### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

Stats.incr("scheduler_heartbeat", 1, 1)
    def register_signals(self) -> None:
        """Register signals that stop child processes."""
        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._exit_gracefully)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._exit_gracefully)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR2, self._debug_dump)
    def _exit_gracefully(self, signum: int, frame: FrameType | None) -> None:
        """Clean up processor_agent to avoid leaving orphan processes."""
        if not _is_parent_process():
            
            return
        self.log.info("Exiting gracefully upon receiving signal %s", signum)
        if self.processor_agent:
            self.processor_agent.end()
        sys.exit(os.EX_OK)
    def _debug_dump(self, signum: int, frame: FrameType | None) -> None:
        if not _is_parent_process():
            
            return
        try:
            sig_name = signal.Signals(signum).name
        except Exception:
            sig_name = str(signum)
        self.log.info("%s\n%s received, printing debug\n%s", "-" * 80, sig_name, "-" * 80)
        self.job.executor.debug_dump()
        self.log.info("-" * 80)
    def __get_concurrency_maps(self, states: Iterable[TaskInstanceState], session: Session) -> ConcurrencyMap: