### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

raise AirflowException(
                f"The weight_rule must be one of "
                f"{WeightRule.all_weight_rules},'{dag.dag_id if dag else ''}.{task_id}'; "
                f"received '{weight_rule}'."
            )
        self.weight_rule = weight_rule
        self.resources = coerce_resources(resources)
        if task_concurrency and not max_active_tis_per_dag:
            
            warnings.warn(
                "The 'task_concurrency' parameter is deprecated. Please use 'max_active_tis_per_dag'.",
                RemovedInAirflow3Warning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            max_active_tis_per_dag = task_concurrency
        self.max_active_tis_per_dag: int | None = max_active_tis_per_dag
        self.max_active_tis_per_dagrun: int | None = max_active_tis_per_dagrun
        self.do_xcom_push = do_xcom_push
        self.doc_md = doc_md
        self.doc_json = doc_json
        self.doc_yaml = doc_yaml
        self.doc_rst = doc_rst
        self.doc = doc
        self.upstream_task_ids: set[str] = set()
        self.downstream_task_ids: set[str] = set()
        if dag:
            self.dag = dag
        self._log = logging.getLogger("airflow.task.operators")
        
        self.inlets: list = []