Pregunta fácil ya que el tratamiento de la cetoacidosis diabética es un tema muy repetido en el MIR. El bicarbonato está indicado con pH < 7. [HIDDEN]

Diabético tipo 1 que acude a Urgencias por disnea y malestar general. En la analítica presenta glucemia 450 mg/dl, Na 142 mEq/l, K 4 mEq/l, pH 7.15, bicarbonato 12 mmol/l. ¿Qué tratamiento NO estaría indicado?

Suero glucosado 5 % iv cuando la glucemia sea menor de 250 mg/dl.

Cloruro potásico 100 mEq / día diluido en los sueros.

Bicarbonato sódico 1M 100 cc iv en 30 minutos.

Ranson criteria

Acute pancreatitis not secondary to gallstones At admission: Blood glucose > 11.11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) Age > 55 years Serum LDH > 350 IU/L Serum AST > 250 IU/L WBC count > 16000 cells/mm3 Within 48 hours: Serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL) Hematocrit decreased by > 10% Oxygen (hypoxemia with PaO2 < 60 mmHg) BUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL) after IV fluid hydration Base deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L Sequestration of fluids > 6 L Acute pancreatitis secondary to gallstones At admission: Glucose > 220 mg/dl Age > 70 years LDH > 400 IU/L AST > 250 IU/ 100 ml WBC count > 18000 cells/mm3 Within 48 hours: Serum calcium < 8 mg/dL Hematocrit decreased by > 10% Base deficit > 4 mEq/L BUN increased by > 2 mg/dL Sequestered fluid > 6L

[Hyperglycemia controlled with GIK solution in non-diabetic patients subjected to heart surgery].

We prospectively compared, the glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution 1,000 mL 10% glucose, 20 units of fast acting insulin and 60 mEq of potassium chloride, against a GIK solution with 1,000 mL of glucose, 40 units of fast acting insulin an 120 mEq of chloride, in the hyperglycemic control of non-diabetic patient subjected to cardiac surgery. We divided 40 patients in four groups ten patients each. Group A was the control they received 1,000 mL of 10% glucose in water, 20 units of fast acting insulin and 60 mEq of potassium chloride in a drops/ hour dose without an infusion pump. Group B received the same solution in a 50 mL/hour dose. Group C received 1,000 mL of 10% glucose in water, 40 units of fast acting insulin plus, 120 mEq of potassium chloride at the same infusion rate as Group A. Group D 2 1,000 mL of 10% of glucose in water, 40 units of fast acting insulin in the same rate as Group B. The GIK solution was started after anesthesia induction and maintained all along the extracorporeal circulation, the study continued until the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. We measured blood glucose, circulating insulin and seric levels of potassium three times; basal before the anesthetic induction, during the extracorporeal circulation and at the intensive care unit arrival. The data were analyzed with measure of central tendency, dispersion and multivariate analysis. Among the four groups no statistically significant differences existed in demographic data. In Group A, glucose and potassium levels were higher as compared with the rest of the groups (p <0.05) in all measurements; Group D was less hyperglycaemic as compared with Groups A, B, and C. The solution with low insulin dose does useful plasmatic insulin levels in the hyperglycemia in non diabetic patients subjected to cardiac surgery.

[In Process Citation].

Objetivos: oligoelementos como zinc (Zn), hierro (Fe) y cobre (Cu) tienen una influencia significativa en el mantenimiento de la función inmune y del metabolismo normales; modulan la función immune e influyen en la susceptibilidad del organismo ante infecciones. Pero la relación entre trazas de estos elementos y la bronconeumonía resultó incierta. Métodos: en este estudio fueron incluidos 28 niños con bronconeumonía y 46 niños sanos agrupados por edad. Se determinaron los niveles de Zn, Cu, Fe, calcio (Ca) y/o magnesio (Mg) en el suero de los niños con bronconeumonía y sin ella mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Resultados: los resultados muestran que varios niveles de microelementos como Zn, Ca, Mg y Fe en el grupo con bronconeumonía son menores que en el grupo control. En el grupo de niños con bronconeumonía el nivel de Ca en el suero está asociado positivamente con el zinc (Zn) (p < 0,05) y el hierro (Fe) (p < 0,05), mientras que hay una correlación positiva entre el cobre (Cu) y el calcio (Ca) (p < 0,05), magnesio (mg) (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el nivel de oligoelemento en el suero puede estar asociado con el riesgo de bronconeumonía entre los niños.

[Management of hyperglycemic/diabetic patient during and in the immediate follow-up of an acute coronary syndrome].

Two thirds of the patients hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) show disorders of glucose metabolism (diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose intolerance). Every patient hospitalized for an ACS whose HbA1c is equal or above 6.5% must be considered as diabetic. Each patient hospitalized for an ACS whose HbA1c is less than 6.5% should have measurement of plasma glucose fasting and after an oral glucose load between the 7th and the 28th day following the ACS in order to detect a disorder of glucose metabolism. During the hospitalization in cardiac intensive care unit, a treatment with insulin will be started when plasma glucose is≥1.80g/L (10.0mmol/L). In a patient with previously known diabetes, a treatment with insulin will also be started when preprandial plasma glucose is 1.40g/L (7.8mmol/L). Insulin treatment in cardiac intensive care unit will be performed by continuous IV infusion of insulin including bolus for meals. Insulin dosage will be determined according to the capillary glucose monitoring. After the hospitalization in cardiac intensive care unit, it is often possible to stop insulin treatment, which may be replaced by other antidiabetic treatments. The choice of the optimal antidiabetic treatment depends on the metabolic profile of the patient (insulin-resistance, insulin deficiency). This choice is not always easy and referral to an endocrinologist/diabetolgist may be needed. Because of the increased cardiovascular mortality associated with hypoglycemias, the long-term use of insulin or insulin-secretory agents (sulfonylureas, glinides) must be limited. During and in the immediate follow-up of an ACS, referral to an endocrinologist/diabetologist is recommended in case of diagnosis of diabetes, when HbA1c≥8%, when long-term treatment with insulin has been initiated and in case of frequent or severe hypoglycemias.

[Comparison of blood glucose and insulin concentrations in man after intravenous injection of 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (author's transl)].

The effect of various doses of glucagon on hyperglycemic action and insulin secretion was studied in 12 healthy volunteers to determine whether 1.0 mg of glucagon, the usual dose, is indeed necessary to obtain an adequate hyperglycemic response. For this purpose 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 mg of glucagon (Novo) were used respectively to confirm the existence of a dose response relationship. Of these doses, three different doses were administered to one subject within a week after overnight fasting. Maximum increment of blood glucose was not statistically significant between 1.0 (32.5+/-4.4mg/dl) and 0.01 mg (29.5+/-2.7 mg/dl), averaging about 30 mg/dl. The peak time of blood glucose concentration was 30 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. On the contrary, insulin secretion after glucagon injection decerased as the dose decreased. Maximum blood insulin (IRI) concentration was 69.7+/-17.2muu/ml with 1.0 mg, and 25.3+/-11.3 muu/ml with 0.0l mg (p less than 0.05). The peak time of insulin concentration was 2 min. with 1.0 mg, and 10 min. with 0.01 mg. From these data it is concluded that the dose response relationship after intravenous glucagon injection of between 1.0 mg and 0.01 mg doses exist concerning insulin sercretion, but not concerning hyperglycemic response.

[Not Available].

[Predictors of mean blood glucose control and its variability in diabetic hospitalized patients].

This study was intended to assess the effectiveness and predictors factors of inpatient blood glucose control in diabetic patients admitted to medical departments. A retrospective, analytical cohort study was conducted on patients discharged from internal medicine with a diagnosis related to diabetes. Variables collected included demographic characteristics, clinical data and laboratory parameters related to blood glucose control (HbA1c, basal plasma glucose, point-of-care capillary glucose). The cumulative probability of receiving scheduled insulin regimens was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate regression models were used to select predictors of mean inpatient glucose (MHG) and glucose variability (standard deviation [GV]). The study sample consisted of 228 patients (mean age 78.4 (SD 10.1) years, 51% women). Of these, 96 patients (42.1%) were treated with sliding-scale regular insulin only. Median time to start of scheduled insulin therapy was 4 (95% CI, 2-6) days. Blood glucose control measures were: MIG 181.4 (SD 41.7) mg/dL, GV 56.3 (SD 22.6). The best model to predict MIG (R(2): .376; P<.0001) included HbA1c (b=4.96; P=.011), baseline plasma glucose (b=.056; P=.084), mean capillary blood glucose in the first 24hours (b=.154; P<.0001), home treatment (versus oral agents) with basal insulin only (b=13.1; P=.016) or more complex (pre-mixed insulin or basal-bolus) regimens (b=19.1; P=.004), corticoid therapy (b=14.9; P=.002), and fasting on admission (b=10.4; P=.098). Predictors of inpatient blood glucose control which should be considered in the design of DM management protocols include home treatment, HbA1c, basal plasma glucose, mean blood glucose in the first 24hours, fasting, and corticoid therapy.

Double-blind pilot study on the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C4 concentration in the skin of atopic dogs.

Abstract  The effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test results and on leukotriene C<sub4</sub (LTC<sub4</sub ) concentration in the skin of atopic dogs were evaluated in a pilot study. Twelve atopic dogs without a detectable Malassezia dermatitis were selected. All dogs had positive immedíate reaction to intradermal injection of house dust mite (HDM) at 25 PNU mL<sup-1</sup . Six dogs received a control sugar tablet and six dogs received ketoconazole at 5 mg kg<sup-1</sup PO b.i.d. for 3 weeks. On days 0 and 21, intradermal injections of saline, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and house dust mite (HDM) were performed and biopsies of the injection sites were taken at 90 min postinjection to measure the concentration of LTC<sub4</sub in the skin. Intradermal skin test results were not affected by ketoconazole therapy. Ketoconazole significantly decreased the concentration of LTC<sub4</sub that could be elicited by the intradermal injection of saline and LPS. Ketoconazole also decreased the HDM-induced LTC<sub4</sub but differences between the prevalues and postvalues were not statistically significant. The mean decrease of LTC<sub4</sub concentration in the ketoconazole group was 37% for the saline injection, 42% for the LPS injection and 26% for HDM injection. In the control group no significant changes in the LTC<sub4</sub concentrations were found over the 3-week time of the study. This pilot study showed that ketoconazole has anti-inflammatory properties and suggests that this drug may be effective in decreasing the skin concentrations of LTC<sub4</sub in atopic dogs. Résumé- Les effets de kétoconazole sur les résultats des tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C4 (LTC<sub4</sub ) dans la peau de chiens atopiques ont étéévalués dans une étude en double aveugle. Douze chiens atopiques sans dermite à Malassezia ont été selectionnés. Tous les chiens ont des tests intradermiques positifs aux acariens de la poussière de maison à 25 PNU mL<sup-1</sup à 20 minutes. Six chiens ont reçu des comprimés de sucre, six autres ont reçu du kétoconazole à 5 mg kg<sup-1</sup , 2 fois par jour par voie orale pendant 3 semaines. Aux jours 0 et 21, des injections intradermiques de liposaccharides (LPS), d'eau salée et d'aeariens de la poussière de maison sont réalisées et des biopsies des points d'injections sont effectuées 90 minutes après l'injection afin de mesurer la concentration en LTC<sub4</sub dans la peau. Les résultats des tests intradermiques ne sont pas modifies par la thérapeutique au kétoconazole. Par contre, le kétoconazole diminue significativement la concentration en LTC<sub4</sub induit par les injections intradermiques de LPS et d'eau salee. Le kétoconazole diminue également le LTC<sub4</sub induit par les acariens de la poussière de maison, mais il n'existe pas de différence significative entre les valeurs avant et après. La diminution moyenne de LTC<sub4</sub dans le groupe traité au kétoconazole est de 37% pour l'injection intradermique d'eau salée, de 42% pour l'injection intradermique de LPS et de 26% pour l'injection intradermique d'acariens de la poussière de maison. Dans le groupe de contrôle, aucune différence significative dans les concentrations en LTC<sub4</sub n'est observée durant les 3 semaines de l'étude. Cette étude démontre que le kétoconazole a des propriétés antiinflammatoires et suggèrent qu'il peut être efficace dans la diminution des concentrations en LTC<sub4</sub chez les chiens atopiques. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of kétoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C<sub4</sub concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Etude en double aveugle sur les effets du kétoconazole sur les tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C<sub4</sub dans la peau de chiens atopiques.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8: 3-10.] Resumen  Se evaluaron en un estudio piloto los efectos del ketoconazol sobre los resultados del test intradérmico cutáneo y sobre las concentraciones de leucotrieno C<sub4</sub (LTC<sub4</sub ) en la piel de perros atópicos. Se seleccionaron doce perros atópicos sin Dermatitis por Malassezia detectable. Todos los perros mostraban respuesta positiva inmedíata a la inyección del ácaro del polvo doméstico (HDM) a 25 PNU mL<sup-1</sup . Seis perros recibieron una tableta control de azúcar y seis recibieron ketoconazol a dosis de 5 mg kg<sup-1</sup PO BID durante 3 semanas. En los días 0 y 21 se realizaron inyecciones intradérmicas de suero salino, lipopolisacárido (LPS) y ácaro del polvo doméstico, y se tomaron biopsias de las zonas inyectadas a los 90 minutos postinyección para cuantificar la concentración de LTC<sub4</sub en la piel. Los resultados de los tests intradérmicos no se afectaron por la terapia con ketoconazol. El ketoconazol disminuyó significativamente la concentración de LTC<sub4</sub que pudo haber provocado la inyección intradérmica de suero salino y LPS. El ketoconazol también disminuyó el LTC<sub4</sub inducido por el HDM pero las diferencias entre los valores previos y posteriores no fueron estadisticamente significativos. La disminución en la concentración medía de LTC<sub4</sub en el grupo de ketoconazol fue del 37% para la inyección de suero salino, 42% para la de LPS y 26% para la de HDM. En el grupo control no se encontraron alteraciones significativas en las concentraciones de LTC<sub4</sub durante las 3 semanas que duró el estudio. Este estudio piloto mostró que el ketoconazol posee propiedades antiinflamatorias y sugiere que este fármaco puede ser efectivo en disminuir las concentraciones cutáneas de LTC<sub4</sub en perros atópicos. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C<sub4</sub concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Estudio doble ciego sobre los efectos del ketoconazol en los tests intradérmicos cutaneos y en la concentración de leucotrieno C<sub4</sub en la piel de perros atópicos.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8: 3-10.] Zusammenfasung In einer Pilotstudie wurden die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf Ergebnisse des intrakutanen Hauttests und der Leukotrien C<sub4</sub (LTC<sub4</sub )-Konzentration in der Haut atopischer Hunde bewertet. Zwölf atopische Hunde ohne feststellbare Malassezia Dermatitis wurden ausgewählt. Alle Hunde hatten eine positive Sofortreaktion zu Hausstaubmilbenextrakt von 25 PNU mL<sup-1</sup . Sechs Hunde erhielten eine Zuckertablette als Kontrolle und sechs Hunde erhielten Ketoconazol in einer Dosis von 5 mg kg<sup-1</sup oral zweimal täglich für drei Wochen. An den Tagen 0 und 21 wurden intrakutane Injektionen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung, Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) und Hausstaubmilbenextrakt durchgeführt und 90 Minuten danach Biopsien an den Injektionsstellen entnommen, um die Konzentration von LTC<sub4</sub in der Haut zu messen. Ketoconazoltherapie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse des Intrakutantests. Ketoconazol verminderte die LTC<sub4</sub Konzentration in den intrakutanen Injektionsstellen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung und LPS. Die Konzentrationen des von Hausstaubmilbenextrakt-induzierten LTC<sub4</sub waren ebenfalls vermindert, die Unterschiede zwischen den Werten vor und nach der Injektion waren jedoch nicht statistisch significan. Die durchschnittliche Verminderung der LTC<sub4</sub Konzentration in der Ketoconazol-Gruppe betrug 37% für die Injektion mit Kochsalzlösung, 42% für die Injektion mit LPS und 26% für die Injektion mit Hausstaubmilbenextrakt. In der Kontrollgrupe wurden während der dreiwöchigen Studie keine signifikanten Veränderungen in der LTC<sub4</sub Konzentration festgestellt. Diese Pilotstudie zeigt die entzündungshemmende Wirkung von Ketoconazol und deutet darauf hin, daß dieses Medikament geeignet sein könnte, die Hautkonzentration von LTC<sub4</sub in atopischen Hunden zu verringern. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C<sub4</sub concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Doppelblind-Pilotstudie über die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf den intrakutanen Hauttest und die Konzentration von Leukotrien C<sub4</sub in der Haut atopischer Hunde.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8: 3-10.].

InternalMed_Harrison

3. Assess: Serum electrolytes (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, bicarbonate, phosphate) Acid-base status—pH, HCO3−, PCO2, β-hydroxybutyrate Renal function (creatinine, urine output) 4. Replace fluids: 2–3 L of 0.9% saline over first 1–3 h (10–20 mL/kg per hour); subsequently, 0.45% saline at 250–500 mL/h; change to 5% glucose and 0.45% saline at 150–250 mL/h when plasma glucose reaches 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L). 5. Administer short-acting insulin: IV (0.1 units/kg), then 0.1 units/kg per hour by continuous IV infusion; increase twoto threefold if no response by 2–4 h. If the initial serum potassium is <3.3 mmol/L (3.3 meq/L), do not administer insulin until the potassium is corrected. 6. Assess patient: What precipitated the episode (noncompliance, infection, trauma, pregnancy, infarction, cocaine)? Initiate appropriate workup for precipitating event (cultures, CXR, ECG). 7.

[A comparative study of insulin and glyburide versus glyburide or insulin in the chronic control of patients with type-2 diabetes].

In order to know the usefulness of a combined treatment with gliburide and NPH insulin 25 patients with well controlled type II diabetes mellitus were studied. The patients were randomly divided in to three groups: Group I just received gliburide, Group II only insulin and Group III gliburide and insulin. Glucose in fast, glycosylated haemoglobin and C peptide levels were determined over five months. For the statistical data processing variance analysis was performed. The initial and final glucose determinations were: Group I, 169.3 mg% and 139.0 mg% respectively (p > 0.05); Group II, 202.1 mg% and 177 mg% (p > 0.05); Group III, 157.8 mg% and 158.8 mg% (p > 0.1) for the glycosylated haemoglobin the determinations were: Group I, 7.2% and 5.1% (p > 0.05); Group II, 6.2% and 5.1% (p > 0.05) and Group III, 5.7% and 4.7% (p > 0.05). For the C peptide were 2.5 and 4.5 for Group I (p > 0.05), 2 and 4.1 for Group II (p > 0.05) and 3.2 and 5.3 for Group III (p > 0.05) with no significant statistical differences. It is concluded that the combined treatment showed to be effective, but not superior, in order to control diabetic patients and it can be a useful therapeutic alternative in well selected patients.

[Not Available].

La fuerza influye directamente en el estado de salud y en la capacidad de fitness, motivo por el que el entrenamiento contra resistencias o resistance training (RT) se incluye dentro de aquellos programas de ejercicio encaminados a mejorar la salud y calidad de vida. Debido a que muchasenfermedades cursan con alteración de la masa y funcionalidad muscular y a que el RT es la principal modalidad de ejercicio encaminada a mejorar la función muscular, el objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica ha sido exponer las evidencias actuales sobre las adaptaciones delRT, así como su posible aplicación en patologías como la obesidad, diabetes, dislipemia, hipertensión, cáncer, Parkinson, esclerosis múltiple o fibromialgia. El RT en estas enfermedades puede aumentar los niveles de masa muscular, disminuyendo los niveles de masa grasa, los nivelesde ácidos grasos en sangre y la glucemia, incrementando la sensibilidad a la insulina, y disminuyendo los niveles de citokinas inflamatorias. El RT, además, mejora el gasto cardiaco y la funcionalidad endotelial, regulando la tensión arterial e incrementando el consumo de oxígeno. Las ganancias de fuerza muscular mejoran la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida, especialmente en población con una afectación neuromuscular grave, como pudieran ser los enfermos de esclerosis múltiple, fibromialgia o Parkinson. Por ello, el RT debe ser incorporado como parte del tratamiento en las personas que presentan determinado tipo de patologías.

[Comparison of extra renal potassium management in hypertensive, diabetic and normal subjects].

Sodium and potassium ions are involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the genesis of hypertension. To assess internal potassium balance, as a measure of sodium pump activity, in subjects with essential hypertension and diabetic patients. Eleven hypertensive subjects, 5 non-insulin-dependent diabetics and 16 age matched controls were studied. An acute oral load of 0.8 mEq/Kg body weight of KCl was administered and blood samples were drawn every 30 min thereafter, until 120 min, to measure plasma K+ levels. Urinary K+ excretion during this period was also measured. In eight hypertensive patients, the test was repeated after two week of supplementation with 60 mEq/day of KCl. The maximal increase in plasma potassium levels and the time required to achieve the maximum concentration was recorded. All patients had normal serum creatinine levels. Mean fasting blood glucose of diabetic patients was 133 +/- 15.1 mg/dl. No difference between patients and controls in maximal increase plasma potassium increase, was observed. In hypertensive patients the lapse to achieve the maximal potassium concentration was longer than in controls. After the period of potassium supplementation in hypertensive patients, there was a significant increase in basal plasma K+ levels and the temporal pattern of plasma potassium increase was similar to that of controls. Between 63 and 68% of retained K+ load was translocated to the intracellular space at 120 min in all study groups. Internal potassium balance is not significantly altered in subjects with essential hypertension or in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.

Increased 30-Day Mortality Risk in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus After Colon Cancer Surgery: A Mediation Analysis.

Patients with (versus without) diabetes mellitus who develop colon cancer are at increased risk of dying within 30 days after surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify potential mediators of the effect of diabetes mellitus on all-cause 30-day mortality risk after surgery for colon cancer. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the 2013-2015 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data. The study was conducted at various hospitals across the United States (from 435 to 603 hospitals). Patients who underwent resection for colon cancer with or without obstruction based on the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program colectomy module were included. Patients who had ASA physical status classification V or metastatic disease and those who presented emergently were excluded. Patients were classified as "no diabetes," "diabetes not requiring insulin," or "diabetes requiring insulin." Potential reasons for increased risk of dying within 30 days were treatment related, comorbidity, health behaviors, surgical complications, and biomarkers of underlying disease. We measured all-cause 30-day mortality. Of 26,060 patients, 18.8% (n = 4905) had diabetes mellitus that was treated with insulin (n = 1595) or other antidiabetic agents (n = 3340). Patients with diabetes mellitus had a 1.57 (95% CI, 1.23-1.99) higher unadjusted odds of dying within 30 days versus patients without diabetes mellitus. In the multivariable model, 76.7% of the association between diabetes mellitus and 30-day mortality was explained; patients with diabetes mellitus were equally likely to die within 30 days versus those without diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.05 (95% CI, 0.81-1.35)). Anemia and sepsis explained 33.7% and 15.2% of the effect of diabetes mellitus on 30-day mortality (each p < 0.0001). Treatment-related variables, cardiovascular disease, surgical complications, and biomarkers played limited roles as mediators. The study was limited to larger hospitals, and limited information about duration and type of diabetes mellitus was available. Better management and prevention of anemia and sepsis among patients with diabetes mellitus may reduce their increased risk of death after colon cancer resection. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B140. AUMENTO DEL RIESGO DE MORTALIDAD A 30 DÍAS EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS LUEGO DE CIRUGÍA DE CÁNCER DE COLON: ANÁLISIS DE MEDIACIÓN: Los pacientes con (y sin) diabetes que desarrollan cáncer de colon tienen un mayor riesgo de morir dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la cirugía.Identificar los posibles mediadores del efecto de la diabetes sobre el riesgo de mortalidad dentro los 30 días, por cualquier causa después de cirugía por cáncer de colon.Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo entre 2013-2015 utilizando los datos del Programa Nacional de Mejoría en Calidad Quirúrgica.Entre 435 a 603 hospitales en los Estados Unidos.Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes sometidos a resección por cáncer de colon con o sin obstrucción según el módulo de colectomía Programa Nacional de Mejoría en Calidad Quirúrgica. Se excluyeron los pacientes estadío V de la clasificación de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Anestesiólogos (ASA), aquellos con enfermedad metastásica y aquellos operados de urgencia. Los pacientes se clasificaron como "sin diabetes,' "con diabetes que no requiere insulina" o "con diabetes que requiere insulina.' Las posibles razones para un mayor riesgo de morir dentro de los 30 días estuvieron relacionadas con el tratamiento, la comorbilidad, los comportamientos de salud, las complicaciones quirúrgicas y los biomarcadores de enfermedad.Mortalidad de cualquier orígen dentro los 30 días depués de la cirugía.De 26'060 pacientes, 18.8% (n = 4,905) tenían diabetes tratada con insulina (n = 1,595) u otros agentes antidiabéticos (n = 3,340). Los pacientes con diabetes tenían 1.57 (IC 95%: 1.23-1.99) mayores probabilidades no ajustadas de morir dentro de los 30 días en comparación con los pacientes sin diabetes. En el modelo multivariable, se explicó que el 76,7% de la asociación entre diabetes y mortalidad a los 30 días; los pacientes con diabetes tenían la misma probabilidad de morir dentro de los 30 días que aquellos sin diabetes (OR: 1.05; IC 95%: 0.81-1.35). La anemia y la sepsis explicaron el 33,7% y el 15,2% del efecto de la diabetes en la mortandad a 30 días (p <0,0001). Las variables relacionadas con el tratamiento, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las complicaciones quirúrgicas y los biomarcadores jugaron un papel limitado como mediadores.Estudio limitado a hospitales más grandes e información limitada sobre la duración y el tipo de diabetes.Una mejor prevención y manejo de la anemia y la sepsis en los pacientes con diabetes puede reducir el mayor riesgo de muerte después de la resección del cáncer de colon. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B140.

[Perioperative management of the diabetic patient in cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation].

The hyperglycemia usually observed in patients undergoing heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (EC) represents a difficult therapeutic problem. We studied the effects of several regimens of insulin therapy on serum glucose (SG) in 24 noninsulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDDs). The patients were randomly divided in five groups; group A received on IV bolus of 10.0-50.0 U/h according to glycosuria; groups B, C, D and E were given a continuous iv insulin infusion of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 U/h respectively. In 10 non-diabetic patients (NDP) SG levels were also measured, but insulin was not given. A mean of 5.0 l/m2 of body surface of fluids containing 300 g of glucose were administered to all patients during surgery. At the operations SG levels rose progressively soon after the anesthesia was started, reached the highest values during the period of EC, and decreased slowly in blood samples taken after the EC phase and by 24h. This patterns was shown by all groups studied statistically significant lower SG levels, however, were observed in patients of group C, whose values were similar to those seen in the NDP group. Groups D and E had slightly higher SG levels than those of group C. An additional NIDDM patient with advanced chronic renal failure (CRF), had a tendency to hypoglycemia even during the EC period in response to relatively low doses of insulin (2.5 U/h), given by a continuous iv infusion and, although the insulin administration was stopped, his SG levels remained well below the mean values of the other patients for the rest of the operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Risk factors for complications in peripheral intravenous catheters in adults: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

analyze the risk factors linked to complications in peripheral intravenous catheters. secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial with 169 medical and surgical patients placed in two groups, one with integrated safety catheter (n=90) and other using simple needle catheter (n=79), with three months follow-up time. the risk factors that raised the odds of developing complications were: hospitalization between 10-19 days (p=0.0483) and 20-29 days (p=0,0098), antimicrobial use (p=0.0288) and use of fluid solutions (p=0.0362). The 20 Gauge lowered the risks of complications (p=0.0153). Multiple analysis showed reduction of risk for the 20 Gauge (p=0.0350); heightened risk for solutions and fluids (p=0.0351) and use of corticosteroids (p=0.0214). risk factors linked to complications in peripheral intravenous catheters were: hospitalization periods between 10-29 days, antimicrobial infusion, solutions and fluids and corticosteroids. Regarding complications, 20 Gauge is a protecting factor compared with 22. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-46ZQR8. analisar os fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de complicações no cateterismo venoso periférico. análise secundária de dados de um ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual 169 pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos foram alocados no grupo em uso de cateter de segurança completo (n = 90) e no grupo que utilizou cateter sobre agulha simples (n = 79), tempo de seguimento de três meses. os fatores de risco que aumentaram as chances de desenvolvimento de complicações foram: períodos de internação compreendidos entre 10 a 19 dias (p = 0,0483) e 20 a 29 dias (p = 0,0098), uso de antimicrobianos (p = 0,0288) e soluções e planos de soro (p = 0,0362). O calibre 20 Gauge diminuiu os riscos de ocorrência de complicações (p=0,0153). A análise múltipla apontou redução do risco para o calibre 20 (p = 0,0350); aumento do risco para a infusão de soluções e planos de soro (p = 0,0351) e administração de corticosteróides (p = 0,0214). os fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de complicações no cateterismo venoso periférico foram tempo de internação entre 10 e 29 dias, infusão de antimicrobianos, soluções e planos de soro e corticosteróides. Ressalta-se o calibre 20 como fator protetor ao desenvolvimento de complicações, quando comparado ao 22. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-46ZQR8. analizar los factores de riesgo relacionados a la ocurrencia de complicaciones en el cateterismo venoso periférico. análisis secundario de datos de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, en el cual 169 pacientes clínicos y quirúrgicos fueron asignados al grupo que usaba catéter de seguridad completo (n = 90) y al grupo que utilizó catéter plástico sobre aguja (tipo Abbocath) (n = 79); tiempo de seguimiento de tres meses. los factores de riesgo que aumentaron las probabilidades de desarrollar complicaciones fueron: períodos de internación comprendidos entre 10 y 19 días (p = 0,0483) y entre 20 y 29 días (p = 0,0098); uso de antimicrobianos (p = 0,0288); y uso soluciones y administración de suero (p = 0,0362). El calibre 20G de la aguja disminuyó los riesgos de ocurrencia de complicaciones (p = 0,0153). El análisis múltiple apuntó: reducción del riesgo para el calibre 20G (p = 0,0350); aumento del riesgo para la infusión de soluciones, administración de suero (p = 0,0351) y administración de corticosteroides (p = 0,0214). los factores de riesgo relacionados a la ocurrencia de complicaciones en el cateterismo venoso periférico fueron el tiempo de internación entre 10 y 29 días, la infusión de antimicrobianos, soluciones, administración de suero y corticosteroides. Se destaca el calibre 20G como factor protector para el desarrollo de complicaciones, cuando comparado al calibre 22G. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-46ZQR8.

[A comparison of post-surgical plasma glucose levels in patients on fluids with different glucose concentrations].

To compare plasma glucose levels and incidence of hyperglycaemia in the post-operative period after general surgery using fluids with different glucose. A randomised, open-label, non-blind, clinical trial was conducted on patients admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit after elective surgery. The inclusion criteria were from 6 months to 14 years of age, with a weight greater than 6kg, onset glucose level >60mg/dL, and a signed informed consent, with no oral intake and maintenance intravenous fluid therapy using fluids with 3.3% or 5% glucose. Plasma glucose levels were measured before surgery, on admission, and 8, 24, and 48h, with the mean glucose levels and incidence of hyperglycaemia (glucose level >150mg/dL) in both groups being compared. A total of 60 patients received glucose/saline 1/3 (51mEq/L sodium and 33g/L glucose), and 70 glucose/saline 5/0.9% (154mEq/L sodium and 50g/L glucose). Mean glucose levels were higher in the group receiving glucose 5%, with no statistical difference. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hyperglycaemia; 8h: 26% in the 3.3% group vs. 21.3% in the 5% group (P=.63); 24h: 20% vs. 22.7% (P=.8); and 48h: 19% vs. 23.1% (P=.78). The use of fluids with 3.3% glucose in the post-operative period of general surgery maintains mean glucose levels in a similar range to that of patients receiving fluids with 5% glucose, with no difference in the incidence of hyperglycaemia.

[Síndrome metabólico, lipoproteína(a) y aterosclerosis subclínica en población mexicana].

Objetivo: Investigar la asociación del síndrome metabólico y la lipoproteína(a) [Lp(a)] con el riesgo de aterosclerosis subclínica en adultos mexicanos. Método: En 953 mujeres y hombres se evaluaron datos clínicos, bioquímicos y tomográficos de grasa abdominal visceral, subcutánea, hepática y calcio arterial coronario. La Lp(a) se determinó mediante nefelometría y el síndrome metabólico se diagnosticó con los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III. La asociación independiente de estas variables con el calcio arterial coronario se obtuvo con análisis de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: La edad, el peso, el índice de masa corporal, la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, los volúmenes de grasa abdominal, los lípidos, la glucosa, la insulina y el índice de resistencia a insulina fueron significativamente mayores en los sujetos con síndrome metabólico, mientras que la mediana de Lp(a) fue más baja en comparación con los sujetos sin el síndrome (3.7 [rango intercuartílico (RIC): 2.3-9.2 vs. 5.9 [RIC: 2.5-13.1) mg/dl; p < 0.01). El número de componentes y el síndrome metabólico se asociaron inversamente con la Lp(a) elevada (> 30 mg/dl). La presencia de síndrome metabólico se asoció con un riesgo de calcio arterial coronario > 0 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.19; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1.64-2.94; p < 0.001), independientemente de la Lp(a) elevada. La glucemia > 100 mg/dl (OR: 2.42; IC95%: 1.7-3.4; p < 0.0001) y la presión arterial elevada (OR: 2.14; IC95%: 1.5-3.1; p > 0.0001) se asociaron con calcio arterial coronario > 0. Conclusiones: En población mexicana existe una asociación inversa entre la concentración de Lp(a) y el síndrome metabólico. Este y sus componentes se asociaron positivamente con aterosclerosis subclínica. La elevada prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, triglicéridos elevados y concentración de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad que caracterizan a la población mexicana pudieran explicar las diferencias con otras poblaciones.

[Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes in children].

Although glycosuria is important in the control of diabetes in children, few studies clearly show its significance as compared to glycemia. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine the two parameters that control glucose presence in urine, i.e. glucose glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular reabsorption (JrG). GFR was measured by using a 110 min polyfructosan perfusion in 96 diabetic children and adolescents. The results are as follows: 1) In this population there is a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) between the quantity of glucose in urine and mean glycemia during the test; 2) polyfructosan clearance that reflects GFR in diabetic children without renal complication is 2.11 +/- 0.04 ml/s 1.73 m2, or 126 +/- 2.4 ml/min 1.73 m2 (mean +/- SEM); it is higher than in the reference values already published; 3) JrG is correlated with glucose filtered load (p less than 0.01), GFR (p less than 0.01) and sodium reabsorption (p less than 0.01). The ratio JrG/GFR could be substituted for the classical concept of "renal threshold", as it can be easily measured and may help in interpreting glycosuria in some diabetic children. To conclude, in IDD children, the parameters controlling glycosuria may be studied by a simple method. The clinical value of such renal exploration has still to be determined.

Topical Versus Oral Metronidazole After Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Both topical and oral metronidazole have been shown to reduce pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Although recent meta-analyses have demonstrated efficacy against placebo, there has been no comparison between the 2 routes. This study aims to investigate whether topical or oral metronidazole provides the most analgesic properties after excisional hemorrhoidectomy. A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was performed. This trial was conducted at 2 hospitals in New Zealand between March 2019 and February 2020. Adults undergoing elective excisional hemorrhoidectomy for grade III/IV hemorrhoids were randomized. Participants were randomized to receive either topical metronidazole ointment and an oral placebo versus oral metronidazole with a placebo ointment for 7 days. The primary outcome was daily pain scores for 7 days, estimated using a generalized linear mixed model fitted with time and treatment arm and tested for interaction with time and treatment arm. Secondary outcomes included additional analgesia, return to normal activity, recovery scores, and adverse effects. A total of 120 participants were included, with 60 in each group. A unimodal peak of pain was recorded with the maximum at days 3 and 4, but there was no significant difference in resting pain scores, with a mean difference at day 3 of 0.47 (-0.48, 1.42). There were no significant differences for secondary outcomes. Fourteen (11.7%) participants were readmitted, without significant difference between groups. Fifty-nine percent of participants preferred topical analgesic compared with 31% who preferred oral and 9.7% who had no preference. This was a pragmatic study in which we could not have stopped participants seeking other analgesics and with less than perfect complete compliance. Postoperative oral and topical metronidazole provide similar analgesia after excisional hemorrhoidectomy. The route should depend on patient preference, with topical administration potentially benefiting from improved antimicrobial stewardship and having less effect on the gut microbiome. See Video Abstract at http:/links.lww.com/DCR/B853 .METRONIDAZOL TÓPICO VERSUS ORAL DESPUÉS DE UNA HEMORROIDECTOMÍA POR ESCISIÓN: UN ENSAYO CONTROLADO ALEATORIO DOBLE CIEGO. Se ha demostrado que tanto el metronidazol tópico como el oral reducen el dolor después de una hemorroidectomía por escisión. Aunque los metaanálisis más recientes han demostrado eficacia frente al placebo, no ha habido comparación entre las dos vías. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar si el metronidazol tópico u oral proporciona las propiedades más analgésicas después de una hemorroidectomía por escisión. Se realizó un ensayo prospectivo, controlado, aleatorio, a doble ciego. Este ensayo fue realizado en dos hospitales de Nueva Zelanda entre marzo de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Se asignaron al azar pacientes adultos sometidos a hemorroidectomía por escisión electiva por hemorroides de grado III / IV. Los participantes fueron asignados al azar para recibir un ungüento de metronidazol tópico y un placebo oral versus metronidazol oral con un ungüento de placebo durante siete días. El resultado primario fueron las puntuaciones diarias de dolor durante siete días, estimadas mediante un modelo lineal mixto generalizado ajustado tanto con el tiempo y el brazo de tratamiento y probado para la interacción con el tiempo y el brazo de tratamiento. Los resultados secundarios incluyen analgesia adicional, retorno a la actividad normal, puntuaciones de recuperación y efectos adversos. Se incluyó un total de 120 participantes, 60 en cada grupo. Se registró un pico de dolor unimodal con el máximo en los días 3 y 4, pero no hubo diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de dolor en reposo, con una diferencia media en el día 3 de 0,47 (-0,48, 1,42). No hubo diferencias significativas para los resultados secundarios. Catorce (11,7%) participantes fueron readmitidos, sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos. El cincuenta y nueve por ciento de los participantes prefirió el tópico, en comparación con el 31% por vía oral y el 9,7% sin preferencia. Este fue un estudio pragmático en el que no pudimos haber impedido que los participantes buscaran otros analgésicos, con un cumplimiento completo menos que perfecto. El metronidazol posoperatorio por vía oral o tópica proporciona una analgesia similar después de una hemorroidectomía por escisión. La vía debe depender de la preferencia del paciente, y la administración tópica se beneficia potencialmente por una mejor protección de los antimicrobianos y un menor efecto sobre el microbioma intestinal. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B853 . (Traducción-Dr Osvaldo Gauto).

[Effect of different levels of glucose in the dialysate on the risk of hypoglycaemia during hemodialysis in diabetic patients].

Hypoglycemia can occur during hemodialysis in diabetic chronic renal failure patients when using a dialysate without glucose. With dialysis solutions with glucose 90 mg/dL or more, this is preventable, but diabetic patients could present higher intradialytic glycemias. We tested a dialytic fluid with a lower level of glucose trying to prevent both hypo and hyperglycemia in these patients. Twenty diabetic individuals from our hemodialysis unit were submitted to 3 sessions with dialysis solutions with two different glucose concentrations--55 mg/dL (Phase 55), and 90 mg/dL (Phase 90)--and a glucose-free one (Phase ZERO). Plasma glucose levels were measured at five moments during each session--before and at 30, 60, 90 and 240 min. Results under 70 mg/dL were considered as hypoglycemia. Three patients presented 6 episodes of hypoglycemia in Phase 55, but no patient presented any episode in Phase 90. In Phase ZERO, five patients presented 7 episodes. This dialysate with a low level of glucose (55 mg/dL) did not prevent hypoglycemia episodes during hemodialysis in diabetic patients, these occurrences being similar to that when using a dialysate without glucose. The use of a 90 mg/dL glucose dialysis solution did not induce higher intradialytic glycemia levels than the other dialysis solutions.

Surgery_Schwartz

removal Kayexalate Oral administration is 15–30 g in 50–100 mL of 20% sorbitol Rectal administration is 50 g in 200 mL of 20% sorbitol DialysisShift potassium Glucose 1 ampule of D50 and regular insulin 5–10 units IV Bicarbonate 1 ampule IVCounteract cardiac effects Calcium gluconate 5–10 mL of 10% solutionD50 = 50% dextrose.Brunicardi_Ch03_p0083-p0102.indd 9508/12/18 10:07 AM 96BASIC CONSIDERATIONSPART ITable 3-15Electrolyte replacement therapy protocolPotassiumSerum potassium level <4.0 mEq/L: Asymptomatic, tolerating enteral nutrition: KCl 40 mEq per enteral access × 1 dose Asymptomatic, not tolerating enteral nutrition: KCl 20 mEq IV q2h × 2 doses Symptomatic: KCl 20 mEq IV q1h × 4 doses Recheck potassium level 2 h after end of infusion; if <3.5 mEq/L and asymptomatic, replace as per above protocolMagnesiumMagnesium level 1.0–1.8 mEq/L: Magnesium sulfate 0.5 mEq/kg in normal saline 250 mL infused IV over 24 h × 3 d Recheck magnesium level in 3 dMagnesium level <1.0

Crush syndrome

Intravenous hydration of up to 1.5 L/h should continue to prevent hypotension. A urinary output of at least 300 mL/h should be maintained with IV fluids and mannitol, and hemodialysis considered if an increase in urine is not achieved. Use intravenous sodium bicarbonate to keep the urine pH at 6.5 or greater, to prevent myoglobin and uric acid deposition in kidneys. To prevent hyperkalemia/hypocalcemia, consider the following adult doses: calcium gluconate 10% 10 mL or calcium chloride 10% 5 mL IV over 2 minutes sodium bicarbonate 1 meq/kg IV slow push regular insulin 5–10 U 50% glucose 1–2 ampules IV bolus kayexalate 25–50 g with sorbitol 20% 100 mL by mouth or rectum. Even so, abnormal heart rhythms may develop; electrocardiographic monitoring is advised, and specific treatment begun promptly. References External links Life or Limb: What happens when your leg gets trapped under a building? Injuries Early complications of trauma Nephrology Syndromes

Surgical initial experience in patients with COVID-19.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha ocasionado que los servicios de cirugía y de salud en todo el mundo tengan que reorganizarse y planear para poder brindar la mejor atención a los pacientes, con la protección necesaria para el personal de salud. Algunos de estos pacientes requerirán tratamiento quirúrgico, ya sea electivo o de urgencia. Reportar la experiencia inicial en el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 que ameritaron tratamiento quirúrgico por los servicios de cirugía de un hospital de referencia. Revisión de los protocolos quirúrgicos, equipo de protección personal usado por los equipos quirúrgicos y resultados del tratamiento de 42 pacientes sometidos a cirugía en un periodo de 4 meses. Fueron intervenidos 42 pacientes con COVID-19. Treinta pacientes tenían diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y en 12 casos el diagnóstico fue clínico y por imagen. Las cirugías más frecuentes fueron traqueostomía en 16 pacientes (38%) y laparotomías exploradoras en 8 pacientes (19%). La mediana de estancia posoperatoria fue de 17 días y la mortalidad durante los primeros 30 días fue del 26%. Es necesaria la reorganización de los departamentos quirúrgicos y del hospital para poder atender adecuadamente a los pacientes con COVID-19 y proteger al personal de salud. Los pacientes pueden presentan patologías que requieran tratamiento quirúrgico. Relacionado con la infección y la mayor frecuencia de comorbilidad, la mortalidad de estos pacientes es elevada. the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a reorganization of hospital and general surgery departments worldwide to assure the best medical and surgical treatment of patients with this disease and protection of the health-related personnel. Some of them will require surgical treatment either elective or urgent. report the initial experience in the management of patients with COVID-19 in a third level hospital. a review of the surgical protocols, personal protection equipment used by the surgical teams, and results of the treatment of forty-two patients submitted to surgery. During four months (April-July 2020) forty-two patients with suspicion or confirmed infection of SARS-CoV2 underwent surgical treatment. The most common surgery was tracheostomy in 16 patients (38%) followed by exploratory laparotomy in 8 patients (19%). The median postoperative stay was 17 days and the thirty-day postoperative mortality rate was 26%. reorganization of the general surgery department and the hospital, favors adequate management and treatment of patients with COVID-19 and protection to the health-related personnel. Due to the usual co-existence of comorbidities and pulmonary complications the postoperative mortality of these patients is high.

[Insulin secretion and sensitivity in middle-aged men in the initial stages of type II diabetes mellitus (evaluated by the "minimal model" method].

The objective of the work was to test the minimal model method based on computer evaluation of parameters (blood sugar level, insulin blood level) obtained during the intravenous glucose tolerance test with frequent collection of samples, when examining the insulin glucose homeostasis in patients in the initial stage of type II diabetes. The authors examined a control group of 8 healthy men, mean age 43.6 years, BMI 24.7 and a group of 7 men with type II diabetes, mean age 46.7 years, BMI 31.37. Indexes (phi 1 and phi 2--the first and second stage of insulin secretion, SG-glucose efficiency, SI-insulin sensitivity) were obtained by evaluation of the results, using a programme for a personal computer PC AT. In men of the control group the authors recorded the following values: phi 1 5.80 +/- 1.26 microU/ml x min/mg/dl, phi 2 6.43 +/- 5.15 microU/ml x min-2/mg/dl, SG 0.016 +/- 0.010 min-2. Diabetic patients were divided with a regard to the first stage of insulin secretion into two groups: the first one (n = 4) comprises those where the first stage is minimal (phi 1 = 0.80 +/- 0.68 microU/ml x min/mg/dl, phi 2 = 33.41 +/- 19.06 microU/ml x min-2/mg/dl, in the second group are those (n = 3) where the first stage of insulin secretion is maintained phi (1 12.23 +/- 5.51 microU/ml x min-2/mg/dl, phi 2 7.77 +/- 4.98 microU/ml x min-2/mg/dl). The second stage of insulin secretion in subjects of the first group is, as compared with controls, significantly higher (p < 0.05).

Acute pancreatitis

At admission age in years > 55 years white blood cell count > 16000 cells/mm3 blood glucose > 11.1 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) serum AST > 250 IU/L serum LDH > 350 IU/L At 48 hours Calcium (serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL) Hematocrit fall >10% Oxygen (hypoxemia PO2 < 60 mmHg) BUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL) after IV fluid hydration Base deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L Sequestration of fluids > 6 L The criteria for point assignment is that a certain breakpoint be met at any time during that 48 hour period, so that in some situations it can be calculated shortly after admission. It is applicable to both gallstone and alcoholic pancreatitis. Alternatively, pancreatitis can be diagnosed by meeting any of the following:[2] Alternative Ranson score Ranson's score of ≥ 8 Organ failure Substantial pancreatic necrosis (at least 30% glandular necrosis according to contrast-enhanced CT)

[Treatment and glycemic control of 1200 diabetic patients enrolled at the National Institute of Disease-Disability Insurance diabetes convention].

We have studied the characteristics of insulin therapy and home blood glucose monitoring of 1.200 diabetic patients (590 males, 610 females), mainly type I adults (age: 43 +/- 19 years, mean +/- 1 SD), attending a licensed diabetes center in Belgium which benefits from a National Health Service convention system for providing education and home blood glucose monitoring kits and disposables to diabetic subjects. 50% of these patients were treated with 2 daily insulin injections, while 22% were treated with 3 and 24% with 4 daily injections. 4% of the subjects were treated with a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Patients treated with four daily injections were younger than those treated with other insulin schemes (p < 0.001). Home blood glucose monitoring strip consumption was 2.2 patient-1 day-1. The mean HbA1C level was 8.63 +/- 1.55% [8.54 +/- 1.46 in males and 8.72 +/- 1.62% in females (NS)]. In more than one third of the subjects treated with injections, HbA1C was lower than 8% HbA1C was also below 8% in 50% of patients using 1100-1200 strips year-1.

Surgical Approach to Transverse Colon Cancer: Analysis of Current Practice and Oncological Outcomes Using the National Cancer Database.

Surgical treatment for transverse colon cancer involves either extended colectomy or segmental resection, depending on the location of the tumor and surgeon perspective. However, the oncological safety of segmental resection has not yet been established in large cohort studies. This study aims to compare segmental resection versus extended colectomy for transverse colon cancer in terms of oncological outcomes. This was a retrospective cohort study. This study was conducted using a nationwide cohort. A total of 66,062 patients who underwent colectomy with curative intent for transverse stage I to III adenocarcinoma were identified in the National Cancer Database (2004-2015). Patients were divided in 2 groups based on the type of surgery received (extended versus segmental resection). The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were 30- and 90-day mortality, length of hospital stay, and readmission rate within 30 days of surgical discharge. Extended colectomy was performed in 44,417 (67.2%) patients, whereas 21,645 (32.8%) patients underwent segmental resection. Extended colectomy was associated with lower survival at multivariate analysis (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10; p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that extended resection was independently associated with poorer survival in mid transverse colon cancers (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12; p < 0.001) and in stage III tumors (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18; p < 0.001). The number of at least 12 harvested lymph nodes was an independent predictor of improved survival in both overall and subgroup analyses. This study was limited by its retrospective design. Extended colectomy was not associated with a survival advantage compared with segmental resection. On the contrary, extended colectomy was associated with slightly poorer survival in mid transverse cancers and locally advanced tumors. Segmental resection was found to be safe when appropriate margins and adequate lymph node harvest were achieved. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B454. ANTECEDENTES:El tratamiento quirúrgico para el cáncer de colon transverso implica colectomía extendida o resección segmentaria, según la ubicación del tumor y la perspectiva del cirujano. Sin embargo, la seguridad oncológica de la resección segmentaria aún no se ha establecido en estudios de cohortes grandes.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar la resección segmentaria versus la colectomía extendida para el cáncer de colon transverso en términos de resultados oncológicos.DISEÑO:Este fue un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.ESCENARIO:Este estudio se realizó utilizando una cohorte a nivel nacional.PACIENTES:Un total de 66,062 pacientes que se sometieron a colectomía con intención curativa por adenocarcinoma de colon transverso en estadio I-III fueron identificados en la Base de Datos Nacional del Cáncer (2004-2015).PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos según el tipo de cirugía recibida (resección extendida versus resección segmentaria). El resultado primario fue la supervivencia global. Los resultados secundarios fueron la mortalidad a los 30 y 90 días, la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la tasa de reingreso dentro de los 30 días posteriores al alta quirúrgica.RESULTADOS:Se realizó colectomía extendida en 44,417 (67.2%) casos, mientras que 21,645 (32.8%) pacientes fueron sometidos a resección segmentaria. La colectomía extendida se asoció con una menor supervivencia en el análisis multivariado (HR 1.07 IC 95% 1.04-1.10; p <0.001). El análisis de subgrupos mostró que la resección extendida se asoció de forma independiente con una menor supervivencia en los cánceres de colon transverso medio (HR 1.08 IC 95% 1.04-1.12; p <0.001) y en tumores en estadio III (HR 1.11 IC 95% 1.04-1.18; p <0.001). Un número de al menos 12 ganglios linfáticos cosechados fue un predictor independiente de una mejor supervivencia en los análisis general y de subgrupos.LIMITACIONES:Este estudio estuvo limitado por su diseño retrospectivo.CONCLUSIÓN:La colectomía extendida no se asoció con una ventaja de supervivencia en comparación con la resección segmentaria. Por el contrario, la colectomía extendida se asoció con una supervivencia levemente menor en cánceres de colon transverso medio y tumores localmente avanzados. Se encontró que la resección segmentaria es segura cuando se logran los márgenes apropiados y la cosecha adecuada de ganglios linfáticos. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B454.

[The treatment of hyperglycaemia in critically ill patients: comparison of standard protocol and computer algorithm].

Hyperglycemia is commonly observed in patients hospitalized on intensive care units. It is has been demonstrated that normalization of blood glucose level using intensive insulin therapy significantly improves prognosis of these patients. The aim of our study was comparison of standard protocol of intensive insulin therapy used on cardiac surgery ICU in General University Hospital in Prague and computer algorithm MPC (Model Predictive Control). 20 patients with glycaemia higher than 6.7 mmol/l at the time of admission to ICU were included into the study, 10 subjects were randomized for standard treatment, 10 for treatment with MPC algorithm. Glycaemia was measured hourly during 48 hours, insulin infusion was rate was adjusted hourly in MPC algorithm or in 1-2 hours in standard protocol group. Blood glucose levels were in the target range significantly longer in MPC relative to standard protocol group (26.3 +/- 2.1 hrs vs 20.3 +/- 2.5 hrs). Mean blood glucose was also lower using MPC algorithm (6.47 +/- 0.11 vs 6.72 +/- 0.23 mmol/l). On the contrary the target range was established faster using standard protocol (8.9 +/- 1.2 vs 10.3 +/- 0.9 hrs), duration of hyperglycaemia was the same in both groups (7.3 +/- 1.9 in standard protocol vs 7.3 +/- 1.3 hrs in MPC algorithm). Average 48-hours insulin dose was higher in MPC than standard protocol group (230.2 +/- 38.8 vs 199.1 +/- 27.8 IU/48 hrs). 2 hypoglycaemic episodes occured in 2 patients in standard protocol group. Our results show that the use of MPC algorithm result in more effective blood glucose control in critically ill patients than standard protocol.

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dL), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9–16.7 mmol/l (~250–300 mg/dL). A subject with a consistent range between ~5.6 and ~7 mmol/l (100–126 mg/dL) (American Diabetes Association guidelines) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 mmol/l (126 mg/dL) is generally held to have diabetes. For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to person, mainly due to the person's renal threshold of glucose and overall glucose tolerance. On average, however, chronic levels above 10–12 mmol/L (180–216 mg/dL) can produce noticeable organ damage over time.

Inyección Intraarticular Única de Ácido Hialurónico en la Artrosis de Rodilla: Estudio Multicéntrico Prospectivo Abierto (ART-ONE 75) mediante Comparación Post-Hoc con Placebo.

La viscosuplementación del líquido sinovial mediante la inyección intraarticular (IA) de ácido hialurónico (AH) es un tratamiento sintomático ampliamente utilizado en la artrosis de rodilla (AR). Además de los productos diseñados para realizar inyecciones múltiples (normalmente de 3 a 5 inyecciones, en intervalos de 1 semana), se presta especial atención a los productos de una única inyección, ya que ofrecen ventajas específicas, como son un menor número de visitas al médico y de intervenciones invasivas con sus riesgos asociados. Sin embargo, aún existen dudas sobre la eficacia de estas inyecciones únicas, en comparación con los regímenes de inyecciones múltiples. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, abierto, prospectivo, post-mercado (ART-ONE 75) con el producto de inyección única ARTHRUM 2,5% (3 ml, 75 mg AH), en 214 pacientes que sufrían de AR. Los pacientes fueron seguidos en D30, D60, D120 y D180 (días). El perfil promedio de los pacientes en el momento de la inclusión fue de 62,9 años, 56% mujeres, grados I-III de Kellgren-Lawrence (46% KL III), IMC de 27,2 kg/m<sup2</sup y 4 años desde el diagnóstico de AR. Se realizó una comparación post-hoc con una inyección IA única de placebo (326 pacientes, agrupados de 3 estudios ECA), que proporcionaron un perfil de paciente similar. el criterio principal fue la variación desde el inicio de la puntuación de la escala WOMAC A (dolor, escala 0-100) en D60, que se redujo en 28,9 (17,4) para la población por intención de tratar (ITT, por sus siglas en inglés) (199 pacientes), 28,0 (17,8) para la población por protocolo (PP) en la inclusión (175 pacientes), y en 27,7 (16,8) para la población PP al finalizar (143 pacientes).Los criterios secundarios y accesorios incluyeron WOMAC A en otras ocasiones, WOMAC B (rigidez), WOMAC C (función), calidad de vida y discapacidad en cada momento de seguimiento. Todos los índices mejoraron significativamente y continuaron mejorando al final del estudio. La evaluación terapéutica en D180 mostró que más del 75% de los pacientes se encontraban satisfechos con la reducción del dolor, la mejora de la movilidad, y la reducción de analgésicos y AINE. El porcentaje de pacientes definidos como respondedores de OMERACT-OARSI fue superior al 86%, a partir de D60 y en adelante. La tolerancia general fue buena, sin que ocurriera ningún evento adverso grave. El resultado de la comparación post-hoc para la escala WOMAC A mostró un tamaño del efecto [IC 95%] desde TE = 0,33 [0,15; 0,51] en D60 a TE = 0,65 [0,45; 0,85] en D180 (p <0,001), frente a la inyección de placebo (solución salina), lo cual es un resultado clínicamente relevante a favor de ARTHRUM 2,5%. El presente estudio confirma la eficacia clínica de una única inyección IA de 3 ml de solución de AH conteniendo 75 mg de AH nativo de alto PM (> 2 MDa).

[Renal potassium excretion in rats exposed to different carbohydrate metabolism treatments].

After administration of 5 ml/100 g of 1.25% KCl solution into the rat stomach, the excretion of potassium in urine was 529.7 +/- 19.4 mueq/100 g.4 hours. After the same amount of potassium in 1--10% solutions, 2% solution of fructose, or 2% solution of mannitol, the potassium excretion reduced by over 25%. Glucose exerted no effect on the sodium excretion. Injection of 0.4 unit of insulin per 100 g of body weight along with administration of standard amount of potassium led to a decrease in the potassium excretion to 358.8 +/- 16.8 mueq/100 g.4 hours. The data obtained suggest a close relation between the carbohydrate metabolism and the potassium transport in the kidneys.