### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

)
        if zombies:
            self.log.warning("Failing (%s) jobs without heartbeat after %s", len(zombies), limit_dttm)
        for ti, file_loc, processor_subdir in zombies:
            zombie_message_details = self._generate_zombie_message_details(ti)
            request = TaskCallbackRequest(
                full_filepath=file_loc,
                processor_subdir=processor_subdir,
                simple_task_instance=SimpleTaskInstance.from_ti(ti),
                msg=str(zombie_message_details),
            )
            self.log.error("Detected zombie job: %s", request)
            self.job.executor.send_callback(request)
            Stats.incr("zombies_killed", tags={"dag_id": ti.dag_id, "task_id": ti.task_id})
    @staticmethod
    def _generate_zombie_message_details(ti: TI) -> dict[str, Any]:
        zombie_message_details = {
            "DAG Id": ti.dag_id,
            "Task Id": ti.task_id,
            "Run Id": ti.run_id,
        }
        if ti.map_index != -1:
            zombie_message_details["Map Index"] = ti.map_index
        if ti.hostname:
            zombie_message_details["Hostname"] = ti.hostname
        if ti.external_executor_id:
            zombie_message_details["External Executor Id"] = ti.external_executor_id
        return zombie_message_details
    @provide_session
    def _cleanup_stale_dags(self, session: Session = NEW_SESSION) -> None: