Elements of higher homotopy groups undetectable by polyhedral approximation
When non-trivial local structures are present in a topological space $X$, a common approach to characterizing the isomorphism type of the $n$-th homotopy group $\pi_n(X,x_0)$ is to consider the image of $\pi_n(X,x_0)$ in the $n$-th \v{C}ech homotopy group $\check{\pi}_n(X,x_0)$ under the canonical homomorphism $\Psi_{n}:\pi_n(X,x_0)\to \check{\pi}_n(X,x_0)$. The subgroup $\ker(\Psi_n)$ is the obstruction to this tactic as it consists of precisely those elements of $\pi_n(X,x_0)$, which cannot be detected by polyhedral approximations to $X$. In this paper, we use higher dimensional analogues of Spanier groups to characterize $\ker(\Psi_n)$. In particular, we prove that if $X$ is paracompact, Hausdorff, and $LC^{n-1}$, then $\ker(\Psi_n)$ is equal to the $n$-th Spanier group of $X$. We also use the perspective of higher Spanier groups to generalize a theorem of Kozlowski-Segal, which gives conditions ensuring that $\Psi_{n}$ is an isomorphism.