["[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-01 00:00]\n<User>The following are some new knowledge:\n10th Street (40\u00b044\u203203\u2033N 74\u00b000\u203211\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.7342580\u00b0N 74.0029670\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.7342580; -74.0029670) begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid and continue to West Street on the Hudson River. Because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue. 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Richard Amos. The end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York City's first prison and the United States' second.\n\n11th Street is in two parts. It is interrupted by the block containing Grace Church between Broadway and Fourth Avenue. East 11th streets runs from Fourth Avenue to Avenue C and runs past Webster Hall. West 11th Street runs from Broadway to West Street. 11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century.\n\n13th Street is in three parts. The first is a dead end from Avenue C. The second starts at a dead end, just before Avenue B, and runs to Greenwich Avenue, and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue.\n\n14th Street is a main numbered street in Manhattan. It begins at Avenue C and ends at West Street. Its length is 3.4 km (2.1 mi). It has six subway stations:\n\n15th Street starts at FDR Drive, and 16th Street starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C. They are both stopped at Avenue C and continue from First Avenue to West Street, stopped again at Union Square, and 16th Street also pauses at Stuyvesant Square.\n<Assistant>I've processed this information and will remember it.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-02 00:00]\n<User>There are some important details I learned:\nOn 17th Street (40\u00b044\u203208\u2033N 73\u00b059\u203212\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.735532\u00b0N 73.986575\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.735532; -73.986575), traffic runs one way along the street, from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South, where traffic runs in both directions. It forms the northern borders of both Union Square (between Broadway and Park Avenue South) and Stuyvesant Square. Composer Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street, near Perlman Place. The house was razed by Beth Israel Medical Center after it received approval of a 1991 application to demolish the house and replace it with an AIDS hospice. Time Magazine was started at 141 East 17th Street.\n\n18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South.\n<Assistant>Thanks for sharing. I've committed this to memory.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-03 00:00]\n<User>Here are some facts I recently discovered:\n20th Street starts at Avenue C, and 21st and 22nd Streets begin at First Avenue. They all end at Eleventh Avenue. Travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st and 22nd Streets, between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, is in the opposite direction than it is on the rest of the respective street. 20th Street is very wide from the Avenue C to First Avenue.\n\nBetween Second and Third Avenues, 21st Street is alternatively known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way. Along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park, between Gramercy Park East and Gramercy Park West, 21st Street is known as Gramercy Park North.\n\n23rd Street is another main numbered street in Manhattan. It begins at FDR Drive and ends at Eleventh Avenue. Its length is 3.1 km/1.9m. It has two-way travel. On 23rd Street there are five local subway stations:\n\n24th Street is in two parts. 24th Street starts at First Avenue and it ends at Madison Avenue, because of Madison Square Park. 25th Street, which is in three parts, starts at FDR Drive, is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue, and ends at Madison. Then West 24th and 25th Streets continue from Fifth Avenue to Eleventh Avenue (25th) or Twelfth Avenue (24th).\n\n27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue. It is most noted for its strip between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, known as Club Row because it features numerous nightclubs and lounges.\n\nIn recent years, the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south, and other venues in downtown Manhattan.\n\nHeading east, 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) on the corner of Eighth. On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert, with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid. Twenty-Seventh Street passes one block north of Madison Square Park and culminates at Bellevue Hospital Center on First Avenue.\n\n31st Street begins on the West Side at the West Side Yard, while 32nd Street, which includes a segment officially known as Korea Way between Fifth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan's Koreatown, begins at the entrance to Penn Station and Madison Square Garden. On the East Side, both streets end at Second Avenue at Kips Bay Towers and NYU Medical Center which occupy the area between 30th and 34th Streets. The Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi is situated at 135\u2013139 West 31st Street. At 210 West is the Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist, part of St. John the Baptist Church on 30th Street. At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel. The former Hotel Pierrepont was located at 43 West 32nd Street, The Continental NYC tower is at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 32nd Street. 29 East 32nd Street was the location of the first building owned by the Grolier Club between 1890 and 1917.\n\n35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue. Notable locations include East River Ferry, LaptopMD headquarters, Mercy College Manhattan Campus, and Jacob K. Javits Convention Center.\n\nA section of East 58th Street 40\u00b045\u203240.3\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203256.9\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.761194\u00b0N 73.965806\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including\n\n90th Street is split into two segments. The first segment, West 90th Street begins at Riverside Drive and ends at Central Park West or West Drive, when it is open, in Central Park on the Upper West Side. The second segment of East 90th Street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park. When East Drive is closed, East 90th Street begins at Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side and curves to the right at the FDR Drive becoming East End Avenue. Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, is located on East 90th Street between Third Avenue and Second Avenue, across the street from Ruppert Towers (1601 and 1619 Third Avenue) and Ruppert Park. Asphalt Green, which is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue.\n\n112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue, where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. The street resumes at the eastern edge of Morningside Park and extends through Harlem before ending at First Avenue adjacent Thomas Jefferson Park in East Harlem. Notable locations include:\n\n114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University\u2019s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University\u2019s largest.\n\nAbove 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's\u2013Roosevelt Hospital Center.\n\n40\u00b048\u203227\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203218\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.8076\u00b0N 73.9549\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then crosses Broadway and runs between the campuses of Columbia University and Teacher's College. The street is interrupted by Morningside Park. It then continues east, eventually running along the southern edge of Marcus Garvey Park, passing by 58 West, the former residence of Maya Angelou. It then continues through Spanish Harlem; when it crosses Pleasant Avenue it becomes a two\u2011way street and continues nearly to the East River, where for automobiles, it turns north and becomes Paladino Avenue, and for pedestrians, continues as a bridge across FDR Drive.\n\n40\u00b048\u203232\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203214\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.8088\u00b0N 73.9540\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.8088; -73.9540 122nd Street is divided into three noncontiguous segments, E 122nd Street, W 122nd Street, and W 122nd Street Seminary Row, by Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and Morningside Park.\n<Assistant>I understand. I'll keep this in mind.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-04 00:00]\n<User>I want to share some knowledge I just acquired:\nE 122nd Street runs four blocks (2,250 feet (690 m)) west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park. This segment runs in East Harlem and crosses portions of Third Avenue, Lexington, and Park (Fourth Avenue).\n\nW 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue.\n\nW 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.\n\nSeminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches. Seminary Row also runs by the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, Sakura Park, Grant's Tomb, and Morningside Park.\n\n122nd Street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver by main character Travis Bickle as the location where a fellow cab driver is assaulted with a knife. The street and the surrounding neighborhood of Harlem is then referred to as \"Mau Mau Land\" by another character named Wizard, slang indicating it is a majority black area.\n\n40\u00b048\u203247\u2033N 73\u00b057\u203227\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.813\u00b0N 73.9575\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.813; -73.9575 La Salle Street is a street in West Harlem that runs just two blocks between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue. West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was re-routed onto the old Manhattan Avenue. The original 125th Street west of Convent Avenue was swallowed up to make the super-blocks where the low income housing projects now exist. La Salle Street is the only vestige of the original routing.\n\n40\u00b048\u203252\u2033N 73\u00b056\u203253\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff40.814583\u00b0N 73.947944\u00b0W\ufeff / 40.814583; -73.947944 132nd Street runs east-west above Central Park and is located in Harlem just south of Hamilton Heights. The main portion of 132nd Street runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to northern end of Park Avenue where there is a southbound exit from/entrance to the Harlem River Drive. After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College, there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue\n<Assistant>I've successfully recorded all of this data.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-05 00:00]\n<User>Let me provide you with some new details:\nThe 132nd Street Community Garden is located on 132nd Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Malcolm X Boulevard. In 1997, the lot received a garden makeover; the Borough President's office funded the installation of a $100,000 water distribution system that keeps the wide variety of trees green. The garden also holds a goldfish pond and several benches. The spirit of the neighborhood lives in gardens like this one, planted and tended by local residents.\n\nThe Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood.\n\n155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights. It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan.\n\n155th Street starts on the West Side at Riverside Drive, crossing Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue. At St. Nicholas Place, the terrain drops off steeply, and 155th Street is carried on a 1,600-foot (490 m) long viaduct, a City Landmark constructed in 1893, that slopes down towards the Harlem River, continuing onto the Macombs Dam Bridge, crossing over (but not intersecting with) the Harlem River Drive. A separate, unconnected section of 155th Street runs under the viaduct, connecting Bradhurst Avenue and the Harlem River Drive.\n\n181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette.\n\nWest of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district.\n\n181st Street is served by two New York City Subway lines; there is a 181st Street station at Fort Washington Avenue on the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A trains) and a 181st Street station at St. Nicholas Avenue on the IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line (1 trains). The stations are about 500 metres (550 yd) from each other and are not connected. The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is a couple of blocks south on Fort Washington Avenue. 181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95), just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey.\n\n187th Street crosses Washington Heights and running from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to Chittenden Avenue in the west near the George Washington Bridge and Hudson River. The street is interrupted by a long set of stairs east of Fort Washington Avenue leading to the Broadway valley. West of there, it is mostly lined with store fronts and serves as a main shopping district for the Hudson Heights neighborhood.\n\n187th Street intersects with, from East to West, Laurel Hill Terrace, Amsterdam Avenue, Audubon Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, Wadsworth Avenue, Broadway, Bennett Avenue, Overlook Terrace, Fort Washington Avenue, Pinehurst Avenue, Cabrini Boulevard and Chittenden Avenue.\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street \n\nThe brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15\u201333 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.\n\nPhysiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.\n\nThe operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.\n\nThis article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.\n\nThe shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish \"advanced\" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.\n\nThe simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.\n<Assistant>Thanks for letting me know. I'll keep track of this.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-06 00:00]\n<User>I want to share some knowledge I just acquired:\nThe brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1\u2013100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10\u2013100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.\n\nAxons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.\n\nSynapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.\n\nMost of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin, which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter, in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies.\n<Assistant>Appreciated. I'll retain these important details.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-07 00:00]\n<User>Let me provide you with some new details:\nExcept for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a \"tail brain\".\n<Assistant>Great! I've added this to my knowledge base.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-08 00:00]\n<User>Here are some new facts I learnt just now:\nThere are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs (a group of primitive flatworms). It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure.\n\nTwo groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates.\n\nThere are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work:\n\nThe first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon) is greatly elaborated and expanded.\n\nBrains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula describes the central tendency, but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree, in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size.\n\nAll vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size. In many classes of vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, the three parts remain similar in size in the adult, but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts, and the midbrain becomes very small.\n\nThe brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood\u2013brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain).\n\nNeuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity.\n\nAlthough the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of existing fish species), the forebrain has become \"everted\", like a sock turned inside out. In birds, there are also major changes in forebrain structure. These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species.\n\nThe most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size.\n\nSize, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.\n\nThe elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion (the neocerebellum) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex, which has no counterpart in other vertebrates.\n<Assistant>Understood. I'll keep these facts for future reference.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-09 00:00]\n<User>I have some fresh insights to share:\nThe brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower.\n\nMost of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision. The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex. The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning, working memory, motivation, attention, and executive control. It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species, and an especially large fraction of the human brain.\n\nFor vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove, and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube, a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon (which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus). At about the same time, the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon (which will contain the cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (which will contain the medulla oblongata). Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated; the resulting cells then migrate, sometimes for long distances, to their final positions.\n\nOnce a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded with chemical receptors. These receptors sense the local environment, causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements, and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path. The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area, where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses. Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding.\n<Assistant>Great! I've added this to my knowledge base.", "[Dialogue between User and Assistant on 2024-01-10 00:00]\n<User>Here's some valuable information I collected:\nIn humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories. With these exceptions, however, the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life. Glial cells are different: as with most types of cells in the body, they are generated throughout the lifespan.\n<Assistant>I've successfully recorded all of this data."]
[{"question": "The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?", "answer": "132nd Street"}, {"question": "Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?", "answer": "Club Row"}, {"question": "The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?", "answer": "sense of smell"}, {"question": "Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to?", "answer": "Broadway valley"}, {"question": "Which prison was New York City's first?", "answer": "Newgate Prison"}, {"question": "Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue?", "answer": "La Salle Street"}, {"question": "The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?", "answer": "visual inspection"}, {"question": "187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west?", "answer": "Chittenden Avenue"}, {"question": "Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue?", "answer": "112th Street"}, {"question": "The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?", "answer": "visual"}, {"question": "A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?", "answer": "protoplasm"}, {"question": "Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways?", "answer": "one way"}, {"question": "The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?", "answer": "the neural plate"}, {"question": "Which Square stops both 15th and 16th Streets?", "answer": "Union Square"}, {"question": "What is the length of 23rd Street in kilometers?", "answer": "3.1 km"}, {"question": "Who designed the New York Life Building?", "answer": "Cass Gilbert"}, {"question": "During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?", "answer": "neural tube;"}, {"question": "What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?", "answer": "Lenox Avenue"}, {"question": "Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways?", "answer": "one-way"}, {"question": "Where does 35th Street begin?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?", "answer": "local residents"}, {"question": "Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?", "answer": "teleost fishes"}, {"question": "Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue?", "answer": "13th Street"}, {"question": "Does the two-way section of 10th Street have a dedicated bike lane?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "How many metres apart are 181st Street's two subway stations?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "Where does 14th Street end?", "answer": "West Street"}, {"question": "How does traffic travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd Streets?", "answer": "in the opposite direction"}, {"question": "What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as?", "answer": "Club Row"}, {"question": "Where does 15th Street start?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Where does 155th Street start?", "answer": "Riverside Drive"}, {"question": "How many local subway stations are on 23rd Street?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?", "answer": "Harlem"}, {"question": "On which street does LaptopMD headquarters sit?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "What is the west end of 181st Street called?", "answer": "Plaza Lafayette"}, {"question": "Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "Which University has a campus on 187th Street?", "answer": "Yeshiva University"}, {"question": "How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?", "answer": "$100,000"}, {"question": "Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?", "answer": "181st Street"}, {"question": "Where does 23rd Street end?", "answer": "Eleventh Avenue"}, {"question": "The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "Who owned the building at 29 East 32nd Street between 1890 and 1917?", "answer": "Grolier Club"}, {"question": "What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?", "answer": "leeches"}, {"question": "16th Street pauses at which Square?", "answer": "Stuyvesant"}, {"question": "Which memorial park divides 122nd Street?", "answer": "Marcus Garvey"}, {"question": "181st Street runs through what neighborhood?", "answer": "Washington Heights"}, {"question": "Meninges separate what structure from the brain?", "answer": "the skull"}, {"question": "13th Street is divided into how many parts?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "An axon can connect to how many other cells?", "answer": "several thousand"}, {"question": "Which street does Club Row occur on?", "answer": "27th Street"}, {"question": "The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?", "answer": "receptor molecules"}, {"question": "On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?", "answer": "114th Street"}, {"question": "What is another name for Fourth Avenue?", "answer": "Park"}, {"question": "The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?", "answer": "size."}, {"question": "On which street is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center located?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?", "answer": "several million"}, {"question": "Where does 24th street start?", "answer": "First Avenue"}, {"question": "How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?", "answer": "a ganglion"}, {"question": "Which police officer does a section of 21st Street refer to?", "answer": "Anthony Sanchez"}, {"question": "What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue?", "answer": "Asphalt Green"}, {"question": "Where does 25th Street end?", "answer": "Madison"}, {"question": "Does traffic move in one or two ways on 23rd Street?", "answer": "two-way"}, {"question": "Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine?", "answer": "112th Street"}, {"question": "Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue?", "answer": "Ruppert Towers"}, {"question": "Grey matter of the brain is what color?", "answer": "dark color"}, {"question": "Which street is much wider from Avenue C to First Avenue?", "answer": "20th Street"}, {"question": "Which road starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C?", "answer": "16th Street"}, {"question": "What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street?", "answer": "runs in both directions"}, {"question": "The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business?", "answer": "Grand Hotel"}, {"question": "Where does the second part of 13th Street end?", "answer": "Greenwich Avenue"}, {"question": "What is 187th Street interrupted by?", "answer": "stairs"}, {"question": "What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?", "answer": "reflexes"}, {"question": "Who formerly lived at 58 West?", "answer": "Maya Angelou"}, {"question": "On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?", "answer": "Park Avenue"}, {"question": "11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s?", "answer": "Old Grapevine"}, {"question": "Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?", "answer": "parallel nerve cords"}, {"question": "Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue?", "answer": "La Salle Street"}, {"question": "The first part of 13th Street is a dead end from which Avenue?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "What is different about 20th Street between Avenue C and First Avenue?", "answer": "very wide"}, {"question": "Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "How many subway stations are on 14th Street?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has?", "answer": "Laurel Hill Terrace"}, {"question": "What is another name for Tenth Avenue?", "answer": "Amsterdam Avenue"}, {"question": "Where does 23rd Street begin?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Bilaterians are animals that have what?", "answer": "symmetric body shape"}, {"question": "On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?", "answer": "Hudson Heights"}, {"question": "Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?", "answer": "The brain"}, {"question": "Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?", "answer": "telencephalon"}, {"question": "What church interuppts 11th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue?", "answer": "Grace Church"}, {"question": "The primary job of the brain is what?", "answer": "cell-to-cell communication"}, {"question": "How many segments is 122nd Street divided into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted?", "answer": "122nd Street"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?", "answer": "forebrain area"}, {"question": "How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels?", "answer": "490"}, {"question": "La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue?", "answer": "Claremont"}, {"question": "Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?", "answer": "Mount Morris"}]