### Apache Airflow version

2.6.2

### What happened

We are running a dag with many deferrable tasks using a custom trigger that waits for an Azure Batch task to complete. When many tasks have been deferred, we can an intermittent error in the Triggerer. The logged error message is the following:
```
Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/threading.py", line 980, in _bootstrap_inner
    self.run()
  File "/home/airflow/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/jobs/triggerer_job_runner.py", line 457, in run
    asyncio.run(self.arun())
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/asyncio/runners.py", line 44, in run
    return loop.run_until_complete(main)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/asyncio/base_events.py", line 647, in run_until_complete
    return future.result()
  File "/home/airflow/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/jobs/triggerer_job_runner.py", line 470, in arun
    await self.create_triggers()
  File "/home/airflow/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/jobs/triggerer_job_runner.py", line 492, in create_triggers
    dag_id = task_instance.dag_id
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'dag_id'
```
After this error occurs, the trigger still reports as healthy, but no events are triggered. Restarting the triggerer fixes the problem.

### What you think should happen instead

The specific error in the trigger should be addressed to prevent the triggerer async thread from crashing.

The triggerer should not perform heartbeat updates when the async triggerer thread has crashed.

### How to reproduce

This occurs intermittently, and seems to be the results of running more than one triggerer. Running many deferred tasks eventually ends up with this error occurring.



### Operating System

linux (standard airflow slim images extended with custom code running on kubernetes)

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

postgres,celery,redis,ssh,statsd,papermill,pandas,github_enterprise

### Deployment

Official Apache Airflow Helm Chart

### Deployment details

Azure Kubernetes and helm chart 1.9.0.
2 replicas of both triggerer and scheduler.

### Anything else

It seems that as triggers fire, the link between the trigger row and the associated task_instance for the trigger is removed before the trigger row is removed. This leaves a small amount of time where the trigger exists without an associated task_instance. The database updates are performed in a synchronous loop inside the triggerer, so with one triggerer, this is not a problem. However, it can be a problem with more than one triggerer.

Also, once the triggerer async loop (that handles the trigger code) fails, the triggers no longer fire. However, the heartbeat is handled by the synchronous loop so the job still reports as healthy.

I have included an associated PR to resolve these issues.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [X] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

from __future__ import annotations
import asyncio
import datetime
import importlib
import time
from threading import Thread
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
import pendulum
import pytest
from airflow import DAG
from airflow.config_templates import airflow_local_settings
from airflow.jobs.job import Job
from airflow.jobs.triggerer_job_runner import TriggererJobRunner, TriggerRunner, setup_queue_listener
from airflow.logging_config import configure_logging
from airflow.models import DagModel, DagRun, TaskInstance, Trigger
from airflow.models.baseoperator import BaseOperator
from airflow.operators.empty import EmptyOperator
from airflow.operators.python import PythonOperator
from airflow.triggers.base import TriggerEvent
from airflow.triggers.temporal import DateTimeTrigger, TimeDeltaTrigger
from airflow.triggers.testing import FailureTrigger, SuccessTrigger
from airflow.utils import timezone
from airflow.utils.log.logging_mixin import RedirectStdHandler
from airflow.utils.log.trigger_handler import LocalQueueHandler
from airflow.utils.session import create_session
from airflow.utils.state import State, TaskInstanceState
from airflow.utils.types import DagRunType
from tests.core.test_logging_config import reset_logging
from tests.test_utils.db import clear_db_dags, clear_db_runs
class TimeDeltaTrigger_(TimeDeltaTrigger):