### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

ti.queued_by_job_id = 999
                local_job = Job(dag_id=ti.dag_id)
                local_job.state = TaskInstanceState.FAILED
                session.add(local_job)
                session.flush()
                ti.job_id = local_job.id
                session.add(ti)
                session.flush()
            assert task.task_id == "run_this_first"  
            ti.queued_by_job_id = scheduler_job.id
            session.flush()
            zombie_message = self.job_runner._generate_zombie_message_details(ti)
            assert zombie_message == {
                "DAG Id": "example_branch_operator",
                "Task Id": "run_this_first",
                "Run Id": "scheduled__2016-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
            }
            ti.hostname = "10.10.10.10"
            ti.map_index = 2
            ti.external_executor_id = "abcdefg"
            zombie_message = self.job_runner._generate_zombie_message_details(ti)
            assert zombie_message == {
                "DAG Id": "example_branch_operator",
                "Task Id": "run_this_first",
                "Run Id": "scheduled__2016-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
                "Hostname": "10.10.10.10",
                "Map Index": 2,
                "External Executor Id": "abcdefg",
            }
    def test_find_zombies_handle_failure_callbacks_are_correctly_passed_to_dag_processor(self):