Any bucket created through cloudformation will have `"LocationConstraint": null`, implying us-east-1, although in AWS CloudFormation the bucket's region will always match the template's region.
""" Recursively apply `func` to `obj` (may be a list, dict, or other object). """
    obj = func(obj, path=path)
    if isinstance(obj, list):
        for i in range(len(obj)):
            path = '%s[%s]' % (path or '.', i)
            obj[i] = recurse_object(obj[i], func, path)
    elif isinstance(obj, dict):
        for k, v in obj.items():
            path = '%s%s' % ((path + '.') if path else '', k)
            obj[k] = recurse_object(v, func, path)
    return obj
def base64_to_hex(b64_string):
    return binascii.hexlify(base64.b64decode(b64_string))
def obj_to_xml(obj):
    """ Return an XML representation of the given object (dict, list, or primitive).
        Does NOT add a common root element if the given obj is a list.
        Does NOT work for nested dict structures. """
    if isinstance(obj, list):
        return ''.join([obj_to_xml(o) for o in obj])
    if isinstance(obj, dict):
        return ''.join(['<{k}>{v}</{k}>'.format(k=k, v=obj_to_xml(v)) for (k, v) in obj.items()])
    return str(obj)
def now_utc():