### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

)
        
        
        current_try_number = self.try_number - 1
        additional_context: dict[str, Any] = {
            "exception": exception,
            "exception_html": exception_html,
            "try_number": current_try_number,
            "max_tries": self.max_tries,
        }
        if use_default:
            default_context = {"ti": self, **additional_context}
            jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(
                loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader(os.path.dirname(__file__)), autoescape=True
            )
            subject = jinja_env.from_string(default_subject).render(**default_context)
            html_content = jinja_env.from_string(default_html_content).render(**default_context)
            html_content_err = jinja_env.from_string(default_html_content_err).render(**default_context)
        else:
            
            
            
            dag = self.task.get_dag()
            if dag:
                jinja_env = dag.get_template_env(force_sandboxed=True)
            else:
                jinja_env = SandboxedEnvironment(cache_size=0)
            jinja_context = self.get_template_context()
            context_merge(jinja_context, additional_context)
            def render(key: str, content: str) -> str: