### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

instance is returned. If the task to pull is mapped, an iterator (not a
        list) yielding XComs from mapped task instances is returned. In either
        case, ``default`` (*None* if not specified) is returned if no matching
        XComs are found.
        When pulling multiple tasks (i.e. either ``task_id`` or ``map_index`` is
        a non-str iterable), a list of matching XComs is returned. Elements in
        the list is ordered by item ordering in ``task_id`` and ``map_index``.
        """
        if dag_id is None:
            dag_id = self.dag_id
        query = XCom.get_many(
            key=key,
            run_id=self.run_id,
            dag_ids=dag_id,
            task_ids=task_ids,
            map_indexes=map_indexes,
            include_prior_dates=include_prior_dates,
            session=session,
        )
        
        
        
        
        if (task_ids is None or isinstance(task_ids, str)) and not isinstance(map_indexes, Iterable):
            first = query.with_entities(
                XCom.run_id, XCom.task_id, XCom.dag_id, XCom.map_index, XCom.value
            ).first()
            if first is None:  
                return default
            if map_indexes is not None or first.map_index < 0: