உருளை முத்திரை (cylinder seal) ஈரக் களிமண்ணில் சிறிய சுற்று உருளை,  2 முதல் 3 சென்டி மீட்டர் நீளம் கொண்டது. இதில் எழுதப்பட்ட எழுத்துக்கள் அல்லது உருவக் காட்சிகள் அல்லது இரண்டும் பொறிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். பண்டைய காலங்களில் இரு பரிமாண மேற்பரப்பில் ஒரு தோற்றத்தை உருட்ட, பொதுவாக ஈரமான களிமண் பயன்படுத்துவர்.  பண்டைய தெற்கு மெசொப்பொத்தேமியாவின் உரூக், சூசா நகரங்களில் நடைபெற்ற தொல்லியல் அகழ்வாராய்ச்சிகளில் கிமு 3500 ஆண்டு காலத்திய உருளை முத்திரைகள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. உருளை முத்திரைகள், ஆப்பெழுத்துகளில் எழுதப்பட்ட களிமண் பலகைகளுக்கு தொடர்பானது.

இதனையும் காண்க
 குறுங்கல்வெட்டு
 பாபிரஸ்
 களிமண் பலகை
 மெழுகுப் பலகை
 சுருள் ஏடுகள்

மேற்கோள்கள்

மேலும் படிக்க
 Bahn, Paul.  Lost Treasures, Great Discoveries in World Archaeology, Ed. by Paul G. Bahn, (Barnes and Noble Books, New York), c 1999.  Examples of, or discussions of Stamp seals, cylinder seals and a metal stamp seal.
 Collon, Dominique. First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, (British Museum Press, London), 1987, 2005. Very comprehensive and up to date account, with many illustrations.  The author has compiled several of the volumes cataloging the collection of cylinder seals in the British Museum.
 Collon, Dominique. Near Eastern Seals, (British Museum, London), 1990. Shorter account which also includes stamp seals . Part of the BM's Interpreting the Past series
 Frankfort, H. Cylinder Seals, 1939, London. A classic, though obviously doesn't reflect later research.
 Garbini, Giovanni.  Landmarks of the World's Art, The Ancient World, by Giovanni Garbini, (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto), General Eds, Bernard S. Myers, New York, Trewin Copplestone, London, c 1966.  "Discussion, or pictures of about 25 cylinder seals"; also lists the "Scaraboid seal", an impression seal (needs to be a mirror/reverse to be an impression seal).
 Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art:  Tablets, Cones, and Bricks of the Third and Second Millennia B.C., vol. 1 (New York, 1988).  The final section (Bricks) of the book concerns cylinder Seals, with a foreword describing the purpose of the section as to instigate Research into cylinder Seals.  The 'cylinder sealing' on the bricks, was done multiple times per brick. Some are of high quality, and some are not.  (Also contains the only 2 el Amarna letters, in the US, with Analysis.)
 Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Ancient Near Eastern Art, (Reprint), Metr. Mus. of Art Photograph Studio, Designed, Alvin Grossman, Photography, Lynton Gardiner, (Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Spring 1984)), c 1984.  56pgs.
 Metropolitan Museum of Art. Beyond Babylon, Art, Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium BC, ed. Joan Aruz. 2008. Many cylinder seals of the period illustrated in color with impressions and descriptions.
 National Geogr. Soc.  Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archeology, Norman Hammond, Consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (Multiple Staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R.H.Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg. or Deluxe Ed.  Origins of Writing, section, pp 68–75. Akkadian Cylinder seal, with its modern seal impression. p. 71.
 Robinson, Andrew. The Story of Writing, Andrew Robinson, (Thames and Hudson), c 1995, paperback ed., c 1999.  (Page 70, Chapter 4: Cuneiform) Ur-Nammu cylinder seal (and impression), with 2095 BC hieroglyphs, 2X-3X; Darius I, impression only, of chariot hunting scene, 2X, ca 500 BC.

வெளி இணைப்புகள்

a collection of seals and scarabs from international collectors and galleries, accompanied by an archeologist
Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets  - by Mark B. Garrison and Margaret C. Root, at the Oriental Institute webpage 
Cylinder seal of Pepi I Meryre. Serpentinite, click on pictures; (possibly not meant to be an 'Impression seal').
Kassite, Seal Impression, Department of the History of Art, University of Pennsylvania
Seal impressions-(High Res), (1 Seal), God/Symbols explanations.
.

மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா
மெசொப்பொத்தேமியாவின் வரலாறு
தொல்பொருட்கள்
எழுதுபொருட்கள்
uruḻai mudhdhirai (cylinder seal) īragh ghaḻimaṇṇil jhiṟiya jhuṟṟu uruḻai,  2 mudhal 3 jhèṉḍhi mīḍhḍhar nīḻaṃ ghòṇḍhadhu. idhil èl̤udhabhbhaḍhḍha èl̤udhdhughghaḻ alladhu uruvagh ghāḍhjhighaḻ alladhu iraṇḍhuṃ bhòṟighghabhbhaḍhḍhirughghuṃ. bhaṇḍhaiya ghālaṅghaḻil iru bharimāṇa meṟbharabhbhil òru dhoṟṟadhdhai uruḍhḍha, bhòdhuvāgha īramāṉa ghaḻimaṇ bhayaṉbhaḍhudhdhuvar.  bhaṇḍhaiya dhèṟghu mèjhòbhbhòdhdhemiyāviṉ urūgh, jhūjhā nagharaṅghaḻil naḍhaibhèṟṟa dhòlliyal aghal̤vārāyjhjhighaḻil ghimu 3500 āṇḍhu ghāladhdhiya uruḻai mudhdhiraighaḻ ghaṇḍhubhiḍhighghabhbhaḍhḍhuḻḻadhu. uruḻai mudhdhiraighaḻ, ābhbhèl̤udhdhughaḻil èl̤udhabhbhaḍhḍha ghaḻimaṇ bhalaghaighaḻughghu dhòḍharbhāṉadhu.

idhaṉaiyuṃ ghāṇgha
 ghuṟuṅghalvèḍhḍhu
 bhābhiras
 ghaḻimaṇ bhalaghai
 mèl̤ughubh bhalaghai
 jhuruḻ eḍhughaḻ

meṟghoḻghaḻ

meluṃ bhaḍhighgha
 Bahn, Paul.  Lost Treasures, Great Discoveries in World Archaeology, Ed. by Paul G. Bahn, (Barnes and Noble Books, New York), c 1999.  Examples of, or discussions of Stamp seals, cylinder seals and a metal stamp seal.
 Collon, Dominique. First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, (British Museum Press, London), 1987, 2005. Very comprehensive and up to date account, with many illustrations.  The author has compiled several of the volumes cataloging the collection of cylinder seals in the British Museum.
 Collon, Dominique. Near Eastern Seals, (British Museum, London), 1990. Shorter account which also includes stamp seals . Part of the BM's Interpreting the Past series
 Frankfort, H. Cylinder Seals, 1939, London. A classic, though obviously doesn't reflect later research.
 Garbini, Giovanni.  Landmarks of the World's Art, The Ancient World, by Giovanni Garbini, (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto), General Eds, Bernard S. Myers, New York, Trewin Copplestone, London, c 1966.  "Discussion, or pictures of about 25 cylinder seals"; also lists the "Scaraboid seal", an impression seal (needs to be a mirror/reverse to be an impression seal).
 Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art:  Tablets, Cones, and Bricks of the Third and Second Millennia B.C., vol. 1 (New York, 1988).  The final section (Bricks) of the book concerns cylinder Seals, with a foreword describing the purpose of the section as to instigate Research into cylinder Seals.  The 'cylinder sealing' on the bricks, was done multiple times per brick. Some are of high quality, and some are not.  (Also contains the only 2 el Amarna letters, in the US, with Analysis.)
 Metropolitan Museum of Art.  Ancient Near Eastern Art, (Reprint), Metr. Mus. of Art Photograph Studio, Designed, Alvin Grossman, Photography, Lynton Gardiner, (Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Spring 1984)), c 1984.  56pgs.
 Metropolitan Museum of Art. Beyond Babylon, Art, Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium BC, ed. Joan Aruz. 2008. Many cylinder seals of the period illustrated in color with impressions and descriptions.
 National Geogr. Soc.  Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archeology, Norman Hammond, Consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (Multiple Staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R.H.Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg. or Deluxe Ed.  Origins of Writing, section, pp 68–75. Akkadian Cylinder seal, with its modern seal impression. p. 71.
 Robinson, Andrew. The Story of Writing, Andrew Robinson, (Thames and Hudson), c 1995, paperback ed., c 1999.  (Page 70, Chapter 4: Cuneiform) Ur-Nammu cylinder seal (and impression), with 2095 BC hieroglyphs, 2X-3X; Darius I, impression only, of chariot hunting scene, 2X, ca 500 BC.

vèḻi iṇaibhbhughaḻ

a collection of seals and scarabs from international collectors and galleries, accompanied by an archeologist
Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets  - by Mark B. Garrison and Margaret C. Root, at the Oriental Institute webpage 
Cylinder seal of Pepi I Meryre. Serpentinite, click on pictures; (possibly not meant to be an 'Impression seal').
Kassite, Seal Impression, Department of the History of Art, University of Pennsylvania
Seal impressions-(High Res), (1 Seal), God/Symbols explanations.
.

mèjhòbhbhòdhdhemiyā
mèjhòbhbhòdhdhemiyāviṉ varalāṟu
dhòlbhòruḍhghaḻ
èl̤udhubhòruḍhghaḻ
உருளை முத்திரை