### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

"""
        Update task with rendered template fields for presentation in UI.
        If task has already run, will fetch from DB; otherwise will render.
        """
        from airflow.models.renderedtifields import RenderedTaskInstanceFields
        rendered_task_instance_fields = RenderedTaskInstanceFields.get_templated_fields(self, session=session)
        if rendered_task_instance_fields:
            self.task = self.task.unmap(None)
            for field_name, rendered_value in rendered_task_instance_fields.items():
                setattr(self.task, field_name, rendered_value)
            return
        try:
            
            from airflow.utils.log.secrets_masker import redact
            self.render_templates()
            for field_name in self.task.template_fields:
                rendered_value = getattr(self.task, field_name)
                setattr(self.task, field_name, redact(rendered_value, field_name))
        except (TemplateAssertionError, UndefinedError) as e:
            raise AirflowException(
                "Webserver does not have access to User-defined Macros or Filters "
                "when Dag Serialization is enabled. Hence for the task that have not yet "
                "started running, please use 'airflow tasks render' for debugging the "
                "rendering of template_fields."
            ) from e
    @provide_session
    def get_rendered_k8s_spec(self, session: Session = NEW_SESSION):