### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

partial_kwargs.setdefault("start_date", start_date)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("end_date", end_date)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("owner", owner)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("email", email)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("trigger_rule", trigger_rule)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("depends_on_past", depends_on_past)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("ignore_first_depends_on_past", ignore_first_depends_on_past)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping", wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("wait_for_downstream", wait_for_downstream)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("retries", retries)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("queue", queue)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("pool", pool)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("pool_slots", pool_slots)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("execution_timeout", execution_timeout)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("max_retry_delay", max_retry_delay)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("retry_delay", retry_delay)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("retry_exponential_backoff", retry_exponential_backoff)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("priority_weight", priority_weight)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("weight_rule", weight_rule)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("sla", sla)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("max_active_tis_per_dag", max_active_tis_per_dag)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("max_active_tis_per_dagrun", max_active_tis_per_dagrun)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("on_execute_callback", on_execute_callback)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("on_failure_callback", on_failure_callback)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("on_retry_callback", on_retry_callback)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("on_success_callback", on_success_callback)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("run_as_user", run_as_user)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("executor_config", executor_config)
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("inlets", inlets or [])
    partial_kwargs.setdefault("outlets", outlets or [])