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Question: By contraction of various parts of this muscle the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape . The most common shape change is achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines .

By contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus , the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape , the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines .

The old skin breaks near the mouth and the snake wriggles out , aided by rubbing against rough surfaces . In many cases , the cast skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece , like pulling a sock off inside-out .


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Question: The muscles of the Short-beaked Echidna have a number of unusual features .

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The musculature of the Short-beaked Echidna has a number of unusual aspects .

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The honey badger possesses an anal pouch which , unusually among mustelids , is reversible , a trait shared with hyenas .


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Question: The way in which puggles drink the milk is not yet known , but they have been observed drinking large amounts during each feeding period , since mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days .

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They have been observed ingesting large amounts during each feeding period , and mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days in order to find food .

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The Waved Albatross , on the other hand , makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair 's territory , as much as 50 m , sometimes causing it to lose the egg .


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Question: The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals .

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The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals , particularly with its fellow monotreme , the Platypus .

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This hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals .


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represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words

For instance you may be given '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length!', 'Eoraptor probably resembles the common ancestor of all dinosaurs ; its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small , bipedal predators .']' and it should match with '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Paleontologists believe Eoraptor resembles the common ancestor of all dinosaurs ; if this is true , its traits suggest that the first dinosaurs were small , bipedal predators .']' but not with '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "Heterodontosauridae ( `` different-toothed lizards '' ) is a family of early ornithischian dinosaurs that were likely among the most basal ( primitive ) members of the group ."]'.

Question: When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' , located along the roof of the buccal cavity . This allows the animal to both capture and grind food .

When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' , located along the roof of the buccal cavity , allowing the animal both to capture and grind food .

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The feeding apparatus ( stomotheca ) differs from other arachnids in that ingestion is not restricted to liquid , but chunks of food can be taken in .


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Question: Short-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere where there is a good supply of food .

Short-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere that has a good supply of food .

In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are abundant termite-filled fallen logs .


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Question: The claws on the back feet are longer and curve backwards to help cleaning and grooming between the spines .

The claws on the hind feet are elongated and curve backwards to enable cleaning and grooming between the spines .

A dangling appendage that extends from the head of the fish attracts small animals to within striking distance of the fish .


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Question: Sticking out the tongue is achieved by contracting the circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forward , and contraction of two muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible .

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Protrusion of the tongue is achieved by contracting circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forwards and contracting two genioglossal muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible .

It is fleshy in humans and other mammals , the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws , and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth , visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye .


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represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length
E.g.
"['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Thirty of these units , known as Class 350\\/1s , were built for use by Central Trains and Silverlink on regional express services and Central Citylink services on the southern section of the West Coast Main Line .']" == "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Thirty of these units , designated Class 350\\/1s , were built for use by Central Trains and Silverlink on regional express services and services on the southern section of the West Coast Main Line .']" != "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'The Grand Central Railway Company Limited is a privately-owned train operating company operating passenger rail services under the name Grand Central on the East Coast Main Line ( ECML ) in the United Kingdom .']"

Question: Retraction requires the contraction of two internal muscles .

Retraction requires the contraction of two internal longitudinal muscles , known as the sternoglossi .

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The SNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction , including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles , skin , and sense organs .


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Question: The Echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 mm long .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words:

The Echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 m long .

and stands almost 2 m ( 6 ft. ) tall , the scientific name , Macropus giganteus ( gigantic large-foot ) , is misleading , as the Red Kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is , at 85 kg , larger .


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Question: He named the species Myrmecophaga aculeata . He thought it might be related to the South American anteater .

He named the species Myrmecophaga aculeata , thinking it might be related to the South American anteater .

Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels , beavers , and mountain beavers on this basis .


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Question: It has a highly sensitive optic nerve . It has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat .

It has a highly sensitive optic nerve , and has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat .

In the case above the photoreceptors for red light in the retina are fatigued , lessening their ability to send the information to the brain .


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Question: Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days , during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow .

Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days after copulation , during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow .

During mating season , these salamanders will travel upstream , where the female lays two strings of over two hundred eggs each .


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represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length

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Examples:
Provided: ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', "The station was a terminus for the Central Line , with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle towards Epping , until electric services began as far as Loughton ( and around the ` loop ' to Hainault ) on 21 November 1948 ."] Match: ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "The station acted as a terminus for the Central Line , with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle onwards towards Epping , until electric services commenced as far as Loughton ( and around the ` loop ' to Hainault ) on 21 November 1948 ."] Hard Negative: ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Under the first stage , the Baker Street to Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line was joined at Baker Street to a new 2.5 m segment into central London , with intermediate stops at Bond Street and Green Park and terminating at a new station at Charing Cross , thereby relieving pressure on the West End section of the Bakerloo line between Baker Street and Charing Cross and also allowing increased frequencies on the section north of Baker Street .']

Question: The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild .

The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild , and the longest-lived echidna in captivity reached 49 years of age in a zoo in Philadelphia in the US .

Males grow up to a body length of 3 m long and weigh up to 135 k. Females reach a body length of up to 1.1 m long and weigh up to 35 k. Tails can be from 0.9 t long . The average Red Kangaroo stands approximately 1.5 m tall .


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Question: The Short-beaked Echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is 1 of 4 living types of echidna . It is also known as the Spiny Anteater because it eats ants and termites .

The Short-beaked Echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) , also known as the Spiny Anteater because of its diet of ants and termites , is one of four living species of echidna and the only member of the genus Tachyglossus .

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Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species .


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Question: The wombat adapted the spears as its own defense and turned into an Echidna .

represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning
For example, ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'This was despite opinion poll results suggesting that the majority of Australians are in favor of some form of a republic .'] should be similar to ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', 'Opinion poll results said that the majority of Australians are in favor of some form of a republic .']

The wombat adapted the spears for its own defense and turned into an Echidna .

It refers to the large Achilles tendon needed to use the sickle claw on the foot , which was the major combat organ of dromaeosaurids .


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Question: Fur color changes with geographic location .

Colouration of the fur and spines varies with geographic location .

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It occurs as an accidental further south in Central America .


Question: The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous . This mucus both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which stick to it .

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The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous , which both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which adhere to it .

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After regurgitating the gastric pellet , it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus , suggesting that it , like humans , does not relish the scent of its own excretions .


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Question: In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are many termite-filled fallen logs .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words
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Fewshot example: "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'In keeping with Wahhabi beliefs , bin Laden opposes music on religious grounds , and his attitude towards technology is mixed .']" == "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'In keeping with Wahhabi beliefs ( the Saudi type of Islam ) , bin Laden opposed music on religious grounds , p167 and his attitude towards technology was mixed .']"

In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are abundant termite-filled fallen logs .

The Soldier may be found in a variety of open , subtropical habitats such as citrus groves , weedy water edges where host plants occur , dry fields , etc. and in New Mexico .


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Question: There is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body .

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The panniculus carnosus is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body .

represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words:

Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear .


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Question: Only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna , but no captive-bred young have survived to be adults .

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Examples:

"['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Reputation is the opinion ( more technically , a social evaluation ) of the group of entities toward a person , a group of people , or an organization on a certain criterion .']" == "["represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning\nThe query could be 'West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England .' and should be close to 'West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million .' but very far from 'Slaithwaite is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees , in West Yorkshire , England .'", 'Reputation is the opinion of the public towards a person , a group of people , or an organization .']"

Up until 2006 , only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna , but no captive-bred young have survived to maturity .

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The latter is a difficult task , and only a few young have been successfully raised sinceâ '' notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria . The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay , who established a platypussaryâ '' a simulated stream in a tankâ '' at the Healesville Sanctuary , where breeding was successful in 1943 .


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Question: The Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is larger than the Australian mainland species .

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Short-beaked Echidnas are typically 30 t in length , have a 75 m snout , and weigh between 2 a. However , the Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is smaller than its Australian mainland counterparts .

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There are two subspecies of the Western Grey : Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus of Kangaroo Island , and Macropus fuliginosus melanops , which has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east .


Question: In Australia , it is the most widespread native mammal . In New Zealand it is known as the Mungwe in the Daribi and Chimbu languages .

The species is found throughout Australia , where it is the most widespread native mammal , and in coastal and highland regions of southwestern New Guinea , where it is known as the Mungwe in the Daribi and Chimbu languages .

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Gunnedah and the surrounding areas were originally inhabited by Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi ( Gamilaraay ) language .


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Question: Captive breeding is difficult , partly because of the relatively infrequent breeding cycle .

Although it considered easy to keep Echidnas healthy in captivity , breeding is difficult , partly due to the relatively infrequent cycle .

It is possible , if unlikely , that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants . The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment , and on the elephants themselves , could be dramatic .


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Question: Short-beaked Echidnas find food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their beak , and regularly feast on ants and termites .

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They locate food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their snout , and regularly feast on ants and termites .

After eating up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal , it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion , as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long .


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Question: The duration of lactation is about 200 days , and the young leave the burrow between 180 and 240 days .

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The duration of lactation is about 200 days , and the young leave the burrow after 180 to 205 days , usually in January or February , at which time they are around 800 a. There is no contact between the mother and young after this point .

Older males can get much larger , reaching at least 3200 k and occasionally weighing 4500 k. Male hippos appear to continue growing throughout their lives ; females reach a maximum weight at around age 25 .


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Question: The eyes are small and at the base of the wedge-shaped beak .

The eyes are small , approximately a 9 m diameter sphere and at the base of the wedge-shaped snout .

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These moths are easily distinguishable by the vaguely human skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax .


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Question: Because the neck can not be seen , the head and body appear to join together .

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Because the neck is not externally visible , the head and body appear to merge together .

The cowry 's smooth surface allows the needle to be positioned under the cloth more easily .


Question:
represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words E.g.
'['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'After Barbirolliâ s death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again .']' == '['represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', "After her husband 's death in 1970 , Evelyn started to play her oboe again ."]' != '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', "Stransky led all of the orchestra 's concerts until 1920 , and also made the first recordings with the orchestra in 1917 ."]'

Question: They have fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black . The underside and short tail are also covered in fur .

Insulation is provided by fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black ; the underside and short tail are also covered in fur .

The pilot fish is of a dark blue to blackish-silver color , with the belly being lighter in color .


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Question: A twelve-year field study , published in 2003 , found that the Short-beaked Echidna reached sexual maturity between five and 12 years of age , and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years .

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A twelve-year field study , published in 2003 , found that the Short-beaked Echidna reaches sexual maturity between five and twelve years of age , and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years .


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Question: The Short-beaked Echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the surviving three species of the genus Zaglossus that live in New Guinea .

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The Short-beaked Echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the extant species of the genus Zaglossus that occur in New Guinea .

Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species .


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Question: Another story tells of a greedy man that kept food from his tribe ; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes , where he was turned into an Echidna , the spears becoming his spines .

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Another story tells of a greedy man who kept food from his tribe ; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes , where he turned into an Echidna , the spears becoming his spines .

Devastated , Niobe fled back to Mount Sipylus and was turned into stone , and , as she wept unceasingly , waters started to pour from her petrified complexion .


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Question: The species was a totem for some groups , including the Noongar people from Western Australia , who called the animal the Nyingarn .

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The species was a totem for some groups , including the Noongar people from Western Australia .

The name Kalganup is believed to be the Noongar word for ` place of many waters ' .


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Question: There are five subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna , each live in different areas .

There are five subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna , each found in a different geographical location .

The Red-necked Wallaby ( Macropus rufogriseus ) is a medium-sized marsupial macropod , common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia , including Tasmania .


Question:
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Examples:
Provided: ['Represent the input.', 'It was released in Japan and several other Asian nations on March 13 , 2009 , while it will not be released in the United States until April 10 , 2009 in the United States .'] Match: ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'It was released in Japan and several other Asian nations on March 13 , 2009 , and in the United States on April 10 , 2009 .'] Hard Negative: ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'The first official release of Halo 2 was in Canada , Australia , New Zealand and the United States on November 9 , 2004 .']

Question: The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines . It has a special nose ( snout ) and a special tongue that lets the echidna catch its prey at a great speed .

The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines and has a distinctive snout and a specialized tongue , which it uses to catch its prey at a great speed .

They locate food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their snout , and regularly feast on ants and termites .


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Question: Rawalpindi ( Urdu : Ø Ø Ù Ù Ù 3\/4 Ù Ú Û RÄ walpindÄ `` ) is a city in the Pothohar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad , in the province of Punjab . It is the military headquarters of the Pakistan Armed Forces and also served as the nation 's capital while Islamabad was being constructed in the 1960s .

' ( Urdu , Punjabi : , RÄ walpindÄ `` ) is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan in Punjab province near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad , in the province of Punjab .

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Vehari District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan - the city of Vehari is the capital of the district .


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Question: According to tradition , she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC .

According to tradition , she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 27th century BC .

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Alexander the Great conquered this empire in the 4th century BC .


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Question: She is credited with inventing the silk reel , which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving .

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She is attributed with inventing the silk reel , which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving .

In general , yarns become stronger with more twist ( also called worst ) , longer fibers and thicker yarns ( more fibers ) ; for example , thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension .


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Question: She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees , where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons .

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She persuaded her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees , where she could domesticate the worms that made these cocoons .

Where there was no pasture or water , the Bedouin fed their horses dates and camel 's milk .


Question: Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common .

Leizu shared her discoveries with others and the knowledge became widespread in China .

Being grateful , the French king spread around the information about the food which had cured him .


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Question: Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons .

Another says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons .

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One day in 1928 , while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup , Copeman noticed that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them .


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Question: It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that silk was first made in China .

It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk .

For reasons not altogether clear , it is less common in Victoria .


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Question: Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen .

Leizu was a legendary Chinese empress and wife of the Yellow Emperor .

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Very little is known about Empress Fu 's life before or after she became an empress .


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Question: When the silk ran out , she saw a small cocoon , and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk .

When the silk ran out she saw a small cocoon and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk .

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Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest , and sometimes smoke would emanate from the mirror .


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Question: The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state .

It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state .

A perchlorate ( compound ) is a compound containing this group , with chlorine in oxidation state +7 .


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Question: Antimony triiodide is a red solid . It is made by reacting antimony with iodine or by reacting concentrated hydriodic acid with antimony trioxide .

represent this text

For instance, <<['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "Zombie has also established a successful career as a film director , creating the movies House of 1000 Corpses , The Devil 's Rejects , the 2007 remake of Halloween , its sequel , and The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ."]>>  to "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "He has also directed the films House of 1000 Corpses , The Devil 's Rejects , the 2007 remake of Halloween and the sequel to that Halloween II ."]"

It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with elemental iodine , or the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydroiodic acid .

Mercury ( I ) bromide is prepared by the oxidation of elemental mercury with elemental bromine or by adding sodium bromide to a solution of mercury ( I ) nitrate .


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Question: Antimony triiodide is a chemical compound . Its chemical formula is SbI3 .

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Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3 .

Sodium selenide is a inorganic compound of sodium and selenium with the chemical formula Na2Se .


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Question: Versainville is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

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Versainville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .

Sainte-Marie-Outre-l ` Eau is a French commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


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Question: This page is for architects from Japan .

This category contains a list of people from Massachusetts .


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Question: The town is an example of the medieval fortified town known as a bastide . It was founded by Philip the Bold in 1281 .

The town , an example of the medieval fortified town known as a bastide , was founded by Philip the Bold in 1281 .

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Given ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'This category contains articles on the various Star Trek television series .'], a positive would be ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'This category is for the television series based in the Star Trek universe .']

The Treaty of Paris was signed on April 12 , 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France .


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Question: Domme is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France .

Domme is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in south-western France .

Le Puy is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


Question: He had to leave Russia because of Stalin , who was now his own enemy and wanted to harm Trotsky . Stalin had a Soviet spy murder Trotsky in Mexico in 1940 .

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The reorganization caused yet another conflict between Trotsky and Stalin in late September .

The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial , and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture .


Question: The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley .

Because these features are related to the stratovolcano of Mount Cayley , the volcanic field is commonly referred to as the Mount Cayley volcanic field .

Although part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt within the Cascade Volcanic Arc , it is not considered part of the Cascade Range .


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Question: In 1882 , Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890 .

In 1882 , Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam . and he is best known for a discovery he made there in 1890 .

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Struve came out in favor of the name Neptune on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences .


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Question: Hermann Carl Vogel ( born April 3 1841 , died August 13 1907 ) was a German astronomer .

Hermann Carl Vogel ( April 3 , 1841 -- August 13 , 1907 ) was a German astronomer .

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Heinz Wewers ( born 27 July 1927 - 29 August 2008 ) was a German footballer .


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Question: Vogel found that the color of some stars changed over time , becoming red and then later becoming blue .

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Vogel found that the spectra of certain stars shifted slightly over time , moving toward the red and then later toward the blue .

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Most observed white dwarfs have relatively high surface temperatures , between 8,000 K and 40,000 K. A white dwarf , though , spends more of its lifetime at cooler temperatures than at hotter temperatures , so we should expect that there are more cool white dwarfs than hot white dwarfs . Once we adjust for the selection effect that hotter , more luminous white dwarfs are easier to observe , we do find that decreasing the temperature range examined results in finding more white dwarfs .


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Question: Erlen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .

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Erlen is a municipality in the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .

Biberist is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .


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Question: jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline .

Many music critics have argued that Rimes ' vocals were only a reproduction of Cline 's original sound , while others have disagreed . Allmusic has called Rimes ' vocals `` rich and powerful . ''

Joanna NoÃ `` lle Blagden Levesque ( born December 20 , 1990 ) , professionally known as JoJo , is an American recording artist and actress .


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Question: Rimes was born in Mississippi , August 28 , 1982 .

LeAnn Rimes ( born August 28 , 1982 ) is an American country singer-songwriter , actress , and author .

Mello was born in New Haven , Connecticut on October 18 , 1960 .


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Question: ( ( Image : LeAnn Rimes Yahoob . jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline .

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LeAnn Rimes was born Margaret LeAnn Rimes ( in Pearl , Mississippi ) ; the only child of Belinda Butler Rimes and Wilbur Rimes .

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Question: jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline . Her debut album Blue was released in 1996 .

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Rimes made her breakthrough into country music in 1996 .

She is the younger sister of singer Loretta Lynn ( 19 years younger ) and a distant cousin of singer Patty Loveless . Crystal Gayle has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , near Loretta Lynn 's star .


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Question: In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty .

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In 1944 this `` transforming principle '' was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty .

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In 1946 and 1947 , Lederberg took a leave of absence to study under the mentorship of Tatum at Yale University .


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Question: Griffith thoought some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .

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Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .

While there they discovered that tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes , and that tiny amounts of RNA killed the synthesis all together .


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Question: Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride .

Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Stanley Cohen , Annie Chang and Leslie Hsu successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride .

Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .


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Question: Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called `` transfection '' .

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Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is usually called `` transfection '' .

Rather , plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state .


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Question: The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community . Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery 's experiments accepted .

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The results of Avery et al . 's experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery 's experiments were accepted .

Robert William Holley ( January 28 , 1922 -- February 11 , 1993 ) was an American biochemist , he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 ( with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Warren Nirenberg ) for describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA , linking DNA and protein synthesis .


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Question: They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria ` transformation ' .

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They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria `` transformation . ''

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In early 1948 , she made the surprising discovery that both Dissociator and Activator could transpose , or change position , on the chromosome .


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Question: By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumor and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants .

By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the cancer and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants .

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They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology , molecular biology , and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell . Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes ; bacteria that have been subjected to a procedure to introduce foreign DNA are grown on a medium containing an antibiotic , and those bacterial colonies that can grow have successfully taken up and expressed the introduced genetic material .


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Question: This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research .

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Provided: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women , each representing a different weight class .']" Match: "['', 'It is broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women . Each event represents a different weight class .']"

This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for molecular cloning in biotechnology and research .

Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material .


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Question: Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells .

Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material .

One such approach , successfully attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .


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Question: Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be got into bacterial cells . The other two are conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) , and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host ) .

Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into bacterial cell , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) , and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host ) .

Unlike viruses , plasmids are `` naked '' DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host , though some classes of plasmids encode the sex pilus necessary for their own transfer .


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Question: James Warren `` Jim '' Jones ( May 13 , 1931 â `` November 18 , 1978 ) was an American preacher and religious leader . His church was called the `` People 's Temple '' .

James Warren `` Jim '' Jones ( May 13 , 1931 â `` November 18 , 1978 ) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple , which is best known for the November 18 , 1978 mass murder of more than 900 Temple members in Jonestown , Guyana along with the killings of five other people at a nearby airstrip .

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Abbot Howard `` Abbie '' Hoffman ( November 30 , 1936 -- April 12 , 1989 ) was a political and social activist who co-founded the Youth International Party ( `` Yippies '' ) .


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Question: He was drafted with the 13th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks .

He was selected in the first round of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft , 13th overall , by the Chicago Blackhawks .

Rodgers was selected in the first round ( 24th overall ) of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers .


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Question: Daniel Cleary ( born December 18 , 1978 in Carbonear , Newfoundland and Labrador ) is an NHL ice hockey left and right winger that currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings .

Daniel Cleary ( born December 18 , 1978 ) is a Canadien professional ice hockey winger playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League . On June 4 , 2008 , Cleary became the first player from Newfoundland and Labrador to get his name on the Stanley Cup when the Red Wings won hockey 's top prize .

Jochen Hecht ( born June 21 , 1977 ) is a German professional ice hockey player , an alternate captain of the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .


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Question: Crillon-le-Brave is a commune of 398 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .

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Crillon-le-Brave is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .

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Allauch ( Alaug in Occitan ; ) is a commune situated east of Marseille in the department of Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region of France .


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Question: The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007 .

The Hyundai i30 is a small family car by South Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Company .

The SEAT Toledo is an automobile built and marketed by Spanish automaker SEAT , part of Volkswagen Group . The Toledo name was first introduced to the SEAT line-up in May 1991 , with the third and more recent generation was introduced in late 2004 as a 2005 model year car .


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Question: The Atlantic Sun Conference is a NCAA conference that play in the NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Macon , Georgia and features universities and colleges from the southeastern United States .

The Atlantic Sun Conference ( A-Sun ) is a college athletic conference operating in the Southeastern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I ; it does not sponsor football .

The University supports 22 men 's and women 's varsity teams and a number of club teams , plus a significant intramural sports program . The Fordham Rams are members of NCAA Division I and compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference in all sports except football .


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Question: Affoltern am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of ZÃ 1\/4 rich in Switzerland .

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Affoltern am Albis is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of ZÃ 1\/4 rich in Switzerland .

MÃ 1\/4 mliswil-Ramiswil is a municipality in the district of Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland .


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Question: Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers ( born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown , Barbados ) is a former West Indian cricketer .

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Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers AO , OCC ( born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown , Barbados ) is a former cricketer who captained West Indies .

Robert Graeme Pollock , known as Graeme , ( born 27 February 1944 in Durban , Natal Province , Union of South Africa ) is a former cricketer .


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Question: Maast-et-Violaine is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Maast-et-Violaine is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .

Barzy-en-Thi Ã rache is a commune in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France .


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Question: OuffiÃ res is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

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OuffiÃ res is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .

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Saint-Beno Ã t-d ` HÃ bertot is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


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Question: The front pair wear down and drop out in pieces as the Two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth and the old molars shift forward .

As the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces , the back pair shifts forward , and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth .

His original horns recede and are now white in color , erupting in pairs along the length of his head .


Question: represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length The provided query could be '['Represent the input!', 'Kenta Togawa ( born 23 June 1981 ) is a Japanese football player .']' and the positive '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Kenta Togawa is a Japanese football player currently playing for Gainare Tottori .']' and the negative '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Hwang Hak-Sun ( born October 10 , 1976 ) is a North Korean football player .']'

Question: Fossil Loxodonta have only been found in Africa , where they developed in the middle Pliocene .

Fossil members of Loxodonta have only been found in Africa , where they developed in the middle Pliocene .

The Green River fossils date about 48 mya , but cover several million years , including the transition between the moist early Eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-Eocene .


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Question: With regard to the number of toenails : the African Bush Elephant normally has 4 toenails on the front foot and 3 on the hind foot , the African Forest Elephant normally has 5 toenails on the front foot and 4 on the hind foot ( like the Asian elephant ) , but hybrids between the two species commonly occur .

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With regard to the number of toenails : the African bush elephant normally has four toenails on the front foot and three on the hind feet , the African forest elephant normally has five toenails on the front foot and four on the hind foot ( like the Asian elephant ) , but hybrids between the two species commonly occur .

The Tasmanian form , Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus , usually known as Bennett 's Wallaby is smaller ( as island species nearly always are ) , has longer , shaggier fur , and breeds in the late summer , mostly between February and April .


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Question: African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta , one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae .

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African elephants are the species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta ( Greek for ` oblique-sided tooth ' ) , one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae .

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The White Rhinoceros or Square-lipped rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum ) is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafaunal species left .


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Question: Their tusks are teeth , the second set of incisors become the tusks .

Their tusks are teeth ; the second set of incisors become the tusks .

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Examples:

"['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that the shells were found in the ground , or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers .']" == "['represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground , and\\/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers .']"

Many predatory mammals have protractile claws that can partially hide inside the animal 's paw , especially the Felidae , where almost all of its members have fully protractible claws .


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Question: The African elephant nominally has governmental protection , but poaching is still a serious issue .

The African elephant nominally has governmental protection , but poaching for the ivory trade can devastate populations .

Most wildlife biologists are concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats although reinstatement is increasingly being used .


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Question: They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food , and , fighting each other during mating season , or defending themselves against predators .

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They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food , for fighting each other during mating season , and for defending themselves against predators .

However , the mother does protect the young in the water for a few days until they learn to fend for themselves .


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Question: At about 40 to 60 years of age the elephant no longer has teeth and will likely die of starvation , a common cause of death .

At about 40 to 60 years of age , the elephant no longer has teeth and will likely die of starvation , a common cause of death .

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However , the skull is damaged , causing some paleontologists to speculate that it was involved in a fight shortly prior to death .


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Question: Human encroachment into or adjacent to natural areas where bush elephants occur has led to recent research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans , including the discovery that playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees are remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area .

Human encroachment into or adjacent to natural areas where bush elephants occur has led to recent research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans , including the discovery that playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees is remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area .

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For example, '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', "In Zoroastrian tradition , the malevolent is represented by Angra Mainyu ( also referred to as `` Ahriman '' ) , the `` Destructive Principle '' , while the benevolent is represented through Ahura Mazda 's Spenta Mainyu , the instrument or `` Bounteous Principle '' of the act of creation ."]' should be close to '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "All the bad things are represented as Angra Mainyu , the `` Destructive Principle '' . All the good things are represented by Ahura Mazda 's Spenta Mainyu , the instrument or `` Bounteous Principle '' of the act of creation ."]'

However , it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild , even if their natural habitats were restored , because survival techniques , which are normally passed from parents to offspring during parenting , may be lost .


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Question: An example of this poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chadâ '' elephant herds there were substantial as recently as 1970 , with an estimated population of 400,000 ; however , by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000 .

An example of how the ivory trade causes poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chadâ '' elephant herds where as recently as 1970 there was an estimated population of 400,000 ; however , by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000 .

There are an estimated 125,000 to 150,000 hippos throughout Sub-Saharan Africa ; Zambia ( 40,000 ) and Tanzania ( 20,000 â `` 30,000 ) possess the largest populations .


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Question: Lyoto Machida , nicknamed `` The Dragon '' is a mixed martial arts fighter from Salvador , Brazil . Machida fights in the Light Heavyweight division and is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship Light Heavyweight champion .

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Lyoto Carvalho Machida ( ; born May 30 , 1978 ) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist from Salvador , Brazil who fights as a Light Heavyweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) .

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Kenneth Wayne Shamrock ( born Kenneth Wayne Kilpatrick ; February 11 , 1964 ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) fighter , a UFC Hall of Famer and also a professional wrestler .


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Question: Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas . It is the county seat of Wyandotte County .

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Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and is the county seat of Wyandotte County .

Allison is a city in and the county seat of Butler County , Iowa , United States .


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Question: John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 .

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John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 , by Mayor Eli Teed .

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Question: Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area . About two million people live in this region .

It is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area , a region of over two million people .

Ardmore is a business , cultural and tourism city in and the county seat of Carter County , Oklahoma , United States .


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Question: The city is part of the `` Unified Government '' . This also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville .

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The city is part of the `` Unified Government '' which also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville .

Kansas City , Kansas is a portion of the Kansas City , Missouri media market .


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Question: The first city election was held on October 22 , 1872 . It resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle .

The first city election was held October 22 , 1872 , by order of Judge Hiram Stevens of the Tenth Judicial District , and resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle .

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The Post Office was established on May 24 , 1897 , and took its name from Koweta Mission .


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Question: Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area .

Kansas City , Kansas is a portion of the Kansas City , Missouri media market .


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Question: Kansas City is situated near `` Tornado Alley '' , a region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada meets warm air from the Gulf of Mexico . This situation causes the formation of powerful storms .

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Kansas City is situated in `` Tornado Alley '' , a broad region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada collides with warm air from the Gulf of Mexico , leading to the formation of powerful storms .

In summer , the state , especially southern and eastern Utah , lies in the path of monsoon moisture from the Gulf of California .


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Question: It was one of the 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890 â `` 1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time . .

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It was one of the nation 's 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890 to 1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time .

It has a population ( including surrounding rural areas ) of approximately 750,000 .


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Question: The Kansas-Missouri border area became the first battlefield in the conflict over slavery that led to the American Civil War .

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E.g. ['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length.', "The close friendship between Clapton and Harrison resulted in Clapton 's playing on Harrison 's `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' from the Beatles ' White Album ."] == ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "Clapton became friends with Beatle George Harrison , who asked him to play guitar on `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , for 1968 's `` White Album '' ."]

The Kansas-Missouri border area became the first battlefield in the conflict over slavery and southern secession that led to the American Civil War .

The present Constitution of the State of Kansas was originally known as the Wyandotte Constitution to distinguish it from three proposed constitutions that preceded it . The Wyandotte Constitution was drawn up at Wyandotte ( now part of Kansas City ) in July 1859 , and was the fourth constitution voted on by the people of Kansas Territory , as the battle between proslavery and antislavery forces during the Bleeding Kansas era spread to the debate over the terms of the new state 's charter .


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Question: He was also Chief of Police .

He was also Chief of Police , having a force of five men .

On May 16 , 2008 , Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager .


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Question: On March 30 , 2011 , Internet search company Google Inc. announced that Kansas City had been selected as the site of an experimental fiber-optic network that Google will build at no cost to the city .

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Provided: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Equatorial Guinea is bordered by Cameroon on the north , Gabon on the south and east , and the Gulf of Guinea on the west , where the island nation of SÃ # o TomÃ and PrÃ ncipe is located between Bioko and AnnobÃ n. Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea , its post-independence name is suggestive of its location near both the equator and the Gulf of Guinea .']" Match: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'It borders Cameroon on the north , Gabon on the south and east , and the Gulf of Guinea on the west . It used to be the Spanish colony of Spanish Guinea .']"

On March 30 , 2011 , Google announced that Kansas City had been selected as the site of an experimental fiber-optic network that Google will build at no cost to the city .

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Netflix 's success has inspired a number of other DVD rental companies both in the United States and abroad , but none of the purely online companies appear to approach Netflix in terms of market share or revenues . Wal-Mart began an online rental service in October 2002 , but left the market in May 2005 and now has a cross-promotional arrangement with Netflix .


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Question: Kansas City formed in 1868 . It was first officially mentioned in October 1872 .

Kansas City , Kansas formed in 1868 and incorporated in October 1872 .

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Dover was incorporated in 1864 , 100 years after its founding .


Question: In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas made the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present .

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In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas proclaimed the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present .

Beveridge and his supporters succeeded and Marianna became the county seat of the county justice and civil authority , even though it was never officially proclaimed the county seat .


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Question: Its prefecture is BesanÃ on .

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The prefecture ( capital ) is BesanÃ on .

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The county 's main river gives it its name : the DÃ cents mboviÅ # a River .


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Question: Doubs is a department found in the of France in the Franche-Comt Ã region .

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E.g.:
['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Evidence from sequencing mitochondrial DNA indicated that no significant gene flow occurred between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens , and , therefore , the two were separate species that shared a common ancestor about 660,000 years ago .'] == ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'While the debate remains unsettled , evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA sequencing indicates that little or no gene flow occurred between H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens , and , therefore , the two were separate species .']

It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comt Ã .

The Territoire de Belfort is a department in the Franche-Comt Ã region of eastern France .


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Question: This position in the Federal Government of the United States is similar to the finance ministers of other nations .

This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries .

Acting as a provider of loans is one of the principal tasks for financial institutions .


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Question: From Morris 's 1784 resignation until 1789 , the young union 's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board .

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From 1784 to 1789 , the confederation 's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board .

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Criticism of the bank , that the President is always a citizen of the United States , nominated by the President of the United States ( though subject to the `` approval '' of the other member countries ) .


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The provided query could be '['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'One day in 1928 , while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup , Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them .']' and the positive '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'One day in 1928 , while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup , Copeman noticed that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them .']' and the negative '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'When they returned , she was in the back yard , unconscious , in the snow , and visible in the poor light only because she was wearing her favorite red sweater .']'

Question: Note : Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington , but Morris declined this office ; thus the 1st Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton - appointed at Morris 's suggestion .

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Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington , but Morris declined this office ; thus the first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , who was appointed at Morris 's suggestion .

He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland , and the third United States Secretary of War ( 1796 â `` 1800 ) , under presidents George Washington and John Adams .


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Question: The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury . He is concerned with finance and monetary matters , and , until 2003 , some issues of national security and defense .

The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury , which is concerned with financial and monetary matters , and , until 2003 , also with some issues of national security and defense .

The White House National Security Council ( NSC ) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States .


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Question: The Reverend Martin Luther King , Sr. ( December 19 , 1899 â `` November 11 , 1984 ) was an African American civil rights activist and the father of Martin Luther King , Jr. . He was a Baptist minister .

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Martin Luther King , Sr. ( December 19 , 1899 - November 11 , 1984 ) was a Baptist Religious missionary , an advocate for equal justice , an early civil rights leader , and the father of Martin Luther King , Jr.

Dennis James Kennedy ( November 3 , 1930 - September 5 , 2007 ) , better known as D. James Kennedy , was an American Christian broadcaster , church pastor , and founder of the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , where he was senior pastor from 1960 until his death in 2007 .


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Question: Marizy-Sainte-Genevi Ã ve is a commune .

Marizy-Sainte-Genevi Ã ve is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .

Saint-Andr Ã - de-B Ã cents gÃ is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


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Question: In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art and especially , but not only street art .

In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art .

Another key difference between art games and game art is that art games are artistic creations from the outset whereas game art pieces employ non-art games as the artistic medium . Thus the `` game '' portion of `` game art '' is merely the means to an artistic end .


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Question: Artivism developed since the Berlin wall collapsed while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated .

Artivism developed in recent years while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated .

This modern faction is dominantly voiced through the anarcho-punk and crust punk subcultures , in attempt to combat what is seen by those groups as a general devaluation of , and profitization from , life .


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Question: Artivists are often found in Social center .

Artivists are often found in social centres .

Since 2003 he works on his music group , Systems in Blue .


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Question: Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time . He had been declared dictator perpetuo ( dictator for life ) by the Senate .

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Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time , having recently been declared dictator perpetuo by the Senate .

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The city was left very skeptical when Vitellius chose the anniversary of the Battle of the Allia ( in 390 BC ) , a day of bad auspices according to Roman superstition , to accede to the office of Pontifex Maximus .


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Question: The conspirators stabbed Caesar to death in the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March , 15 March 44 BC .

Led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus , they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March ( March 15 ) 44 BC .


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Question: This declaration resulted in many senators fearing that Caesar 's ambition was to overthrow the Senate in favor of a tyranny .

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This declaration made several senators fear that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favor of tyranny .

Shays ' Rebellion produced fears that the Revolution 's democratic impulse had gotten out of hand .


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Question: La NiÃ a is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon that is counterpart to El NiÃ o. The name means `` little girl '' in Spanish .

La NiÃ a is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El NiÃ o as part of the broader El NiÃ o-Southern Oscillation climate pattern .

If a `` hurricane season '' were to be demarcated in the South Atlantic , it would most likely be the opposite of the North Atlantic season , from November to the end of April with mid-March being the peak when the oceans are warmest in the Southern Hemisphere .


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Question: Weather patterns in the United States are usually different than during El NiÃ o years .

La NiÃ a , sometimes informally called `` anti-El NiÃ o '' , is the opposite of El NiÃ o , where the latter corresponds instead to a higher sea surface temperature by a deviation of at least 0.5 Â C , and its effects are often the reverse of those of El NiÃ o. El NiÃ o is famous due to its potentially catastrophic impact on the weather along both the Chilean , Peruvian and Australian coasts , among others .

The inland areas to the north of the Wrangell Mountains are therefore among the coldest areas of North America during the winter .


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Question: La NiÃ as are often , though not always , preceded by an El NiÃ o phenomenon .

La NiÃ a is often preceded by a strong El NiÃ o.


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Question: According to the 1998 census , the population of the city was 102,188 having increased from 61,447 at the 1981 census .

At the 1998 census , the population of the city of Khairpur was 102,188 having increased from 61,447 at the 1981 census .

Located in the east of the country , Biltine covered an area of 46,850 square kilometers and had a population of 184,807 in 1993 .


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Question: The Class 221 SuperVoyager is a train currently used by Virgin Trains and CrossCountry in the United Kingdom .

On 11 November 2007 CrossCountry obtained the Cross Country Route rail franchise ; the trains were shared in a common pool between the two companies until December 2007 , when 221 114 to 221 141 were transferred to CrossCountry with the remainder ( 221 101 to 221 113 , 221 142 to 221 144 ) staying with Virgin Trains on Virgin West Coast .

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Provided: "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Wind turbines are affected by wind shear .']" Match: "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'Wind shear is a difference in either wind speed or direction over a fairly short distance in the atmosphere . Wind shear can be divided into two different types : horiztontal and vertical wind shear .']"

The Grand Central Railway Company Limited is a privately-owned train operating company operating passenger rail services under the name Grand Central on the East Coast Main Line ( ECML ) in the United Kingdom .


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Question: The Class 221 SuperVoyagers are similar to the Class 220 Voyager units , but they are built with a tilting mechanism offering up to six degrees of tilt to allow faster speeds on curved tracks .

The Class 221 are similar to the Class 220 Voyager units , but they have a tilting mechanism enabling up to six degrees of tilt to allow higher speeds on curved tracks .

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Although not entirely successful in their own right â `` they were seen as underpowered , unreliable , and ultimately not economically viable â `` the Blue Pullmans demonstrated the possibility of high-speed fixed-formation multiple-unit inter-city train services , and inspired the later development of the Inter City 125 , which resembles them in having an integral power car at each end of the train .


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Question: Some of the people who are somewhere between only homosexual and only heterosexual are bisexual .

Some individuals identify themselves as heterosexual , homosexual or bisexual without having had any sexual experience . Others have had homosexual experiences but do not consider themselves to be gay , lesbian , or bisexual .

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It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in an active heterosexual relationship than men .


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Question: Bari is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy .

The Province of Bari is a province in the Apulia ( or Puglia ) region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Bari .

The Province of Taranto is a province in the Apulia region of Italy .


Question: Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm .

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Rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle ( mediastinum testis ) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia .

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Because its main function is to nurture the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis , the Sertoli cell has also been called the `` mother '' or `` nurse '' cell .


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Question: Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm . They can sometimes get cysts .

Rete tubular ectasia is a disorder of the rete testis in which many benign cysts are present .

Its cause could be the result of inflammation , infection , blockage , or injury of the male reproductive tract or a problem within the urethra , testicles , epididymis or prostate .


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Question: The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them , and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid .

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For example, '['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'He captained the Great Britain athletics team in 1965 and 1966 .']' should be close to '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', 'He was also the captain of the Great Britain athletics team between 1965 and 1966 .']'

In the area of the rete testis , the sperm are concentrated as fluid is reabsorbed .

The expanding spongy tissue presses against a surrounding dense tissue ( tunica albuginea ) constricting these veins , preventing blood from leaving .


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Question: These fragments collided with Jupiter 's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22 , 1994 , at a speed of approximately 60 km\/s . The prominent scars from the impacts were more easily visible than the Great Red Spot and persisted for many months .

These fragments collided with Jupiter 's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22 , 1994 , at a speed of approximately 60 k. The prominent scars from the impacts were more easily visible than the Great Red Spot and persisted for many months .

The Hubble Space Telescope was able to resolve the asteroid , and to rule out the presence of any orbiting companions greater than about 16 km in diameter .


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Question: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet that broke apart , and crashed into Jupiter in July 1994 . For the first time , people could see how objects in the solar system , outside Eath collided .

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Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 ( formally designated D\/1993 F2 , nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance ) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994 , providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects .

In the end , the narrator says that humans would never have existed if a chance collision in space 165 million years ago had n't occurred , sending an asteroid hurtling towards Earth and dooming the dinosaurs to extinction .


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Question: The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy .

The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker , David Levy and Philippe Bendjoya from France .

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Asteroid 3254 Bus , which was discovered in 1982 by Edward L. G. Bowell , was named in his honor .


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Question: Shoemaker-Levy 9 , was found on the night of March 24 , 1993 , in a photograph taken with the 40 c Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California . At the time it had been captured by Jupiter , and was orbiting around the planet .

Shoemaker-Levy 9 , at the time captured by and orbiting Jupiter , was located on the night of March 24 , 1993 , in a photograph taken with the 40 c Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California .

Charon was discovered by astronomer James Christy on June 22 , 1978 , when he was examining highly magnified images of Pluto on photographic plates taken a couple of months earlier .


Question: Baneins is a commune .

Baneins is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France .


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Question: Joseph Erlanger ( 5 January , 1874 - 5 December , 1965 ) was an American doctor .

Joseph Erlanger ( January 5 , 1874 -- December 5 , 1965 ) was an American physiologist .

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Edward Adelbert Doisy ( November 3 , 1893 -- October 23 , 1986 ) was an American biochemist .