Question: What else besides the fruits is edible on this plant?

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The fruits are edible raw, but are very tart or bitter. They are usually cooked with sugar and can be made into jelly. The flowers are also edible.
The berries were used for food, and other plant parts for medicine, by various Native American groups across its range in North America.

Answer: flowers


Question: In what type of climate does this plant grow?

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The species is native to western North America, including British Columbia, Alberta, and much of the western United States, from Washington, Oregon, and California to as far east as the western Dakotas and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
It grows in several types of habitat, including mountain forests in alpine climates, sagebrush, and woodlands. It can grow in many types of soils, including sandy soils and soil made of clay substrates, serpentine soils, and lava beds.

Answer: alpine


Question: In what type of climate does this plant grow?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

The species is native to western North America, including British Columbia, Alberta, and much of the western United States, from Washington, Oregon, and California to as far east as the western Dakotas and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
It grows in several types of habitat, including mountain forests in alpine climates, sagebrush, and woodlands. It can grow in many types of soils, including sandy soils and soil made of clay substrates, serpentine soils, and lava beds.

Answer: alpine


Question: In what type of climate does this plant grow?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The species is native to western North America, including British Columbia, Alberta, and much of the western United States, from Washington, Oregon, and California to as far east as the western Dakotas and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
It grows in several types of habitat, including mountain forests in alpine climates, sagebrush, and woodlands. It can grow in many types of soils, including sandy soils and soil made of clay substrates, serpentine soils, and lava beds.

Answer: alpine


Question: In what type of climate does this plant grow?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

The species is native to western North America, including British Columbia, Alberta, and much of the western United States, from Washington, Oregon, and California to as far east as the western Dakotas and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
It grows in several types of habitat, including mountain forests in alpine climates, sagebrush, and woodlands. It can grow in many types of soils, including sandy soils and soil made of clay substrates, serpentine soils, and lava beds.

Answer: alpine


Question: In what type of climate does this plant grow?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

The species is native to western North America, including British Columbia, Alberta, and much of the western United States, from Washington, Oregon, and California to as far east as the western Dakotas and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
It grows in several types of habitat, including mountain forests in alpine climates, sagebrush, and woodlands. It can grow in many types of soils, including sandy soils and soil made of clay substrates, serpentine soils, and lava beds.

Answer: alpine


Question: What type of flower is this plant?

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Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar, sweetbriar rose, sweet brier or eglantine; syn. R. eglanteria) is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

Answer: rose


Question: What type of flower is this plant?

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Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar, sweetbriar rose, sweet brier or eglantine; syn. R. eglanteria) is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

Answer: rose


Question: What type of flower is this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar, sweetbriar rose, sweet brier or eglantine; syn. R. eglanteria) is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

Answer: rose


Question: What type of flower is this plant?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar, sweetbriar rose, sweet brier or eglantine; syn. R. eglanteria) is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

Answer: rose


Question: What type of flower is this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Rosa rubiginosa (sweet briar, sweetbriar rose, sweet brier or eglantine; syn. R. eglanteria) is a species of rose native to Europe and western Asia.

Answer: rose


Question: In what country can you find this plant?

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R. cissoides is widespread throughout most of New Zealand, from the North Island all the way south to Stewart Island. However, R. cissoides is not found in all environments. Only lowland and mountainous forests provide the growing conditions in which it thrives.

Answer: new zealand


Question: In what country can you find this plant?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

R. cissoides is widespread throughout most of New Zealand, from the North Island all the way south to Stewart Island. However, R. cissoides is not found in all environments. Only lowland and mountainous forests provide the growing conditions in which it thrives.

Answer: new zealand


Question: In what country can you find this plant?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

R. cissoides is widespread throughout most of New Zealand, from the North Island all the way south to Stewart Island. However, R. cissoides is not found in all environments. Only lowland and mountainous forests provide the growing conditions in which it thrives.

Answer: new zealand


Question: In what country can you find this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

R. cissoides is widespread throughout most of New Zealand, from the North Island all the way south to Stewart Island. However, R. cissoides is not found in all environments. Only lowland and mountainous forests provide the growing conditions in which it thrives.

Answer: new zealand


Question: In what country can you find this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

R. cissoides is widespread throughout most of New Zealand, from the North Island all the way south to Stewart Island. However, R. cissoides is not found in all environments. Only lowland and mountainous forests provide the growing conditions in which it thrives.

Answer: new zealand


Question: What discolor plant does this plant associate with?

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An example of plant associations of Rumohra adiantiformis is found in the podocarp/broadleaf forests of Westland, New Zealand, with flora associates including Ascarina lucida, Pseudowintera colorata, Pseudopanax colensoi, Cyathea smithii and Blechnum discolor.

Answer: blechnum


Question: What discolor plant does this plant associate with?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

An example of plant associations of Rumohra adiantiformis is found in the podocarp/broadleaf forests of Westland, New Zealand, with flora associates including Ascarina lucida, Pseudowintera colorata, Pseudopanax colensoi, Cyathea smithii and Blechnum discolor.

Answer: blechnum


Question: What discolor plant does this plant associate with?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

An example of plant associations of Rumohra adiantiformis is found in the podocarp/broadleaf forests of Westland, New Zealand, with flora associates including Ascarina lucida, Pseudowintera colorata, Pseudopanax colensoi, Cyathea smithii and Blechnum discolor.

Answer: blechnum


Question: What discolor plant does this plant associate with?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

An example of plant associations of Rumohra adiantiformis is found in the podocarp/broadleaf forests of Westland, New Zealand, with flora associates including Ascarina lucida, Pseudowintera colorata, Pseudopanax colensoi, Cyathea smithii and Blechnum discolor.

Answer: blechnum


Question: What discolor plant does this plant associate with?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

An example of plant associations of Rumohra adiantiformis is found in the podocarp/broadleaf forests of Westland, New Zealand, with flora associates including Ascarina lucida, Pseudowintera colorata, Pseudopanax colensoi, Cyathea smithii and Blechnum discolor.

Answer: blechnum


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Sagina procumbens is a species of flowering plant.
in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names procumbent pearlwort, birdeye pearlwort and matted pearlwort. It can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America. It is a common weed of many environments. It can be found in wild and disturbed habitat, especially moist areas. It can sometimes be seen growing in lawns or in cracks in pavements. This is a perennial herb forming clumps or mats of hairless green herbage, sometimes vaguely resembling a patch of moss. The leaves are linear and up to 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a solitary flower with four or five sepals and four or five small white petals, but the petals are sometimes absent.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Sagina procumbens is a species of flowering plant.
in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names procumbent pearlwort, birdeye pearlwort and matted pearlwort. It can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America. It is a common weed of many environments. It can be found in wild and disturbed habitat, especially moist areas. It can sometimes be seen growing in lawns or in cracks in pavements. This is a perennial herb forming clumps or mats of hairless green herbage, sometimes vaguely resembling a patch of moss. The leaves are linear and up to 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a solitary flower with four or five sepals and four or five small white petals, but the petals are sometimes absent.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Sagina procumbens is a species of flowering plant.
in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names procumbent pearlwort, birdeye pearlwort and matted pearlwort. It can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America. It is a common weed of many environments. It can be found in wild and disturbed habitat, especially moist areas. It can sometimes be seen growing in lawns or in cracks in pavements. This is a perennial herb forming clumps or mats of hairless green herbage, sometimes vaguely resembling a patch of moss. The leaves are linear and up to 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a solitary flower with four or five sepals and four or five small white petals, but the petals are sometimes absent.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Sagina procumbens is a species of flowering plant.
in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names procumbent pearlwort, birdeye pearlwort and matted pearlwort. It can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America. It is a common weed of many environments. It can be found in wild and disturbed habitat, especially moist areas. It can sometimes be seen growing in lawns or in cracks in pavements. This is a perennial herb forming clumps or mats of hairless green herbage, sometimes vaguely resembling a patch of moss. The leaves are linear and up to 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a solitary flower with four or five sepals and four or five small white petals, but the petals are sometimes absent.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Sagina procumbens is a species of flowering plant.
in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names procumbent pearlwort, birdeye pearlwort and matted pearlwort. It can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America. It is a common weed of many environments. It can be found in wild and disturbed habitat, especially moist areas. It can sometimes be seen growing in lawns or in cracks in pavements. This is a perennial herb forming clumps or mats of hairless green herbage, sometimes vaguely resembling a patch of moss. The leaves are linear and up to 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a solitary flower with four or five sepals and four or five small white petals, but the petals are sometimes absent.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What kind of perennial plant is this plant?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: herbaceous


Question: What kind of perennial plant is this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: herbaceous


Question: What kind of perennial plant is this plant?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: herbaceous


Question: What kind of perennial plant is this plant?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: herbaceous


Question: What kind of perennial plant is this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: herbaceous


Question: What part of this plant is shaped like a lyre?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: leaf


Question: What part of this plant is shaped like a lyre?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: leaf


Question: What part of this plant is shaped like a lyre?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: leaf


Question: What part of this plant is shaped like a lyre?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: leaf


Question: What part of this plant is shaped like a lyre?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Answer: leaf


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.

Answer: adoxaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.

Answer: adoxaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.

Answer: adoxaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.

Answer: adoxaceae


Question: What family does this plant belong to?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Sambucus cerulea or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured shrub species of elder in the family Adoxaceae.

Answer: adoxaceae


Question: What are the cultivars of this plant used for?

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It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.
Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as ornamental plants. S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved alder)
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva'
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda'

Answer: ornamental plants


Question: What are the cultivars of this plant used for?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.
Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as ornamental plants. S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved alder)
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva'
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda'

Answer: ornamental plants


Question: What are the cultivars of this plant used for?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.
Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as ornamental plants. S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved alder)
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva'
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda'

Answer: ornamental plants


Question: What are the cultivars of this plant used for?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.
Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as ornamental plants. S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved alder)
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva'
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda'

Answer: ornamental plants


Question: What are the cultivars of this plant used for?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.
Some selections and cultivars have variegated or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as ornamental plants. S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved alder)
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva'
S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda'

Answer: ornamental plants


Question: When can the berries of this plant be toxic or cause nausea?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.

Answer: if eaten raw


Question: When can the berries of this plant be toxic or cause nausea?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.

Answer: if eaten raw


Question: When can the berries of this plant be toxic or cause nausea?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.

Answer: if eaten raw


Question: When can the berries of this plant be toxic or cause nausea?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.

Answer: if eaten raw


Question: When can the berries of this plant be toxic or cause nausea?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.

Answer: if eaten raw


Question: What type of stonecrop is this plant?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Biting stonecrop is a tufted evergreen perennial that forms mat-like stands some 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) tall. For much of the year the stems are short, semi-prostrate and densely clad in leaves. At the flowering time in June and July, the stems lengthen and are erect, somewhat limp and often pinkish-brown with the leaves further apart. The leaves are alternate, fleshy and shortly cylindrical with a rounded tip. They are also sometimes tinged with red. The starry flowers form a three to six-flowered cyme. The calyx has five fleshy sepals fused at the base, the corolla consists of five regular bright yellow petals, there are ten stamens, a separate gynoecium and five pistils. The fruit consists of five united, many-seeded follicles. The leaves contain an acrid fluid that can cause skin rashes.

Answer: biting


Question: What type of stonecrop is this plant?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Biting stonecrop is a tufted evergreen perennial that forms mat-like stands some 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) tall. For much of the year the stems are short, semi-prostrate and densely clad in leaves. At the flowering time in June and July, the stems lengthen and are erect, somewhat limp and often pinkish-brown with the leaves further apart. The leaves are alternate, fleshy and shortly cylindrical with a rounded tip. They are also sometimes tinged with red. The starry flowers form a three to six-flowered cyme. The calyx has five fleshy sepals fused at the base, the corolla consists of five regular bright yellow petals, there are ten stamens, a separate gynoecium and five pistils. The fruit consists of five united, many-seeded follicles. The leaves contain an acrid fluid that can cause skin rashes.

Answer: biting


Question: What type of stonecrop is this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Biting stonecrop is a tufted evergreen perennial that forms mat-like stands some 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) tall. For much of the year the stems are short, semi-prostrate and densely clad in leaves. At the flowering time in June and July, the stems lengthen and are erect, somewhat limp and often pinkish-brown with the leaves further apart. The leaves are alternate, fleshy and shortly cylindrical with a rounded tip. They are also sometimes tinged with red. The starry flowers form a three to six-flowered cyme. The calyx has five fleshy sepals fused at the base, the corolla consists of five regular bright yellow petals, there are ten stamens, a separate gynoecium and five pistils. The fruit consists of five united, many-seeded follicles. The leaves contain an acrid fluid that can cause skin rashes.

Answer: biting


Question: What type of stonecrop is this plant?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Biting stonecrop is a tufted evergreen perennial that forms mat-like stands some 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) tall. For much of the year the stems are short, semi-prostrate and densely clad in leaves. At the flowering time in June and July, the stems lengthen and are erect, somewhat limp and often pinkish-brown with the leaves further apart. The leaves are alternate, fleshy and shortly cylindrical with a rounded tip. They are also sometimes tinged with red. The starry flowers form a three to six-flowered cyme. The calyx has five fleshy sepals fused at the base, the corolla consists of five regular bright yellow petals, there are ten stamens, a separate gynoecium and five pistils. The fruit consists of five united, many-seeded follicles. The leaves contain an acrid fluid that can cause skin rashes.

Answer: biting


Question: What type of stonecrop is this plant?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Biting stonecrop is a tufted evergreen perennial that forms mat-like stands some 5 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in) tall. For much of the year the stems are short, semi-prostrate and densely clad in leaves. At the flowering time in June and July, the stems lengthen and are erect, somewhat limp and often pinkish-brown with the leaves further apart. The leaves are alternate, fleshy and shortly cylindrical with a rounded tip. They are also sometimes tinged with red. The starry flowers form a three to six-flowered cyme. The calyx has five fleshy sepals fused at the base, the corolla consists of five regular bright yellow petals, there are ten stamens, a separate gynoecium and five pistils. The fruit consists of five united, many-seeded follicles. The leaves contain an acrid fluid that can cause skin rashes.

Answer: biting


Question: In addition to hot climates, what other type of climate makes temperature regulation a challenge for this bird?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

The high metabolic rate of calliope hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of temperature regulation for dissipating heat, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. As the smallest North American hummingbird species, calliopes appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and exhalation.
All hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet.  While hovering, calliope hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.

Answer: humid


Question: In addition to hot climates, what other type of climate makes temperature regulation a challenge for this bird?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The high metabolic rate of calliope hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of temperature regulation for dissipating heat, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. As the smallest North American hummingbird species, calliopes appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and exhalation.
All hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet.  While hovering, calliope hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.

Answer: humid


Question: In addition to hot climates, what other type of climate makes temperature regulation a challenge for this bird?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

The high metabolic rate of calliope hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of temperature regulation for dissipating heat, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. As the smallest North American hummingbird species, calliopes appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and exhalation.
All hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet.  While hovering, calliope hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.

Answer: humid


Question: In addition to hot climates, what other type of climate makes temperature regulation a challenge for this bird?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The high metabolic rate of calliope hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of temperature regulation for dissipating heat, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. As the smallest North American hummingbird species, calliopes appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and exhalation.
All hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet.  While hovering, calliope hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.

Answer: humid


Question: In addition to hot climates, what other type of climate makes temperature regulation a challenge for this bird?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

The high metabolic rate of calliope hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of temperature regulation for dissipating heat, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. As the smallest North American hummingbird species, calliopes appear to adapt their relatively higher surface-to-volume ratio to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and exhalation.
All hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (patagia), and feet.  While hovering, calliope hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by air convection during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.

Answer: humid


Question: What is the hodges number for this moth?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Selenisa sueroides, the pale-edged selenisa or legume caterpillar, is an owlet moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Selenisa sueroides is 8658.
Some systems of Microtubing to help irrigate commercial crops have been compromised, as the larvae of S. sueroides had damaged the pipes in the citrus groves of south Florida. The caterpillars had munched holes in the plastic tubing to penetrate the pipes and then pupate. They seemed to prefer black tubing compared to coloured tubing.

Answer: 8658


Question: What is the hodges number for this moth?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Selenisa sueroides, the pale-edged selenisa or legume caterpillar, is an owlet moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Selenisa sueroides is 8658.
Some systems of Microtubing to help irrigate commercial crops have been compromised, as the larvae of S. sueroides had damaged the pipes in the citrus groves of south Florida. The caterpillars had munched holes in the plastic tubing to penetrate the pipes and then pupate. They seemed to prefer black tubing compared to coloured tubing.

Answer: 8658


Question: What is the hodges number for this moth?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Selenisa sueroides, the pale-edged selenisa or legume caterpillar, is an owlet moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Selenisa sueroides is 8658.
Some systems of Microtubing to help irrigate commercial crops have been compromised, as the larvae of S. sueroides had damaged the pipes in the citrus groves of south Florida. The caterpillars had munched holes in the plastic tubing to penetrate the pipes and then pupate. They seemed to prefer black tubing compared to coloured tubing.

Answer: 8658


Question: What is the hodges number for this moth?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Selenisa sueroides, the pale-edged selenisa or legume caterpillar, is an owlet moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Selenisa sueroides is 8658.
Some systems of Microtubing to help irrigate commercial crops have been compromised, as the larvae of S. sueroides had damaged the pipes in the citrus groves of south Florida. The caterpillars had munched holes in the plastic tubing to penetrate the pipes and then pupate. They seemed to prefer black tubing compared to coloured tubing.

Answer: 8658


Question: What is the hodges number for this moth?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Selenisa sueroides, the pale-edged selenisa or legume caterpillar, is an owlet moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Selenisa sueroides is 8658.
Some systems of Microtubing to help irrigate commercial crops have been compromised, as the larvae of S. sueroides had damaged the pipes in the citrus groves of south Florida. The caterpillars had munched holes in the plastic tubing to penetrate the pipes and then pupate. They seemed to prefer black tubing compared to coloured tubing.

Answer: 8658


Question: In what part of north america do these birds breed?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Their breeding habitat is open country across western North America, including mountainous areas, as far north as Alaska. Although mountain bluebirds can be found in some states year-round, their range is expansive—they generally migrate south to Mexico in the winter and north into western Canada and even Alaska in the summer. Depending on the time of year, they may be ubiquitous in mountain environments like grasslands or landscapes of sagebrush, where trees and shrubs are fairly spread out.

Answer: western


Question: In what part of north america do these birds breed?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Their breeding habitat is open country across western North America, including mountainous areas, as far north as Alaska. Although mountain bluebirds can be found in some states year-round, their range is expansive—they generally migrate south to Mexico in the winter and north into western Canada and even Alaska in the summer. Depending on the time of year, they may be ubiquitous in mountain environments like grasslands or landscapes of sagebrush, where trees and shrubs are fairly spread out.

Answer: western


Question: In what part of north america do these birds breed?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Their breeding habitat is open country across western North America, including mountainous areas, as far north as Alaska. Although mountain bluebirds can be found in some states year-round, their range is expansive—they generally migrate south to Mexico in the winter and north into western Canada and even Alaska in the summer. Depending on the time of year, they may be ubiquitous in mountain environments like grasslands or landscapes of sagebrush, where trees and shrubs are fairly spread out.

Answer: western


Question: In what part of north america do these birds breed?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Their breeding habitat is open country across western North America, including mountainous areas, as far north as Alaska. Although mountain bluebirds can be found in some states year-round, their range is expansive—they generally migrate south to Mexico in the winter and north into western Canada and even Alaska in the summer. Depending on the time of year, they may be ubiquitous in mountain environments like grasslands or landscapes of sagebrush, where trees and shrubs are fairly spread out.

Answer: western


Question: In what part of north america do these birds breed?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Their breeding habitat is open country across western North America, including mountainous areas, as far north as Alaska. Although mountain bluebirds can be found in some states year-round, their range is expansive—they generally migrate south to Mexico in the winter and north into western Canada and even Alaska in the summer. Depending on the time of year, they may be ubiquitous in mountain environments like grasslands or landscapes of sagebrush, where trees and shrubs are fairly spread out.

Answer: western


Question: Is a female of this bird's breast usually or always lighter than a male's?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Eastern bluebirds measure 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) long, span 25–32 cm (9.8–12.6 in) across the wings, and weigh 27–34 g (0.95–1.20 oz).
Male bluebirds have a bright head, back, and wings. Their breast is a brownish red. Females are lighter with gray on the head and back and some blue on their wings and tail. In females, the breast is usually lighter in color than in males, and is more orange.

Answer: usually


Question: Is a female of this bird's breast usually or always lighter than a male's?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Eastern bluebirds measure 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) long, span 25–32 cm (9.8–12.6 in) across the wings, and weigh 27–34 g (0.95–1.20 oz).
Male bluebirds have a bright head, back, and wings. Their breast is a brownish red. Females are lighter with gray on the head and back and some blue on their wings and tail. In females, the breast is usually lighter in color than in males, and is more orange.

Answer: usually


Question: Is a female of this bird's breast usually or always lighter than a male's?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Eastern bluebirds measure 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) long, span 25–32 cm (9.8–12.6 in) across the wings, and weigh 27–34 g (0.95–1.20 oz).
Male bluebirds have a bright head, back, and wings. Their breast is a brownish red. Females are lighter with gray on the head and back and some blue on their wings and tail. In females, the breast is usually lighter in color than in males, and is more orange.

Answer: usually


Question: Is a female of this bird's breast usually or always lighter than a male's?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Eastern bluebirds measure 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) long, span 25–32 cm (9.8–12.6 in) across the wings, and weigh 27–34 g (0.95–1.20 oz).
Male bluebirds have a bright head, back, and wings. Their breast is a brownish red. Females are lighter with gray on the head and back and some blue on their wings and tail. In females, the breast is usually lighter in color than in males, and is more orange.

Answer: usually


Question: Is a female of this bird's breast usually or always lighter than a male's?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Eastern bluebirds measure 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) long, span 25–32 cm (9.8–12.6 in) across the wings, and weigh 27–34 g (0.95–1.20 oz).
Male bluebirds have a bright head, back, and wings. Their breast is a brownish red. Females are lighter with gray on the head and back and some blue on their wings and tail. In females, the breast is usually lighter in color than in males, and is more orange.

Answer: usually


Question: What is the family of this plant?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Silene uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name sea campion.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What is the family of this plant?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Silene uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name sea campion.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What is the family of this plant?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Silene uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name sea campion.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What is the family of this plant?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Silene uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name sea campion.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What is the family of this plant?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

Silene uniflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common name sea campion.

Answer: caryophyllaceae


Question: What does this plant approach two meters in?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Solanum douglasii is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Uses
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.

Answer: maximum height


Question: What does this plant approach two meters in?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Solanum douglasii is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Uses
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.

Answer: maximum height


Question: What does this plant approach two meters in?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Solanum douglasii is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Uses
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.

Answer: maximum height


Question: What does this plant approach two meters in?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Solanum douglasii is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Uses
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.

Answer: maximum height


Question: What does this plant approach two meters in?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Solanum douglasii is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Uses
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.

Answer: maximum height


Question: What is the most common color of the flowers of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others.  Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves.  The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center.  The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.

Answer: blue


Question: What is the most common color of the flowers of this plant?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others.  Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves.  The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center.  The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.

Answer: blue


Question: What is the most common color of the flowers of this plant?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others.  Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves.  The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center.  The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.

Answer: blue


Question: What is the most common color of the flowers of this plant?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others.  Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves.  The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center.  The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.

Answer: blue


Question: What is the most common color of the flowers of this plant?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others.  Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves.  The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center.  The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.

Answer: blue


Question: Is this plant known or unknown to be found east of the rocky mountains?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.

Answer: known


Question: Is this plant known or unknown to be found east of the rocky mountains?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.

Answer: known


Question: Is this plant known or unknown to be found east of the rocky mountains?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.

Answer: known


Question: Is this plant known or unknown to be found east of the rocky mountains?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.

Answer: known


Question: Is this plant known or unknown to be found east of the rocky mountains?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.

Answer: known


Question: When does this plant begin to flower?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Solidago rugosa is a rough-leaved herbaceous perennial up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily cauline. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Solidago ulmifolia by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.

Answer: late summer


Question: When does this plant begin to flower?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Solidago rugosa is a rough-leaved herbaceous perennial up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily cauline. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Solidago ulmifolia by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.

Answer: late summer


Question: When does this plant begin to flower?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Solidago rugosa is a rough-leaved herbaceous perennial up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily cauline. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Solidago ulmifolia by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.

Answer: late summer


Question: When does this plant begin to flower?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Solidago rugosa is a rough-leaved herbaceous perennial up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily cauline. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Solidago ulmifolia by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.

Answer: late summer


Question: When does this plant begin to flower?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Solidago rugosa is a rough-leaved herbaceous perennial up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are primarily cauline. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking Solidago ulmifolia by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases.

Answer: late summer


Question: What distinguishes this plant from sophora tetraptera?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Sophora microphylla, common name kōwhai, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to New Zealand. Growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Each leaf is 10 cm (4 in) long with up to 40 pairs of shiny oval leaflets. In early spring it produces many racemes of pea-like yellow flowers.
Other common names include weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai. It is also referred to as South Island Kowhai although this name is misleading since it is widely distributed all over New Zealand including the North Island, though less common in Northland.
The specific epithet microphylla means "small-leaved". S. microphylla has smaller leaves (around 3–6 mm long by 2–5 mm wide) and flowers (1.8-5.0 cm long), than the other well known species Sophora tetraptera (large-leaved kōwhai).
When young S. microphylla has a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches, which begins to disappear as the tree ages.
The cultivar Sun King 'Hilsop' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Its nectar is toxic to the honeybee.

Answer: smaller leaves


Question: What distinguishes this plant from sophora tetraptera?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Sophora microphylla, common name kōwhai, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to New Zealand. Growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Each leaf is 10 cm (4 in) long with up to 40 pairs of shiny oval leaflets. In early spring it produces many racemes of pea-like yellow flowers.
Other common names include weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai. It is also referred to as South Island Kowhai although this name is misleading since it is widely distributed all over New Zealand including the North Island, though less common in Northland.
The specific epithet microphylla means "small-leaved". S. microphylla has smaller leaves (around 3–6 mm long by 2–5 mm wide) and flowers (1.8-5.0 cm long), than the other well known species Sophora tetraptera (large-leaved kōwhai).
When young S. microphylla has a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches, which begins to disappear as the tree ages.
The cultivar Sun King 'Hilsop' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Its nectar is toxic to the honeybee.

Answer: smaller leaves


Question: What distinguishes this plant from sophora tetraptera?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Sophora microphylla, common name kōwhai, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to New Zealand. Growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Each leaf is 10 cm (4 in) long with up to 40 pairs of shiny oval leaflets. In early spring it produces many racemes of pea-like yellow flowers.
Other common names include weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai. It is also referred to as South Island Kowhai although this name is misleading since it is widely distributed all over New Zealand including the North Island, though less common in Northland.
The specific epithet microphylla means "small-leaved". S. microphylla has smaller leaves (around 3–6 mm long by 2–5 mm wide) and flowers (1.8-5.0 cm long), than the other well known species Sophora tetraptera (large-leaved kōwhai).
When young S. microphylla has a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches, which begins to disappear as the tree ages.
The cultivar Sun King 'Hilsop' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Its nectar is toxic to the honeybee.

Answer: smaller leaves


Question: What distinguishes this plant from sophora tetraptera?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Sophora microphylla, common name kōwhai, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to New Zealand. Growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Each leaf is 10 cm (4 in) long with up to 40 pairs of shiny oval leaflets. In early spring it produces many racemes of pea-like yellow flowers.
Other common names include weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai. It is also referred to as South Island Kowhai although this name is misleading since it is widely distributed all over New Zealand including the North Island, though less common in Northland.
The specific epithet microphylla means "small-leaved". S. microphylla has smaller leaves (around 3–6 mm long by 2–5 mm wide) and flowers (1.8-5.0 cm long), than the other well known species Sophora tetraptera (large-leaved kōwhai).
When young S. microphylla has a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches, which begins to disappear as the tree ages.
The cultivar Sun King 'Hilsop' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Its nectar is toxic to the honeybee.

Answer: smaller leaves


Question: What distinguishes this plant from sophora tetraptera?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Sophora microphylla, common name kōwhai, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to New Zealand. Growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad, it is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Each leaf is 10 cm (4 in) long with up to 40 pairs of shiny oval leaflets. In early spring it produces many racemes of pea-like yellow flowers.
Other common names include weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai. It is also referred to as South Island Kowhai although this name is misleading since it is widely distributed all over New Zealand including the North Island, though less common in Northland.
The specific epithet microphylla means "small-leaved". S. microphylla has smaller leaves (around 3–6 mm long by 2–5 mm wide) and flowers (1.8-5.0 cm long), than the other well known species Sophora tetraptera (large-leaved kōwhai).
When young S. microphylla has a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches, which begins to disappear as the tree ages.
The cultivar Sun King 'Hilsop' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Its nectar is toxic to the honeybee.

Answer: smaller leaves


Question: What genus did this bird move to?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic.  The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Answer: spatula


Question: What genus did this bird move to?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic.  The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Answer: spatula


Question: What genus did this bird move to?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic.  The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Answer: spatula


Question: What genus did this bird move to?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic.  The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Answer: spatula


Question: What genus did this bird move to?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic.  The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Answer: spatula


Question: What does this plant do in wet meadows?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Spiranthes cernua grows in wet meadows, mossy seeps, maritime dune swallows, Sphagnum areas around pond and lake edges and along roadsides.

Answer: grows


Question: What does this plant do in wet meadows?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Spiranthes cernua grows in wet meadows, mossy seeps, maritime dune swallows, Sphagnum areas around pond and lake edges and along roadsides.

Answer: grows


Question: What does this plant do in wet meadows?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Spiranthes cernua grows in wet meadows, mossy seeps, maritime dune swallows, Sphagnum areas around pond and lake edges and along roadsides.

Answer: grows


Question: What does this plant do in wet meadows?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

Spiranthes cernua grows in wet meadows, mossy seeps, maritime dune swallows, Sphagnum areas around pond and lake edges and along roadsides.

Answer: grows


Question: What does this plant do in wet meadows?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Spiranthes cernua grows in wet meadows, mossy seeps, maritime dune swallows, Sphagnum areas around pond and lake edges and along roadsides.

Answer: grows


Question: Where is this plant described?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

Before more recent identification of several separate species Spiranthes cernua had long been described as a species complex, exhibiting different morphologies throughout its range. Charles Sheviak, now retired curator of the New York State Museum Herbarium, explored this diversity in great detail, eventually describing Spiranthes magnicamporum to represent large, later-flowering individuals with tuberous roots from the Midwest. More recently, molecular and morphological work has recognized additional cryptic species in need of description; these newly recognized species are sometimes not closely related to S. cernua.
Broadly, the Spiranthes cernua species complex includes:
Spiranthes arcisepala (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes bightensis (Atlantic ladies' tresses, ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. odorata)
Spiranthes casei (Case's ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes cernua sensu stricto (described in this article)
Spiranthes incurva (ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. magnicamporum, Great Lakes Basin, northern Ohio River Valley, and Great Plains)
Spiranthes magnicamporum (Great Plains ladies's tresses)
Spiranthes niklasii (ancient hybrid between S. cernua and S. ovalis, Ouachita Mountains and Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas)
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes odorata (marsh lady's tresses)
Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses, in genetic studies revealed to be identical to S. cernua)
Spiranthes triloba (panther ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes ×kapnosperia (hybrid between S. cernua and S. ochroleuca, Great Smoky Mountains region)

Answer: in this article


Question: Where is this plant described?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

Before more recent identification of several separate species Spiranthes cernua had long been described as a species complex, exhibiting different morphologies throughout its range. Charles Sheviak, now retired curator of the New York State Museum Herbarium, explored this diversity in great detail, eventually describing Spiranthes magnicamporum to represent large, later-flowering individuals with tuberous roots from the Midwest. More recently, molecular and morphological work has recognized additional cryptic species in need of description; these newly recognized species are sometimes not closely related to S. cernua.
Broadly, the Spiranthes cernua species complex includes:
Spiranthes arcisepala (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes bightensis (Atlantic ladies' tresses, ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. odorata)
Spiranthes casei (Case's ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes cernua sensu stricto (described in this article)
Spiranthes incurva (ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. magnicamporum, Great Lakes Basin, northern Ohio River Valley, and Great Plains)
Spiranthes magnicamporum (Great Plains ladies's tresses)
Spiranthes niklasii (ancient hybrid between S. cernua and S. ovalis, Ouachita Mountains and Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas)
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes odorata (marsh lady's tresses)
Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses, in genetic studies revealed to be identical to S. cernua)
Spiranthes triloba (panther ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes ×kapnosperia (hybrid between S. cernua and S. ochroleuca, Great Smoky Mountains region)

Answer: in this article


Question: Where is this plant described?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Before more recent identification of several separate species Spiranthes cernua had long been described as a species complex, exhibiting different morphologies throughout its range. Charles Sheviak, now retired curator of the New York State Museum Herbarium, explored this diversity in great detail, eventually describing Spiranthes magnicamporum to represent large, later-flowering individuals with tuberous roots from the Midwest. More recently, molecular and morphological work has recognized additional cryptic species in need of description; these newly recognized species are sometimes not closely related to S. cernua.
Broadly, the Spiranthes cernua species complex includes:
Spiranthes arcisepala (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes bightensis (Atlantic ladies' tresses, ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. odorata)
Spiranthes casei (Case's ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes cernua sensu stricto (described in this article)
Spiranthes incurva (ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. magnicamporum, Great Lakes Basin, northern Ohio River Valley, and Great Plains)
Spiranthes magnicamporum (Great Plains ladies's tresses)
Spiranthes niklasii (ancient hybrid between S. cernua and S. ovalis, Ouachita Mountains and Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas)
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes odorata (marsh lady's tresses)
Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses, in genetic studies revealed to be identical to S. cernua)
Spiranthes triloba (panther ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes ×kapnosperia (hybrid between S. cernua and S. ochroleuca, Great Smoky Mountains region)

Answer: in this article


Question: Where is this plant described?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Before more recent identification of several separate species Spiranthes cernua had long been described as a species complex, exhibiting different morphologies throughout its range. Charles Sheviak, now retired curator of the New York State Museum Herbarium, explored this diversity in great detail, eventually describing Spiranthes magnicamporum to represent large, later-flowering individuals with tuberous roots from the Midwest. More recently, molecular and morphological work has recognized additional cryptic species in need of description; these newly recognized species are sometimes not closely related to S. cernua.
Broadly, the Spiranthes cernua species complex includes:
Spiranthes arcisepala (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes bightensis (Atlantic ladies' tresses, ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. odorata)
Spiranthes casei (Case's ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes cernua sensu stricto (described in this article)
Spiranthes incurva (ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. magnicamporum, Great Lakes Basin, northern Ohio River Valley, and Great Plains)
Spiranthes magnicamporum (Great Plains ladies's tresses)
Spiranthes niklasii (ancient hybrid between S. cernua and S. ovalis, Ouachita Mountains and Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas)
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes odorata (marsh lady's tresses)
Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses, in genetic studies revealed to be identical to S. cernua)
Spiranthes triloba (panther ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes ×kapnosperia (hybrid between S. cernua and S. ochroleuca, Great Smoky Mountains region)

Answer: in this article


Question: Where is this plant described?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Before more recent identification of several separate species Spiranthes cernua had long been described as a species complex, exhibiting different morphologies throughout its range. Charles Sheviak, now retired curator of the New York State Museum Herbarium, explored this diversity in great detail, eventually describing Spiranthes magnicamporum to represent large, later-flowering individuals with tuberous roots from the Midwest. More recently, molecular and morphological work has recognized additional cryptic species in need of description; these newly recognized species are sometimes not closely related to S. cernua.
Broadly, the Spiranthes cernua species complex includes:
Spiranthes arcisepala (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes bightensis (Atlantic ladies' tresses, ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. odorata)
Spiranthes casei (Case's ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes cernua sensu stricto (described in this article)
Spiranthes incurva (ancient hybrid between S. cernua s.s. and S. magnicamporum, Great Lakes Basin, northern Ohio River Valley, and Great Plains)
Spiranthes magnicamporum (Great Plains ladies's tresses)
Spiranthes niklasii (ancient hybrid between S. cernua and S. ovalis, Ouachita Mountains and Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas)
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Appalachian Mountains and eastern Great Lakes Basin)
Spiranthes odorata (marsh lady's tresses)
Spiranthes parksii (Navasota ladies' tresses, in genetic studies revealed to be identical to S. cernua)
Spiranthes triloba (panther ladies' tresses)
Spiranthes ×kapnosperia (hybrid between S. cernua and S. ochroleuca, Great Smoky Mountains region)

Answer: in this article


Question: Throughout what is the habitat of this insect typically wet meadow and marsh?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

S. grossum is found throughout Europe, with a few records from western Asia. In the British Isles it is restricted to the New Forest, Dorset, and Somerset Wells and Ireland. It is the largest species of grasshopper to be found in the British Isles.
The habitat is typically wet meadow and marsh throughout its range. In southern England, the species is most often found in "quaking" sphagnum moss bogs.

Answer: its range


Question: Throughout what is the habitat of this insect typically wet meadow and marsh?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

S. grossum is found throughout Europe, with a few records from western Asia. In the British Isles it is restricted to the New Forest, Dorset, and Somerset Wells and Ireland. It is the largest species of grasshopper to be found in the British Isles.
The habitat is typically wet meadow and marsh throughout its range. In southern England, the species is most often found in "quaking" sphagnum moss bogs.

Answer: its range


Question: Throughout what is the habitat of this insect typically wet meadow and marsh?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

S. grossum is found throughout Europe, with a few records from western Asia. In the British Isles it is restricted to the New Forest, Dorset, and Somerset Wells and Ireland. It is the largest species of grasshopper to be found in the British Isles.
The habitat is typically wet meadow and marsh throughout its range. In southern England, the species is most often found in "quaking" sphagnum moss bogs.

Answer: its range


Question: Throughout what is the habitat of this insect typically wet meadow and marsh?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

S. grossum is found throughout Europe, with a few records from western Asia. In the British Isles it is restricted to the New Forest, Dorset, and Somerset Wells and Ireland. It is the largest species of grasshopper to be found in the British Isles.
The habitat is typically wet meadow and marsh throughout its range. In southern England, the species is most often found in "quaking" sphagnum moss bogs.

Answer: its range


Question: Throughout what is the habitat of this insect typically wet meadow and marsh?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

S. grossum is found throughout Europe, with a few records from western Asia. In the British Isles it is restricted to the New Forest, Dorset, and Somerset Wells and Ireland. It is the largest species of grasshopper to be found in the British Isles.
The habitat is typically wet meadow and marsh throughout its range. In southern England, the species is most often found in "quaking" sphagnum moss bogs.

Answer: its range


Question: What type of jewelflower is this plant known as?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Streptanthus tortuosus is a biennial or short lived perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) known by the common names shieldplant, shieldleaf, and mountain jewelflower.

Answer: mountain


Question: What type of jewelflower is this plant known as?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Streptanthus tortuosus is a biennial or short lived perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) known by the common names shieldplant, shieldleaf, and mountain jewelflower.

Answer: mountain


Question: What type of jewelflower is this plant known as?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

Streptanthus tortuosus is a biennial or short lived perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) known by the common names shieldplant, shieldleaf, and mountain jewelflower.

Answer: mountain


Question: What type of jewelflower is this plant known as?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

Streptanthus tortuosus is a biennial or short lived perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) known by the common names shieldplant, shieldleaf, and mountain jewelflower.

Answer: mountain


Question: What type of jewelflower is this plant known as?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

Streptanthus tortuosus is a biennial or short lived perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) known by the common names shieldplant, shieldleaf, and mountain jewelflower.

Answer: mountain


Question: Where do this bird repel competitors?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

The blackcap feeds mainly on insects during the breeding season, then switches to fruit in late summer, the change being triggered by an internal biological rhythm. When migrants arrive on their territories they initially take berries, pollen and nectar if there are insufficient insects available, then soon switch to their preferred diet. They mainly pick prey off foliage and twigs, but may occasionally hover, flycatch or feed on the ground. Blackcaps eat a wide range of invertebrate prey, although aphids are particularly important early in the season, and flies, beetles and caterpillars are also taken in large numbers. Small snails are swallowed whole, since the shell is a source of calcium for the bird's eggs. Chicks are mainly fed soft-bodied insects, fruit only if invertebrates are scarce.
In July, the diet switches increasingly to fruit. The protein needed for egg-laying and for the chicks to grow is replaced by fruit sugar which helps the birds to fatten for migration. Aphids are still taken while they are available, since they often contain sugars from the plant sap on which they feed. Blackcaps eat a wide range of small fruit, and squeeze out any seeds on a branch before consuming the pulp. This technique makes them an important propagator of mistletoe. The mistle thrush, which also favours that plant, is less beneficial since it tends to crush the seeds. Although any suitable fruit may be eaten, some have seasonal or local importance; elder makes up a large proportion of the diet of northern birds preparing for migration, and energy-rich olives and lentisc are favoured by blackcaps wintering in the Mediterranean.
The continental birds wintering in British gardens rely on provided food, and the major items are bread and fat, each making up around 20% of the diet; one bird survived the whole winter eating only Christmas cake. Fruit is also eaten, notably cotoneaster (41% of the fruit consumed), ivy and honeysuckle, and apple if available. Some birds have learned to take peanuts from feeders. Blackcaps defend good winter food sources in the wild, and at garden feeding stations they repel competitors as large as starlings and blackbirds. Birds occasionally become tame enough to feed from the hand.

Answer: garden feeding stations


Question: Where do this bird repel competitors?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

The blackcap feeds mainly on insects during the breeding season, then switches to fruit in late summer, the change being triggered by an internal biological rhythm. When migrants arrive on their territories they initially take berries, pollen and nectar if there are insufficient insects available, then soon switch to their preferred diet. They mainly pick prey off foliage and twigs, but may occasionally hover, flycatch or feed on the ground. Blackcaps eat a wide range of invertebrate prey, although aphids are particularly important early in the season, and flies, beetles and caterpillars are also taken in large numbers. Small snails are swallowed whole, since the shell is a source of calcium for the bird's eggs. Chicks are mainly fed soft-bodied insects, fruit only if invertebrates are scarce.
In July, the diet switches increasingly to fruit. The protein needed for egg-laying and for the chicks to grow is replaced by fruit sugar which helps the birds to fatten for migration. Aphids are still taken while they are available, since they often contain sugars from the plant sap on which they feed. Blackcaps eat a wide range of small fruit, and squeeze out any seeds on a branch before consuming the pulp. This technique makes them an important propagator of mistletoe. The mistle thrush, which also favours that plant, is less beneficial since it tends to crush the seeds. Although any suitable fruit may be eaten, some have seasonal or local importance; elder makes up a large proportion of the diet of northern birds preparing for migration, and energy-rich olives and lentisc are favoured by blackcaps wintering in the Mediterranean.
The continental birds wintering in British gardens rely on provided food, and the major items are bread and fat, each making up around 20% of the diet; one bird survived the whole winter eating only Christmas cake. Fruit is also eaten, notably cotoneaster (41% of the fruit consumed), ivy and honeysuckle, and apple if available. Some birds have learned to take peanuts from feeders. Blackcaps defend good winter food sources in the wild, and at garden feeding stations they repel competitors as large as starlings and blackbirds. Birds occasionally become tame enough to feed from the hand.

Answer: garden feeding stations