### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

"""Returns dictionary of all global extra links"""
        from airflow import plugins_manager
        plugins_manager.initialize_extra_operators_links_plugins()
        if plugins_manager.global_operator_extra_links is None:
            raise AirflowException("Can't load operators")
        return {link.name: link for link in plugins_manager.global_operator_extra_links}
    @cached_property
    def extra_links(self) -> list[str]:
        return list(set(self.operator_extra_link_dict).union(self.global_operator_extra_link_dict))
    def get_extra_links(self, ti: TaskInstance, link_name: str) -> str | None:
        """For an operator, gets the URLs that the ``extra_links`` entry points to.
        :meta private:
        :raise ValueError: The error message of a ValueError will be passed on through to
            the fronted to show up as a tooltip on the disabled link.
        :param ti: The TaskInstance for the URL being searched for.
        :param link_name: The name of the link we're looking for the URL for. Should be
            one of the options specified in ``extra_links``.
        """
        link: BaseOperatorLink | None = self.operator_extra_link_dict.get(link_name)
        if not link:
            link = self.global_operator_extra_link_dict.get(link_name)
            if not link:
                return None
        parameters = inspect.signature(link.get_link).parameters
        old_signature = all(name != "ti_key" for name, p in parameters.items() if p.kind != p.VAR_KEYWORD)
        if old_signature:
            return link.get_link(self.unmap(None), ti.dag_run.logical_date)  
        return link.get_link(self.unmap(None), ti_key=ti.key)
    @cache
    def get_parse_time_mapped_ti_count(self) -> int: