### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

task = dag.get_task(task_id=task_id)
                ti = TaskInstance(task, run_id=dag_run.run_id, state=State.RUNNING)
                ti.queued_by_job_id = 999
                local_job = Job(dag_id=ti.dag_id)
                LocalTaskJobRunner(job=local_job, task_instance=ti)
                local_job.state = TaskInstanceState.FAILED
                session.add(local_job)
                session.flush()
                ti.job_id = local_job.id
                session.add(ti)
                session.flush()
            assert task.task_id == "run_this_first"  
            ti.queued_by_job_id = scheduler_job.id
            session.flush()
            self.job_runner._find_zombies()
        scheduler_job.executor.callback_sink.send.assert_called_once()
        requests = scheduler_job.executor.callback_sink.send.call_args.args
        assert 1 == len(requests)
        assert requests[0].full_filepath == dag.fileloc
        assert requests[0].msg == str(self.job_runner._generate_zombie_message_details(ti))
        assert requests[0].is_failure_callback is True
        assert isinstance(requests[0].simple_task_instance, SimpleTaskInstance)
        assert ti.dag_id == requests[0].simple_task_instance.dag_id
        assert ti.task_id == requests[0].simple_task_instance.task_id
        assert ti.run_id == requests[0].simple_task_instance.run_id
        assert ti.map_index == requests[0].simple_task_instance.map_index
        with create_session() as session:
            session.query(TaskInstance).delete()
            session.query(Job).delete()
    def test_zombie_message(self, load_examples):