### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

Stats.incr(f"ti.finish.{self.task.dag_id}.{self.task.task_id}.{state}", count=0)
        self.task = self.task.prepare_for_execution()
        context = self.get_template_context(ignore_param_exceptions=False)
        try:
            if not mark_success:
                self._execute_task_with_callbacks(context, test_mode)
            if not test_mode:
                self.refresh_from_db(lock_for_update=True, session=session)
            self.state = State.SUCCESS
        except TaskDeferred as defer:
            
            
            self._defer_task(defer=defer, session=session)
            self.log.info(
                "Pausing task as DEFERRED. dag_id=%s, task_id=%s, execution_date=%s, start_date=%s",
                self.dag_id,
                self.task_id,
                self._date_or_empty("execution_date"),
                self._date_or_empty("start_date"),
            )
            if not test_mode:
                session.add(Log(self.state, self))
                session.merge(self)
                session.commit()
            return
        except AirflowSkipException as e:
            
            
            if e.args:
                self.log.info(e)