### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

self,
        task_id: str,
        owner: str = DEFAULT_OWNER,
        email: str | Iterable[str] | None = None,
        email_on_retry: bool = conf.getboolean("email", "default_email_on_retry", fallback=True),
        email_on_failure: bool = conf.getboolean("email", "default_email_on_failure", fallback=True),
        retries: int | None = DEFAULT_RETRIES,
        retry_delay: timedelta | float = DEFAULT_RETRY_DELAY,
        retry_exponential_backoff: bool = False,
        max_retry_delay: timedelta | float | None = None,
        start_date: datetime | None = None,
        end_date: datetime | None = None,
        depends_on_past: bool = False,
        ignore_first_depends_on_past: bool = DEFAULT_IGNORE_FIRST_DEPENDS_ON_PAST,
        wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping: bool = DEFAULT_WAIT_FOR_PAST_DEPENDS_BEFORE_SKIPPING,
        wait_for_downstream: bool = False,
        dag: DAG | None = None,
        params: collections.abc.MutableMapping | None = None,
        default_args: dict | None = None,
        priority_weight: int = DEFAULT_PRIORITY_WEIGHT,
        weight_rule: str = DEFAULT_WEIGHT_RULE,
        queue: str = DEFAULT_QUEUE,
        pool: str | None = None,
        pool_slots: int = DEFAULT_POOL_SLOTS,
        sla: timedelta | None = None,
        execution_timeout: timedelta | None = DEFAULT_TASK_EXECUTION_TIMEOUT,
        on_execute_callback: None | TaskStateChangeCallback | list[TaskStateChangeCallback] = None,
        on_failure_callback: None | TaskStateChangeCallback | list[TaskStateChangeCallback] = None,