### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

Our scheduler started failing with this trace:

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1187, in get_failed_dep_statuses
    for dep_status in dep.get_dep_statuses(self, session, dep_context):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/base_ti_dep.py", line 95, in get_dep_statuses
    yield from self._get_dep_statuses(ti, session, dep_context)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/ti_deps/deps/not_in_retry_period_dep.py", line 47, in _get_dep_statuses
    next_task_retry_date = ti.next_retry_datetime()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/airflow/models/taskinstance.py", line 1243, in next_retry_datetime
    return self.end_date + delay
OverflowError: date value out of range

We found a dag with a large # of retries and exponential backoff will trigger this date error and take down the entire scheduler. The workaround is to force a max_delay setting. 

The bug is here:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/2.3.3/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1243

The current version seems to use the same code:
https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/airflow/models/taskinstance.py#L1147


### What you think should happen instead

There are a few solutions. Exponential backoff should probably require a max delay value.

At the very least, it shouldn't kill the scheduler.

### How to reproduce

Create dag with exponential delay and force it to retry until it overflows.

### Operating System

linux

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Astronomer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

.filter(
                    TaskInstance.dag_id == self.dag_id,
                    TaskInstance.task_id == self.task_id,
                    TaskInstance.run_id == run_id,
                )
                .scalar()
            )
            indexes_to_map = range(current_max_mapping + 1, total_length)
        for index in indexes_to_map:
            
            ti = TaskInstance(self, run_id=run_id, map_index=index, state=state)
            self.log.debug("Expanding TIs upserted %s", ti)
            task_instance_mutation_hook(ti)
            ti = session.merge(ti)
            ti.refresh_from_task(self)  
            all_expanded_tis.append(ti)
        
        
        total_expanded_ti_count = total_length or 0
        
        
        session.query(TaskInstance).filter(
            TaskInstance.dag_id == self.dag_id,
            TaskInstance.task_id == self.task_id,
            TaskInstance.run_id == run_id,
            TaskInstance.map_index >= total_expanded_ti_count,
        ).update({TaskInstance.state: TaskInstanceState.REMOVED})
        session.flush()
        return all_expanded_tis, total_expanded_ti_count - 1
    def render_template_fields(