Topological generation of exceptional algebraic groups
Let $G$ be a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $k$ and let $C_1, \ldots, C_t$ be non-central conjugacy classes in $G$. In this paper, we consider the problem of determining whether there exist $g_i \in C_i$ such that $\langle g_1, \ldots, g_t \rangle$ is Zariski dense in $G$. First we establish a general result, which shows that if $\Omega$ is an irreducible subvariety of $G^t$, then the set of tuples in $\Omega$ generating a dense subgroup of $G$ is either empty or dense in $\Omega$. In the special case $\Omega = C_1 \times \cdots \times C_t$, by considering the dimensions of fixed point spaces, we prove that this set is dense when $G$ is an exceptional algebraic group and $t \geqslant 5$, assuming $k$ is not algebraic over a finite field. In fact, for $G=G_2$ we only need $t \geqslant 4$ and both of these bounds are best possible. As an application, we show that many faithful representations of exceptional algebraic groups are generically free. We also establish new results on the topological generation of exceptional groups in the special case $t=2$, which have applications to random generation of finite exceptional groups of Lie type. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Liebeck and Shalev on the random $(r,s)$-generation of exceptional groups.