### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

self, state: DagRunState | None = None, session: Session = NEW_SESSION
    ) -> pendulum.DateTime | None:
        """
        The start date from property previous_ti_success.
        :param state: If passed, it only take into account instances of a specific state.
        :param session: SQLAlchemy ORM Session
        """
        self.log.debug("previous_start_date was called")
        prev_ti = self.get_previous_ti(state=state, session=session)
        
        return prev_ti and prev_ti.start_date and pendulum.instance(prev_ti.start_date)
    @property
    def previous_start_date_success(self) -> pendulum.DateTime | None:
        """
        This attribute is deprecated.
        Please use `airflow.models.taskinstance.TaskInstance.get_previous_start_date` method.
        """
        warnings.warn(
            """
            This attribute is deprecated.
            Please use `airflow.models.taskinstance.TaskInstance.get_previous_start_date` method.
            """,
            RemovedInAirflow3Warning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.get_previous_start_date(state=DagRunState.SUCCESS)
    @provide_session
    def are_dependencies_met(