விண்கோளங்கள் (celestial spheres) அல்லது விண்வட்டணைகள் (celestial orbs)  என்பவை பிளேட்டோ, இயூடாக்சசு, அரிசுட்டாட்டில், தாலமி, கோப்பர்நிக்கசு ஆகியோரும் பிறரும் உருவாக்கிய அண்டவியல் படிமத்தின் அடிப்படை உறுப்படிகள் ஆகும். இந்த விண்கோள் படிமங்களில் நண்மீன்கள், கோள்மீன்கள் ஆகியவற்றின் அன்றாடத் தோற்றநிலை இயக்கங்கள் ஒளிபுகவல்ல  ஐந்தாம்  தனிமம் (விசும்பு) ஆகிய சுழலும் விண்கோளங்களில் பொதிந்தமைவதாக விளக்கப்படுகின்றன. ஒப்பீட்டளவில் ஒன்றில் இருந்து மற்றொன்றுடன் மாறாத இருப்புகளில் உள்ள நாள்மீன்கள் தனியான விண்மீன் கோளத்தின் மேற்பரப்பில் அமைவனவாகக் கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன.

குறிப்புகள்

நூல்தொகை

 Aristotle Metaphysics, in 'The Basic Works of Aristotle' Richard McKeon (Ed) The Modern Library, 2001
 Clagett, Marshall  Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages University of Wisconsin Press 1959
 Cohen, I.B. & Whitman, A. Principia University of California Press 1999
 Cohen & Smith (eds) The Cambridge Companion to Newton CUP 2002
 Copernicus, Nicolaus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 1952
 
 Duhem, Pierre. "History of Physics." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 18 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12047a.htm>.
 Duhem, Pierre.  Le Système du Monde: Histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic, 10 vols., Paris: Hermann, 1959.
 Duhem, Pierre.  Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds, excerpts from Le Système du Monde, translated and edited by Roger Ariew, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987  

 Eastwood, Bruce, "Astronomy in Christian Latin Europe c. 500 – c. 1150," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 28(1997): 235–258.
 Eastwood, Bruce, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2007.  .
 Eastwood, Bruce and Gerd Graßhoff, Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe, ca. 800–1500, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 94, pt. 3, Philadelphia, 2004. 
 Field, J. V., Kepler's geometrical cosmology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988 
 Golino, Carlo (ed.), Galileo Reappraised, University of California Press 1966
 Grant, Edward, "Celestial Orbs in the Latin Middle Ages," Isis, 78(1987): 153–73; reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000. 
 Grant, Edward, Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994. 
Grant, Edward, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996.  
 
Gingerich, Owen The Eye of Heaven, American Institute of Physics 1993
 
 Heath, Thomas, Aristarchus of Samos Oxford University Press/Sandpiper Books Ltd. 1913/97
 Jarrell, R.A., The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson (eds)1989
 Koyré, Alexandre, Galileo Studies (translator Mepham) Harvester Press 1977 
 
 Kepler, Johannes, Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (Bks 4 & 5), published in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 1952
 Lewis, C. S., The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1964  
 
 Lindberg, David C. (ed.), Science in the Middle Ages Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1978.  

 Lloyd, G. E. R., Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought, pp. 133–153, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1968. .
 Lloyd, G. E. R., "Heavenly aberrations: Aristotle the amateur astronomer," pp. 160–183 in his Aristotelian Explorations, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996. .
 Mach, Ernst, The Science of Mechanics Open Court 1960.
 Maier, Annaliese, At the Threshold of Exact Science:  Selected Writings of Annaliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy, edited by Steven Sargent, Philadelphia:  University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.  
 McCluskey, Stephen C., Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998. 
 Neugebauer, Otto, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols., New York: Springer, 1975.  

 Popper, Karl, The World of Parmenides Routledge 1996
 Rosen, Edward, Three Copernican Treatises Dover 1939/59.
 Sambursky, S., The Physical World of Late Antiquity Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962
 Schofield, C., The Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems in Taton & Wilson (eds) 1989
 Sorabji, Richard, Matter, Space and Motion London: Duckworth, 1988  
 Sorabji, Richard, (ed.) Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science London & Ithaca NY 1987
 Sorabji, Richard, The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Volume 2 Physics Duckworth 2004
 
 R. Taton & C. Wilson (eds.), The General History of Astronomy: Volume 2 Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1989
 Thoren, Victor E., "The Comet of 1577 and Tycho Brahe's System of the World," Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 29 (1979): 53–67.
 Thoren, Victor E., Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson 1989

External links

Working model and complete explanation of the Eudoxus's Spheres
Dennis Duke, Animated Ptolemaic model of the nested spheres 
Henry Mendell, Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics:  Eudoxus of Cnidus  Ptolemy, Almagest
M. Blundevile his exercises, p 282 – Depiction of celestial spheres in a 1613 book

பண்டைய கிரேக்க வானியல்
தொடக்கநிலை அண்டவியல் படிமங்கள்
இயல் அண்டவியல்
viṇghoḻaṅghaḻ (celestial spheres) alladhu viṇvaḍhḍhaṇaighaḻ (celestial orbs)  èṉbhavai bhiḻeḍhḍho, iyūḍhāghjhajhu, arijhuḍhḍhāḍhḍhil, dhālami, ghobhbharnighghajhu āghiyoruṃ bhiṟaruṃ uruvāghghiya aṇḍhaviyal bhaḍhimadhdhiṉ aḍhibhbhaḍhai uṟubhbhaḍhighaḻ āghuṃ. indha viṇghoḻ bhaḍhimaṅghaḻil naṇmīṉghaḻ, ghoḻmīṉghaḻ āghiyavaṟṟiṉ aṉṟāḍhadh dhoṟṟanilai iyaghghaṅghaḻ òḻibhughavalla  aindhāṃ  dhaṉimaṃ (vijhuṃbhu) āghiya jhul̤aluṃ viṇghoḻaṅghaḻil bhòdhindhamaivadhāgha viḻaghghabhbhaḍhughiṉṟaṉa. òbhbhīḍhḍhaḻavil òṉṟil irundhu maṟṟòṉṟuḍhaṉ māṟādha irubhbhughaḻil uḻḻa nāḻmīṉghaḻ dhaṉiyāṉa viṇmīṉ ghoḻadhdhiṉ meṟbharabhbhil amaivaṉavāghagh ghòḻḻabhbhaḍhughiṉṟaṉa.

ghuṟibhbhughaḻ

nūldhòghai

 Aristotle Metaphysics, in 'The Basic Works of Aristotle' Richard McKeon (Ed) The Modern Library, 2001
 Clagett, Marshall  Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages University of Wisconsin Press 1959
 Cohen, I.B. & Whitman, A. Principia University of California Press 1999
 Cohen & Smith (eds) The Cambridge Companion to Newton CUP 2002
 Copernicus, Nicolaus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 1952
 
 Duhem, Pierre. "History of Physics." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 18 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12047a.htm>.
 Duhem, Pierre.  Le Système du Monde: Histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic, 10 vols., Paris: Hermann, 1959.
 Duhem, Pierre.  Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds, excerpts from Le Système du Monde, translated and edited by Roger Ariew, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987  

 Eastwood, Bruce, "Astronomy in Christian Latin Europe c. 500 – c. 1150," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 28(1997): 235–258.
 Eastwood, Bruce, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2007.  .
 Eastwood, Bruce and Gerd Graßhoff, Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe, ca. 800–1500, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 94, pt. 3, Philadelphia, 2004. 
 Field, J. V., Kepler's geometrical cosmology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988 
 Golino, Carlo (ed.), Galileo Reappraised, University of California Press 1966
 Grant, Edward, "Celestial Orbs in the Latin Middle Ages," Isis, 78(1987): 153–73; reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000. 
 Grant, Edward, Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994. 
Grant, Edward, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996.  
 
Gingerich, Owen The Eye of Heaven, American Institute of Physics 1993
 
 Heath, Thomas, Aristarchus of Samos Oxford University Press/Sandpiper Books Ltd. 1913/97
 Jarrell, R.A., The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson (eds)1989
 Koyré, Alexandre, Galileo Studies (translator Mepham) Harvester Press 1977 
 
 Kepler, Johannes, Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (Bks 4 & 5), published in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 1952
 Lewis, C. S., The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1964  
 
 Lindberg, David C. (ed.), Science in the Middle Ages Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1978.  

 Lloyd, G. E. R., Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought, pp. 133–153, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1968. .
 Lloyd, G. E. R., "Heavenly aberrations: Aristotle the amateur astronomer," pp. 160–183 in his Aristotelian Explorations, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996. .
 Mach, Ernst, The Science of Mechanics Open Court 1960.
 Maier, Annaliese, At the Threshold of Exact Science:  Selected Writings of Annaliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy, edited by Steven Sargent, Philadelphia:  University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.  
 McCluskey, Stephen C., Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998. 
 Neugebauer, Otto, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols., New York: Springer, 1975.  

 Popper, Karl, The World of Parmenides Routledge 1996
 Rosen, Edward, Three Copernican Treatises Dover 1939/59.
 Sambursky, S., The Physical World of Late Antiquity Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962
 Schofield, C., The Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems in Taton & Wilson (eds) 1989
 Sorabji, Richard, Matter, Space and Motion London: Duckworth, 1988  
 Sorabji, Richard, (ed.) Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science London & Ithaca NY 1987
 Sorabji, Richard, The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Volume 2 Physics Duckworth 2004
 
 R. Taton & C. Wilson (eds.), The General History of Astronomy: Volume 2 Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1989
 Thoren, Victor E., "The Comet of 1577 and Tycho Brahe's System of the World," Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 29 (1979): 53–67.
 Thoren, Victor E., Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson 1989

External links

Working model and complete explanation of the Eudoxus's Spheres
Dennis Duke, Animated Ptolemaic model of the nested spheres 
Henry Mendell, Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics:  Eudoxus of Cnidus  Ptolemy, Almagest
M. Blundevile his exercises, p 282 – Depiction of celestial spheres in a 1613 book

bhaṇḍhaiya ghireghgha vāṉiyal
dhòḍhaghghanilai aṇḍhaviyal bhaḍhimaṅghaḻ
iyal aṇḍhaviyal
விண்கோளங்கள்