### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

"""Metaclass of BaseOperator."""
    @classmethod
    def _apply_defaults(cls, func: T) -> T:
        """
        Function decorator that Looks for an argument named "default_args", and
        fills the unspecified arguments from it.
        Since python2.* isn't clear about which arguments are missing when
        calling a function, and that this can be quite confusing with multi-level
        inheritance and argument defaults, this decorator also alerts with
        specific information about the missing arguments.
        """
        
        
        
        
        sig_cache = signature(func)
        non_variadic_params = {
            name: param
            for (name, param) in sig_cache.parameters.items()
            if param.name != "self" and param.kind not in (param.VAR_POSITIONAL, param.VAR_KEYWORD)
        }
        non_optional_args = {
            name
            for name, param in non_variadic_params.items()
            if param.default == param.empty and name != "task_id"
        }
        fixup_decorator_warning_stack(func)
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def apply_defaults(self: BaseOperator, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: