### Apache Airflow version

Other Airflow 2 version (please specify below)

### What happened

When running a DAG that is structured like:
```
@dag{dag_id="my_dag", default_args={"retries":0"}}
def dag():
    op = MyOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", retries=3).expand(...)
```

The following test fails:
```
    def test_retries(self) -> None:
        dag_bag = DagBag(dag_folder=DAG_FOLDER, include_examples=False)
        dag = dag_bag.dags["my_dag"]
        for task in dag.tasks:
            if "my_task" in task.task_id:
                self.assertEqual(3, task.retries) # fails - this is 0
```

When printing out `task.partial_kwargs`, and looking at how the default args and partial args are merged, it seems like the default args are always taking precedence, even though in the `partial` global function, the `retries` do get set later on with the task-level parameter value. This doesn't seem to be respected though.

### What you think should happen instead

_No response_

### How to reproduce

If you run my above unit test for a test DAG, on version 2.4.3, it should show up as a test failure.

### Operating System

OS Ventura

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

_No response_

### Deployment

Google Cloud Composer

### Deployment details

_No response_

### Anything else

_No response_

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

with dag_maker("test_xcomarg_property_of_mapped_operator"):
        op_a = MockOperator.partial(task_id="a").expand(arg1=["x", "y", "z"])
    dag_maker.create_dagrun()
    assert op_a.output == XComArg(op_a)
def test_set_xcomarg_dependencies_with_mapped_operator(dag_maker):
    with dag_maker("test_set_xcomargs_dependencies_with_mapped_operator"):
        op1 = MockOperator.partial(task_id="op1").expand(arg1=[1, 2, 3])
        op2 = MockOperator.partial(task_id="op2").expand(arg2=["a", "b", "c"])
        op3 = MockOperator(task_id="op3", arg1=op1.output)
        op4 = MockOperator(task_id="op4", arg1=[op1.output, op2.output])
        op5 = MockOperator(task_id="op5", arg1={"op1": op1.output, "op2": op2.output})
    assert op1 in op3.upstream_list
    assert op1 in op4.upstream_list
    assert op2 in op4.upstream_list
    assert op1 in op5.upstream_list
    assert op2 in op5.upstream_list
def test_all_xcomargs_from_mapped_tasks_are_consumable(dag_maker, session):
    class PushXcomOperator(MockOperator):