### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

self.start_date = start_date
        self.end_date = end_date
        self.try_number = try_number
        self.state = state
        self.executor_config = executor_config
        self.run_as_user = run_as_user
        self.pool = pool
        self.priority_weight = priority_weight
        self.queue = queue
        self.key = key
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
        return NotImplemented
    def as_dict(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "This method is deprecated. Use BaseSerialization.serialize.",
            RemovedInAirflow3Warning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        new_dict = dict(self.__dict__)
        for key in new_dict:
            if key in ["start_date", "end_date"]:
                val = new_dict[key]
                if not val or isinstance(val, str):
                    continue
                new_dict.update({key: val.isoformat()})
        return new_dict
    @classmethod
    def from_ti(cls, ti: TaskInstance) -> SimpleTaskInstance: