Dynamics of Entangled Polymeric Fluids in Two-roll Mill studied via Dynamic Light Scattering and Two-color flow Birefringence. II. Transient flow
We present an extensive experimental study of birefringence and velocity-gradient components for a series of high molecular weight, flexible, entangled polystyrene solutions subjected to transient start-up flows in a co-rotating two-mill to several Weissenberg numbers. The time-dependent changes in the polymer microstructure, as measured by a two-color flow birefringence technique, is shown to be very distinctly coupled with the transient response of the corresponding velocity-field, measured by a dynamic light scattering technique. As expected, polymer deformations induce substantial modifications from the Newtonian flow-field. As a result, measured values of both velocity-gradient components as well as flow-type parameter reduce, thereby drastically decreasing the extensional strength or measured Weissenberg number at the stagnation-point relative to the velocity-field for a Newtonian fluid. Although the impact of the dynamics of both polymer on flow and flow on polymer are very complicated, their individual behaviors and the tight coupling between them are shown to be invariant to the changes in polymer concentration and molecular weight, provided that the number of entanglements per chain, $N_e$ is held fixed. The dependence of the transient results on $N_e$ is very similar to that found in the steady-state experiments on the same polymeric fluids (Sanyal, Yavich, and Leal, manuscript in preparation, 2000). The results presented in this paper are in close qualitative agreement with the recent theoretical predictions (Remmelgas and Leal, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. {\bf 90}, 187, 2000) using a reptation-based vector model.