### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

else:
            ti = qry.one_or_none()
        if ti:
            
            self.start_date = ti.start_date
            self.end_date = ti.end_date
            self.duration = ti.duration
            self.state = ti.state
            
            self.try_number = ti.try_number
            self.max_tries = ti.max_tries
            self.hostname = ti.hostname
            self.unixname = ti.unixname
            self.job_id = ti.job_id
            self.pool = ti.pool
            self.pool_slots = ti.pool_slots or 1
            self.queue = ti.queue
            self.priority_weight = ti.priority_weight
            self.operator = ti.operator
            self.queued_dttm = ti.queued_dttm
            self.queued_by_job_id = ti.queued_by_job_id
            self.pid = ti.pid
            self.executor_config = ti.executor_config
            self.external_executor_id = ti.external_executor_id
            self.trigger_id = ti.trigger_id
            self.next_method = ti.next_method
            self.next_kwargs = ti.next_kwargs
        else:
            self.state = None
    def refresh_from_task(self, task: Operator, pool_override: str | None = None) -> None: