### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

self._send_sla_callbacks_to_processor(dag)
        if callback:
            self.job.executor.send_callback(callback)
        else:
            self.log.debug("callback is empty")
    def _send_sla_callbacks_to_processor(self, dag: DAG) -> None:
        """Send SLA Callbacks to DagFileProcessor if tasks have SLAs set and check_slas=True."""
        if not settings.CHECK_SLAS:
            return
        if not any(isinstance(task.sla, timedelta) for task in dag.tasks):
            self.log.debug("Skipping SLA check for %s because no tasks in DAG have SLAs", dag)
            return
        if not dag.timetable.periodic:
            self.log.debug("Skipping SLA check for %s because DAG is not scheduled", dag)
            return
        dag_model = DagModel.get_dagmodel(dag.dag_id)
        if not dag_model:
            self.log.error("Couldn't find DAG %s in database!", dag.dag_id)
            return
        request = SlaCallbackRequest(
            full_filepath=dag.fileloc,
            dag_id=dag.dag_id,
            processor_subdir=dag_model.processor_subdir,
        )
        self.job.executor.send_callback(request)
    @provide_session
    def _fail_tasks_stuck_in_queued(self, session: Session = NEW_SESSION) -> None: