### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

on_success_callback: None | TaskStateChangeCallback | list[TaskStateChangeCallback] = None,
        on_retry_callback: None | TaskStateChangeCallback | list[TaskStateChangeCallback] = None,
        pre_execute: TaskPreExecuteHook | None = None,
        post_execute: TaskPostExecuteHook | None = None,
        trigger_rule: str = DEFAULT_TRIGGER_RULE,
        resources: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
        run_as_user: str | None = None,
        task_concurrency: int | None = None,
        max_active_tis_per_dag: int | None = None,
        max_active_tis_per_dagrun: int | None = None,
        executor_config: dict | None = None,
        do_xcom_push: bool = True,
        inlets: Any | None = None,
        outlets: Any | None = None,
        task_group: TaskGroup | None = None,
        doc: str | None = None,
        doc_md: str | None = None,
        doc_json: str | None = None,
        doc_yaml: str | None = None,
        doc_rst: str | None = None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        from airflow.models.dag import DagContext
        from airflow.utils.task_group import TaskGroupContext
        self.__init_kwargs = {}
        super().__init__()
        kwargs.pop("_airflow_mapped_validation_only", None)
        if kwargs:
            if not conf.getboolean("operators", "ALLOW_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENTS"):
                raise AirflowException(