### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

"""
    Sets the current execution context to the provided context object.
    This method should be called once per Task execution, before calling operator.execute.
    """
    _CURRENT_CONTEXT.append(context)
    try:
        yield context
    finally:
        expected_state = _CURRENT_CONTEXT.pop()
        if expected_state != context:
            log.warning(
                "Current context is not equal to the state at context stack. Expected=%s, got=%s",
                context,
                expected_state,
            )
def clear_task_instances(
    tis: list[TaskInstance],
    session: Session,
    activate_dag_runs: None = None,
    dag: DAG | None = None,
    dag_run_state: DagRunState | Literal[False] = DagRunState.QUEUED,
) -> None:
    """
    Clears a set of task instances, but makes sure the running ones
    get killed.
    :param tis: a list of task instances
    :param session: current session
    :param dag_run_state: state to set DagRun to. If set to False, dagrun state will not