<instructions>Your goal is to analyze the following comment and estimate how highly it will be upvoted by the Hacker News community.</instructions><comment><author>codeflo</author><text>Well yes, when the light hits a mirror, a certain percentage (say 95% of the energy) bounces back, which can hit another mirror and so forth. There&apos;s no limit, but after a few dozen bounces, the remaining light is virtually undetectable.&lt;p&gt;Really, the exact same thing happens in a standard white painted room, the two differences being that the mirrors reflect more of the light (so that a dimmer light source will suffice to reach the same level of illumination), and that the reflection is directed instead of diffuse (this only changes the shape of the reflected light, not its amount). Maybe you can explain what&apos;s confusing you.</text><parent_chain><item><author>jeggers5</author><text>It would be amazing if somebody could answer this too. If I turn a lamp on and off in a sealed room of mirrors, why doesn&apos;t the light just keep bouncing off the walls and illuminate the room?</text></item><item><author>Tloewald</author><text>Same place sunlight goes.</text></item><item><author>mkup</author><text>(A bit off-topic question to physics expert on HN)&lt;p&gt;I&apos;ve read that supermassive black hole accretion is the most energy-effective process of mass to energy conversion in the Universe (50% efficiency or so).&lt;p&gt;I&apos;m just curious: Where does all that energy go? Extremely powerful jets of radiation are emitted into the intergalaxy space and then what? Does it just disappear? Isn&apos;t this energy responsible for Universe expansion? It must push galaxies away from each other, right?</text></item><item><author>InclinedPlane</author><text>Science!&lt;p&gt;We can tell how much dark matter is out there because we can &quot;weigh&quot; it through indirect measures. And then we can take different theories of dark matter (such as, say, the theory that it&apos;s all just a bunch of interstellar orphaned planets and &quot;black dwarfs&quot; and what-have-you made up of ordinary matter) and figure out what sorts of implications that would have, make predictions on observable effects of those different models and then test those predictions. And that is precisely what happened about 20-30 years ago. A lot of work was done to pin down what type of dark matter makes up the majority of it out there.&lt;p&gt;For example, you can point a telescope at a set of neighboring galaxies and look for brightening effects due to gravitational micro-lensing from a chance alignment of a &quot;macho&quot; (e.g. orphaned gas giant planet) along the line of sight. Surveys were set up and indeed found that there were orphaned &quot;macho&quot; objects in our galaxy, but the statistics showed that they were orders of magnitude too rare to make up the bulk of dark matter we know about from other studies. Another line of evidence involves studying the large-scale structure of the Universe (e.g. the layout of galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc.) and comparing it with various computer simulations of models with different assumptions on the composition of the mass of the Universe (e.g. 100% &quot;ordinary&quot; baryonic matter, various percentages of &quot;special&quot; dark matter such as cold and hot dark matter, WIMPs, etc.)&lt;p&gt;From this and many other lines of evidence we came up with very strong evidence that the vast majority of the mass budget of the Universe is in the form of so-called &quot;cold dark matter&quot; which is composed of weekly interacting massive particles other than neutrinos (neutrinos are dark matter, but we&apos;ve been able to place an upper limit on how much they contribute to the dark matter budget of the Universe, because they are detectable to a degree, and it&apos;s only a fraction).&lt;p&gt;So that&apos;s it, just a simple matter of comparing the predictions of different theories with observations and eliminating the theories that do not predict what we actually see out there in the Universe.</text></item><item><author>ok_craig</author><text>There&apos;s one thing I don&apos;t understand about the mystery of dark matter.  I don&apos;t understand why the simple explanation for it isn&apos;t just that it&apos;s regular matter that is not stars.  Maybe there are just bajillions of planets and dust clouds out there.  Matter that isn&apos;t directly circling stars, thus not reflecting light.  Why is the popular assumption that if the mass isn&apos;t stars or things in orbit of stars, that it must be a mystery substance?  I assume there&apos;s scientific reasoning behind this, but I&apos;ve never heard it explained before. If someone could fill me in, that would be awesome.</text></item></parent_chain></comment><story><title>Dark matter scaffolding of universe detected for the first time</title><url>http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/20623-dark-matter-scaffolding-of-universe-detected-for-the-first-time</url><text></text></story>
<instructions>Your goal is to analyze the following comment and estimate how highly it will be upvoted by the Hacker News community.</instructions><comment><author>scott_s</author><text>Mirrors are not perfect reflectors; some light will be absorbed.</text><parent_chain><item><author>jeggers5</author><text>It would be amazing if somebody could answer this too. If I turn a lamp on and off in a sealed room of mirrors, why doesn&apos;t the light just keep bouncing off the walls and illuminate the room?</text></item><item><author>Tloewald</author><text>Same place sunlight goes.</text></item><item><author>mkup</author><text>(A bit off-topic question to physics expert on HN)&lt;p&gt;I&apos;ve read that supermassive black hole accretion is the most energy-effective process of mass to energy conversion in the Universe (50% efficiency or so).&lt;p&gt;I&apos;m just curious: Where does all that energy go? Extremely powerful jets of radiation are emitted into the intergalaxy space and then what? Does it just disappear? Isn&apos;t this energy responsible for Universe expansion? It must push galaxies away from each other, right?</text></item><item><author>InclinedPlane</author><text>Science!&lt;p&gt;We can tell how much dark matter is out there because we can &quot;weigh&quot; it through indirect measures. And then we can take different theories of dark matter (such as, say, the theory that it&apos;s all just a bunch of interstellar orphaned planets and &quot;black dwarfs&quot; and what-have-you made up of ordinary matter) and figure out what sorts of implications that would have, make predictions on observable effects of those different models and then test those predictions. And that is precisely what happened about 20-30 years ago. A lot of work was done to pin down what type of dark matter makes up the majority of it out there.&lt;p&gt;For example, you can point a telescope at a set of neighboring galaxies and look for brightening effects due to gravitational micro-lensing from a chance alignment of a &quot;macho&quot; (e.g. orphaned gas giant planet) along the line of sight. Surveys were set up and indeed found that there were orphaned &quot;macho&quot; objects in our galaxy, but the statistics showed that they were orders of magnitude too rare to make up the bulk of dark matter we know about from other studies. Another line of evidence involves studying the large-scale structure of the Universe (e.g. the layout of galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc.) and comparing it with various computer simulations of models with different assumptions on the composition of the mass of the Universe (e.g. 100% &quot;ordinary&quot; baryonic matter, various percentages of &quot;special&quot; dark matter such as cold and hot dark matter, WIMPs, etc.)&lt;p&gt;From this and many other lines of evidence we came up with very strong evidence that the vast majority of the mass budget of the Universe is in the form of so-called &quot;cold dark matter&quot; which is composed of weekly interacting massive particles other than neutrinos (neutrinos are dark matter, but we&apos;ve been able to place an upper limit on how much they contribute to the dark matter budget of the Universe, because they are detectable to a degree, and it&apos;s only a fraction).&lt;p&gt;So that&apos;s it, just a simple matter of comparing the predictions of different theories with observations and eliminating the theories that do not predict what we actually see out there in the Universe.</text></item><item><author>ok_craig</author><text>There&apos;s one thing I don&apos;t understand about the mystery of dark matter.  I don&apos;t understand why the simple explanation for it isn&apos;t just that it&apos;s regular matter that is not stars.  Maybe there are just bajillions of planets and dust clouds out there.  Matter that isn&apos;t directly circling stars, thus not reflecting light.  Why is the popular assumption that if the mass isn&apos;t stars or things in orbit of stars, that it must be a mystery substance?  I assume there&apos;s scientific reasoning behind this, but I&apos;ve never heard it explained before. If someone could fill me in, that would be awesome.</text></item></parent_chain></comment><story><title>Dark matter scaffolding of universe detected for the first time</title><url>http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/20623-dark-matter-scaffolding-of-universe-detected-for-the-first-time</url><text></text></story>