### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

try:
            expanded_ti_count: int | None = task.get_mapped_ti_count(self.run_id, session=session)
        except NotMapped:
            expanded_ti_count = None
        
        
        
        context = {
            "conf": conf,
            "dag": dag,
            "dag_run": dag_run,
            "data_interval_end": timezone.coerce_datetime(data_interval.end),
            "data_interval_start": timezone.coerce_datetime(data_interval.start),
            "ds": ds,
            "ds_nodash": ds_nodash,
            "execution_date": logical_date,
            "expanded_ti_count": expanded_ti_count,
            "inlets": task.inlets,
            "logical_date": logical_date,
            "macros": macros,
            "next_ds": get_next_ds(),
            "next_ds_nodash": get_next_ds_nodash(),
            "next_execution_date": get_next_execution_date(),
            "outlets": task.outlets,
            "params": validated_params,
            "prev_data_interval_start_success": get_prev_data_interval_start_success(),
            "prev_data_interval_end_success": get_prev_data_interval_end_success(),
            "prev_ds": get_prev_ds(),
            "prev_ds_nodash": get_prev_ds_nodash(),
            "prev_execution_date": get_prev_execution_date(),