["[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-01 00:00]\n<User>Let me provide you with some new details:\nIn March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated \"Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.\"\n\nThe soviet film \"Youth of Genius\" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna \u2013 a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.\n\nIbn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 was attempting to \"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.\n\nThe Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0647 (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.\n<Assistant>Received. I'll store this information.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-02 00:00]\n<User>I just discovered some interesting information:\nChinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: \u6c49\u5b57; traditional Chinese: \u6f22\u5b57). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.\n\nChinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the J\u014dy\u014d kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (ky\u016bjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.\n\nMost modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically.\n\nIn Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase.\n\nModern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.\n\nChinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.\n\nSemantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.\n\nExamples are \u6cb3 h\u00e9 \"river\", \u6e56 h\u00fa \"lake\", \u6d41 li\u00fa \"stream\", \u6c96 ch\u014dng \"riptide\" (or \"flush\"), \u6ed1 hu\u00e1 \"slippery\". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (\u6c35), which is a reduced form of the character \u6c34 shu\u01d0 meaning \"water\", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of \u6c96 ch\u014dng (Old Chinese *\u0261-lju\u014b), the phonetic indicator is \u4e2d zh\u014dng (Old Chinese *k-lju\u014b), which by itself means \"middle\". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.\n\nOccasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\", where both characters have the insect radical \u866b. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) \u2013 originally written as \u6279\u628a with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to \u6787\u6777 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to \u7435\u7436 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful.\n<Assistant>I understand. I'll keep this in mind.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-03 00:00]\n<User>The following are some more news I learnt:\nIn recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that \"we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters.\" They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.\n\nThe earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200\u20131050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as \"dragon bones\" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.\n<Assistant>Perfect. I've stored this information in my memory.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-04 00:00]\n<User>I have some fresh insights to share:\nThe traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes.\n\nBased on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the g\u01d4w\u00e9n (\"ancient forms\") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.\n\nSeal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called \"early clerical\" or \"proto-clerical\" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts \u2013 small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script \u2013 runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.\n\nContrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called \u516b\u5206 (b\u0101f\u0113n) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as \u7ae0\u8349 zh\u0101ngc\u01ceo (also known as \u96b6\u8349 / \u96b8\u8349 l\u00ecc\u01ceo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on \u7ae0 zh\u0101ng meaning \"orderly\", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called \u4eca\u8349 j\u012bnc\u01ceo or \"modern cursive\".\n\nBy the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147\u2013188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu\u2019s invention.\n\nRegular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151\u2013230 AD), who has been called the \"father of regular script\". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (\u9813/\u987f d\u00f9n) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the \"Sage of Calligraphy\", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical.\n\nIt was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557\u2013641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.\n\nFor instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., \u677e (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here \u6728), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number \"4\" for radical stroke count, the user locates \u6728, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly.\n<Assistant>Got it. I will remember them.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-05 00:00]\n<User>Here's some valuable information I collected:\nChinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.\n\nWhile new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer \u2013 they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text \u2013 which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.\n\nNew characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements \u2013 see chemical elements in East Asian languages \u2013 which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as \u7c81 (\u7c73 \"meter\" + \u5343 \"thousand, kilo-\") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well \u2013 see Chinese characters for SI units for details.\n<Assistant>Thanks for the update. I've recorded these facts.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-06 00:00]\n<User>I just discovered some interesting information:\nIn addition, there are a number of dialect characters (\u65b9\u8a00\u5b57) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character \u34fe, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means \"to kill\". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions.\n\nIn the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the C\u00ec Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u6b21\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)\u2014the official national encoding standard\u2014supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.\n\nIn China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 T\u014dngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u901a\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Shu\u01d0p\u00edng K\u01ceosh\u00ec (\u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8bd5, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).\n\nModified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among x\u00edngsh\u0113ngz\u00ec pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun t\u0101 (\u4ed6 \"he, she, it\"), which is written with the \"person radical\", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between t\u0101 (\u5979 \"she\") with the \"woman radical\", t\u0101 (\u7260 \"it\") with the \"animal radical\", t\u0101 (\u5b83 \"it\") with the \"roof radical\", and t\u0101 (\u7942 \"He\") with the \"deity radical\", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he \u548c \"harmony, peace\", which combines the \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\", has infrequent variants \u548a with the radicals reversed and \u9fa2 with the \"flute radical\".\n\nEven the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 N\u00f4m characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.\n\nThe total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time \u2013 for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory.\n\nOne of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is \u9f49 (U+9F49) (n\u00e0ng,  listen (help\u00b7info), pictured below, middle image), meaning \"snuffle\" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with \"just\" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is \u9f98 (d\u00e1, \"the appearance of a dragon flying\"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 \u00d7 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are \u7c72 (y\u00f9, \"to implore\"), with 32 strokes; \u9b31 (y\u00f9, \"luxuriant, lush; gloomy\"), with 29 strokes, as in \u6182\u9b31 (y\u014duy\u00f9, \"depressed\"); \u8c54 (y\u00e0n, \"colorful\"), with 28 strokes; and \u91c1 (x\u00ecn, \"quarrel\"), with 25 strokes, as in \u6311\u91c1 (ti\u01ceox\u00ecn, \"to pick a fight\"). Also in occasional modern use is \u9c7b (xi\u0101n \"fresh\"; variant of \u9bae xi\u0101n) with 33 strokes.\n<Assistant>Perfect. I've stored this information in my memory.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-07 00:00]\n<User>Here's some valuable information I collected:\nThere are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Jo\u00ebl Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /\ud869\udea5 (U+2A6A5) zh\u00e9  listen (help\u00b7info), meaning \"verbose\" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character \u9f8d l\u00f3ng (lit. \"dragon\") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /\ud841\udd3b (U+2053B) zh\u00e8ng composed of \u8208 x\u012bng/x\u00ecng (lit. \"flourish\") four times.\n<Assistant>Thank you for sharing. I've noted this information.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-08 00:00]\n<User>I'd like to share some important information:\nOne man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.\n\nThe use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as \u53d7\u53c8(\u7950) sh\u00f2u y\u00f2u \"receive blessings\" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts \u83e9\u85a9 p\u00fas\u00e0 \"bodhisattva\" (simplified: \u83e9\u8428) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2\u00d72 grid of four \u5341 (derived from the grass radical over two \u5341). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable.\n\nModern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as \u5398\u7c73 l\u00edm\u01d0 \"centimeter\" (\u5398 centi-, \u7c73 meter) or \u5343\u74e6 qi\u0101nw\u01ce \"kilowatt\". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as \u74e9 for \u5343\u74e6 or \u7cce for \u5398\u7c73 \u2013 some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include \u5715 t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen \"library\", a contraction of \u5716\u66f8\u9928, A four-morpheme word, \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49 sh\u00e8hu\u00ec zh\u01d4y\u00ec \"socialism\", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, \u4e49, with the radical of the first, \u793e, yielding roughly \u793b\u4e49.\n\nA commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol \u56cd, formed as a ligature of \u559c\u559c and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: \u53cc\u559c; traditional Chinese: \u96d9\u559c; pinyin: shu\u0101ngx\u01d0). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined \u2013 common ligatures include \u5eff ni\u00e0n, \"twenty\", normally read as \u4e8c\u5341 \u00e8rsh\u00ed, \u5345 s\u00e0, \"thirty\", normally read as \u4e09\u5341 s\u0101nsh\u00ed, and \u534c x\u00ec \"forty\", normally read as \u56db\u5341 \"s\u00ecsh\u00ed\". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as \u4e03\u5341\u4eba q\u012bsh\u00ed r\u00e9n \"seventy people\". Another common abbreviation is \u95e8 with a \"T\" written inside it, for \u554f\u984c, \u95ee\u9898, w\u00e8nt\u00ed (\"question; problem\"), where the \"T\" is from pinyin for the second syllable t\u00ed \u9898. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.\n\nIn certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for \"et\"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called h\u00e9w\u00e9n (\u5408\u6587), h\u00e9sh\u016b (\u5408\u66f8) or h\u00e9t\u01d0z\u00ec (\u5408\u4f53\u5b57), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as \"two-syllable Chinese characters\" (\u53cc\u97f3\u8282\u6c49\u5b57, \u96d9\u97f3\u7bc0\u6f22\u5b57).\n<Assistant>Thanks for sharing. I've committed this to memory.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-09 00:00]\n<User>Let me provide you with some new details:\nChinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\" and \u73ca\u745a sh\u0101nh\u00fa \"coral\". Note that the \u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa have the same phonetic, \u80e1, but different radicals (\"insect\" and \"jade\", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.\n\nIn addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification.\n\nJust as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term \"Square-Block Characters\" (\u65b9\u5757\u5b57 / \u65b9\u584a\u5b57, f\u0101ngku\u00e0iz\u00ec), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.\n\nRegular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity.\n<Assistant>Thanks for the update. I've recorded these facts.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-10 00:00]\n<User>Here are some facts I recently discovered:\nThe art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.\n\nThe cursive script (\u8349\u66f8(\u4e66), c\u01ceosh\u016b, literally \"grass script\") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.\n\nThe Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (\u7bc6\u66f8(\u4e66), zhu\u00e0nsh\u016b). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.\n<Assistant>Thanks for the information. I've saved it."]
[{"question": "When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?", "answer": "March 2008"}, {"question": "What is Avicenna's name needed for?", "answer": "worldwide partnership"}, {"question": "What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?", "answer": "Youth of Genius"}, {"question": "On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?", "answer": "Physics"}, {"question": "Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?", "answer": "Schmoelders"}, {"question": "What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise?", "answer": "Al-Shifa'"}, {"question": "What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?", "answer": "the An-najat"}, {"question": "What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?", "answer": "Hanzi"}, {"question": "What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What number in the tens of thousands?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "Which are identical to Chinese forms?", "answer": "ky\u016bjitai"}, {"question": "What use the traditional radical-based character index?", "answer": "modern Chinese dictionaries"}, {"question": "What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?", "answer": "character's entry"}, {"question": "What has many homophones?", "answer": "Modern Chinese"}, {"question": "What may have a wide range of meanings?", "answer": "single character"}, {"question": "What represent words of the language using several strategies?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What were most words written in?", "answer": "rebus principle"}, {"question": "What are some words expressed in?", "answer": "compound ideograms"}, {"question": "What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?", "answer": "semantic indicator"}, {"question": "What suggests the general meaning of a compound character?", "answer": "semantic indicator"}, {"question": "What side is a phonetic indicator located on?", "answer": "right-hand side"}, {"question": "What is the process of historical phonetic change?", "answer": "phonetic indicator"}, {"question": "What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?", "answer": "phonetic change"}, {"question": "What is also a fruit?", "answer": "pipa"}, {"question": "What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?", "answer": "oracle bones"}, {"question": "What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?", "answer": "oracle-bone script"}, {"question": "What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?", "answer": "bamboo books"}, {"question": "What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?", "answer": "bamboo books"}, {"question": "What has evolved over time?", "answer": "scripts"}, {"question": "What is guwen considered as?", "answer": "ancient forms"}, {"question": "What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?", "answer": "Seal script"}, {"question": "What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?", "answer": "clerical"}, {"question": "What name stood for \"orderly\"?", "answer": "zh\u0101ng"}, {"question": "What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?", "answer": "semi-cursive"}, {"question": "Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?", "answer": "Qiu"}, {"question": "What was Zhong Yao known for?", "answer": "father of regular script"}, {"question": "What were the North and South considered as?", "answer": "dynasties"}, {"question": "What continued to evolve stylistically?", "answer": "regular script"}, {"question": "What script saw no more stages of evolution?", "answer": "mainstream"}, {"question": "What do some dictionaries have?", "answer": "sub-index"}, {"question": "What gives remaining stroke numbers?", "answer": "sub-index"}, {"question": "What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?", "answer": "Chinese character dictionaries"}, {"question": "What lists Chinese characters in radical order?", "answer": "Korean dictionaries"}, {"question": "What can be easily coined by writing on paper?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?", "answer": "symbols"}, {"question": "What can be difficult to represent on a computer?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What can be coined at any time?", "answer": "New characters"}, {"question": "What may not be adopted?", "answer": "new words"}, {"question": "What are also known as Japanese-coinages?", "answer": "kokuji"}, {"question": "What are not used in formal written Chinese?", "answer": "dialect characters"}, {"question": "What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "What was the preference for all mainland regions?", "answer": "Mandarin"}, {"question": "What supports 13,053 characters?", "answer": "BIG-5"}, {"question": "What is written in modern usage?", "answer": "new characters"}, {"question": "What is one consequence of modifying radicals?", "answer": "fossilization"}, {"question": "What is formed by Chinese principles?", "answer": "Characters"}, {"question": "What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?", "answer": "Tangut script"}, {"question": "What becomes developed all the time?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What features 33 strokes?", "answer": "xi\u0101n"}, {"question": "What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries?", "answer": "y\u00f9"}, {"question": "What have become more rare?", "answer": "complex characters"}, {"question": "What is the most complex Chinese character?", "answer": "zh\u00e9"}, {"question": "What is one 64-stroke character?", "answer": "zh\u00e8ng"}, {"question": "What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?", "answer": "movie posters"}, {"question": "What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?", "answer": "Japanese newspapers"}, {"question": "What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?", "answer": "CPC"}, {"question": "What is sometimes written as a single character?", "answer": "bodhisattva"}, {"question": "What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?", "answer": "SI units"}, {"question": "What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?", "answer": "socialism"}, {"question": "What characters are often non-standard?", "answer": "polysyllabic"}, {"question": "What is a commonly seen example?", "answer": "double happiness symbol"}, {"question": "What is formed as a ligature?", "answer": "double happiness symbol"}, {"question": "What can be considered as set phrases?", "answer": "single characters"}, {"question": "What are primarily morphosyllabic?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What are written with a single character?", "answer": "Chinese morphemes"}, {"question": "What are written with very precise rules?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What have a characteristic shape?", "answer": "Roman letters"}, {"question": "What occupy a more or less space area?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?", "answer": "Square-Block Characters"}, {"question": "What are commonly used?", "answer": "Regular script typefaces"}, {"question": "What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?", "answer": "Regular script typefaces"}, {"question": "What is the art of writing Chinese characters?", "answer": "Chinese calligraphy"}, {"question": "What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?", "answer": "Chinese calligraphy"}, {"question": "What is not required?", "answer": "strict regularity"}, {"question": "What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?", "answer": "basic character shapes"}, {"question": "What script is derived from the cursive script?", "answer": "Japanese hiragana script"}, {"question": "What script is the oldest and still in use today?", "answer": "Seal"}, {"question": "Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?", "answer": "calligraphers"}]