy[edit \| edit source] Use the range provided by a pike or spear to poke at the Megapiranha from a distance. If possible, lure them to the shore and get them stuck in the shallows. It is not practical to use a ranged weapon, as they swerve often, and only crossbows work underwater. Before crossing a river just get deep enough to see underwater and look around for piranha, wait there long enough for any that are around to come to you, if nothing comes you are safe to cross, if they do come try to stand knee deep until they are pretty close and they may get stuck in the shallows. It is also wise to take a running leap across a river after you have checked it, this will help to clear the distance just in case. Weaponry[edit \| edit source] The best weapons to use are Pikes and Spears because they can hit the piranha without getting close enough for it to fight back. If the piranha is exposed you can hit it with ranged weapons like a slingshot or bow. Dangers[edit \| edit source] Piranha employ swarm tactics to kill their prey. Make sure you stay as far away from them as possible, or if you feel confident, let them gather so you can hit them all at once. Weakness[edit \| edit source] They have a small health pool, so they do not take a while to be killed if they are singled out and separated. Utility[edit \| edit source] Roles[edit \| edit source] Collectibles[edit \| edit source] Notes/Trivia[edit \| edit source] For information pertaining specifically to the real-world Piranha, see the relevant Wikipedia article - Piranhas can make crossing rivers difficult for survivors starting off in the game. It is recommended to try to find a shallow place to cross or avoid crossing altogether until you get some gear to protect yourself. If you have a corpse you can drag it into the water to potentially lure piranhas in either to find out if there are any and/or eliminate them. - The Piranha's design is similar to that of the titular fish in "Piranha 3D", a 2010 horror-comedy film. - The Piranha used to be named Megapiranha in game, but they are still named that way in ARK: Survival Evolved Mobile. - The Piranha was not tameable until Aberration was released. - Real Piranhas lay eggs, however Ark's Piranhas do not. - Although Piranha can't lay eggs or reproduce they still some how manage to spawn into the Ark worlds. - Piranha do not produce feces. - Real Piranhas are social animals that live in schools, Ark's Piranhas can be found together but mostly found on their own. - the Piranha along with the Coelacanth, Leech, Sabertooth Salmon, and Trilobite, all became tamable with the fishing basket introduced in aberration.	0.6898	FineWeb
Originally Posted by Ubercroz Over a large enough sample the two should converge yeah think this is probably what duggs is saying regarding the central limit theorem aspect as well in regards to the distribution normalizing where it will fall on a bell curve around the 80%. Again, I had to google and look up the central limit theorem.....this is fun i quite enjoy learning especially when its interesting, and probably not really contributing here either but its got some mice trying to spin the wheel in my brain In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) states that, given certain conditions, the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large number of iterates of independent random variables, each with a well-defined expected value and well-defined variance, will be approximately normally distributed. That is, suppose that a sample is obtained containing a large number of observations, each observation being randomly generated in a way that does not depend on the values of the other observations, and that the arithmetic average of the observed values is computed. If this procedure is performed many times, the central limit theorem says that the computed values of the average will be distributed according to the normal distribution (commonly known as a "bell curve").	0.9109	FineWeb
Methods for genetic manipulation of Clostridium ljungdahlii are of interest because of the potential for production of fuels and other biocommodities from carbon dioxide via microbial electrosynthesis or more traditional modes of autotrophy with hydrogen or carbon monoxide as the electron donor. Furthermore, acetogenesis plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Gene deletion strategies required for physiological studies of C. ljungdahlii have not previously been demonstrated. An electroporation procedure for introducing plasmids was optimized, and four different replicative origins for plasmid propagation in C. ljungdahlii were identified. Chromosomal gene deletion via double-crossover homologous recombination with a suicide vector was demonstrated initially with deletion of the gene for FliA, a putative sigma factor involved in flagellar biogenesis and motility in C. ljungdahlii. Deletion of fliA yielded a strain that lacked flagella and was not motile. To evaluate the potential utility of gene deletions for functional genomic studies and to redirect carbon and electron flow, the genes for the putative bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenases, adhE1 and adhE2, were deleted individually or together. Deletion of adhE1, but not adhE2, diminished ethanol production with a corresponding carbon recovery in acetate. The double deletion mutant had a phenotype similar to that of the adhE1-deficient strain. Expression of adhE1 in trans partially restored the capacity for ethanol production. These results demonstrate the feasibility of genetic investigations of acetogen physiology and the potential for genetic manipulation of C. ljungdahlii to optimize autotrophic biocommodity production. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/379/	0.7402	FineWeb
Mary Bird Perkins – Our Lady of the Lake Cancer Center provides genetic counseling and testing services for people who have an increased risk for hereditary cancer. Based on your risk assessment, we can assist you in making informed medical decisions. Genetic counseling involves discussing your personal and family history of cancer. The goal is to provide clear and clinically relevant information about genetic risk factors in a supportive and educational atmosphere. Genetic testing allows us to examine specific genes known to increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, which is key in the early detection of cancers in high-risk patients. For more information about genetic counseling and testing or for a referral, please call (225) 765-8988.	0.5676	FineWeb
A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure. It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be simple substances, chemical compounds, or alloys. Chemical substances are often called ‘pure’ to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical. Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions. Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, and are thus not “substances” in this regard.	0.9998	FineWeb
Urtica, or as it is more commonly known, Stinging Nettle, has a well-known reputation for its sting when the skin touches the hairs and bristles on the leaves and stems. The name Urtica comes from the Latin verb urere, meaning `to burn’. Interestingly when the fine hairs on the Urtica plant come into contact with a painful area of the body they can actually cause a decrease in the original pain! Alfred Vogel was one who advocated this treatment to a number of his patients. Today A. Vogel is kinder and the leaves and roots of Urtica plants are carefully harvested and manufactured twice yearly into a tincture.	0.545	FineWeb
This is a pretty simple post to show how to alter (add, remove or edit) a calculated field in an SSAS cube without redeploying the whole project, a useful technique if you do not have the SSAS cube project handy or wish to quickly implement changes on a live cube. In order to edit a live cube’s calculated fields, we will need to run an ALTER command in XMLA (XML for Analysis) format on the Analysis Services server where our project is deployed. The format for the XMLA command looks like this: <Alter ObjectExpansion="ObjectProperties" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/analysisservices/2003/engine"> <Object> <DatabaseID>[CUBE-DB-ID]</DatabaseID> <CubeID>[CUBE-ID]</CubeID> <MdxScriptID>MdxScript</MdxScriptID> </Object> <ObjectDefinition> <MdxScript xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <ID>MdxScript</ID> <Name>MdxScript</Name> <Commands> <Command> <Text> /* The CALCULATE command controls the aggregation of leaf cells in the cube. If the CALCULATE command is deleted or modified, the data within the cube is affected. You should edit this command only if you manually specify how the cube is aggregated. */ CALCULATE; ... ... </Text> </Command> </Commands> </MdxScript> </ObjectDefinition> </Alter> In order to run an XMLA command, right click on the cube database and select “New Query” then “XMLA“. Now lets take each part of the ALTER command and explain the required value: - DatabaseID: The cube’s Database ID needs to be added here, this can be found out using SSMS by right clicking on the database node and then clicking Properties, there should be a field called “ID”. - CubeID: In order to extract the Cube ID, you will need to expand the Cube Database, right click on the relevant cube, and then click on the Properties option, there should be a field called “ID. - Text: Which can be found by navigating the XML above using the path “Alter -> ObjectDefinition -> MdxScript -> Commands -> Command -> Text“, this field should include the definition for all calculated fields in the cube, as whatever in there will replace what you already have in the cube being altered. The best way to handle the Text field is by grabbing the existing calculated fields from the cube, then altering the command text itself as required, and then upload it again using the ALTER XMLA command above, in order to get the existing cube commands you can generate a CREATE script of the cube in question, this can be done by right clicking on the Cube Database, selecting “Script Database as” then “CREATE To” then “New Query Editor Window“, if you do a find command on the resultant XMLA and search for “MdxScript” you should find all existing commands. I recommend keeping a backup of the existing script, just in case you need to roll back the calculated fields changes. And that is it really, once the command is executed, the result should look something like this: <return xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-analysis"> <root xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-analysis:empty" /> </return> In addition to a message that confirms the command has been executed successfully.	0.6537	FineWeb
© 2013 – Routledge Exploring the concept of ‘colonial cultures,’ this book analyses how these cultures both transformed, and were transformed by, their various societies. Challenging both the colonial vulgate, and the nationalist paradigm, Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco, examines the lesser known specificities of particular moments, practices and institutions in Morocco, with the aim of uncovering a ‘new colonial history.’ By examining society on a micro-level, this book raises the profiles of the mass of Moroccans who were highly influential in the colonial period yet have been excluded from the historical record because of a lack of textual source material. Introducing social and cultural history, gender studies and literary criticism to the more traditional economic, political and military studies, the book promotes a more complex and nuanced understanding of Moroccan colonial history. Employing new theoretical and methodological approaches, this volume encourages a re-assessment of existing work and promotes a more interdisciplinary approach to the colonial history of Morocco. Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco is a highly topical and useful addition to literature on the subject and will be of interest to students and scholars of History, Imperialism and more generally, Middle Eastern Studies. Introduction – Driss Maghraoui Part I: Colonialism, Spacial Configurations and Science 1 The Mellah Without Walls: Jewish Space in a Moroccan City: Tangier, 1860-1912 – Susan Gilson Miller 2 Colonial Experience and Territorial Practices – Abdelahad Sebti 3 France in Morocco: Technocosmopolitanism and Middling Modernism – Paul Rabinow 4 Knowledge, Gender and Spatial Configuration in Colonial Casablanca – Driss Maghraoui 5 Rumor and Revolution: Medicine, Technology and Popular Politics in pre-Protectorate Morocco, 1877-1912 – Ellen Amster Part II: Colonialism and Nationalism: A Social History 6 Civilian Administrators in Protectorate Morocco: An Unrecognized Function – Olivier Berger 7 Mohand N’Hamoucha: Middle Atlas Berber 8 Slavery and the Situation of Blacks in Morocco in the First Half of the Twentieth Century – Rita Aouad 9 Propaganda and its Target: the Venom Campaign in Tangier during World War II 10 National Resistance, Amazighite, and (Re)-imagining the Nation in Morocco – Jonathan Wyrtzen Part III: The Literary and Artisitic Dimension of Colonialism 11 American Orientalism: Taking Casablanca – Brian T. Edwards 12 Post-Colonial Literature in Morocco: Nation, Identity and Resistance Aesthetics – Said Graiouid 13 Nos Goumiers Berberes: The Ambiguities of Colonial Representations in French Military Novels – Driss Maghraoui 14 Le Protectorat dans la Peau: Prosper Ricard and the 'native arts' in French Colonial Morocco, 1899-1952 Contemporary events in the Islamic world dominate the headlines and emphasise the crises of the Middle East and North Africa, yet the Islamic World is far larger and more varied than we realise. Current affairs there too mask the underlying trends and values that have, over time, created a fascinating and complex world. This new series is intended to reveal that other Islamic reality by looking at its history and society over the ages, as well as at the contemporary scene. It will also reach far further afield, bringing in Central Asia and the Far East as part of a cultural space sharing common values and beliefs but manifesting a vast diversity of experience and social order.	0.7146	FineWeb
Distant powerful temblors triggered ominous activity at wastewater injection sites Courtesy of Science/AAAS Giant, distant earthquakes may help scientists identify places where humans are liable to set off smaller tremors when they inject fluid deep into geologic deposits. Scientists have known for decades that injecting huge volumes of liquid underground — such as waste from hydraulic fracturing, or fracking — can set off quakes. But in most cases it doesn’t, and scientists can’t predict when or where such human-induced earthquakes will happen. In the July 12 Science, seismologists report that massive earthquakes unleash seismic waves that can trigger tremors near wastewater disposal wells half a world away. The tiny quakes may be a warning sign that a fault is close to rupture. “When we do see remote triggering, it seems to foreshadow larger induced earthquakes,” says coauthor Nicholas van der Elst of Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y. “It shows the faults are reaching a tipping point.”	0.8758	FineWeb
The opening ceremonies of the 147th Audio Engineering Society Convention took place on Wednesday, October 16, featuring the presentation of this year’s AES Awards and the announcement of its winners. This included welcoming speeches from AES president Nadja Wallaszkovits and AES New York Convention committee members Agniezska Roginska, Valerie Tyler and Jonathan Wyner. Awards were presented by Alex Case, AES Awards Committee Chair. The awards presented include the following: The Silver Medal Award, given in recognition of outstanding development or achievement in the field of audio engineering. This year’s recipients are: - Marina Bosi, in recognition of outstanding achievements in the development and standardisation of audio and video coding and of secure digital rights management. Bosi is a consulting professor at Stanford University’s Centre for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics. - Louis D. Fielder, psychoacoustics and audio coding researcher, for extraordinary contributions to the field of perceptual audio coding, and years of service to the Audio Engineering Society. The Board of Governors Award, given for outstanding contributions to the Audio Engineering Society, has been presented to: - Gavin Kearney, in recognition of co-chairing the 2019 AES International Conference on Immersive and Interactive Audio. - Mariana Lopez, in recognition of co-chairing the 146th AES Convention in Dublin. - Michael Santucci, in recognition of co-chairing the 2018 International AES Conference on Hearing Disorders. - Jim Starzynski, for outstanding leadership and contributions to the AES Audio Guidelines for Over the Top Television and Video Streaming Technical Group within the Broadcast and Online Delivery Technical Committee. - Jonathan Wyner, in recognition of co-chairing the 145th AES Convention in New York. The Fellowship Award, given to a member who has rendered conspicuous service, or is recognised to have made a valuable contribution to the advancement in or dissemination of knowledge of audio engineering or in the promotion of its application in practice, has been presented to: - Anthony Agnello, for the continuous invention of influential disruptive audio technologies. - Martha de Francisco, for conspicuous commitment to audio education and mentorship and support of the Audio Engineering Society. - Michael Kelly, for significant contributions to the Society’s leadership in Game Audio. - John Krivit, for conspicuous commitment to audio student education and mentorship. - Jan Abildgaard Pedersen, for advancements in the field of loudspeaker design and for his substantial contributions to the Audio Engineering Society. - Josh Reiss, for valuable contributions to, and for encouraging and guiding the next generation of researchers in the development of audio and musical signal processing. - Takehiro Sugimoto, in recognition of his diverse contributions to the development and standardisation of 22.2 multichannel sound broadcasting systems. - Terri Winston, for providing training, resources, and leadership, greatly expanding the participation of young girls and women in the field of audio engineering. The Citation Award, given in recognition of services to the Society or industry accomplishments by non-members, has been presented to: - Pat Parker, for over 40 years of invaluable contributions to Audio Engineering Society conventions. The Honorary Member designation, given to persons of outstanding repute and eminence in the science of audio engineering or its allied arts, has been given to: - Grandmaster Flash, for pioneering revolutionary and influential implementations of audio and music technologies for performance. The Distinguished Service Medal Award, given in recognition of extraordinary service, has been presented to: - Garry Margolis, in recognition of more than 20 years of dedicated service to the Society as a section officer, governor, treasurer and president.	0.8912	FineWeb
Other options that could be considered are described below. A replacement ferry at Woolwich Some people who responded to our previous consultation on river crossings suggested that we should improve the ageing ferry infrastructure at Woolwich. Because of the age of the existing infrastructure, this would mean replacing the Woolwich Ferry with a new ferry at the same location. While this could be cheaper than implementing an entirely new ferry at Gallions Reach, and might take less time, it would not enable us to resolve the traffic congestion problems at the terminals that the ferry currently causes. It would also require closures of the Woolwich Ferry during construction of the new infrastructure, which would cause considerable disruption. Initial analysis also shows that many of the uses of the Woolwich Ferry have origins and/or destinations east of Woolwich, which means a crossing further east might be more convenient and reduce travel distances. A bridge or tunnel at Gallions Reach Some respondents to our previous consultation on river crossings also suggested that a bridge or tunnel at Gallions Reach would be a better solution than a ferry. If we construct a ferry in this location, it would still be possible to implement a bridge or tunnel later, a fact which is recognised by the Mayor’s Transport Strategy. However, in this case, it would be unlikely that a bridge or tunnel would be implemented for at least another twenty years. An alternative approach might be to construct a bridge or tunnel instead of the Gallions Reach Ferry. A bridge or tunnel would be more expensive and would take at least four years longer to deliver than a new ferry, so it could not be delivered until after 2021. In the meantime we would need to spend significant sums on the Woolwich Ferry so it could continue to operate at least until the new crossing was complete. What would the impacts of a tunnel or bridge be? The proposed tunnel at Silvertown would provide a new alternative to the Blackwall tunnel, improving both the capacity and reliability of crossings in that part of London and catering for traffic travelling along the A2. Therefore, any new tunnel or bridge at Gallions Reach would be likely to be used mostly by local traffic. This, and the presence of alternative crossings to the west, mean that the scale of a bridge or tunnel here could be minimised, and we believe that two lanes in each direction would be enough. However, traffic volumes would be higher than with a ferry option, so careful traffic management would be needed to avoid increased delays around the crossing.	0.6714	FineWeb
Synopsis: Every single layer matters belongs to a class of complex perovskite oxides that display an interesting interplay of spin, charge, and orbital degrees of freedom, and may provide alternatives to conventional silicon-based electronics. While bulk is a metallic ferromagnet at low temperatures, thin films of undergo a metal-to-insulator transition and exhibit intriguing changes in the magnetic order as a function of thickness. A detailed understanding of how the thickness of the films affects the underlying physics is, however, absent. In a Rapid Communication published in Physical Review B, Wolter Siemons and Gertjan Koster of the University of Twente in the Netherlands, and Jing Xia, Malcolm Beasley, and Aharon Kapitulnik of Stanford University study the transport and magnetic properties of thin films of grown on a substrate. They pin the critical thickness for the metal-insulator transition to four layers, observing eight orders of magnitude increase in resistance when the thickness decreases from four to three layers. In addition, they find that for two and three layers, the axis of the magnetic moment associated with ferromagnetism collapses to the plane of the films, compared to the bulk case where the alignment is close to perpendicular. The authors propose that reconstruction of the crystal lattice at the interface with the substrate creates an antiferromagnetic layer and induces the insulating state in the two and three layer case. The implication is that a thickness of four layers is adequate to overcome the interface influence, resulting in a phase transition to the bulk properties of .– Alex Klironomos	0.9724	FineWeb
Why are so many of the gods born on December 25th? Quite a few are born to a virgin. In this post I will explain and show why all these gods are born on December 25th. I will also show you why some of them were born to a virgin. People who have figured out that Christmas is about the sun like to show the pagan roots. It is a pagan tradition, but not in just the sense that they show. They only show the roots of Christianity. Christianity was very pagan before Constantine and the Council of Nicaea. They are not going back far enough. As far back as 10,000 BCE history is abundant with sun symbols and worship. The sun is the most adorned object of all time. Without it there would be no life on this planet. The ancients knew this and this is the main reason they assigned a god or gods to it. The stars were just as important to the ancients. They created the constellations and the zodiac as a way to keep time and have access to the inner zodiac. As above, so below. As I have shown in previous posts, when someone like Alexander the Great wore ram horns, it is showing he was a King in the time of Aries. When you see a bull or something to do with it, they are showing the age of Taurus. This is why Jesus is associated with the fish. He was called the lamb of god and you see pictures of him holding a lamb because he was taking over after Aries. He is the Solar King of the age of Pisces. The story of Noah and the animals lined up two by two is showing the twins or the age of Gemini. Ancients personified the constellations in myths. Lets see the gods that were born on December 25th to a virgin…… These are all gods that represent the sun. On December 21 thru December 24th the earth ends it’s northern hemisphere tilting away from the sun. On these three days the sun rises in the same spot on the eastern horizon. At 12:01am on December 25th the earth starts tilting the northern hemisphere back towards the sun and the sun appears to rise a little further north than the previous three days. This is the beginning of longer hours of daylight and warmer days ahead. To the ancients the sun was reborn after dying for three days. Before I let you in on why these gods were born to a virgin I have to show you the computerized picture I took on the spring equinox earlier this year. This is a screen shot from star globe on the spring equinox. Notice how the sun is rising near the end of Pisces and Aquarius is just off to the upper right. This is because we are getting close to leaving Pisces and will enter Aquarius when the sun rises in that constellation in about 300 years. About 2,000 years ago the sun rose at the spring equinox at the beginning of Pisces. This will be important in a bit. The constellation before Pisces is Aries. Before Aries is the constellation Taurus. Why are some of these gods born to a virgin? Since the sun is born on December 25 at 12:01 am, we have to look in the sky to see who the sun is born to. Right at midnight a certain lady is beginning to enter the eastern sky. This is because we are near the end of Pisces. At the beginning of Pisces she was completely in the eastern sky at midnight. In the time of Aries she was high in night sky at midnight and during the age of Taurus she was even higher. Who is this lady in the sky that the ancients saw her as giving birth to the sun? You know her as the constellation of Virgo, better know as the virgin. Here she was a little past midnight earlier this morning. Jesus will be the last solar god born of a virgin. Once we enter the age of Aquarius, Leo will be the constellation in the midnight sky on December 25th. Cancer and Gemini will be very high in the sky just above Leo. The new solar king or god will have to be born of a lion, crab or twins. In solar cults, the mothers of the Kings that actually existed were royalty and just like the Kings had to be personified in the stars, so did the Queen. When the Queen had sexual relations with the King, he was a god incarnate here on earth. She was not having relations with a mortal, she was having relations with a god. So she remained a virgin. For more on this see His Royal Jesus. For those who are new to my work and are saying that Buddha and Krishna were born to a virgin and are very ancient, so that makes my theory null and void. Well this shows that I am correct in saying that Alexander the Great created both Hinduism and Buddhism(See Lemurian Magic and Cyclops). Alexander the Great was a King in the age of Aries. In the age of Aries, Virgo would have been in the spot where you see Leo. Just above where she is now.	0.5875	FineWeb
121 writers online If you want to pay for essay for unique writing How to be an effective Leader , just click Order button. We will write a custom essay on How to be an effective Leader specifically for you! How to be an effective Leader The role of a Leader “Leaders help themselves and other folks to do the correct factors. They set path, construct an inspiring vision, and develop some thing new. Leadership is about mapping out where you want to go to “win” as a group or an organization and it is dynamic, exciting, and inspiring.” . Whilst leaders set the path, they should also use management skills to guide their men and women to the right location, in a smooth and effective way. How to be an effective Leader “According to the concept of transformational leadership, an powerful leader is a individual who does the following: Creates an inspiring vision of the future, motivates and inspires men and women to engage with that vision, manages delivery of the vision, coaches and builds a team, so that it is a lot more efficient at attaining the vision.” “Leadership professional James McGregor Burns introduced the concept of transformational leadership in his 1978 book, “Leadership.” He defined transformational leadership as a process where “leaders and their followers raise one particular another to greater levels of morality and motivation.”. “In enterprise, a vision is a realistic, convincing and attractive depiction of where you want to be in the future. Vision provides path, sets priorities, and provides a marker, so that you can tell that you’ve accomplished what you wanted to accomplish.” ( ). To generate a vision, leaders must concentrate on an organization’s strengths. Leaders ought to consider about how their organization is likely to develop, and how their competitors may possibly act due to adjustments. Look at how they can innovate, shape their firms and their strategies to succeed in future marketplaces. And they test their visions with suitable market study, and by assessing crucial dangers that could be a aspect for failure. “Leaders must make them compelling and convincing. A compelling vision is 1 that folks can see, really feel, comprehend, and embrace. Powerful leaders give robust mental photos of what they are trying to achieve and are in a position to clarify their vision in methods that people can relate to. Vision supplies the foundation for leadership But its leaders’ capacity to motivate and inspire individuals that aids them produce that vision. “For example, when you begin a new project, you will possibly have lots of enthusiasm for it, so it is usually straightforward to win help for it at the starting. Even so, it can be challenging to locate techniques to hold your vision inspiring after the initial enthusiasm fades, particularly if the team or organization needs to make significant alterations in the way that it does factors. Leaders recognize this, and they perform tough throughout the project to connect their vision with people’s person requirements, targets and aspirations.” ( ). Methods to aid ensure motivation include complimenting and displaying appreciation when small process get finished, communicate with staff a clear vision, displaying staff the progress created or result in challenging work, or even joining the staff in the workload to show equality. “Leaders need to ensure that the function required to provide the vision is effectively managed – either by themselves, or by a dedicated manager or group of managers to whom the leader delegates this duty – and they want to make certain that their vision is delivered effectively.” A leader also wants to make certain they manage change effectively. This aids to make sure that the changes required to provide the vision are implemented, with the help and backing of the employees impacted. Individual and group improvement are critical activities carried out by leaders. A leader will ensure that the group members have the necessary capabilities and abilities to do their job and obtain the vision. “They do this by providing and receiving feedback often, and by training and coaching men and women to boost individual and team performance. Leadership also contains hunting for leadership prospective in others. By building leadership abilities inside your team, you produce an atmosphere exactly where you can continue accomplishment in the long term.” The word “ethics” derived from the Greek word ethos which can imply custom or habit. Ethics is a program of moral principle can involve questioning of right and incorrect behavior. A person’s ethics can impact how they make choices and lead their lives. “Ethics is concerned with what is excellent for folks and society and is also described as moral philosophy.” The partnership between leadership and ethics. No matter what style of leadership a manager, teacher, or parent possesses, there are ethical behaviors to consider in the partnership in between the leaders and the men and women they influence. A true measure of leadership is the ethical influence the leader has on their followers. “An ethical leader is a single that considers optimistic and damaging views and the rights of everyone involved, as nicely as guaranteeing that decisions are made in an ethical manner and members are held accountable. The ethical actions of a leader boost his or her credibility and integrity, which causes followers to trust. Staff, students, and young children establish faith in their leader’s choice creating and the selections the leader tends to make by listening to and watching what they do.” Leadership can be hard to define and it signifies different items to various individuals. In the transformational leadership model, leaders set direction and support themselves and others to do the correct point to move forward. To do this they develop an inspiring vision, and then motivate and inspire others to attain that vision. They also handle delivery of the vision, either directly or indirectly, and develop and coach their teams to make them ever stronger. Ethics are our rules of behavior primarily based on tips about what is morally very good and poor in the enterprise globe this could imply creating a high quality product or not stealing funds. Your ethics can alter the abilities its takes to grow and turn into a great leader just as when a leader can lose sight of their ethics when offered a challenging choice or significantly energy. Leadership and ethics go hand and hand, and if employed correctly can aid you manifest your vision into reality. Type: Free Essay Example Level: High School This material is not unique Our experts help you to write plagiarism-free paper Get plagiarism-free paper Get plagiarism-free paper Would you like to get an example of this paper? Please write down your email to receive it right away	0.9036	FineWeb
“Half of the average annual radiation to people in the U.K. comes from radon -- an invisible, colorless, radioactive gas present in all soils,” John Harrison, deputy director of the agency’s radiation center. Cornwall, a popular tourist destination in southwest England, has four times the level of radon as other parts of the country. The highest level of background radiation is in the state of Kerala and city of Chennai in southern India, where people receive average doses above 30 millisieverts per year, or 3.42 microsieverts an hour, according to the World Nuclear Association. India has vast amounts of thorium in its soil. A millisievert is 1,000 microsieverts. In Brazil and Sudan, exposure can reach 40 millisieverts a year or 4.57 microsieverts an hour. Background radiation is 50 times higher than New York in the Sudan and parts of India. Background radiation is 5 times higher than New York in India in general Background radiation is almost 3 times higher than New York in the UK Radiation levels are also far higher on planes. Long term studies do not show increased deaths from the radiation Here is a Japanese paper about radiation around the world Here is a site that discusses radiation risks and levels from various common sources. How can parents in Brazil, Sudan, India be so irresponsible as to let their children grow up with so much radiation ? An MIT study of mice at 400 times normal background levels showed no excess DNA damage. A study of people in Kerala showed no increase in radiation deaths The coastal belt of Karunagappally, Kerala, India, is known for high background radiation (HBR) from thorium-containing monazite sand. In coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy y-1 and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy y-1. Although HBR has been repeatedly shown to increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the circulating lymphocytes of exposed persons, its carcinogenic effect is still unproven. A cohort of all 385,103 residents in Karunagappally was established in the 1990's to evaluate health effects of HBR. Based on radiation level measurements, a radiation subcohort consisting of 173,067 residents was chosen. Cancer incidence in this subcohort aged 30-84 y (N = 69,958) was analyzed. Cumulative radiation dose for each individual was estimated based on outdoor and indoor dosimetry of each household, taking into account sex- and age-specific house occupancy factors. Following 69,958 residents for 10.5 years on average, 736,586 person-years of observation were accumulated and 1,379 cancer cases including 30 cases of leukemia were identified by the end of 2005. Poisson regression analysis of cohort data, stratified by sex, attained age, follow-up interval, socio-demographic factors and bidi smoking, showed no excess cancer risk from exposure to terrestrial gamma radiation. The excess relative risk of cancer excluding leukemia was estimated to be -0.13 Gy-1 (95% CI: -0.58, 0.46). In site-specific analysis, no cancer site was significantly related to cumulative radiation dose. Leukemia was not significantly related to HBR, either. Although the statistical power of the study might not be adequate due to the low dose, our cancer incidence study, together with previously reported cancer mortality studies in the HBR area of Yangjiang, China, suggests it is unlikely that estimates of risk at low doses are substantially greater than currently believed. No extra deaths for air crews who can get flying long haul routes for ten years would get 30-90 milliSv (30,000 to 90,000 microsieverts) and for 20 year would get 60-180 milliSv I had a previous article about radiation compared to other risks of smoking, being overweight, and regular occupational risks Health Risk Est. life expectancy lost Smoking 20 cigs a day 6 years Overweight (15%) 2 years Alcohol (US Ave) 1 year All Accidents 207 days All Natural Hazards 7 days Occupational dose (300 mrem/yr) 15 days Occupational dose (1 rem/yr) 51 daysYou can also use the same approach to looking at risks on the job: Industry type Est. life expectancy lost All Industries 60 days Agriculture 320 days Construction 227 days Mining and quarrying 167 days Manufacturing 40 days Occupational dose (300 mrem/yr) 15 days Occupational dose (1 rem/yr) 51 days Sievert metric radiation unit at wikipedia * 1 Sv (Sievert) = 100 rem * 1 mSv = 100 mrem = 0.1 rem * 1 μSv = 0.1 mrem * 1 rem = 0.01 Sv = 10 mSv * 1 mrem = 0.00001 Sv = 0.01 mSv = 10 μSv Counts per minute at wikipedia * One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one disintegration per second, or 60 dpm. * One curie (Ci) is equal to 3.7 x 10 10 Bq or dps, which is equal to 2.22 x 10^12 dpm. If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks	0.7998	FineWeb
So much more than a chalkboard sign, this tin blackboard hanging wall plaque features a beautifully decorated frame and a simple yet charming rope hanger. - Plaque measures 15.5L x 10H in.; plaque hangs at 15.5H in. - Crafted of tin metal - Distressed charcoal finish - Simple design hangs from a rope - Black chalkboard centerpiece	0.629	FineWeb
We have a new paper out in Zookeys (https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908) that revises the taxonomy of the very rare and cryptic ant genus Proceratium in China. We recognized 8 species from China and described 3 of them as new to science. The most spectacular species from Yunnan we named Proceratium shohei in honor of Dr. Shohei Suzuki (1979-2016), a marine scientist from OIST who lost his life in a tragic research diving accident. The study was led by our colleague Michael Staab, and included Paco and Cong from the lab, along with Zheng-Hui Xu from China. This study continues our lab’s line of research integrating x-ray microtomography (micro-CT) scanning, computer-based 3D reconstructions, and several downstream 3D data products (such as 3D surfaces and videos) into ant systematics. We used virtual 3D surface models based on micro-CT scans for in-depth comparative analyses of specimen morphology in order to overcome the difficulties of examining the rare and valuable physical material. Since these ants are extremely hairy, thus often very dirty, we basically “shaved” them virtually.	0.5451	FineWeb
For Parents and Students Registration is now CLOSED for the School Year 2021-2022 year - Students must be in the classroom and seated before the class begins - Have binders, notebooks, your own paper, pens, pencils, and highlighters every week - Show respect for the teachers, other adult authorities and fellow students - Follow classroom/school rules, procedures, and directions - Do your homework every day and ask for help when you need - Turn in all homework the day they are due - Show respect for anyone who is speaking. Raise your hand and wait to be called on before you speak - Be responsible for your own things - Treat everyone with kindness and respect - Keep your hands, feet and other objects to self - Help keep class clean - DON’T display rude or inappropriate behavior; be physically or verbally abusive. - DON’T have food or gum in the classroom in order to keep our classroom clean. - DON’T text, read texts, make calls during class. Turn off your phones in class. - DON’T bring articles of value like jewelry to school - Monitor attendance-85% attendance is mandatory to pass - Help your child if needed and Make sure that homework is completed - Monitor and encourage children to speak in Tamil at home - Volunteer in SA Tamil School projects and student enrichment programs - Spend at least 15 minutes reading Tamil every day with your child - Maintain communication with your child’s teacher - Encourage children to watch appropriate Tamil/English subtitled programs in TV - Resolve disputes constructively As parents, we expect you to support your children’s learning in the following ways: Parent Agreement Statement: Parents agree to allow their child to attend Tamil School and agree to assume all responsibility and liability for any injuries to their child while participating in this activity as a result of any alleged act of the participant. Parents agree to be responsible for any medical expenses, charges or other costs, which may be incurred as a result of child's participation in this activity. Parents further agree that they will be responsible for any claims made by third parties, which may result from or be caused by their child's actions while participating in this activity.	0.9967	FineWeb
The class enrollment tab is where admins can either add new students to a class section or add a co-teacher to a teacher's pre-existing class section. In the drop-down menu in the upper right, click on Add New User. This will bring up the following form: Please fill out the applicable fields and then click, "Yes, Create" when done. New students or co-teachers will then be added to a specific class section. The Move User(s) option can be used to move a student or teacher into another class section. Simply fill out the below form and the selected user will then be moved into the specified class.	0.771	FineWeb
Open Ended Committee of Representatives (OECPR-2) – UNEA-2 by Isis Alvarez* From February 15-19, the 2nd Meeting of the Open Ended Committee of Representatives met in Nairobi, Kenya, at the UNEP Headquarters. This meeting serves as the preparatory meeting to the 2nd United Nations Environment Assembly, that will also be held in Nairobi from May 23-28th. UNEA-2 is going to be the first multi-lateral forum after the past climate negotiations in Paris, and will be dealing explicitly with the environmental dimension of the Agenda 2030 and is entitled ‘Delivering on the Environmental Dimension of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Global Thematic Report on Healthy Environment, Healthy People’. Prior to the OECPR that started on Monday, the Global Major Groups and Stakeholders Meeting took place during Valentine’s Day. The agenda was divided into different sections that included interactive dialogues with Ibrahim Thiaw (UNEP Deputy Executive Director); Julia Pataki (Chair of the CPR); Jorge Laguna (Secretary of the Governing Bodies); and the Government Representative of the United States, to name a few. Working groups were established on themes such as COP21-Paris agreement, 2030 Development Agenda, Process of GEO-6, Mobilising finance for investment in SD, and the Global Thematic Report, among others. At the same time presentations on the issues were given; Isis Alvarez (GFC) from the Women’s Major Group presented the WMG position on the Paris outcome (see Annex 1). Different Resolutions were discussed at the OECPR, all of them grouped into 5 different Clusters (see below for specific themes). It is worth highlighting that some Member States thought there were too many Resolutions already and it made work difficult. As a result, some Resolutions were merged. In Cluster One, Resolution 4. Roles of UNEP and UNEA in delivering on the environmental dimension of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development – and 5. Promoting the effective implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement were the most ‘controversial’. In the former, negotiations got stalled as it was believed that any decisions here could jeopardize an agreement that has not yet been signed. In the 2030 Agenda deliberations, despite a lot of text remaining in brackets, many agreed that UNEA-2 should play a more prominent role in the HLPF. For Cluster Two perhaps the most contentious issue consisted on SCP; there is still a lot of bracketed text and there are still issues that need to be clarified regarding this decision’s relation to the whole 10YFP and the SDGs that address SCP. A couple of Resolutions on Cluster Three on ‘Oceans and Seas’ and ‘Marine debris’ were proposed to be merged but bi-laterals continue on this and other issues were agreement still can’t be reached. Resolution 1 on Cluster 4 on ‘Sustainable and optimal management of Natural Capital for sustainable development and poverty eradication’ also awaken lively discussions. On the first session discussions were interrupted until the Secretariat could provide a definition of ‘Natural Capital’ given that the whole Resolution referred to this term. Later on, negotiations began but still there is no consensus on the Resolution. Countries like Argentina and Russia supported ‘Natural Resources’ instead of ‘Natural Capital’ and at some point, even reserved the whole Resolution. The NGOs, WMG and Indigenous People’s Major Group made a joint statement (see Annex 2) of all the other intrinsic values of natural resources that are left out if the sole ‘natural capital’ were to be used. The African Group is a strong advocate for NC, Resolution proposed by Botswana based on the Cairo Declaration, product of a recent meeting of African Environment Ministers on ‘Managing Africa’s Natural Capital for Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication’. Other relevant issues in Cluster 4 included 3. Protection of the environment in areas affected by armed conflict and 4. The Impact of the Syria Crises on the Natural Environment in Neighbouring Hosting Countries. A new draft resolution awaits for UNEA-2 with view for a Fact-Finding Mission to Palestine requested by Arab States and Morocco. The final cluster, Cluster Five included 1. Integration of Biodiversity for Well-being proposed by Mexico calls for an alignment related to the upcoming COP13 of the CBD and links up well with the Aichi Targets and the Nagoya Protocol. However, issues with the title remained and even the contested term ‘natural capital’ has been proposed for such. Deliberations are still ongoing. The second resolution on 2. Enhancing the work of UNEP in facilitating cooperation, collaboration and synergies among biodiversity-related multilateral environmental agreements also did not reach an agreement and a lot of text remains bracketed. Resolution 3. Medium-Term Strategy 2018-2021 and biennial programme of work and budget for 2018-2019, called for increased voluntary funding to UNEP but member states differed widely in their positions. The Stakeholder Engagement Policy was not part of the agenda but consultations were carried out by the President of UNEA, Oyun Sanjaasuren (Mongolia). So far, it seems China and Pakistan are blocking the decision for an updated SEP but consultations are still ongoing. Other resolutions were not discussed but will still be considered for UNEA-2: Iran’s proposal on Dust and Sand Storm, the UNEA cycle, and the Montevideo Program IV on Environmental Law. Last but not least, a specific session for debating the Global Thematic Report ‘Healthy People Healthy Planet’ took place. Major Groups were able to contribute (see Annex 3) and quite a few of these recommendations were taken on board by the Executive Director Achim Steiner as well as by other governments. FOR A DETAILED REVIEW OF THE NEGOTIATIONS SEE http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb16128e.pdf List of Clusters & Resolutions: 1. Role, functions and follow up to the Forum of Ministers and Environment Authorities of Asia Pacific 2. Investing in human capacity for Sustainable Development, through environmental education and training 3. The role, functions and modalities for UNEP’s implementation of the Samoa Pathway as a means to facilitate achieve of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4. Roles of UNEP and UNEA in delivering on the environmental dimension of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development 5. Promoting the effective implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement 1. Environmentally Sound Technologies in relation to waste management 2. Sustainable Consumption and Production 3. Sound Management of Chemicals and Waste 4. Wasted food reduction, rescue and diversion 1. Oceans and seas 2. Marine plastic debris and microplastics 3. The International Environment Forum for Basin Organizations 4. Sustainable coral reefs management 1. Sustainable and optimal management of Natural Capital for sustainable development and poverty eradication 2. Illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products 3. Protection of the environment in areas affected by armed conflict (agreed as ref) 4. The Impact of the Syria Crises on the Natural Environment in Neighbouring Hosting Countries 1. Integration of Biodiversity for Well-being 2. Enhancing the work of UNEP in facilitating cooperation, collaboration and synergies among biodiversity-related multilateral environmental agreements 3. Medium-Term Strategy 2018-2021 and biennial programme of work and budget for 2018-2019 UNEP-Women’s Major Group on COP21 While the others might want us to move forward with the process, the Women and Gender Constituency provided a reality check. So, what does it really mean to promote an effective implementation of a weak agreement? We are talking about a binding legal document that doesn’t recognize historical responsibilities and continues to undermine the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; hence, it lets countries decide how much longer and how they still want to continue to pollute, leaving all commitments to weak voluntary Intended National Determined Contributions (INDCs). It is true that Parties to the UNFCCC committed to maintain a global average temperature below 1.5ºC but they failed to recognize and understand that in some areas such as Islands States, this ‘limit’ has been exceeded already by far and that it is already too late. The latest IPCC report says that doubling of greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere compared to what they were in 1750 will likely result in warming between 1.5°C to 4.5°C. Scientists haven’t managed to narrow this down since the IPCC was first set up. So, if the low figure is true, really radical action could limit warming to less than 1.5°C but if it’s the medium or higher figure then there’s no chance at all. For the Women and Gender Constituency, seeing this goal on paper is not enough. We demand it in actions as the proof of full commitment to that goal, not vague aspirations. Thus, ‘making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development’ will result highly difficult especially in light of the corporate take over of the climate negotiations; the quality of and a goal for scaling up adequate and predictable, largely public finance which is highly needed, lost a lot of political strength while business interests that have lobbied hard in our home countries will be the first to benefit from the agreement as it fundamentally does not address the needs of the most vulnerable countries, communities and people of the world. It fails to address the structures of injustice and inequality which have caused the climate crisis and hold the historical polluters sufficiently to account. What happened in Paris was that governments maintained their commitment to corporations over people and signaled opportunities for profit to be made from crisis. The Green Climate Fund – for instance – is increasingly being captured by multilateral development banks and international private entities with poor track records. The lack of transparency and preponderance of big banks and international entities over national and sub-national entities blatantly defies the GCF mandate of being more responsive to the needs of vulnerable developing countries and communities. What is left unclear in the Paris Agreement is how soon will the international community and specifically the world’s rich countries succeed in raising the estimated 100 billion dollars per year needed by 2020? Paragraph 54 on the agreement means no money on the table prior to 2020, just intention of mobilisation. In Cancun, Parties had agreed to developed countries mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020. With the Paris Agreement, a five-year extension has been granted in order to reach this target and a new quantified goal will be set for the period after 2025. The Women and Gender Constituency has long argued that climate finance should come from taxing the highest 1% of emitters. A tax on high emitters of between 5-10% would provide at least USD 150 billion per year. Funds can also be derived from harmful industries. 80% of GHG emissions are caused by the burning of fossil fuels and the subsidies to this sector accounts for USD 5.3 trillion a year. Redirecting these subsidies prioritizing women and the poor could anchor a transformative shift. Besides, a common understanding on what entails truly ‘sustainable energy’ is urgently needed. Currently, ‘clean’ energy sources allow dirty energies like large-scale wood-based bioenergy to be recognized as a ‘renewable’ energy source, and even harmful hydropower also enters the category. But what does an innovative’ large hydropower dam means for an entire ecosystem? What does the establishment of a single 500,000voltt tower in a rural area means to people, plants, animals, soil organisms and water sources? We are sure that there are real solutions out there such as solar and wind-power, and that genuine transformation to a low carbon society requires further analysis of what is that will actually take us on that path and what would drive us apart. Critical issues like clear emission reductions without offsetting and misleading market approaches; ensuring the quality of technologies which should be safe and socially and environmentally sound; the responsibilities of developed countries to take the lead, the responsibility to protect people’s rights and our ecosystems including indigenous peoples and women’s rights, have been either surgically removed throughout the text or lack specificity; that we are not protecting food security but instead are protecting food production, all of them, are issues that jeopardize the whole 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development Agenda and its SDGs, such as Goal 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production, to name but one example. Unsustainable food systems are not given enough attention and most rhetoric, fails to recognize the importance of this issue, not just on the context of climate change but also in the context of poverty eradication. A clear example is the increased deforestation in Paraguay – also undermining Goal 15 – and associated social problematic (Goal 1) due to GM soy and cattle ranch expansion. Exclusionary methods such as increased carbon trading which are now expanded to the agricultural sector, and land use change (LULUCF); the flawed ‘Net zero emissions’ principle and unproved technologies such as BECCs, gained further support while the human rights language was weakened. The ‘loss and damage’ mechanism mentioned in Article 8, that would have meant compensation to those most affected from climate change, lost all significance on paragraph 52 when is states “that Article 8 of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation”. At the same time, climate refugees continue to be ignored and the agreement failed to be transformative and legally recognize them. Perverse initiatives endorsed by the Paris agreement such as Climate Smart Agriculture surrender too much power to already powerful multinational corporations monopolizing the food industry setting the stage for the further demise of small peasant farmers especially women and their related traditional knowledge. Already a report from FAO (2014) demonstrated how agroecology could feed the world without the need for harmful and misleading technologies while empowering small scale farmers. We know that climate change is the greatest threat to rights in our time, and we know that women often bear the brunt of these impacts. We believe that operational language on gender equality, alongside other fundamental rights, in Article 2, defining the purpose of the agreement, would have gone far to ensure that all forthcoming climate actions take into account the rights, needs and perspectives of women and men and encourage women’s full and equal participation in decision-making. This was the moment to set the right path, the just path for climate action. But it just didnt happen. SDG 13 needs to go beyond the Paris agreement. To call this an ‘ambitious agreement’ is totally misleading. Civil society organizations and social movements openly protested the outcome of the negotiations. Women of the world have been calling for climate justice, and we know that calls for climate justice are empty without acknowledging that ‘justice’ requires a remedy, justice is delivered when reparations are provided, and justice is essentially for accountability. MGs Joint Intervention for Cluster 4 – Resolution 1 The Women, NGO and Indigenous Peoples Major Groups would like to express our concern with the draft resolution on Sustainable and optimal management of ‘Natural capital for Sustainable development and poverty eradication’, as the term ‘ natural capital’ fails to recognise other intrinsical such as spiritual values of natural resources and reduces them to mere financialization which could result highly detrimental for the world’s natural resources and other international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and SDG15. Some of the challenges associated with the utilization of natural capital include displacement of local communities, impacts on human health as a result of pollution, degradation of key ecosystems and biodiversity and unemployment due to imports of machinery and labour. Solutions to these problems should be urgently found and implemented. There is need to ensure extractive industries should be provided with guidelines and best practices upon which to operate. There should be careful consideration for ecosystems and biodiversity in planning and implementation of projects that utilize natural resources, especially extractive industries. Strategic Environmental Assessment should guide the roll out of national extractive industry programmes and UNEP can play a big role in this. At the same time, national level policies and action plans that define how to strengthen the safeguard for the protection of affected communities – including rural, indigenous peoples – should be developed and implemented as well as ensuring their participation. It should abide with the principles of free prior informed consent, gender equality and environmental justice. Most critically, there should be fair, equitable, transparent and accountable sharing – especially with local communities – of the benefits arising from utilization of natural resources. In conclusion, in order to bridge the capacity and technology gap, utilization of natural resources should be accompanied by appropriate technological transfer and capacity building. Thank you very much. Major Groups Statement on the ‘Healthy Planet Healthy People’ Report Thank you Madame Chair, I am speaking on behalf of the WMG, Science & Technology, NGOs, Indigenous Peoples, Trade Unions, Local Authorities and Regional Representatives We are thankful for this report aimed at making the linkages between Health and Environment, a key consideration to have if the Agenda 2030 is to be achieved. We appreciate that this is a working document and have the opportunity to contribute. However, we believe that the report could still go deeper in providing scientific information as well as best practices that show how a fundamental transition from the current recognized problematic could happen. We would like to see further details on the root causes of environmental degradation and health – especially the vulnerability of some groups such as women & children – and also the nefast role that our economic and financial systems play. This is not just about human health, but also our relations with ecosystems including other living organisms. In this sense, intergenerational traditional knowledge should have a more prominent role in the whole report. Recognizing the limits of the report, it is good that information gaps are mentioned but we hope more could be added, especially updated information about recent disease outbreaks, for instance, zika virus, lassa fever and ebola, and their close relation to the environment including the links with unsustainable production and consumption patterns; for instance, consider the importance of naming highly polluting components in the different industry and areas, especially labelling our food. We feel the report could still use some more emphasis on the current models of food production. Although the general public could use this report, data is missing. The 4 integrated actions are a good start but there could be more information and best practices to show how a transition to decarbonize, detoxify, decouple and enhance resilience is possible, among others. We would like to highlight that local and subnational governments have competencies and responsibilities in these areas and develop and implement policies on the vast majority of issues described in the report and hope they will be consulted. CSOs also have the competencies to contribute. We hope that we can continue to contribute to this report that will be presented at UNEA-2. It is important for all of our futures. *Isis Alvarez is Gender Advisor and Campaigner of Global Forest Coalition (GFC) – and also the co-facilitator of UNEP Women’s Major Group	0.719	FineWeb
Recent study challenges the view that the negative side effects of these drugs can be cancelled out when they are taken together. French novelist Honore de Balzac described coffee’s effect as: “Ideas begin to move like the battalions of the Grand Army on the battlefield, and the battle takes place. Things remembered arrive at full gallop, ensign to the wind.” Indeed, caffeine is a brain stimulant used by many to overcome fatigue and increase productivity. Highly caffeinated drinks are now commonly consumed together with alcohol, and this work explores a very current concern: does this counteract the negative effect of alcohol on memory? A study recently published in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience indicates that despite its impact on alertness and concentration, caffeine cannot counteract the memory deficits that result from alcohol consumption. “Our results in mice show that even at low doses that do not change social behavior, alcohol causes amnesic effects. This, in turn, was found to not be counteracted by caffeine consumption,” says Dr Laura López-Cruz, first author of the study undertaken at Universitat Jaume I (Spain) and currently researcher in the Psychology Department of the University of Cambridge. “Caffeine and alcohol are known to have common mechanisms in the brain. However, this finding forces us to question what we do not know about their biochemistry,” summarizes Lopez-Cruz. The results draw into question what we know about a key brain chemical system: the adenosine system. This system regulates sleep, social interaction and social memory. Consuming alcohol increases the amount of adenosine present in the brain, inducing sleepiness and impairing long-term social memory. In contrast, caffeine blocks the activity of adenosine, increasing alertness and anxiety levels. Due to opposing physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol and caffeine, it was expected that caffeine would counteract a key negative side effect of ethanol ingestion: namely issues with social memory. People frequently face difficulty with remembering conversations and other behaviors that have taken place during alcohol consumption, an affect not reserved to heavy drinkers. Understanding these amnesic episodes, which pose a risk to personal safety, and if they can be prevented is therefore of great importance. The researchers investigated memory in mice through a social recognition task, based on the tendency of healthy rodents to prefer exploring and interacting with other animals from the same species upon a novel encounter. Each test animal was initially given either caffeine, alcohol or a combination, then placed in a chamber with another mouse, stranger to the test animal on one side, and an object on the other side, for the test animal to explore during 10 minutes. A day later, when any effects of the drugs should have worn off, the mice were placed back in the chamber, but another novel mouse now replaced the object. Hence the experimental mice were given the choice of interacting with a familiar mouse from the previous day, or a novel mouse. “We used the amount of time sniffing each mouse as an index of social recognition,” Lopez-Cruz explains. “If the mouse remembers the previous day’s encounter, they should spend more time sniffing the novel mouse.” When treated with caffeine, mice spent more time exploring a novel conspecific. In contrast, when a mouse had been treated with alcohol, they spent equal amounts of time with novel and familiar mice, suggesting that the drug had impaired their memory. Most notable was the finding that mice who had been injected with a combination of alcohol and caffeine also did not differentiate between the novel and familiar mouse, demonstrating impaired social memory. Previous research had found that low doses of caffeine did improve ethanol induced memory impairment. This led Lopez-Cruz and colleagues to suggest that high doses of caffeine may have more widespread effects that are not yet fully understood. As the popularity of highly caffeinated drinks continues to rise, with 68% of adolescents consuming them according to the European Food Safety Authority (2011), these results provide an insight into how they cannot be relied on to balance out the negative effects of alcohol.	0.7672	FineWeb
Due to differences in monitor calibration and operating system gamma settings, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of any paint image or color as it is displayed on your monitor. Please use caution in ordering paint, and pay attention to the title and description of the paint for an accurate representation of the color. Remember: Paint cannot be returned. A completely new formulation by AK Interactive, 3rd generation acrylics are water-based and are designed for both brush painting and airbrushing. - Superior adhesion: When dry, 3rd Gen acrylics are resistant to oils, enamels, washes, solvents, or any potentially aggressive technique. - Airbrushing: 3rd Gen acrylics substantially reduce clogging and uneven application when properly thinned. Use 3rd Gen thinner only, and thin between 1:1 and 2:1 for proper application. - Brush-painting: Provides even, thin coverage straight out of the bottle. Maintains superior coverage even when further thinned.	0.8919	FineWeb
Blue = Chance of a Snow Storm. Red = Chance of a Rain Storm. Orange = Chance of a Winter Storm. May result in Rain, Snow, or Sleet. Expected conditions (temperature and humidity) are too close to predict the type of precipitation. SnowChance calculates the likelihood of a Winter Storm entering a region on a specific day. Chance, either low or high, is not a direct prediction of rain, snow, or sleet. Chance is a prediction of how ideal the conditions are for a storm to enter the region.	0.6058	FineWeb
In the earliest days of the Space Race, when scientists were shrugging off the lingering challenges of one war and staring down the barrel of another, US and Soviet experimentation turned to animal life for the first glimpses of what human space flight could look like—if it were possible at all. In 1947, the US chose its first animal test subjects: fruit flies. The flight lasted just over three minutes, and the passengers returned to earth alive. Two years later, the same program began its attempts to launch monkeys. Though the flights were largely successful, the survival rates were not. In 1950, the US tested its third species, a mouse. The rocket did not return intact. In 1951, the Soviets joined the beings-in-space race at full throttle, launching a pair of dogs who both survived. The following decade saw more dogs, monkeys, mice, and even frogs surpass the 100 km mark assigned as the boundary line of “space.” Perhaps most famous of the pre-human space travellers was Laika, a passenger on Sputnik 2, who became the first animal to orbit the planet. However, without the technology to return orbital spacecraft, Laika died high above the earth. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space, completing and returning from the orbit that had killed Laika. The US followed up within a few months with the successful flight of Alan Shepard, though this flight was sub-orbital: it reached space, but did not complete an orbit. Human spaceflight was entirely within reach. That same year, the French space agency, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), was established. It was only the third national space agency in the world, and by the time it was formed that December, two men had already returned from the new frontier. Both NASA and the USSR continued to launch various animals amid continued testing for further manned flights: chimpanzees, guinea pigs, beetles, tortoises, and rats were added to the pantheon of off-earth species. The rats appealed to France (perhaps Remy worked for CNES), and the first French rodent, Hector, saw space in 1961, before the agency was officially established. Hector survived. They tested a few more rats, then moved on to the natural next step. The Centre d’Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecine Aéronautique (CERMA) obtained fourteen cats, and the first intensive feline spationaute training began. The cats were all female for their presumed docility in the stressful endeavor of flying into space. (This logic was not applied to early human space flights, but I digress.) They were implanted with electrodes and gained experience with flight simulation tools like compression and high-G centrifuge chambers. After two months of training, a black-and-white cat designated C 341 emerged as the best candidate for the flight. She was fitted with more electrodes, then strapped into the nose cone of the Véronique rocket. The ship launched from Algeria and spent less than a minute accelerating, during which C 341 experienced 9.5 g forces (one g is the force of gravity you feel right now). Then, for five minutes, 150 km above the planet, she was weightless. Thirteen minutes after launch, C 341’s vessel was recovered. The kitty was a bit dishevelled—her heart rate slowed significantly while experiencing zero g—but alive. The media reaction to the successful flight was to name the cat Félix, after the silent film-era cartoon Felix the Cat. Though the cats in the program were intentionally not named prior to experimentation, CERMA adopted the feminine form, Félicette, as the cat’s official name. Other space programs did not adopt the feline model, and Félicette’s legacy became murky. Two months after her flight, she was euthanized and her brain studied. (Most of her fellow trainees were adopted out after the program ended.) Decades later, various countries introduced stamps honoring Félicette, nearly all of them printed with her unofficial title, Félix. Just last year, more than half a century after her flight, an official statue of Félicette was unveiled at the International Space University near Strasbourg, France. I don’t know how much pets figure into our grand visions of space colonization. Will cats find empty boxes to snuggle into around a Mars base, or will we leave them on earth? Was Félicette the first space cat of many, or will she remain the only feline to survive beyond earth’s bounds?	0.8747	FineWeb
Novak will soon update their speed control line with the Crusher, a crawling-specific, high-voltage unit. Here are the details so far: Developed specifically for the demands of today’s serious rock crawling vehicles, the Crusher Rock Crawling Brushless ESC offers all the classic Novak crawling features, adds a simplified menu system, and includes a built-in switching BEC. - Extremely wide input voltage range- 2S, 3S, and 4S - Auto detect Li-Po sensing - Pure brushless sensor-based design - Heavy-duty, pre-installed wires - No external BEC required for high-voltage setups - Sealed case with easy-to-replace wiring - Complete on-board programming - Much much more!	0.6904	FineWeb
15-22, 26-30 The direct relationship between LDLc and SVR may partially be explained by competition for LDL receptor sites preventing viral entry into hepatocytes, increasing exposure of HCV to the host immune response in the serum. These findings suggest that serum lipids may yield some prognostic value in determining Selleckchem Galunisertib the probability of treatment success and possibly highlight new therapeutic targets. Further prospective investigation of the impacts of dietary modification and lipid-lowering agents on virological response may be warranted. Treatment trials investigating statins and fibrates to improve virological response have yielded mixed results.40-42 As documented in the Virahep-C cohort,43 insulin resistance may also contribute to the relationship between serum lipids and SVR. In conclusion, this study suggests that serum lipid measures are predictors of SVR, but that their predictive ability is ameliorated by race such that these measures do not explain the racial disparity in treatment efficacy between CAs and AAs. However, this study underscores the potential relevance of serum lipids to virological MG-132 solubility dmso response. Future investigations may seek to assess relationships between SVR, other characterizations relevant to serum lipids, and genetic determinants of lipid metabolism. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “ “1600 Clifton Road NE, Demeclocycline E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health issue, especially in Asia. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) implicated genetic variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP locus associated with chronic hepatitis B in Japanese and Thai populations. To confirm whether the polymorphisms at the HLA-DP genes are associated with persistent chronic HBV infection in Han Chinese, we conducted an independent case-control study using 521 persistent chronic HBV carriers and 819 controls that included 571 persons with HBV natural clearance and 248 never HBV-infected (healthy) individuals. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a region including HLA-DPA and HLA-DPB and an adjacent SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a neighboring HLA-DR13 locus were genotyped using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Eleven variants at HLA-DP showed a strong association with persistent chronic HBV carrier status (P = 1.82 × 10−12 to 0.01). We also stratified the analysis by HBV clearance status to test the association between these polymorphisms and HBV natural clearance; similar results were obtained (P = 2.70 × 10−11 to 0.003). Included SNPs define highly structured haplotypes that were also strongly associated with HBV chronic infection (block 1: odds ratio [OR] = 0.54, P = 8.73 × 10−7; block 2: OR = 1.98, P = 1.37 × 10−10).	0.6318	FineWeb
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Haversian System in minutes with SmartDraw. SmartDraw includes 1000s of professional healthcare and anatomy chart templates that you can modify and make your own. Text in this Example: Cross-section of bone to reveal the Haversian system, the various osseous structures that comprise the bone of vertebrates. LifeART Collection Images Copyright © 1989-2001 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD	0.9245	FineWeb
An Horatian Notion by Thomas Lux The thing gets made, gets built, and you’re the slave who rolls the log beneath the block, then another, then pushes the block, then pulls a log from the rear back to the front again and then again it goes beneath the block, and so on. It’s how a thing gets made – not because you’re sensitive, or you get genetic-lucky, or God says: Here’s a nice family, seven children, let’s see: this one in charge of the village dunghill, these two die of buboes, this one Kierkegaard, this one a drooling nincompoop, this one clerk, this one cooper. You need to love the thing you do – birdhouse building, painting tulips exclusively, whatever – and then you do it so consciously driven by your unconscious that the thing becomes a wedge that splits a stone and between the halves the wedge then grows, i.e., the thing is solid but with a soul, a life of its own. Inspiration, the donnée, the gift, the bolt of fire down the arm that makes the art? Grow up! Give me, please, a break! You make the thing because you love the thing and you love the thing because someone else loved it enough to make you love it. And with that your heart like a tent peg pounded toward the earth’s core. And with that your heart on a beam burns through the ionosphere. And with that you go to work.	0.5587	FineWeb
Could genes be the key to identifying breast cancer? Scientists, doctors and researchers hope that by identifying the genes that may one day develop into cancerous cells, they may be able to soon provide enhanced screening, earlier detection and ultimately, better outcomes, for cancer patients. In a recent study, conducted by the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and published in the American Journal of Pathology, researchers reviewed an international sampling from 254 cases of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. The new research shows that the stem, or progenitor cells, which should ultimately make healthy breast tissue, can also have mutations that prompt them to instead make a perfect bed for breast cancer. “Although the gene GT198 is a likely contributor for familial and early-onset forms of breast and ovarian cancer, it is unclear how common this is,” says Dr. Brad Tinkle, a geneticist at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Ill. “Because many genes can have a similar effect, many cases of early-onset or familial forms of cancer are tested using a panel of gene candidates to find the correct one in the patient. As with any advancing research, understanding the biology of defective protein (gene) can significantly aid in better targeted treatments. We look forward to more information in the future to decide its real clinical value.” The GT198 gene was first identified in 2000 as a BRCA1 (hereditary breast cancer)-related gene and found in early-onset and familial forms of breast and ovarian cancer in 2013 [Peng et al., 2013]. The GT198 protein known as TBP-1 interacting protein, or TBPIP, is involved in the DNA repair process. Those with GT198-related cancer inherit one defective copy from a parent. In order for cancer to come about, the second copy also has to be inactivated. In the original study, they found eight cases out of 212. “We are hopeful that as this research advances, so will our cancer screening and identification abilities,” says Dr. Heidi Memmel, a breast surgeon at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital. “There is also some hope that gene recognition will also help gather more advanced patient data to identify subcategories of the population that is more prone to developing cancers, so we can create earlier screening programs for these individuals.” Dr. Memmel says that we are still a ways away from a clear definition of what this gene means to our patients, but the promise that it holds for early detection and even prevention is incredibly exciting.	0.5475	FineWeb
FDA Commissioner Robert M. Califf: Nearly two-thirds of the antibiotics sold in the United States that are considered important to human medicine actually go to meat producers — a practice that imposes long-term costs on public health by breeding drug-resistant bacteria that can escape from farms and make people sick. We know that efforts to stop antibiotic overuse work. A recent study in Canada highlighted how eliminating prophylactic use of antibiotics can reduce the development of some antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals, and the past few years have seen a major shift away from antibiotic use in the U.S. chicken industry. But there’s much more that needs to be done. Without bold action, the global death toll for antibiotic-resistant “superbugs” could be up to 10 million annually by 2050. We, the undersigned, urge you to eliminate preventative use of medically important antibiotics in food animal production in the U.S.	0.9036	FineWeb
Skill Levels: Intermediate In this Intermediate level class, students must be familiar with the acrylic medium (for example, mixing primary colors to achieve secondary colors) and the elements of composition and values. In Acrylic Impressionism it is the feeling of the finished piece that is important. Each week we will be learning about the style of a different Impressionist and, using photo references and still life objects, paint in a similar style. We'll use a combination of brushes and palette knives to experiment with washes and glazing as well as building up paint adding texture. And, we'll learn how to work wet paint on wet using a slow dry medium. Print Supply List	0.7038	FineWeb
Why do you use salt to melt ice in the winter but freeze homemade ice cream in the summer? Why is salt used with ice to make ice cream, yet you pour salt on icy sidewalks to melt the ice? Back to the simplicities of chemistry. Salt lowers the freezing point of water, typically to the mid-20s Fahrenheit. If the air temperature is greater than the mid-20s, ice sprinkled with salt will melt. In an ice cream maker, you want to rapidly lower the temperature while whipping air into the cream mixture using the crank. The water dripping from ordinary melting ice remains at a constant temperature of 32 degrees. The water from a melting ice and salt mixture, however, drops to the mid-20s due to the lowered freezing point. The water is what comes in contact with the canister containing the ice cream, so the lower its temperature, the quicker the ice cream freezes and the sooner you can stop cranking and enjoy.	0.9989	FineWeb
When it comes to science storytelling, animation is a filmmaker's best friend. It engages symbolic and imaginative thinking, taking your story to places where photos, video demonstration, and verbal explanation can't go. Motion graphics, 3D modeling, stop motion (done with illustrations, live actors, or models), data visualizations—all of these can be highly effective methods for communicating a difficult concept, process or mechanism, and making it approachable. Whether you generate animation yourself, work with animators, or would like to get started, this session will address the basic components of successful animation and provide guidelines for thinking in pictures. We'll look at examples of different types of animation—from science videos and elsewhere—to analyze the effectiveness of different styles and techniques. Even non-science animations from popular movies and television utilize visual elements that can be applied to science stories. The goal is to become more comfortable constructing sentences out of images, not words. Want to get started? You don't need expensive tools or software—anyone can animate sequences of still images stitched together in free software like iMovie (Mac) or Microsoft Movie Maker (Windows). iMovie is also available on iPhone and iPad, as are other stop-motion apps (Stop-motion Camera, iMotion HD, Stop Motion Cafe). There are other free downloadable options for Windows and Mac, and free online editing programs. But if you don't want to animate for yourself, the session will help you prepare for collaborating with animators. Even a non-animator will benefit from understanding what makes animations successful, and how to prepare the content for visual translation. - Why use animation to tell science stories? - What can animation communicate that footage, stills, or text explanation can't? - What are the steps for preparing and creating animation for your story? - How can you get started animating, either alone or through collaboration?	0.5987	FineWeb
Module: Wahlmodul. 3 CP B.Sc. Lecturers: Prof. Thomas Schmitz, Frieder Scheuermann, Stephanie Binding In this seminar, the understanding of forms and graphic structures is expanded and the technique of etching is introduced. With etching needle, lacquer and acid we etch indentations into a zinc plate, which then serves us as a printing block. This creates blurs and the unexpected, characteristics of material and technique that surprise and which we check, think through and develop further on test prints.	0.623	FineWeb
Breadfruit grows naturally throughout the tropics. It is so nutritious that one could live off it! It’s name comes from its aroma which matches freshly baked bread. Since the mid-18th century, breadfruit has been planted throughout the world for an inexpensive and nutritious food source particularly in famine-stricken areas. Related to the mulberry, breadfruit grows on tall flowering trees that look like tropical palms. The fruit is large and shaped like a football, with a smooth spiked green outer skin. Breadfruit and Disease The high content of fiber in breadfruit not only helps reduce blood pressure and maintain a healthy heart, but also assists in lowering bad (LDL) cholesterol and raising good (HDL) cholesterol. It’s believed that breadfruit may diminish the risk of colon cancer, and assist diabetics in controlling their sugar levels. Extensive research is underway to explore other nutritional benefits. Breadfruit has been used by indigenous peoples to prevent heart attacks and reduce blood pressure and asthma symptoms. The flowers of the breadfruit tree are toasted and rubbed on gums to treat tooth ache. While breadfruit contains loads of healthy nutrients, getting unbelievers to try it has never been easy! Like potatoes, it is starchy and often described as ‘bland.’ Minerals in breadfruit include calcium, iron, potassium, copper, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, magnesium and manganese. Breadfruit are rich in vitamins B, C, K and E, as well as protein. With no cholesterol and low in sodium and fat, breadfruit contain natural sugars and carbohydrates for a punch of energy. One cup of breadfruit contains approximately 227 calories, almost none of which are from fat. What fats there are come from healthy omega-3's. Breadfruit flour is gluten free and thus a favorite among those with gluten sensitivities. Breadfruit, although often cooked with spices and seasonings, can be eaten freshly sliced and as a juice or smoothie. - Thank you Karina from Venezuela for posting this smoothie and juice recipes from Trinidad. - 1 ripe Breadfruit - 1/2 cup evaporated Milk (or oatmilk) - 2 cups condensed Milk (or oatmilk) - 1 tsp Vanilla extract - 1/2 tsp groundCinnamon to taste - 1/4 tsp ground Nutmeg - sugar to taste (or 3 Apples) - 2 tbsp Rum (optional) - Cut the breadfruit into quarters and remove the heart and seeds. Remove the skin. - In Trinidad the breadfruit is boiled and the final drink served chilled or warm with rum. I've made this recipe substituting the alcohol and dairy for the alternatives listed above and it's delicious!	0.5975	FineWeb
When using the All Elements trigger in Google Tag Manager, it’s easy to overlook the fact that it captures all clicks on the page. It’s also brutally accurate - it captures clicks on the exact element that was below the mouse button when a click happened. This means that when working with the All Elements trigger, you need to be more careful when identifying the correct element you actually want to track clicks on. Without a doubt, the possibility to leverage CSS selectors in Google Tag Manager’s trigger conditions is one of the most useful features of the platform. It gives you an amazing amount of flexibility, especially when combined with GTM’s click and form triggers. Essentially, CSS selectors let you test an HTML Element against a selector string. This check verifies that the element matches the given selector. In practice, this would mean that when you use the click or form trigger, you can check if the Click Element or Form Element built-in variables match a specific selector, allowing you to confirm that the action happened on the correct element.	0.6101	FineWeb
The tale of a journey straight from a peaceful American dream settlement into space, the dream of colonizing the Moon and Mars is haunted by the ghosts of destruction and chaos. They come and go to outshine and set fire to the smallest spark of hope. Like the four horsemen of the apocalypse, they only bring destruction in their metal chariots. Our dreamy journey into space becomes a hopeless escape, in which we unknowingly take the same fire and death with us, forgetting that only in moments of critical nature these demons show their true power. The work is a commentary on two parallel events that took place at the end of May 2020. The first of these was the first commercial space flight ended with a successful docking to the ISS space station. Space X announces that the next step will be a moon landing and, in the future, colonization of planet Mars. The second event was the murder of Grorge Floyd by four policemen in Minneaplois, which became the reason for international Black Lives Matter protests and massive, brutal riots in the entire United States. The juxtaposition of these two, as it turned out from the perspective of already two weeks, socio-civilizational milestones shows on the one hand the power of human technical thought oriented rather to escape from the crumbling planet, and on the other, the inevitable, irreformable dark part of human nature, full of hatred, xenophobia , reign of revenge and aggression, which will probably leave this planet with us.	0.663	FineWeb
The Ozone layer is healing but it's not because of Covid-19 lockdown Almost 33 years ago, 197 countries signed the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Three decades later, we're now reaping the benefits: the ozone layer above Antarctica seems to be healing. In 1985, scientists discovered a large hole in the Ozone layer caused by human use of substances known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It was found in hairspray, refrigerators, and more aerosol cans. It caused such major damage to the ozone layer that in 1987, an international treaty called the “Montreal Protocol” was adopted to ban them. Why was the hole in the Ozone layer such a big problem? According to the scientists, the state of the ozone layer had caused drastic changes in the air currents called jet steams that flow toward the planet’s north and south poles at high altitudes. Due to ozone depletion, these jet streams have been driven further south than their usual patterns causing rainfall over South America, East Africa, and Australia, and to changes in ocean currents and salinity. However, a recent 2020 study from the University of Colorado Boulder has said that last year, the ozone hole was the smallest it has been since it was discovered in the 1980s. However, according to the lead author of the study, we shouldn't classify this as a win just yet. Lead author Antara Banerjee, ihas said that further recovery of the ozone layer will only take place if we tackle rising greenhouse gas emissions. "We term this a 'pause' because the poleward circulation trends might resume, stay flat, or reverse,” Banerjee said. “It’s the tug of war between the opposing effects of ozone recovery and rising greenhouse gases that will determine future trends.” A 2018 report from the United Nations says that the hole in the ozone layer could be totally healed by the 2060. In some areas of the world, it could be as soon as 2030. Esquire now has a newsletter – sign up to get it sent straight to your inbox.	0.6455	FineWeb
Something that I have been doing for over 4 years is publishing a simple ESOL quiz every week where English students of all levels can practice their English. This is a multiple-choice quiz where a sentence or question has a word or some words missing from it. Students need to choose one of the four alternatives that can be used to complete the blank space. The quiz is usually published every Monday on all of our social media accounts (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram etc.) and many learners of English leave their answers in the comments section under the quiz. Sometimes the quiz will be about grammar (common mistakes), sometimes about specific vocabulary and collocations or even about phrasal verbs. Sometimes the quiz is for a basic level, other times for a higher intermediate level. Where are the answers for the Woodward English quiz? A question I frequently get asked every time is “What is the answer?” Well, if you look carefully in the bottom right corner of each quiz, you will see something written faintly. It says Answer: X … with X being the letter of the correct answer. Sometimes within the comments of each post, teachers (or even students) explain the reason a certain answer is correct. For Woodward FRIENDS members, I have started to create a simple explanation about why a certain answer is correct and why the others are not. This explanation appears in a short video where I (Rob W) appear in person. When I can, I link to a page or a video that helps explains that topic (for example For vs. Since, or Countable and Uncountable nouns). English Teacher Ideas Teachers are welcome to use these quizzes with their students (and parents with their children). You can either download the image and print it out, you could project the quiz onto a board or on a screen, or you can recommend that the students do each quiz for homework. Yes, the answer may appear faintly in the corner but you can get students to explain WHY they chose their answer to make it more “interesting”. I also a version where the answers do NOT appear in the bottom corner that are available here: Coming soon: Woodward English Quiz Set 2 (Quiz 101-200) I hope you continue to find my quizzes useful. Have an awesome day!	0.8259	FineWeb
Definition of avocations plural of avocation 1 The word "avocations" uses 10 letters: A A C I N O O S T V. No direct anagrams for avocations found in this word list. Words formed by adding one letter before or after avocations (in bold), or to aacinoostv in any order: d - advocations Words within avocations not shown as it has more than seven letters. List all words starting with avocations, words containing avocations or words ending with avocations All words formed from avocations by changing one letter Other words with the same letter pairs: av vo oc ca at ti io on ns Browse words starting with avocations by next letter Previous word in list: avocationally Next word in list: avocet Some random words: rotes	0.615	FineWeb
Haircuts from a skilled stylist, who speaks fluent Spanish, are accompanied by a deep conditioning treatment that reduces breakage and frizz About This Deal - Haircut, Deep Conditioning, and Blow-Dry - Haircut, Deep Conditioning, Blow-Dry, and Partial Highlights - Haircut, Deep Conditioning, Blow-Dry, and Full Highlights Hair Conditioner: Ticket to a Molecular Makeover Your hair’s sure to feel silkier once your stylist conditions it—learn why with Groupon’s close-up look at conditioner. Although human hair may look smooth, each strand’s outer layer—the cuticle—is actually quite rough. Under dry conditions, the tiny scales that cover its surface become raised and brittle, causing hairs to tangle and lose their shine. Conditioner aims to correct this problem by bonding a particular class of molecules, called cationic surfactants, to the cuticle. This is possible because keratin, the protein that makes up most of the hair shaft, bristles with negative ions, which attract the positively charged surfactants, coating each thread in a thin film that weighs it down and reduces frizz. (The negative charge of keratin is also what causes static whenever positive ions are stripped from the hair—the static that makes it possible to stick a balloon to the wall or to power a miner’s headlamp.) The other ingredients in conditioner don’t always need ions to do their jobs well. Humectants suck in water from the surrounding air, thereby moisturizing the hair, and oils simply penetrate the cuticle. Glossers coat the hair with light-reflecting polymers, increasing shine, whereas other ingredients raise the acidity level of the conditioner, which helps protect the hair’s protein structure.	0.5331	FineWeb
Medically Reviewed By: Tom Iarocci, MD For someone with diabetes, a big part of taking care of yourself is making sure that your blood glucose levels are in a good range when you do your home testing. That said, every case of diabetes is unique, so while there are general guidelines about what is considered normal and abnormal, the exact figures that you should aim for, or your targets or goals, may vary and should be discussed with your doctor. If you are pregnant, your numbers will likely change, and it will be even more important to talk about your goals with your doctor and to stick to them. Guidelines on Understanding Normal Range of Blood Glucose: Normal blood glucose ranges are essentially facts of human biology that do not change; normal is normal and abnormal is abnormal, no matter what type of diabetes you have. Goal or target sugar levels are those that you are striving for, and those values can, indeed, differ or change depending on whether you have type 1 or type 2, your individual medications, and your individual response to those medications. There have been national recommendations for target levels, as well as international ones issued by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The figures below are meant to be for guidance only. You and your doctor should be in agreement on your individual targets and at what point you may be in or out of range. As such: 1. The normal range if you have been fasting, no food or drink for 8 or more hours, is under 100 mg/dL. For nonpregnant people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) generally recommends that before a meal, blood glucose be 80–130 mg/dL. 2. After meals, the ADA recommends that 1-2 hours after the beginning of the meal (postprandial plasma glucose), plasma glucose be less than 180 mg/dl. Diagnosing Diabetes with Plasma Glucose Test: Many different tests are in use to check blood glucose levels, and each has its own strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, a single test is not used to make a diagnosis of diabetes or prediabetes, but there are some exceptions. 1. In the random plasma glucose test, the normal range is below 200 mg/dL. Blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl is indicative of diabetes. 2. In the fasting plasma glucose test, the normal range is below 100 mg/dL. A prediabetic range is between 100 mg/dL and 125 mg/dL. Anything above that is indicative of diabetes. 3. The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is a test that checks your blood glucose levels before after you drink a special sweet drink. The “after” test is taken at the 2-hour time point after the sweet drink. It tells the doctor how your body processes glucose. Diabetes is diagnosed at 2-hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. 140 mg/dl to 199 mg/dl is indicative of prediabetes; less than 140 mg/dl is considered normal. Different Tests Have Different Rules: - Random plasma tests can be taken at any time and don't require planning. - The fasting test, by contrast, can only be taken if a patient did not eat or drink for at least eight hours. This is why it is generally completed first thing in the morning. - The A1C is a test that averages out what your blood glucose levels have been over the last two to three months. One of the strengths of this test is that it does not require a glucose challenge (sweet drink), nor does it require fasting, so it can be done in your doctor’s office and sent to the lab on the spot. With the A1C test: 1. The normal range is lower than 5.7%. 2. The prediabetes range is between 5.7% to 6.4%. 3. The diabetic range is anything 6.5% or higher. Many people with diabetes have a goal A1C of less than 7%, but goals below and above this point are also possible.	0.9461	FineWeb
We propose a diagnostic tool for detecting nontrivial symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases protected by a symmetry group G in 2+1 dimensions. Our method is based on directly studying the 1+1-dimensional anomalous edge conformal field theory (CFT) of SPT phases. We claim that if the CFT is the edge theory of an SPT phase, then there must be an obstruction to cutting it open. This obstruction manifests as the in-existence of boundary states in the CFT that preserves both the conformal symmetry and the global symmetry G. We discuss the relation between edgeability, i.e., the ability to find a consistent boundary state, and gappability, i.e., the ability to gap out a CFT, in the presence of G. We study several cases including time-reversal symmetric topological insulators, ZN symmetric bosonic SPT phases, and Z2×Z2 symmetric topological superconductors. All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes - Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Condensed Matter Physics	0.9143	FineWeb
It is a marker in time, A moment in history. We the people, We, who retain ourselves and our conscience, We, who are not blinded by the bamboozle, We of many beliefs, opinions, and perspectives, In as many places, In as many districts, As is possible, In every state, Across the country. The very heart and soul of the nation is at stake. John McCain will never be forgiven by the Deplorables as the white man who lost the presidency to a black man. So, disturbed by their shaken world, they picked the racist bully, who spoke to their fears, their anger, and their hatred, whose career started by assuring them that the election of the black man couldn’t have been legitimate, and the presidency couldn’t have been lost in a fair election. When that lie no longer served Trump, and he had already won the confidence of the base, he simply discarded it, with a knowing wink, that they heard loud and clear, but his base knew the truth, and accepted him. Trump was the only thing they could do to preserve their shattered world of white supremacy. It was too big of a hurdle to follow a black president with an old woman, so they had to vilify both, she must be a crook and a criminal. How could that old frail woman have risen up to come so close to the presidency, she surely must be tricking them. So threatened was their world that they rallied behind a liar and a con man, ignoring their own leaders as not strong enough, and the hateful base winnowed away a crowded field until Trump stood as the only choice, the rallied the rest, and the party followed. So instead of following principle, policy, ideology, they sold themselves out to a man, to follow his comforting lies and deception. Instead, they followed the man who tweaked and manipulated them with comforting lies, that made the world what they wanted to believe. They will divide and conquer, and no institution alone is strong enough to resist. Not even once beloved institutions of football or iconic companies like Harley Davidson. Not even the Congress, that once before, within the memory of generations still alive, took down a president who had done far less wrong doing. They have portrayed the press, as an enemy, not the eyes and the ears of the people, because the truth is their enemy. Now, they will even turn their former standard bearer, their own candidate for the presidency from only a decade ago. How dare John McCain betray them by not going along with the bamboozle? McCain lost the presidency because of integrity and honor, what the Deplorables no longer respect. McCain didn’t fight hard and dirty enough in their eyes, winning is all that matters in their world. So the hero, who endured five years as a POW, “how dare he be shot down and captured?” became their villain. They must make McCain a traitor and a villain, how dare he not be in lockstep with the cult of personality surrounding Trump? McCain must be a traitor to them, for if he is not in their eyes, they have to accept what they have done, and that is unbearable truth for those who have betrayed themselves to a fraud. So, Trump again sends the signal to them, the dog whistle that says, “I am one of you, I am your only hope.” With silence of words, crossed arms, and a flag not flown in grief and respect. Then with a wink, after the point made, he releases a statement and lowers the flag, but the Deplorables know, they have heard the message loud and clear. They are on the march and on the move.	0.6429	FineWeb
The Indisputable Reality About Does Cbd Reduce Fever That Nobody Is Sharing With You Frequently a fever is an indication of an infection and usually there are different symptoms that may indicate where the issue is situated, like a sore throat with a fever could possibly be because of tonsillitis.valuable sitecbd gummies https://greatestmarijuanainfo.com/blog/why-no-one-is-talking-about-best-cbd-oil-for-anxiety In fact, it is a good sign as it means that the body is responding to fight the infection, and in most cases it is part of a natural bodily response that should be allowed to continue. It is also known as hyperthermia. Fever When to lessen fever in children If a parent suspects that the kid could have a fever, the very first action to do, naturally, is to measure it. An infection, like the flu, is the most frequent source of fever. The consequent inflammation results in a lot of the symptoms connected with an allergic reaction. When to find a doctor How and when you need to deal with a fever is usually dependent on your age. It is crucial to try to remember that if a young child has a fever that lasts more than a couple of days, you should pay a visit to the pediatrician. Fever is frequently an indication of infection. In reality a fever can be a sign of severe dehydration. Low grade fevers aren’t bad for children and could boost immunity when allowed to run their program. Since your little one wants to cool down to alleviate his fever, consider removing a few of the clothes they are wearing. No matter the cause, as soon as your fever is high you should look for medical advice urgently to get timely therapy. It is one of the body’s most effective ways of fighting infection. In nearly all cases, a fever is a all-natural wholesome response that ought to be permitted to run its program. While it can be uncomfortable, it is possible to comfort the person who is ill without reducing the fever. In fact, it is an important indicator that there is something wrong with the body, and it is often used in order to gauge the success of medical treatments. In infants specifically, the slightest fever demands immediate medical attention. Details of Does Cbd Reduce Fever The illness is frequently more severe in adults in comparison to children. Once exposed, symptoms usually appear within a couple weeks. The symptoms are determined by the sort of allergy. The indications of hay fever are extremely much like the typical cold. Aside from being cost-effective, in comparison to conventional pharmaceutical treatments, the way that they combat the pain is very different. Never miss your day-to-day aspirin dosage if you would like to care for the pain or condition you’re afflicted by. Luckily, there are home remedies that you may use to help lower your kid’s fever fairly quickly. Does Cbd Reduce Fever and Does Cbd Reduce Fever – The Perfect Combination 5 To prevent dehydration which could give rise to a fever, it’s important to raise fluid intake, especially water intake. Additionally, most conventional ways of lowering a fever can do more damage than good. Since it is part of the body’s natural way of fighting illness or infection, reducing the fever can actually make the illness last longer, as it lets the cause of the illness live for a longer time. Fever in adults over age 65 doesn’t automatically need exclusive therapy, though you ought to be watching out for symptoms like shortness of breath or confusion. CBD might be an effective alternate to over-the-counter medications, especially when taking into consideration potential side results. CBD may give an alternative, because of its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. CBD may also be useful in getting the body to activate another form of white blood cell that could fight infections B-cells.	0.6176	FineWeb
In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond argues that all human groups have equal mental capabilities – except for the inhabitants of New Guinea, who are clearly smarter than the human norm. If this is the case, there’s money to be made. Good performance in a lot of high-paying jobs requires intelligence above some fairly high threshold. Such people are scarce [outside of New Guinea], and that means that their labor is expensive. The fraction of individuals above a high threshold increases dramatically with a higher mean, and since people in PNG don’t have high incomes, there is a fantastic arbitrage opportunity here. You could locate some of the many geniuses that must exist in PNG, rapidly and inexpensively teach them high-tech skills (which they would learn easily, since they’re geniuses, natch), apply for H1B visas, and them resell them to the highest Silicon Valley bidder. This wouldn’t last, of course – these guys would not stay peons forever. They’d be generating their own start-ups in a few years, founding hedge funds, dominating the Vegas poker tournaments, etc. Some, less materialistic, would become grandmasters, win Fields medals, or write seminal books about the attractions of cannibalism. Still, you could make a lot of money in the short run, and if you were careful to build good relationships with your employees, they might let you in on the ground floor of an IPO later. Poul Anderson, always a visionary, foresaw this. A character in one his books put it thusly:” I am a racist – a dedicated, fanatical racist – who maintains, and can scientifically prove, that his own race is inferior. The only true humans on earth, my friends, the main line of evolution, the masters of the future, are the lordly Melanesians. ” Of course that character was feigning insanity, but still.	0.7028	FineWeb
Five critical components: Phonemic Awareness Phonics Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension strategies Identifying words accurately and fluently Constructing meaning once words are identified Research indicates that students need to acquire skills and knowledge in at least five main areas in order to become proficient readers PHONEMIC AWARENESS—The knowledge and manipulation of sounds in spoken words. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT—The knowledge of words, their definitions, and context. READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES—The understanding of meaning in text. PHONICS—The relationship between written and spoken letters and sounds. READING FLUENCY, INCLUDING ORAL READING SKILLS—The ability to read with accuracy, and with appropriate rate, expression, and phrasing. Accuracy in reading words correctly. Reading not too fast and not too slow. Expressions with feeling. Follow most or all the punctuation marks. Sounds like talking. Fluency has natural phrasing and intonation. Model Fluent Reading Do Repeated Readings in Class Promote Phrased Reading in Class Enlist Tutors to Help Out Try a Reader's Theater in Class Fluency is mainly unnoticed of the five vital facets of analysis. Because it is typically calculated during oral interpretation, a lot of do not believe it vital to still, self- governing analysis. Fluency is in terribly attached to decode and appraisal grasp. It hands out as the viaduct amid decoding and grasp. On one stage fluency imitates a reader’s aptitude to decipher the terms in a copy. If he is so talented to hurriedly and precisely move through the words on the sheet, his decoding expertise are repeated. ELL SPED Diverse Learners Students require to memorize sound-letter posts and turn out to be easy in the reading of those letters to be clever to put them collectively to create meaning from a sound. It is so vital for students to put up their words to pick up their facility when reading. If a student draws closer to a statement they don't know, that can radically impacts their confidence by sluggish down their appraisal. ELLs should be trained to read initially in their first words. If this is not probable, students require to see and listen to hundreds of books in excess of a school year in order for facility to be a model to them. Approach used for students with particular needs will fluctuate depending on the precise needs of the student. It is so vital to get the most obvious picture of what the student needs from side to side for their IEP and do whets on earth it takes to assemble those needs. Readers Theatre Example Assign parts according to reading levels. Struggling booklover can be made to assign the most theatrical parts. This can erect their enthusiasm for analysis and help them ponder on reading for meaning. ESL students can be made to assign smaller parts so they will at rest be concerned but not overwhelmed. Miscue Analysis involve the surveillance, footage and evaluation of errors or faults a child creates or appears to build when reading aloud. The teacher would encompass the passage in face of them while they pay attention to the student read. They trace using detailed signs the errors ended, and later evaluate what intervention is required. AIMS WEB A web based plan used for growth monitoring that includes more than a few fluency connected standardized appraisal. Letter Name Fluency (LNF)- this assessment necessitates students to say the letter names from a register of letters in front of them below a time edge of 1 min. Letter Sound Fluency (LSF)- this appraisal requires students to build the letter sound from a catalog of letters in front of them beneath a time bound of 1 min. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) are a set of assessment used for worldwide showing and progress to monitor in grades K-6. They are consistent, competent and lengthily researched. DIBELS assessments usually take place in the beginning, middle and end of the university year to help control specific reading programs so the equipment can be misrepresented in order to hold up students based on their detailed needs, such as phonemic consciousness or identification of the alphabet. Testing can take around 10 minutes per student, so the advantage is that it may be realized in schools with negligible preparation. The role of fluency is particularly based on the five critical elements, Phonics Reading Comprehension Fluency Vocabulary Phonemic Awareness	0.994	FineWeb
Piercy is referring to the dolls females are given as children and how they have a certain lipstick that seems to portray what the child is supposed to look like as she grows up. Magazines also show femails style, clothing, and physical appearences the way soceity wants them to be. Gender stereotypes exist in peoples actions and societys influence on them. Alleen Pace Nilson researched the English language by going through a dictionary. Nilson's story sexism in English: Imbodiment and language states,"Women are sexy: and men are successful"(203-213). The writer derives this from the research on the English language. From this research of the language shows that it is a sexist society. The statement shows that women are just supposed to be there and men do things. This shows that stereotypes end up following a molding the language gave us. Hence, yielding gender stereotypes. Men and women are supposed to have certain roles in life according to society. In the story, "Men we carry in our minds", Scott Russell Sanders explained his point of view on how it was to grow up when he was a child. He explained his situation and the roles of his parents. His parents had the stereotypical roles, the mother stayed at home and wat	0.7992	FineWeb
Woodward Diesel Engine Control Systems Enabling diesel engines to run with low emissions and high efficiency Woodward’s diesel engine control systems have a long-standing reputation for performance and quality. Woodward’s diesel control systems manage the complete diesel engine combustion process and gas exchange cycle. The systems provide control of the charge air or combustion air through compressor bypass, turbo waste gate, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or variable turbine area or geometry turbo chargers. In addition, enhanced diesel engine control algorithms enable a diesel engine to operate at the highest efficiency and lowest emissions. Controlling all engine parameters in relation to operating conditions is essential for low emission and high efficiency of a diesel engine. Woodward actuators, controllers, solenoids, and aftertreatment systems provide superior monitoring and control of small diesel engines around the world. Small Diesel Control Systems	0.6499	FineWeb
Honey production is a competitive industry in Malaysia which has many players. One player that stands tall amongst its peers is GiantB. They have been at the forefront for many decades, providing high-quality honey products to many customers. Here are the reasons why their products are internationally recognized and sought-after by a lot of consumers. Right Water content One factor that affects the freshness of honey is its water content. The lower the water content, the better the quality. It is best for honey to have a water content less than 19%. The reason why low water content is preferable is because honey will lose its fresh quality and may start to ferment if the water content is more than 20%. Fermentation occurs because of the wild yeast contained in the honey. With low water content, there is a high sugar concentration, and therefore honey will less likely to ferment. Aside from that, the yeast will only be in its dormant stage and not continue the fermentation process. On the other hand, high water content in honey causes the wild yeast to trigger fermentation that affects the quality of the honey, making it acidic and watery. GiantB honey’s water content GiantB honey products are known for their low water content. How do they achieve this? First, their beekeepers visit the beehive daily. Then, they cultivate honey from the comb and use a gadget called refractometer to know the concentration of sugar in the honey and at the same time check its water content. As time passes by and the bees create honey, the excess water will be eliminated which leaves a thick syrup. Once the honey achieves the desired water content, the comb can then be removed. With GiantB, you are guaranteed of quality honey with a syrupy texture, perfect for medical remedies, supplements, and other uses. Adequate HMF Levels The factor that determines the purity of honey is its HMF levels. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a chemical compound that develops during storage or extracting of honey. For honey, the desired levels of HMF should be under 10 or 15 milligrams per kilogram. HMF levels above this may be a sign that the honey is exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius or is heated during the extraction process. A heated honey or one that has elevated levels of HMF is not a good thing. This is because it is deprived of nutritional components that are found in honey with low HMF levels such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties. One way to figure out whether the honey has low or high levels of HMF is to take note of the color. If it is too dark, then that means the honey underwent excessive heating or was stored above room temperature. GiantB’s honey is internationally recognized for its light color and mild taste, which indicates low levels of HMF. If you are going to purchase their honey, make sure to store it in a refrigerator to keep its purity and freshness. Absence of Inverted Sugar Inverted sugar is a sweetener that is produced by heating a mixture of sugar, water, and cream of tartar. Some manufacturers add inverted sugar to their honey to make it stickier, thicker, and sweeter. This variety is adulterated, therefore it is fake honey. Yes, you read it right, there is such thing as fake honey. So, how can you know if it’s pure or organic honey? Besides having low levels of HMF, organic honey should have just the right stickiness, thickness, and aroma. These factors are characteristics of GiantB’s honey products, making them a reliable brand when it comes to pure honey. Presence of Impurities A honey that is free from impurities is a good sign for most consumers but what most people don't know is that pure honey should appear cloudy and unappealing. The presence of pollen, wax, bee body parts, wood splinters, dust, etc., is surely unappetizing, but those particles signify the honey’s purity. Today, most honey manufacturers filter such contaminations in their products to make them look commercially appealing to consumers. Despite the cloudy appearance of GiantB honey, this is still the preferred product by consumers who have the know-how on such product. Light or Amber Color It is believed that honey with a darker color signifies high HMF content. This is because dark honey is heated or stored above normal temperatures. Pure honey is usually light or amber in color, which has a mild and pleasant taste. Aside from that, it contains sodium, manganese, potassium, sulfur, iron, chlorine, and magnesium which are essential minerals for our body. Therefore, it is best to go for honey with a light or amber color, which is a characteristic of GiantB honey products, that is why many people prefer them.	0.8866	FineWeb
Honda has issued a recall of certain 2002-2005 VFR800 models. On certain motorcycles, the front fairing sub-harness (section of the wiring harness) transfers the electrical grounding load of the headlights, front turn signals, instrument panel, and various relays to the main wiring harness via an 18-pin connector. Under certain conditions, the ground wire terminals inside the connector can overheat, resulting in melting of the connector and a loss of power to various circuits. As a result, a loss of critical lighting or engine power could occur without warning, which could cause a crash. An unspecified number of units are affected. Check out my Motorcycle Recalls feature for more details.	0.5709	FineWeb
Im now getting a "New Topic" button so Ill post again. Although Im a scientist, Im finding it hard to work out what is going on in the literature which is jargon-filled with few explanations. For example it took me a long time to work out that haplotypes are based on simple binary markers called SNPs whereas what we are testing is SSRs (simple sequence repeats). As it's rarely explained anywhere, this made it hard initially for me to work out what familtreedna was talking about when it came to subclade testing. Now my first question is - how do they know for example that haplotype B is descended from A and not the other way round? And how can they possibly time when the mutation occurred? My second question relates to "microsatellites" and "minisatellites" which a number of papers are using to test recent human migration. Im inclined to think, after some research, that these are just another word for SSRs. Are they? And how can they be used to time various genetic events (such as whether various British DNA or communities came from Saxons or Romans) as some papers aver?	0.8367	FineWeb
February 21, 2011 Education Essay Everyone would agree that education is a fundamental way of life. A means to learn something new. It’s intention is to mentally, physically, and emotionally benefit the person by putting them in a better place then they were previously in before. From the beginning of times people have relied and survived on past educators. There are many people that contribute to a individuals education. Starting off as a young child most of the information retrieved comes from home through parents, and loved ones. As they move into adolescents learning is obtained from multiple people including teachers, friends, and even through their surroundings. An ideal education promotes knowledge while incorporating valuable information that can be used to help in everyday life. “-Education is the process of acquiring knowledge.” True education comes in many different forms. Granted it is important to study the basic academic courses including reading, writing, arithmetic, science, and social studies which all will help set a strong foundation for the student. It is equally just as significant that the educator offer alternative information for the well-being of the student. Education should build not only on the text that lies within a book, but should also touch base with everyday life. Nutrient plays a key role in education. For someone to be alert, and attentive in class it is crucial for them to get a healthy meal to retain the information. There are many ways that administration can assist in this matter. For starters, they need to assure that every student gets a well-balanced breakfast in the morning and a wholesome lunch in the afternoon. We need to educate students that proper nourishment is a must. Every school should have a dietician design a meal plan that revolves around wholesome foods. Each student needs to be taught that good eating habits are essential to living a healthy…	0.9172	FineWeb
The v10.0 upgrade for the 3D-MC machine control software allows concrete pavers, milling machines and trimmers and curb and gutter machines to be controlled via the same software used for dozers, graders and excavators. - Improved screen colors and fonts to enhance visibility in bright sunlight - Customize information displayed for all types of stakeout (surface check, point staking, road staking) including content and size and color of text - Quick selection of non-Topcon RTK base stations - Improved management of very large topo survey data sets and auto-topo logging at high speed (up to 5 points per second)	0.6922	FineWeb
Write an equation for the curve below. Then sketch the graph of the inverse of this graph and write its equation. Homework Help ✎ Write a general equation using the locator point, (3, 3). y = a(x − h)3 + k Substitute the other given point, (5, 4), to find the value of a. Now find the inverse.	1	FineWeb
Prestashop Dynamic Pricing Addon Knowband offers Prestashop Dynamic Pricing Addon which helps the admin to calculate dynamic pricing on the bases of fabric, length, width, color and other parameters. The online customers can customize their order and view the customization cost easily on the same product page. PrestaShop Dynamic Pricing extension is a fully-featured module which provides a facility to create different rules and separate formula for price, weight, quantity calculation. The PrestaShop Dynamic Product Price addon calculates the exact customization cost according to the values entered by the customers. Features offered by Prestashop Dynamic Pricing Addon: - The PrestaShop Dynamic Price management allows creating different rules and formulas for calculating product customization price, weight and quantity. - The store owner can hide the weight and quantity input option from the product page. - The PrestaShop Dynamic Price management plugin allows the admin to enable the settings to multiply the price and weight by quantity. - The store admin can add, delete, update the dynamic pricing rule anytime without any complicated process. - Admin can set the rule priority from the admin interface of this Prestashop Customization Price Calculator module. - PrestaShop Dynamic Price management provides a facility to select multiple different fields for formula creation. - Admin can use Color Picker, Divider, Date, Text, Text Area fields in Price, weight and quantity calculation formula. - PrestaShop Dynamic Product Pricing plugin allows the admin to create a specific formula for price, weight and quantity calculation. - Admin can create calculation formula using +,-,/,(,),* operators. - Admin needs to map the created rule with products, categories, manufacturer and suppliers after creating the appropriate formula. - Customers can view the customization price, weight and quantity easily on product page easily. - Admin can calculate the customization price, customization weight and quantity easily using this PrestaShop Dynamic Pricing plugin. - Input fields can be customized from the admin panel of PrestaShop Dynamic Pricing module. - Admin can specify the unit of measurement as meter, kilometer, gram or kilogram. - Admin gets effortless mean to calculate the price of the product by defining a Price formula. - Admin can easily calculate the weight of the product by defining a Weight formula. - It is very easy to install, configure and activate the PrestaShop Dynamic Price management module. - Admin can set the priority of rules and map the products, category, manufacturer and suppliers accordingly. - Customers can customize their order. - Multiple customization options are available. - Customers can pay the customization cost accordingly. - The online users can view the customization cost on the same product page. - The fully transparent process makes their shopping experience better. - The customers can view the price changes according to the ordered quantity. - The customers can change the units for viewing the cost differences. Knowband, a leading name as an eCommerce development company provides Prestashop plugin development services to enhance the functionality of your eCommerce stores. For providing Prestashop plugin development, we have hired experienced Prestashop developers who work with full dedication to offer Prestashop development and support services. If there is a feature you want on your Prestashop store, chances are that a Prestashop plugin will allow you to do it, if you don't find any such plugin you can always contact us for your custom plugin development requirements. - Dynamic Pricing module allows your store customers to customize their orders and get a dynamic price for the product based on the values they input. - Online users can customize order according to their requirements. - Admin can easily calculate the product price and weight by creating relevant formulas. - Admin can add various fields for different products.	0.8954	FineWeb
Despite the rarity of desmoid tumors, their occurrence as single neoplasms in the abdominal walls of women who have borne children is rather commonly known. However, only a small number of these tumors have been reported in children. Furthermore, the occurrence of desmoid tumors in the thoracic wall is even less frequent. Moreover, in a careful review of the literature we have been unable to find any report of a combination of desmoid tumors in both the abdominal and thoracic walls in the same patient. We wish to record such an unusual occurrence in a little girl. Report of a Case A well-nourished white girl, 5 years of age, was admitted to Mercy Hospital on Jan. 3, 1956, because of a mass in the anterior abdominal wall. Her history was noncontributory, except for attacks of petit mal. Two and one-half weeks prior to admission the child's mother noticed a nontender,	0.9341	FineWeb
What are cookies Cookies are small text files which a website may put on your computer or mobile device when you first visit a site or page. The cookie will help the website, or another website, to recognise your device the next time you visit. There are many functions cookies serve, for example they can help us to remember your username and preferences. We are using cookies for the following purposes: - Login: Once you login to our website, a cookie is set containing your encrypted credentials, required to recognize you between page visits. You can disable this cookie by unchecking “Remember me” in the login form. - Session: Upon first visit of our website, the system will create a new unique session for you which will be saved using a cookie on your computer. Sessions are required to recognize users between page accesses. It is a temporary cookie which will be deleted once you close your internet browser. - Third-Party Services: Displayed ads or sharing content through social networks or comparable actions might cause a cookie created by them. How to disable or delete cookies Your internet browser offers specialized options to manage and remove cookies. They offer settings to reject many or all cookies. Please refer to the instructions for your internet browser from the list below.	0.6009	FineWeb
Preparation of three-dimensional vanadium nitride porous nanoribbon/graphene composite as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors Three-dimensional vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons/graphene composite with hierarchical porosity was prepared and investigated as the electrode material for supercapacitors. Morphology characterization of vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons/graphene composite indicates that vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons incorporate with graphene nanosheets to from a stable three-dimensional architecture with hierarchical porosity. This unique three-dimensional architecture and the combining effect of vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons and graphene nanosheets network make vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons/graphene composite a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors. At a current density of 0.3 A g−1, vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons/graphene electrode displays a specific capacitance of 164.4 F g−1, which is much higher than that of pure vanadium nitride electrode. In addition, vanadium nitride porous nanoribbons/graphene composite shows high capacitance retention rate (82% capacitance retention at the current density up to 10 A g−1) and good long-term cycling stability (97.5% capacitance retention over 2500 cycles). This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant No. 201601011). - 22.X. Lu, T. Liu, T. Zhai, Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 13000994 (2014)Google Scholar	0.5306	FineWeb
Tree Planting Far From 'Pointless', Researchers Argue Last week we reported here on new research that suggests planting trees may not always have the climate-cooling effects that many would expect. The authors of this study have since expressed concern that they may be being misreported in some sections of the media, and insist that they have not been denigrating tree planting overall. In a letter to the Guardian, which we unfortunately cannot find on their website, Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institute put forward the following clarification: "I was aghast to see our study reported under the headline "Planting Trees to Save the Planet is Pointless, Say Ecologists" (December 15). Indeed, our study found that preserving and restoring tropical forests is doubly important, as they cool the earth by removing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by helping produce cooling clouds. We did find that preserving and restoring forests outside the tropics does little or nothing to help slow climate change, but nevertheless these forests are a critical component of the earth's biosphere and great urgency should be placed on restoring them." He goes on to argue that stopping climate change will require great steps in developing renewable sources of power and, possibly, nuclear energy, but he also insists that "we must concurrently take action to preserve our forests so that we have an environment worth preserving." We certainly won't argue with that! [Written by: Sami Grover]	0.7874	FineWeb
When a character is given suspicious payment, they will often bite into it to check if it's genuine. This may seem odd, but was actually a common way to check the quality of gold: but not for the reasons people often assume. Gold is a soft metal, and thus conventional wisdom says that the deeper the imprint your teeth make (without revealing a different metal beneath the gold), the purer it is. However, this test would not be foolproof: Gold coins can have a core of lead (for the weight) which is soft enough to leave bite marks in. In fact, historically, gold was typically alloyed with other, harder metals to make it harder, while still maintaining the standard gold weight. Thus, the bite test was actually a means of detecting a lead forgery (teeth marks) versus a real minted gold alloy coin (no marks). Also, gold is an excellent heat sink; most metals quickly heat up when they're held, but gold remains cold in one's hand for some time - and the lips, tongue and teeth are even better than fingertips at detecting changes in temperature. Alloyed or cored gold heats up faster, and biting it is an easy way to test this - though in more polite settings, merchants kept a bottle of acid by the cash register; gold is a noble metal which is resistant to change by corrosion, oxidation or acid, so a merchant could determine the purity of gold by putting a drop of acid on it AKA the "Acid Test." This tradition has mostly vanished in real life, due to most people not actually dealing with gold, but it is still seen occasionally in fiction. It's also quite common to see characters using this method to check other things to see if they're genuine. This method does work with pearls, wherein the goal is to feel the rough mother of pearl against the enamel of your teeth, as opposed to the smoother feel of fake pearls. If this is done with silver coins, though, it's a clear sign that somebody goofed; silver is quite hard, so the only sure way to check if there's some other metal beneath the surface is to drill a hole in it. There is no evidence that counterfeit coins were ever made out of wood, which could be distinguished by biting them; the old adage "Don't take any wooden nickels" referred to the practice of promoting a new store by handing out wooden tokens good for "five cents in trade". If the store goes out of business, the token is worthless. As an interesting side-note, gold is very non-reactive and therefore biologically inert, meaning it's actually safe to eat and will pass through the digestive system without being absorbed. Some particularly fancy foods (often desserts) are adorned with gold leaf decorations which are meant to be eaten, and certain brands of alcohol contain tiny flakes of gold. In actual fact, this is the ultimate form of garnish. Because gold is non-reactive with anything in the human body, it does not actually have a flavor. Related is Hear Me the Money, when they check the currency by listening to it. Not to be confused with Eat Dirt, Cheap or Extreme Omnivore, where biting the gold is followed by chewing and swallowing it. open/close all folders Anime & Manga - A common method of testing coins in the Berserk universe. Guts does this with a coin of his pay after killing Bazuso. - Buu does this to a coin in Dragon Ball Z, but it's not to see if it's gold, but to see if it's candy. - Spice and Wolf has an instance that falls somewhere between this and Hear Me the Money. Holo is able to judge the purity of silver coins just by clinking them together, leading to the plot point that a city is minting coins that have a lower silver content and are thus worth less. - Mentioned in the The Cartoon History of the Universe in the leadup to Archimedes' famous discovery: the king needed a way to determine whether his crowns were counterfeit without having to rely on this trope. Films — Live-Action - Hellboy II: The Golden Army has a goblin blacksmith who bites on a piece of metal. It's not gold, but he bites it anyway. - In Bloodsport, one of the Kumite staff in charge of wiping blood off the fighting platform notices a gold tooth lying there after one of the fights. He quickly grabs it, bites it and, after being satisfied that it's gold, pockets it with a big smile. - One of the characters in Leprechaun accidentally swallows one of the eponymous leprechaun's coins while doing this (he's not that bright). The best part is the Leprechaun's plan to get it out: slash the guy's gut open using the buckle on his hat. - In Sharktopus, a girl with a metal detector finds an old coin buried on a beach. The shark-octopus hybrid then drags her off and eats her. An old man who was watching the whole thing then nonchalantly takes the coin, and bites it to see if it's real. For bonus points, he's played by Roger Corman. - In the 2010 Ridley Scott Robin Hood (2010), the Sheriff of Nottingham demands a ram from Lady Marion as a tax. Robin instead gives him a gold piece for his insolence to Lady Marion. The sheriff bites the coin after Robin and Marion depart. - In The Hidden Fortress, one of the two peasants chews on a gold stick to test its authenticity. - Used in A Song of Ice and Fire quite regularly. - In one book, a young girl does this because she's seen other people do it, but confesses that she doesn't know how gold is 'supposed to taste'. - And in another, a character is given a gold coin in a shady back alley as payment for a theft, bites into it, and promptly collapses onto the cobblestones, as the coin was apparently poisoned. - In A Dance with Dragons, Arya thinks of the very same trick for her first assassination for the Faceless Men, but takes it a step further. During what seems like a botched pickpocketing attempt, she slips a poisoned coin into the purse of an insurance man's customer, leaving the insurer to die of an apparent heart attack a while after he bites the gold. Not only is it impossible to trace the death back to Arya, it doesn't even look like an assassination. - In the Tom Holt novel Snow White and the Seven Samurai, this is used to test coins. It's then revealed that the characters are in a fairyland-style world, and that the currency is chocolate money. - Variation: In the Robert A. Heinlein novel Job: A Comedy of Justice, Alex and Marga are mysteriously shunted from one alternate world to another at random, which makes it impossible to build up a cash reserve as every America's money is different; Alex always has to go to work as a dishwasher. In one world they still use gold and silver coins. When Alex spends a gold dollar, the merchant takes out a bottle of acid and puts a drop on the coin to make sure it won't corrode — the "acid test." Silver coins are bounced on the counter to make sure they ring the right way — the "ring of truth."note - This is also why many old mechanical cash registers had marble shelves above the cash drawer. Gave an easy place to test the sound of the coins. - Sort of Subverted in Discworld novel Lords and Ladies, Ridcully loses $8,000 at "Cripple Mr. Onion" to Casanunda, a self proclaimed "outrageous liar" who "cannot play it very well." As he pays up, Casanundra stops him without even biting into it: Casanunda: You don't happen to have 'outrageous liar' on your visiting card, by any chance?Ridcully: No!Casanunda: It's just that I can recognize chocolate money when I see it. - Tasty gold indeed! - In Guards! Guards! the dragon is offered the newly forged crown, and licks it. They're very chemically sensitive apparently. Vimes considers the chances of the crown actually being made out of gold (It's mentioned elsewhere that "gold" things in Ankh-Morpork have just as much gold in them as there is gold in seawater), then compares the situation to finding out that sugar was actually salt after having put three spoonfuls in your coffee. The dragon then overkills the priest who gave it the crown (shooting a flame so hot that nothing is left but smoke); suffice to say, the dragon wasn't amused. - The protagonist of children's novel The Chocolate Touch has seen people do this, so he bites his best friend's new coin. Unfortunately, anything he touches with his mouth turns to chocolate, so his friend now has a worthless chocolate coin. - In Assassins of Gor Tarl offers a blind chessplayer a doubleweight gold coin if he won the game. The chessplayer felt, bit, and tasted the gold to make sure it was real. - Subverted in Firefly—Mal is trying to offload some stolen goods (which look like a stack of gold bricks). The buyer bites into it and chews - it's revealed that the bricks were actually highly condensed food in some sort of foil wrapping, invaluable on a newly terraformed frontier world. - An episode of CSI: Miami featured a child kidnapper who asked for a ransom of jewelry. When the father of the kidnapped child arrives with the ransom the kidnapper bites an emerald to test if it's real. Turns out it's not, and the kidnapper promptly adds murderer to his résumé. - Then there's the "Time's Arrow" episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Data uses his communicator to buy into a poker game in 19th-century San Francisco, and is asked about its value. He cites various valuable metals, and while he is, one player grabs it and takes a sample bite/lick, then pronounces 'gold' before Data can get there. - The episode "The Last Outpost" has the Ferengi stealing the Away Team's commbadges. One tastes it and pronounces it to be gold. - This was a first-season episode and as such it predates gold-pressed latinum—a metallic liquid valued precisely because it can't be replicated, suspended in a now-worthless metal because someone "got tired of making change with an eyedropper", which, in the Deep Space Nine episode "Who Mourns for Morn?" is shown to have its "own ring of truth." - The episode "The Last Outpost" has the Ferengi stealing the Away Team's commbadges. One tastes it and pronounces it to be gold. - Briefly parodied in Fawlty Towers, when Basil Fawlty makes a small show of biting then tossing away a paper check, given to him by a guest whom he had just discovered was a con man. - MAS*H showed the pearl variant: Frank Burns bought both real and fake pearls to give to both his wife and Margaret, respectively. Margaret tested to see if they were real (they weren't, but she lies in order to manipulate him into secretly giving her the real ones that she saw him switch with the fakes.) - As noted on QI, this trope is inverted in the modern gold industry, where gold coins are almost never sold in the pure 24K form (soft gold wears out easily, and coin collectors do not take it kindly if their collection starts turning into gold dust), but are usually hardened. Nowadays if you get a chewy gold coin, it is more likely you got a lead dud. - The 2000 Mini Series of Arabian Nights has Aladdin's mother biting the gold the Ethnic Magician gave her son. Aladdin: Mom, that was the first thing I did!Aladdin's Mom: Never hurts to get a second opinion! It tastes right. - A variation in the episode "Goblin's Gold" in Merlin. When a character is possessed by a goblin he begins to lick gold pieces - not to check its authenticity, but because it tastes good. - A diamond variant is shown in an episode of NCIS. While dealing with a case involving multiple fiancées and their missing money, Di Nozzo suggests the money might have been spent on the diamond in one of the engagement rings. Ziva disproves this notion by breathing on the diamond, saying that a real one wouldn't collect condensation like this one did. - One episode of Mathnet has a gemologist test a pearl's authenticity by popping it his mouth. Henchman: I thought he was squirrelly, but don't they usually go for acorns? Gemologist: It's a test! Real pearls have tiny surface crystals that grate at the teeth. This one is as smooth as a baby's... knee. - In the Bones episode that works as Poorly Disguised Pilot for The Finder, when Brennan gives her card to Walter Sherman, he examines it very closely and even bite into it. This leads to Booth trying to forcefully retrieve it and the two end up wrestling. - A common micro-magic illusion based on this trope involves the magician biting a coin and taking a chunk out of it. The magician usually leaves behind tooth marks as well. The illusion can involve a spectator's coin, which is returned unharmed. - Possibly the only common example in the Real Life modern world is how Olympic athletes will often get photos taken with them "biting" their (plated silver) gold medals (as the USA Gymnastics team at the 2012 London Olympics can be seen doinghere◊). - Rafael Nadal, former number one tennis player, typically bites the trophy for his championship photos. - Parodied in Exalted, where the primary currency in heaven is ambrosia, a golden substance that tastes like the most wonderful food ever, wrapped in a thin golden foil. Yes, Heaven pays people in chocolate coins. New employees are often warned not to eat their operational budget. - It's also functional currency. In Heaven, one of those coins can be turned into anything from a feast finer than any mortal has ever seen, to the finest clothing imaginable, weapons of the finest craftmanship, or pretty much anything, really. - There's an Event Card in Talisman called Fool's Gold which depicts a man biting a fake coin, looking understandably upset. - In some productions of Cats, Skimbleshanks mimes biting a coin received from another cat during his big number. - In A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Marcus Lycus slips into an orgy disguised as one of his own prostitutes. Upon giving a coin to the guard, we get this exchange: "Is it real?""Bite it and see. And that goes for me as well." - In Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney: Trials & Tribulations, one of the characters bites Phoenix's attorney badge to see if it is real or not. She then admits that she has no idea whether a real badge would have a bite mark or not. - In the Infocom game Sorcerer, you acquire a collection of Zorkmids. If you choose to BITE ZORKMID, the game replies "Yep, it's real." - Avatar: The Last Airbender: - Happens regularly in Scooby-Doo. - In The Simpsons episode "The Day the Violence Died," Chester J. Lampwick bite-tests a paper cheque. - Disney's Pinocchio plays with this a bit: when the eponymous puppet gets conned into joining unscrupulous puppet show owner Stromboli's spectacle, said owner finds a foreign (vaguely Chinese) coin among the otherwise all-gold profits of the day. He uses the bite test on the coin, and it does bend, but Stromboli takes it as a sign that the foreign coin is worthless and hands it to Pinocchio as his "share" of the profits. It being the color of lead probably doesn't help. - SpongeBob SquarePants once bit on a quarter Patrick gave him, even though he had given Patrick that same quarter just moments before. Spoofed when all of Squidward's coins bend, yet he accepts them without question. - Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy once had Eddy biting a coin he got from Kevin. He ends up with splinters on his tongue, and he shouts after Kevin "Your wooden money's no good here!" - Ruel biting into a coin is his default pose in the recap at the start of the latter episodes of season 1. He also does this in episode 13 after "saving" a kama from sinking in the sea. - Episode 9 has Ruel feed chocolate coins to a consuming genie that gets stronger the more it ate things, particularly tasty gold. The genie doesn't bite before swallowing, and turns into a puny chocolate genie. - The Protagonists of Ben 10: Alien Force once encountered a race of aliens that eat popcorn and poop out gold, Kevin performs this test on one of the droppings. - Matthew McCreep in The Smurfs and the Magic Flute takes a bite on a coin while he's busy counting up the stolen loot. - In the Puss in Boots mini movie "The Three Diablos", Puss gives the three kittens one gold coin each. The first two do the standard bite to see if it's genuine and the third one tries copying them by swallowing the coin whole. - Underdog: Whenever Shoeshine Boy, Underdog's secret identity, recieved a coin in payment for his services, he would bite it, even though it was unlikely that he was being paid in gold. - In an episode of Futurama involving time travel, Bender tested a ha'penny—which had been in a chamberpot—this way. - The Hair Bear Bunch: The bears discover a treasure of Gobaloons under Peevly's office, but instead of being rich, they learn that the gobaloons were stolen by a pirate and anyone trying to confiscate and spend it will be locked up in jail for theft. While bemoaning their situation, Square is eating some of the coins. Hair: Of all the rotten luck. A million in gold gobaloons and it all has to go back to the kingdom of Ptomania.Square: A pity. They're delicious. - A variant in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: Yukon Cornelius tests if there's gold around by throwing his pickaxe into the air, letting it lodge itself in the ground, and then licking it. "Nothin'!"	0.6513	FineWeb
Some people follow 1,200-calorie diet plans to promote fat loss and reach their goal weight as quickly as possible. While it’s true that cutting calories is an effective way to lose weight, research shows that reducing calorie intake too drastically isn’t good for long-term health or weight loss. This article reviews 1,200-calorie diets and covers the potential benefits and downsides associated with low calorie dietary patterns. A 1,200-calorie diet is a way of eating that limits the number of daily calories that you consume to 1,200. This diet is considered a low calorie diet because it provides significantly fewer calories than most average adults need to maintain their weight. Many healthcare providers, including doctors and dietitians, prescribe low calorie diets as a go-to strategy for weight loss. A common recommendation to spark weight loss is to decrease calorie intake by 500–750 calories per day. This usually translates to a low calorie diet of 1,200–1,500 calories per day for adult women and 1,500–1,800 calories per day for adult men ( Note that 1,200 calories is at the low end of the recommended low calorie diet ranges for women. Some researchers categorize low calorie diets as dietary patterns that deliver between 800–1,200 calories per day, while very low calorie diets are categorized as diets that deliver fewer than 800 calories per day ( These diets are typically followed for short periods of weeks to months to promote rapid weight loss. Low calorie and very low calorie diets are commonly used in clinical settings under medical supervision, such as weight loss centers, but they’re popular with the general public as well. In fact, many weight loss coaches, personal trainers, and popular dieting websites offer 1,200-calorie meal plans, promising that following a 1,200-calorie diet will help you “slim down fast.” These diets typically promote the use of “low calorie,” “fat-free,” and “reduced-fat” foods to help keep calorie intake low and usually involve calorie counting so that dieters make sure they’re staying under their daily limit. While a 1,200-calorie diet may be appropriate in the short term in certain situations, 1,200 calories are far too few for the majority of adults. A 1,200-calorie diet is considered a low calorie diet. Low calorie diets are used to promote fast weight loss and sometimes prescribed by healthcare professionals. Creating a calorie deficit is necessary for weight loss. Cutting calories by 500–750 calories per day, as some health professionals advise, is likely to encourage weight loss, at least in the short term. Many studies have shown that following low calorie diets, including 1,200-calorie diets, can promote weight loss. For example, a study in 2,093 people with obesity demonstrated that a medically supervised 1,200-calorie meal replacement diet resulted in an average fat loss of 4.7% over 12 months ( In another study, adults followed a commercial weight loss program that provided either 500, 1,200–1,500, or 1,500–1800 calories per day. After 1 year, those on the 1,200–1,500-calorie-per-day diet experienced an average weight loss of 15 pounds (6.8 kg). However, 23% of the 4,588 people following the 1,200-calorie diet dropped out of the study ( Studies have found that while initial weight loss using low calorie diets like 1,200-calorie diets is typically rapid and substantial, it’s often followed by greater weight regain, compared with diets using only moderate calorie restriction. In the commercial weight loss study mentioned above, the researchers observed that rapid weight loss during the first 3 months was associated with greater regain during the 9-month weight loss maintenance phase in all three of the diet groups ( Another study in 57 people with overweight or obesity noted that after following a very low 500-calorie diet or low 1,250-calorie diet for 5 and 12 weeks, respectively, study participants regained 50% of the weight they lost over 10 months, on average ( This is because low calorie diets induce metabolic changes that conserve energy and prevent weight loss, including increased appetite, loss of lean body mass, and reductions in the number of calories burned, all of which make long-term weight maintenance difficult ( This has led many health experts to recommend eating patterns that use only small reductions in calorie intake to promote weight loss while minimizing the negative metabolic adaptations that are associated with low calorie diets (12). Although following a low calorie 1,200-calorie diet is likely to result in weight loss, the chances of keeping the weight off are slim. Following a 1,200-calorie diet may provide some health benefits, but it’s important to note that these benefits are associated with calorie restriction, in general, and not specific to 1,200-calorie meal plans. Fueling your body with the right number of calories is essential for the preservation of good overall health. Many studies have shown that calorie reduction, in general, can benefit health by promoting weight loss, reducing heart disease risk factors like LDL (bad) cholesterol, and decreasing blood sugar levels and inflammation ( There’s no question that losing excess body weight has positive effects on health and that staying within your individual calorie needs is best for your body. However, the methods used to promote weight loss matter, and using very low calorie, restrictive dieting methods is strongly associated with increased chances of weight regain over time. Therefore, while losing excess body weight can benefit your overall health, it’s important to choose healthy, sustainable weight loss methods over more extreme dietary patterns. It should be noted that some research has shown that people with obesity or morbid obesity who follow low calorie or very low calorie diets under medical supervision lose weight and improve their blood sugar and lipid profiles, which can improve overall health ( Still, these diets are typically followed for short periods and usually associated with high dropout rates due to their restrictive nature. Nonetheless, if you’re interested in following a low calorie diet for weight loss, it’s important to speak with a qualified healthcare provider for advice. Losing excess body weight and fueling your body with the right number of calories is important for overall health. Although 1,200-calorie diets are associated with some health benefits, these benefits are related to calorie reduction in general. Calorie needs are highly individualized and depend on many factors, including body size, age, and activity levels. A 1,200-calorie diet is inappropriate for most adults, including smaller women. Though calorie requirements vary from person to person and accurate needs can only be determined using specific equipment or calculations, the average adult woman needs around 2,000 calories per day to maintain her weight, while a man needs around 2,500 ( Again, these numbers are only averages and don’t reflect the differences in calorie needs due to factors like age, activity levels, and height. However, these average calorie need estimations gives you an idea of how low 1,200 calories is. A 1,200-calorie diet is much too low for most people and can result in negative side effects like dizziness, extreme hunger, nausea, micronutrient deficiencies, fatigue, headaches, and gallstones ( Furthermore, a 1,200-calorie diet can set you up for failure if long-term weight loss is your goal. Restricting calories leads to metabolic changes in your body. These include increases in hormones like ghrelin and cortisol, which drive hunger, as well as a drop in resting metabolic rate (RMR), or the calories that you burn while at rest (12, This leads to greater chances of weight regain over time, as well as the vicious cycle of repeated periods of weight loss followed by weight regain that so many chronic dieters experience — which commonly leads to feelings of despair. Weight cycling is detrimental to mental health, and research has shown that repeated dieting and weight cycling can stress the heart and may lead to a higher risk of eating disorders, type 2 diabetes, and increased mortality ( Cutting calories too severely can lead to negative side effects like nutrient deficiencies and fatigue. Low calorie diets rarely work for long-term weight loss and can lead to weight cycling, which negatively affects overall health. Oftentimes healthcare providers and people looking to lose weight choose diets based on how quickly they can produce the desired results, failing to consider the long-term health consequences of overly restricting calories. While choosing a restrictive, low calorie diet that delivers well below your daily calorie needs is likely to result in quick weight loss, keep in mind that some of that weight loss is in the form of muscle mass. Muscle loss and other metabolic adaptations can lower your RMR (12). Large calorie deficits not only lead to unfavorable changes that make maintaining weight loss harder but also can take a serious toll on your emotional well-being. The majority of research studies suggest that dieting doesn’t work and using healthier, less extreme weight loss methods is a better choice for supporting weight loss and weight loss maintenance over time. For example, instead of cutting your intake down to 1,200 calories, which usually involves tracking every piece of food that crosses your lips, try a few of the following evidence-based, healthy weight loss tips: - Eat whole foods. Whole foods, including vegetables, fruits, beans, fish, nuts, seeds, and eggs, should comprise the majority of your calorie intake. Whole foods are packed with the fiber, protein, and healthy fats your body needs to thrive. - Cut out added sugar and fats. Reducing your fat and added sugar intake is a healthy way to promote weight loss. Common sugar- and/or fat-laden foods include soda, cakes, ice cream, candy, and sugary cereals ( - Cook more meals at home. Rely less on take out, restaurants, and fast food and cook more meals at home. People who cook more meals at home tend to weigh less and have a healthier diet than those who eat more meals outside the home ( - Increase daily activity. One of the best ways to promote healthy, sustainable weight loss is to create a calorie deficit by increasing the number of calories you burn. Try adding in daily walks outside, taking exercise classes, or joining a gym ( - Work with a knowledgeable healthcare provider. Weight loss can be intimidating and stressful. A knowledgeable dietitian or other trained healthcare provider can help you lose weight in a healthful way without extreme restriction. While losing weight using healthy, sustainable dietary approaches may take more time, it reduces the unfavorable adaptations that occur during extreme calorie restriction and can help increase your chances of keeping the weight off for good. When trying to lose weight, using less restrictive methods can help you achieve healthy, sustainable weight loss. A 1,200-calorie diet is a low calorie eating pattern that typically involves counting calories and eating reduced calorie foods to promote quick weight loss. Although a 1,200-calorie diet is likely to promote short-term, rapid weight loss, metabolic adaptations that occur during calorie restriction make keeping the weight off long term extremely difficult. What’s more, 1,200 calories is well under the average number of calories that most adults — even small women — need to fuel their bodies. While diets providing 1,200 or fewer calories are a popular tool for weight loss, it’s better for your overall health to choose a diet that fuels your body in a healthy way and promotes slow yet sustainable weight loss that can be maintained for life.	0.5733	FineWeb
Support for People with Limited English Proficiency More than 25 million people in the United States have limited proficiency in the English language. While many of these people use English at work and in their daily lives, understanding what happens in a courtroom can be more difficult. Many others have less facility with English and are lost in telling their story – whether inside the courtroom or speaking with court clerks – without the support of a trained and qualified interpreter and without translation of official court documents. This visualization shows the overall performance of each state in assuring access to justice for people with limited proficiency in the English language. Performance is measured on a scale of zero to 100, in which zero reflects a poor performance (and may result in part from the lack of availability of data for the state) and in which 100 reflects adoption of all the practices researched with respect to this issue. The purpose of this visualization is to show the index for this category, with the ability to filter and compare the performance of each state. Here are some ways to start navigating the visualization: - Select ‘Top’ (or ‘Bottom’) 5, 10 or 25 states (i.e., the states with the highest (lowest) justice index) by choosing the drop-down filter and the sliding scale at the top right corner of the visualization. To reset the filter, slide the sliding scale back to 50. - Filter by Region by checking one or more Region checkboxes near the map. - To focus on one (or more) states on the map, click and drag the cursor around the states of interest. Zoom in or out using the ‘+’ or ‘-‘ icons respectively on the top left corner of the map. Reset the map by clicking on the blue colored thumb tack on the top left corner of the map. To un-select states, click on an area of the map outside of the states. - The horizontal bars to the right of the map can be filtered by clicking on a single bar or clicking and dragging to select multiple states. To sort the chart, click the sort icon that appears when the cursor hovers near the x-axis of the bar-chart. To reset the chart, click on an area of the chart outside of the bars. - Select one or more states in the ‘Index Distribution (Scaled to 100)’ chart by clicking on one or more diamonds. To reset the chart, click on an area of the chart outside the diamonds. - Filter the ‘bubble chart’ by clicking on a ‘bubble’ or clicking and dragging to select multiple ‘bubbles’. The chart can also be filtered by clicking on the small squares that represent regions. To reset, click on an area of the chart outside the ‘bubbles’. - To filter by question, determine the question number from the first column of the ‘Response details’ chart and select it from the question number drop-down. Click the desired response check boxes for response(s) of interest. To reset, click on the (All) response check box. - Filters apply simultaneously to all parts of the visualization (e.g., if ‘NY’ is selected in the map, all other charts will be filtered for ‘NY’ only). Multiple filters may be simultaneously applied.	0.867	FineWeb
Why work with us? Our reputation for excellent service is second to none and the products we offer reflect our commitment to listening to our clients and providing the best tools to promote access to justice. Our ATE benefits include: - Fully deferred premium contingent upon success. - Premium self-insured in the event of an unsuccessful claim. - Delegated authority through our online portal TOPS. - Standard cover of £250k. - Retrospective cover to the date of the retainer. - Competitively priced premium. - Claims strengthened by insurance acceptance. - Mitigated adverse costs risk for your clients. - Protection from interim costs orders. - Direct access to Underwriters for prompt decisions. - Access to disbursement funding.	0.7505	FineWeb
The Digital University in a Neoliberal Age Contemporary Philosophy of Technology Research Group Symposium Wednesday 8th November 2017, 1-6 PM University of Birmingham – Arts Building Lecture Room 1 1 – 1.30 reception and buffet lunch 1.30 – 2.30 Gary Hall 2.30 – 3.30 Liz Morrish 3.30 – 4 tea and coffee 4-5 Jana Bacevic 5-6 Mark Carrigan Neoliberalism has disrupted higher education by redefining it as a market trading in commodities. In theory, price signals are meant to reflect the worth of a product in a market but neoliberals tend to see the economic success of corporations as the gauge of market success, despite their ability to ‘distort’ market signals. In the UK, higher education uses audit culture in place of an open market of differing price signals. This allows the state, which engineers how the ‘free market’ works, to set the terms of competitive reference. The REF, the NSS, various league tables and ‘rankings’ based on these assessments combined with other data such as data on employment, and now the TEF, provide ways for university brands to compete for students redefined as ‘customers’ purchasing human capital. Information and communication technology (ICT) allows for the intensification of audit culture and marketization. The ‘performance’ of staff can be assessed continuously, often using a traffic light system of staff grading, with management using ICT to check on the ‘impact’ of ‘research outputs’ and customer ‘feedback’ for instance. In place of professional autonomy there is to be ‘transparency’, with academic work continuously monitored for performance in relation to the objectives of brand managers. The purpose of this symposium is to both diagnose the range of problems presented by the neoliberal use of digital technology in higher education and to explore what potentials there are to overcome such problems. Speaker Abstracts and Biographies ‘Who acts and what matters in the neoliberal university? Power, potential, and resistance in the academia’ Jana works on social theory and the politics of knowledge production, and is a PhD candidate in sociology at the University of Cambridge, writing on the critique of neoliberalism in UK higher education. This talk explores how we frame matter and agency in the critique of neoliberalism. The first part engages with the social ontology of actors in the neoliberal academia – from institutions, to human beings, to metrics and algorithms – and examines the roles they play and different forms of power they are ascribed in accounts of transformation of higher education and research. It situates these framings within particular theoretical traditions, from Marxism to object-oriented ontology, showing how each in turn displaces the question of power. The second part examines how these agents and actants can act – that is, what sort of emergent properties we can expect their interaction to produce – and discusses the implications of these potentialities both for thinking about the present, and acting in the future. In conclusion, the talk opens the question of the relationship between forms of agency, critique, and forms of resistance. ‘Craft and exploitation in the digital university’ Mark is a Digital Fellow at The Sociological Review. This talk explores the institutionalisation of social media as a vector through which the conditions of labour in the academy are changing. What was once seen as a private matter irrelevant to scholarly life is increasingly seen as one of the core competencies which the ‘engaged academic’ must demonstrate in order to win be opportunity for something resembling the conventional notion of a ‘career’, rather than an endless iteration of precarious engagements. Drawing on the accelerated academy project and platform studies, I explore how the process of ‘becoming academic’ is changing under these conditions, examining digital labour through the parallel concepts of ‘craft’ and ‘exploitation’. Prof. Gary Hall ‘Data Commonism versus ÜberCapitalism ‘ Gary is a media theorist working in the areas of art, culture, philosophy, politics and technology, Gary Hall is Professor of Media and Performing Arts in the Faculty of Arts & Humanities at Coventry University. “Economics are the method; the object is to change the heart and soul.” — Margaret Thatcher How can we affirmatively disrupt the übercapitalism of Airbnb, Deliveroo and Academia.edu in order to invent a different, more caring future: for the sharing and gig economies, for post-industrial, post-capitalist society, and for individual life too? This paper will argue that in order to do so we need to experiment with new ways of living and working; ways that are based far less on self-centred individualism, competition and celebrity. The university has an important role to play in this process. After all, this is where the 24-hour artistic/entrepreneurial subjectivity that is such a feature of contemporary capitalism and its creative industries was first developed, before being exported throughout society more widely. (Hence Facebook’s HQ is known as a ‘campus’.) The university is thus a particularly appropriate place to experiment with developing a counter-subjectivity to the hyper-competitive, neoliberal microentrepreneurs of the self that übercapitalism is pushing us to become. Accordingly, this paper will endeavour to provide a sense, both of the neoliberal intensification and acceleration that is lying in store for many us over the course of the next few years, and what we can do about it. ‘The accident of accessibility: How the data of the TEF creates neoliberal subjects’ Liz is an independent scholar and campaigner for sustainable careers in higher education, and against audit culture. She left academia in 2016, and recently wrote this for the Times Higher https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/why-audit-culture-made-me-quit Liz blogs at https://academicirregularities.wordpress.com/ And tweets @Lizmorrish In an era of neoliberal reforms, academics in UK universities have become increasingly enmeshed in audit, particularly of research ‘outputs’ via the Research Excellence Framework (REF). A new Teaching Excellent Framework (TEF) has emerged in 2017, whose results are determined primarily by proxy data of National Student Survey (NSS) scores, retention data and Longitudinal Educational Outcomes data (LEO), i.e. salaries of graduates. This has been made possible by SBEE (Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015) legislation which has enabled data mining and synthesis of data streams from records held by the Student Loans Company (SLC), HMRC and universities themselves. These two audit processes, REF and TEF, were originally envisaged as instruments to evaluate research and teaching, respectively, at institutional level. This had a distinctively neoliberal purpose in seeking to mould universities more closely towards serving the economic needs of the nation. The REF, however, has also been recruited as an instrument of individual performance management in universities, with each academic forced to compete in academic output and research funds with the most talented and unencumbered scholars. The TEF, similarly, bestows an institutional ranking, but will rapidly be repurposed in order to shape the behaviour and priorities of academics. For example, the participation of local areas (POLAR) classification allows universities to be rated according to their success against the Widening Participation (WP) agenda. In this way, universities can appear to fail by revealing larger differential outcomes for target groups according to ethnicity and social class than their benchmark permits. The discourse of the TEF legislation, bolstered by studies from HEA/HEPI, assumes the source of inequality of outcome is poor teaching and requires corrective action by universities. Further justification for surveillance and quasi-regulation is borne by appeals to ‘value for money’ and ‘competition’. Universities are positioned as subject to market forces, and students positioned as consumers. Universities are responding by creating ‘managers for the student experience’ whose responsibility it will be to oversee change, without ever addressing the question of what causes differential outcomes, or what actions on behalf of government or institutions might make a difference. I argue that what seems to be an arbitrary constellation of proxy data points has in fact been a calculated plan to render universities, staff and students as neoliberal subjects. The accident of accessibility, inasmuch as it overlaps with the neoliberal imperative, has determined which data shall function as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). These KPIs are signalled via metrics-driven student and staff dashboards which offer no retreat from the interpretation and coding imposed by government, and the whole assemblage is cemented by discursive choices which align with neoliberal principles. In this way, the ideological purpose of the legislation and the audit is realized: the imposition of institutional and personal responsibility for structural inequality has been achieved. The Government White Paper Success as a Knowledge Economy, May 2016, will form the text for corpus analysis of keywords, discourses and metaphors.	0.6675	FineWeb
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. In general usage, a financial plan is a comprehensive evaluation of an individual’s current pay and future financial state by using current known variables to predict future types of business plan pdf, asset values and withdrawal plans. This often includes a budget which organizes an individual’s finances and sometimes includes a series of steps or specific goals for spending and saving in the future. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan is sometimes referred to as an investment plan, but in personal finance a financial plan can focus on other specific areas such as risk management, estates, college, or retirement. Financial forecast or financial plan can also refer to an annual projection of income and expenses for a company, division or department. A financial plan can also be an estimation of cash needs and a decision on how to raise the cash, such as through borrowing or issuing additional shares in a company. A financial plan may contain prospective financial statements, which are similar, but different, than a budget. Financial plans are the ENTIRE financial accounting overview of a company. Complete financial plans contain all periods and transaction types. It’s a combination of the financial statements which independently only reflect a past, present, or future state of the company. The confusion surrounding the term financial plans might stem from the fact that there are many types of financial statement reports. Individually, financial statements show either the past, present, or future financial results. More specifically, financial statements also only reflect the specific categories which are relevant. For instance, investing activities are not adequately displayed in a balance sheet. Compilations are a type of service which involves “presenting, in the form of financial statements, information that is the representation of management”. Prospective financial statements are of two types- forecasts and projections. Forecasts are based on management’s expected financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Pro Forma statements take previously recorded results, the historical financial data, and present a “what-if”: “what-if” a transaction had happened sooner. While the common usage of the term “financial plan” often refers to a formal and defined series of steps or goals, there is some technical confusion about what the term “financial plan” actually means in the industry. For example, one of the industry’s leading professional organizations, the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, lacks any definition for the term “financial plan” in its Standards of Professional Conduct publication. This publication outlines the professional financial planner’s job, and explains the process of financial planning, but the term “financial plan” never appears in the publication’s text.	0.6837	FineWeb
You’ve no doubt heard the term, “Helicopter parent.” A helicopter parent is one who takes an overprotective or excessive interest in the life of their child or children. Helicopter parents worry about their child’s inclusion in social activities (why don’t you have a date to the prom?), academic achievement (asking a high school age student if their homework is completed), and in general “hover” over the child. Helicopter parenting, according to generational demographer, Neil Howe, is the parenting style adopted by Baby Boomer parents in relationship to their Millennial children. Helicopter parents are, in Howe’s words, “sometimes helpful, sometimes annoying, yet always hovering over their children and making noise.” These parents attempt to “ensure their children are on a path to success by paving it for them.” Baby boomer parents are often very close to their children — often closer to them than the relationships between children and their parents that existed in previous generations and while this can be a source of strength and support, it can also lead to a sense of entitlement. Helicopter parenting coincided with several societal shifts, one of which was the relative economic good times of the ’90s, which were characterized by low unemployment and higher disposable income. Another, and perhaps even more important factor was the public perception of an increase in child endangerment. Boomers grew up largely as “free-range” kids, creating their own games, riding their bikes anywhere they wanted to, and in general, spending considerable time outside the immediate presence of their parents. Millennials however grew up in an era where “stranger danger” was an imminent risk, or at least we perceived it in that manner, and our fears (paranoia?) may have contributed to the practice of “hovering.” So, if Baby boomers raised their children by “paving their way for success” how are Millennial and Generation X parents raising their children? Some of course have adopted the practices of their own parents and are second generation helicopters (this includes advanced technology such as cell phones, iPads, etc.) For many years, social psychologists have identified four major “types” of parents. These include Authoritarian, (You’ll do it because I told you to do it); Authoritative, (assertive but not restrictive or intrusive); Permissive, (compensating for what they lacked as children, they just want to be “friends”); and Uninvolved, (demands almost nothing from the child but gives back very little.) There are pieces of these four styles in today’s parents — helicopter parents can be authoritarian, authoritative or permissive (they are anything but uninvolved) but it may well be time to add at least another category to these four parenting styles. They are called “snow-plow” parents. While helicopter parents “paved” the road for their children, snow-plow parents are intent on removing obstacles their children might encounter. A recent New York Times article defined “snowplow parents” as people who constantly force obstacles out of their kids’ paths. They have their eye on the future success of their child, and anyone or anything that stands in their way has to be removed.” As evidenced by recent college admission scandals, these types of parents have even gone so far as to “pay” for their children’s admission into elite schools, fearing that their children might not be able to achieve admission of their own volition. The type of snowplow parenting describe above violates both criminal laws and ethical behavior, but not all snowplow parenting is “out of bounds” and in some arenas, snow-plow parenting has become the norm. It may look like parents getting their children on waiting lists for elite preschools, making sure that preschoolers have everything they want (not necessarily “need”) so that they are never frustrated, doing a child’s homework, making excuses for a child’s poor performance, calling a coach and encouraging the coach to include their child on the team, etc. Poor kids. While it may appear that these parents have the best interests of their children at heart, these overly involved parents are robbing their children of normal childhood developmental opportunities. That robbery may condemn the child to a life of frustration and failure. In truth, anytime we do something for our children that they should be doing for themselves we are inadvertently giving them the message that they are not capable. Children who grow up with snow-plow parents often have an over-developed sense of their own importance, but because they have under-developed problem-solving skills, they may question their own self-efficacy. And when faced with adult challenges and obstacles (which we all do) they may feel thwarted in their desires and frustrated because they simply lack the skills necessary for “adulting.” In truth, it is okay for kids to struggle. Not making the cheerleading squad or starting on the football team isn’t the end of the world. Going to a less prestigious college because an ACT score wasn’t “perfect” won’t define a child’s future. Kids who’ve had the opportunity to face challenges and work through them (without undue parental involvement) have better coping skills and are stronger and more resilient. It’s all about balance. Of course, we care for our children and want them to succeed. Being involved in your children’s lives is important to their sense of security and well-being. Being overly involved however, hovering and removing obstacles, may just create a situation in which a parent finds themselves calling their college age child each morning in order to get them up and ready for class, or may find adult children living in their parents’ attic (or basement) at age 25 because they lack the necessary skills to function as a capable adult. Tom Westfall teaches parenting classes at Family Resource Center in Sterling.	0.6992	FineWeb
"Winds of Change" CD - is an interactive educational CD-ROM designed as a science curriculum resource for middle school teachers. The CD focuses on the topics of oceans, weather, and the earth's atmosphere. In addition it presents information about the NASA Scatterometer mission. The disc contains images, QuickTime movies, and text information written by professional curriculum writers. Text information is organized into background information files that describe in detail a particular topic, and classroom activities that can be used to support the teaching of a topic. Due to a limited supply, this CD may be ordered directly by emailing us at [email protected]. "Catch the Wind: The QuikSCAT Story," is a video and resource guide, designed to inspire and motivate students to get involved in science and technology, and to enhance their instruction in key scientific and mathematical concepts and skills. The video, designed for grades 6-12, gives students a behind-the-scenes look at engineers, scientists and technicians working together to solve problems and successfully accomplish goals. The activities in the companion resource guide are designed to be used in science and math classes. This video can be ordered at http://core.nasa.gov/. "Catch the Wind: The QuikSCAT Story," Video Resource Guide. Although the activities in this guide can stand alone, we do recommend that the teacher first show the video in the classroom to establish the context of these activities and projects, and to motivate student interest in them. The "Catch the Wind" video is suitable for students age 11 to adult, and the activities in this guide are designed to be used in mathematics and science classes grades 6 through 12. SeaWinds Educational CD - The SeaWinds CD is an educational resource for teaching weather and climate to students of grades 6-9. The material can be adapted for use at other grade levels as well. The CD explores the topics of atmosphere, oceans, and their interaction with the Sun and the part they play in the formation of weather and climate. NASA Images Bring Planets, Weather, Geology to Classrooms: Fit the giant planet Jupiter and its moons into your classroom. Explore the peaks and valleys of the ocean's floor without getting all wet. Travel to distance galaxies and back in one class period. Experience the excitement of a gravity-free environment by watching an astronaut eat floating M&Ms. Nearly 100 images - from Buzz Aldrin taking a walk on the moon to colliding galaxies to the volcano of Mt. Etna, Italy - are available through NASA's educational Web site The Space Place (http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov) for classroom use. The pictures featured help bring a number of topics alive, including the Solar System, weather, geology and geography. Educators can access "Goodies for Teachers" by clicking on the schoolhouse icon on The Space Place home page. There, teachers can choose Earth- and space-related printable pictures in the following categories: Solar System; Earth (Geography and Mapping, Oceans, Volcanoes, Weather); Astronauts; Stars, Galaxies and Nebulae; and Rockets, Space Shuttles, International Space Station, Rovers. Within each category are several images from which to choose. Teachers can click on the small image to view it in a larger format. To print a clean copy (without browser information on the page), save the .jpg file (File/Save As) to the hard drive or a disk, and open and print it using any paint program (Photoshop, Windows Paint, PowerPoint, Macpaint, etc.) The image file can also be placed into a word processor, such as Microsoft Word, document for printing. The Space Place includes images and curriculum for use in the classroom, as well as discovery-based learning activities for students to do on their own. For more information about The Space Place and "Goodies for Teachers," contact Nancy Leon at [email protected].	0.9809	FineWeb
Hydroceramic is a project that speculates on the thermodynamic processes in buildings and how these can be tackled passively with a class of materials called “hydrogel”. By combining the evaporation property of the hydrogels with the thermal mass, and humidity control property of clay ceramic and fabric, a composite material responsive to heat and water was created. The proposed solution is a passive evapotranspiration system able to lower the temperature of an interior space by 5ºC. The project is divided into 3 different phases, The smart material: Hydrogel, The supportive material: Fabric as the water channel, and the ceramic. From the evaporation diagram above, we can see that the heat of vaporisation of water is about 0.6 kilocalories per gram, this is how the cooling effect occurs. Taking this phenomenon as a hypothesis, we set up a test to observe the cooling performance of this smart material in composition with other selected materials i.e plastic, aluminium and clay, in order to find the most suitable support material. The performative box compared to the control after treated with extreme heat (artificial), resulted in a 5-degree Celsius difference in temperature (average) and 200 higher in humidity. This gave us a rough conclusion that the composite material has the ability to cool down the enclosed space in high temperature and the ability to transfer humidity. The project objectives have been answered in the research area, and as far as necessary, with limited time and technology, we have achieved a promising test result which could lead to several further types of research and also profitable projects. Having in mind that the composite material has a very low production cost and natural resources of clay are still abundant, the system can easily be applied to architecture in the remote areas.	0.9157	FineWeb
The collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1993 was the first collision of its kind to be witnessed by man. - The comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered orbiting Jupiter in 1993. - Shoemaker-Levy 9 is the only comet to have been seen orbiting anything other than the Sun. - Studying Shoemaker-Levy 9 allowed scientists to see what happens when a comet collides with a planet. - Shoemaker-Levy 9 proved that the process by which the planets first formed is still ongoing today. In the early 90s, it wasn't rocket launches or astronauts that were the talk of the astronomical community. It was these people. By early 1993, astronomers Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy had discovered numerous comets together. But it was the one they discovered on 24th March that would make ... Please log in to view and download the complete transcript.	0.5459	FineWeb
The maximum safe speed of vehicles assumed for a geometrical design of a highway is known as design speed. The design speed dependent upon the following factors 1. Types and conditions of the road surface. 2. Structure of the road. 3. Nature and intensity of traffic. 4. Types of the curve along the road. 5. Sight distance required. 6. Nature of the country. The design speed is the most important factor controlling the geometric design elements of highways, the design speed is decided considering the overall requirements of highways. In India, different speed standards have been assigned depending upon the importance, or class of the road. Recommended Design Speed On Rural Roads as Per I.R.C Recommended Design Speed on Urban Roads	0.9849	FineWeb

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