### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

return False
            
            
            
            
            
            
            self.start_date = self.start_date if self.next_method else timezone.utcnow()
            if self.state == State.UP_FOR_RESCHEDULE:
                task_reschedule: TR = TR.query_for_task_instance(self, session=session).first()
                if task_reschedule:
                    self.start_date = task_reschedule.start_date
            
            
            
            dep_context = DepContext(
                deps=REQUEUEABLE_DEPS,
                ignore_all_deps=ignore_all_deps,
                ignore_depends_on_past=ignore_depends_on_past,
                ignore_task_deps=ignore_task_deps,
                ignore_ti_state=ignore_ti_state,
            )
            if not self.are_dependencies_met(dep_context=dep_context, session=session, verbose=True):
                self.state = State.NONE
                self.log.warning(hr_line_break)
                self.log.warning(
                    "Rescheduling due to concurrency limits reached "
                    "at task runtime. Attempt %s of "
                    "%s. State set to NONE.",
                    self.try_number,