### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

session.query(DagRun)
                    .filter(
                        DagRun.dag_id == self.dag_id,
                        DagRun.execution_date == info.logical_date,
                    )
                    .one()
                )
                ti = TaskInstance(self, run_id=dag_run.run_id)
            except NoResultFound:
                
                dr = DagRun(
                    dag_id=self.dag_id,
                    run_id=DagRun.generate_run_id(DagRunType.MANUAL, info.logical_date),
                    run_type=DagRunType.MANUAL,
                    execution_date=info.logical_date,
                    data_interval=info.data_interval,
                )
                ti = TaskInstance(self, run_id=dr.run_id)
                ti.dag_run = dr
                session.add(dr)
                session.flush()
            ti.run(
                mark_success=mark_success,
                ignore_depends_on_past=ignore_depends_on_past,
                wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping=wait_for_past_depends_before_skipping,
                ignore_ti_state=ignore_ti_state,
                test_mode=test_mode,
                session=session,
            )
    def dry_run(self) -> None: