### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

be changed.
    :param dag: DAG object
    :param activate_dag_runs: Deprecated parameter, do not pass
    """
    job_ids = []
    
    task_id_by_key: dict[str, dict[str, dict[int, dict[int, set[str]]]]] = defaultdict(
        lambda: defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(set)))
    )
    for ti in tis:
        if ti.state == TaskInstanceState.RUNNING:
            if ti.job_id:
                
                
                ti.state = TaskInstanceState.RESTARTING
                job_ids.append(ti.job_id)
        else:
            task_id = ti.task_id
            if dag and dag.has_task(task_id):
                task = dag.get_task(task_id)
                ti.refresh_from_task(task)
                task_retries = task.retries
                ti.max_tries = ti.try_number + task_retries - 1
            else:
                
                
                
                
                ti.max_tries = max(ti.max_tries, ti.prev_attempted_tries)
            ti.state = None