El tumor del estroma GI es más conocido como GIST, positivo CD117, ckit, PDGF, de manual.

Hombre de 60 años con un cuadro de dolor abdominal y sangrado digestivo alto, en quien se encuentra una tumoración abdominal relacionada con la pared gástrica. La histología muestra un tumor de células fusiformes con escasas mitosis, positivas para CD117. El diagnóstico más probable es:

Gastric leiomyoma casusing gastrointestinal bleeding.

Los leiomiomas gástricos son tumoraciones submucosas benignas, poco comunes, que se originan del músculo liso. Clínicamente son asintomáticos, con buen pronóstico y con pocas complicaciones a largo plazo. Reportamos el caso de un joven de 16 años que se presenta a la clínica con melena y dolor abdominal. En la endoscopia se reporta una tumoración prepilórica, ulcerada y cubierta de fibrina. El estudio histopatológico mostró una neoplasia mesenquimal con positividad inmunohistoquimica para desmina y actina, así como negatividad para C-kit, DOG-1 y S-100, compatible con leiomioma gástrico. Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente realizándose antrectomía laparoscópica con reconstrucción en Y de Roux de manera exitosa. Gastric leiomyomas are rare, benign submucosal tumors originating from smooth muscle cells. They are usually asymptomatic, having good prognosis with limited long-term complications. A 16-year-old young man comes to our clinic and reports melena and abdominal pain. Upper endoscopy revealed a prepyloric, ulcerated, fibrin-covered tumor. Histopathological examination showed a positive immunohistochemical stain mesenchymal neoplasm for desmin and muscle actin, being negative for C-kit, DOG-1 and S100 proteins, consistent with gastric leiomyoma. Antrectomy with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy was successfully performed.

Diagnóstico inesperado en paciente con sospecha de GIST: infiltración gástrica por mieloma múltiple.

El mieloma múltiple se caracteriza por la proliferación neoplásica medular de células plasmáticas productoras de inmunoglobulina monoclonal. Un porcentaje pequeño de pacientes presenta compromiso extramedular en forma de plasmocitoma, siendo la localización más habitual las vías respiratorias altas. La afectación gastrointestinal es rara y la clínica asociada dependerá de la localización, la extensión y el mecanismo de infiltración. La afectación gástrica en forma de tumoración tiene un aspecto y una sintomatología similares a los de otras lesiones, por lo que es necesario realizar un diagnóstico histológico para un adecuado tratamiento. A continuación se presenta el caso de un mieloma múltiple con afectación gástrica. Multiple myeloma is characterized by medullary neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells producing monoclonal immunoglobulin. A small percentage of patients have extramedullary involvement in form of plasmacytoma, the most common location being the upper respiratory tract. Gastrointestinal involvement is rare and the associated symptoms will depend on the location, extent and mechanism of infiltration. Gastric involvement presents an appearance and symptoms similar to other lesions, so a histological diagnosis is necessary for proper treatment. This article presents the case of multiple myeloma with gastric involvement.

Sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares. Informe de un caso.

El sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada principalmente en sitios nodales como la cabeza, el cuello y la orofaringe, aunque puede ser extranodal, como en el bazo y el hígado. En la mayoría de los casos cursa asintomática, pero puede presentar síntomas generales, dolor abdominal o fiebre. La inmunohistoquímica es indispensable para llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo. Mujer de 40 años, con abultamiento submaxilar en el cuello, región frontoparietooccipital derecha, y sequedad de mucosa oral. Se manejó inicialmente como un síndrome de Sjögren, que fue descartado por el resultado histopatológico de la biopsia de glándula salival. Posteriormente se realizó biopsia de ganglio del cuello, que reportó sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares con expresión inmunohistoquímica positiva para CD23 y negativa para CD21 y ACL. Se manejó con samario y tuvo una sobrevida de 3 meses desde el diagnóstico. el sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares es raro y la sobrevida es corta. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a rare pathology, it occurs mainly in nodal sites such as head, neck, oropharynx, although extranodal presentation such as spleen and liver may occur. In most cases it is asymptomatic but may present general symptoms, abdominal pain or fever. Immunohistochemistry is essential to make a definitive diagnosis. Forty year-old woman, with submaxillary lesion, in the neck, right fronto-parieto-occipital region with dry oral mucosa. It was initially managed as a Sjögren’s syndrome ruled out by the histopathological result of salivary gland biopsy. Subsequently, a neck ganglion biopsy was performed that reported follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, with positive immunohistochemical expression for CD23 and negative for CD21 and LCA. It was managed with samarium with a survival of 3 months from the time of its diagnosis. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is rare and its global survival is short.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Report of one case].

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an autosomic dominant condition affecting the central nervous system and presenting a disposition towards development of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). We report a 38 year-old female patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 that required emergency surgery due to a perforated GIST originating in the fourth duodenal portion. The GIST, and the fourth duodenal portion, were excised and a primary duodenum-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The pathological study showed a partially necrotic solid-cystic tumor with 1 to 2 mitoses per 50-high-power fields. The cells stained positively to CD 117, CD34 and Desmin, and were negative to S-100, Vimentin, and Smooth Muscle a-Actin. The patient is currently asymptomatic and under follow-up during the last 11 months after surgery.

Age at Diagnosis and Sex Are Associated With Long-term Deficits in Disease-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life of Survivors of Colon and Rectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

Despite the increasing number of younger individuals diagnosed with colon and rectal cancer, research on the long-term disease-specific health-related quality of life of younger (<50 years) survivors of colon and rectal cancer is scarce. Our study aimed to compare disease-specific functional deficits and symptoms of survivors of colon and rectal cancer 5 to 16 years postdiagnosis, stratified by age at diagnosis and by sex. This is a cross-sectional study. We used data from the population-based CAncEr Survivorship-A multi-Regional study in collaboration with 5 population-based German cancer registries. Survivors of colon and rectal cancer were included in the study. Respondents completed the disease-specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life colorectal cancer module. Age at diagnosis categories were <50, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and ≥70 years. Least square mean health-related quality of life scores, derived from linear regression, were adjusted for sex, education, time since diagnosis, cancer site, cancer stage, and treatment, where appropriate. The sample comprised 697 survivors of colon cancer and 479 survivors of rectal cancer. In general, survivors of colon and rectal cancer diagnosed at <50 years of age reported lower functioning and higher symptom burden in comparison with survivors diagnosed at an older age. When stratified by sex, female survivors of colon cancer tended to report more concerns with hair loss but fewer sexual problems when compared with male survivors of colon cancer of the same age. Female survivors of rectal cancer in all age groups tended to report lower levels of sexual interest than male survivors of rectal cancer of the same age. This was a cross-sectional study with findings that could be biased toward healthier long-term survivors. The generalizability of results is limited to survivors diagnosed before 2005. Our results suggest that supportive care for survivors of colon and rectal cancer to improve their self-management of symptoms should be adapted according to cancer type, age at diagnosis, and sex. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B29. LA EDAD AL DIAGNÓSTICO Y EL GÉNERO ESTÁN ASOCIADOS CON DÉFICITS A LARGO PLAZO EN LA CALIDAD DE VIDA RELACIONADA CON LA SALUD ESPECíFICA DE LA ENFERMEDAD DE LOS SOBREVIVIENTES DE CÁNCER DE COLON Y RECTO: UN ESTUDIO BASADO EN LA POBLACIÓN:: A pesar del creciente número de individuos jóvenes diagnosticados con cáncer de colon y recto, la investigación sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud específica de la enfermedad a largo plazo de los sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y recto jóvenes (<50 años) es escasa.Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los déficits funcionales específicos de la enfermedad y los síntomas de los sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y recto 5-16 años después del diagnóstico, estratificados por edad al momento del diagnóstico y por género.Transversal.Utilizamos datos del estudio Supervivencia de CAncEr basada en la población: Un estudio multirregional en colaboración con cinco bases de datos alemanas de cáncer basados en la población.Sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y recto.Los encuestados respondieron el módulo de calidad de vida específica para la enfermedad en cáncer colorrectal de la Organización Europea para la Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer. Las categorías de edad al diagnóstico fueron <50, 50-59, 60-69 y ≥70 años. Los puntajes de CVRS (calidad de vida relacionada a la salud) medios mínimos cuadrados, derivados de la regresión lineal, se ajustaron por género, educación, tiempo desde el diagnóstico, sitio del cáncer, etapa del cáncer y tratamiento, cuando apropiado.La muestra comprendió 697 y 479 sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y de recto, respectivamente. En general, los sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y recto diagnosticados con <50 años de edad reportaron una menor funcionalidad y una mayor carga de síntomas en comparación con los sobrevivientes diagnosticados a una edad más avanzada. Cuando se estratificaron por género, las mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon tendieron a informar más preocupaciones sobre la pérdida de cabello pero menos problemas sexuales en comparación con los hombres sobrevivientes de colon de la misma edad. Las mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer rectal en todos los grupos de edad tendieron a informar niveles más bajos de interés sexual que los hombres sobrevivientes de cáncer rectal de la misma edad.Estudio transversal con hallazgos que podrían estar sesgados hacia sobrevivientes a largo plazo más saludables. La generalización de los resultados se limitó a los sobrevivientes diagnosticados antes de 2005.Nuestros resultados sugieren que los cuidados de soporte para los sobrevivientes de cáncer de colon y recto para mejorar su automanejo de síntomas deben adaptarse según el tipo de cáncer, la edad en el momento del diagnóstico y el género. Vea el resumen en video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B29.

[Acute abdomen for perforated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). A case report].

The authors report on a case of voluminous perforated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of small intestine and make a review to the light of most recent clinicopathologic advancements. The first clinical manifestation as acute abdomen due to their perforation extremely rare. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) represent a rare group of multiform tumors with various biological behaviour. Were identified in the past as leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas or leiomyoblastomas, has been reclassified on immunochemical features, with a positive expression of Kit (CD117 antigen). Traditionally the prognostic factors of these tumour are: mitotic rate, tumor size and anatomic site. The complete surgical resection and use of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) are the best available approach.

[Dolor óseo generalizado e hipercalcemia en un lactante mayor como síntoma inicial de linfoma linfoblástico de células B].

Introducción: Los linfomas no Hodgkin son neoplasias heterogéneas derivadas de las células linfohematopoyéticas. Es raro que se presenten antes de los 2 años de edad y la prevalencia es mayor en el sexo masculino. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 1 año y 11 meses que debutó con dolor en miembros inferiores y superiores, claudicación intermitente, deformidad ósea e hipotonía generalizada, por lo que se sospechaba artritis juvenil. Se trató con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Al no haber mejoría, ingresó a otro hospital con adenopatías y nodulaciones en la región escrotal y braquial, y hepatomegalia, por lo que se presumió la activación precoz de la pubertad con evidencia de hipercalcemia. Los estudios radiológicos indicaron una posible displasia ósea. Sin embargo, la tomografía por emisión de positrones detectó zonas compatibles con un proceso maligno. Se diagnosticó linfoma de precursores B. La hipercalcemia es una alteración metabólica que, en presencia de cáncer, se considera un síndrome paraneoplásico. Es un dato clínico excepcional que se puede observar en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda. Conclusiones: El dolor óseo en la edad pediátrica amerita una exploración física minuciosa para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno del cáncer infantil y mejorar el pronóstico del paciente.

[Stromal gastrointestinal tumors: retrospective study of 24 cases].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common digestive sarcomas. They develop in most cases in the stomach and small intestine, more rarely rectum, colon, esophagus or mesentery. These tumors typically express the phenotype CD117/KIT + and CD34 +. To evaluate epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, therapeutic, characteristics and evaluative pattern of gastrointestinal tumor treated in our surgical department. We collected 24 cases of GIST (confirmed by the positivity of CD 117 and/or CD 33) treated between 1997 and 2010 in the department of surgery B of Charles Nicolle's Hospital. We analyzed demographic characteristics, clinic pattern, investigations treatment and therapeutic variables of our patients. We calculated the survival rate and identified prognostic predictive factors of survival. Our retrospective study interested, during 13 years, 24 patients presenting GIST with a median age of 66 years and a sex ratio of 0.8. The median time for diagnosis was two months (3 days to 24 months). Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding and vomiting were the most common symptoms. The endoscopic appearance was tumor arising from muscular layer found in the stomach (13/24 cases; 54%), small bowel in four cases (16.5%) and duodenal or rectum three patients (12,5 %). Twenty three within 24 patients underwent surgical resection with R0 in 20/23 cases. Three patients were treated with neoadjuvant imatinib for an average of 12 months, one patient had adjuvant treatment and four patients in locoregional evolutive tumor and / or metastatic. The overall survival was 70% at one year and 65% at two years with a pejorative impact, in univariate analysis of abdominal pain, asthenia, anorexia, weight loss, cytonuclear atypia, tumor size ≥ 10 cm and a mitotic index ≥ 5/50. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size (Hazard Ratio = 6 if size ≥ 10 cm 95% CI [1,539-24,017]) and weight loss (Hazard Ratio = 7 95% CI [1,664-29,100]) were influential factors on overall survival and recurrence-free survival. The prognostic predictive factors identified were the size of tumor ≥ 10cm and the mitotic index.

Gastritis enfisematosa como manifestación de isquemia mesentérica no oclusiva tras coartectomía

Las intervenciones mayores en cirugía cardiovascular de pacientes con patología aórtica pueden traer como consecuencia el compromiso de la perfusión de órganos distantes al sitio de la cirugía, siendo el tracto gastrointestinal uno de los más sensibles a los cambios hemodinámicos, en especial en grupos extremos de edad con un alto riesgo de morbimortalidad. Se reporta el caso de una lactante con antecedente de síndrome de Turner, quien es llevada a corrección de coartación de aorta más hipoplasia del arco, presentando como complicación posoperatoria un cuadro de gastritis enfisematosa con compromiso sistémico, proceso que fue favorecido por bajo gasto cardiaco posterior a bomba y presencia de urosepsis temprana, todo lo cual fue interpretado como parte del espectro del síndrome de isquemia mesentérica no oclusiva. Su diagnóstico precoz hizo posible una pronta intervención, consistente en soporte nutricional parenteral, freno ácido, antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro y seguimiento radiológico estricto, logrando la resolución completa de su sintomatología, sin complicaciones a corto plazo. Este caso demuestra que la identificación de factores de riesgo de isquemia esplácnica, una alta sospecha clínica y un cuidadoso manejo médico permiten un desenlace favorable para una patología con una alta tasa de mortalidad y muy pocos casos reportados en población pediátrica.

[Difficulties in diagnosing and treating GIST: report and analysis of a case].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours account for fewer than 1% of malignant tumours of the digestive system. Analysing a case referred to us for observation, we review the literature with regard to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. A 68-year-old patient was referred to our institute with a diagnosis of "retroperitoneal haematoma". Computerised tomography showed a solid mass with a liquid component, occupying almost the whole of the abdominal cavity. An ultrasonography-guided biopsy examination suggested the presence of a sarcoma. Exploratory laparotomy and the histological examination, which was positive for CD117, CD34 and the smooth muscle marker caldesmon, allowed a diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour to be made. Thus, no thoroughly reliable and accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumour can be made without surgical exploration and consequent histological and immunohistochemical examinations that still represent the only method capable of confirming or ruling out a diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Such tumours are rare and aggressive and their prognosis is closely related to tumour size and the mitotic index per high power field. Radical resection affords the only possibility of long-term survival.

[Neumatosis quística intestinal: reporte de un caso].

La neumatosis quística intestinal es una condición infrecuente, caracterizada por la formación de quistes de contenido gaseoso debajo de la mucosa y la serosa intestinales. Mujer de 84 años, con antecedente de artritis reumatoide en tratamiento inmunosupresor, intervenida hace 2 años por neumoperitoneo, con diagnóstico de diverticulosis yeyunal y enfisema mesentérico, acude con cuadro de dolor abdominal difuso de 2 días de evolución, sin otra sintomatología. En la radiografía de abdomen se observa neumoperitoneo con elevación del hemidiafragma derecho y distensión de asas del intestino delgado. Ante la sospecha de perforación de víscera hueca se decide intervención quirúrgica, en la cual se diagnostica a la paciente de neumatosis quística intestinal. La neumatosis quística intestinal es de causa desconocida, aunque en un elevado porcentaje de pacientes se ha visto asociada a enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas, enfermedades del tejido conectivo, inmunosupresión o enfermedades gastrointestinales. Se localiza más frecuentemente en el colon y el intestino delgado. Se diagnostica principalmente mediante pruebas de imagen (radiografía o tomografía computarizada). El tratamiento es conservador, realizándose intervención quirúrgica si existe sospecha de necrosis intestinal. Es difícil el diagnóstico diferencial con un neumoperitoneo por perforación de víscera hueca. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an infrequent condition, characterized by the formation of gaseous content cysts under the mucosa and intestinal serous. 84-year-old woman, with a history of rheumatoid arthritis under immunosuppressive treatment, operated 2 years ago by pneumoperitoneum, where she was diagnosed of jejunal diverticulosis and mesenteric emphysema, with diffuse abdominal pain of 2 days of evolution, without other symptoms. In abdominal radiography: pneumoperitoneum with elevation of right hemidiaphragm and distention of small intestine. Given the suspicion of perforation of the intestinal wall, surgical intervention was decided, in which the patient was diagnosed with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis has an unknown etiology, although in a high percentage of patients it has been associated with obstructive pulmonary pathologies, connective tissue diseases, immunosuppression or gastrointestinal diseases. It is located more frequently in the colon and small intestine. It is diagnosed mainly through imaging tests (radiography or computed tomography). The treatment is conservative, performing surgical intervention if there is suspicion of intestinal necrosis; being difficult the differential diagnosis with a pneumoperitoneum by perforation of hollow viscera..

[Extragastrointestinal stromal tumors: a report of 4 cases].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are mesenchymal tumors that arise from the wall of the gastrointestinal tract expressing CD117 and/or the CD34. Similar tumors were described in the soft tissue of the abdomen and are so-called extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGIST). We report 4 new cases of EGIST. The tumors occurred in 2 women and 2 men, who ranged in age from 42 to 71 years. Three tumors arose from the soft tissue of the abdominal cavity, and the remainder arose from the retroperitoneum. They ranged in size from 10 to 27 cm. Three cases were composed purely of short fusiform cells tumors, the last case showed an epithelioid pattern. All the tumors expressed CD117. One patient presented with local recurrence and metastasis, one was lost to the follow-up and two patients were doing well. Immunohistochemistry is useful in distinguishing EGIST from other mesenchymal tumors. Intra-abdominal aggressive fibromatosis may express actin and CD117 but catenin is also positive, leiomyosarcoma expresses the actin and/or desmin but CD117 is usually negative, retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma is CD117 negative and PS100 positive, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is negative for CD117 and CD34. The solitary fibrous tumor expresses CD34 and is negative to CD117. Some tumors expressing CD117 such desmoplastic round cell tumor should not be confused with EGIST. On the occasion of these four observations, we will discuss the clinical aspects and the main differential diagnoses of this tumor.

[Perforación de colon sigmoides secundaria a endometriosis. Reporte de un caso].

La endometriosis es la presencia de glándulas endometriales o estroma viable fuera de la cavidad uterina, que afecta aproximadamente al 2-10% de las mujeres en edad reproductiva<sup1</sup. Es común la afección de estructuras pélvicas, incluyendo el intestino. La perforación del colon por endometriosis es muy rara y representa una urgencia quirúrgica. Mujer de 28 años con cuadro de dolor abdominal en fosa iliaca derecha y hueco pélvico, fiebre y náuseas. Se realiza laparotomía exploradora con hallazgo de perforación de colon sigmoides, que requiere resección de la lesión y colostomía terminal, encontrando como diagnóstico definitivo endometriosis. La perforación de intestino o de colon es una complicación poco frecuente, pero de gravedad, que debemos tener siempre presente como sospecha ante un cuadro de abdomen agudo en una paciente en edad fértil y con antecedentes de haber presentado sintomatología gastrointestinal intermitente. Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glands or viable stroma outside the uterine cavity, which affects approximately 2-10% of women of reproductive age 1. Pelvic structures, including the bowel, are commonly affected. Perforation of the colon by endometriosis is very rare and represents a surgical emergency. A 28-year-old female patient with abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa and pelvic cavity, fever and nausea, exploratory laparotomy is performed with the discovery of sigmoid perforation of the colon, requiring resection of the lesion and terminal colostomy, finding as definitive diagnosis endometriosis. Bowel or colon perforation is a rare but serious complication, which should always be kept in mind as a suspicion of acute abdomen in a female patient of reproductive age and with a history of intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): clinical aspects].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. One of their features is the expression of the c-KIT/CD117 receptor. We will focus on describing the symptoms, clinical studies prior to diagnosis, histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, as well as the progression of disease in a group of patients. Seventeen cases were diagnosed between December 1999 and April 2005. Mean age of patients was 64.5 (+/-11.9); 47% were women. Tumor location was as follows: 52.9% in the jejunum or ileum, 29.4% were gastric, 11.7% were in the duodenum, and 5.8% were located in the mesentery. Tumor size was 6.0 cm on average (+/-5.0); 47% were asymptomatic, and to a lesser degree caused abdominal pain or digestive bleeding; 94.1% of tumors expressed CD117. Most of them were discovered while performing a laparotomy or ultrasound scan; 94.1% of tumors were removed; 35.2% (6 out of 17) of patients suffering from GIST met consensus criteria for aggressive behavior. Over 25.6 months (+/-22.5) metastasis or tumor relapse occurred in 23.5% (4 out of 17) of patients--those with more frequent high-risk criteria, symptomatic and bigger tumors, and tumors not expressing CD117. The three patients with tumor relapse were prescribed imatinib mesylate. Three patients died because of the tumor, and four from other causes unrelated to GIST. GIST was diagnosed in around 12 cases per million a year. Its diagnosis was usually an incidental finding during a medical evaluation, and tumors were malignant in nearly one fourth of cases. We can predict its outcome depending on different aspects.

Incidence Rate and Risk Factors for Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Cohort of People Living With HIV from 2004 to 2017: Implementation of a Screening Program.

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is rare, in general, but considerably higher in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. There is no consensus on the screening of at-risk populations. This study aimed to determine the incidence rates of anal squamous cell carcinoma and the efficacy of a screening program. This is a cohort study (SeVIHanal/NCT03713229). This study was conducted at an HIV outpatient clinic in Seville, Spain. From 2004 to 2017, all patients with at least 1 follow-up visit were analyzed (follow-up group), including a subgroup of men who have sex with men who participated in a specialized program for screening and treating anal neoplasia (SCAN group) from 2011 onward. The primary outcome measure was the incidence rate of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Of the 3878 people living with HIV included in the follow-up group, 897 were transferred to the SCAN group; 1584 (41%) were men who have sex with men. Total follow-up was 29,228 person-years with an overall incidence rate for anal squamous cell carcinoma of 68.4/100,000 person-years (95% CI, 46.7-97.4). The changes in the incidence rate/100,000 person-years (95% CI) over time was 20.7 (3.40-80.5) for 2004 to 2006, 37.3 (13.4-87.3) for 2007 to 2010, and 97.8 (63.8-144.9) for 2011 to 2017 (p < 0.001). The strongest impact on the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma was made by the lack of immune restoration (adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI): 6.59 (4.24-10); p < 0.001), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category C (adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI): 7.49 (5.69-9.85); p < 0.001), and non-men who have sex with men (adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI): 0.07 (0.05-0.10); p < 0.001) in a Poisson analysis. From 2010 to 2017, incidence rates (95% CI) of anal squamous cell carcinoma within the SCAN group and the men who have sex with men of the follow-up group were 95.7 (39.6-202) and 201 (101-386)/100,000 person-years (adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI): 0.30 (0.23-0.39); p<0.001). The incidence rate ratio (95% CI) including non-men who have sex with men in the follow-up group was 0.87 (0.69-1.11); p = 0.269. Adherence to the visits could not be quantified. Incidence rates of anal squamous cell carcinoma in people living with HIV increased significantly from 2004 to 2017, especially in men who have sex with men who were not being screened. Participation in the SCAN program significantly reduced the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma in men who have sex with men, in whom focus should be placed, especially on those presenting with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category C and advanced immune suppression. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B734. ANTECEDENTES:El carcinoma anal a células escamosas es generalmente raro, pero considerablemente más alto en hombres infectados por el VIH que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres. No hay consenso sobre el cribado de poblaciones en riesgo.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las tasas de incidencia del carcinoma anal a células escamosas y la eficacia de un programa de detección.DISEÑO:Estudio de cohorte (SeVIHanal / NCT03713229).AJUSTE:Clínica ambulatoria de VIH en Sevilla, España.PACIENTES:De 2004 a 2017, se analizaron todos los pacientes con al menos una visita de seguimiento (grupo F / U), incluido un subgrupo de hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres que participaron en un programa especializado de cribado y tratamiento de neoplasias anales (SCAN-group) a partir de 2011.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Tasas de incidencia del carcinoma anal a células escamosas.RESULTADOS:De las 3878 personas que viven con el VIH incluidas en el grupo F / U, 897 fueron transferidas al grupo SCAN, 1584 (41%) eran hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres. El seguimiento total fue de 29228 personas-año con una tasa de incidencia general de carcinoma anal a células escamosas de 68,4 / 100000 personas-año [intervalo de confianza del 95%: 46,7-97,4]. El cambio en las tasas de incidencia / 100000 personas-año (intervalo de confianza del 95%) a lo largo del tiempo fue 20,7 (3,40-80,5) para 2004-2006, 37,3 (13,4-87,3) para 2007-2010 y 97,8 (63,8-144,9) para 2011-2017, p <0,001. El impacto más fuerte en la incidencia del carcinoma a células escamosas anal fue la falta de restauración inmunológica [índice de tasa de incidencia ajustado (intervalo de confianza del 95%): 6,59 (4,24-10); p <0,001], categoría C de los Centros de Control de Enfermedades [índice de tasa de incidencia ajustado (intervalo de confianza del 95%): 7,49 (5,69-9,85); p <0,001] y no hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres [razón de tasa de incidencia ajustada (intervalo de confianza del 95%): 0,07 (0,05-0,10); p <0,001] en el análisis de Poisson. Desde 2010-2017, las tasas de incidencia (intervalo de confianza del 95%) de carcinoma anal a células escamosas dentro del grupo SCAN y los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres del grupo F / U fueron 95,7 (39,6-202) y 201 (101- 386) / 100000 personas-año [razón de tasa de incidencia ajustada (intervalo de confianza del 95%): 0,30 (0,23-0,39); p <0,001]. La razón de la tasa de incidencia (intervalo de confianza del 95%), incluidos los no hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres en F / U, fue de 0,87 [0,69-1,11); p = 0,269].LIMITACIONES:No se pudo cuantificar la adherencia a las visitas.CONCLUSIÓNES:La tasa de incidencia del carcinoma anal a células escamosas en personas que viven con el VIH aumentó significativamente de 2004 a 2017, especialmente en hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres que no se someten a pruebas de detección. La participación en el programa SCAN redujo significativamente la incidencia de carcinoma anal a células escamosas en hombres que tenían relaciones sexuales con hombres, en quienes se debe prestar una especial atención, sobre todo en aquellos que se presentan en la categoría C de los Centros de Control de Enfermedades con inmunodeficiencia avanzada. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B734.

[Stromal tumors of jejunum and ileum].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract and 25% are in the small intestine. A retrospective study was performed on 73 patients diagnosed with intestinal cancer in three hospitals in Iasi and Galati, in a period of 12 years (1998-2009). Stromal tumors represents 11.5% of malignant tumors of jejunum and ileum, and the average age of diagnosis was 55 years; male to female incidence was 1 : 2 (chi2 = 0.66, p > 0.05). 66.66% of patients came from urban areas (chi2 = 0.66, p > 0.05). The most frequent signs and symptoms were abdominal meteorism and abdominal pain (83%). There were no correlations between admission and discharge diagnosis. CD117 was present in all patients; CD34 was present in 66.66% of them. Survival at 2 years was 66.67% and at 5 years was 33.33%. Preoperative diagnosis is often difficult to make, many patients come to doctors in advanced-stage and the five-year survival rate is slow. The most frequent tumor markers were CD117 and CD34.

Inyección Intraarticular Única de Ácido Hialurónico en la Artrosis de Rodilla: Estudio Multicéntrico Prospectivo Abierto (ART-ONE 75) mediante Comparación Post-Hoc con Placebo.

La viscosuplementación del líquido sinovial mediante la inyección intraarticular (IA) de ácido hialurónico (AH) es un tratamiento sintomático ampliamente utilizado en la artrosis de rodilla (AR). Además de los productos diseñados para realizar inyecciones múltiples (normalmente de 3 a 5 inyecciones, en intervalos de 1 semana), se presta especial atención a los productos de una única inyección, ya que ofrecen ventajas específicas, como son un menor número de visitas al médico y de intervenciones invasivas con sus riesgos asociados. Sin embargo, aún existen dudas sobre la eficacia de estas inyecciones únicas, en comparación con los regímenes de inyecciones múltiples. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, abierto, prospectivo, post-mercado (ART-ONE 75) con el producto de inyección única ARTHRUM 2,5% (3 ml, 75 mg AH), en 214 pacientes que sufrían de AR. Los pacientes fueron seguidos en D30, D60, D120 y D180 (días). El perfil promedio de los pacientes en el momento de la inclusión fue de 62,9 años, 56% mujeres, grados I-III de Kellgren-Lawrence (46% KL III), IMC de 27,2 kg/m<sup2</sup y 4 años desde el diagnóstico de AR. Se realizó una comparación post-hoc con una inyección IA única de placebo (326 pacientes, agrupados de 3 estudios ECA), que proporcionaron un perfil de paciente similar. el criterio principal fue la variación desde el inicio de la puntuación de la escala WOMAC A (dolor, escala 0-100) en D60, que se redujo en 28,9 (17,4) para la población por intención de tratar (ITT, por sus siglas en inglés) (199 pacientes), 28,0 (17,8) para la población por protocolo (PP) en la inclusión (175 pacientes), y en 27,7 (16,8) para la población PP al finalizar (143 pacientes).Los criterios secundarios y accesorios incluyeron WOMAC A en otras ocasiones, WOMAC B (rigidez), WOMAC C (función), calidad de vida y discapacidad en cada momento de seguimiento. Todos los índices mejoraron significativamente y continuaron mejorando al final del estudio. La evaluación terapéutica en D180 mostró que más del 75% de los pacientes se encontraban satisfechos con la reducción del dolor, la mejora de la movilidad, y la reducción de analgésicos y AINE. El porcentaje de pacientes definidos como respondedores de OMERACT-OARSI fue superior al 86%, a partir de D60 y en adelante. La tolerancia general fue buena, sin que ocurriera ningún evento adverso grave. El resultado de la comparación post-hoc para la escala WOMAC A mostró un tamaño del efecto [IC 95%] desde TE = 0,33 [0,15; 0,51] en D60 a TE = 0,65 [0,45; 0,85] en D180 (p <0,001), frente a la inyección de placebo (solución salina), lo cual es un resultado clínicamente relevante a favor de ARTHRUM 2,5%. El presente estudio confirma la eficacia clínica de una única inyección IA de 3 ml de solución de AH conteniendo 75 mg de AH nativo de alto PM (> 2 MDa).

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Diagnosis, prognosis and current surgical treatment. Follow-up of 18 treated patients].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequent mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract and their growth is directed through the signaling of the KIT or PDFGRA genes. The objective of the present study was to describe a series of cases of GIST tumors located in the stomach. We performed a retrospective, descriptive study of 18 patients diagnosed with gastric GIST and treated by means of gastric resection between July 1996 and June 2004. There were 12 women and six men, with a mean age of 63 years (range 33-84). In all patients, diagnosis was performed with immunohistochemical markers, such as CD34 and CD117. Investigations included endoscopy, abdominal ultrasonography, abdominal computerized axial tomography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The main symptoms were digestive hemorrhage with severe anemia in 10 patients and abdominal pain in seven. In two patients, the tumors were incidental findings during laparotomy. Four patients underwent emergency surgery and the remainder underwent elective surgery. In all patients, gastric resection of variable extension was performed, according to tumoral location. Multicentric tumors were found in two patients. All patients were CD117- and CD34-positive. There were few postoperative complications. One patient died from acute myocardial infarction (5.6%). The mean follow-up was 47.5 months (range, 12-106). One patent died due to spread of a pancreatic neoplasm and the remaining patients are alive and without tumoral recurrence (94.1%). Initial symptoms consist of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and abdominal pain. Gastroscopy and imaging techniques lead to a suspected diagnosis, which can be confirmed by immunohistochemical studies, in which the "gold standard" is positivity for CD117; CD34 (+), vimentin (+), actin (-) and protein S-100 (-) are also used. Treatment consists of tumoral resection with negative margins.

Age and Lymph Node Positivity in Patients With Colon and Rectal Cancer in the US Military Health System.

Young age may be associated with an increased risk of lymph node involvement at diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Accessibility to care, which is related to cancer detection, tumor stage, and therefore lymph node positivity, may vary by age and thus influence research results. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether young patients had an increased risk of lymph node-positive colon and rectal cancers in the Department of Defense Military Health System, which provides universal health care to its beneficiaries. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients were identified from the US Department of Defense Automated Central Tumor Registry. Included patients were diagnosed with histologically confirmed primary stage I to III colon and rectal adenocarcinomas between 1989 and 2013, had surgery and ≥1 lymph node examined, and did not receive preoperative radiotherapy. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between age at diagnosis (18-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ≥70 y) and lymph node positivity overall and stratified by tumor T stage and number of lymph nodes examined. Lymph node positivity of colon and rectal cancers was measured. The youngest patients (aged 18-49 y) were more likely to have lymph node-positive colon and rectal cancers compared with those who were aged ≥70 years after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 2.04 and 95% CI, 1.63-2.56 for colon cancer; OR = 1.73 and 95% CI, 1.11-2.70 for rectal cancer). A similar tendency was shown in most colon and rectal cancer subgroups stratified by tumor T stage and number of lymph nodes examined. This study was limited by its small sample size for certain subgroup analyses. No information on comorbidities, BMI, or other indicators of health status was available. In a universal healthcare system, young age was associated with increased lymph node positivity of colon and rectal cancers, suggesting that factors other than access to care may play a role in this association. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B90. EDAD Y POSITIVIDAD DE GANGLIOS LINFÁTICOS EN PACIENTES CON CÁNCER DEL COLON Y EL RECTO EN EL SISTEMA DE SALUD MILITAR DE EE UU: La edad temprana puede estar asociada con un mayor riesgo de compromiso de los ganglios linfáticos en el momento del diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal. La accesibilidad a la atención medica, que está relacionada con la detección del cáncer, el estadio del tumor y, por lo tanto, la positividad de los ganglios linfáticos, puede variar según la edad y, por lo tanto, influir en los resultados de la investigación.Investigar si los pacientes jóvenes tenían un mayor riesgo de cáncer del colon y el recto con ganglios linfáticos positivos en el Sistema de Salud Militar del Departamento de Defensa, que brinda atención médica universal a sus beneficiarios.Estudio transversal retrospectivo.Se identificaron pacientes del Registro Automático Central de Tumores del Departamento de Defensa de los Estados Unidos.Fueron diagnosticados con adenocarcinomas del colon y el recto en estadio I-III confirmados histológicamente entre 1989-2013, se les realizó una cirugía y se examinaron ≥ 1 ganglio linfático, y no recibieron radioterapia preoperatoria. La regresión logística se utilizó para examinar las relaciones entre la edad al momento del diagnóstico (18-49, 50-59, 60-69 y ≥70 años) y la positividad de los ganglios linfáticos en general y fue estratificada por el estadio T tumoral y el número de ganglios linfáticos examinados.Positividad de ganglios linfáticos de cáncer del colon y el recto.Los pacientes más jóvenes (18-49 años) tenían más probabilidades de tener cáncer del colon y el recto con ganglios linfáticos positivos en comparación con aquellos que tenían 70 años o más después del ajuste por posibles factores de confusión (odds ratio: 2.04, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.63 -2.56 para el cáncer de colon; odds ratio: 1.73, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.11-2.70 para el cáncer de recto). Se mostró una tendencia similar en la mayoría de los subgrupos de cáncer del colon y el recto estratificados por el estadio T tumoral y el número de ganglios linfáticos examinados.Tamaño de muestra pequeño para ciertos análisis de subgrupos. No hay información sobre comorbilidades, índice de masa corporal u otros indicadores del estado de salud.En un sistema de salud universal, la edad joven se asoció con un aumento de la positividad de los ganglios linfáticos del cáncer del colon y el recto, lo que sugiere que otros factores además del acceso a la atención medica pueden desempeñar un papel en esta asociación. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B90.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a report of eight cases].

Diagnosis and treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor have changed because of recent genetic and molecular biological studies which have a direct impact on longer survival. A retrospective research was carried out from November 1998 to July 2004 at the university and in the private clinics of the authors who identified GIST cases based upon positive tests to c-kit (CD117). The eight patients that were evaluated had an average age of 53.2 and 75% were females. The most common clinical feature was abdominal mass (62.5%). The more frequent tumor site was the stomach (62.5%) followed by the small bowel (37.5%). Mean tumor size was 10.6 cm. Resection with negative microscopic margins was possible in all patients. Tumor recurrence occurred in four cases which were treated with imatinib mesilate (STI-571) with partial response in three cases and complete response in the other. Seven patients (87.5%) are alive with a mean follow-up of 33.4 months (9 to 60 months). Due to the limited number of patients it was not possible to correlate biological behavior of the tumor with its size and mitotic count. There was prevalence in the female gender. Most common tumor site was the stomach. Histological examinations did not disclose any correlation between tumor size and number of mitosis. At an average follow-up of 33.4 months, the mean survival was 87.5%.

[Cutaneous metastasis as the first manifestation of primary adrenal gland neuroblastoma in a pediatric patient.]

Introducción: El neuroblastoma es el tumor maligno más frecuente en el primer año de vida y el tumor sólido extracraneal más frecuente en la infancia. Solo el 1% de los casos debuta con metástasis cutáneas, caracterizadas por nódulos azulados subcutáneos. Se presenta el caso de un lactante con un neuroblastoma suprarrenal izquierdo en el que las metástasis cutáneas constituían el síntoma principal. Caso clínico: Lactante de sexo femenino, de 2 meses de edad, sin antecedentes de importancia para el padecimiento actual. Acudió por presentar dermatosis diseminada en la región cervical y occipital, el abdomen, el muslo derecho y el pie izquierdo. La dermatosis se caracteriza por nódulos subcutáneos, sólidos, bien delimitados, < 1 cm, de color azulado, que iniciaron su aparición a los 7 días de vida en el hipocondrio derecho, con crecimiento progresivo, asintomáticos. Se realizó biopsia de un nódulo y se reportó la presencia de células pequeñas con núcleo denso hipercromático, escaso citoplasma y dispuestas en nidos. La inmunohistoquímica fue positiva para cromogranina y enolasa neuronal específica. Los hallazgos fueron compatibles con metástasis cutánea de neuroblastoma. Se solicitó valoración y abordaje por oncología pediátrica, que reportó un estadio 4 de la enfermedad y se inició el tratamiento correspondiente. Conclusiones: Los pediatras y los dermatólogos pediatras son los primeros en atender a niños con alguna lesión cutánea. Se deben tener en cuenta las metástasis cutáneas, que pueden aparecer antes o simultáneamente al diagnóstico de un tumor primario. Por lo tanto, se debe realizar un correcto abordaje con el fin de mejorar el pronóstico y la calidad de vida del paciente.

[Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural heterogeneity of gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

Digestive stromal tumors are the most frequent undifferentiated mesenchymal tumors. The prognosis of these tumors is difficult to predict and the histogenesis is still subject to controversy. However, the frequent and specific expression of CD117 (c-kit) by these tumors could suggest an origin from interstitial cells of Cajal. The aim of this study was to analyse the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of 46 digestive stromal tumors surgically resected, with comparaison of CD34 and CD117 expression in these tumors. Sixteen tumors were analyzed on electron microscopy. Sixty three and 74% of the stromal tumors were positive for CD117 and CD34 respectively. While CD117 expression was similar in all locations, on the contrary, there was a decreasing gradient of CD34 expression between gastric (87%) and jejunal (33%) tumors. All tumors with skeinoid fibers expressed CD117. Focal expression of smooth muscle actin was noted in 43% of the cases. The ultrastructural study showed no correlation with the immunohistochemical results. Digestive stromal tumors show an immunophenotypic and ultrastructural heterogeneity. CD117 expression is frequent, but not constant.

Dolor torácico y shock secundarios a perforación espontánea de esófago: síndrome de Boerhaave.

La perforación esofágica es la más letal de todas las perforaciones del aparato digestivo. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 65 años que acude a urgencias por un cuadro clínico de dolor torácico, vómitos e hipotensión. Se le realizó tomografía computarizada por sospecha de síndrome aórtico agudo, con hallazgos sugerentes de perforación esofágica. El síndrome de Boerhaave consiste en la rotura longitudinal del esófago sobre una pared macroscópicamente sana. Su tratamiento definitivo se realiza con cirugía durante las primeras 24 horas. El síndrome de Boerhaave debe considerarse como complicación posible en los pacientes con dolor epigástrico y vómitos, ya que es una emergencia quirúrgica con alta morbimortalidad. Esophageal perforation is the most lethal of all perforations of the digestive system. 65-year-old male who goes to the emergency department due to clinical symptoms of chest pain, vomiting and hypotension, who underwent CT scan for suspected acute aortic syndrome, with suggestive findings of esophageal perforation. Boerhaave syndrome consists of the longitudinal rupture of the esophagus on a macroscopically healthy wall. Its definitive treatment is performed with surgery during the first 24 hours. Boerhaave syndrome should be considered as a possible complication in patients with epigastric pain and vomiting, as it is a surgical emergency with high morbidity and mortality.

[Gastrointestinal stroma tumor].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) represents less than 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies. However, it is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract. GIST is characterized by the expression tyrosine kinase CD117, which differentiates it from other mesenchymal tumors such as leiomyomas, leio-miosarcomas, leiomyoblastoma and neurogenic tumors that do not express this protein. 70-80% of the GIST are benign and located mostly in the stomach and small intestine (> 90%).They can also arise from any portion of the digestive tract, mesentery, omentum and retroperitoneum. Malignant GISTs are usually large (> 5 cm), with a high mitotic index, and it can metastasize to the liver and peritoneum. The treatment is surgical resection.Good results have been reported with tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571. The treatment is the surgical resection; in cases of surgical resection tumors cannot do it, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is carried out. A 43 year-old patient is presented, admitted to present pain in the epigastrium, melena in an occasion. The ecography, CT scan, and laparoscopic view, showed a tumor in the second portion of the duodenum, approximately 10 cm size. Whipple's operation was carried out (cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy) with conservation of the pylorus (Traverso-Longmire), resecting the entirely tumor. Final results of pathological anatomy informed: fusocelular tumor of the gastrointestinal estroma (GIST of duodenal wall), with high potential of malignancy. Size of the tumor 9,5 cm, mitotic index of 9 for 50 HPF with high positive for CD117, CD34. Two years later of the intervention he presents a good evolution.

[Morphological characteristics of stromal gastrointestinal tumors].

Stromal tumors are singled out from smooth muscle and neurogenic neoplasms into a special group due to differences in CD117 expression caused by mutation of c-kit gene. Out of 57 stromal tumors, 37 (64,9%) located in the stomach, 17 (29,8%) in the small intestine and 3 (5,3%) in the colon. Immunohistochemically, all the tumors expressed CD117 and vimentine. Smooth muscle actin was found in 82% tumors, S-100 protein in 75%, neuron-specific enolase in 66% cases. Malignant tumors were in 93% cases, and in 7% benign. Metastases were observed in 47.7% cases, recurrences in 14%. The liver was most frequent site of metastases (88.9%), peritoneum (51.9%). 21% patients died of progression of the underlying disease during the follow-up of 6-60 months.

David Velázquez Fernández

Differential RNA expresión profile by cDNA microarray in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT):primary parathyroid hyperplasia versus adenoma. (2006) Evaluación del impacto funcional e intensidad del dolor antes y después de la inyección de esteroides por vía transforaminal en una muestra preliminar de pacientes con radiculopatía lumbar por hernia de disco.(2007) Maximal weight loss after banded and unbanded laparoscopic roux-en Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. (2008) Evaluación de la eficacia de esteroides epidurales por vía transforaminal versus vía interlaminar en pacientes con dolor radicular lumbar: estudio preliminar. (2008) (Sociedad española) Methylation of the p16INK4A promoter is associated with malignant behavior in pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas. (2008) La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico como problema de salud pública. (2008) La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico como problema de salud pública. Una reflexión. (2008)

18F-FDG PET/MRI for Rectal Cancer TNM Restaging After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy: Initial Experience.

F-FDG-PET/MRI is a novel hybrid techinque that has been recently introduced in oncological imaging, showing promising results. The aim of this study is to assess the value of whole-body F-FDG-PET/MRI for predicting the pathological stage of locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. This was a prospective observational study. The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Thirty-six patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (25 male, median age 68.5 years) were prospectively assessed with PET/MRI and thoracoabdominal CT before and after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Twenty-seven patients underwent low anterior or abdominoperineal resection. Nine patients with a complete clinical response underwent organ-preserving treatment (8 local excision and 1 watch-and-wait approach) with >1-year follow-up. One radiologist evaluated pelvic MRI and CT. A second radiologist and a nuclear medicine physician jointly assessed PET/MRI. The imaging was compared with histology or follow-up (ypT0 vs T ≥1 and ypN0 vs ypN+ categories). Metastases were confirmed with biopsy or a follow-up CT scan at least at 1 year after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values of the imaging techniques were calculated using standard formulas. The accuracy for ypT staging was 89% and 92%, and the accuracy for ypN was 86% and 92% for MRI and PET/MRI. Compared with CT, PET/MRI correctly diagnosed 4 of 5 metastases, but it did not detect a lung metastatic nodule. In 11% of the patients, the PET/MRI changed the treatment strategy. This study is limited by its small sample size. Although the whole-body PET/MRI was more accurate than the pelvic MRI alone for the prediction of tumor and node response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy, the technique performed worse than CT in detecting small lung metastasis. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B108. TOMOGRAFÍA POR EMISIÓN DE POSITRONES DE 18F- FLUORODEOXIGLUCOSA (FDG) / RESONANCIA MAGNÉTICA (TEP/RM) PARA ESTADIFICACIÓN TUMORAL TNM DE CÁNCER DEL RECTO DESPUÉS DE LA QUIMIORRADIOTERAPIA PREOPERATORIA - EXPERIENCIA INICIAL: Evaluar el valor de la tomografía por emisión de positrones de 18F-fluorodeoxiglucosa / resonancia magnética (TEP/RM) para predecir el estadio patológico del cáncer de recto localmente avanzado después de la quimiorradioterapia preoperatoria.Este fue un estudio prospectivo observacional.El estudio se realizó en un hospital de atención terciaria.Treinta y seis pacientes con cáncer rectal localmente avanzado (25 hombres, edad media de 68.5 años) fueron evaluados prospectivamente con TEP/RM y tomografía computarizada (TC) toraco-abdominal antes y después de la quimiorradioterapia preoperatoria. Veintisiete pacientes se sometieron a resección anterior baja o abdominoperineal. Nueve pacientes con una respuesta clínica completa se sometieron a un tratamiento de preservación de órganos (8 escisión local y 1 un enfoque de observar y esperar) con un seguimiento de> 1 año.Un radiólogo evaluó la RM pélvica y la TC. Un segundo radiólogo y un médico de medicina nuclear evaluaron conjuntamente TEP / RM. La imagen se comparó con la histología o el seguimiento (ypT0 vs T ≥1 y ypN0 vs ypN + categorías). Las metástasis se confirmaron con biopsia o una TC de seguimiento al menos 1 año después de la quimiorradioterapia preoperatoria. Los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y precisión de las técnicas de imagen se calcularon utilizando fórmulas estándar.La precisión para la estadificación ypT fue del 89% y 92%, y la precisión para ypN fue del 86% y 92% para RM y TEP/RM respectivamente. En comparación con la TC, la TEP / RM diagnosticó correctamente 4 de 5 metástasis, pero no detectó un nódulo metastásico pulmonar. En el 11% de los pacientes, la TEP / RM cambió la estrategia de tratamiento.Este estudio está limitado por su pequeño tamaño de muestra.Si bien la TEP / RM de todo el cuerpo fue más precisa que la RM pélvica sola para la predicción de la respuesta tumoral y ganglionar a la quimiorradioterapia preoperatoria, la técnica funcionó peor que la TC para detectar metástasis pulmonares pequeños. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B108.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinicopathologic and survival evaluation in Rebagliati Hospital].

To determine the clinical, radiological, histopathological manifestations and survival of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) from Lima, Perú. This is a descriptive and retrospective study, which was based on the medical records of 103 patients with confirmed GIST with immunohistochemical. All the patients were evaluated and treated at the HNERM, from January 2002 until December 2010. In 103 patients between 30 and 88 years the average age was 64 years. The tumor was more frequent in females (52%). The mean disease duration was 7 months. The most frequent form of presentation was gastrointestinal bleeding (48.3%). The diagnosis was made more by endoscopy (50.5%). The prevalence of GISTs by organs was more frequent in stomach (56.3%). The average size of the tumors was 98 mm, 49% had a size between 50 mm and 100 mm, the largest tumor was 260 mm. Tumor stage more frequent was localized (70:9%). GIST associated with another cancer was 9.7% of patients. The predominant histologic pattern was fusiform (73.8%). The 84.5% had low mitotic index. Immunohistochemistry showed expression KIT (CD 117) was 94.17%, CD34 77.5%, Vimentin 96.6%, NSE 84.9%, alpha actin 52.7%, CD56 44.4%, S-100 32.3% and Actin 20%. The tomographic characteristic more frequent was heterogeneous tumor (43.6%).The distribution according to risk classification was: very low risk 3.9%, low risk 28.2, intermediate risk 37.7% and high risk 30.1%. Complete surgical resection was performed in 87.4% of patients and 4.9% of patients received imatinib. The cumulative overall survival at 5 years was 31.07%. In bivariate analysis statistical association was found between surviving with: no presence of cancer associated p = 0.004, CD 34 p = 0.01, low mitotic index p = 0.00 and received surgical treatment p = 0.000. In multivariate analysis one found statistical association of longer survival with smaller tumor size p = 0.015 (CI -3.67, -0.41), localized tumor stage p = 0.036 (CI -5.83, -0.19), lower mitotic index p = 0.038 (CI -0.86, 0.02), asymptomatic patient p=0.009 (CI 1.25, 8.62), no tumor recurrence p = 0.01 (CI -8.49, -1.17), and no metastasis p = 0.001 (CI 2.66, 10.62). The results of our study were similar to what was reported in international literature. Factors that were associated with longer survival were receiving surgical treatment, patients with smaller tumor size, tumor stage localized, low mitotic index, asymptomatic patient, not tumor recurrence, not metastasis and no cancer associated.

Extensively resistant tuberculosis, Colombia, 2006-2016

Introducción. La tuberculosis extremadamente resistente a los medicamentos (TB-XDR) es el resultado de deficiencias en la administración del tratamiento y en la prevención de la transmisión de la enfermedad; además, es un reto para los programas nacionales de control de la tuberculosis. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos de TB-XDR diagnosticados en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de serie de casos, de pacientes con diagnóstico de TB-XDR, de 2006 a 2016 en Colombia. Las fuentes de información fueron el formato único de vigilancia y la base de datos del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia. Se analizaron las variables: entidad territorial de procedencia, sexo, edad, régimen de afiliación, forma de tuberculosis, coinfección tuberculosis-HIV, patrón de sensibilidad a los fármacos de segunda línea y resultado (vivo o muerto). Resultados. En el período de estudio, se diagnosticaron 51 casos de TB-XDR, 28 hombres y 23 mujeres, con un promedio anual de cinco casos. En los departamentos de Antioquia, Valle del Cauca y Atlántico, se presentaron 46 (90 %) de los casos. El rango de edad fue de 5 a 81 años y, la mediana, de 40 años. De los 51 pacientes, 32 (63 %) estaban afiliados al régimen subsidiado de salud y 46 (90 %) presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar; de los 22 a quienes se les practicó la prueba para HIV, en tres (13,6 %) había coinfección con HIV, y 29 (57 %) murieron. Los fármacos a los cuales hubo mayor resistencia, fueron ofloxacina en 45 (88 %) casos y amikacina en 43 (84 %). Conclusión. La TB-XDR se presentó principalmente en formas pulmonares, lo cual aumenta la probabilidad de transmisión en la comunidad y se refleja en la aparición de tuberculosis resistente en menores de 15 años. La población más afectada es la económicamente activa, con una gran mortalidad. El Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis debe generar estrategias para evitar la propagación de cepas resistentes.

[Meta-analytical study of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gut wall. GIST have still today controversial aspects of their histogenesis that are reflected on the classification, clinical behaviour and prognosis. The authors analyzed 14 studies observed between 2000 and 2001; also the tumors early classified as leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas and schwannomas were included in these studies because, on the basis of immunohistochemical analysis, their cells were c-Kit positive. The GIST occurred in 728 patients with the age range of 12 days-96 years with a male predominance (59.3%). The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (25.4%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (23.4%). CT scan was the most important diagnostic technique. Surgery was the only useful treatment; in this study completeness of resection predicted for longer survival. Overall survival was between 21.4% and 88.8%; the percentage of deaths was between 11.1% and 78.5%. Distant metastases, localised in liver and lungs, and locoregional recurrences developed in a percentage between 9% and 68%.

How Soon Should Patients With Colon Cancer Undergo Definitive Resection?

Timing of surgery has been shown to affect outcomes in many forms of cancer, but definitive national data do not exist to determine the effect of time to surgery on survival in colon cancer. This study aimed to determine whether a delay in definitive surgery in colon cancer significantly affects survival. A retrospective cohort study using 2 independent population-based databases, The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare-linked database and the National Cancer Database, was performed. All patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 1 through 3 colon cancer. Patients were more than 18 years of age in the National Cancer Database cohort and older than 66 years of age in the Medicare cohort. Patients had a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. The main outcome was overall survival as a function of time between diagnosis and surgery in 4 intervals (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, >6 weeks). The Medicare cohort demonstrated an adjusted 5-year survival of 8% to 14% higher in patients with a surgical delay between 3 and 6 weeks, with significantly lower hazard ratios in that interval. The National Cancer Database cohort demonstrated an adjusted 5-year survival of 9% to 16% higher in patients with surgery 3 to 6 weeks after diagnosis, with comparatively similar improvements in survival hazard. Because this was a retrospective study of administrative databases, with Medicare data limited to billing data, the causality of outcomes must be interpreted with caution. The ideal timing of definitive resection in colon cancer is between 3 and 6 weeks after initial diagnosis. All efforts should be made for patients to obtain definitive surgery within this interval to achieve a modest but significant improvement in overall survival. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B76. ¿CUÁNDO DEBEN SOMETERSE LOS PACIENTES CON CÁNCER DE COLON A UNA RESECCIÓN DEFINITIVA?: Se ha demostrado que el momento de la cirugía afecta los resultados en muchas formas de cáncer, pero no existen datos nacionales definitivos para determinar el efecto del tiempo hasta la cirugía en la supervivencia en el cáncer de colon.Determinar si un retraso en la cirugía definitiva en el cáncer de colon afecta significativamente la supervivencia.Un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que utiliza dos bases de datos independientes basadas en la población; Se realizó la base de datos vinculada a la vigilancia, la epidemiología y los resultados finales y la base de datos nacional del cáncer.Pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadíos 1 a 3 del Comité Estadounidense Conjunto sobre el Cáncer. Los pacientes tenían más de 18 años en la cohorte de la National Cancer Database y más de 66 años en la cohorte de Medicare. Los pacientes tuvieron un mínimo de 3 años de seguimiento.El resultado principal fue la supervivencia general en función del tiempo entre el diagnóstico y la cirugía en 4 intervalos (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, y mas de 6 semanas).La cohorte de Medicare demostró una supervivencia ajustada de 5 años de 8 a 14% más en pacientes con un retraso quirúrgico entre 3 a 6 semanas, con razones de riesgo significativamente más bajas en ese intervalo. La cohorte de la National Cancer Database demostró una supervivencia ajustada a 5 años de 9 a 16% más en pacientes con cirugía de 3 a 6 semanas después del diagnóstico, con mejoras comparativamente similares en el riesgo de supervivencia.Dado que este fue un estudio retrospectivo de bases de datos administrativas, con datos de Medicare limitados a datos de facturación, la causalidad de los resultados debe interpretarse con precaución.El momento ideal para la resección definitiva en el cáncer de colon es entre tres y seis semanas después del diagnóstico inicial. Se deben hacer todos los esfuerzos para que los pacientes obtengan una cirugía definitiva dentro de este intervalo para lograr una mejora modesta pero significativa en la supervivencia general. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B76.

[Current findings on gastrointestinal stromal tumors: seven observations of malignant tumors].

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare neoplasms, 1-3% of malignant gastrointestinal tumors. They are immature proliferations of spindled and/or epithelioid cells, developed in the muscular layer of the digestive tract, showing uncompleted or partial muscular, nervous or mixed differentiation. Immunohistologic knowledge about these tumors has recently progressed because of the discovery of specific markers (coexpression vimentin-CD117, oncogenes): GIST can now be distinguished from the other mesenchymal tumors. Retrospective study of seven patients with GIST who received the same treatment. For our seven patients the mean age was 49 years with a male predominance (sex-ratio 4/3). The tumoral localisations are principally the small bowel (four cases), the rectum (two cases) and the stomach (one case). The treatment consisted of a first surgery, adapted to the tumoral localisation and extension, associated to chemotherapy in case of metastasis or local recurrence. The study of the histological grading for the seven patients showed tumors with poor prognoses. Six patients developed recurrence in a 2-year period; for the survey we are too close for a proper view. A review of the literature on stromal tumors finds older patients (59 years) with an equal sex ratio. Against the results of our series, the most frequent location is the stomach (50%). But the main problem is the better understanding of the particular evolution of these tumors. The bad short-date prognosis imposes carrying out larger studies, in order to confirm the principal hypothesis of histogenesis and to improve the survey by an optimal treatment.