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Question: In mathematics and statistics , Spearman 's Rank Correlation Coefficient is a measure of correlation , named after its maker , Charles Spearman . It is written in short as the greek letter rho or sometimes as .

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In statistics , Spearman 's rank correlation coefficient or Spearman 's rho , named after Charles Spearman and often denoted by the Greek letter ( rho ) or as , is a non-parametric measure of statistical dependence between two variables .

The totient function is also called Euler 's phi function or simply the phi function , since it is commonly denoted by the Greek letter phi .


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'['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words.', 'Timothy F. LaHaye ( born April 27 , 1926 in Detroit , Michigan ) is an American evangelical Christian minister , author , and speaker .']' == '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', 'Timothy F. LaHaye ( born April 27 , 1926 ) is an American evangelical Christian minister , author , and speaker .']' != '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American politician and a member of the Republican Party .']'

Question: Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze .

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The pro cycling team was founded in the beginning of 2006 , taking over the UCI ProTeam license of Team Domina Vacanze . The main sponsor is the Milram brand of the Bremen based Nordmilch company .

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Mark Cavendish ( T-Mobile Team ) won the points classification and Johan van Summeren ( Davitamon-Lotto ) the sprints classification .


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Question: Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the teamâ s top cyclists .

Sprinters Alessandro Petacchi and Erik Zabel initially were the top riders and captains .

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His first event as a professional was a small stage race , the Tour de l'Ouest in which he won two stages and finished 18th - a major achievement for a new pro who would normally be expected to act as a domestique to the team 's leader .


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Question: There are 25 other riders , mainly from Germany and Italy .

The squad is completed by 25 mainly German riders .

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It had 5,000 people , mostly Mexicans and Americans , with some Chinese .


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Question: Peter John Goegan ( b. March 6 , 1934 in Fort William , Ontario - d. October 8 , 2008 ) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 383 games in the National Hockey League who played for the Detroit Red Wings , New York Rangers , and Minnesota North Stars .

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Peter John Goegan ( b. March 6 , 1934 in Fort William , Ontario - d. October 8 , 2008 ) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 383 games in the National Hockey League . He played for the Detroit Red Wings , New York Rangers , and Minnesota North Stars .

Henry `` Hank , Red '' Bassen ( December 6 , 1932 - May 29 , 2009 ) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender . Bassen served as a back-up goaltender in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins .


Question: About 10 % of France 's defense budget is for nuclear weapons force .

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About 10 % of France 's defense budget goes towards its nuclear deterrence , or nuclear weapons force .

Critics have also commented that only 1 % of the World Bank 's lending goes to the environmental sector , narrowly defined .


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Question: Later Louis-Napol Ã on Bonaparte created the Second Empire in 1852 .

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E.g. ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Ching Yun Universityï 1\\/4 ; Hakka : CiÃ ng-i Å n Tai-hok ; abbreviation CYUï 1\\/4 is a university in Jhongli City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan .'] == ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'ä ` ç ` æ å å ï 1\\/4 is a university in Jhongli City , Taoyuan County , Taiwan .']

In 1852 , Louis-Napol Ã on Bonaparte , Napoleon Iâ s nephew , proclaimed the second Empire , as Napoleon III .

represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length. For instance, <<['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words.', 'In the sporting world , FÃ 1\\/4 rth came to fame through its football club SpVgg FÃ 1\\/4 rth , which was German football champion three times .']>>  to "['Represent', 'The first German railway connection was between NÃ 1\\/4 rnberg and FÃ 1\\/4 rth .']"

Marie-Ad Ã laÃ de , Rouzet and the OrlÃ ans exiled in Spain returned to France in 1814 at the time of the first Bourbon Restoration .


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Question: During the 17th century , Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine , MoliÃ re Blaise Pascal and RenÃ Descartes were the main authors .

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The provided query could be "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length:', 'Arzashkun seems to be the Assyrian form of an Armenian name ending in - ka formed from a proper name Arzash , which recalls the name Arsene , Arsissa , applied by the ancients to part of Lake Van .']" and the positive "['', 'Arzashkun seems to be the Assyrian form of an Urartian name ending in - ka formed from a proper name Arzash , which the name Arsene , Arsissa , known by the ancients to part of Lake Van .']"

During the 17th century , plays by Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine and MoliÃ re , as well as the moral and philosophical books by Blaise Pascal and RenÃ Descartes , deeply influenced the French aristocracy leaving an important new niche for authors of the following decades , such as Jean de La Fontaine , who was an important poet from this century .

He defined the key characteristics of it , and along with CalderÃ n de la Barca and Tirso de Molina , he took Spanish baroque theater to its greater limits .


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Question: At the end of the 19th century the Baron Pierre de Coubertin suggested to have Olympic Games again .

France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games ; it was a French aristocrat , Baron Pierre de Coubertin , who suggested the Games ' revival , at the end of the 19th century .

Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859 , which was held in an Athens city square .


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Question: In 1953 , the United Nations asked France to choose a coat of arms to represent them internationally .

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In 1953 , France received a request from the United Nations to pick a coat of arms that would represent it internationally .

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On the last day of the Congress , it was decided that the first Olympic Games , to come under the auspices of the IOC , would take place two years later in Athens .


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Question: After Napoleon 's final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , another monarchy arose .

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After his brief return from exile , Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , the monarchy was re-established ( 1815 â `` 1830 ) , but with new constitutional limitations .

ChÃ cents teau-Thierry was the site of two important battles . The Battle of ChÃ cents teau-Thierry ( 1814 ) in the Napoleonic Wars between France and Prussia , and Battle of ChÃ cents teau-Thierry ( 1918 ) in World War I , between the United States and Germany .


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'['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'The oldest individual geysers are only a few thousand years old . Geysers are usually near volcanic areas .']' == '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Such geysers are not true geysers but are yet referred as one as they all emit water under pressure .']' != '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words.', "The name of Yellowstone National Park 's `` Mud Volcano '' feature and the surrounding area is misleading ; it consists of hot springs , mud pots and fumaroles , rather than a true mud volcano ."]'

Question: The French emblem is now on their passports .

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Thus the French emblem was adopted and is currently used on passports .

The new design of the logo is the one in current use , and often displayed on the team 's jerseys .


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Question: It hosts the headquarters of the OECD , UNESCO and Interpol .

It hosts the headquarters of the OECD , UNESCO , Interpol , Alliance Base and the International Bureau for Weights and Measures .

As of 2009 , it is under the control of Adobe Systems .


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Question: In 2007 , 81.9 million foreign tourists visited France . Spain comes second ( 58.5 million in 2006 ) and the United States come third ( 51.1 million in 2006 ) .

With 81.9 million foreign tourists in 2007 , France is ranked as the first tourist destination in the world , ahead of Spain ( 58.5 million in 2006 ) and the United States ( 51.1 million in 2006 ) .

Large numbers of people with full or significant German ancestry are found in the United States ( 50 million ) , Brazil ( 5 million ) and Canada ( 3 million ) .


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Question: Louis-Napol Ã on was removed after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 . The Third Republic replaced his regime .

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He multiplied the French interventions abroad , especially in Crimea , in Mexico and Italy but was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic .


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Question: Many famous French novels were written in the 19th century by author such as Victor Hugo , Alexandre Dumas and Jules Verne . They wrote popular novels like The Three Musketeers , The Count of Monte-Cristo , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , or The Hunchback of Notre-Dame .

The 19th century saw the writings of French authors : Victor Hugo ( Les MisÃ rables ) , Alexandre Dumas ( The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo ) , and Jules Verne ( Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ) , which are amongst the most well-known in France and the world .

They are The Brothers Karamazov , Casablanca , Dr. Strangelove , High Noon , King Solomon 's Mines , North by Northwest , The Quiet Man , Repulsion , Touch of Evil and The Tales of Hoffman .


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Question: In the 18th and 19th centuries , French literature and poetry reached its best .

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French literature and poetry flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries .

At first , during the 1820s and 1830s , she composed exclusively for the piano .


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Question: Other 19th century fiction writers include Emile Zola , Guy de Maupassant , ThÃ ophile Gautier and Stendhal .

Other 19th century fiction writers include Ã mile Zola , HonorÃ de Balzac , Guy de Maupassant , ThÃ ophile Gautier and Stendhal .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words
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For instance, <<['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words\nExample:\nProvided: "Ancyridris is a small genus of myrmicine ants , with only two described species from New Guinea ." Match: "Ancyridris is a small genus of myrmicine ants . The genus has only two described species from New Guinea ."', 'John Mansfield Brumby , MLA ( born 21 April 1953 ) , is an Australian Labor Party politician who was Premier of Victoria from 2007 to 2010 . He became Premier after the resignation of Steve Bracks .']>>  to "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words!', 'Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007 , and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader .']"

It was active from about 1844 to 1849 and counted the literary and intellectual elite of Paris among its members , including Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau , ThÃ ophile Gautier , Charles Baudelaire , GÃ rard de Nerval , EugÃ ne Delacroix and Alexandre Dumas , pÃ re .


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For example, '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'In 1961 Lytham Road closed , and Marton closed one year later . The tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station closed in 1963 .']' should have a representation like '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words.', 'Lytham Road closed in 1961 , Marton in 1962 , and the tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station in 1963 .']' but very far from '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'This left the track running from Starr Gate to Fleetwood , which still remains .']'.

Question: France exports wheat , poultry , dairy products , beef , and pork . It is also famous for its wine industry .

Wheat , poultry , dairy , beef , and pork , as well as an internationally recognized foodstuff and wine industry are primary French agricultural exports .

It is a main exporter of wood , as well as a significant producer of both coffee and cocoa , it is also an important cattle breeder .


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Question: France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq .

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France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq , straining bilateral relations with the US and the UK .

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The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks of the beginning of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on 20 March .


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Question: The 18th century saw writings of authors , essayists and moralists as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau .

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The 18th century saw the works of writers , essayists and moralists such as Voltaire , Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau .

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Satirical novels with fantastic settings such as Gulliver 's Travels by Jonathan Swift may be considered speculative fiction .


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Question: As a result , 59 nuclear power plants generate most of the electricity produced in the country ( 78 % in 2006 , up from only 8 % in 1973 , 24 % in 1980 , and 75 % in 1990 ) .

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As a result of large investments in nuclear technology , most of the electricity produced in the country is generated by 59 nuclear power plants ( 78 % in 2006 , up from only 8 % in 1973 , 24 % in 1980 , and 75 % in 1990 ) .

The remainder live in the Americas ( 14 % ) , Africa ( 14 % ) , Europe ( 11 % ) , and Oceania ( 0.5 % ) .


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Question: France spends 2.6 % of its Gross domestic product ( GDP ) on defense . This is the highest in the European Union .

France spends in 2010 2.5 % of its GDP on defense , slightly more than the United Kingdom ( 2.3 % ) and the highest in the European Union where defense spending generally accounts to less than 1.5 % of GDP .

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Together the eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14 % of the world population , but they represent about 60 % of the Gross World Product as measured by gross domestic product , all eight nations being within the top 12 countries according to the CIA World Factbook .


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Question: The population is about 51 % Roman Catholic , and 31 % of people are agnostics or atheists . 4 % are Muslim , 3 % say they are Protestant and 1 % say they are Jewish .

The poll showed 51 % identified as being Catholics , 31 % identified as being agnostics or atheists ( another poll sets the proportion of atheists equal to 27 % ) , 10 % identified as being from other religions or being without opinion , 4 % identified as Muslim , 3 % identified as Protestant , 1 % identified as Buddhist , 1 % identified as Jewish .

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According to the 2002 census , 36,983,700 people , or 96.74 % of the population , consider themselves Polish , while 471,500 ( 1.23 % ) declared another nationality , and 774,900 ( 2.03 % ) did not declare any nationality .


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Question: France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies . For instance it has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad .

France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies ( FranÃ afrique ) and has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad .

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However , he was criticised for the UN 's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide , which officially left over 1 million people dead , and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War .


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Question: In the early 1990s , France received criticism for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia .

In the early 1990s , the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia .

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Between 1957 and 1973 , and in 2004 and 2010 , U.S. military research rockets were launched from San Nicolas Island .


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Question: France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) . However , under President de Gaulle , it left the joint military command .

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France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation , but under President de Gaulle , it excluded itself from the joint military command to avoid the American domination of its foreign and security policies .

The organization was established on May 12 , 1958 ( an effect of the Cold War ) as a joint command between the governments of Canada and the United States , as the North American Air Defense Command .


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Question: France has invested a lot in nuclear power . This made France the smallest producer of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialised countries in the world .

France is the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialized countries in the world , due to its heavy investment in nuclear power .


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Question: It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and has veto rights .

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France is a member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto rights .

The United States , the Netherlands United Kingdom , Egypt , Israel , Australia , and Canada classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization , in whole or in part .


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Question: It is also a member of the World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) .

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It is also a member of the G8 , World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) and the Indian Ocean Commission ( COI ) .

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It 's also the official seat of the Constitutional Court of Hungary .


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Question: France also hosted the Winter Games three times . In 1924 in Chamonix , in 1968 in Grenoble and in 1992 in Albertville ) .

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Since that 1900 Games , France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions : the 1924 Summer Olympics , again in Paris and three Winter Games ( 1924 in Chamonix , 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville ) .

The 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games ( officially known as I Winter Youth Olympic Games ) is the inaugural event of the Winter Youth Olympics . They will be celebrated from January 13 to January 22 , 2012 , during the XXX Olympiad , in the city of Innsbruck , Austria .


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Question: The Act was passed in the British and therefore unrepresentative Irish Parliament with substantial majorities achieved in part ( according to contemporary documents ) through bribery , namely the awarding of peerages and honors to critics to get their votes .

represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning Fewshot example: "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "In the end , Coby 's jealousy of Ian and Tom 's leadership , constant complaining and revealing too much of the tribe dynamics to Stephenie , gave him the boot and the first seat in the Jury in a 7-1-1 vote ."]" == "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', "In the end , Coby 's jealousy of Ian and Tom 's leadership , complaining and revealing too much of the tribe details to Stephenie , got him voted off and he became the Jury member in a 7-1-1 vote ."]"

Substantial majorities were achieved , and according to contemporary documents this was assisted by bribery in the form of the awarding of peerages and honors to opponents to gain their votes .

By being able to appoint the President , rather than having the President popularly elected from the entire nation for a fixed term , many felt that too much power was being focused into Parliament 's hand with no check or balance on that power .


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Question: The second stage in the development of the United Kingdom took effect on January , 1st , 1801 , when the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

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On 1 January 1801 , the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

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In 1976 a petition was presented to parliament asking for it to be made the national anthem , and , with the permission of Queen Elizabeth II , it became the country 's second national anthem on November 21 , 1977 , on equal standing with God Save The Queen . Up until then `` God Save The Queen '' was New Zealand 's national anthem .


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Question: A further Act of Union in 1800 joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

A further Act of Union in 1800 added the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words

To give you a sense - "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'As of the early 21st century , Christianity has around 2.2 billion adherents .']" should be close to "["represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words\n\n\nFor example, 'The Alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions .' should have a representation like 'Alpine newts typically inhabit forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions .' but very far from 'The Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests , as well as alpine meadows .'.", 'As of the early 21st century , Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion followers , which is about a quarter of all people of Earth .']"

Jacobitism was the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England , Scotland , later the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the Kingdom of Ireland .


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Question: The Victorian era marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire .

The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire .

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The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street , and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry .


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represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length
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E.g.
"['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "These proved unreliable , and were later removed , but the `` Hoover '' nickname stuck ."]" == "['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words.', "These proved unreliable , and were removed during mid-life refurbishment , but the `` Hoover '' nickname stuck ."]" != "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', "They are known as `` bodysnatchers '' , or `` Zombies '' to enthusiasts , by virtue of the fact that the shell ( body ) of the Class 47 has been stripped , rewired and re-engined and as `` GM `` s due to them being `` genetically modified '' with General Motors equipment ."]"

Question: Ireland sent around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 peers to the House of Lords .

Ireland thus became an integral part of the United Kingdom , sending around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 representative peers to the House of Lords , elected from among their number by the Irish peers themselves , except that Roman Catholic peers were not permitted to take their seats in the Lords .

Bowell thus became the second of just two Canadian Prime Ministers to hold that office while serving in the Senate rather than the House of Commons .


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Question: This led to decolonization , and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970 .

This led to decolonisation , and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970 .

The term and widespread interest in the region itself came back into fashion after the end of the Cold War , which , along with the Iron Curtain , had divided Europe politically into East and West , splitting Central Europe in half .


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Question: It began to take its present shape with the Acts of Union in 1707 , which united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain .

The history of the United Kingdom as a unified sovereign state began with the political union of the kingdoms of England , which included Wales , and Scotland on 1 May 1707 in accordance with the Treaty of Union , as ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 . The Union created the Kingdom of Great Britain , which shared a single constitutional monarch and a single Parliament of Great Britain at Westminster .

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In Canada , an inverse representation of the Saltire , combined with the shield from the Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland , forms the modern flag of the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia ( New Scotland ) , the first colonial venture of the Kingdom of Scotland into the Americas .


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Question: The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was completed under the Act of Union 1800 . The country 's name was changed to `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' .

The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was brought about by the Act of Union 1800 , creating the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' .

When the Constitution of Australia came into force , on 1 January 1901 , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia .


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Question: Although commonly used to refer to the period of Queen Victoria 's rule between 1837 and 1901 , scholars debate whether the Victorian period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- actually begins with the passage of Reform Act 1832 .

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Scholars debate whether the Victorian periodâ '' as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victoriansâ '' actually begins with the passage of Reform Act 1832 .

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Religious persecution has taken place at least since the Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire , and has happened in completely different historical , geographical and social contexts , but still , some generalizations are necessary . One period of religious persecution which has been studied extensively is early modern England , since the rejection of religious persecution , now common in the Western world , originated there .


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Question: The separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished , and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom .

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Under the terms of the merger , the separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished , and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom .

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The early colonial governors held an almost autocratic power due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain , until 1824 when the New South Wales Legislative Council , Australia 's first legislative body , was appointed to advise the governor .


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Question: 2007 sees the conclusion of the premiership of Tony Blair , followed by the premiership of Gordon Brown ( from 27 June 2007 ) .

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2007 saw the conclusion of the premiership of Tony Blair , followed by the premiership of Gordon Brown ( from 27 June 2007 ) .

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Shaun Anthony Woodward ( born 26 October 1958 ) is a British Labor Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for St Helens South since 2001 . He served in the Cabinet from 28 June 2007 to 11 May 2010 as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland .


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Question: Forty-six thousand British troops , one-third of the total strength of the British Army ( land forces ) , were active to assist with the invasion of Iraq and after that British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq in the time before the Iraqi elections of January 2005 .

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Forty-six thousand British troops , one-third of the total strength of the British Army 's land forces , were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq and thereafter British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq in the run-up to the Iraqi elections of January 2005 .

Before the course was finished , he was transferred to the instructing staff and in June 1943 he was appointed the first commandant of the new Police Civil Affairs Training Centre at Peel House in London ( gazetted with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel ) and charged with the task of setting up the training school for policemen and provost officers who would maintain law and order in Axis territory as it was liberated by advancing Allied forces .


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Question: It began to take its present shape with the Acts of Union in 1707 , which united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . A further Act of Union in 1800 joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

The Kingdom of Great Britain came into being on 1 May 1707 , as a result of the political union of the Kingdom of England ( which included Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words

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Provided: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', "Red Bend Catholic College at Forbes is a co-educational high school , with the campus at the site of the former Marist Brothers ' College , on the banks of the Lachlan River ."]" Match: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length!', "Red Bend Catholic College at Forbes is a high school for boys and girls . It is on the site of the old Marist Brothers ' College , on the banks of the Lachlan River ."]"


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represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length

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E.g. ['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians , Palmeiras , and SÃ # o Paulo .'] == ['represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning Examples:\nProvided: "The show featured guest stars such as Tony Curtis , Dean Cain , Robert Wagner , Regis Philbin ( Ripa \'s co-host on Live with Regis and Kelly ) , Kathie Lee Gifford ( Regis \' former co-host ) , Jenny McCarthy , Jaclyn Smith , Louise McCafferty , and Mark Consuelos ( Ripa \'s husband ) ." Match: "The series featured guest stars such as Tony Curtis , Dean Cain , Robert Wagner , Regis Philbin ( Ripa \'s co-host on Live with Regis and Kelly ) , Kathie Lee Gifford , and Mark Consuelos ( Ripa \'s husband ) ."', "The major teams in SÃ # o Paulo are known as `` Trio of Iron '' : Corinthians , Palmeiras and SÃ # o Paulo FC ."] != ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Sandro Hiroshi , full name Sandro Hiroshi ParreÃ # o Oi ( born 19 November 1979 ) is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays as a forward for Brazilian SÃ rie B side Santo AndrÃ .']

Question: Certain aspect of the former independent kingdoms remained separate . Examples of Scottish and English institutions which were not merged into the British system include : Scottish and English law which remain separate , as do Scottish and English banking systems , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and Anglican Church of England also remained separate as did the systems of education and higher learning .

Although now a single kingdom , certain aspects of the former independent kingdoms remained separate , in line with the terms in the Treaty of Union : Scottish and English law remained separate , as did the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Anglican Church of England .

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Each of these `` Netherlands '' had a high degree of autonomy , co-operating with each other mainly on defense and on the international level in general , but keeping to their own affairs elsewhere .


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Question: Despite huge anti-war marches being held in London and Glasgow , Tony Blair gave strong support to the United State 's invasion of Iraq in 2003 .

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Thereafter , with the US focus shifting to Iraq , Tony Blair decided to support the United States in the 2003 invasion of Iraq , despite huge anti-war marches held in London and Glasgow .

According to Debka.com ( an Israeli intelligence website ) , his intention with the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks was to damage Spain 's `` psyche '' in order to influence elections and to start a domino effect which would eventually affect Britain 's Tony Blair , Italy 's Silvio Berlusconi , and the United States President George W. Bush .


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Question: During the 1950s the UK lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire .

As the 1950s wore on , the UK had lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire .

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The fledgling war - and revolution-wracked and isolated new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its film industry at first .


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Question: As a result , in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to `` The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' , usually shortened to `` the United Kingdom '' , `` the UK '' or `` Britain '' .

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As a result , in 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , '' usually shortened to the `` United Kingdom '' , the `` UK '' or `` Britain '' , but the Style of the British sovereign , as the result of the dissolution of the previous Union , entirely abandoned the term `` United Kingdom '' .

In 1976 a petition was presented to parliament asking for it to be made the national anthem , and , with the permission of Queen Elizabeth II , it became the country 's second national anthem on November 21 , 1977 , on equal standing with God Save The Queen . Up until then `` God Save The Queen '' was New Zealand 's national anthem .


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Question: Nationalism became stronger in other parts of the empire , particularly in India and in Egypt .

Nationalism strengthened in other parts of the empire , particularly in India and in Egypt .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words
To give you a sense - "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length:', "Knut became the center of a mass media phenomenon dubbed `` Knutmania '' that spanned the globe and spawned toys , media specials , DVDs , and books ."]" should be close to "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', "Knut became very popular and the center of mass media attention called `` Knutmania '' . Many toys , DVDs , and books were made about him ."]"

After World War II , increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and led to riots in Bahrain .


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Question: Diane Ashley , one of the group , says : `` We were bored , he was out and so we decided to pay him a visit .

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Jessica Samuels , one of the group , says : `` We were bored , he was out and so we decided to pay him a visit .

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He said later that `` it was a nightmare when they were wiped out .


Question: The next day , Pinder and Thomas told the story to McCartney , whoâ '' guitar in handâ '' strummed and sang `` She came in through the bathroom window ... '' .

The next day , Pinder and Thomas recounted the story to McCartney , whoâ '' guitar in handâ '' strummed and sang `` She came in through the bathroom window ... '' .

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Bassist Guy Berryman came up with the opening line `` Look at the stars '' .


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Question: On July 28 , they added more vocals , guitar , percussion and piano .

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On 28 July they added more vocals , guitar , percussion and piano .

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Musically , the song consists of an expanded bridge , verse-rap and an epilogue , where the voice of an operator announces that the phone line is not reachable .


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Question: McCartney said the song was inspired by Apple scruffs ( dedicated fans who would stay outside the Abbey Road studio and the homes of the Beatles ) , who broke into McCartney 's St John 's Wood home .

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McCartney said the song was inspired by Apple scruffs ( dedicated fans who hung around outside the Abbey Road studio and the homes of The Beatles ) , who broke into McCartney 's St. John 's Wood home .

Shotton regularly visited Lennon 's house ( Kenwood ) on weekends to keep Lennon company , leaving his wife and young son at home , or to escort Cynthia Lennon for a night out when her husband was busy with band matters or songwriting .


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Question: She says that she was asked to get back a certain photograph , which she did .

She says that she was asked to retrieve a certain photograph , which she did .

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Also , authorities had posted the handwriting from the brochure on billboards , which was historic as it was used for the first time in an attempt to find an unknown killer . This led to a tip from a former neighbor who was able to provide a copy of a work order that Chandler had written .


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Question: Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of ZÃ 1\/4 rich in Switzerland .

Adlikon bei Andelfingen ( or simply Adlikon ) is a municipality in the district of Andelfingen in the canton of ZÃ 1\/4 rich in Switzerland .

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Bichelsee-Balterswil is a municipality in the district of MÃ 1\/4 nchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .


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Question: Farmington is a city of Iowa in the United States .

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Farmington is a city in Van Buren County , Iowa , United States .

Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States .


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Question: Evansville is a city in the state of Indiana , in the United States .

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Evansville is also home to both the University of Evansville and the University of Southern Indiana .

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Nashville is a city in Washington County , Illinois , in the United States .


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Question: In the Gregorian calendar , a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400 ( and qualifies for the adding of February 29 , like all other leap years ) .

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A century leap year in the Gregorian calendar is a year that is exactly divisible by 400 ( and , thus , as with every other leap year , qualifies for the intercalation of February 29 ) : other century years ( with number divisible by 100 but not by 400 ) are common years .

September begins on the same day of the week as December every year , because there are 91 days separating September and December , which is a multiple of seven ( the number of days in the week ) . No other month ends on the same day of the week as September in any year .


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Question: The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400 .

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The next century leap year will occur in 2400 .

Note that the year 1500 is actually the last year of the 15th century ; the first year of the 16th century was 1501 .


Question:
represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length

------

The provided query could be '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Ilan pappe takes about Plan Dalet , a plan that David Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leaders in Palestine worked out during autumn 1947 to spring 1948 , and explains the details of the plan , and how was it performed .']' and the positive '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Historian Ilan Pappe talks about Plan Dalet , a plan that David Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leaders in Palestine worked out during autumn 1947 to spring 1948 .']' and the negative '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "In the Israeli Knesset he gave an acceptance speech in which he criticised Israel 's continued occupation of the West Bank with these words ,"]'

Question: Century leap years always begin on a Saturday , and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday .

Century leap years always start on a Saturday , and the February 29 intercalation of such years is always a Tuesday .

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This was rectified by following the observations of Clavius , and the calendar was changed when Gregory decreed that the day after Thursday , 4 October 1582 would be not Friday , 5 October , but Friday , 15 October 1582 .


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Question: For example , the years 1600 and 2000 are century leap years ; the century years 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 are not century leap years .

The years 1600 and 2000 , for example , were century leap years ; the century years of 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 were common years .

The month has 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years .


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Question: The Armenian Supreme Council adopted the current flag on August 24 , 1990 .

The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990 .

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The Bill was ratified on January 14 , 1792 .


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Question: On June 15 , 2006 , the Law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament .

The day was chosen for the reason that the Armenian law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed on 15 June 2006 .

It was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan .


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Question: is the number of particles of type i in the system .

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', "Arya is able to give directions to the exact location of the Varden : a city called Tronjheim , which sits in the mountain Farthen DÃ '' r. She also adds that they have only four days to reach the Varden or she will die . The group go in search of the Varden , both to save Arya 's life and to escape Galbatorix 's wrath ."]" should be close to "['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'They decide to go to the Varden to fight Galbatorix , with Murtagh who does not want to go , but will help them until they reach the Varden , but they do not know where the Varden are .']"

is the number of particles of type i in the system and is the chemical potential for an i-type particle .

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By definition , consists of a sequence of dot products between each of the three rows of and vector .


Question: In thermodynamics , thermodynamic potentials are parameters associated with a thermodynamic system and have the dimensions of energy .

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If there are dimensions to the thermodynamic space , then there are unique thermodynamic potentials .

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Although enthalpy is commonly used in engineering and science , it is impossible to measure directly , as enthalpy has no datum ( reference point ) . Therefore enthalpy can only accurately be used in a closed system .


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Question: The four most common thermodynamic potentials are :

These five common potentials are all energy potentials , but there are also entropy potentials . The thermodynamic square can be used as a tool to recall and derive some of the potentials .


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Question: The Helmholtz free energy is often denoted by the symbol F , but the use of A is preferred by IUPAC ( See Alberty , 2001 ) .

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The Helmholtz free energy is often denoted by the symbol F , but the use of A is preferred by IUPAC .

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The term `` measure polytope '' is also used , notably in the work of H.S.M. Coxeter ( originally from Elte , 1912 ) , but it has now been superseded .


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Question: Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006 .

On 11 October 2006 , the tower was officially opened by then Victorian Premier , Steve Bracks .

The Stuart complex became fully operational on 20 December 1944 .


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Question: She was a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Arts , and the first woman to be appointed royal printmaker .

She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts , and the first woman to be appointed royal printmaker .

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He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society , of which he was a co-founder .


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Question: She made the medal-portraits to the celebration of the anniversary of the king and queen , and she was hired by the US government to make the medal of George Washington at the centenary ( hundred years anniversary ) of the end of the war of independence in 1883 .

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She made the medal-portraits to the celebration of the anniversary of the wedding of the king and queen , and she was hired by the US government to make the medal of George Washington at the centenary ( hundred years anniversary ) of the end of the war of independence in 1883 , and to the celebration of Christopher Columbus ' discovery of America in 1892 .

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Ingrid Reichel points out the perfect publication date , just in time for the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution .


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Question: Her sister , Carolina Weidenhayn , ( 1822-1902 ) , became the first professional female xylographer , who after she studied in Paris 1858-1867 , became an instructor at the great technical school Tekniska Skolan in 1859-1881 .

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Her sister , Carolina Weidenhayn , ( 1822-1902 ) , became the first professional female xylographer , who after studies in Paris 1858-1867 , became an instructor ( 1859-1881 ) at the technical school Tekniska Skolan ( now Konstfack or University College of Arts , Crafts and Design ) in Stockholm , Sweden .

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Born in Mainz to a family of engravers and die-cutters , Stieler received some artistic training from his father , August Friedrich Stieler ( 1736 â `` 1789 ) .


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Question: She was daughter to Ludvig Lundgren , who was a printmaker , and she early decided , that she wanted to become a printmaker too .

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To give you a sense - "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', 'Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter , herbivore manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores or omnivores -- for example , elephant dung is practically odorless .']" should be close to "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses , which herbivores eat , cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores -- for example , elephant dung is practically odorless .']"

As the child of printmaker Ludvig Lundgren , Lea Fredrika Ahlborn early decided to follow him in his profession .

Vernon , the son of a publican , was raised in Norwich , England initially training to become a civil engineer .


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Question: In 1892 , she was given the medal Illis Quorum by the king .

In 1892 , she was given the medal Illis Quorum by king Oscar II of Sweden .

In 1928 , he was ranked a professor at the Pedagogical Institute .


Question: represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning The provided query could be '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Noble was born in Lancaster , Ohio and went to Miami University .']' and the positive '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Noble was born in Lancaster , Ohio and attended Miami University .']' and the negative '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville , Texas , United States .']'

Question: The position of royal printmaker also made her the first female official in Sweden .

The position of royal printmaker was public office , and thereby also made her the first female official in Sweden .

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He specialised in British affairs , and the agency made him for several years its correspondent in London where he was later joined by his wife and two sons .


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Question: She kept herself updated in everything regarding her work , and was given assignments from the Swedish Academy , the science academy and the royal academy Pro Patria .

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She kept herself updated in everything regarding her work , and was given assignments from the Swedish Academy , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the royal academy Pro Patriaa and by Empress Eugenie of France .

According to Nobel 's will , the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden , a medical school and research center , is responsible for the Prize in Physiology or Medicine .


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Question: In 1855 , she was appointed royal printmaker , and was also elected as a member in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts .

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E.g.:
['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Orchard is a city in Mitchell County , Iowa , United States .'] == ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Orchard is a city of Iowa in the United States .']

In 1855 , she was appointed royal printmaker and elected as a member in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts .


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Question: In 1849 , she , as well as Amalia Lindegren and Agnes BÃ rjesson , became one of the four women who were given permission to study art at the Swedish Royal Academy of Arts .

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In 1849 , she , as well as Amalia Lindegren and Agnes BÃ rjesson , became one of the four women who were given permission to study art at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts .

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Given ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words:', 'Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'], a positive would be ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Bodine was given the nickname The Onion because of his bald head .']

In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical institute , and in 1833 he became extraordinary professor of natural history at the university of Zurich .


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Question: In 1851 , she made a study-trip to Paris with her teacher Carl Gustaf QvarnstrÃ m and her brother Pehr Henrik .

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In 1851 , she made a study-trip to Paris with her teacher Carl Gustaf QvarnstrÃ m ( 1810-1867 ) and her brother Pehr Henrik , were she worked with the sculptor Toussaint , the printmaker Barre and her maternal uncle , the medal designer Johan Salmson .

She danced the parts of Lucile in the pantomime ballet Det dubbla giftermÃ let by Jean Marcadet with Margaretha Christina Hallongren , Carl DahlÃ n , Joseph Saint-Fauraux Raimond and Carlo Uttini the season of 1790-1791 , Leonore in Enleveringen by Louis Deland with him , Hallongren , Uttini , Luigi Taglioni and Charles Jean Ambrosiani and Diana in Diana och KÃ rleken by Deland with Johan Fredrik BjÃ rkstrand , Deland , Hallongren , Casagli and Hedvig Elisabeth Casagli in 1800-1801 ; she also did the part of Venus in Venus och Adonis by Deland with H. BjÃ rkman , Casagli , Giovanni Battitsta Ambrosiani and Hallongren 1801-1802 , and as Frosine in Dansvurmen ( Dance Craze ) by Gardel with Deland , Filippo Taglioni , Anna Christina LÃ fborg , Anders Ekholm , Raimond and Ambrosiani the season 1803-1804 .


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Question: A Gangster or mobster is a criminal who is a member of a crime organization , such as a gang . The terms are widely used in reference to members of gangs associated with American prohibition and the American offshoot of the Mafia , such as the Chicago Outfit or the Five Families .

The terms `` gangster '' and `` mobster '' are mostly used in the United States to refer to members of criminal organizations associated with Prohibition or with an American offshoot of the Italian Mafia ( such as the Chicago Outfit , the Philadelphia Mafia , or the Five Families ) .

John `` Papa Johnny '' Torrio ( February 1882 -- April 16 , 1957 ) , also known as `` The Fox '' , was an Italian-American mobster who helped build the criminal empire known as the Chicago Outfit in the 1920s that was later inherited by his protege , Al Capone .


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Question: Sanilhac is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

Sanilhac is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .

Mayres is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


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Question: Tolkien created and worked on Middle-earth through most of his life , and it is this creation for which he is most famous .

The term Middle-earth can be also applied as a nickname of the entirety of Tolkien 's creation , instead of the more appropriate , but less known terms Arda which refers to Tolkien 's world ( including celestial bodies ) , and EÃ , which refers to the universe . This is seen also in the title of books such as The Complete Guide to Middle-earth , The Road to Middle-earth , The Atlas of Middle-earth , and in particular the series The History of Middle-earth , all of which cover areas outside of the strict geographical definition of the term Middle-earth .

Fairy tales , and works derived from fairy tales , are still written today .


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Question: Middle-earth is a fictional fantasy world invented by J. R. R. Tolkien .

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Middle-earth is the fictional setting of the majority of author J. R. R. Tolkien 's fantasy writings .

After the success of The Hobbit , and prior to the publication of The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien 's publisher requested a sequel to The Hobbit , and Tolkien sent them an early draft of The Silmarillion .


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Question: Several of his books take place there , such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings .

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These stories include The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings .

He has received international attention from playing Merry in Peter Jackson 's adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings and for his role as Charlie Pace on the television show Lost .


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Question: The Professional Developers Conference ( PDC ) is a conference where people from all over the world gather to view things that Microsoft has made .

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Microsoft 's Professional Developers Conference ( or PDC ) is a conference for software developers , normally Windows developers .

Microsoft TechNet is a Microsoft program and resource for technical information , news , and events for IT professionals .


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Question: The gorges of the ArdÃ che region have many caves . Many of them have geological or archaeological importance .

The gorges of the ArdÃ che region are home to numerous caves , many of them having some geological or archaeological importance .

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The area 's numerous underground water springs explain its attractiveness for settlement .


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Question: A peculiar figure appears to have the lower body of a woman with the upper body of a bison .

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Also a chimerical figure may be present ; it appears to have the lower body of a woman with the upper body of a bison .

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When depicted he was usually drawn with a black and a yellow stripe painted across his face .


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Question: The cave was named after Jean-Marie Chauvet , who discovered it on December 18,1994 , together with Christian Hillaire and Eliette Brunel-Deschamps .

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The cave was first explored on December 18 , 1994 by a group of three speleologists : Eliette Brunel-Deschamps , Christian Hillaire , and Jean-Marie Chauvet , for whom it was named .

After a period of ill health , exacerbated by his exhausting work on commissions for murals to decorate the Churches of Saint-Roch and Saint-Philippe-du-Roule , ChassÃ riau died at the age of 37 in Paris , on October 8 , 1856 .


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Question: As of 1999 , the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported , with the earliest being 32,900 Â 490 BP .

As of 1999 , the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported . The earliest , sample Gifa 99776 from `` zone 10 '' , dates to 32,900 Â 490 BP .

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Most of the artwork dates to the earlier , Aurignacian , era ( 30,000 to 32,000 years ago ) .


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Question: It seems nobody had been in it after the child , until it was discovered in 1994 .

After the child 's visit to the cave , evidence suggests that the cave had been untouched until discovered in 1994 .

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Question: Most of the artwork dates to the earlier Aurignacian era ( 30,000 to 32,000 years ago ) .

Most of the artwork dates to the earlier , Aurignacian , era ( 30,000 to 32,000 years ago ) .

However , there is little evidence of human occupation during the subsequent Ipswichian Stage ( Eemian Stage elsewhere ) between around 130,000 and 110,000 years ago .


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Question: Typical of most cave art , there are no paintings of complete human figures , although there is one possible , partial `` Venus '' figure that may represent the legs and genitals of a woman .

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Typical of most cave art , there are no paintings of complete human figures , although there is one possible partial `` Venus '' figure that may represent the legs and genitals of a woman .

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The later Gravettian occupation , which occurred 25,000 to 27,000 years ago , left little but a child 's footprints , the charred remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves .


Question: The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques not often observed in other cave art .

The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques not often seen in other cave art .

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Tempera painting continues to be used in Greece and Russia where it is the required medium for Orthodox icons .


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Question: The Chauvet Cave or Chauvet-Pont-d ` Arc Cave lies near Vallon-Pont-d ` Arc , in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement , in southern France .

The Chauvet-Pont-d ` Arc Cave is a cave in the ArdÃ che department of southern France that contains the earliest known cave paintings , as well as other evidence of Upper Paleolithic life . It is located near the commune of Vallon-Pont-d ` Arc on a limestone cliff above the former bed of the ArdÃ che River .

Saint-Jeure-d ` Andaure is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


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Given ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length.', 'Justin Hoyte ( born 20 November 1984 ) is an English football player . He plays for Middlesbrough .'], a positive would be ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Justin Raymond Hoyte ( born 20 November 1984 in Waltham Forest , England ) is an English footballer who currently plays for Middlesbrough .'] & a negative would be ['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length.', 'Stephen David Warnock ( born 12 December 1981 ) is an English footballer who plays as a left back for Aston Villa .']

Question: The Chauvet Cave , however , is unusually large and the artwork is well preserved and of good quality . It has been called spectacular .

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The Chauvet Cave , however , is uncharacteristically large and the quality , quantity , and condition of the artwork found on its walls has been called spectacular .

Hundreds of graphic designs of animals by the primitive people in the Chauvet Cave , in the south of France , which were drawn more than 30,000 BC , as well as similar designs in the Lascaux cave of France that were drawn more than 14,000 BC , or the designs of the primitive hunters in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in India that were drawn more than 7,000 BC , and the Aboriginal Rock Art , in the Kakadu National Park of Australia , and many other rock or cave paintings in other parts of the world show that graphics have a very long history which is shared among humanity .


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Question: There are paw prints of cave bears . There are also large rounded depressions in the floor .

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The soft , clay-like floor of the cave retains the paw prints of cave bears along with large , rounded , depressions that are believed to be the `` nests '' where the bears slept .

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Question: In addition to commonly hunted animals : horses , cattle , reindeer , etc. . The walls of the Chauvet Cave are covered with predatory animals : lions , panthers , bears , owls , rhinos and hyenas .

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Rather than depicting only the familiar animals of the hunt that predominate in Paleolithic cave art , i.e. horses , cattle , reindeer , etc. , the walls of the Chauvet Cave are covered with predatory animals : lions , panthers , bears , owls , and hyenas .

Guests can encounter muntjacs , spoonbills , ducks , wallabies and giant anteaters , among others .


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Question: The only traces left of the later occupation during the Gravettian include a child 's footprints , the charred remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves .

The later Gravettian occupation , which occurred 25,000 to 27,000 years ago , left little but a child 's footprints , the charred remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves .

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The strongest evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia where several artifacts related to the use of fire by humans had been recovered including charred logs , charcoal , reddened areas , carbonized grass stems and plants , and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire .


Question: There are hundreds of animal paintings found . At least 13 different species , including those which have rarely or never been found in other ice age paintings are represented .

Hundreds of animal paintings have been catalogued , depicting at least 13 different species , including some rarely or never found in other ice age paintings .

Pieces of broken pottery , arrowheads , and other Native American artifacts have been found , indicating their presence .


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Question: There are many fossilized bones , including the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an ibex .

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Fossilized bones are abundant and include the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an ibex .

It dates from the early Cretaceous Period of what is now Africa and is one of the largest giant crocodile-like reptiles that ever lived .


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Question: The cave contains the oldest known cave paintings , based on radiocarbon dating of `` black from drawings , from torch marks and from the floors . ''

The cave contains the oldest known cave paintings , based on radiocarbon dating of `` black from drawings , from torch marks and from the floors '' , according to Jean Clottes .


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Question: The footprints are probably one of the oldest human footprints in existence , being between 20,000 and 30,000 years old .

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The footprints may be the oldest human footprints that can be dated accurately .

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For instance, <<['Represent the natural language', 'Villons-les-Buissons is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .']>>  to <<['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Villons-les-Buissons is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .']>>

Beds above these contained tools from a Kenya-Capsian industry made by modern humans and are termed the Masek Beds ( 600,000 to 400,000 years ago ) , the Ndutu Beds ( 400,000 to 32,000 years ago ) , and the Naisiusiu Beds ( 22,000 to 15,000 years ago ) .


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Question: It appears to have been occupied by humans during two different periods : the Aurignacian and the Gravettian .

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Based on radiocarbon dating , the cave appears to have been occupied by humans during two distinct periods : the Aurignacian and the Gravettian .

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The La Hoguette pottery was found under a later megalithic tomb and first misidentified as Linearbandkeramic . La Hoguette marks the westernmost point of the distribution of this culture .


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Question: This combination of subjects has led experts in pre-historic art and cultures to believe that there was likely a ritualistic , shamanistic , or magical aspect to these paintings .

This combination of subjects has led experts in pre-historic art and cultures to believe that there was likely a ritual , shamanic , or magical aspect to these paintings .

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Such symbols often represent the fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ , as well as the male orgasm .


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Question: Hiroaki Morishima ( born 30 April 1972 ) is a former Japanese football player .

Hiroaki Morishima is a former Japanese football midfielder .

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Kim Do-Keun ( born 2 March 1972 ) is a South Korean football player .


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Question: Sagnes-et-Goudoulet is a commune in the ArdÃ che dÃ partement in southern France .

Sagnes-et-Goudoulet is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .

Saint-Christol is a commune in the ArdÃ che department in southern France .


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Question: However , his beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits , who think Savonarola 's attacks on the papacy to have been a serious crime .

His potential beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits , who consider Savonarola 's ( secular ) conflict with the papacy to have been an intolerable crime .

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According to several journalists who studied Opus Dei separately , most of the criticisms against Opus Dei are mere myths created by its opponents , and Opus Dei is considered a sign of contradiction .


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Question: Savonarola was born in Ferrara , the which was the capital of the independent Duchy of Ferrara .

Savonarola was born in Ferrara , the capital of an independent Duchy in Emilia-Romagna , northern Italy .

When the latter was sold to the Visconti of Milan in 1398 , the island was acquired by the Appiani , Lords of Piombino , who retained it for two centuries .


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Question: In 1479 he went to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli .

He immersed himself in theological study , and in 1479 transferred to the monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli .

When Ippolito died in 1520 , Willaert entered the service of Duke Alfonso of Ferrara .


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Question: On May 13 , 1497 , Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI . In 1498 , Alexander demanded his arrest and execution .

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On May 13 , 1497 , Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI , and in 1498 , Alexander demanded his arrest and execution .

Henry upon receipt of this news again entered Rome on March 21 to see that Guibert of Ravenna be enthroned as Clement III ( March 24 , 1084 ) .


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Question: Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21 , 1452 -- May 23 , 1498 ) , was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498 .

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Girolamo Savonarola ( Ferrara , 21 September 1452 -- 23 May 1498 , Florence ) was an Italian Dominican friar and an influential contributor to the politics of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498 .

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Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 â `` April 15 , 1446 ) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance .


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Question: After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494 , the ruling Medici were removed . Savonarola became the new leader of the city , both as a secular leader and priest .

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After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494 , the ruling Medici were overthrown and Savonarola emerged as the new leader of the city , combining in himself the role of leader and priest .

As a young prince , he surrounded himself with intellectuals and ministers many of which would come to prominence in his reign . He was a private conservative and very religious person , who , as a young boy , stayed far from public life .


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Question: In 1482 the Dominicans sent him to Florence , the â city of his destinyâ .

Finally in 1482 the Order dispatched him to Florence , the â city of his destinyâ .

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From this post he was called , at the end of twenty years , to the chair of moral theology in Madrid , where he died .


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Question: On April 8 , soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco and after a bloody battle Savonarola 's guards and religious supporters were killed .

On April 8 , a crowd attacked the Convent of San Marco . In the ensuing struggle , several of Savonarolaâ s guards and religious supporters were killed .

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Unfortunately , as they were leaving Gallo the Internationalists were surprised and surrounded by government troops and all were arrested .


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Question: The first , about the end of the world , was written when he was only 20 . Savonarola wrote the second poem `` De Ruina Mundi '' ( `` On the Downfall of the World '' ) in 1475 .

His stance against morally corrupt clergy was initially manifested in his poem on the destruction of the world entitled De Ruina Mundi ( On the Downfall of the World ) , written at the age of 20 .

He vehemently preached against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time , and his main opponent was Rodrigo Borgia , who was Pope Alexander VI from 1492 , through to Savonarola 's death , in 1498 .


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Question: Savonarola is famous for burning books , and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art .

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He was known for his book burning , destruction of what he considered immoral art , and his perception of what he thought the Renaissance which began in his Florence and was at its beginningought to become .

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He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message , and nothing more ; hence his frustration at the fame he gained by his commercial art , when he most wanted to concentrate on more artistic projects .


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Question: In 1497 , he and his followers went to the Piazza della Signoria , and began to burn mirrors , cosmetics , obscene pictures , pagan books , gaming tables , musical instruments , fine dresses , womenâ s hats , and the works of immoral and ancient poets .

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In 1497 , he and his followers carried out the Bonfire of the Vanities . They sent boys from door to door collecting items associated with moral laxity : mirrors , cosmetics , lewd pictures , pagan books , immoral sculptures ( which he wanted to be replaced by statues of the saints and modest depictions of biblical scenes ) , gaming tables , chess pieces , lutes and other musical instruments , fine dresses , womenâ s hats , and the works of immoral and ancient poets , and burnt them all in a large pile in the Piazza della Signoria of Florence .

Hand-painted tarot cards remained a privilege of the upper classes and , although some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century , most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot 's early history . In fact , in some jurisdictions , tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting the playing of cards .


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Question: After five years , he went back to Bologna where he became ` master of studiesâ .

He returned to Bologna where he became ` master of studiesâ .

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Question: Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475 , and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna .

Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475 and entered the monastery of San Domenico in Bologna .

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In the following months he carved a wooden crucifix ( 1493 ) , as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito , who had permitted him some studies of anatomy on the corpses of the church 's hospital .


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Question: Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome . His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI .

He vehemently preached against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time , and his main opponent was Rodrigo Borgia , who was Pope Alexander VI from 1492 , through to Savonarola 's death , in 1498 .

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Provided: "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'A 1903 proposition to elect a law scholar ( Ebbe Hertzberg ) was rejected .']" Match: "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'A 1903 idea to elect a law expert ( Ebbe Hertzberg ) was rejected .']"

Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel , but this time it was in Florence -- Pope Eugene having been driven from Rome in 1434 by the establishment of an insurrectionary republic there , sympathetic to the Council of Basel and the Conciliar movement .


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Question: During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4 , 1497 , groups of young men rioted in the streets , people began singing and dancing , and the taverns reopened . The riot became a revolution .

During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4 , 1497 , bands of youths rioted , and the riot became a revolt : dancing and singing taverns reopened , and men again dared to gamble publicly .

In Boston , the revelry took on anti-authoritarian overtones , and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes .


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Question: He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence .

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After remaining in the area for several years , Strong grew to become an enthusiastic supporter of socialism in the newly formed Soviet Union .


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Question: In his youth he studied the Bible , and then went to the University of Ferrara .

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In his youth he studied the Bible , St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle . Savonarola initially studied at the University of Ferrara , where he appears to have taken an advanced Arts degree .

In 2002 , she completed the adult education course , and then went on to study medicine at the Karolinska Institute .