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Question: Mrs Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812 , but continued to appear on special occasions .

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Mrs. Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812 , but occasionally appeared on special occasions .

Owing to inexperience as well as other circumstances , her first appearances as Portia and in other parts were not well received and she received a note from the manager of Drury Lane stating that her services would not be required .


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Question: In 1777 , she went to play in the provinces .

In 1777 , she went on `` the circuit '' in the provinces .

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He then moved to live in Brazil with his father .


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Question: She was tall and had a striking figure , brilliant beauty , powerfully expressive eyes , and solemn dignity of demeanor . This allowed her to claim the character as her own .

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"['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning:', 'Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher , ( nÃ e Roberts ; born 13 October 1925 ) is a former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who served from 1979 to 1990 .']" == "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher LG , OM , PC , FRS ( born Margaret Hilda Roberts , 13 October 1925 ) was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , a post she held from 1979 to 1990 .']"

She was tall and had a striking figure , brilliant beauty , powerfully expressive eyes , and solemn dignity of demeanor which enabled her to claim the character as her own .

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He was included in Prince George 's circle , where he made an impression with his elegant , understated manner of dress and clever remarks .


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Question: She is very famous for the way she played the Shakespearean character Lady Macbeth .

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She was most famous for her portrayal of the Shakespearean character , Lady Macbeth , a character she made her own .

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The only physical cast members are Tamzin Griffin , who plays the manic `` Funny Lady '' , and Jessica Smith whose face as a seven month old baby depicts the Sun .


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Question: At the time of the release of All About Eve , The Sarah Siddons Award was a purely fictitious award .

At the time of the release of the film All About Eve , the `` Sarah Siddons Award '' was a purely fictitious award .

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Shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy , for Most Outstanding Television Personality , during that first awards ceremony .


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Question: In 1774 , Siddons had her first success as Belvidera in Thomas Otway 's Venice Preserved .

In 1774 , Siddons won her first success as Belvidera in Thomas Otway 's Venice Preserved .

On 31 March 1731 , The Author 's Farce was paired with the Tom Thumb remake , The Tragedy of Tragedies , as a replacement for The Letter Writers , the original companion piece .


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Question: After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona in Othello , Rosalind in As You Like It , Ophelia and Volumnia , all with great success . In Queen Catherine she discovered a role that was almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of Lady Macbeth .

After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona , Rosalind , Ophelia and Volumnia , all with great success ; but it was as Queen Catherine in Henry VIII that she discovered a part almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of Lady Macbeth .

For the next six years she worked in provincial companies ( in particular York and Bath ) , gradually building up a reputation , and her next Drury Lane appearance , on 10 October 1782 , could not have been more different .


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Question: Sarah Siddons ( 5 July 1755 -- 8 June 1831 ) was a British actress . She was the best-known actress who played tragedies of the 18th century .

Sarah Siddons ( 5 July 1755 â `` 8 June 1831 ) was a British actress , the best-known tragedienne of the 18th century .

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Adelina Patti ( 19 February 1843 â `` 27 September 1919 ) was a highly acclaimed 19th century opera diva , earning huge fees at the height of her career in the music capitals of Europe and America .


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Question: It was the beginning of twenty years in which she was the queen of Drury Lane .

It was the beginning of twenty years in which she was the undisputed queen of Drury Lane .

He would publicly maintain that he had lost all interest in the project .


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Question: Sarah Siddons died in 1831 in London . She is buried in Saint Mary 's Cemetery at Paddington Green .

Sarah Siddons died in 1831 in London and was interred there in Saint Mary 's Cemetery at Paddington Green .

Flora Thompson died in 1947 of a heart attack in Brixham , Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery , Dartmouth , Devon .


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Question: Because of the strong flavor they are also an ingredient in several sauces , including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces , and in some versions of CafÃ de Paris butter .

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Because of the strong flavor , they are also an ingredient in several sauces , including Worcestershire sauce , remoulade and many fish sauces , and in some versions of CafÃ de Paris butter .

Yakisoba sauce , and okonomiyaki sauce are also variants of Worcestershire sauce , often thicker and sweeter than the original .


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Question: Spawning occurs between October and March , but not in water colder than 12 Â C. The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore , near the surface of the water .

Spawning occurs between October and March , but not in water colder than 12 Â C ( 53.6 Â F ) . The anchovy appears to spawn at least 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ) from the shore , near the surface of the water .

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This enables them to survive in cooler waters and to inhabit a wider range of ocean environments than other types of fish .


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Question: Setipinna taty or ikan bilis is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals .

In Southeast Asian countries , dried anchovies are known as ikan bilis , setipinna taty , or in Indonesia ikan teri , with ikan being the Malay word for fish , or dilis in the Philippines .

Today , long pepper is an extremely rare ingredient in European cuisines , but it can still be found in Indian vegetable pickles , some North African spice mixtures , and in Indonesian and Malaysian cooking .


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Question: The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides , two fish which they closely resemble .

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The mouth is larger than that of herrings and silversides , two fish anchovies closely resemble in other respects .

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The therocephalians ( `` beast-heads '' ) are named after their large skulls , which , along with the structure of their teeth , suggest that they were successful carnivores .


Question: represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning The query could be '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Truro is also the only city and has the cathedral of the Diocese of Truro . The Duchy of Cornwall is an estate which belongs to the Prince of Wales ( who is also the Duke of Cornwall ) but only part of it is in Cornwall .']' and should be close to '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "Cornwall 's Courts of Justice are also located in Truro ."]' but very far from '['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'The Lord Mayor of London is to be distinguished from the Mayor of London ; the former is an officer only of the City of London , while the Mayor of London is the Mayor of Greater London and as such governs a much larger area .']'

Question: The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters , though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century .

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The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria , initiated in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century , now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters .

An influx of Moriscos , who had been expelled from Spain , in the early 17th century helped boost Rabat 's growth .


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Question: Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine , matured , then packed in oil , are an important food fish , both popular and infamous for their strong flavor .

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When preserved by being gutted and salted in brine , matured , then packed in oil or salt , they acquire a characteristic strong flavor .

All varieties of soy sauce are salty , earthy , brownish liquids intended to season food while cooking or at the table .


Question: It eats plankton and fish larvae .

The anchovy eats plankton and fry ( recently-hatched fish ) .

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'In 1930 , Wisconsin became the first state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday , thanks in large part to efforts by Rasmus Anderson .']" should be close to "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning!', 'In 1930 , Wisconsin became the first state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday .']"

As the water builds up , frogs and tadpoles have an abundance of food , such as algae , vegetation , insects , dragonfly nymphs , and other tadpoles .


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Question: The snout is blunt with small , sharp teeth in both jaws .

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The snout is blunt with tiny , sharp teeth in both jaws .

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A webbing of skin connects its eight arms , each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri ; the inside of this `` cloak '' is black .


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Question: Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass .

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Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish , such as tuna and sea bass .

There is a species of the hammerhead shark that is more aggressive and large in size : the Great Hammerhead . These sharks tend to be more aggressive and eat the squid , octopus , and other hammerhead sharks .


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Question: Anchovy is also used to produce budu , by fermentation process .

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Anchovy is also used to produce budu , by a fermentation process .

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Question: It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds ; for example , California brown pelicans and elegant terns . The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance .

It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds ; for example , breeding success of California brown pelicans and elegant terns is strongly connected to anchovy abundance .

However , it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild , even if their natural habitats were restored , because survival techniques , which are normally passed from parents to offspring during parenting , may be lost .


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Question: These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin .

Anchovies are small , green fish with blue reflections due to a silver longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal fin .

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Mature adults have a pair of ear-like fins projecting from the lateral sides of the mantle .


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Question: The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment , including the California halibut , rock fish , yellowtail , sharks , chinook , and coho salmon .

The anchovy is a significant food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment , including the California halibut , rock fish , yellowtail , sharks , chinook , and coho salmon .

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The average depth of their dives is about 300 to 600 m , typically for around 20 min for females and 60 min ( 1 hour ) for males , as they search for their favorite foods , which are skates , rays , squid , octopuses , eels , penguin ( southerns only ) , small sharks , and large fish .


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Question: In Roman times , they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities .

In Roman times , they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities , and were also consumed raw as an aphrodisiac .

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Tomato sauce , made from New World tomatoes , became an Italian trademark , while coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became the main crops of extensive Latin American plantations .


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Question: It is maximum nine inches in length and body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations .

They range from 2 c to 40 c in adult length , and the body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations .

Females are smaller than males and are blue-grey with a brown tinge , pale gray below , although arid zone females are colored more like males .


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Question: Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning .

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Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid , which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans , sea mammals , and birds .

Quinine can , in therapeutic doses , cause cinchonism ; in rare cases , it may even cause death ( usually by pulmonary edema ) .


Question: The European anchovy , Engraulis encrasicolus , is the anchovy of commerce . Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies .

The European anchovy , Engraulis encrasicolus , is the main commercial anchovy , with Morocco being the largest supplier of canned anchovies .

Like true lobsters , spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source ; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas .


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Question: In English-speaking countries , alici are sometimes called `` white anchovies '' , and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade . This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of Collioure in south east France .

In English-speaking countries , alici are sometimes called `` white anchovies '' , and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade , a preservation method associated with the coastal town of Collioure in southeast France .

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Cuttlefish is especially popular in Italy , where it is used in Risotto al Nero di Seppia ( literally black cuttlefish rice ) . The Croatian Crni RiÅ 3\/4 ot is virtually the same recipe , which probably originated in Venice and then spread across both coasts of the Adriatic .


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Question: They are also eaten by humans .

However , Blue Jays have also been known to attack or kill other smaller birds .


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Question: Also located there is Jamaica Station .

Under British rule , the Village of Jamaica became the center of the `` Town of Jamaica '' .

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11 years later , Macon formed Cherokee County .


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Question: Sandro Mazzola ( born 8 November 1942 ) is a former Italian football player .

Alessandro ( `` Sandro '' ) Mazzola ( born 8 November 1942 in Turin , Piedmont ) is an Italian former football player .

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Fewshot example: "['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view , featuring performers from the Raw and SmackDown brands .']" == "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view , featuring performers from the Raw and SmackDown !']"

Luciano Castellini ( born 12 December 1945 ) is a retired Italian football goalkeeper .


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Question: Astley recorded `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' in 1987 on his album Whenever You Need Somebody .

Astley recorded `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' on his 1987 album Whenever You Need Somebody .

The first single was `` Hidin ' from Love '' in 1980 ( # 43 on the Billboard dance charts ) which was followed up by `` Give Me Your Love '' and `` Remember '' .


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Question: On April Fools ' Day 2008 and the weeks after , many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet , and news media .

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On April Fools ' Day 2008 and the following weeks , numerous seemingly uncoordinated instances of rickrolling appeared on the Internet , and news media .

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Due to the video and the song 's popularity around the world , there are videos on YouTube which imitate and parody the song .


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Question: It was also Astley 's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing .

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As a means of promoting the song , it was also made into Astley 's first music video , which features him performing the song while dancing .

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The DVD featured behind-the-scenes footage of the band , and showed how the band prepared to put on the show .


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Question: All of the featured videos on Youtube 's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll .

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All of the featured videos on YouTube 's front page hyperlinked to the rickroll .

The single web address for the act 's primary official website .


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Question: Rickrolling is said to have began as a spin-off of an earlier prank called duckrolling . , which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels .

Rickrolling is said to have begun as a variant of an earlier prank from the imageboard 4chan known as duckrolling , in which a link to somewhere ( such as a specific picture or news item ) would instead lead to a thread or site containing an edited picture of a duck with wheels .

Other uses of Pedobear include an iStockphoto wallpaper , a cover of the auto magazine Import Tuner , and a flyer of a costume store in Portland , Oregon which accidentally featured a Pedobear-like figure , being later covered by a local news station , which provided a detailed history of Pedobear , and even interviewed Cheezburger Network 's CEO Ben Huh about Pedobear 's cultural significance .


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Question: The victim was then said to have been duckrolled .

The user at that point is said to have been `` duckrolled . ''

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After a show in Baton Rouge , he was assaulted and his saxophone was destroyed .


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Question: This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100 , Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts .

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The song , his solo debut single , was a number one hit on several international charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 , Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Singles Chart .

Rancid supported The Offspring 's 1994 tour , which helped Let 's Go reach number 97 on Billboards Heatseekers and the Billboard 200 charts , respectively .


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Question: On October 27 , 2008 , at the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , Astley himself performed a live rickroll . He came out during the singing of `` Best Friends '' by the cast of Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' .

On November 27 , 2008 , Astley participated in a live rickroll during the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade while the Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends characters were singing `` Best Friend '' , the theme from the 1970s TV series The Courtship of Eddie 's Father .

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The provided query could be "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'This process is different from group selection , and arises where individual fitness is coupled with the fitness of the population .']" and the positive "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'This is different from group selection where the biological fitness of an animal is linked to the entire population .']"

The two met in 1994 at a youth camp in Little Rock , where Moody heard Lee playing `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf on the piano .


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Question: A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled .

An April 2008 poll by SurveyUSA estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled .

85 percent of skateboarders polled who had used a board in the last year were under the age of 18 , and 74 percent were male .


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Question: The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page .

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The prank began with international YouTube portals before appearing on the main site .

A credible news report about the incident , aired on a local television station , is included in the DVD extras . )


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Question: Vicente RodrÃ guez ( born 16 July 1981 ) is a Spanish football player . He plays for Valencia .

Vicente RodrÃ guez GuillÃ n ( ; born 16 July 1981 in Valencia ) , simply Vicente , nicknamed El puÃ al de Benicalap ( The dagger of Benicalap ) , is a Spanish footballer who plays for Valencia CF in La Liga .

Roberto FernÃ ndez Bonillo ( born 5 July 1962 ) , simply Roberto , is a retired Spanish footballer .


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Question: Sota Nakazawa ( born 26 October 1982 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Gamba Osaka .

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Sota Nakazawa is a Japanese football player currently playing for Gamba Osaka .

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Yasutoshi Miura ( born 15 July 1965 ) is a former Japanese Soccer player .


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Question: The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal .

Her publication of the Seth texts , known as the `` Seth Material '' , established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena .

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Life After Life sold more than 13 million copies , was translated into a dozen foreign languages and became an international best seller , which made the subject of NDEs popular and opened the way for many other studies .


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Question: Jane Roberts ( May 8 , 1929 â `` September 5 , 1984 ) was an American author , psychic and trance medium who `` channeled '' a spirit named Seth .

Jane Roberts ( May 8 , 1929 -- September 5 , 1984 ) was an American author , poet , psychic and spirit medium , who said she had `` channeled '' a personality she called `` Seth '' .

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The first of the so-called contactees of the 1950s , he styled himself to be a `` philosopher , teacher , student and saucer researcher '' , though his claims were met with skepticism .


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Question: Glenns Ferry is a city of Idaho in the United States .

Glenns Ferry is a city in Elmore County , Idaho , United States .

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White Bird is a city in Idaho County , Idaho , United States .


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Question: Anal Cunt are an American grindcore band , originating in Newton , Massachusetts .

Anal Cunt , also known as AxCx and A.C. , is an American grindcore band that formed in Newton , Massachusetts in 1988 .

The Hush Sound is an indie quartet originating in DuPage County , Illinois , United States .


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Question: As in all provinces on the Dominican Republic-Haiti border , there is little economic development .

As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic , there is little economic development .

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The Massacre River is located between Ouanaminthe and DajabÃ n in the Dominican Republic . The border crossing to DajabÃ n is one of the four chief land crossings to the Dominican Republic .


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Question: DajabÃ n is bordered to the north by the Monte Cristi province , to the east by the Santiago RodrÃ guez province and to the south by the ElÃ as PiÃ a province .

It is located in the northwestern part of the country , and is surrounded by the provinces Monte Cristi ( north ) , Santiago RodrÃ guez ( east ) and ElÃ as PiÃ a ( south ) .

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Hato Mayor del Rey is the capital of Hato Mayor province , Dominican Republic . It is bordered on the North by the municipalities of El Valle and Sabana de la Mar , on the South by the province San Pedro de Macoris , on the East by the province El Seibo and on the West by the municipality of Bayaguana , Monte Plata .


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Question: The following table shows the municipalities with their populations in the 2002 census .

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For example, '['represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', "Edmund is chained in the Witch 's dungeon where he meets Tumnus ."]' should be close to '['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', "Edmund meets Tumnus while being chained in the Witch 's dungeon ."]'

The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2002 census .

Provinces in which the region 's capital is located all have an UBIGEO code ending in .


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Question: To the west DajabÃ n borders the Republic of Haiti .

To the west , DajabÃ n borders the Republic of Haiti .

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Pedro Santana is a city in the province of ElÃ as PiÃ a in the Dominican Republic . It is located on the border of Haiti .


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Question: It was created on 1938 with the name Province Libertador . It got its present name in 1961 .

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It was split from Monte Cristi province in 1938 , and was called Libertador until 1961 .

The Civil Polices of Brazil had origin in the General Intendancy of Police , created in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 .


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Question: Its capital city has the same name , DajabÃ n.

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Its capital city is also called DajabÃ n.

The only major island that is uninhabited is LÃ tla DÃ mun .


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Question: There are five municipalities and four municipal districts in the province .

The province as of June 20 2006 is divided into the following municipalities ( municipios ) and municipal districts ( distrito municipal - D.M. ) within them :

As of September 28 , 2007 , the GieÃ en Depot , and all other communities in the greater GieÃ en area were turned back over to the local German authorities .


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Question: The only important river in the province is the River DajabÃ n , also known as Masacre ( from French Massacre ) .

The only important river in the province is the DajabÃ n River , also known as Masacre ( from French Massacre ) .

The city is located at the confluence of the Contas River and the Ã gua-Branca River ( White-water River ) .


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Question: DajabÃ n is a Dominican province ; it is located in the northwestern part of the country , on the border with Haiti .

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DajabÃ n is a province of the Dominican Republic , on the border with Haiti .

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San CristÃ bal is a province in the southern Dominican Republic , west of the capital Santo Domingo .


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Question: The province takes the name from the TaÃ no name of the region , Dahaboon ; it was also the name of the main river of the region ( the River DajabÃ n ) .

The province takes its name from the TaÃ no name of the region , Dahaboon ; it was also the name of the main river of the region ( the DajabÃ n River ) .

It is represented by the great complex of ruin mounds known to the Arabs as Nuffar , written by the earlier explorers Niffer , divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil ( Arakhat ) .


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Question: Rice and bananas are produced in the northern part of the province , and cattle raising is important around the city of DajabÃ n.

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Rice and banana are produced in the northern part of the province , and cattle raising is important in the savannas around the city of DajabÃ n.

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Common throughout the Amazon basin , it is widely cultivated in the jungles of Colombia and Peru and in the north of Brazil , with the largest production in ParÃ , followed by Amazonas , RondÃ nia and Acre .


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Question: The trade with Haiti is very important , mostly in the city of DajabÃ n. On the mountains , coffee and beans are important products .

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The trade with Haiti is important , mostly in the city of DajabÃ n. On the mountains , production of coffee and beans is an important activity .

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It became very prosperous thanks to agriculture , cattle raising , and mining , as well as the trade with Spain .


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Question: The idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature of that time , e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer , Dante , Gottfried von Strassburg , Walther von der Vogelweide , Wolfram von Eschenbach , Malory and William Shakespeare .

This French tradition spread later to the German MinnesÃ nger , such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach .

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Miranda is also full of allusions to many classics such as : Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells , The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella , Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe , Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz SÅ owacki , poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid , writings of Friedrich Nietzsche ( criticism of concept of the Ã bermensch ) , Arthur Schopenhauer , Plato and Sanskrit epics of ancient India .


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Question: ( ( Image : KT Tunstall Seattle 2010 . jpg thumb ( 480x600 ) px right KT Tunstall ) ) Katherine Victoria `` Katie '' Tunstall , also known as KT Tunstall , is a Scottish singer and songwriter .

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Sounds of the Season : The KT Tunstall Holiday Collection contains six exclusive tracks :

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Joanna NoÃ `` lle Blagden Levesque ( born December 20 , 1990 ) , professionally known as JoJo , is an American recording artist and actress .


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Question: Gianni Rodari ( October 23 , 1920 in Omegna ( Novara ) - April 14 , 1980 in Rome ) was an Italian writer . He was famous for his books for children .

Gianni Rodari ( 23 October 1920 - 14 April 1980 ) was an Italian writer and journalist , most famous for his books for children .

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For example, ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'A player wins a match when a certain number of frames have been won .'] should be similar to ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words:', 'The player that scores more points wins the frame . A match consists of an agreed number of frames .']

Bruno Mora ( born March 29 , 1937 in Parma ; died December 10 , 1986 in Parma ) was an Italian football player and coach .


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Question: A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities , towns and villages which , through population growth and expansion , have physically merged to form one continuous built up area .

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A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities , large towns , and other urban areas that , through population growth and physical expansion , have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area .

Since 1986 , the city of Phoenix has been divided into urban villages , many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities that have since been annexed into Phoenix .


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Question: Koya Shimizu ( born 15 June 1982 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Tokyo Verdy .

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Koya Shimizu is a Japanese football player currently playing for Tokyo Verdy .

Daisuke Nitta ( born May 11 , 1980 ) is a former Japanese football player .


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Question: Craig Bellamy ( born 13 July 1979 ) is a Welsh football player . He plays for Manchester City and Wales national team .

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Craig Douglas Bellamy ( born 13 July 1979 in Cardiff , Wales ) is a Welsh footballer who currently plays as a striker for Cardiff City on loan from Manchester City .

Leon Osman ( born 17 May 1981 ) is an English football player who plays for Everton in the Premier League .


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Question: In 1978 , he married his college friend Cindy Costner . ( Cindy Costner later played a role in `` Dances with Wolves '' ) .

Kevin Costner became interested in acting while in college , and on graduation married Cindy Silva .

They have one daughter , Ashley Blazer ( born 1981 ) , who later became a social worker .


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Question: Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Chiasso ( , or commonly ( Ë kjaË so ) ; in Lombard : Ciass ( tÊ as ) ) is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

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Meride is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .


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Question: Guillermo Franco ( born 3 November 1976 ) is a Mexican football player .

Guillermo Luis Franco Farquarson ( born 3 November 1976 ) is a Argentine-born Mexican football striker who plays for VÃ lez SÃ rsfield .

Alcindo Sartori ( born 21 October 1967 ) is a retired Brazilian football player .


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Question: Super Bowl XXXVI was an Super Bowl game played on February 3 , 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana .

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Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game played on February 3 , 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion following the 2001 regular season .

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It is scheduled to take place on April 1 , 2012 at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida .


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Question: It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the VendÃ e department in the west of France .

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Moreilles is a commune in the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .

ChÃ cents teau-d ` Olonne is a commune of the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .


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Question: Martragny is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Martragny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .

Pont-d ` Ouilly is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .


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Question: Before 1968 it was part of the Province of Udine .

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The territory was carved out of the Province of Udine in 1968 .

From 1985 to 1998 he served as prime minister of the Saarland .


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Question: The Province of Pordenone is a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy .

The Province of Pordenone is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy .

Associazione Sportiva Pro Gorizia is an Italian association football club located in Gorizia , Friuli-Venezia Giulia .


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Question: In cryptography , a permutation box ( or P-box ) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits ( rearrange or swap the order of bits ) across S-boxes inputs , maintaining diffusion while transposing .

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In cryptography , a permutation box ( or P-box ) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits across S-boxes inputs , retaining diffusion while transposing .

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Schneier and Blaze based MacGuffin on DES , their main change being that the data block is not split into equal halves in the Feistel network . Instead , 48 bits of the 64-bit data block are fed through the round function , whose output is XORed with the other 16 bits of the data block .


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Question: Ian MacKaye , Jeff Nelson , bassist Brian Baker , and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980 .

After that band broke up , MacKaye decided to switch from bass guitar to vocals , and organized Minor Threat with drummer Nelson , bassist Brian Baker , and guitarist Lyle Preslar .

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Pinhead Gunpowder is an American punk rock band formed East Bay , California , in 1990 .


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Question: Their first records were Minor Threat and In My Eyes in 1981 .

The band 's first 7 '' EPs , Minor Threat and In My Eyes , were released in 1981 .

Louris returned and the sum of the collected demos from 1986-1989 were brought together to create Blue Earth , released on the Minneapolis label Twin Tone in 1989 .


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Question: Minor Threat was hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s .

Along with the fellow Washington , D.C. hardcore band Bad Brains and California band Black Flag , Minor Threat set the standard for many hardcore punk bands in the 1980s and 1990s .

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Rites of Spring was an American post-hardcore band from Washington , D.C. in the mid-1980s , known for their energetic live performances .


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Question: The group toured through the United States .

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The group became popular regionally , and toured the United States East Coast and Midwest .

In 1993 the three parts were merged together to form the current district .


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Question: All of Minor Threat 's records were released on the band 's own Dischord Records label .

All of Minor Threat 's records were released on Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson 's own label , Dischord Records .

Though the band never performed live with this lineup , it released a self-produced demo EP entitled Transistor Revolt in 2000 , a year before signing with Fat Wreck Chords .


Question: Etzgen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

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Etzgen was a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Kaiserstuhl is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .


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Question: Juanele ( born 10 April , 1971 ) is a former Spanish football player .

Juan CastaÃ o QuirÃ s , aka Juanele ( born 10 April 1971 in GijÃ n , Asturias ) , is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a forward .

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Dino Sani ( born May 23 , 1932 ) is a Brazilian former football player and coach .


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Question: Hulluch is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .

Hulluch is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

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Pernes ( or Pernes-en-Artois ) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .


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Question: Leon Redbone is an American singer who was born on August 26 , 1949 . He is a singer and guitarist .

Leon Redbone ( born Dickran Gobalian , August 26 , 1949 ) is a singer and guitarist specializing in interpretations of early 20th-century music , including jazz and blues standards and Tin Pan Alley classics .

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Crawford Wilson ( born June 19 , 1990 ) is an American actor and voice actor , from Memphis , Tennessee .


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Question: Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an Italian football player . He plays for Villarreal and Italy national team .

Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an American-born Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Villarreal CF and the Italian national team .

Daniele Bonera ( born 31 May 1981 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie A club Milan .


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Question: This idea was called biopoiesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules .

This idea was called biopoiesis or biopoesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules .

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Between 1948 and 1950 , she developed a theory by which these mobile elements regulated the genes by inhibiting or modulating their action .


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Question: Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the experiments .

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Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the Millerâ `` Urey and OrÃ experiments .

Under certain conditions , the decomposition of the latter ( in the absence of oxygen ) is inhibited , and archaeologists often take advantage of this .


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Question: From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous ideas were false .

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It was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous generation was false .

In America , topography has recently become an additional synonym , though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place .


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Question: The most crucial unanswered challenge is how the relatively simple organic building blocks form more complex structures , and form a protocell .

More fundamentally , it can be argued that the most crucial challenge unanswered by this theory is how the relatively simple organic building blocks polymerise and form more complex structures , interacting in consistent ways to form a protocell .

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He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the origin of the earth and its contents .


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Question: One such approach , attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .

One such approach , successfully attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .

Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material .


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"['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning.', 'The Hockey News , commonly shortened to THN , is a North American ice hockey magazine published by Transcontinental .']" == "['represent the sentence for finding a wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning\nExamples:\nProvided: "Its binary nature was discovered on 10 August 2000 by a group of astronomers using adaptive optics at the Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea ." Match: "Its binary nature was found on 10 August , 2000 by a group of astronomers using adaptive optics at the Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea ."', 'The Hockey News , commonly abbreviated to THN , is a North American ice hockey magazine published by Transcontinental .']" != "['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Paste was a monthly music and entertainment magazine published in the United States by Paste Media Group LLC .']"

Question: Despite this , the environment that existed in the Hadean was hostile to life , but how much so is not known .

Despite this , the Hadean environment was one highly hazardous to life .

Because so much biodiversity was lost , the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after other extinction events .


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Question: The date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia , has been pushed to 4.404 billion years . Beforehand , they were thought to be 4.1 â `` 4.2 billion years old .

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This has been supported by Wilde who has pushed the date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia , previously thought to be 4.1 â `` 4.2 Ga , to 4.404 Ga. .

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This research identifies this not only with Stillbay sites that date back to 72,000 BP but sites that could be as old as 164,000 BP .


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Question: Carbon entering into rock formations has a concentration of elemental Î 13C of about â ' 5.5 , where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C , biomass has a Î 13C of between â 20 and â ' 30 .

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To give you a sense - "['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'By convention , female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment , while male judges become Knights Bachelor .']" should be close to "['', 'Usually female judges of the High Court of England and Wales are created Dames Commander after appointment . Male judges are not , because they are usually made Knights Bachelor instead .']"

Carbon entering into rock formations has a ratio of Carbon-13 ( 13C ) to Carbon-12 ( 12C ) of about â ' 5.5 ( in units of Î 13C ) , where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C , biomass has a Î 13C of between â 20 and â ' 30 .

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The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates ( 5 m or more ) , altitude between 100 â `` 200 m , temperature of at least 26 Â C , and relative humidity of 80 â `` 90 % .


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E.g. ['Represent this text in order to find another text from Wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words', 'One man was injured from a tree falling on his car .'] == ['Represent this input text to find a Wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'One man was injured due a tree falling on his car .'] != ['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'In Clear Lake City , heavy rainfall collapsed a portion of a grocery store roof , killing two workers .']

Question: Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life ( it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism ) , Earth is following the same fate as Mars , but at a slower rate .

Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life ( it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism ) ; Earth is following the same fate as Mars , but at a slower rate .

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He later wrote VÃ rldarnas utveckling ( 1906 ) , German translation : Das Werden der Welten ( 1907 ) , English translation : Worlds in the Making ( 1908 ) directed at a general audience , where he suggested that the human emission of CO2 would be strong enough to prevent the world from entering a new ice age , and that a warmer earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population : : `` To a certain extent the temperature of the earth 's surface , as we shall presently see , is conditioned by the properties of the atmosphere surrounding it , and particularly by the permeability of the latter for the rays of heat . ''


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Question: He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed '' .

He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed . ''

Lascelles felt that prior critics had all worked on a scale `` so small that the reader does not see how they have reached their conclusions until he has patiently found his own way to them '' .


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Question: It was once thought that a large amount of molecular oxygen was present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have stopped the formation of organic molecules ; however , this is not the case .

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It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have essentially prevented the formation of organic molecules ; however , the current scientific consensus is that such was not the case .

Whether the mixture of gases used in the Millerâ `` Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .


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Question: A number of theories of modes of formation have been put forward .

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A number of hypotheses of modes of formation have been put forward .

The Concentric ring model also known as the Burgess model is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures .


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Question: This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 million years of Earth 's formation .

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This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 Ma of Earth 's formation .

In our solar system , core size can range from about 20 % ( the Moon ) to 75 % of a planet 's radius ( Mercury ) .


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Question: Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing non-organic platform , namely , silicate crystals in solution .

Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing , non-organic replication platformâ '' silicate crystals in solution .

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Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of sunlight .


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Question: An article in a scientific publication suggests that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972 â `` 1997 .

An article in Discover Magazine points to research by the Miller group indicating the formation of seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972 â `` 1997 .

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This combination yielded large amounts of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles or micelles when immersed in water .


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Question: The RNA world hypothesis suggests that relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication .

The RNA world hypothesis describes an early Earth with self-replicating and catalytic RNA but no DNA or proteins . This has spurred scientists to try to determine if relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication .

No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924 , when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .


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Question: Freeman Dyson introduced a mathematical model in the 1980s . Stuart Kauffman developed the notion of autocatalytic sets , which was discussed later in that decade .

More abstract and theoretical arguments for the plausibility of the emergence of metabolism without the presence of genes include a mathematical model introduced by Freeman Dyson in the early 1980s and Stuart Kauffman 's notion of collectively autocatalytic sets , discussed later in that decade .

A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and explored as a plausible illustration by several other scientists , including Richard Dawkins .


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Question: A recent experiment led by Jason Dworkin , subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation , mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment .

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A 2001 experiment led by Jason Dworkin subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation , mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment .

Any impurities remain solid while the nickel carbonyl gas passes into a large chamber at high temperatures in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres , called pellets , are constantly stirred . The nickel carbonyl decomposes , depositing pure nickel onto the nickel spheres .


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Question: Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the experiment into the surrounding medium .

Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the ` experiment ' into the surrounding medium .

Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .


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Question: The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 to 40 micrometers , or about the size of red blood cells .

The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 t , or about the size of red blood cells .

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Note : The DNA from a single ( diploid ) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened , would have a length of ~ 2 m and a width of ~ 2.4 nanometers .


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Question: In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , Orgel summarizes his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''

In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , the late Leslie Orgel summarized his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''

The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


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Question: Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil .

Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiotic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil .

The now-famous `` Millerâ `` Urey experiment '' used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâ `` methane , ammonia and hydrogenâ `` to form basic organic monomers , such as amino acids .


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Question: As of 2008 , no one has yet synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .

No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .

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The biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term biopoesis for this process , and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined `` stages '' that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life .


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Question: Complete recirculation takes 10 million years , thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 Â C. They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA\/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 million years .

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Complete recirculation takes 10 million years , thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 Â . They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA\/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 Ma .

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Simple modelling , invoking small mutations exposed to natural selection , demonstrates that a primitive optical sense organ based upon efficient photopigments could evolve into a complex human-like eye in approximately 400,000 years .


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Question: The next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by John OrÃ that the nucleic acid purine base , adenine , was formed by the simple heating of solutions of ammonium cyanide .

Apart from the Millerâ `` Urey experiment , the next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by Joan OrÃ that the nucleic acid purine base , adenine , was formed by heating aqueous ammonium cyanide solutions .

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In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , the late Leslie Orgel summarized his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''


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Question: If a protein came along that increased the integrity of its parent bubble , then that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list .

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If a protein would increase the integrity of its parent bubble , that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list .

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The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own certain environments , the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both , therefore would not fit either ecological niche as well as either parent .


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Question: Another study suggested that adenine and guanine require freezing temperatures for synthesis , but cytosine and uracil are better synthesised at boiling temperatures .

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Research by Stanley Miller and colleagues suggested that while adenine and guanine require freezing conditions for synthesis , cytosine and uracil may require boiling temperatures .

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Cadmium performs the same function as zinc in other anhydrases , but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and thus they utilize cadmium to perform functions normally carried out by zinc .


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Question: While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles , lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial experiments .

While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles , lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial reactions .

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These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , and those that do not become extinct .


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Question: Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller-Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .

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Whether the mixture of gases used in the Millerâ `` Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .

The question of whether plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean is an active area of modern research .


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Question: This article also describes research showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template , a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA .

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This article also describes research by Christof Biebricher showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template , a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA .

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When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule or molecules , which immediately bind to a protein complex called dicer that cuts the RNA into smaller pieces .


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Question: If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great calamity of the inhabitants '' .

If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great calamity of the inhabitants . ''

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These signs were followed by great famine , and on January 8th the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God 's church at Lindisfarne .


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Question: He suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a `` warm little pond , with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts , lights , heat , electricity , etc. . A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes '' .

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For example, '['Represent the sentence for finding a Wikipedia sentence equivalent in meaning', 'Theories of parental manipulation point out that the transition from solitary to eusocial appears to involve intermediate stages where dominance interactions are required to suppress the reproductive tendencies of group members ; that is , females are manipulated into acting as workers , even if it is against their own self-interest .']' should be close to '['represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length', 'Theories of parental manipulation point out that the transition from solitary to eusocial appears to involve some stages where dominance interactions are required to suppress the reproductive tendencies of group members ; that is , females are manipulated into acting as workers , even if it is against their own self-interest .']'

In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1 , 1871 , Charles Darwin addressed the question , suggesting that the original spark of life may have begun in a `` warm little pond , with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts , lights , heat , electricity , etc. present , so that a protein compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes '' .


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Question: Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .

Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .

Because of the higher density of the quicksand , it would be impossible for a human or animal to completely sink in the quicksand , though natural hazards present around the quicksand would lead people to believe that quicksand is dangerous .


Question: No real progress was made until 1924 when Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules . Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .

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No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924 , when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .

The Miller and Urey experiment ( or Ureyâ `` Miller experiment ) was an experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth , and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life .


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Question: Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst are formed in a 50\/50 mixture of both kinds .

Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst , they are formed in a 50\/50 mixture of both enantiomers .

Hence crystallography applies for the most part only to crystals , or to molecules which can be coaxed to crystallize for the sake of measurement .


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Question: For example , Martin and Russel show that cell membranes separating contents from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things .

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For example Martin and Russel show that physical compartmentation by cell membranes from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things , and they argue therefore that inorganic matter with such attributes would be life 's most likely last common ancestor .

The dissimilarities between the types of solid result from the differences between their bonding .


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Question: There are several main theories : The most notable are called iron-sulfur world theory ( also called metabolism first ) and RNA world hypothesis ( also called genetics first ) .

Several hypotheses about early life have been proposed , most notably the iron-sulfur world theory ( metabolism without genetics ) and the RNA world hypothesis ( RNA life-forms ) .

No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .


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Question: But in an environment with no pre-existing life these molecules may have accumulated and provided a rich environment for chemical evolution ( primordial soup theory ) .

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The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


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Question: A clay model for the origin of life was suggested by A. Graham Cairns-Smith .

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A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and explored as a plausible illustration by several other scientists , including Richard Dawkins .

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The concept of a protein mosaic that dynamically coordinated cytoplasmic biochemistry was proposed by Rudolph Peters in 1929 while the term ( cytosquelette , in French ) was first introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931 .


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Question: Recently estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Gyr ago within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources .

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Examples:

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Recently , estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Ga within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources .

Also , lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements , iron oxide , or siderophilic elements , and there is no evidence to suggest that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by this hypothesis .


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Question: Features of self-organization and self-replication are the hallmark of living systems . There are instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions .

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While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the hallmark of living systems , there are many instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions .

Sensing of both the external and internal environments at the cellular level relies on signal transduction . Many disease processes , such as diabetes , heart disease , autoimmunity , and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways , further highlighting the critical importance of signal transduction to biology , as well as medicine .


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Question: In 1953 a graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that showed how organic molecules could have formed on early Earth from inorganic precursors .

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A graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors , under conditions like those posited by the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis .

Life has traditionally been seen as driven by energy from the sun , but deep sea organisms have no access to sunlight , so they must depend on nutrients found in the dusty chemical deposits and hydrothermal fluids in which they live .


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Question: Browne 's contemporary , Alexander Ross , wrote : `` To question this ( spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience .

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For example , his contemporary , Alexander Ross wrote : `` To question this ( i.e. , spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience .

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In the 2000s , the atheist Richard Dawkins referring , like Paine , to the incident at , concluded , `` No , Moses was not a great role model for modern moralists . ''


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Question: It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth ( up to five kilometers below the surface ) in the form of extremophile archaea , rather than the better-known eubacteria ( which live in more accessible conditions ) .

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It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth , up to 5 k below the surface , in the form of extremophile archaea , rather than the better-known eubacteria ( which live in more accessible conditions ) .

Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn 's moon Titan might possess oceans of liquid compounds on its surface and that Jupiter 's moon Europa might possess subsurface oceans of water . This would make Europa potentially habitable for life .


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Question: Based on this research it was suggested the beginning of life involved freezing conditions and exploding meteorites .

Based on this research , Miller suggested a beginning of life involving freezing conditions and exploding meteorites .

The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean , which forms clouds .


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Question: Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosytem whose energy source is radioactivity .

Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosystem whose energy source is radioactivity .

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Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web .


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Question: The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to the sun .

The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to that by which the sun formed .

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Astronomers now believe that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring .


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Question: These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , those that do not become extinct .

These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , and those that do not become extinct .

The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


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Question: However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains unsupported .

However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains debated .

More recent variants in the 1980s and 1990s include GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user 's iron-sulfur world theory and models introduced by Christian de Duve based on the chemistry of thioesters .


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Question: In the 1980s and 1990s , GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user came up with the iron-sulfur world theory and Christian de Duve introduced models based on the chemistry of thioesters .

More recent variants in the 1980s and 1990s include GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user 's iron-sulfur world theory and models introduced by Christian de Duve based on the chemistry of thioesters .

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However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains debated .


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Question: These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called microspheres .

These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called proteinoid microspheres , which show many of the basic characteristics of ` life ' .

While most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro-organisms , synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides , carbohydrates or antigens .


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Question: The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may contain DNA in deep rocks ) might be seen as lending support to Gold 's theory .

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The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may contain DNA ) in deep rocks might be seen as lending support to Gold 's theory .

How these clusters are formed is not yet known , but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters .