### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

warnings.warn(
                "The 'processor_poll_interval' parameter is deprecated. "
                "Please use 'scheduler_idle_sleep_time'.",
                RemovedInAirflow3Warning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            scheduler_idle_sleep_time = processor_poll_interval
        self._scheduler_idle_sleep_time = scheduler_idle_sleep_time
        
        self._zombie_threshold_secs = conf.getint("scheduler", "scheduler_zombie_task_threshold")
        self._standalone_dag_processor = conf.getboolean("scheduler", "standalone_dag_processor")
        self._dag_stale_not_seen_duration = conf.getint("scheduler", "dag_stale_not_seen_duration")
        
        
        
        
        
        stalled_task_timeout = conf.getfloat("celery", "stalled_task_timeout", fallback=0)
        if stalled_task_timeout:
            
            warnings.warn(
                "The '[celery] stalled_task_timeout' config option is deprecated. "
                "Please update your config to use '[scheduler] task_queued_timeout' instead.",
                DeprecationWarning,
            )
        task_adoption_timeout = conf.getfloat("celery", "task_adoption_timeout", fallback=0)
        if task_adoption_timeout:
            
            warnings.warn(