### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

if conf.has_option("email", key):
                    path = conf.get_mandatory_value("email", key)
                    try:
                        with open(path) as f:
                            content = f.read()
                    except FileNotFoundError:
                        self.log.warning(f"Could not find email template file '{path!r}'. Using defaults...")
                    except OSError:
                        self.log.exception(f"Error while using email template '{path!r}'. Using defaults...")
                return render_template_to_string(jinja_env.from_string(content), jinja_context)
            subject = render("subject_template", default_subject)
            html_content = render("html_content_template", default_html_content)
            html_content_err = render("html_content_template", default_html_content_err)
        return subject, html_content, html_content_err
    def email_alert(self, exception, task: BaseOperator) -> None:
        """Send alert email with exception information."""
        subject, html_content, html_content_err = self.get_email_subject_content(exception, task=task)
        assert task.email
        try:
            send_email(task.email, subject, html_content)
        except Exception:
            send_email(task.email, subject, html_content_err)
    def set_duration(self) -> None:
        """Set TI duration"""
        if self.end_date and self.start_date:
            self.duration = (self.end_date - self.start_date).total_seconds()
        else:
            self.duration = None
        self.log.debug("Task Duration set to %s", self.duration)
    def _record_task_map_for_downstreams(self, task: Operator, value: Any, *, session: Session) -> None: