### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

:param pool: specifies the pool to use to run the task instance
        :param external_executor_id: The identifier of the celery executor
        :param session: SQLAlchemy ORM Session
        :return: whether the state was changed to running or not
        """
        task = self.task
        self.refresh_from_task(task, pool_override=pool)
        self.test_mode = test_mode
        self.refresh_from_db(session=session, lock_for_update=True)
        self.job_id = job_id
        self.hostname = get_hostname()
        self.pid = None
        if not ignore_all_deps and not ignore_ti_state and self.state == State.SUCCESS:
            Stats.incr("previously_succeeded", 1, 1)
        
        hr_line_break = "\n" + ("-" * 80)  
        if not mark_success:
            
            
            non_requeueable_dep_context = DepContext(
                deps=RUNNING_DEPS - REQUEUEABLE_DEPS,
                ignore_all_deps=ignore_all_deps,
                ignore_ti_state=ignore_ti_state,
                ignore_depends_on_past=ignore_depends_on_past,
                ignore_task_deps=ignore_task_deps,
            )
            if not self.are_dependencies_met(
                dep_context=non_requeueable_dep_context, session=session, verbose=True
            ):
                session.commit()