### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

ui_fgcolor: str = "#000"
    pool: str = ""
    
    _base_operator_shallow_copy_attrs: tuple[str, ...] = (
        "user_defined_macros",
        "user_defined_filters",
        "params",
        "_log",
    )
    
    shallow_copy_attrs: Sequence[str] = ()
    
    operator_extra_links: Collection[BaseOperatorLink] = ()
    
    __serialized_fields: frozenset[str] | None = None
    partial: Callable[..., OperatorPartial] = _PartialDescriptor()  
    _comps = {
        "task_id",
        "dag_id",
        "owner",
        "email",
        "email_on_retry",
        "retry_delay",
        "retry_exponential_backoff",
        "max_retry_delay",
        "start_date",
        "end_date",
        "depends_on_past",
        "wait_for_downstream",
        "priority_weight",