### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

scheduler_job = Job()
        self.job_runner = SchedulerJobRunner(job=scheduler_job, subdir=os.devnull)
        session = settings.Session()
        dag_id = "SchedulerJobTest.test_find_executable_task_instances_not_enough_task_concurrency_for_first"
        with dag_maker(dag_id=dag_id):
            op1a = EmptyOperator(task_id="dummy1-a", priority_weight=2, max_active_tis_per_dag=1)
            op1b = EmptyOperator(task_id="dummy1-b", priority_weight=1)
        dr1 = dag_maker.create_dagrun(run_type=DagRunType.SCHEDULED)
        dr2 = dag_maker.create_dagrun_after(dr1, run_type=DagRunType.SCHEDULED)
        ti1a = dr1.get_task_instance(op1a.task_id, session)
        ti1b = dr1.get_task_instance(op1b.task_id, session)
        ti2a = dr2.get_task_instance(op1a.task_id, session)
        ti1a.state = State.RUNNING
        ti1b.state = State.SCHEDULED
        ti2a.state = State.SCHEDULED
        session.flush()
        
        
        res = self.job_runner._executable_task_instances_to_queued(max_tis=1, session=session)
        assert 1 == len(res)
        assert res[0].key == ti1b.key
        session.rollback()
    def test_find_executable_task_instances_task_concurrency_per_dagrun_for_first(self, dag_maker):