### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

cmd = ["airflow", "tasks", "run", dag_id, task_id, run_id]
        if mark_success:
            cmd.extend(["--mark-success"])
        if pickle_id:
            cmd.extend(["--pickle", str(pickle_id)])
        if job_id:
            cmd.extend(["--job-id", str(job_id)])
        if ignore_all_deps:
            cmd.extend(["--ignore-all-dependencies"])
        if ignore_task_deps:
            cmd.extend(["--ignore-dependencies"])
        if ignore_depends_on_past:
            cmd.extend(["--ignore-depends-on-past"])
        if ignore_ti_state:
            cmd.extend(["--force"])
        if local:
            cmd.extend(["--local"])
        if pool:
            cmd.extend(["--pool", pool])
        if raw:
            cmd.extend(["--raw"])
        if file_path:
            cmd.extend(["--subdir", file_path])
        if cfg_path:
            cmd.extend(["--cfg-path", cfg_path])
        if map_index != -1:
            cmd.extend(["--map-index", str(map_index)])
        return cmd
    @property
    def log_url(self) -> str: