### Apache Airflow version

2.7.0

### What happened

Relates to investigation of #30327

When you define a DAG with a `schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1)` and `catchup=False` and you manually trigger a run in the past (logical date in the past, e.g. a few days ago) then upon completion of the run another scheduled run is triggered - irrespective of a previous scheduled run was made just before (not a day ago)

### What you think should happen instead

A manual run should not trigger another run as the scheduling in general should follow the delta time definition of the DAG.

### How to reproduce

Use the following example DAG code and enable scheduling:
```
with DAG(
    dag_id="after_workday_delta_regression",
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2023, 8, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    schedule=datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    params={"test": 123}
):
    @task
    def test(ti: TaskInstance=None):
        print(ti.execution_date)
    test()
```

Wait a moment and see that one schedule is run automatically.
Then trigger a manual DAG run and set the execution date/logical date a few days into the past.
After execution you see a third run of the DAG just at the time of completion of the manual trigger as execution date. But the first execution was just a few moments before, not respecting the desired delta of 1 day.

### Operating System

Ubuntu 20.04 / Breeze Dev setup in Py 3.8 Container

### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers

not relevant

### Deployment

Other

### Deployment details

Started and tested with latest main branch and breeze.

### Anything else

I tried to find the root cause but was not able to locate it. Suspect it is rooted in scheduler_job_runner.py.
I'd supply a fix but was not able to fund the root cause. Expert knowledge is needed probably.

### Are you willing to submit PR?

- [ ] Yes I am willing to submit a PR!

### Code of Conduct

- [X] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

if not dag:
                self.log.error("DAG '%s' not found in serialized_dag table", dag_model.dag_id)
                continue
            if not isinstance(dag.timetable, DatasetTriggeredTimetable):
                self.log.error(
                    "DAG '%s' was dataset-scheduled, but didn't have a DatasetTriggeredTimetable!",
                    dag_model.dag_id,
                )
                continue
            dag_hash = self.dagbag.dags_hash.get(dag.dag_id)
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            exec_date = exec_dates[dag.dag_id]
            if (dag.dag_id, exec_date) not in existing_dagruns:
                previous_dag_run = session.scalar(
                    select(DagRun)
                    .where(
                        DagRun.dag_id == dag.dag_id,
                        DagRun.execution_date < exec_date,
                        DagRun.run_type == DagRunType.DATASET_TRIGGERED,
                    )
                    .order_by(DagRun.execution_date.desc())
                    .limit(1)
                )