### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

session: Session = NEW_SESSION,
    ) -> None:
        """Run TaskInstance"""
        res = self.check_and_change_state_before_execution(
            verbose=verbose,
            ignore_all_deps=ignore_all_deps,
            ignore_depends_on_past=ignore_depends_on_past,
            ignore_task_deps=ignore_task_deps,
            ignore_ti_state=ignore_ti_state,
            mark_success=mark_success,
            test_mode=test_mode,
            job_id=job_id,
            pool=pool,
            session=session,
        )
        if not res:
            return
        self._run_raw_task(
            mark_success=mark_success, test_mode=test_mode, job_id=job_id, pool=pool, session=session
        )
    def dry_run(self) -> None:
        """Only Renders Templates for the TI"""
        from airflow.models.baseoperator import BaseOperator
        self.task = self.task.prepare_for_execution()
        self.render_templates()
        if TYPE_CHECKING:
            assert isinstance(self.task, BaseOperator)
        self.task.dry_run()
    @provide_session
    def _handle_reschedule(