### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

if not dag:
        return {}, ParamsDict()
    dag_args = copy.copy(dag.default_args)
    dag_params = copy.deepcopy(dag.params)
    if task_group:
        if task_group.default_args and not isinstance(task_group.default_args, collections.abc.Mapping):
            raise TypeError("default_args must be a mapping")
        dag_args.update(task_group.default_args)
    return dag_args, dag_params
def get_merged_defaults(
    dag: DAG | None,
    task_group: TaskGroup | None,
    task_params: collections.abc.MutableMapping | None,
    task_default_args: dict | None,
) -> tuple[dict, ParamsDict]:
    args, params = _get_parent_defaults(dag, task_group)
    if task_params:
        if not isinstance(task_params, collections.abc.Mapping):
            raise TypeError("params must be a mapping")
        params.update(task_params)
    if task_default_args:
        if not isinstance(task_default_args, collections.abc.Mapping):
            raise TypeError("default_args must be a mapping")
        args.update(task_default_args)
        with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
            params.update(task_default_args["params"] or {})
    return args, params
class _PartialDescriptor: