### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

self,
        start_date: datetime | None = None,
        end_date: datetime | None = None,
        ignore_first_depends_on_past: bool = True,
        wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping: bool = False,
        ignore_ti_state: bool = False,
        mark_success: bool = False,
        test_mode: bool = False,
        session: Session = NEW_SESSION,
    ) -> None:
        """Run a set of task instances for a date range."""
        from airflow.models import DagRun
        from airflow.utils.types import DagRunType
        
        
        if TYPE_CHECKING:
            assert self.start_date
        start_date = pendulum.instance(start_date or self.start_date)
        end_date = pendulum.instance(end_date or self.end_date or timezone.utcnow())
        for info in self.dag.iter_dagrun_infos_between(start_date, end_date, align=False):
            ignore_depends_on_past = info.logical_date == start_date and ignore_first_depends_on_past
            try:
                dag_run = (